World of animals 4 mammals primates by Angel C

Apes, Monkeys, Marmosets, Lemurs

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WORLD

ANIMALS

Apes, Monkeys, Marmosets, Lemurs

GROWER

...

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Contents:

Large herbivores

Primates

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Mammals-Juvenile literature. [1. Mammals.] Title. IV. World of animals (Danbury, Conn.)

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Amy-Jane.

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About This Volume tool \i

he primates include lemurs, monkeys, apes, and ourselves. They are mostly highly the day. The majority

and only one

in their

the tropics, and apart from humans, there are no primates

whole

Most primates have only one or two young life.

That

little

make up

become

at a time,

and females may produce fewer than

five

for major losses in their populations.

The

largest species

bigger than the average human; the smallest are scarcely larger than a mouse.

Primates feed on a wide variety of foods, including leaves,

occur

North America or Australia

balanced by a high degree of care for the offspring, leading to good survival prospects.

Nevertheless, primates are unable to breed rapidly to are a

Europe. Primates usually form groups, often with complex social behavior involving special roles for

different individuals.

young

live in

intelligent animals, active during

a variety of habitats, but pests.

some

and the pet

trade.

other major group of mammals.

and

flesh.

Many

are extremely specialized. Certain species are quite

However, the majority of primates are declining

collecting for zoos

fruit, insects,

numbers due

higher proportion of primates are

are highly adaptable

numerous and may even

to habitat loss, hunting for meat,

officially

and

recognized as Endangered than any

Contents How to Use This Set

Find the Animal

PRIMATES

Monkey Squirrel

Monkey

Humboldt's Woolly Monkey

The golden tamarin

Northern Night Monkey

THE MARMOSET AND TAMAR1N FAMILY

Golden Lion Tamarin

Common Marmoset

world's

lion

one of the

most

threatened mammals.

Gorilla

Western Lowland Gorilla

Chimpanzee

Bonobo

THE GIBBON FAMILY

Lar Gibbon

Emperor Tamarin

LEMURS

THE OLD WORLD

MONKEY FAMILY

Ringtailed

Ruffed

Barbary Macaque

Macaque

102

Lemur

104

LOWER PRIMATES

106

Slow

108

Loris

Demidoff's Bush Baby

Savanna Baboon

Hamadryas Baboon

Lemur

Aye-Aye

Monkey

Japanese Macaque

Black

Orangutans

Vervet

Red Uakari

THE APE FAMILY

Mountain

Black-Handed Spider

110 Some

mustached

Glossary

monkey

Mandrill

Gelada Baboon

small

cercopithecines:

SEE ALSO Orangutans

They are

quick learners, picking up techniques from others

group and from humans when they are

4:14; Gorilla, Mountain 4:20; Gorilla, Western Lowland 4:26;

in captivity.

Although they do not use what we would

eastern gorilla (G. beringei), including 3 subspecies

gorilla (G. b. beringei), eastern

(G. b. diehli),

gorilla),

gorilla (G. g. gorilla),

call

Chimpanzee 4:28; Bonobo 4:34

their

language, animals within a group clearly communicate with each other.

captivity

chimpanzees and

gorillas

have been taught to use American Sign Language to

exchange information with Of

all

their

human

other, but their territories

overlap those of several females. Gorillas

silverback eastern lowland gorilla resting. Oddly, the eastern

lowland

less well

known

the latter being fewer

than

live in

mother

live in

mixed-sex communities of 40 to 80 animals. They feeding, but are highly

territorial.

Encounters with other groups can lead to deadly fights.

many

species

for females, there

grow

larger

which males have to compete

a strong selective pressure for males

In gorillas

despite

altitudes.

Apes are so

when

gorilla,

for at least three years.

one mature adult "silverback" male. Chimpanzees

disperse

mountain

those of humans, and young are looked after by the

Experimental Tools

may

cousin, the

numbers and inhabiting high

"harem," where around 12 females and young stay with

large,

its

carers.

the great apes, orangutans are the least social.

The males avoid each

ÂŠA

and orangutans males are much

larger than females. Reproductive cycles are very similar to

similar to

and other aspects of been used to this

test

humans

their biology that they

little

consideration for animal welfare

or for the conservation of species in

some

the wild. However,

biomedical research

common nowadays, and return

have often

drugs and surgical techniques. Often

was done with

the use of apes

their size, biochemistry,

much

attempts have been

less

made

laboratory apes to the wild.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; PRIMATES

Orangutans

Common name Orangutai

Pongo pygmaeus and P. abelii

(red ape)

Scientific

name Pongo

Orangutans are Asia's only great apes. Their shaggy,

pygmaeus (Bornean

reddish coats

orangutan); Pongo abelii

(Sumatran

Family

mammals. Despite

all

orangutan)

make them one of the most

spend most of their

Hominidae

Fossil remains indicate that

Order

their considerable size, they

high up in the treetops.

lives

the magnificent

orangutan once ranged throughout southern

Primates

Asia from the foothills of the Himalayas to

Size Length head/body:

male up to 37

southern China. Nowadays, orangutans are

(95 cm); female 29.5

Weight Male 130-200 female 88-1 10

(75 cm)

(59-91

confined to the tropical rain forests of northern

Sumatra (Indonesia) and the low-lying swamps

kg);

(40-50 kg) of

Key features Very

distinctive

long arms; feet are handlike; coat

Borneo

shared between

(a large island

Indonesia and Malaysia). Orangutans are the

sparse and coarse, ranging from orange to

largest tree-living animals

dark brown

their

Habits

spends most of

Solitary;

time

its

nests

among branches Single

young born about every 8 years

males at

captivity,

Voice

45-50

5 years. in

May

Habitat

Males make loud resonant

calls

lion's

Fruit (such as

mangoes and

shoots, bark,

and

Lowland and

Status

anywhere except among dense,

60 years

with the help

volume

roar

figs),

Even at

first

differences

trees.

tall

glance there are obvious

between orangutans and other

They are the only non-African apes, and

young

shaggy appearance bears

hilly tropical rain

forest

little

their

resemblance to

that of their African cousins. Their bright

reddish color again

and lowland Borneo

makes them

distinct

from

all

other apes and most monkeys too. Orangs are

Population: about 20,000;

IUCN Endangered; biggest threat

good

great apes, such as chimpanzees and gorillas.

insects

Forest clearance

found

CITES

Distribution Confined to the islands of Sumatra (Indonesia)

Asian Apes

of their large throat pouches at a

Diet

of the forest."

"forest"

at 12

the wild

comparable to that of a

"man

literally

after

Weaned live

In fact,

the Malay words orang,

description, since orangs are never

about 3 years; females sexually mature years,

the world.

meaning "man," and utan, meaning so

gestation period of 8 months.

treetops;

active during the day, rests overnight

Breeding

name comes from

also generally solitary, while other apes (and

most other primates)

live in social

groups.

There are two distinct types of orangs, one type found on Sumatra and the other on

Borneo. Analysis of their

DNA

(genetic

molecular structure) suggests that the two A*;

populations

became separated around

million years ago. Since then the

1.5

orangutans of

separately

their different

extent that they are

now

environments to the

considered to be two

distinctly different species. Until recently

were considered

two subspecies

species. Generally, the

SEE ALSO

Gorilla,

Mountain 4:20;

Gorilla,

they

of a single

Sumatran orangutans are

Western Lowland 4:26; Chimpanzee 4:28

-O'?

each island have evolved and developed

APES ORANGUTANS

ÂŠ A young Sumatran orangutan.

lighter in color

The young of the species are more

than those

sociable than their elders

may join

and

together to play or

even travel around pairs.

are

due

thicker

the orangs

and longer

Borneo. The difference

to the cooler conditions

hair

may be

Sumatra, where

higher altitudes.

live at

Males of both races develop impressive

Older animals

flaps of skin

called

solitary.

and have

either side of the face.

They are

cheek flanges and make the male orang's

face appear very broad and almost circular.

They are

conspicuous feature of any adult

male orangutan, making

look quite different

from any other species of primate. The flanges

seem

no obvious

to serve

practical function,

except as a symbol of rank and status. The

cheek flange

another way

orangs of the two islands start to

develop

which the

differ:

The flanges

about eight years of age

the Bornean orangutans. The Sumatran males

and

are late developers,

appear

about the age of

until

of the Borneo males

from the head, shape to the the age of

their flanges

face.

The flanges

grow outward and forward

resulting

5. In

10.

do not

a round, dishlike

They stop growing around

contrast, the flanges of the

Sumatran orangutan do not complete

development

until

the animal

rather than forward, giving the

much

about 20 years

grow sideways,

of age. Their cheeks also only

their

Sumatran male

flatter-looking face.

Novelty Value Despite

unknown

arrived

to science

since

Europe it

was

seen before.

was completely

the orangutan

and the western world

the 17th century. The

until

stir,

size,

its

first live

orangutan

1776 and caused quite

so different from any animal

was

also strikingly similar to a

comment and

human,

exciting considerable

interest

concerning the relationship between

humans and the animal The orangutan has thick neck,

and

short,

world. a large, bulky body, a

bowed

legs.

