2020_21 DUNDEE YEAR 4 STUDIO A_GROUND

UNIVERSIT Y OF DUNDEE ARCHITECTURE 2020/21 | YE AR 4

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STUDIO A: GROUND AND EARTH Andy Stoane

Important Note: This studio brief should be read in conjunction with the white coursebook, which contains module guides, learning outcomes, and other important general course-wide information.

The information can also be found in the appropriate module section on MyDundee.

Contents Studio Statement 2 Elaboration of Themes

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The Thinking Machine

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Studio Field(s) 20 Studio Questions 22 Structure and Staging

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Reading 36

Version: 06 October 2020.

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A || MACRO GROUND AND EARTH: STOANE STUDIO B MICRO: SANDRAANDY COSTA SANTOS The first man who, having enclosed a piece of ground, bethought himself of saying ‘this is mine’,

HOME NOT HOUSE: YEAR 4 and found people simple enough to believe him, was the real founder of civil society. From how

manyideal crimes, wars and from howsimultaneously many horrors as anda misfortunes not anyone The of home, whilemurders, universal, exists deep-rootedmight individual concept- at have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to fellows, once fantasy, memory, and longing- and as a cultural norm. One speaks quite his easily of “the ‘Beware of listening to this imposter; you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of American dream home” or the “traditional” Dogon houses in Mali. Embedded within thethe spaces, earth belong to us all,ofand earth to nobody. between the objects, all the homes areitself implicit roles for men and women, for individual and community, for majority and minority groups within any society.

Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1775 Gwendolyn Wright, 1991

What is home? Home is a political ground. Home is an urgency in the context of urbanisation and climate GROUND: YEAR 4 emergency. We can’t address the question of home at the individual level, because understanding home is understanding Home life (domesticity) reflects a society’s value perception. system andarchitects is subjectand tourbanists social, Ever since Gestalt society. psychology promoted figure to ground relationships in human political and economic pressures; just like the contemporary withdrawal from public life into the home have borrowed from this idea to create a schema within which the city could be understood and theorised. The reflects privatised the Studio’s driving question as onartificial home (not house) opens much thinking isour almost always lifestyles. predicated Therefore, on an understanding of figure (foreground) and constructed, anda ground larger problem about public life: who are we as society? (background) as existent and residual. Yet today the definition of any real “ground” in our cities is becoming increasingly moot. From nineteenth century infrastructures and ground consolidations, to massive twentieth century inhabited urban

sinceproblem the industrial it could behome arguedis that preoccupation has been less the about developing a means of podiums, The withage re-thinking thatour domesticity develops within spatial arrangements inhabiting the surface the earth, and more about escaping it. The house is a powerful instrument for preof the house and its of location within a wider urban realm. determining and enforcing home. As an instrument, it has been successful throughout various housing

Much of our urban landscape is “artificial”. People live and work high above what was once the single ground; reforms that valorised certain social relations, collectives and morals. While conservatives have focussed on civic, public and commercial facilities exist in elevated artificial interconnected landscapes; shopping malls and other the privatized family haven, reformers have championed collective space and sharednetworks resources. quasi-public spaces connect to progressive transportation hubs, which themselves connect to increasingly spatialised of The urban and material qualities of housing are key to its political power: how can housing support new types transport systems buried deep into the earth and used by millions of people every day. These often exist on the scale of collective life? In the connectivity of the twenty-first century city, the very idea of figure to ground relationships is of whole districts. becoming questionable.

MACRO MICRO aims to use the disciplinary tools of architecture to experiment and develop an

Drawing on (as thisMorley’s phenomenon of the and contemporary the studio will seekspace). to discover and design new urban argument on home ideology) the urbancity, (as Lefebvre’s social Research

by MACRO relationships forgedlast from architecture ground, or maybe ground without From Hong Kong to MICRO students term revealedwithout overcrowding in Dundee’s Hilltown asarchitecture. the acute consequence of the Shanghai to London Cumbernauld, our research takeDesign us to urban fields near andthe far Unit whereshould artificial grounds city’s housing crisistoand the gentrification of thewill area. proposals within explore the prevail through design and necessity. We will localise the research yield through a major work of design in an alternate intimacy of domesticity and the social relations of public life within the context of Dundee.

Dundee, stretched along the already artificial landscape of its waterfront, and imagined under an agency for architecture in which the design of the city is realigned with socio-spatial ideas.

HOUSING THE CITY: YEAR 5 EARTH: YEAR 5

Housing (…) offers a place to be, is the principal right that allows private life and therefore social relations to flourish.

Without one the is not to function andchanges integrate oneself into socialorder Fredric Jamieson famously said “it is easierhousing to imagine endable of the world than in the eco-capitalist life.

Therefore, the right to housing should be seen as paramount.

1 and its inequities.” It is undeniable that this neoliberal age, with its trope of unfettered economic growth and market

liberalisation, has annexed architecture and the city to “development” – a process which represents little more than Peter King, 2017 the subsummation of power, quite literally planted in our social field as individual buildings – commodity-forms. Author Nathanial Coleman observes while thisresulting practice in seems togrowing “liberate trends: each individual work oflone architecture and its More people live and workthat in the city, three urbanisation, living and architect to the significant pleasures of his or her own apparent creativity, . . . [it] barely veils the complicity of such freelancing. The immediate consequence is an increasing strain on resources, space and dwellers’ wellbeing. buildings in the fragmentation of the urban environment, including widespread disregard for the everyday life encroached At the micro scale, housing speaks of intimacy, safety and care. At the macro scale (neighbourhood, upon and threatened with dissolution.“ 2

district or city), housing can support new collectives pooling resources, reducing energy consumption and production, water,development food production, and waste.has However, despite thethe undeniable relevance of

Capitalist and its consumption concomitant urbanisation reached far beyond city, physically consuming housing, Peter King (2017) reminds us that ‘rightmost to housing’ is not naturalitsidea but aurban socialprocesses construct. hinterlands and commodifying wildernesses, butthe perhaps perniciously by apushing putative Within this theoretical context,networks MACROofMICRO experiments withInthe in urban into all-encompassing supraurban political-economic activity. therole field of of housing urban design, this dominant urban condition has about a resurgence of interest the Lefebvrian ideas of aunitary and transformation andbrought social justice.

Year 5 continues theindiscussion on Y4 with focus spatial on thetheory housing planetary urbanisation, recognising the “urban” as more of a theoretical category than an empirical form; where inequalities that threaten the sustainable development of the city, and asks students to build a critical city boundarieson arehow arbitrary and where the urban is a condition “outside.”

