Metro Nova

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21st May 2014

A sans-serif typeface at home in headlines as well as book copy, annual reports as well as displays: This is Toshi Omagari’s vision for Metro Nova, a family of fonts based on the early production sketches of W. A. Dwiggins’ original Metro design. Omagari has taken full advantage of the unfettered freedoms of digital typesetting while adhering to the classic design aesthetics of one of type’s greatest masters. Metro Nova’s extensive advanced OpenType features and full range of seven weights makes it a family of abundant usefulness. From the page to the screen, Metro Nova is a hardworking and utterly charming addition to any library.

When W. A. Dwiggins developed the original Metro family, in 1929, he was already a celebrated illustrator, calligrapher, book designer and writer.

In fact, his design career was so prolific and varied, he would eventually coin the term ‘graphic designer’ in order to encapsulate this broad range of experience.

But when Dwiggins set out, at the age of 49, to challenge the strictly geometric modernist sans-serif forms popular at the time, it was the first time he had ever tried his hand at typeface design. wiggins’ drawings for Metro were subtle where the others were sterile, graceful where the others were gaunt. The slanted apex of his capital ‘A’ and the old-style forms of his letters such as ‘a,’ ‘e’ and ‘g’ lent a calligraphic air to his design. The public, however, though intrigued by the more humanist touch, still had its heart set on the sparse designs of the modernist European sans. Dwiggins relented, making adjustments here and there, and so it was that the ever-popular Metro No. 2 was born. Metro No. 1, with all its quirks and old style charm, was left to gather dust as a prop of history.

And there it would have remained had it not been for the discovery, by film director Douglas Wilson, of Dwiggins’ original Metro No. 1 production drawings, stored at the Museum of Printing in North Andover, Mass. When Wilson, director of Linotype: The Film, came across these original drawings during his research, he was surprised and delighted by the ‘great old quirks and lively characters’ of Dwiggins’ original design and immediately set about commissioning a digital version to be used exclusively for the film’s credits. After a few successful rounds of small design modifications, there was overwhelming consensus for an enhanced and expanded version of the Metro family.

Metro Nova is Toshi Omagari’s restoration and reinvention of W. A. Dwiggins’ classic Metro design. Omagari has built on Dwiggins’ masterful foundation to develop a humanist sans-serif family that fits comfortably in a wide range of settings, one that travels back and forth with ease from the printed page to the screen.

Omagari worked to make Metro Nova appealing to current design sensibilities without sacrificing the essence of the original. He drew the shoulders of characters like the ‘m’ and ‘n’ more rounded, and created fuller bowls for letters like the ‘a’ and d,’ giving Metro Nova a softer demeanor than its predecessor. Omagari also gave a robust and versatile edge to his already hardworking family of fonts by including the alternate letters that had distinguished the earlier Metro No. 1 and Metro No. 2 designs.

‘There were a number of idiosyncrasies in Dwiggins’ original,’ Omagari recalls. ‘Distilling these was a challenge. It was perhaps the most difficult and the most rewarding part of the design process. This was when Metro Nova became my own design.’

The Metro Nova family includes seven weights, from thin to extra black, in regular proportions, and six weights of condensed designs. Each design has an italic complement for a total of 26 styles.

The family is also available as a suite of OpenType Pro fonts, allowing for the automatic insertion of ligatures and fractions, in addition to the alternate characters Omagari included in each design.

The initial Metro was designed for use in industry-standard typesetting machines for the printing of newspapers, magazines and posters from the late-19th century to the 1970s. Metro was a “duplexed” typeface, whereby a pair of styles, such as roman and italic, was drawn with matching individual character widths. Dwiggins’ design took this into consideration.

“An interesting challenge was removing the duplexing restrictions while still maintaining the character of the design,” said Omagari. “I eventually stopped drawing letters based on the earlier shapes and began to refine proportions to what I considered right and hoped Dwiggins would have done, if he had been given the opportunity.”

Metro Nova comprises seven weights, from ultra thin to extra black in regular proportions, and six weights as condensed designs. Each has an italic counterpart for a total of 26 fonts.

Monotype offers one of the world’s largest and most highly regarded typeface libraries, as well as innovative solutions that bring the power of type to life. We help creative professionals distinguish their work by employing exceptional type and advanced technologies in service to their imaginations.

Monotype’s fonts and technologies are found in printers, copiers, mobile phones, e-readers, tablets, automotive displays, digital cameras, navigation devices, TVs, set-top boxes, consumer appliances and a wide range of other products. We are also leaders in enterprise publishing environments and Web fonts.

Monotype has been a global leader in typeface design for more than 125 years. Our history spans every major era of type. With more than 18,000 typefaces and growing, the company’s extensive libraries and ecommerce sites are home to many of the most admired and widely used typefaces in world – as well as the next generation of type designs, in both Latin and non-Latin languages. Monotype Imaging Holdings Inc. (TYPE) trades on the NASDAQ exchange.

Four centuries after Gutenberg, inventor Tolbert Lanston founded one of the precursor companies to today’s Monotype and in the process helped give birth to the age of mechanical typesetting. This era of the late 1800s was marked by extraordinary innovations in science and technology, a restless commitment to creativity that has informed and inspired Monotype to the current day.

In 1960, Compugraphic Corporation was founded with the intention of applying computer technology to the typesetting process.

Monotype Typography and Compugraphic signed a cross-licensing agreement for a mutual exchange of proprietary typefaces in 1989.

That same year, Agfa-Gevaert acquired Compugraphic and the expanded company became Agfa Corporation. In 1998, Agfa Corporation acquired Monotype Typography; and the resulting new subsidiary, Agfa Monotype, became one of the largest font vendors in the world.

In 2004, the majority of Agfa Monotype’s assets were acquired by TA Associates, a Boston-based private equity firm. The company was newly incorporated as Monotype Imaging and its business focus returned to Monotype’s long-time expertise in type design. In 2007, Monotype Imaging Holdings Inc. began trading as “TYPE” on the NASDAQ Global Market Exchange.

Monotype has been a leader in every typographic era, pushing the frontiers of innovation and upholding the standards of quality that users have come to expect from the Monotype name. This extends to the latest medium for type: the Web. In 2010, Monotype’s experts released Web fonts that are scalable, searchable and easy to edit.

Today, Monotype has a new logo, a renewed focus on serving the needs of its diverse customers, and a powerful global organization with a proud history of quality and innovation.

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29th October 1929

Headline from London Herald Stock prices virtually collapsed yesterday, swept downward with gigantic losses in the most disastrous trading day in the stock market’s history. Billions of dollars in open market values were wiped out as prices crumbled under the pressure of liquidation of securities which had to be sold at any price. There was an impressive rally just at the close, which brought many leading stocks back from 4 to 14 points from their lowest points of the day. From every point of view, in the extent of losses sustained, in total turnover, in the number of speculators wiped out, the day was the most disastrous in Wall Street’s history.