The arms are

very long and immensely strong. The hands of

an orangutan are much fingers

and

thumb

our own, with four

that can press against

them. That arrangement enables the orangs to grasp food and other objects

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;and the orang's 15

long fingers to get a tight grip on branches.

Orangutans can suspend

their

whole weight

t'om ust a couple of fingers without getting Their feet are similar to their hands, only

tued \ie

with an opposable big toe. That enables

the orang to grasp objects with as

its

hands when moving through

feet as well trees.

Fruit Eaters '

he aws of the red ape are massive, and they

â&#x20AC;˘ave large teeth covered tor their

thick enamel, ideal

feeding habits. They are essentially

vegetarian, but they have been

on animal material such as small

mammals.

soft fruits like

known

to feed

and

insects, birds,

Their diet consists mainly of

mangoes and

but they also

figs,

feed on leaves, tree bark, and seeds. They are

ÂŠ

especially fond of large durian fruits that smell

only truly arboreal ape.

will travel

They are the largest

size

visit

animal that

strongly

when

they are

Orangs

ripe.

long distances through the forest to favorite feeding trees

when

their fruits are in

â&#x20AC;&#x153;nests"

made from

and leaves high up

because they disperse seeds

throughout the forest

lives in the

forest canopy, sleeping in

season Orangutans are important for rainforest plants

Orangutans are the

their droppings. Also,

twigs the

spend nearly

their time

all

the treetops. Because of their

orangs

branches or jump from one branch to

another the

way

swing with breathtaking speed from branch to branch using both their hands and

treetops.

they are traveling at a

tigers

when on

risk

and haul

enough

from predators such as

Quick Learners

takes

them

rely

their

mental prowess to develop complex feeding techniques,

sometimes involving the use of mimics. As a

tools.

result, skills are quickly

another. Groups local traditions in

learn

Wild orangs

intelligent.

particular areas

the

way

passed on from one individual to

have even developed their

own

communicate with people and told to

those of a three-year-old

the next tree,

cross the gaps,

start to

pendulum.

enough

Finally, a

Tiger 2:20

swing,

swing

find

difficult to

and so mothers may hold

scramble across.

female orangutan may even

create a bridge out of her

own body

to allow

her baby to get from one branch to another.

captivity

have been

child.

reveals a capability to learn so. Their

mental

words and

abilities are similar to

Nests

the Trees

Orangutans are diurnal and usually go to bed sunset,

around 7

pm.

They sleep

a nest,

which

they construct every evening, although they

may rest

SEE ALSO

well

to reach the next

also build nests during the day

and

play.

which to

Favored areas for nesting face

westward toward the sunset and

the gap

arms and slowly building up

like a

far

they build nests and feed. Orangs can also

taught to use American Sign Language. That enables them to

when

their

reach out,

branches together to help the youngsters

Orangutans are also excellent

from humans, and certain individuals

perform tasks

will

they have grasped

Young orangs often

branch.

rangutans are highly

in until

When

feet.

thin branches or arrive

they

too wide to reach across, they

the ground. Consequently, they

momentum

trees,

to transfer their weight.

hanging by

among

gap between

catch onto the tip of a branch

almost entirely arboreal.

Because females are much smaller than males, they are at greater

do. Instead,

they hang by their powerful arms. They can

by choosing to eat green leaves and shoots,

monkeys

smaller

they stimulate further plant growth.

The orangutan

walk on top of

will rarely

are

sometimes

Endangered Orangs

rangutans have a few natural predators, such as

and clouded leopards, but nevertheless

tigers

they have become

rare.

serious threat. Large

Humans

numbers

are a

much more

young orangs used to

be captured and kept as pets or exported to zoos. Often the adult females were shot babies, effectively removing

one.

order to take the

two animals

addition, slow breeding

instead of just

means

the species

that lost animals cannot be replaced quickly.

Consequently, the orangutan has

become

scarce.

There are

now

and

protection has reduced the threat posed by

strict

effective controls

the collection of

live

on international trade,

animals. Moreover, zoos are

able to breed orangs successfully, so there to take

SEE ALSO

will

Lion 2:14

else.

live

Young females, on the other

hand, often remain nearby.

not follow her

cannot take

his

a display of the male's size

The females

play

in pairs.

somewhere

will

Once they become adolescent, the males may

female that already has a young infant

old,

on the move, the

include the areas used by about four females.

climb to the top of the trees to avoid contact

will

difficult in

her pregnancy.

that carry

calls

with other species for food, and this becomes

for over half a mile call

comparable with that of

Sumatra

rain forest there.

lives

are capable of

throat

and they spend the

Male orangutans

may be important

That

because of the greater dangers lurking

entirely alone.

orangutans and

tiger.

between orangutans,

majority of their

The

at the most,

born. Heavily pregnant females are less able to

the

forest.

two days

to last

likely

the male/female relationships

with a nine-month-old youngster. Young are

will

through the

On Borneo

whom

assess the calls and

A Bornean male orangutan, showing flaps.

his large facial

The flanges seem to serve no obvious practical

function, except as a

symbol of rank and

status.

PRIMATES

Mountain Gorilla Mountain

Gorilla beringei beringei

gorillas are gentle giants.

They

live in

peaceful groups with a single dominant male.

mountain

five subspecies of gorilla, the

Common name Scientific

name

Mountain

gorilla (eastern gorilla)

most studied and perhaps

Hominidae

Order

Primates

Size

Height (standing upright): male

Mountain gorillas

most threatened.

a small area of the

live in

volcanic Virunga mountain range

.4-1 .8 m); female 4.3-5

.3-1 .5 m);

up to 200

400

4. 6-5. 9 ft

ÂŠ A female mountain

on the

borders of Rwanda, Uganda, and Democratic Republic of Congo. High

(2.3

rain forest

(181 kg); female

ape with barrel-shaped body;

muscular arms longer than

legs;

coat blue-

black, turning gray with age, males with silver

gorilla eating spiny

the mountains the

almost always cloudy and

even though

(90 kg)

Large, bulky

arm span: 7.5

Weight Male up

Key features

gorilla is the

Gorilla beringei beringei

Family

(ti

the

Of the

leaves: These gentle

cold,

giants are exclusively

near the equator. Occasionally,

vegetarian.

A mountain

the gorillas venture even higher into the alpine

gorilla's diet is

meadows

made up of leaves,

13,100 feet (4,000 m), where

temperatures

fall

below freezing

well

at night.

stems, roots,

mainly

and other

patch on back; hair short on back, long types of vegetation, but

elsewhere; broad face and massive jaws

Dominating Presence Habits

Social

rarely

groups of 5-30 animals centered

around

Females weigh around twice

Gorillas are huge.

dominant

(or occasionally 2)

silverback" male; docile, spends

most time

feeding or resting; males display their

much

as an average person, and the males

weigh twice as much

The only

as the females.

strength by chest-beating and plant-thrashing

other animals that gorillas could be confused

Breeding

Usually

infant born every

gestation period of

4 years

250-270

days.

after

Weaned

with are chimpanzees, but gorillas are

2.5-3 years; females sexually mature at 8-10 years,

males at 10 years.

May

live

Howling, roaring, grunting, and snarling

Diet

Leaves, stems, berries, roots, pulp,

Habitat

Montane

rain forest

altitudes of

Endangered; CITES

warm

the cold, wet mountains.

on the back of

hair

IUCN

Critically

Most threatened

mature male

gorilla

hence the name of "silverback."

Mountain

gorillas

small ears, nostrils

have a broad,

banded by

extends to the upper

Population: about 320;

have long black fur to

gorillas

Distribution Borders of Democratic Republic of Congo,

Status

The gray,

(1,645-3,780 m)

Rwanda, and Uganda

Mountain keep them

and bark

and subalpine scrub

5,400-12,400

bigger and bulkier than chimps.

35 years

Voice

much

hairless face,

wide ridge that

and massive jaws.

lip,

They need big jaw muscles to chew the tough plant material that they eat. There

a ridge

gorilla species

the In

skull that

the jaw muscles are attached

to.

males the ridge and the jaw muscles are

huge and give the head

a characteristic bulge.

Males also have long and robust canine teeth. Gorillas, especially lot of

the males, need to spend a

time eating to maintain their huge bulk.

They eat

wide range of

plants, including wild

celery, nettles, wild cherry, thistles.

As well as

leaves, they will also

up bark, coarse stems,

SEE ALSO Orangutans

4:14; Gorilla, Western Lowland 4:26;

bamboo, and

roots,

Chimpanzee 4:28

and

crunch

vines. In the

fruit.

APES MOUNTAIN GORILLA

mountains where they fruit,

live,

there

not

much

but they love to eat berries

when

they are

eat fungi and

some

insects

available.

They

will

such as ants, but such small items are hardly

worth the bother. They use

their

they eat to pick plants and

strip

Gorilla

Subspecies

bark from

inside.

orillas live

western

beringei).

Gorillas are very docile animals.