Accordingly, form of effective socioargument to house the urban population.

Givenwith thatnothe speculative quality any of architecture allows us environmental resistance, whether that be in politics or design, must surely acquire equal scope and scale to the forces to represent, analyse and visualise large sets of information from various disciplines, this year we will engage of the market that have brought it about. Afterall, the expansion of the market has already co-opted most forms of in conversation with Dundee City Council to discuss such a complex problem. activism and rendered sustainability- discourse all but impotent.

MACRO MICRO work the spatial, social as andsomething political decentralised context of Dundee in theorist In this context, our will studio will in consider “the urban” - beyondCity whatand urban partnership with the City Council. We know that theInCity has a relatively high level of deprivation (38% Stephen Cairns describes as “debilitating city-centricity,” its analysis we will explore new supraurban design ideasin 2020); but housing inequality isseeking a long-standing in Dundee.

Design proposals onstudio sheltered for the built urban environment, [totalising] historic forms of problem compact and propinquitous continuity.

Our investigations opposed therespond tendency(at in architectural education thethe naturalisation of “the local,” a condition which accommodation should the macro and micro toward scale) to City’s sustainable development.

These only ever serves to support the uneven spatial development upon which the neo-capitalist order depends, and where proposals may consider the lack of social facilities that goes hand in hand with housing deprivation and little resistance can be forged. Instead, we will tend toward the generic, the unitary, the unifying – attempting to find new segregation. forms of common urbanity conceived at the scale of the Earth.

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Illustrations, top to bottom: Buckminster Fuller, 4D Timelock, 1927. A world map, characteristically for Fuller, developing whole world solutions for housing. Prefabricated towers were to be dropped by Zeppelin and erected in a single day, providing two billion new homes across a fully urbanised world.

Crossrail, London Liverpool Street. 3D model showing structure and space above and below “ground”.

Mapping of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, from Cities Without Ground: A Hong Kong Guidebook by Adam Frampton, Jonathan D Solomon and Clara Wong.

The book presents mappings of non-ground-based, publicly accessible areas of Hong Kong, which the authors consider as “a template for public space within future cities undergoing intense densification (and subject to changing weather).”

Drawings from the book Terrestrial Tales: 100+ Takes on Earth by Marc Angélil and Cary Siress.

The authors describe the first as a “drawing by Angelo Bucci entitled The Thin Layer depicting Earth’s boundary as a shallow zone of approximately 3.5 kilometres that constitutes the inhabitable realm of the planet; what appears as a single line is actually comprised of two lines, the inner and outer circles of the thin layer.”

The next two drawings are described by the authors as “Diagrams of uneven world development; the first is the socalled “Brandt Line” from the 1980 Brandt Report prepared by an independent commission of the World Bank, proposing a new “poverty line” demarcating what was then called the developed “First World” above and the underdeveloped “Third World” below;” the second shows archipelagos of affluence scattered around the globe, disclosing the imbalance of wealth accumulation worldwide, based on the Brookings Institution report Global MetroMonitor 2014. (Leonard Streich, Elena Schütz, Julian Schubert from Something Fantastic, Department of Architecture, ETH Zurich, 2019).

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E L A B O R A T I O N

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Broad Conxexts From our modern-capitalist perspective, ownership of ground connotes a form of freedom and liberation having our own piece of the world. Yet, As Rousseau observed, paradoxically, this freedom is also a form of theft. Rosseau made this observation when the population of the planet was around eight hundred million when industrial capitalism was embryonic and over a century before the “mass society” Hannah Arendt talks of began to re-shape world according to the logics of production and consumption we have now normalised.

These logics see ground as power - a place to park capital in the form of architecture. On a planet of now almost eight billion people, ground, as perhaps its most precious resource, becomes more and more scarce - and consequently more and more expensive - as that population grows. As such, the commoditisation of ground only deprives future generations, and as Thomas Piketty has pointed out, being an increasingly valuable part of our asset structure, escalating levels of investment in it raise social inequalities and bring a “renewed importance of inherited wealth.”

The consideration of ground, architecture and space as a continuum - a “unitary theory” of space as Lefebvre puts it - has been long forgotten in our age of specialisations and disciplinary compartmentalisation.

In Douglas Spencer’s words, as architecture has ”sutured itself more securely to the means and methods of the market,” it has retreated into its own box, on its own piece of ground. Neoliberalism has specialised, instrumentalised and co-opted broader spatial concerns, especially those which may impede its progress - for example the subsummation of environmentalism into eco-capitalism and ‘placemaking’ into development.

While securing its disciplinary survival for the duration of a post-political age, this recalibration has rendered architecture an a-critical pursuit.

The studio will view architecture’s agency differently, aiming to realign the design of the city with socio-spatial imperatives - breaking out of the box and considering the city as a “totality.” We will re-address the de-facto (non)relationship between individual architecture and the public city. However, please be clear, understanding the ‘totality’ of an urban field does not simply mean researching or analysing it in its entirety.

We will find means of exploring the typical conditions of the whole field, by cutting transects or other by methods, but crucially, we will try to build understanding of an urban ‘totality’ within which architecture, as a socio-spatial discipline, is deeply interwoven with socio-economic and socio-political ideas and concerns.

Totality means understanding, in Hilberseimmer’s words, that the entire “organism” has many interconnected factors - the relationship between individual architecture and the urban whole will always be considered as the relationship between an individual and the public to which the individual belongs.

In the first semester, we will raise questions on urban ‘grounds’ through researching and analysing various morphological, spatial and formal ideas. First, how the ground, as a single plane, can support compact spatial forms, through the study of MATS and other ground-based formations. We will particularly look at how the mat can host complex, often overlapping programmes in a continuum of the city plane. This idea will then be escalated into a study of the HYBRID - a more three dimensional programmatic layering of space into a landscape of (usually) artificial, mixed public and private spaces. We will consider the large indeterminate, spatial forms of the era of MEGASTRUCTURE and METABOLISM, before moving on to look closely at how political ideas can crystallise directly into into architecctural form and urban morphology through studying the SOCIAL CONDENSER and various urban scale ‘POLITICAL’ projects. We will simultaneously look at the history, theory, and contemporary mutations of the idea of artificial grounds.

Superstudio, Continuous Monument, 1969.

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Socio-economic Context.

Somewhere around 70% of the fabric of cities is housing. In addressing the city as a “totality”, our studio focus will be comensurate with this. In his book Capital, Thomas Piketty illuminates the rising inequalities over the past fifty years within western economies. The upper decile’s share of capital ownership, he tells us, is around 60% in Europe, and moving upward toward the kind of values seen at the beginning of the twentieth century (90%).