Hysteria swept the country and stocks went overboard for just what they would bring at

forced sale. Efforts to estimate yesterday’s market losses in dollars are futile because of the vast number of securities quoted over the counter and on out-of-town exchanges on which no calculations are possible.

believe that prices have sunk too low. The other was that the liquidation has been so violent, as well as widespread, that many bankers, brokers and industrial leaders expressed the belief last night that it now has run its course.

However, it was estimated that 880 issues, on the New York Stock Exchange, lost between $8,000,000,000 and $9,000,000,000 yesterday.

Added to that loss is to be reckoned the depreciation on issues on the Curb Market, in the over the counter market and on other exchanges. There were two cheerful notes, however, which sounded through the pall of gloom which overhung the financial centres of the country. One was the brisk rally of stocks at the close, on tremendous buying by those who

A further note of optimism in the soundness of fundamentals was sounded by the directors of the United States Steel Corporation and the American Can Company, each of which declared an extra dividend of $1 a share at their late afternoon meetings.

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17th October 1931

Headline from Chicago Sunday Tribune Al Capone was found guilty here tonight on five of the twenty-three counts contained in the two indictments brought against him by the Federal Government for income tax evasion from 1924 to 1929.

Two of the five counts are misdemeanors, failure to file income tax in 1924 and 1928, each carrying possible maximum sentence of one year imprisonment and $10,000 fine. The other counts on which he was found guilty are felonies and each carries a maximum penalty of five years’ imprisonment and $10,000 fine for “attempt to evade and defeat” the income tax in 1925, 1926 and 1927.

Judge Wilkerson set Tuesday morning for hearing on motions by defense counsel for arrest of judgment and for a new trial.

The verdict, returned eight hours and ten minutes after the jury filed out at 2:40 P.M., was a puzzling one to all in the court room. Capone grinned as though he felt he had gotten off easily. His counsel asked that the verdict be re-read that they might grasp it. Jacob I. Grossman, Assistant United States Attorney, mumbled that he thought the finding “inconsistent” and asked for time to confer with the other members of the prosecutor’s staff.

Ten minutes later Mr. Grossman was back in the room. He announced that the government has decided that there was no inconsistency and that it was willing to have the verdict entered. Albert Fink of defense counsel then made a motion for arrest of judgment.

I will not hold your motion for arrest of judgment, said Judge Wilkerson.

“I think you will make another motion.

You mean a motion for a new trial? said Mr. Fink. Do I waive my motion for a new trial if I make a motion for arrest of judgment?

Capone faces a maximum of seventeen years’ imprisonment and $50,000 fine. He did not seem to realize that. He kept grinning at all and sundry in the court room, his bulky figure in a screaming green suit (one of the $135 ones) drawing all eyes toward him.

As soon as the verdict was entered, he got out of his seat and virtually ran from the room. He rushed on lumbering feet across the dim corridor, stepped into the elevator and as soon as it touched the rotunda floor he ran out to the street to a waiting automobile. No one interviewed him.

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15th December 1933

Headline from Daily Mirror Legal liquor today was returned to the United States, with President Roosevelt calling on the people to see that this return of individual freedom shall not be accompanied by the repugnant conditions that obtained prior to the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment and those that have existed since its adoption.

Prohibition of alcoholic beverages as a national policy ended at 5:321/2 P.M., Eastern Standard Time, when Utah, the last of the thirty-six States furnished by vote of its convention the constitutional majority for ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment. The new amendment repealed the Eighteenth, and with the demise of the latter went the Volstead Act which for more than a decade held legal drinks in America to less than one-half of 1 percent of alcohol and the enforcement of which cost more than 150 lives and

billions in money. Earlier in the day, Pennsylvania had ratified as the thirty-fourth State and Ohio as the thirty-fifth. President Roosevelt at 6:55 P.M., signed an official proclamation in keeping with terms of the National Industrial Recovery Act, under which prohibition ended and four taxes levied to raise $277,000,000 annually for amortization of the $3,300,000,000 public works fund were repealed.

But the President went further. Accepting certification from Acting Secretary of State Phillips that thirty-six STates had ratified the repealing amendment, he improved the occasion to address a plea to the American people to employ their regained liberty first of all for national manliness.

Mr. Roosevelt asked personally for what he and his party had declined to make the subject of Federal

mandate -- that saloons be barred from the country.

I ask especially, he said, that no State shall, by law or otherwise, authorize the return of the saloon, either in its old form or in some modern guise. He enjoined all citizens to cooperate with the government in its endeavor to restore a greater respect for law and oder, especially by confining their purchases of liquor to duly licensed agencies. This practice, which he personally requested every individual and every family in the nation to follow, would result, he said, in a better product for consumption, in addition to the break-up and eventual destruction of the notoriously evil illicit liquor traffic and in tax benefits to the government.

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24th July 1934

Headline from The New York Times John Dillinger, America’s Public Enemy No. 1 and the most notorious criminal of recent times, was shot and killed at 10:40 o’clock tonight by Federal agents a few seconds after he had left the Biograph Theatre at 2,433 Lincoln Avenue, on Chicago’s North Side.

One bullet penetrated the head and another the chest of the desperate outlaw. He died as he was being taken to the Alexian Brothers Hospital.

The body was later removed to the county morgue, where the identification of Dillinger was made positive.

According to Melvin H. Purvis, chief of the investigating forces of the Department of Justice in Chicago, and leader of the band of sixteen men who had waited for more than two hours while the desperado viewed his last picture show, Dillinger attempted to put up a fight.

He saw me give a signal to my men to close in, Chief Purvis said.

He became alarmed and reached into a belt and was drawing the .38-callibre pistol he carried concealed when two of the agents let him have it. Dillinger was lying prone before he was able to get the gun out and I took it from him.

Dillinger had taken great precautions to prevent his being recognized.

His face had been lifted by a surgical process since his last picture was taken and he had dyed his hair a darker shade than its natural light reddish brown.

“It was a good job the surgeons did,” Chief Purvis said, but I knew him the minute I saw him. You couldn’t miss if you had studied that face as much as I have.

Two women, passers-by who had no connection with the outlaw, were wounded by stray bullets fired by the Federal agents. They are Mrs. Etta Natalsky, 45 years old, of 2,433 Lincoln Avenue, and Miss Theresa, Paulus. Each was struck in the left leg. Their injuries, it was said, were not serious. Chief Purvis and twelve of his own men, accompanied by Captain Timothy O’Neill and three members of the East Chicago police force, went to the vicinity of the small theatre at about 8:30 P. M. They had received information during the afternoon that Dillinger would attend the performance of Manhattan Meldrama, a gang and gun movie featuring Clark Gable and William Powell in the evening.