They are active

during the day and spend about a third of the

when

the group gathers

youngsters

all

on the ground. They mostly walk hands curled

into fists so

climb trees, but the huge males are too heavy all

except the largest lower branches to

support their weight. Only the young animals are light

and

agile

enough

to swing through

the thinner branches high up. Every night each animal builds a nest to sleep

by bending branches to

make

gorilla

(

Gorilla

which

lives

gorilla:

the mountain

on the borders of

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Uganda, and Rwanda; the

Of the western

they walk on their knuckles. They are able to

for

and eastern

into five subspecies.

gorilla (G. beringei beringei),

play.

fours, with their

Gorilla gorilla)

They are divided

Impenetrable Forest

They usually move slowly and spend most

(

species, the

b. diehli),

which

lives in

the eastern central

region of DRC; and another (unnamed) subspecies from the Bwindi

groom each other while the

of their time

gorilla

two

equatorial Africa. There are

eastern lowland gorilla (G.

around the silverback male. They sleep or peacefully

only

There are three subspecies of eastern

Laid-back Lifestyle

resting,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Species and

hands when

stems to reach the succulent pith

daytime

Groupings

comfortable, springy platform.

Uganda.

gorillas the

gorilla (G. gorilla gorilla). lives

most

The Cross

common

the western lowland

River gorilla (G. g. diehli),

which

along the border of Nigeria and Cameroon, has recently been

classed as a separate subspecies

and

Critically

Endangered.

The nests are either

in trees,

ground. Since each

on steep

slopes, or

makes

gorilla

own

its

researchers can count the nests to

nest

jvi

how many

animals are

even after they have

left

group

the area.

Despite their fierce reputation from films

such as King Kong,

gorillas

have a quiet

ten perament and are very gentle unless they

They

are threatened.

them

as long as they

stare. Staring

society.

group,

people get close to

will let sit

and do not

quietly

seen as a threat

threatened, a male

in gorilla

protect his

will

with a display of strength and then

first

by attacking

fiercely.

Gorilla Society

Because mountain leaves,

which are

round, they can taking the

risk

same animals

gorillas

plentiful

live in

or 40.

and

available

of running out of food. stay with the

five

territorial:

know where

The

and 10

be up to 30

Their feeding

ranges often overlap, but their loud other groups

year

group for months or

between

a group, but there can

Groups are not

all

large groups without

years. There are usually

animals

feed mainly on

calls let

they are, so they

avoid direct contact.

large silverback

male leads each group.

He decides where the group protects

them from danger, and

the offspring.

all

will

younger male

will

feed each day, usually fathers

the leading male dies, a quickly take over.

the silverback, there

will usually

As well as

be one or two

subadult "blackback" males, several adult

ÂŠ After

females, and up to 10 infants

one group.

silverback to rest in the middle of the day. Females with infants (1)

their mother's

silverback

Females nearly always leave

group when they become sexually mature. This is

unusual

a female stayed

primates, but prevents inbreeding. in

the group, she would mate

with the dominant male. He would be her father, or his

he had died, a cousin, since one of

sons usually takes over. The offspring of

such matings are usually not as healthy as those

from matings between unrelated animals.

female leaving a group

will

head

straight

to a nearby solitary male, but she does not necessarily stay with

him She probably chooses

feeding,

(2),

mountain

gorilla

groupsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; like

while females without young

stay farther in the background

(3).

The

juveniles will play close to the silverback

under

his protective

gaze

(4),

ma'es are merely tolerated

but subadult

(5).

the one

aboveâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; gather around move

the

closest to the

APES MOUNTAIN GORILLA

male according to the quality of the habitat

his

home range and

his fighting ability.

matters are important

Such

to protect her

Studying Mountain Gorillas

and

her offspring from predators and other males.

Although groups are

stable,

each

female's contact with the leading male, rather

than with each other, that keeps them

together.

he mountain

years. Dian Fossey

gorillas.

Bonds between the dominant male and the

gorillas

have been studied very closely for many

was one famous

by spending a

lot of

grooming. However,

When young 1

the gorillas are used to people, they behave

rare to see

females that are not close

them

researchers can study

relatives.

around

and the

normally,

without causing disturbance.

males mature, at

to 13 years old,

Once

called "habituation."

mutual

grooming between mature

social

with the

lived

time just hanging out with them. The process

females, and females and their offspring, are maintained by

who

researcher

Researchers allow the gorillas to get used to their presence

half leave

the group that they were born

in.

male may choose to stay with the

group

there are too

many mature

happen, they can be extremely

females for the dominant male to

mate with alone or male

old.

teeth can cause serious

they leave, young males spend

ÂŠ

mountain

or with a small group of

other bachelor males before starting their

own

Despite their

size,

wounds and sometimes even

really gentle giants.

They

why

much

will tolerate

long as they do not stare,

Bigger males are more

which the

scaring

away

a fight.

the leader of a group

show

he asserts

of strength.

himself up to his

with

his

full

his

threatened by a

dominance with

roars loudly,

height,

draws

and beats

his

gorilla's

as a threat.

regard

females and have

chest

one reason

they are so large compared with the

harem, usually by luring females away from an

people as

death.

Competition between males

gorillas are

established group.

solitary male,

The animals' long canine

fierce.

the dominant

own

time on their

bigger canine teeth.

likely

to succeed

with their displays or to win

rivals

may

successful male gorilla

20 offspring over

a 50-year

may

Unsuccessful males

father 10

span.

life

never mate at

all.

hands. Then he rushes toward the

Caring for Young

intruder, tearing

up bushes and small

Such behavior

a big bluff, designed to

Female

and avoid

about

intimidate a

rival

between males are

rare;

trees.

a fight. Fights

but

when

they do

become

gorillas

six

sexually

mature

have their

baby

first

they have joined a

until

stable group, usually around the Gorillas will

Gestation

mate

age of

any time of the

about eight and a

lasts for

months, after which a single baby Twins are very difficult to

rare;

birth, a

the weight of a

its

mother,

few weeks

baby

gorilla

chest fur by

human

who it

them

year.

half

born.

baby. At

holds

usually dies.

almost bald and

around

.8 kg),

first

to her

can hang onto

itself.

10.

and because they are so

look after, one of

weighs about 4 pounds

to eight years old, but they will not

its

half

carried

tummy. After mother's long

Older babies ride on their

mother's back. They start to eat solid food at

PRIMATES

around three

years; but they will stay with their

mother, sleep

her nest, and drink her milk

the age of four to

until

Many baby may only

rear

five years.

young, so a mother

gorillas die

one

offspring to reproductive age

every eight years. The slow reproduction rate

means

that gorilla populations take a long time

to recover from losses.

Future Threats Mountain

gorillas are Critically

and these remaining few from hunting and

Endangered

300

animals. There are only about

them

left,

are under pressure

a shrinking habitat.

most of the area where the

Although

gorillas live

protected as a national park, people trespass on

chop down the

their habitat,

houses

up to and even

right

trees,

and

build

inside the park

boundary. Gorillas are also threatened by

poachers

(illegal

snares to

kill

who

hunters),

use guns or

the animals. Most snares are

made

of a wire loop connected to a rope tied to a

bent

bamboo

When

pole

the wire loop, the

bamboo

pulls the wire tight

trapping

and

springs back and its

leg or neck,

Snares are particularly

gorillas

because they are

will investigate

Male mountain Their

around

painfully.

dangerous to baby inquisitive

an animal steps into

anything new.

gorillas are twice the size of females.

huge bulk and the low

nutritional content of their

food mean they must spend much of their time feeding.

Gorillas

and Guerillas

I n recent years

the countries where the mountain

I gorillas live

gor their

las

have been

in conflict.

During war saving

not the highest priority for

local people,

and

governments are too poor to protect the animals.

There are not enough park wardens, and

dangerous job because

guerillas

armies) use the forest to hide

been shot

accidentally,

animals to eat.

in.

and the

(members

Some

of unofficial

gorillas

guerillas also

have

kill

the

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; PRIMATES

Western Lowland Gorilla

Gorilla gorilla gorilla

The western lowland gorilla gorillas

and

the

the species that

commonest of the

often kept in zoos.

However, hardly anyone has studied them in the wild. Common name

Western

lowland Scientific

Family

Order

name

gorilla

mountain

Hominidae

Primates

occasionally 5

ft (1 .5

up to 5.9

ft (1 ,8

Weight Male 310-450 female 200

Key features

m); female (2.3

(140-204

kg);

(90 kg)

Largest primate with bulky

body and arms

Lives in small

fairly

in nests; docile,

around a

day resting

Usually

third of the

young born every 4 years after 250-270 days. Weaned

Voice

8-10

in captivity,

Fruit,

years. in

One

warmer

of the best

May

areas. Their

ways

of telling the

live

about 50

tip.

found

gorillas are

the

Cameroon, Congo, Gabon,

population numbers a few tens of thousands of

than mountain

the wild

and

was

much more

gorillas, their

behavior

not nearly as well studied.