A product of the hegemony of neoliberal market economics, this inequity sets social challenges to which the built environment must respond on a global scale. Perhaps the most important response of all will be in how we house the global population. In the UK, Piketty identifies housing as constituting roughly 50% of the value of national capital. In 1900 the value was around 20%. In 1700, 15%. This highlights a trend clearly indicating that under capitalist modernity housing has risen exponentially in its importance to economic development. Now, in the globalised economies of the twenty-first century, one of mankind’s most fundamental needs is entirely bound to the performance imperatives and volatile cycles of global markets, and for these markets to perform successfully, the rate of return on investment in them must maintain an upward trajectory. Long-run, through private accumulation of housing stock, alongside ever-rising demand for houses and ever-diminishing supply of land, the fallout of this asset structure is unaffordability and homelessness for large proportions of the world’s population. What for decades has been described as an escalating crisis is now widely recognised as one of civilisation’s deepest and most pervasive concerns.

The studio’s research aims to position architecture at the centre of this discourse. Buildings, and the ground they sit on, as a subsummation of power, are the prime currency, yet architecture’s complete absence from any detailed narrative appears to suggest a tacit acceptance of the re-calibration of architecture’s disciplinary capacity from something critical – where it plays an active role in societal transformation - into something conciliatory – a complete capitulation to the market. In Manfredo Tafuri’s ever-prescient words, today’s discipline faces either the “capitalist science” of developer-led commercial practice, or a retreat into the “sublime uselessness” of practice which engages itself in phenomenological concern only. We will challenge the role of architecture as a tool of investment - we will question processes of development, gentrification and social-cleansing. The studio considers the design of cities as something beyond the jurisdiction of independent nation states, corporate factions or NGOs, instead positioning it as part of a non-competitive humanist critical discourse within the irreversible trajectory toward globality, and with an ultimate aim of social justice. The ambition is to develop important new ideas on the city, its politics, its stake-holding and its relationship to money.

“All social scientists . . . should take a serious interest in money, its measurement, the facts surrounding it, and

its history.Those who have a lot of it never fail to defend their interests. Refusing to deal with numbers rarely

serves the interests of the least well-off ”.x

Socio-political Context.

“What makes mass society so difficult to bear is not the number of people involved, . . . but the fact that the world between them has lost its power to gather them together”

In the sixty years since Hannah Arendt discussed ideas of societal introspection in The Human Condition, her “mass society” has more than doubled in population. As we find ourselves living in ever-closer proximity, the conditions Arendt prophesised as antithetical to collective life appear very familiar. Set against an exponentially growing world population and its continued gravitation to urban areas, the studio will seek new models for equitable, compact socio-spatial formations. We will consider architecture not as a means of serving the market to which it finds itself attached – quantitative optimisation and formal novelty with an end-game of sales – but as a means of research into new systems which can resonate with societal ideas and test new economic alignments. Whether resolute alternatives to a market-based system, or alternative methods of engaging existing markets, the research projects will consider architectural design as part of a process of social transformation.

Background: Yona Friedman, Spatial City, 1964.

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Researching Urban ‘Grounds’ 1 URBAN SCALE | ‘Mats’

MAT-BUILDING CAN BE SAID TO EPITOMISE THE ANONYMOUS COLLECTIVE, WHERE THE FUNCTIONS COME TO ENRICH THE FABRIC, AND THE INDIVIDUAL GAINS NEW FREEDOMS OF ACTION THROUGH A NEW AND SHUFFLED ORDER, BASED ON INTERCONNECTION, CLOSE-KNIT PATTERNS OF ASSOCIATION, AND POSSIBILITIES FOR GROWTH, DIMINUTION AND CHANGE’ Alison Smithson

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In researching compact urban form, it is worth studying the tradition of morphological “mat” patterns. Their origins lie within the necessity of containment or self-sufficiency, and their patterns usually bring about cooperative and collaborative social-structures. Ancient Chinese city plans, Roman towns, Arabic medinas, European medieval towns … all can be considered as forms of continuous ‘mats’.

Medina, Casablanca

The Roman city of Timgad, AD 100

Beijing Old Town

More recently, this type of continuity of fabric has been reinterpreted as both a means of increasing social cohesion and building up urban density. Revitalised in Europe in the late twentieth century, named “mat planning” by Alison Smithson, many ambitious projects from the 1950s onward saw the mat as a means of promoting collective behaviour, removing the street (and thus the car) and developing efficient, compact social, human-orientated environments.

Early experiments in mat typology, Michel Ecochard in Casablanca. The mat reinterprets the ancient medina (top right) From: http://socks-studio.com/2016/12/07/understanding-the-grid-1-michel-ecochards-planning-and-building-framework-in-casablanca/

‘Mat’ plan of the Free University of Berlin, Candilis, Josic, Woods and Schiedhelm, 1963

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New Lausanne Polytechnic, Lausanne, Mario Botta, 1970

Researching Urban ‘Grounds’ 2 URBAN/ARCHITECTURAL SCALE | Hybrids Hybrids Hybridisation is a means of bringing together multiple programmes and multiple registers of public and private into, usually, but not always, one total form. It challenges conventional ownership, stakeholding and compartmentalisation of architectures into territorial components.

“The history of hybrids begins at the end of the 19th century, when the dense city started to accept the overlapping of functions as inevitable. It is inside the metropolises where these mixed organisms arise, helped mainly by centrality’s power as a catalyst.” Javier Mozas, A+T, Issue 32, Autumn 2008, Hybrids II, Low-rise mixed-use

buildings.

Barbican, London, 1956-82-, Cross

OMA, Bryghusprojektet, Copenhagen, 2008-

Hans Konwiarz, Alsterzentrum Hamburg Model, 1966

Vanke Centre, Steven Holl Architects, Shenzhen, 2006-09.

Project from 2019/20 Dundee studio: Calum Ramsay, The Fuxing Hybrid.

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“THE HISTORY OF HYBRIDS BEGINS AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY, WHEN THE DENSE CITY STARTED TO ACCEPT THE OVERLAPPING OF FUNCTIONS AS INEVITABLE. IT IS INSIDE THE METROPOLISES WHERE THESE MIXED ORGANISMS ARISE, HELPED MAINLY BY CENTRALITY’S POWER AS A CATALYST.” Javier Mozas, Mixed Uses: A Historical Overview. In A+T Hybrids 2

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Complete three-dimensional matrices: The following project is an example which compresses a city for 160,000 people into a 600m hybridised cube. It can be considered as a three-dimensional porous mat, with no prioritisation of horizontal or vertical, where public and private space, dwellings, social, institutional and civic facilities all operate in one non-stop three dimensional matrix.