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03rd July 1937

Headline from Daily News Coast Guard headquarters was advised tonight that Amelia Earhart was believed to have alighted on the Pacific Ocean near Howland Island shortly after 5 P.M. Eastern daylight time today. Admiral William D. Leahy, chief of naval operations, instructed the commandant of the naval station at Honolulu tonight to render whatever aid he may deem practicable in the search for Miss Earhart.

Coast Guard headquarters here received information that Miss Earhart probably overshot tiny Howland Island because she was blinded by the glare of an ascending sun. The message from the Coast Guard cutter Itasca said it it was believed Miss

Earhart passed northwest of Howland Island about 3:20 P.M , or about 8 A.M., Howland Island time.

The Itasca reported that heavy smoke was bellowing from its funnels at the time, to serve as a signal for the flyer. The cutter’s skipper expressed belief the Earhart plane had descended into the sea within 100 miles of Howland.

In a message to Washington, the flier’s husband, George Palmer Putnam, who is awaiting her return to this country at the Oakland, Calif., airport said Technicians familiar with Miss Earhart’s plane believe, with its large tanks, it can float almost indefinitely. With retractable landing gear and

smooth seas, safe landing (on the sea) should have been practicable.

Request such assistance as is practicable from naval aircraft and surface craft stationed at Honolulu.

Apparently plane’s position not far from Howland.

The plane’s large wing and empty gasoline tanks should provide sufficient buoyancy if it came to rest on the sea without being damaged. There was a two-man rubber lifeboat aboard the plane, together with lifebelts, flares, a Very pistol and a large yellow signal kite which could be flown above the plane or the lifecraft.

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08th December 1941

Headline from Journal America The United States today formally declared war on Japan. Congress, with only one dissenting vote, approved the resolution in the record time of 33 minutes after President Roosevelt denounced Japanese aggression in ringing tones. He personally delivered his message to a joint session of the Senate and House. At 4:10 P. M. he affixed his signature to the resolution.

There was no debate like that between April 2, 1917, when President Wilson requested war against Germany, and April 6, when a declaration of war was approved by Congress. President Roosevelt spoke only 6 minutes and 30 seconds today compared with Woodrow Wilson’s 29 minutes and 34 seconds.

The vote today against Japan was 82 to 0 in the Senate and 388 to 1 in the House. The lone vote against the resolution was in the House that of Miss Jeanette Rankin, Republican, of Montana.

Her No” was greeted with boos and hisses. In 1917 she voted against the resolution for war against Germany. The President did not mention either Germany or Italy in his request. Early this evening a statement was issued at the White House, however, accusing Germany of doing everything possible to push Japan into the war. The objective, the official statement proclaimed, was to cut off American lend-lease aid to Germany’s European enemies, and a pledge was made that this aid would continue 100 per cent.

President Roosevelt’s brief and decisive words were addressed to the assembled representatives of the basic organizations of American democracy-the Senate, the House, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court.

America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan,” he said. We will gain the inevitable triumph, so help us God. Thunderous cheers greeted the Chief Executive and Commander in Chief throughout the address. This was particularly pronounced when he declared that Americans will remember the character of the onslaught against us, a day, he remarked, which will live in infamy.

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09th May 1945

Headline from Daily Mail Germany surrendered unconditionally to the Western Allies and the Soviet Union at 2:41 A. M. French time today. This was at 8:41 P.M., Eastern Wartime Sunday. The surrender took place at a little red school house that is the headquarters of Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower.

The surrender, which brought the war in Europe to a formal end after five years, eight months and six days of bloodshed and destruction, was signed for Germany by Col. Gen. Gustav Jodl. General Jodl is the new Chief of Staff of the German Army.

The surrender was signed for the Supreme Allied Command by Lieut. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith, Chief of Staff for General Eisenhower. It was also signed

by Gen. Ivan Susloparoff for the Soviet Union and by Gen. Francois Sevez for France.

The official Allied announcement will be made at 9

o’clock Tuesday morning when President Truman will broadcast a statement and Prime Minster Churchill will issue a V-E Day proclamation, Gen. Charles de Gaulle also will address the French at the same time.

General Eisenhower was not present at the signing, but immediately afterward General Jodl and his fellow delegate, Gen. Admiral Hans Georg Friedeburg, were received by the Supreme Commander. Germans Say They Understand Terms They were asked sternly if they understand the surrender terms imposed upon Germany and if they would be carried out by Germany.

They answered Yes. Germany, which began the war with a ruthless attack upon Poland, followed by successive aggressions and brutality in internment camps, surrendered with an appeal to the victors for

mercy toward the German people and armed forces.

After having signed the full surrender, General Jodl said he wanted to speak and received leave to do so.

With this signature, he said in soft-spoken German, the German people and armed forces are for better or worse delivered into the victors’ hands.

In this war, which has lasted more than five years, both have achieved and suffered more than five years, both have achieved and suffered more than perhaps and other people in the world. Complete victory in Europe was won by the Allies today with the unconditional surrender of Germany.

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05th October 1957

Classic Design — Meet Modern Versatility

Headline from Daily Express The Soviet Union announced this morning that it successfully launched a man-made earth satellite into space yesterday.

The Russians calculated the satellite’s orbit at a maximum of 560 miles above the earth and its speed at 18,000 miles an hour.

The official Soviet news agency Tass said the artificial moon, with a diameter of twenty- two inches and a weight of 184 pounds, was circling the earth once every hour and thirty- five minutes. This means more than fifteen times a day. Two radio transmitters, Tass said, are sending signals continuously on frequencies of 20.005 and 40.002 megacycles. These signals were said to be strong enough to be picked up by amateur radio operators. The trajectory of the satellite is being tracked by numerous scientific stations. Tass said the satellite was moving at al angle of 65 degrees to the equatorial plane and would pass over the Moscow area twice today.

Its flight, the announcement added, will be observed in the rays of the rising and setting sun with the aid of the simplest optical instruments, such as binoculars and spy- glasses.

The Soviet Union said the world’s first satellite was “successfully launched” yesterday. Thus it asserted that it had put a scientific instrument into space before the United States. Washington has disclosed plans to launch a satellite next spring, Oct. 4. The Moscow announcement said the Soviet Union planned to send up more and bigger and heavier artificial satellites during the current International Geophysical Year, an eighteen-month period of study of the earth, its crust and the space surrounding.

The rocket that carried the satellite into space left the earth at a rate of five miles a second, the Tass announcement said. Nothing was revealed, however, concerning the material of which the man-made moon was constructed or the site in the Soviet Union where the sphere was launched.