The Cross

River gorilla (G. gorilla diehli)

recently recognized as a distinct subspecies.

caterpillars lives in

small pockets of habitat

Cameroon-Nigeria border and

Distribution Central-western Africa

on the

Critically

Endangered, with only 120 to 150 animals

Population: fewer than 50,000;

and habitat

have an overhanging

animals. Although they are

common

tropical forest

by looking at their nose

Congo, and Equatorial Guinea. Their

and screeches

Endangered; CITES

gorillas

seeds, leaves, plant stems, bark, and

Swamp and

species apart

African countries of

Status

live in

Western lowland

the wild

invertebrates such as termites

Habitat

they

browner, and their faces are broad with

lowland

Roars, growls, barks, grunts, purrs, croaks,

hoots, squeaks,

Diet

have shorter fur than mountain

2.5-3 years; females sexually mature at 6-8 years, males at

years

poke

gorillas

Central African Republic, Democratic Republic

gestation period of

left.

IUCN

Vulnerable to poaching

Forest Feeding

loss

Western lowland

gorillas live in

forest that has never

dense primary

been cut down. They

also use secondary forests (where trees

will

grow

again after the original forest has been

removed). Secondary forests tend to be diverse

and frequently

offer less

less

food than the

original forest cover, but the gorillas can

manage

there nevertheless. Hence they are less

threatened by forest removal than

many

adaptable species. They are also found

SEE ALSO Orangutans

insects such as termites,

lowland

two

spends

than mountain

They also eat

using twigs that they

active during

the day, nights spent

fruit

moving around by "knuckle-walking." Western

fur

small jaws

gorillas.

gorillas eat

which they "fish"

smaller jaws.

groups of 4 to 8 animals, with

dominant "silverback" male;

Breeding

fingers, since

to dark gray; mature males have silver-

gray back; broad face with

Habits

plan, with

Their feet

Lowland

they spend most of the time on the ground,

gorillas, since

longer than legs; coat relatively short and

brown

body

huge bulky body and long arms.

m),

ft (1 .7

arm span: 7.5

m);

gorillas in their basic

and hands are broad with stubby

Height: male about 5.5

Western lowland gorillas are similar to

Gorilla gorilla gorilla

4:14; Gorilla, Mountain 4:20;

Chimpanzee 4:28

less

for,

into termite nests.

APES WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLA

swamps and montane

lowland

10,000 feet (3,000 m). Because of

altitudes of

not very good at

size gorillas are

huge

their

up to

forests

climbing trees, so they prefer areas where thick vegetation grows near the ground. Such conditions are often found

edges of the

forest.

Lowland similar to

on the

clearings

gorillas

mountain

have a

gorillas,

social structure

with each group

being led by a "silverback" male. Group sizes are smaller than to eight

mountain

gorillas,

with four

mature animals.

As with mountain

the males are

gorillas,

very protective of their group. Intruders are

deterred by noisy displays of howling and chestbeating. The male then charges at the intruder,

crashing through the vegetation and ripping up

bushes and small of the

Congo

their displays.

swampy

the

trees. In

forests

Basin males even use water

They jump

huge plumes of water

into pools

and splash

with their hands.

Captive Gorillas If

gorilla in a zoo,

you see a

gorilla.

will

There are no mountain

Some western lowland

gorillas

lowland

gorillas in zoos.

have been

taught to communicate with humans by using

American Sign Language.

Gorillas

have learned

vocabularies of hundreds of words;

some can

even string words together into simple phrases. gorillas are relatively

Although lowland

common,

their future

where they cut to

down

live

uncertain.

The

forests

are under pressure as people

the trees for timber and firewood and

make space

for agriculture

and houses.

Gorillas are also hunted. Their heads

and hands

are cut off to be sold as "fetishes" or charms, or as grisly souvenirs for tourists. Gorilla also a favorite In

many

some

areas.

areas deforestation and the

bushmeat trade are companies

meat

interlinked.

Logging

build roads into areas that

previously difficult to get to.

were

Poachers can easily

reach the animals as a result. The workers

employed

fell

the trees need to eat, so

poachers have a good market for

gorilla

meat.

PRIMATES

Chimpanzee Chimps are

close relatives of humans. They

and adaptable, and learn

are intelligent

quickly

how

to exploit

new situations.

The animals lead complex social with each individual having

lives,

Common name Scientific

name

Chimpanzee

its

distinct personality.

Pan troglodytes

Hominidae

Chimps

Order

Primates

communities.

Size

Length head/body; male 27.5-35

Family

(70-89 cm); female 25-33

39-66

height:

own

[(

Key features Coat brownish

animals, but they are rarely

(63-84 cm);

(34-70

or black, graying with age;

in trees;

all

own

their

together at once. or

small

One day they might be hunting with

group

with different individuals, and the next sneaking off with a partner.

Females tend to spend more

own

or with their offspring, while

time on their

Active during the day, nights spent

platform nests

can have up to 120

large gang, the next foraging in a smaller

kg);

face bare and brownish pink

Habits

They spend time on groups.

(26-50 kg)

known

A community

(99-168 cm)

Weight Male 75-1 54 female 57-110

large groups

live in

the males are more sociable.

usually seen in

groups; generally travels on ground,

sometimes walks upright, but usually on

all

fours using knuckles of hands

Breeding

Single

young born every

5 or 6 years after

gestation period of about

230

at 3. 5-4. 5 years; sexually

mature

years, but females

Voice

grunts,

Diet

in captivity,

Wide range

days.

do not breed

calls,

Weaned

until

aged

chimp

society.

The

dominant male often has three high-ranking males as aides, with other males forming a constantly shifting

power network among the

among

females too, but

less

including hoots, barks,

vigorously fought over.

chimp communities

rank

many

live

up to

and meat

Deciduous, montane, and tropical rain forests; also

subordinate animals.

May

Varied; includes fruit, flowers, seeds, bark,

Habitat

very important

around 7

and screams

insects, birds' eggs,

Place

similar in the wild

14-15, males at 15-16 years.

60 years

Knowing Your Hierarchy

not inherited as

societies, but

hierarchy exists

important and

less

other primate

has to be earned and maintained

by constant effort. Hierarchy positions can

change with an animal's

health, strength,

and

patchy savanna woodland

the influence of his friends. Distribution Western and central Africa

Status

Population

CITES

50-230,000; IUCN Vulnerable;

Bonds between animals are very important. The strongest are between

Threatened due to deforestation offspring,

and may

last for

mother and her

the mother's lifetime.

Males make strong friendships with each other. Having friends that is

good way

will

back them up

fights

of defending their position within

the hierarchy. While a male on his

own may

not

be strong enough to challenge a higher-ranking male, together

two males may be more

successful. Close alliances can be

important than strength and bullying tactics

chimpanzee

SEE ALSO Orangutans

Pan troglodytes

society.

4:14; Gorilla, Mountain 4:20; Gorilla, Western Lowland 4:26;

Bonobo 4:34

Chimps

as Doctors

himps sometimes eat

to aid the digestion of plants that

soil

contain toxins. They also eat plants for medicinal purposes:

Chimps occasionally eat usually eat

first

thing

Aspilia in

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

the morning and

than normal food. They choose each

between

chew

their lips

and

the leaves, but

swallowing.

Some

complaints, and

rejecting

They

leaves.

way

a very different

holding the leaves

leaf carefully,

some but

them around

roll

rough

a plant with very

eating others. They

do not

mouth before

their

African people also use Aspilia for stomach

has antibiotic and antiparasitic properties.

thought that chimps use Aspilia to remove

worms.

intestinal

Females do not tend to make such close friendships as males.

The most important thing

them

to secure a

which to on

live.

for

good area

They tend to

their family

members

rely

support them, rather than on

friends.

female's rank

therefore highly dependent on

how many

offspring she has.

Home Ranges Each community of chimpanzees has

its

own home

range. The size

depends on the number of animals

the group and the quality of the habitat (especially the available in

it).

lots of fruiting trees will

ÂŠ A male chimpanzee eating'harungana berries in

the

Mahale Mountains,

Friendships are maintained by grooming,

Hugging and

kissing are seen

sq. km),

(13 sq. km).

good

hugging, kissing, and patting on the back.

more often

vary from 2 to

need

fruit

a larger range. In

eat a huge range of

Animals spend many hours grooming each

129 square miles (334

around

consists of fruit.

also

They

consume meat and

will kill

monkeys and

other mammals.

other,

removing

dirt

and

parasites from the

fur,

and cleaning wounds. As well as being physically beneficial,

grooming has an

important social function:

used to

with

the area a group uses

5.5 square miles (5 to

open savanna country, where

and nesting

between male chimps than between females.

60 percent of their diet

of food

rain forest

averaging about 5 square miles

Tanzania. Chimpanzees

foods, although

amount

good

trees are scarce,

chimps

one savanna community

Senegal 30 chimps ranged over an area of

Animals

know

sq. km).

their

home

range well and

have a "mental map" of the network of paths within trees,

it.