A form of three-dimensional mat: From University of Dundee Year 5 Project: Cube.: Wang Lei, Qiaoyi Wu, Chao Wei, Changda Guo, Shuo Cheng, Jinghui Chen

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Researching Urban ‘Grounds’ 3 URBAN/ARCHITECTURAL SCALE | Megastructure and Metabolism You will study megastructure, metabolism and other urban models of anticipating growth, change and general indeterminacy. Top left, Cumbernauld town centre (on our doorstep); top right, Sunset Mountain, Caesar Pelli (1972); middle, Kenzo Tange’s Tokyo Bay project; bottom left, Renewal of Tsukiji District, kenzo Tange (1966) Kenzo Tange; bottom right, Kisho Kurokawa’s Nakagin Capsule Tower.

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Researching Urban ‘Grounds’ 4 URBAN/ARCHITECTURAL SCALE | Social Condensers Famously misrepresented by Rem Koolhaas in both Delirious New York and Content as a programmatic hybrid, the Social Condenser is a Soviet Constructivist concept which uses architecture to interpret, instantiate and realise revolutionary socialist and feminist social structures. It effectively crystallises socio-political ideas into architectural form. UCL Professor of Material Culture, Victor Buchli, describes the social condenser as having a “social mission for enabling a world that is ‘otherwise’.”1 In his 2017 essay Crystallising the social condenser, published in the Journal of Architecture, Michał Murawski describes the social condenser as “suffused with vivid connotations pertaining to electricity, radiation and magnetism, the social condenser is a concept with an extraordinary, totalising reach. In its very formulation, it encompasses society’s economic and material infrastructure, the humdrum minutiae of everyday life as well as the unruly domains of the transcendental and fantastical. Crucially, it also encompasses the entire domain of architectural endeavour: from dwelling and work to public space and everything in between.”2 Architecture is deployed as “as a way to forge radical new kinds of human collectivities: collectivities of cohabitation, of coproduction, of intellectual work; as well as collectivities of affect, beauty, empathy and passion.”3 Studying the social condenser will greatly assist in your contribution to discourse on architecture’s efficacy in areas of social transformation, and for “forging new tools for the ‘critique of western knowledge and power’.”

Victor Buchi. An Archaeology of Socialism, Oxford, Berg, 1999.

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Michał Murawski (2017) Introduction: crystallising the social condenser, The Journal of Architecture, 22:3, 372-386, DOI: 10.1080/13602365.2017.1322815 2

Douglas Rogers, ‘Postsocialisms Unbound: Connections, Critiques, Comparisons’, Slavic Review, 69, no.

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The Narkomfin Communal House, Moscow, 1929-30, Moisei Ginzburg.

Plan of Commune House, Stroykom, 1926-30, House, 1929-30, M.O.Barshch and V.N.Vinogradov.

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THE SOCIAL CONDENSER IS A CONCEPT WITH AN EXTRAORDINARY, TOTALISING REACH. IN ITS VERY FORMULATION, IT ENCOMPASSES SOCIETY’S ECONOMIC AND MATERIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, THE HUMDRUM MINUTIAE OF EVERYDAY LIFE AS WELL AS THE UNRULY DOMAINS OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL AND FANTASTICAL. CRUCIALLY, IT ALSO ENCOMPASSES THE ENTIRE DOMAIN OF ARCHITECTURAL ENDEAVOUR: FROM DWELLING AND WORK TO PUBLIC SPACE AND EVERYTHING IN BETWEEN. Michał Murawski 13

Researching Urban ‘Grounds’ 5 URBAN SCALE | ‘Critique’, statement, contestation, affirmation.

In the endeavour to find new social space and form - in researching the relationship between architecture, its grounds, and socio-spatial, socio-political, and socio-economic ideas - it will be vital to analyse urban projects whose intention is one of critique, statement, contestation or disrupted affirmation of established ideas.

Some notable examples are listed opposite. In their own way, these projects oppose, expose or affirm power structures.

THE ABSENCE OF CRITIQUE, OR ITS REDUCTION TO A ‘MARGINAL’ ACADEMIC POSITION, MEANS THE CLOSURE OF OPPORTUNITIES OF STEERING SOCIETY TOWARDS SELF-IMPROVEMENT. Tahl Kaminer

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Yona Friedman’s Spatial City, 1964

Archizoom’s, No-Stop City, 1969

Superstudio’s Continuous Monument, 1964

Ungers’ Green Archipelago, 1977

Koolhaas’ Exodus, 1972

OMA’s Melun Senart, 1987

Dogma’s Stop City, 2007/8

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Researching Urban ‘Grounds’ 6 HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY MUTATIONS | Subterranean In the early twentieth century, subterranean existence had a tendency to be seen as either part of a sciencefiction fantasy or a more dystopian narrative of subjugation. Popular science fiction frequently used the metropolis to illustrate advanced human civilisation through its occupation of the planet, while much filmic and literary work used the city as a metaphor for control and social division.

Right: Cover from Popular Science, August 1925 Below: Still from Fritz Lang’s Metropolis, 1926. Subterranean workers’ city.

Both images from Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground spaces in cities, ITA AITES, itacus, ISOCARP, 2015

Today’s city has seamlessely slipped into these past imaginations, daily metropolitan life continually utilising subterranean spaces which now connect together in multiple infrastructures and programmes. London’s Crossrail project, for example, massively expands the city’s ageing tube system into a spatialised underground world. Even new buildings begin to respond to extreme land costs and height restrictions by burying as much accommodation as possible into the ground. In Hong Kong, one can navigate much of the city through a series of seemingly endless subterranean spaces which include malls, cinemas, transport interchanges, hospitality and leisure facilities, even ice rinks.

Proposed new hotel section, Leicester Square, London.

Around 50% of the proposal is subterranean. Image from from Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground spaces in cities, ITA AITES, itacus, ISOCARP, 2015

Subterranean hybrid spaces in Hong Kong.

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Researching Urban ‘Grounds’ 7 HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY MUTATIONS | Elevated Elevated grounds have for a century or so formed part of speculations on future cities. Notable early examples are El Lizitsky’s horizontal skyscaper (1923-25) and Yona Friedman.s Spatial City (1964). Today, as the mapping of Hong Kong below illustrates, reliance on urban artificial grounds in the contemporary compact city is commonplace, pedways, bridges and entangled towers now forming a crutial part of the navigational systems of our cities.

The Vesnins' Narkomtiazhprom. circa 1920s.