The Soviet Union said its sphere circling the earth had opened the way to inter-planetary travel, It did not pass up the opportunity to use the launching for propaganda purposes. It said in its announcement that people now could see how “the new socialist society” had turned the boldest dreams of mankind into reality.

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12th March 1961

Headline from The Huntington Times A Soviet Air Force officer, who yesterday became the first man to leave an orbiting spacecraft and float in space, was still circling the earth early today in the capsule with a fellow astronaut.

Lieut. Col. Aleksei A. Leonov, 30 years old, left the two-man Voskhod 2 as it passed over the Soviet Union while completing its first orbit and beginning its second. He stayed outside the cabin for 10 minutes, according to Tass, official Soviet press agency.

The spaceship, piloted by Col. Pavel I. Belyayev, 39, was launched at 10 A.M. Moscow time yesterday, 2 A.M.. Eastern Standard Time.

The launching site, not announced at first, was later said to be the cosmodrome Baekonur in Kazsakhstan. All previous Soviet manned space shots have originated there. There was widespread speculation that a second spaceship might be launched sometime today in an attempt to effect for the first time a link-up of two crafts in space.

As Colonel Leonov traveled through space tethered to his ship at a speed of nearly five miles a second, he was shielded by a specially equipped space suit. This protected him from the intense heat of the sun. Specialists said that even the slightest penetration of his suit by the sun’s rays would have caused instant death.

If the five-yard rope lifeline that connected him with the ship had broken, he could have been lost, orbiting the earth as a human satellite.

His body would have burned up on reentry after a week or perhaps months of orbiting.

His space suit was not equipped with any devices by which he could have steered his way back to the spacecraft. Voskhod 2 was orbiting every 90.9 minutes. The apogee, or highest point, of its orbit was approximately 309 miles, higher than any previous manned space flight. Its perigee, or low point, was given as approximately 108 miles.

American space experts said they thought the launching was performed by the same vehicle used in earlier Soviet space flights, developing a thrust of about 900,000 pounds. The fact that the orbit reached higher than previous ones was not thought to indicate any new capability in this respect since a single launching system can be used to produce orbits in a variety of shapes.

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08th August 1963

Headline from Daily Mirror Thieves have ambushed the Glasgow to Euston mail train and stolen thousands of pounds.

Banks estimate they have lost over £2m in used, untraceable banknotes in the biggest ever raid on a British train.

The Post Office train - known as the Up Special had run every night, without interference, for 125 years until it was brought to a halt by a red light at 0315 GMT in Buckinghamshire.

Driver Jack Mills, 58, has been detained in hospital in Aylesbury with head injuries after being coshed by the raiders, who police believe were masked and armed with sticks and iron bars.

But most of the 75 mail sorters working on the train were unaware of the 20 minute incident as the thieves uncoupled the engine and front two

carriages of the train and drove them up to Bridego Bridge a mile away.

There they broke into the second carriage restraining the four postal workers inside - and loaded 120 mail and money bags into a lorry waiting on the road beneath.

Investigators - including Buckinghamshire Police, the British Transport Police and the Post Office were on the scene, near Cheddington, in the early hours of the morning and found signals had been tampered with and telephone wires cut.

The Detective Superintendent of Buckinghamshire CID said: “This was obviously a brilliantly planned operation.” Rewards totalling a record £260,000 have already been offered by insurers, banks and the Post Office for information leading to the arrest and

conviction of the gang and return of the money.

The Postmaster-General Mr Bevins explained the robbery may have been an inside job and has called for a full and urgent inquiry into security on Royal Mail trains. He was concerned the money on board had not been defaced, since much of it was en route to be destroyed.

Labour MP for Burnley Dan Jones proposed a bill to improve security on mail trains two years ago and in the House of Commons today expressed outrage that the matter had still not been addressed.

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President John Fitzgerald Kennedy was shot and killed by an assassin today.

He died of a wound in the brain caused by a rifle bullet that was fired at him as he was riding through downtown Dallas in a motorcade.

Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson, who was riding in the third car behind Mr. Kennedy’s, was sworn in as the 36th President of the United States 99 minutes after Mr. Kennedy’s death.

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also accused of slaying a policeman who had approached him in the street. Oswald was subdued after a scuffle with a second policeman in a nearby theater. President Kennedy was shot at 12:30 P.M., Central standard time (1:30 P.M., New York time).

He was pronounced dead at 1 P.M. and Mr. Johnson was sworn in at 2:39 P.M.

Mr. Johnson is 55 years old; Mr. Kennedy was 46.

Mr. Johnson, who was uninjured in the shooting, took his oath in the Presidential jet plane as it stood on the runway at Love Field. The body of Mr. Kennedy was aboard. Immediately after the oathtaking, the plane took off for Washington.

Shortly after the assassination, Lee H. Oswald, who once defected to the Soviet Union and who has been active in the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, was arrested by the Dallas police. Tonight he was accused of the killing. Oswald, 24 years old, was

Standing beside the new President as Mr. Johnson took the oath of office was Mrs. John F. Kennedy.

Her stockings were spattered with her husband’s blood. Gov. John B. Connally Jr. of Texas, who was riding in the same car with Mr. Kennedy, was

22nd November 1963

Headline from The Sun severely wounded in the chest, ribs and arm. His condition was serious, but not critical.

The killer fired the rifle from a building just off the motorcade route. Mr. Kennedy, Governor Connally and Mr. Johnson had just received an enthusiastic welcome from a large crowd in downtown Dallas.

Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witnesses believed were three shots.

He was driven at high speed to Dallas’s Parkland Hospital. There, in an emergency operating room, with only physicians and nurses in attendance, he died without regaining consciousness.

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31st July 1966

Headline from Evening Standard The greatest moment in the history of English football came at 5.15 this afternoon when Geoff Hurst shot the magnificent goal that made certain of the World Cup. It was Hurst’s third goal, England’s fourth, and, coming as it did in the final seconds of extra time, it shattered the last remnants of German resistance.

Germany had equalized with the last kick in the regular 90 minutes, and they had gone within inches of repeating the blow in extra time when Seeler lunged in on a headed pass by Held. But Moore took the ball coolly out of defence and lifted it upfield to Hurst 10 yards inside the German half. The referee was already looking at his watch and three England supporters had prematurely invaded the pitch as Hurst took the ball on his chest.

At first he seemed inclined to dawdle out time.

Then abruptly he sprinted through on the inside-left position with a German defender pressing him. As Tilkowski prepared to move out, Hurst swung his left

foot and drove the ball breathtakingly into the top of the net. The scene that followed was unforgettable.

Stiles and Cohen collapsed in a tearful embrace on the ground, young Ball turned wild cartwheels, and Bobby Charlton dropped to his knees, felled by emotion. Almost immediately it was over and the honour that had escaped England for so long had been won. Soon the players, who had forgotten the crippling weariness of a few minutes before, were hugging and laughing and crying with Alf Ramsey and the reserves, who must go through their lives with bitter-sweet memories of how it looked from the touchline.