They remember where to find

and when the

fruit

likely

fruiting

to be ripe.

strengthen friendships, patch up quarrels,

When

confirm dominance, and to exchange favors.

randomly, but use their knowledge of the area

they go foraging, they do not

move

PRIMATES

itSphSff,

The chimpanzee has a

more varied

repertoire

expressions than

facial

to search

that not only are they

across food, but they

any other mammal

away from

except humans. The play

to drink.

face (1)

characterized

day

places. Each

in likely

likely to

planned so

come

not be too far

will also

nesting trees at night or from places

Remembering where streams

are

particularly important in the dry season.

Females, particularly those with young, do

by an open mouth and concealed teeth; threat

not travel as far as the males. They stick to their

display face used during

own

an attack

miles

for

(2);

pout used

begging for food

full grin,

(3);

showing intense

fear or excitement

submissive pout

(4);

(5);

trek

may

"core ranges" and (1 .6

only travel

or 2

to 3 km) per day. Males can easily

4 miles

(6.4

km)

the whole of their

home

day and may explore range.

doing

so,

they overlap with the ranges of several females.

and

Tribal

approach a higher-

Chimpanzees are

ranking animal

home

another group's

wiped territorial

and protect

their

ranges from other chimp communities

A chimpanzee group Tanzania. Groups are

territorial

and protect

their

home

loud

calls,

ranges with

threats,

and

even physical violence.

Groups of males

patrol the borders of their

range and use loud presence.

calls to

When two

announce

their

groups from different

communities meet, there

usually a display of

strength that only rarely ends Occasionally, males will

mount

actual fighting.

deliberate

invasions of another group's

range. They have been

hunting and

territory,

members

out.

until

strikingly similar to

humans and

killing

the entire group

Such behavior

warfare

tribal

not

known

any other type of animal.

Communication between group members

using noisy threat displays and physical assaults

to carry out raids, repeatedly entering

individual

Warfare

fear grin, used to

(6).

known

vital

they are to maintain social bonds,

reaffirm positions

announce food

the social hierarchy,

discoveries,

and

alert others to

leopards and other threats. Communication

both vocal and

visual.

Chimps use

wide

variety of calls, including barks, contented

"hooing" and lip-smacking, sociable grunts, loud "pant-hoots," and also piercing screams.

Sound

an important way of staying

when groups

are

see each other.

sight,

contact

dense forest and cannot

When

animals are within

sounds are usually

APES CHIMPANZEE

accompanied by postures and Their

naked faces and

facial expressions.

muscular

large,

lips

give

chimpanzees very expressive faces on which

emotions and messages can be

easily read.

wide-open mouth with the

covering the

teeth

lips

open mouth with

showing anxiety and

Posturing

important

communicating

a victim

apart.

behave submissively to him. With fur

his fur

will

laid flat

tools

all

now known

Chimps show

species often use

a great deal of intelligence

and use of

tools.

ÂŠ A chimpanzee

They

poke around

strip leaves off long, thin sticks to in

other

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; chimpanzees foremost among them.

their choice, preparation,

dominant male,

fro in front of the

nonhuman

that several

which he charges around

between humans and

species of animals. However,

subordinate, lower-ranking animal

and

When

Tool Users

differences

standing on end he makes himself look even

darts to

up to two hours.

last

hands used to be considered one of the key

distress.

screaming and throwing branches. With

and

tasks that cannot be completed with bare

maintains his position by his behavior, using

larger.

or chase prey. Chases can be very noisy

The use of tools to help perform additional

a "fear

A dominant male

rank and acceptance.

displays of strength

ambush

excitement and tear

pulled

lips

and gums

back to expose the teeth grin,"

works together to

of animals

Chimps use the

a "play face."

contrast, an

A group

caught, the chimps go into a frenzy of

expression during play or to encourage a game. In

antelope.

Liberia cracks a nut with

termite nests, and use bent sticks to pull

down

a stone, using a tree

fruit-laden branches that are otherwise

trunk as an anvil. Chimps

panting and screaming, then turns his back and

out of reach. Sticks are also used as weapons,

show

crouches or bobs up and down. The dominant

levers, and even to clean teeth. They use leaves

intelligence in their use

male acknowledges the submissive male with a

hand on

back to reassure him.

his

Drum Beating Vocal noises

like a

buttress roots of

reverberate

drum. The

many

when

members

hit

fists:

Male

through the forest to other

of their diet

leaves, seeds,

thimps

also like to steal

Their identification

human

naturalists',

among

skills

honey from bees

are better than

and they

50 to 200 different

the edible ones from the or inedible species

Chimps

select

kill

most

food from

plants, recognizing

many

other poisonous

the forest.

as a

"hammer and

also eat meat.

Males

monkeys, baboons,

pigs,

anvil"

and

a large, carefully selected stone

hammer. Hammer stones can weigh up to

20 pounds

(9 kg)

and need to be held

enough

at just

force to

crack the nut without spoiling the edible kernel

Chimp

will

Culture

go on

will

himps show the group.

cultural traditions that are learned

One example

tool use.

groups have never learned the crack

oil

palm

nuts.

trick. In

and passed on

Some chimpanzee

communities use stones as hammers to crack

nuts, while other

one part of

Africa

chimps

Another community farther away uses heavier

stones to break open harder nuts, and the animals ignore the easier oil

organized hunting expeditions. They

and

birds'

eat over 20 different types of insects.

will

They use

and other

important source of protein and so are

and

use stones to crack open hard

ripe

plant parts. Insects, especially termites, are an

eggs,

stones, as both tools

make them more absorbent.

the right angle and used with

60 percent

They also eat

first

as an anvil

Chimpanzees eat an enormous range

fruit.

and weapons.

technique, choosing a rock or exposed tree root

tropical forest trees

with the

of their group.

foods. At least

and

nuts.

large, flat

chimps often use the trees to send throbbing signals echoing

food. Leaves are also used to collect drinking

Some chimps

be supplemented by

of objects, such as sticks

sticky

water from tree holes. Spongy leaves are

chewed

will also

beating trees

wipe themselves clean or to pick up

a great deal of

palms. Yet another group of chimpanzees uses branches as

wooden

clubs, but

few others

are

known

so.

hunt

and even small 31

PRIMATES

Good hammer

inside.

stones are hard to find

the forest,

and time again, remembering where they and carrying

from one place

learned during play: Hours are spent

rough-

and-tumble and play-fighting games.

so chimps use the same one time left

By the age of

to another.

five a

young chimp may be

independent of

physically

mother, but

its

still

very close to her emotionally. As they get older,

Chimp

Playful as a

Young chimpanzees helpless.

The mother

belly until

chest

enough

old

rides sitting upright

Young chimps They

playful

will

however, stay with their mothers for the

hang onto her

However, some young females leave

mother's back.

their birth

group and

venture, and

and

are extremely curious

come

earn the right to

They have to

babies.

Weaning begins when the baby

female chimpanzee

that time she

sessions.

mate

often.

foods are good to eat by exploring everything

males.

mother

young

chewing the other end of

has, often eats.

Mothers encourage

them

and discourage them from poisonous

ones by taking them out of

Young chimps

their hands.

are taught by their mother,

how

get on

Chimps

chimp

community. Many lessons are

her,

rain, since their fur

not

waterproof. They are normally up at dawn, but

bed

are reluctant to get out of shelter

under trees or

sit

male to perform a bizarre then he stamps

raining

hunched up waiting

stop. However, a rainstorm

gently,

rain

dance.

his feet,

waves

at the weather.

rest of

Sometimes these and disappear

male then has

the group noticing.

couples leave the group

illicit

into the forest together for the fertile

phase or even longer. The

guarantee of being the father

the group or losing their rank

the social hierarchy.

Huge

areas of African forests have been cut

down

for timber or to

left

very fragmented, with small pockets of

grow cash

animals.

Chimps

crops.

few

What

isolated

are also killed to supply the

bushmeat trade and were captured

research.

chimp

he rocks

his

arms, and

The only way to catch to

members in

kill

its

mother, and

for zoos,

of the group

may be

a live

many

baby

other

killed or injured

the process.

having a

A juvenile

cr.

;mp plays with an

about their

adults are also interested in

SEE ALSO Orangutans

larger,

smaller.

was

not recognized as a

of hair on the head that often parts

middle. Juveniles and adults

kg); a

adult

female

Males also tend to

more prominent canine

4:14; Gorilla, Mountain 4:20; Gorilla, Western Lowland 4:26;

teeth.

Chimpanzee 4:28

APES BONOBO

bonobos

trees,

are

common

acrobatic than

chimpanzees, often jumping

from branch to branch.