El Lissitzky. Horizontal Skyscraper, 1923-25.

People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. Vesnin, V.Vesnin,1934 and OMA, De Rotterdam, 2013.

Yona Friedman, Spatial City, 1964

Frampton, Solomon, Wong: Cities withoutGround: A Hong Kong Guidebook. Elevated walkways Hong Kong

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T H E

T H I N K I N G

M A C H I N E

A major part of the Humanities module involves the textual, formal and spatial investigation of an idea, The Thinking Machine. Bridging both semesters, it will operate symbiotically and in parallel with both design modules. It’s production will involve abstraction from the exigencies of site, budget, inhabitation, construction and materials, 2-meter-distancing and the human scale, the inclemencies of climate and wild animals, and the like. As a complementary form of design research, it is hoped it will help you develop your agendas and arguments.

Studio A’s Humanities project is summarised below:

STUDIO A: THE PATTERN BOOK OF POWER Lefebvre talks of how space is “produced.” “Social space” is effectively a “representation of the relations of production” - a subsummation of power, quite literally “planted” in our social field as buildings. If such power lies latent in social space, then that power controls our behaviour.

Yet space is infinite. It is not delimited - and consequently not powerful - until it is bound, captured, contained in some way. This question of containment lies contentiously at the heart of one of our biggest disciplinary debates – the role of architectural design in socio-spatial practice. Are we to consider architecture as the system wants us to - as fully bound “’objects’ on isolated building plots,” which relate to “ownership.” This, as Nathanial Coleman puts it in his writings on Lefebvre, while seeming to “liberate each individual work of architecture and its architect to the significant pleasures of his or her own apparent creativity, . . . barely veils the complicity of such buildings in the fragmentation of the urban environment . . . “ - a fragmentation concomitant with the ongoing, and seemingly unstoppable, atomisation of society.

At the core of this disciplinary quagmire is a tectonic question.

A thin layer - what we know in architecture as the “envelope” - mediates our relationship between the “inside” of the space it contains, and its “outside.” Some, like Mies, have striven to dissolve its limits by reducing it to a transparent environmental barrier. For others, it exists as a tool of scenography, wrapping buildings designed to be viewed by an “outside” audience.

Between these two poles exists a perennial dilemma – as Gottfried Semper discussed, the question of what to “reveal” and what to “conceal” through the envelope, renews itself, in various guises, ad infinitum. This seemingly simple question of closing and opening - masking and unmasking – holds potentials for the manipulation of the continuity or discontinuity of urban space.

Semper’s Caribbean Hut, where containment does not align with perimeter. The revealing of a zone between inside and outside.

The studio will start with the notion of “total” space - a continual, uninterrupted field of social relations in which urban temporalities - “rhythmanalyses” as Lefebvre puts it – play out. Through mapping exercises, we will explore questions of totality, fragmentation, continuity, and discontinuity in physical, spatial, and temporal terms. We will make alternate urban maps, but will always come back to the role of the envelope in this process. Can envelopes be adjusted, de-laminated, thickened, thinned, stretched, repeated, dissolved . . . and what might the socio-spatial effect of such manipulations be? Ultimately, what kind of alternate power structure would our re-considered “social-space” deliver? We will consider how envelopes and thresholds can make morphological patterns, and, in a complete upturning of order, how these patterns might yield different powers. We will make a Pattern Book of Power.

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Power structures and morphology: P.V. Aureli and Martino Tattara, Dogma, Field of Walls, 2012.

Fifteen walls dropped into Piranesi’s Campo Marzio. ‘Re-ordering the disorder of the city.’

Left: Stop City by Dogma.

Right: No-Stop City by Archizoom:.

Delimiting space to protect it from the system, and limitless space, pushing the system to its extremes.

Left: Exodus, or The Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture, 1972 AA Thesis by Rem Koolhaas. The power struggle in London, spatialised into those who have and those who have not.

Right: The racially segregated suburban Levittown, Pennsylvania, 1947.

References: Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space, Oxford, Blackwell, 1991.

Coleman, Nathaniel, Lefebvre for Architects, Abingdon, Routledge, 2015.

Semper, Gottfried. Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts, Or, Practical Aesthetics. Los Angeles, Getty Publications, 2004.

Hartoonian, Gevork. Crisis of the Object: The Architecture of Theatricality, Abingdon, Routledge, 2006.

Kaminer, Tahl. The Efficacy of Architecture: Political Contestation and Agency, Abingdon, Routledge, 2017.

Tafuri, Manfredo. 1976. Architecture and Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development, translated by Barbara Luigia La Penta. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Spencer, Douglas. The Architecture of Neoliberalism: How Contemporary Architecture Became an Instrument of Control and Compliance, London, Bloomsbury, 2016.

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Dundee Dundee is divided by its own reinvention. Plaudits from international lifestyle magazines and travel journalists contrast with statistics of extremes of unemployment, poverty and drug addiction. The city’s strategy for regeneration is likely to further polarise the social fabric of the city, with promotion of its first identity invariably involving the concealing, denial or cleansing of the second. The first becomes literally and figuratively central, the second peripheral. This socio-economic displacement is the very process upon which much neoliberal urban redevelopment relies. It is the very process which this studio will confront.

In the late twentieth-century, as the world economy shifted from industry to service, Dundee, a city grown over 500 years from industry and international trade, pre-empted the impact of changing industrial structures on its labour market through investing in ‘future-proofed’ light engineering and microelectronics sectors. In reality, there was very little decline in traditional industries in Dundee until the late 1960s. In fact, in 1966, the still healthy jute manufacturing industry still employed around 4,000 people. Its buoyant electronics industry employed over 7,000. Consistent with most industrial cities in the post-war years, Dundee still suffered an urban exodus, with new dreams being scripted in suburban terms, instead of in decaying, polluted, and rapidly emptying urban cores. But, for a brief moment, in the post-war years of Keynesian economics and relative prosperity, Dundee’s local government was able to counteract the disintegration its centre with a new vision for the city. A central shopping and hotel area (The Overgate), new infrastructures (The Tay Road Bridge), and ambitious public housing and school projects (Whiffield, Hilltown, Menziezhill), were all fabricated in a new architectural language consonant with a city looking to the future. The flagship citadel of the orchestrator of this new vision sat in the waterfront zone - the municipal headquarters of Tayside House.

Various images of Dundee in the ‘Keynesian era’.