England had, indeed, won the Cup, producing more determined aggression and flair than they had shown at any earlier stage of the competition. In such a triumph there could be no failures, but if one had to name outstanding heroes they would be Hurst, Ball, Moore and the brothers Charlton.

Ramsey, Ramsey, the crowd roared and in his moment of vindication it was attribute that no one could grudge him. Eventually, Moore led his men up to the Royal Box to receive the gold Jules Rimet trophy from the Queen, and the slow, ecstatic lap of honour began Ee-aye-addio, we’ve won the Cup,” sang the crowd, as Moore threw it in his arc above his head and caught it again.

Moore, showing again that he is stimulated by the demands of the great occasion, played with an imaginative self-confidence that made it unnecessary for anyone to ask who was the England captain.

Hurst, who just a month ago appeared to have only the remotest chance of figuring in the World Cup, had emerged as the destructive star of a feverishly exciting game, becoming the first man to score a hattrick in the final. Ball, who looked like a boy, had done the work of two men.

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05th March 1969

Headline from Daily Press

The Kray twins, Ronald and Reginald, are facing life sentences after being found guilty of murder at the Central Criminal Court.

The jury deliberated for six hours and 55 minutes before returning the unanimous guilty verdict for the murder of Jack McVitie.

Christopher and Anthony Lambrianou and Ronald Bender were also found guilty of murder.

Ronald Kray and John Barrie were also convicted of murdering George Cornell. Anthony Barry was found not guilty of murder and discharged.

Albert Donaghue who pleaded guilty to being an accessory to murder earlier in the trial will be sentenced tomorrow.

The Kray’s elder brother, Charles, Frederick Foreman and Cornelius Whitehead were all found guilty of being accessories to the murder of Mr McVitie. The judge, Mr Justice Melford Stevenson, will pass sentence tomorrow.

The accused were brought up into the dock one, by one, to hear the jury’s verdict. The Old Bailey trial has lasted 39 days so far, the longest and most expensive-ever held at the London court. In the dock were 10 men, the judge tried to make them wear numbers to make life easier for the jury, but the twins just ripped them off.

The court was told how Ronald Kray shot dead George Cornell in front of customers at the Blind Beggar pub in the East End in 1966 for calling him a fat poof. It also heard how Jack The Hat McVitie was repeatedly stabbed by Reginald Kray in a north London flat while his brother held him down. Their elder brother, Charles, was convicted to helping to dispose of the body.

After the verdicts, the judge turned to the jury and thanked them for the “devoted and selfless attention” they had given to the evidence. He added You set a standard with which I shall judge all juries in the future.

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21st July 1969

Headline from Daily Mirror Men have landed and walked on the moon. Two Americans, astronauts of Apollo 11, steered their fragile four-legged lunar module safely and smoothly to the historic landing yesterday at 4:17:40 P.M., Eastern daylight time.

Neil A. Armstrong, the 38-year-old civilian commander, radioed to earth and the mission control room here: Houston, Tranquility Base here.

The Eagle has landed. The first men to reach the moon--Mr. Armstrong and his co-pilot, Col. Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. of the Air Force--brought their ship to rest on a level, rock-strewn plain near the southwestern shore of the arid Sea of Tranquility.

About six and a half hours later, Mr. Armstrong opened the landing craft’s hatch, stepped slowly down the ladder and declared as he planted the first

human footprint on the lunar crust: That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.

His first step on the moon came at 10:56:20 P.M., as a television camera outside the craft transmitted his every move to an awed and excited audience of hundreds of millions of people on earth.

Mr. Armstrong’s initial steps were tentative tests of the lunar soil’s firmness and of his ability to move about easily in his bulky white spacesuit and backpacks and under the influence of lunar gravity, which is one-sixth that of the earth.

The surface is fine and powdery, the astronaut reported. “I can pick it up loosely with my toe. It does adhere in fine layers like powdered charcoal to the sole and sides of my boots. I only go in a small fraction of an inch, maybe an eighth of an inch. But I can see the footprints of my boots in the treads in the fine sandy particles.

The two men got busy setting up another television camera out from the lunar module, planting an American flag into the ground, scooping up soil and rock samples, deploying scientific experiments and hopping and loping about in a demonstration of their lunar agility.

They found walking and working on the moon less taxing than had been forecast. Mr. Armstrong once reported he was very comfortable. And people back on earth found the black-and-white television pictures of the bug- shaped lunar module and the men tramping about it so sharp and clear as to seem unreal, more like a toy and toy-like figures than human beings on the most daring and far- reaching expedition thus far undertaken.

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02nd December 1976

Headline from Daily Mirror The music publisher EMI has ended its contract with the Sex Pistols punk rock group because of their notorious behaviour in public. In a statement, the company said: “EMI feels it is unable to promote this group’s records in view of the adverse publicity generated over the past two months.”

The move follows the group’s appearance on ITV’s Today programme six weeks ago in which they used strong language.

Reports that they had sworn at Heathrow Airport staff and spat at each other while waiting to board a plane for the Netherlands yesterday proved to be the final straw.

EMI broke the news to Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren by telephone this morning. But he denied the contract had been ended by mutual agreement.

In Amsterdam preparing for a series of concerts and recordings, he told the BBC: That’s rubbish. I haven’t signed a single paper - as far as I’m concerned, we’re still on EMI. The four-man band - Johnny Rotten, Steve Jones, Paul Cook and Sid Vicious - had only served three months of the two-year contract, worth £40,000, and release one single - Anarchy in the UK. EMI has also come under pressure to drop the group from the Conservative MP for Christchurch and Lymington, Robert Adley.

Last night, he wrote to the managing director, Sir John Read, saying: Surely a group of your size and reputation could forgo the doubtful privilege of sponsoring trash like the Sex Pistols.

Asked whether he would sign up another punk rock group, Sir John told the BBC: Certainly. I am told there is a demand for this style of music and provided we can have groups that don’t attract the adverse publicity this group has had, we’ll certainly want to be in it.

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02nd May 1982

Headline from The Sun It was the moment which came to define the Falklands conflict, immediately claiming more than 300 lives and setting in chain events which would lead to the invasion of the disputed islands by British troops.

Parkinson discloses that the War Cabinet took the decision after receiving secret intercepts from Chilean intelligence services revealing the orders from the Argentine junta to the warship’s captain, Hector Bonzo.

Mrs Thatcher and Sir Terence Lewin, Admiral of the Fleet. Lewin told the Cabinet that Commander Chris Wreford-Brown, the captain of British nuclear submarine Conqueror, had the Belgrano in his sights and was seeking permission to attack.