Sexual Bonding Groups of bonobos range from about 50 to 200

The groups

individuals.

will

break up during the day,

forming smaller parties of

between

and

six

5 that

forage for food together. The

groups are generally larger than the foraging groups of the

common that

chimpanzee. Perhaps

why

and

sociable

bonobo

the less

aggressive than

other chimpanzees. Sexual acts are

way

used as a

between Even

of the group.

primates such a high

of sexual interaction

bonobos.

a greeting

members

all

among

of reinforcing

and as

friendships

level

unique to

seems to reduce tension

between group members and

The bonobo

toward each is

thought to

why bonobos

be one of the reasons rarely aggressive

now

are so

other.

considered a

threatened species. Habitat destruction,

Bonobos

survive mostly

the dry season

when

fruit

fruit,

but during

illegal

have

bonobo

led to a drastic decline in

numbers. The problem

shoots, leaves, and flowers are also eaten.

worsened by the

has

young

her lifetime.

may be

before a female gives birth to her

100 different plant species

The baby

worms,

may

small reptiles,

The bonobo animals

new

and even

rear,

flying squirrels.

nest from branches

spend more time

and

of darkness.

or captured as pets.

was founded

the trees than

active at

ground

When

they are up

numbers of animals

for large

the

bonobo its

bonobo populations

very slowly and cannot easily

They

common

level.

after five years a juvenile

leaves,

chimpanzees, but they are also often

first infant.

may remain emotionally dependent on

grow

few

take about four to five years to

will

and even

mother. Consequently,

the treetops and

where they spend the hours actually

the course of a

diurnal. Each night the

will retire into

construct a

also include termites,

fact

12 or 13 years

been estimated that the animals may use over

year. Their diet

pet trade

that a single female will have relatively

scarce, plant

hunting, and collection for the

killed

A bonobo

compensate by hunters

protection fund

1990 to help bonobo

conservation and teach the people of the

about the importance of

DRC

wildlife preservation.

The Gibbon Family he gibbons, or lesser apes, are a distinctive group

With

of primates legs they

searching for

hang and swing through the

Gibbons

trees

on two

Each pair defends a

life.

using loud, distinctive

are the most

arms are so long that they get

characteristic

calls

that

sounds of the

Southeast Asia

semideciduous monsoon

the

way when running

much

some

insects

pulpy

fruit

and other invertebrates. They prefer

and often perform an important their

dung.

Many

ripe,

role in

seeds are more

to germinate after they have passed through the

gibbon's digestive system, which weakens the seed coat.

the eastern edge of India to the far south of China and

They are deposited some distance away from the parent

through Bangladesh, Sumatra, and western Java and

tree with a ready supply of fertilizer.

Borneo. There are no gibbons

There are

1 1

species,

all in

the

Africa or the Americas.

same genus Hylobates). (

The different species of gibbon can be told apart by coat color and markings, their they

live:

calls,

their

and the areas where

Very few species have overlapping distributions.

Gibbon Songs Gibbons' songs are loud and complex, with a purity and

melancholy unmatched

What

Gibbon?

Gibbons are

have no

Like the apes, they

the

same

size, unlike

tend to be

larger.

some

tail.

of the apes,

The coat color

species, particularly

Males and females are in

varies widely

around the head and

sometimes between the

sexes.

which males

Some

face,

between and

species have throat

pouches that are used to enhance the resonance of calls.

their

Gibbons move through the trees by swinging from

the branches, grasping them with their long, slender fingers next.

and hurling themselves from one support to the

They also frequently walk upright, both on the

ground and also running along horizontal branches,

Family Hylobatidae:

genus,

1 1

species

start to call

as a soft warbling

call starts

over the half hour or so

slender, graceful animals with long limbs.

any primate other than

humans. Before sunrise males the nest. The

while

loud and

until sunrise into a

elaborate song. The females sing later

the morning,

gibbon

lar

gibbon

(H. klossii):

(H.

lar)',

between

trees,

the

The same song

floor.

a crescendo,

(

gibbon

(

H H

call

a great display of swinging

breaking branches, and crashing them to

ending

repeated over and over again

a lively climax.

males accompany the females

many

species

duets. Their calls appear

seem

to be primarily territorial signals. While females

sing to defend the territory, males apparently sing to

defend the females from other males. By singing duets, they pair

may be

advertising that they have a stable

bond, and that attention from others

unwelcome.

(

moloch ); concolor)

Muller's

gibbon

single partner, often for

that varies

will

Lar 4:38

stay with a

syndactylus)', kloss

in size

life.

pair will

depending on the

defend a

habitat.

territory

On average

an area of forest that covers 0.4 square miles

SEE ALSO Orangutans

split-

feet

the branch that they

are swinging from breaks, they can

agile

movements. They possess

remarkable hand-eye coordination and

second timing. They can

trees,

4:14, Baboon, Savanna 4:54, Baboon, Hamadryas 4:58

make

a mid-

they

them

will give air

good singing

twist to grab a branch lower

down. They are quick enough to be able to catch birds

and

insects.that

Gibbons feed hanging from even an arm and a

picking

arms or

leg, collecting fruit

them

carefully by hand,

leaving unripe ones. diet

ripe fruit,

They

favorite.

Territorial

from the

About 75 percent

Lar gibbons, like

among

they find

ÂŠ A female

and of their

trees

visit

the forest canopy.

body

licking their

after a rainstorm. Otherwise, they will dip

an arm into a tree hole or rub then

fruit

lick

on wet

leaves,

the resulting moisture from their

fur.

At the end of the day they sleep, squatting

on the branch of a gibbons have

tall

baboons,

patches") on their

rump

to protect

higher than the others

to sleep in

a tree that

the forest, since

areas

months

old.

where

Gibbons are spirits

(50 ha). They warn other gibbons off their

patch by singing, usually for about half an hour

singing together with different

has a

shrill

the indigenous forest

a plaintive

peoples of Indonesia and

The

the Malay Peninsula,

124 acres

every morning. The males and females "duet,"

about 20

venerated as

lower, territories can be as large as

who

tend not to hunt them.

calls

may

swooping

call, rising

The male

to a crescendo.

can be heard up to 2 miles rival

produce a baby every two years or

different ages

about a year

to be

only returning

two

about

life.

When

its

pair

so. Infants

young of a

baby

the father takes over

The

six years,

or three

the family.

old,

km)

between males.

gibbons choose a mate for

likely

groups meet, which

result in a fight, usually

Lar

calls.

"quaver song," while the female has

away. Occasionally,

there are

them from

5 ha).

stay with their parents for

ischial callosities (bare "sitting

the rough bark. They is

tree. Like

there are fewer gibbons, or the habitat quality

offspring

coming down to

a day. Rather than

home

with an infant. Lar

weaning period, which

puddle or stream, they drink by

other gibbons, are

gibbons have a long

not completed until the

16 or more widely spaced

all

range of about 37 acres

gibbon

young shoots,

Gibbons spend most of the day foraging. They may

lar

and spiders that

also eat leaves,

Singing

highly territorial. Each pair defends a

with figs being a particular

flowers, birds' eggs, insects,

calls.

fly past.

their

ends of branches. They usually choose ripe fruits,

morning

for their

position

mother to be

its

care,

breast-fed.

)

The Old World Monkey Family

great apes and the nocturnal bush babies and

Members

Asia and

may have been

of this family also occur

monkeys" and are

are kept

zoos.

What Are Old World Monkeys?

where

come

and baboons spend most of

into contact

good

genera,

mangabey

(C. galeritus);

monkey

Allenopithecus

Miopithecus

monkey

species, Allen's

species, patas

(C.

(

swamp monkey

Subfamily Colobinae

and have

eyesight, hearing,

and sense of

smell.

savanna baboon

also

(P.

(

(leaf

known

and almost no thumb. They are

(M.

eating leaves, they have large salivary

glands and an unusual chambered stomach.

fuscata); Barbary

Cercopithecines are more diverse, ranging from the

nigra)', lion-tailed

miniature talapoin

monkey and

the colorful

guenon

cynocephalus ); hamadryas

monkeys

( T.

slender, have long limbs,

as thumbless monkeys. Because they

specialize

(M. leucophaeus), mandrill (M. sphinx)

drill

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;the guenons, mangabeys, macaques,

(A. nigroviridis)

monkey (M. talapoin) monkey (ÂŁ. patas)

species, gelada

good swimmers.

are active during the day, not at night,

and baboons. Colobines are

hamadryas

Mandrillus 2 species,

Theropithecus

four limbs. Most are

large bodies, small heads,

5 species, including (P.

on the ground.

(C. cephus)',

aethiops)

Macaca 15 species, including Japanese macaque macaque M sylvanus)' black macaque macaque (M. silenus) baboon

all

cercopithecines

species, talapoin

Erythrocebus

(L albigena ); black

neglectus)

(C.

species, vervet

their time

in trees,

white mangabey

mustached monkey

species, including

Brazzaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Chlorocebus

the ground or

the colobus and leaf monkeys, or colobines, and the

Lophocebus 2 species, gray-cheeked mangabey mangabey (L. aterrimus) Cercopithecus 18

Macaques,

There are two main groups of Old World monkeys:

species, agile

torquatus)

(C.

are

to the stocky, large-headed baboons. They

sometimes

also called

cheek-pouch monkeys.

gelada)

monkeys) 7 genera, 42 species monkey (A/, larvatus simakobu

Nasalis 2 species, proboscis (/V.

Nearly

species

Cercocebus 2

Papio

tree-living.

Old World monkeys can stand upright, but generally

move around on Family Cercopithecidae: 2 subfamilies, 18 genera, 91 species

Subfamily Cercopithecinae (baboons and typical monkeys)

home on

however, are equally at

class

because many species

the wild they often

fur or

laboratory research.