Through the 1980s, the neoliberal economy corroded this confidence. The social-state upon which it relied fractured and, despite investment in software industries, the new service economy found little traction in Dundee. The city’s existing industries declined severely, leaving Dundee with massive unemployment. At around 67%, Dundee currently has the second lowest employment rate of any British city - a problem now faced for for three generations. This economic decline, its ensuing poverty ,and the rising cost of social care has left Dundee with with drug-addiction statistics reckoned to be the worst in Europe. The causal link between social deprivation and addiction is now widely acknowledged.

The strategy for dealing with transforming dilapidated post-industrial urban areas in many British cities has been one of redevelopment under processes of gentrification. Although slow to adopt this strategy, Dundee has now pinned its hopes for economic growth on a £1 billion waterfront redevelopment project, with the primary catalyst of Kengo Kuma’s V&A Design Museum. This market-led, local government supported, process, which effectively puts its whole waterfront area up for sale, has not yet succeeded in bringing much life back to the city - the ‘white-collar return to the city’, as Neil Smith calls it - but is has succeeded in international recognition. Dundee now has the dual honour of simultaneously being branded as ‘the coolest small city in Britain’ and ‘the drug-death capital of Europe’. Such is the polarising effect of the gentrification process, which, if Dundee is successful in following its now paradigmatic formula, will see international capital investment flood in, the escalation of its property prices, and the second exodus from the centre of the city - from the up-until-now comfortable middle classes.

The studio will not be complicit in this process. We will imagine a different agency for architecture, where we can conceive new socio-spatial formations under different economic imperatives. We will design a new compact city, compressing the components of the previous abandoned attempt at a ‘social architecture’ housing, shopping, education, businesses, civic and cultual facilities - stretched along the artificial landscape of Dundee’s waterfront in new formations of social-space, realised in new architectural form.

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Dundee’s waterfront area.

Top: Early twentieth-century.

Middle: 1980s (Tayside House visible in the foreground).

Bottom: Article from Dundee local paper (The Courier) relating to the contemporary waterfront developemnt. Accessed: https://www. thecourier.co.uk /fp/news/local/dundee/289842/ major-investor-interested-in-dundee-waterfront-

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The studio will seek new spatial forms for collective life - intense fields of renewed urban vitality. To do this, there are three key areas of questionning. The second two are a sub-set of the first.

1. The Ground Question The studio will seek to discover and design new compact urban formations, forged from research into the relationship between architecture and the ground which conventionally supports it physically and controls it economically. Can these new relationships offer scope for a reconsidered use of the city, increasing its compactness and providing new, more equitable, fields of urban propinquity?

2. The Social Question “Buildings” are a “representation of the relations of production” - a subsummation of power, quite literally “planted” in our social field in a way that orchestrates our actions. The studio will raise questions of how this order might be upturned, considering the social field as the revanchist host of any external programmes, which it will invite in under a reciprocal exchange.

3. The Housing Question The studio will consider housing research not as a means of serving the market to which it currently finds itself attached – ie quantitative optimisation or formal novelty with an end-game of sales – but as a means of discovering new housing mechanics which can test new economic alignments. Whether resolute alternatives to a market-based system of provision, or alternative methods of engaging existing markets, the research projects will consider the disciplinary objective of architectural design as part of a process of social amelioration.

Spatial City, Yona Friedman, 1964.

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THE FIRST MAN WHO, HAVING ENCLOSED A PIECE OF GROUND, BETHOUGHT HIMSELF OF SAYING ‘THIS IS MINE’, AND FOUND PEOPLE SIMPLE ENOUGH TO BELIEVE HIM, WAS THE REAL FOUNDER OF CIVIL SOCIETY.

FROM HOW MANY CRIMES, WARS AND MURDERS, FROM HOW MANY HORRORS AND MISFORTUNES MIGHT NOT ANYONE HAVE SAVED MANKIND, BY PULLING UP THE STAKES, OR FILLING UP THE DITCH, AND CRYING TO HIS FELLOWS, ‘BEWARE OF LISTENING TO THIS IMPOSTER; YOU ARE UNDONE IF YOU ONCE FORGET THAT THE FRUITS OF THE EARTH BELONG TO US ALL, AND THE EARTH ITSELF TO NOBODY?’ Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1775 23

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The year is structured around the formation of a critical armature that will bring together, hold, and inform all your work, across all scales and all modes of operation. This involves three inter-related and overlapping phases of work relating to the three modules. Phases 1 and 2 consist of theoretical and empirical urban analysis, strategic design operations within the social field of the city, (module AR41001) and a humanities project devised to promote research through drawing and making (module HT40003). Phase 3 moves on to fully resonant spatial, formal and tectonic design activity, supplemented by workshops assisting with the understanding of the structural, environmental and regulatory frameworks within which the design projects are operating (module AR40007). The phases are summarised in the infographic below and explained fully in the module guide section of the white coursebook. Phase 1 will start with group work (stages 1, 2 and 3) and will end with individual work (stage 4). Phase 3 (stages 5 and 6) will be individual.

STUDIO A

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INSTANTIATION TECTONIC SCALE SUB-FRAGMENT

HUMANITIES THINKING MACHINE

INSTANTIATION ARCHITERCTURAL SCALE FRAGMENT

HUMANITIES THINKING MACHINE

DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGY URBAN SCALE STRATEGY

HUMANITIES THINKING MACHINE

CONSTRUCTION OF HYPOTHESIS URBAN SCALE / TOTALITY

HUMANITIES THINKING MACHINE

EMPIRICAL RESEARCH & ANALYSIS QUESTIONS NUANCED BY FIELD

HUMANITIES THINKING MACHINE

THEORETICAL RESEARCH & ANALYSIS QUESTIONS NUANCED BY THEORY

QUESTIONS STUDIO RESEARCH

PEDAGOGICAL FRAME ‘OTHERWISE’

Details of this studio’s staging within the year structure are outlined opposite.

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MODULE AR41001 MODULE AR40007 MODULE HT40003

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STAGE 1 | Weeks 1&2 | Theoretical Research and Analysis [Questions nuanced by Theory] Overview Through a combination of theoretical investigation, empirical survey, mapping and case study analysis, you will build up a picture of various phenomena affecting cities and their social fields. By operating across disciplinary boundaries and gradually bringing analytical methods and operational scales together, you will be able to consider different methods of engagement with the fabric of your city, in accordance with your emerging interests and preoccupations. Through such analysis, you will slowly but surely glean critical intelligence which can be used to make realistic hypotheses built on intellectually rigorous speculations on futures for your chosen environments.

Details In week 1, at the first tutorial we will unpack the brief and all its questions.

In week 1, in sub-groups of 3, you will begin investigate the following: The Broad Contexts p4 - p5.

Relevant urban theory.

Socio-economic contexts.