Now, as services are held to mark the 30th anniversary of the start of the war, a member of Margaret Thatcher’s War Cabinet has revealed details of how intelligence received from the Chilean regime of fascist dictator Augusto Pinochet led to the decision to sink the Argentine warship General Belgrano.

Lord Parkinson, one of Lady Thatcher’s closest allies, said They had intercepted the Argentinian command’s instructions... We had been discussing what we would do if we found it [the Belgrano] because we knew the Belgrano was out to sink a carrier. The fact that it was going one way or the other, it was manoeuvring to avoid a torpedo.

The ship was part of a small battle group, flanked by two Argentinian destroyers. The War Cabinet authorised Lewin to proceed. The order was sent through Northwood, the Navy’s command centre in west London, to the Conqueror. Wreford-Brown fired two non-guided torpedoes, which blew off the ship’s bow.

The sinking of the former US warship was controversial because at the time it was outside a British 200-mile Total Exclusion Zone around the Falklands and was steaming away from the UK Task Force. The cruiser went down with the loss of 323 lives – more than half of the total Argentine losses in the war.

In an exclusive interview for a forthcoming book on the history of Britain, Real Britannia, Lord

The sinking took place 14 hours after the President of Peru, Fernando Belaúnde, proposed a peace plan which included regional states playing a role.

After the sinking, Argentina rejected the plan but the UK indicated its acceptance on 5 May. It is not well known that the British continued to offer ceasefire terms until 1 June. The War Cabinet took the decision to sink the Belgrano on 2 May 1982, after being briefed at a meeting at Chequers with

Lord Parkinson said We discussed the Belgrano ad nauseam and what it was up to. Then up comes the Captain and says the Belgrano is going into shallower water and I can’t follow it. Something as big as a nuclear submarine in shallow water was easy to hit. You couldn’t allow that risk.

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11th November 1989

Headline from london Herald With a shower of sparks and the creak of cranes in the darkness, East German workers today pierced the Berlin wall at what had once been the city’s core, and the Mayors of East and West Berlin were among the first to meet at the new opening.

This is where the old heart of Berlin used to beat, and it will beat again, declared Mayor Walter Momper of West Berlin after he walked through the new crossing at the Potsdamer Platz, took a few steps to the eastern side of the wall and clasped hands with his Eastern counterpart, Erhard Krack.

Soon, hundreds of thousands of East Berliners were streaming across a trail of cobblestones and tram rails that alone remained of a square once known as the busiest on the continent - a place where chic

Berliners used to gather in the Cafe Kranzler or the Cafe Josty to watch the world go by, and where Germany’s first traffic signal was lighted in 1924, at what then seemed the crossroads of the world. There was a special poignancy for the elderly who walked through. The square, reduced to rubble by the war, had been the site of one of the biggest black markets in its aftermath and some of the bloodiest clashes in the East German rebellion of June 1953. The raising of the wall through the square in 1961 left a 100-yardwide swath of no man’s land.

Now, for the first time in 28 years, Potsdamer Platz again resounded with the patter of feet on cobblestones. In all, 800,000 East Berliners had flowed into West Berlin by evening through all crossings in the city, bringing to 2 million the number

of Eastern visitors since the border was opened on Thursday and continuing the unparalleled celebration that has swirled through Berlin day and night. In East Berlin, Egon Krenz, the new Communist Party leader, announced that the party conference scheduled for Dec. 15-17 would be upgraded to a full-scale Communist Party congress, giving it the highest statutory authority in the Communist system.

Krenz evidently succumbed to pressure from rankand-file party members, who demonstrated last week with banners demanding an immediate congress, and to the lightning-like chain of events. The significance of the change was that a full congress would be empowered to elect an entirely new Central Committee and to totally change the party’s goals.

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23rd November 1990

Headline from Evening Standard

Margaret Thatcher is to stand down as prime minister after her Cabinet refused to back her in a second round of leadership elections. She will remain in office until a successor is elected, but will not continue to fight Michael Heseltine for the Conservative Party leadership.The former secretary of state for the environment threw down the gauntlet after a string of serious disputes over Britain’s involvement in the European Union. The prime minister said pressure from colleagues had forced her to conclude that party unity and the prospect of victory in the next general election would be better served if she stepped down.

Downing Street issued a statement at 0930 GMT after Mrs Thatcher had informed her Cabinet and the Queen of her intention. By 1200 GMT, Chancellor John Major and Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd had announced they would now stand against Mr Heseltine in the next stage of the leadership contest.

The decision comes less than 24 hours after the Iron Lady had vowed to “fight on and fight to win” after winning the first round - but not with the required majority.

Tory Party Chairman Kenneth Baker said it was a typically brave and selfless decision from the prime minister. Once again Margaret Thatcher has put her country’s and party’s interests before personal considerations, he said. And there were tributes to Mrs Thatcher from both sides of the House of Commons during Prime Minister’s Questions.

Labour leader Neil Kinnock said the prime minister’s decision showed she amounted to more than those who had recently turned against her.

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11th May 2008

Headline from Daily News Democrat Barack Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States on Tuesday, becoming the first African American to win the post and completing a stunningly rapid rise from state senator to the White House. A win in California put Obama over the top, giving him 55 electoral votes — enough to surpass the 270 needed to defeat Republican John McCain and claim the presidency.

The Illinois senator won key state after key state Tuesday, with victories in the battlegrounds of Ohio, Virginia, Florida and Pennsylvania being harbingers of the outcome.

By early Wednesday, the AP projected Obama had 349 electoral votes. McCain had 147. The popular vote was significantly closer than the electoral vote. With 83% of precincts reporting, Obama led McCain nationally, 51.7% to 47.1%.

“If there is anyone out there who still doubts that

America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of the founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer,” Obama told thousands of cheering supporters at an enormous rally in Chicago’s Grant Park.

I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to. It belongs to you.

He was gracious to McCain, saying his opponent “fought long and hard in this campaign. He has fought even harder and longer for the country that he loves.” Obama, 47, called for a renewal of the American spirit and spoke directly to McCain supporters. I may not have won your vote tonight, but I hear your voices,” Obama said. “I need your help and I will be your president, too.

Only four years ago on election night, Obama was a newly minted U.S. senator-elect after serving for eight years in the Illinois legislature. Now he holds the title of president-elect.

My friends, we have come to the end of a long journey, McCain told his supporters in Phoenix.

He congratulated Obama for the victory, saying he admired Obama’s ability to unite diverse groups.

Senator Obama and I have had — and argued — our differences, and he has prevailed, McCain said. He pledged to help Obama ead us through the many challenges we face.

I wish godspeed to the man who was my former opponent, and will be my president, McCain said.