Most members of the family are

familiar

meat and

introduced).

The Old World monkeys are what most people as 'real

are hunted for their

captured for use

Gibraltar (at the southern tip of Spain,

Some

villages.

belong to the family

their relatives,

Cercopithecidae.

they

with humans, since they raid crops or feed near or

African primates, with the exception of the

Colobus and Leaf Monkeys

);

(Simias) concolor)

Colobus and

leaf

monkeys

(colobines) are long-

Pygathrix 6 species, including golden snub-nosed monkey (P.

tailed

(Rhinopithecus) roxellana)

Presbytis 8 species, including grizzled (P.

Colobus

2 species,

Hanuman

langur

(5.

entellus):

3 species, including dusky leaf

(Semnopithecus) obscurus); golden

Malabar langur

monkey monkey

leaf

5 species, including satanic black colobus

white colobus

Procolobus 6

sureli

hypoleucos)

Trachypithecus <T.

comata); banded

femoralis)

Semnopithecus (S.

sureli (P

(C.

(T. (S.)

geei)

satanus); black-and-

angolensis)

species, including western red colobus

SEE ALSO Orangutans

not so

rosy.

for their

They

live

pine and oak forests on the slopes of the

Atlas Mountains.

life

Some have

4:14; Gorilla, Mountain 4:20; Macaque, Japanese 4:48

retreated to the

OLD WORLD MONKEYS BARBARY MACAQUE

home

high cedar forests, while their lowland

has been taken over for forest areas have

human

been cleared

the trees felled for charcoal.

macaques

are forced to

(2,000 m) above sea

live

level.

use.

Many

for agriculture or

places Barbary

live

live in

semidesert or

as small as 65 acres (26 ha)

plenty of food, but

They

degraded slopes, overgrazed by countless sheep

and goats. Some

may be

macaque troop

a Barbary

where there

coastal

live in

strict

ha).

up to 40

small social groups of

animals with a

may

other places they

roam over more than 3,000 acres (1,200

6,500 feet

Others

Unprotected The home range of

hierarchy within the group.

takes about four years for Barbary

A mother

scrub, eking out a living as best they can.

macaques

Barbary macaques eat a wide variety of foods

an entire year to raising her single youngster,

macaques sometimes use

and supplement

often assisted by the males

babies to appease

fruit,

aggression by dominant

and by

ÂŠ

Male Barbary

males. a

male

When

threatened,

will pick

up a

baby and present the aggressor,

whose

Not

their natural diet of leaves,

and acorns by

raiding crops

stealing stored

surprisingly, the

and they end up sometimes

from

fields

food meant for humans.

monkeys

losing their

are unpopular,

homes, and

their lives, to the farmers.

numbers of Barbary macaques and

The

geographical range have been severely reduced

huddling and chattering

over the infant.

now

occur only

Middle Atlas Mountains and in

N/lnrnrrn

onH Alnori^

few

monkeys breed

the troop. The

long time to recover from losses. are automatically listed on

suffers

little

primates

All

Appendix

restricting international trade,

macaque

the

localities

devotes

slowly, so populations take a

of CITES,

but the Barbary

from that problem and

way

not given special protection. The best

their

behavior switches to

recent times. They

to begin to breed.

conserve Barbary macaques would be to preserve their habitat. But

where the

a region

need to feed an ever-increasing human population

much

putting so

pressure on land for

farming,

going to

a difficult task

to achieve.

PRIMATES

Black

Macaque Black macaques are

Macaca nigra

large, relatively

peaceful monkeys

that live in the lush rainforests of Sulawesi. Despite

being a threatened species, they are eaten as a Common name

macaque (Celebes macaque,

Black

delicacy on the Indonesian island.

Sulawesi crested macaque) Scientific

name Macaca

nigra

Family

Cercopithecidae

Order

Primates

The black or Celebes macaque just north of the equator.

lives in

Indonesia,

restricted to the

northeastern corner of Sulawesi (which used to Size

Length head/body: male 20-22

56 cm); female 18-20 length:

tail

in (2

cm)

female 12-15.5

(9-10

(5-7 kg)

head

rises

to a

and females.

with

side of nose; hair

stiff crest; tail is

Active during the day;

lives in

on the ground as well as Breeding

little

use

5.5 months.

years.

May

captivity,

Weaned

mature live

3-4

because

Loud screams

Diet

Fruit;

as the black all

macaque few

over, with a

white-tipped hairs and pink "sitting patches" its

buttocks. The face

and

black, long,

narrow, with an elongated snout, a prominent

trees

year; females

years, males at

up to about 30 years

brow, and high, bony cheek ridges. The just a tiny

tail is

stump.

4-5

Troop

Life

the wild

social groups. also

known

basically black

Black macaques,

Voice

as the

refers to

troops; forages

Single infant born after gestation period of

sexually

known

name

on Habits

also

the punklike crest of hair sported by both males sitting

(ischeal callosities); long, black face

down

Sulawesi crested macaque. The

kg);

Key features Coat black, with prominent pink prominent ridges

The black macaque

islands.

Weight Male 20-22

pads

be known as Celebes) and other adjacent

(46-51 cm);

young

leaves, buds, invertebrates

other macaques,

live in

They usually number about

individuals, but occasionally

when

five to

troops

(such as caterpillars), and birds' eggs;

sometimes Habitat

merge, there can be up to 100 animals. Females

raids crops

Tropical forest

and areas of regrowth

form the stable core of the troop, since they tend to stay with the same troop into which

Distribution Sulawesi (Indonesia)

they were born. The males, however, leave Status

Population: about 144,000;

Endangered; CITES logging

activities

II.

IUCN

Threatened due to

and hunting

when

they reach sexual maturity, then spend

their lives

moving from troop to troop. other macaques, the troop has a

social structure that

determined by the

hierarchy of the individuals. inherited, but

the males

females rank

males have to compete. Because

move from troop

hierarchy level can

to troop, their

change depending on

social

environment. Within the troop black macaques recognize each other and acknowledge rank.

When two tail

do.

SEE ALSO

animals need to avoid predators, establish hierarchies within the troop,

complex

range offoods, and their flexibility helps them cope

Savanna baboon (yellowbaboon)

name

and

their success to their

Lion 2:14, Leopard 2:30, Hyena, Spotted 2:108, Baboon,

Hamadryas 4:58

OLD WORLD MONKEYS SAVANNA BABOON

ÂŠ A male baboon Tsavo, Kenya,

The females form the core of each troop,

showing

the prominent ridges on the long, doglike muzzle.

and they stay with the same group,

home

range, throughout their

females of a troop there

life.

a strict

same

the

Within the

and stable

The muzzle houses

hierarchy of dominance. Daughters of a high-

powerful jaws with large

ranking female are automatically high ranking

molar

teeth.

themselves. Within a family the youngest

daughters rank

and

and by the age of two

highly,

a half a female's rank

fixed for

life.

social status are just as important

Hierarchy and

the males, but are more flexible. Males

among

achieve high status by strength and by forming

Young males

alliances with other males.

the troop

which they were born, usually

around the age of

four,

and

They may change troops lives:

leave

join

another troop.

several times

their

Each time they have to go through the

process of becoming accepted and climbing the hierarchy, since high rank gains the prize of

mating with more females.

Just

Good

Friends

Male baboons often make close "friendships" with a chosen female.

between one and

whom

female

may have

three such "friends," with

she spends a

groom them

lot

of time. She will

attentively,

forage with them,

and sleep nearby. Such friends behave well toward her offspring, even father.

its

They hold,

carry,

they are not

and groom the

baby baboon, share food, and protect

from bullying by other troop members. In

return, the

likely

male friends are more

than other troop

favored

when

members

the female

to be

receptive

and ready to mate. Friendships and paternal behavior also a

have other benefits for the males.

male

being threatened by a higher-

ranking male, holding out a baby usually inhibit an attack.

make

alliances with

will

Males also

each other, and two

subordinate males acting together can often chase off an otherwise dominant male.

All

unite

the males

they meet a

the troop

rival

will

group of

\iboons Then there "roiMJtion areas

Baboon Communication

to be a serious

likely

since competition for

good

living

always intense.

Varied Diet A

make up

the bulk of their

especially grasses, fruit,

and seeds,

and bark

known

diet,

they cope better than

many

juicy bulbs

water

and tubers. They

mopane

and occasionally even

grubs,

scorpions. They also eat lizards, turtles, frogs, birds'

eggs and

nestlings. Crocodile

eggs are eagerly dug up and consumed. Rodents, hares, and even young gazelles

be captured

kill

they are found

the long grass.

When

also raid crops.

hunting, savanna baboons use a

simple form of cooperation, spreading out and

often

nearly closed

when

make

and cheeks puffing

sound and have

a special

rebuffed.

season they often need to travel 3.7 miles (6 km).

habitat size of

The distances may be halved but doubled

lush,

home

the

and 40

sq. km).