Socio-political contexts.

The Urban Grounds

p6 - p17.

The Studio Questions

p22.

(Groups should liaise continually –information should be shared – ideas should be cross- fertilised).

All groups will address their specific categories of urban groups while maintaining thoughts on the contexts and questions.

The groups will be: MATS Group Zhang, Alan, Zhishan.

HYBRIDS and SOCIAL CONDENSERS Group Thao, Innes, Wei Zheng.

CRITIQUE Group Laura, Sean, Anna.

SUBTERRANEAN and ELEVATED GROUNDS Group Natasha, Lynsey, Emilia.

This is the start of your research. You will read, question, investigate, collect, discuss, debate, test, write, draw and model. All data and other information should be shared. The defined research contexts of the studio should be brought into focus through the theoretical texts and the case studies (given and discovered), upon which you should always reflect and expand. Through expansive reading and discussion, you will begin to formulate critical views on these questions, how they play out in the urban field, and the position of the discipline of architecture within it. This is your opportunity to gather as much relevant information as possible and to distil a set of questions to ask of the field .

STAGE OUTPUTS: Thursday 15 October: In your sub-groups, you will present a body of research (graphically) which will have yielded a set of clear questions to ask of your urban field.

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STAGE 2 | Week 3&4 | Empirical Research and Analysis [Questions nuanced by Field] Overview In sub-groups.

(Groups should liaise continually –information should be shared – ideas should be cross- fertilised).

This stage involves two inter-realted work components: 1. Bringing theoretical investigations to bear on the real urban field. Using a combination of physical (where possible) and digital field work, you will comprehensively study both the totality of a city and fragments of it as defined by their own ongoing research. You will develop an understanding of the history, morphology, political, social and cultural operations in their urban fields and will analyse, key pieces of architecture existing as part of the socio-urban complexions. You will present and discuss new scenarios of various changes, interventions, issues and challenges, and will critique current development scenarios. You will begin to hypothesise on futures.

2. Cutting transects and building your project toolkit. The transect is a line which cuts through your urban field(s), allowing you to focus on occurrences and relationships along its path. We will discuss in studio the best position, geometry and length of the transect. The project toolkit will involve : Constructing a large 3D digital model.

Constructing large physical model(s).

Beautiful 2D mappings of the city, including layers of history.

Details You will visit (physically or by online means) and comprehensively study Dundee’s waterfront You will attempt to understand its history, morphology, and social operations.

Using a combination of empirical research from direct observation and desk research, you will unravel the cycles and systems of growth. How are these informed by historical models, and what are the possible future trajectories? These questions will help your sub-group focus on its specific enquiry. This stage should not involve a subjective account, nor a historical overview, but a detailed analysis of how the city operates socially, spatially and formally. You are trying to understand key parameters of type, density, mix, programme, facilities, thresholds – building a picture of how these issues relate to the relationships between individuals and the publics of which they form part. You will present your views on issues and challenges, critiques of current development scenarios, and strategies for bringing together the different scales of investigation . These might be universally applicable strategies for development but with a view toward the development of detailed demonstration projects in Dundee.

STAGE OUTPUTS: Thursday 29 October: In your sub-groups, you will reconsider and present all theoretical and empirical research information from stages 1 and 2. This will include: Analysed data; The transect. (Its presentation should not be a single drawing or model, but a series of investigatory pieces of work, using the transect as an analytical method); City-scale drawings and models (inc large sectional models showing urban relationships and disparities); diagrams; montages.; Graphical, modeled and textual information which reflects and builds on an analysis of all your synthesised research and field work.

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A transect model and drawing from 2019/20 studio work.

Linear studies: Right:: Nolli v Piranese, Bryan Maddock. https://thecitythecitythecity. tumblr.com/post/67554157062/ nolli-vs-piranesi-bryanmaddock; Far right: from Venturi and Scott-Brown, Learning from Las Vegas.

The transect should sample the pluralism of the city, cutting through different architecture, spaces and programmes. Your enquiries are very likely to lead you to stray from the line, however, remote pieces must always connect morphologically back to the line, which will be a constant reference in your work. Its presentation should clearly demonstrate through models, drawings and other means, your analysis of the city and how you propose to connect to it and/or intervene in it.

Left: ESALA M.Arch 2018, photos of student degree show models.

Island Territories V: Havana, Re-Making Islands, Dismantling Insularity. Tutors: Adrian Hawker and Victoria Clare Bernie.

Right: ESALA M.Arch 2018, photos of student degree show models.

Para-Situation [Calcutta / Kolkata]. Tutor: Dorian Wiszniewski.

Example of city analytical work, Chora / Raoul Bunchonten, A Dynamic Masterplan for the City of Berlin

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STAGE 3 | Week 5 | Constructing the Hypothesis [Urban Scale Totality] Overview In your groups, will now make fast, detailed spatial propositions at city scale (recommended scale 1:1250 1:500 maximum). All your strategic work from stages 1 and 2 will now be hypothesised through real sites in your urban field.

Details You will hopefully have built up a good understanding of the losses and gains in the cycles of change occurring across the city. You will have a good understanding of the history, morphology, and social operations of specific territories, including key architecture and other features forming part of the urban complexions. You will now action different methods of engagement in the city and its cycles, processes and social operations.

Use all your gathered intelligence to hypothesise on a future for Dundee’s waterfront zone as you define it (an Otherwise). What is happening to it? What are its processes of change and how will you intervene?

This must be presented as a set of drawings and models that explain your conceptual narrative clearly and sequentially (see OMA’s narrative for the Melun Senart project in SMLXL, p972 for a good example of this).

The hypothesis must be informed by the different conceptual logics of the group approaches, as fleshed-out over the past few weeks.

It MUST represent a “totality” - a unified approach, which is non-fragmented, compact and gentrification-resistant.

You will need to WORK FAST- at charrette pace. Pull on the full resources of your team and distribute tasks in the most efficient and productive way. There is a lot of information to pull together and a lot of new work to produce.

Use all your skills of argumentation, graphically and in your textual narrative.

STAGE OUTPUTS: For Thursday 5 November: Draw on your full toolkit from stage 2 (including the transect) and put together a digital presentation (which you should also prepare for printing and binding).

You will ALL present the work, sharing the spoken narrative of a single group presentation.

Right and below: City-scale thinking, through models and drawings of a transect. Cube: Wang Lei, Qiaoyi Wu, Chao Wei, Changda Guo, Shuo Cheng, Jinghui Chen Photo: Neil Verow.

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Hypothesising on an urban future of uncontrolled growth of cities: Mélun Senart New Town Competition, OMA, 1987.