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05th August 2011

Headline from Daily Mail

Gordon Brown last night finally succumbed to the inevitable. On the steps of Downing Street, flanked by his wife Sarah, the Labour leader announced he was going to see the Queen to tender his resignation.

His voice cracking with emotion and close to tears, Mr Brown told the nation it had been a ‘privilege to serve’ and do a job he loved.

For the first time ever, his children John, six, and Fraser, three, appeared beside him in public and the family posed together in touching scenes before walking away hand-in-hand.

Mr Brown left Downing Street for the final time as Prime Minister after a dignified brief address before Downing Street staff and ranks of media, in which he acknowledged his own ‘frailties’. In doing so, he made way for David Cameron to become Britain’s new Prime Minister and the youngest to hold the top job for almost 200 years.

He’s off: Gordon Brown with his wife Sarah and two sons as they leave for Buckingham Palace He’s off: Gordon Brown with his wife Sarah and two sons as they leave for Buckingham Palace He said My constitutional duty is to ensure that a government can be formed after last week’s general election. I have informed the Queen’s private secretary that it is my intention to tender my resignation to the Queen.

If the Queen accepts, I shall advise her to invite the Leader of the Opposition to seek to form a government. I wish the next prime minister well as he makes the important choices for the future.

Only those who have held the office of prime minister can understand the full weight of its responsibilities and its great capacity for good.

I have been privileged to learn much about the very best in human nature and a fair amount too about its frailties - including my own.

Mr Brown said he had ‘loved the job, not for its prestige, its titles and its ceremony, which I do not love at all. No, I loved the job for its potential to make this country I love fairer, more tolerant, more green, more democratic, more prosperous, more just - truly a greater Britain.’

He paid tribute to his colleagues and staff who he said had been ‘friends as well as brilliant servants of the country’ and then hailed the work of the armed forces.

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05th August 2011

Headline from City Am Steven P. Jobs, the visionary co-founder of Apple who helped usher in the era of personal computers and then led a cultural transformation in the way music, movies and mobile communications were experienced in the digital age, died Wednesday. He was 56.

The death was announced by Apple, the company Mr. Jobs and his high school friend Stephen Wozniak started in 1976 in a suburban California garage. A friend of the family said the cause was complications of pancreatic cancer.

Mr. Jobs had waged a long and public struggle with the disease, remaining the face of the company even as he underwent treatment, introducing new products for a global market in his trademark blue jeans even as he grew gaunt and frail.

He underwent surgery in 2004, received a liver transplant in 2009 and took three medical leaves of absence as Apple’s chief executive before stepping down in August and turning over the helm to Timothy D. Cook, the chief operating officer. When he left, he was still engaged in the company’s affairs, negotiating with another Silicon Valley executive only weeks earlier.

I have always said that if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple’s C.E.O., I would be the first to let you know,” Mr. Jobs said in a letter released by the company.

“Unfortunately, that day has come.

By then, having mastered digital technology and capitalized on his intuitive marketing sense, Mr. Jobs had largely come to define the personal computer industry and an array of digital consumer and entertainment businesses centered on the Internet. He had also become a very rich man, worth an estimated $8.3 billion.

Tributes to Mr. Jobs flowed quickly on Wednesday evening, in formal statements and in the flow of social networks, with President Obama, technology industry leaders and legions of Apple fans weighing in.

For those of us lucky enough to get to work with Steve, it’s been an insanely great honor, said Bill Gates, the Microsoft co-founder. I will miss Steve immensely.

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09th August 2011

Headline from The Sun The prime minister cut short his holiday and flew back to Britain as London witnessed devastating scenes of violence stretching the emergency services beyond limit on a third night of rioting in the capital.

Buildings were torched, shops ransacked, and officers attacked with makeshift missiles and petrol bombs as gangs of hooded and masked youths laid waste to streets right across the city. The sheer number of incidents – including in Hackney, Croydon, Peckham, Lewisham, Clapham and Ealing – seemingly overwhelmed the Metropolitan police at times, who had poured 1,700 extra officers onto the streets.

Disturbances continued into the early hours on a breathtaking scale, and they spread outside London for the first time with riots reported in Birmingham and Liverpool. David Cameron, forced to break off from holiday in Tuscany, was this morning due to chair a meeting of the government’s emergency committee, Cobra. He was travelling on a UK military flight leaving Italy at 3am. Asked why the prime minister had now decided to return, a

Downing Street source said: “The situation has become more serious.” Officers from Thames Valley, Essex, Kent, Surrey and City of London were drafted in to support the Met. But apparent “copycat” riots continued to spread in the wake of Tottenham’s riots on Saturday precipitated by the fatal shooting by police of Mark Duggan, 29, a father of four, last Thursday. So far 225 people have been arrested and 36 charged.

The violence erupted in daylight in Hackney, east London, where police confronted rioters hurling missiles and setting fire to bins and cars. One officer could be seen lying on the ground after being struck on his shield by a missile.

In Hackney’s Pembury Estate, the centre of the violence in east London, masked youths – both men and women – helped carry debris, bins, sticks and motorbikes, laying them across the roads to form a flaming boundary to the estate.

Several buildings were set alight in Croydon, south London, one massive fire consuming the 100-yearold Reeves furniture store. The fires were so severe

that approach roads into Croydon were thick with smoke leaving some residents struggling to see or breathe. “Words fail me. It’s just gone, it’s five generations. My father is distraught at the moment.

It’s just mindless thuggery,” said owner Trevor Reeves. A bus was torched in Peckham as police struggled to respond to the spread of sporadic incidents. Witnesses said a 100-strong mob cheered as a shop in the centre of Peckham was torched and one masked thug shouted: “The West End’s going down next.”

A baker’s next door was also alight. One onlooker said: “The mob were just standing there cheering and laughing. Others were just watching on from their homes open-mouthed in horror.” A trail of bins and abandoned vehicles were ablaze in Lewisham.

At Clapham junction, looters – some as young as 14 – moved from shop to shop laughing as they smashed shop windows and clearing shelves of stock, unimpeded by over-burdened police.

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23rd July 2012

Headline from The Mirror It took him just three weeks to become a national hero with one of Britain’s greatest sporting achievements ever.

But to Bradley Wiggins’ son Ben, he’s always been the coolest character around. And here’s the sevenyear-old sharing his dad’s moment of glory as he follows him down the Champs Elysees on a tiny version of his winning bike.

Supporters had turned this part of Paris into a corner of Britain yesterday as thousands of Union flag-waving fans lined the streets to see Wiggins become the first Brit to scoop the Tour de France in its 109-year history.

And while they went wild with delight, the 32-yearold described his glorious achievement with typical modesty as simply “job done”.

But it was far more than that after flying sideburns Wiggo triumphed in the ­gruelling 2,173-mile race.

And moments after he rode into the record books, the campaign to have him knighted began.