A series of carefully orchestrated voids, from which the “average-contemporary-everyday ugliness of current European-AmericanJapanese architecture” is banished, ‘irrigate the city with potentials’ to stimulate different programmes and patterns of growth.

See: Surrender, Ville Nouvelle Mélun-Senart, France, 1987 – in R. Koolhaas and B. Mau, SMLXL, Rotterdam, 010, Publishers, 1995, p972.

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These pages will be populated with subsequent stages.

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These pages will be populated with subsequent stages.

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These pages will be populated with subsequent stages.

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Each studio has its own reading material which will help you understand and contribute to specific discourses under investigation. These are detailed below. In addition, the white coursebook contains a broad, diverse, but non-exhaustive, range of texts on design research, urban theory, architectural, tectonic and material theory, along with various technical publications on drawing, mapping and housing. The texts range from classics such as Lefebvre, Simmel and Arendt, to contemporary discourse such as Brenner/Scmidt, Kaminer and Aureli, along

Space & Politics, Urban: Coleman, Nathaniel, Lefebvre for Architects, Abingdon, Routledge, 2015.

Brenner, Neil. New Urban Spaces: Urban Theory and the Scale Question, New York, OUP USA, 2019.

Brenner, Neil, Marcuse, Peter, Mayer, Margrit. (eds). Cities for People, Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City, Abingdon, Routledge, 2011.

Castells, Manuel., Borja, Jordi. Local & Global: Management of Cities in the Information Age, London, Earthscan, 1997.

Kofman, Eleonore, and Lebas, Elizabeth. (Eds.). Henri Lefebvre, Writings on Cities, Oxford, Blackwell, 1996.

Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space, Oxford, Blackwell, 1991.

Harvey, David. Social Justice and the City, London, Edward Arnold, 1973.

Marcuse , Peter, Connolly, James, Novy, Johannes, and Olivo, Ingrid, Potter, Cuz, and Steil, Justin. (Eds.).

Searching for the Just City: Debates in Urban Theory and Practice, Abingdon, Routledge, 2011.

Marcuse, Peter., Madden, David. In Defense of Housing: The Politics of Crisis, London, Verso, 2016.

Ryan-Collins, Josh, and Macfarlane, Laurie. Rethinking the Economics of Land and Housing, London, Zed, 2017.

Smith, Neil. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City, Abingdon, Routledge, 1996.

Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Space & Politics: Misc. Ground, Earth, Urban and Architecture: Kaminer, Tahl. The Efficacy of Architecture: Political Contestation and Agency, Abingdon, Routledge, 2017.

Angelil, Marc, and Siress, Cary. Terrestrial Tales: 100+ Takes on Earth, Berlin, Ruby Press, 2019.

Colomina, Beatriz., Wigley, Mark. Are We Human?: The Archeology of Design, Zurich, Lars Muller, 2016.

Spencer, Douglas. The Architecture of Neoliberalism: How Contemporary Architecture Became an Instrument of Control and Compliance, London, Bloomsbury, 2016.

Aureli, Pierre Vittorio. The Possibility of an Absolute Architecture, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2011.

Coleman, Nathaniel. Utopias and Architecture, Abingdon, Routledge, 2005.

Ginzburg, Moisei. Dwelling: Five Years’ Work on the Problem of the Habitation, London, Ginzburg Design with Fontanka; 01 Edition (23 Nov. 2017) Leach, Neil. (ed.). Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory, Abingdon, Routledge, 1997. (particularly Jameson’s Is Space Political? and Leach’s Architecture or Revolution).

Deamer, Peggy (ed). Architecture and Capitalism: 1845 to the Present, New York, Routledge, 2014.

A+T, Issue 32, Autumn 2008, Hybrids II, Low-rise mixed-use buildings.

Koolhaas, Rem., Mau, Bruce. S,M,L,XL, Rotterdam, 010 Publishers, 1995. Essays: “Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture” “Bigness, or the Problem of the Large”, What Ever Happened to Urbanism?. Project: “Surrender, Ville Melun-Sénart, France, 1987”.

Koolhaas, Rem., Obrist, Hans Ulrich. Project Japan: Metabolism Talks, Cologne, Taschen GmbH, 2011.

Fuller, Buckminster. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, Zurich, Lars Muller Publishers, 2008.

Tafuri, Manfredo. 1976. Architecture and Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development, translated by Barbara Luigia La Penta. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Tectonic / Material: Hartoonian, Gevork. Crisis of the Object: The Architecture of Theatricality, Abingdon, Routledge, 2006.

Paredes Maldonado, Miguel. Ugly, Useless, Unstable Architectures: Phase Spaces and Generative Domains, Abingdon, Routledge, 2019.

Cairns, Graham. Reflections on Architecture, Society and Politics: Social and Cultural Tectonics in the 21st Century, Abingdon, Routledge, 2018.

Boom, Irma. Rem Koolhaas. Elements of Architecture, Cologne, Taschen, 2018.

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Economic: Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge / London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Papers: Kate Shaw. The Squander and Salvage of Global Urban Waterfronts. Not yet published but hopefully available soon.

Kate Shaw (2015) “The intelligent woman’s guide to the urban question”, City, 19:6, 781-800, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.1090182 Michał Murawski & Jane Rendell, “The Social Condenser: A Century of Revolution Through Architecture”, 1917–2017, The Journal of Architecture, 22:3, 369-371, DOI: 10.1080/13602365.2017.1326680, 2017.

Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground spaces in cities, ITA AITES, itacus, ISOCARP, 2015 Websites: SOCKS: a non-linear journey through distant territories of human imagination http://socks-studio.com/ Documentaries: Curtis, Adam. 2011. All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace, Episode 1 (BBC Documentary).

Manifestos / Surveys: Hertweck, Florian., Marot, Sébastien. The City in the City, Berlin: A Green Archipelago, Zurich, Lars Müller, 2013.

Koolhaas, R., Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhatten, New York, Monacelli Press, 1994.

Venturi, R., Scott Brown, D., Izenour, S., Learning from Las Vegas, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1972.

Graphical: Bunschoten, Raoul., Urban Flotsam: Stirring the City, Rotterdam, 010 Uitgeverij, 2000.

Desimini, J., Waldheim, C., Cartographic Grounds: Projecting the Landscape Imaginary, New York, Princeton Architectural Press, 2016.

Atelier Bow-Wow (Yoshiharu Tsukamoto and Momoyo Kaijima). (2014). Atelier Bow-Wow - Graphic Anatomy 2.

Toto. (and/or Graphic Anatomy 1).

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