Fan Eric Paige, 54, from Leeds, summed up the momentous occasion when he declared: This is like 1966 and England’s greatest cricket triumphs all rolled into one. The difference with the Tour is it’s the world’s hardest road race and you need skill, bravery and endurance to complete it, let alone win in.

Wiggins, who also helped Team Sky colleague Mark Cavendish scoop his 4th consecutive final stage win in Paris, came in three minutes 21 seconds ahead of fellow Brit and team-mate Chris Froome.

Wiggins’ wife Cath, Ben and daughter Isabella were at the finishing line to give him a hero’s welcome.

ReutersBradley Wiggins kisses his wife Cath after winning the 2012 Tour De FranceSmacker: Wiggins kisses his wife Cath after his historic win As tributes poured in from all corners, the cyclist – who now hopes to clean up at the Olympic time trials – was handed the prestigious yellow jersey in the shadow of the Arc de Triomphe, with opera star Lesley Garrett belting out the national anthem in a Union flag dress.

To the bafflement of French viewers, he joked: We are just going to draw the raffle numbers now. I just wanted to say thank you for all the support. It’s been a magical couple of weeks for the team and for British cycling. Some dreams can come true and now my old mother over there, her son’s won the Tour de France.

The rider, whose late father Garry was a professional cyclist, admitted it would take time for the win to sink in.

He added: I’m just trying to soak up every minute of today. It’s very surreal. This sort of thing happens to other people.

I bet I’ll look back in years to come and think, ‘God, that was special.’ Job done, really. I’m still buzzing from the Champs Elysees.

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08th August 2013

Headline from Belfast Telegraph The excitement outside had reached fever pitch by the time the hospital doors opened and our future king made his first appearance last night to a nation still celebrating his birth.

Cradled by radiant mum Kate and with dad William by his side, the baby prince was met by cheers and whoops of delight from the hundreds who had flocked to witness the historic moment.

And proving that at just a day old he had already settled into life as a royal, the tot slipped his tiny hand out from the white blanket covering him and appeared to give the crowds a little wave.

The beaming Duke and Duchess of Cambridge looked to have slipped into parenthood with ease as they posed for photos on the steps of the Lindo wing at St Mary’s Hospital in Paddington, West London, and chatted about their new arrival.

William then cuddled his son and said jokingly: He’s got her looks, thankfully. But Kate replied No, no, no, I’m not sure about that. Asked further questions about the baby, the prince said Well, he’s got a good pair of lungs on him, that’s for sure. He’s a big boy, he’s quite heavy.

When William – now on two weeks’ paternity leave from his RAF search and rescue job – was asked how he felt, he replied Very emotional. The couple also joked about their baby’s late arrival on Monday – 10 days after his due date.

William, 31, told the 500 royal fans and 250 press gathered outside the hospital’s private Lindo wing: I’ll remind him of his tardiness when he’s a bit older. I know how long you’ve all been standing here so hopefully the hospital and you guys can all go back to normal now and we can go and look after him.

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08th August 2012

Headline from The Scotsman If we contemplated it at all, it was no more than a random whim: the sort of thing you imagine happening only if the whole planet goes crazy and the laws of physics are suspended. Arrant nonsense, no sooner imagined than dismissed.

That supposed nonsense is now hard fact. There is nothing whimsical about it. The reality is as solid as the earth below Andy Murray’s feet as he stood and saluted the crowd, champion of his home grand slam.

Murray’s 6-4, 7-5, 6-4 victory over Novak Djokovic lasted three hours and nine minutes, so in neither duration nor number of sets did it approach the epic length of some recent Wimbledon finals. Yet, although it may not have been a lengthy struggle, it was still a struggle all right: exhausting for both players on a baking afternoon, and almost as draining for the spectators on Centre Court as they saw the Scot edge closer and closer to victory.

The talk from many within the sport was of the 77 years that had elapsed since a British man last won Wimbledon, but, for Murray, this was not about Fred Perry and a history of loss that stretched back to the 1930s: it was about his own campaign, lasting less than a decade, to win this title.

inevitable about his win yesterday. There never is against Djokovic, who had beaten him 11 times in 18 encounters before yesterday. Murray beat his rival to win his first major title at last year’s US Open, but Djokovic won on the other three occasions – all in Australia – when they had met in a grand slam final.

Even when his results were up and down elsewhere, Murray has been consistency itself at Wimbledon. From his senior debut in 2005, he had equalled or bettered his previous year’s achievement every time he competed.

A third-round exit, then the fourth round. He missed the tournament because of injury in 2007, reached the quarters in 2008, then made it to the semis three years in a row. Last year, he lost the final to Roger Federer.

What is more, Djokovic went into this match as a slight favourite, for two main reasons: he had won six grand slam finals to Murray’s one, and he had been playing that little bit better over the course of the fortnight. In Murray’s favour, though, was the fact he had done what he needed to win his previous six matches. If that meant not quite hitting the heights that Djokovic did in his semi-final against Juan Martin del Potro, so be it.

That sort of improvement is not achieved automatically, and there was certainly nothing

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06th November 2013

Headline from The sun

Mr Mandela led South Africa’s transition from white-minority rule in the 1990s, after 27 years in prison for his political activities. He had been receiving intensive medical care at home for a lung infection after spending three months in hospital.

Announcing the news on South African national TV, President Jacob Zuma said Mr Mandela was at peace. Our nation has lost its greatest son, Mr Zuma said.

Scenes from around the globe in the hours after Nelson Mandela’s death, as world leaders, South Africans, and our own journalists react.

Although we knew that this day would come, nothing can diminish our sense of a profound and enduring loss.

Mr Zuma said Mr Mandela - who is known affectionately by his clan name, Madiba - had died shortly before 21:00 local time (19:00 GMT).

He said he would receive a full state funeral, and flags would be flown at half-mast.

Crowds have gathered outside the house where Mr Mandela died, some flying South African flags and wearing the shirts of the governing African National Congress, which Mr Mandela once led.

The Nobel Peace Prize laureate was one of the world’s most revered statesmen after preaching reconciliation despite being imprisoned for 27 years. He had rarely been seen in public since officially retiring in 2004. He made his last public appearance in 2010, at the football World Cup in South Africa.

His fellow campaigner against apartheid, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, said he was “not only an amazing gift to humankind, he made South Africans and Africans feel good about being who we are. He made us walk tall. God be praised.”

BBC correspondents say Mr Mandela’s body will be moved to a mortuary in the capital, Pretoria, and the funeral is likely to take place next Saturday.

Mr Zuma said in his statement that what made Nelson Mandela great was precisely what made him human. We saw in him what we seek in ourselves. Fellow South Africans, Nelson Mandela brought us together and it is together that we will bid him farewell.

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