The troop

troop

members

When

foraging, the group

on the ground, searching

distances depending on the quality of the

plentiful,

they

wet season,

will

cover 2.8 miles

an average day, but during the dry

travels

from one

that lag behind.

each other.

foraging, groups can travel considerable

when food

size of

decide where to go and are aggressive toward

When

the

poor regions. The

feeding patch to another. The dominant males

catch anything share food only reluctantly.

their

can be between 0.75 and 15.5 square miles

but individuals

and the season.

range depends on the

"flushing out" prey. However, animals that

4.5 km)

A expression

the group and the quality of their habitat, and

may

are unpopular with farmers, since they

young goats and sheep and

habitat

facial

will also dig for

spiders, grasshoppers,

Baboons

mouth open,

out. Infants use a chirplike clicking

"ick-ooer" noise that they use

adopt a

During courtship baboons

calls.

mouth

will

dry streambeds. They supplement their

such as

and

hands to dig up

diet with invertebrates

fish,

very important within such a

a variety of calls, postures,

demonstrated by tooth grinding.

as a "fear grimace," with the

a muffled growl with the

other animals,

since they use their powerful

accompanied by short yakking

particularly

the dry season

Baboons use

subordinate withdrawing from a conflict

of acacia trees. The animals also eat buds,

shoots, flowers,

expressions to convey messages to each other. Aggression

toward another baboon

wide range of both plant and animal

â&#x20AC;˘ood Plants

tightly knit society.

facial

baboons are omnivores, which means they

eat a

ommunication between animals

will

still

spread out,

maintain contact with

typical foraging posture

for

sitting

food with the

ÂŠ

Baboons often make

loud coughs and grunts:

Communication this

is vital

highly sociable

primate species.

— 1

hands, then shuffling forward of

when one

piece

ground has been covered.

the African savanna there are

baboons

creatures that will prey on

many they get a

chance. Lions, hyenas, and leopards are the biggest threat

—even to adults—and eagles and young baboons. By

jackals will take

together, animals

There are

and

trouble; will alert

then

many

troop are

pairs of eyes to

predator

in a

sticking

much

safer.

watch out

spotted, loud calls

the rest of the troop. The males

move toward the source

their threatening postures

most predators

retreat.

for

and

of danger,

and attacks

At an alarm

will

make

will

males and

call

may mate

many

with

partners. After a gestation period of six

with young males bringing up the rear guard.

a single infant

Baboons are most vulnerable to attack night, so the troop usually

possible place to sleep,

among

chooses the safest

on high ledges or

and

its

first

the baby

onto her

belly

of deterring any animal prowling

month

begins to

they

bombard

below

two months

with liquid excrement.

logs. After

Youngsters

Savanna baboons can breed year,

when food

most

any time of the

plentiful.

When

females are receptive, the skin around their genital region swells In

and

its

move

and becomes bright

pink.

that condition they are very attractive to

four

about

months

other infants.

six

now

but

its

still

weeks

tail.

Baby

the troop,

who pay them

special attention.

about a

rides

three to

its

baby baboon plays with to eat solid food

will start

mother. relies

and protection

grabs another's

independently, and by

can climb reasonably well, but

milk from year,

old a It

One youngster

interest to the adults of

time hanging

suckling. After

activities:

in social

able to walk and clamber over

all

mother's back, and by the time

but births tend to peak during the rainy

seasons,

group engaged

baboons are a source of

try to

completely dependent

mother, spending

can climb well. However, the baboons have a

Irresistible

who

to be irresistible to adults,

way

rare), usually at

examine, touch, and carry the youngsters.

tree branches. Here leopards are the

greatest threat, since they are nocturnal

months

have black fur and red faces, and

night. Babies

seem

born (twins are

different

baboons rush for cover to the nearest trees,

until

its

weaned mother

nearly

after

for

two

still

and takes

one

guidance

years old.

the

Okavango

Botswana. The species of to

Delta,

five

baboon used

classified as

single species.

one

They

all

look very similar, with the males boasting a thick

mane

of fur around

the shoulders.

PRIMATES

Hamadryas Baboon Hamadryas baboons

and each has a small harem offemales. The

troops,

Scientific

Hamadryas baboon (sacred baboon)

hamadryas was once

Papio hamadryas

has

name

Family

Cercopithecidae

Order

Primates

Size

Length head/body: male 27.5-37

nÂŤ

tail

now been

length: 16.5-24

exterminated

baboons, with a

Weight Male 37-55.5 lb

characteristic

(42-60 cm) feature

female 22-29.5

body and a

most

long, doglike muzzle. Their

there.

similar to other

relatively stocky

(50-65 cm);

(17-25

the coat, which

mature, sexually

kg);

active males

(10-13 kg)

long and silver-gray, with a heavy

cape covering the neck and shoulders. The

Key features Dull-brown

baboon of Egypt, but

the sacred

Hamadryas baboons have a build

0-95 cm); female 20-25.5

unusual, complex

live in

Males form the stable core of the large

societies.

Common name

Popio hamadryas

hair

to silver-gray coat with longer

hair over shoulders, especially in adult males;

and naked red

red patch of skin over hips

lighter

on the cheeks and

tip

tail

and around

the edges of the sitting pads of the buttocks.

face with prominent side ridges on long

Young animals and maturing females

are

muzzle

brown. Habits

Terrestrial;

walks on

fours; lives in

all

bands of

males, each with a harem of females; bands

come Breeding

All

have

face and sitting patches. As

the males are

together to sleep

hairless, pinkish-red skin

much

other baboons,

larger than the females.

Usually a single baby born after gestation

period of 5-6 months. year; females sexually

Weaned mature

males at 2 years.

May

years

30-40

in captivity,

live

around

Male-Centered Social

at 3.5 years,

The

Voice

Variety of barks

Diet

Grass,

social

life

Life

and organization of the

about 40

hamadryas baboon

the wild

that

unusual

among monkeys

centered around males.

fruit,

and

seeds, bulbs, insects, hares,

young ungulates; sometimes

stick to

one home range, while the females move

raids crops

between them. That

the reverse of what

Arid subdesert, steppe, and bare highlands

normal Distribution Northeastern Sudan, eastern Ethiopia, and northern Somalia; also east of Red Sea

Status

the

and grunts

males that form the stable groups and

Habitat

on the

societies.

social structure

arranged

Yemen and

Saudi Arabia

Population:

likely

to be in the thousands;

Risk:

near threatened; CITES

IUCN Lower

among most monkey

The hamadryas in

four

small II.

vulnerable species

levels.

The smallest

harem of females

their offspring.

male groups

Two

join to

unit

(usually

male with

two

to five)

and

or three of these single-

form

a clan.

The males of

such clans are usually closely related and often

When

work

as a team.

male

leads, while the older

traveling, the

male brings up the

rear guard. Clans join together to

of 30 to

form bands

90 (averaging 60) animals. The bands

usually travel large

younger

and forage together. At night

numbers of bands come together to

sleep.

These troops often number more than 100 animals and can be as large as 750.

SEE ALSO

Red 2:64; Dog, African Wild 2:7-

non, Savanna 4:54

OLD WORLD MONKEYS HAMADRYAS BABOON

Each male maintains his

and

strict discipline

harem. He must keep will

his

one of

his

females

strays.

open jaws and

Fighting males fence with

out with their hands, but almost never physical

contact and so tend to avoid

When

same

females to start

The

his

own

The baboons' sleeping

harem.

two

sites (rocky

large troops to

However,

their

make

food

animals are better off

outcrops and

come together

the most of them.

widely dispersed, so the in

small groups that can

forage apart. The baboons can travel considerable distances

when

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; between 4 and

shown

god of

letters

and

the scribe of the gods. Free-living baboons

the temple of Thoth were regarded as priests.

Baboons were

ÂŠ

The primary social

unit of is

conflicting factors:

are scarce, so they need to

foraging

make

attracts or kidnaps

often

representative of Thoth, the

injury.

unusual multilevel social organization

has arisen because of

cliffs)

was

and other buildings as the attendant or

hit

which he was born, but stays

clan.

and carvings on the walls of temples

pictures

will

male becomes sexually mature, he

leaves the unit

within the

ancient Egyptians.

males to gain or retain females.

also fight other

Sacred Animal

The hamadryas was the sacred baboon of the

group together

use force, usually a bite to the nape

the neck,

within

hamadryas society

the harem of one male

and up

to five females.

The females

will

show

were

also associated with sun worship.

Hamadryas baboons are into conflict with

exterminated

people as more and more

Egypt, even

once considered sacred

fight for the right to

of their range

groom

Arabia,

him.

coming

The baboons have now been

cultivation.

will

increasingly

areas of their natural distribution are used for

other over gaining the

and

mummified and entombed

with high-ranking people. The sacred baboons

aggression toward each

male's attention

also

numbers

where they

primate

though they were

there. But

other parts

are increasing.

are the only

the wild, they are a

in cities,

particularly near

Saudi

nonhuman

common

sight

garbage dumps.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; PRIMATES

Mandrill

Mandrillus sphinx

The large and spectacular mandrill vivid colors.

However,

natural home, where

Common name

famed for its

seriously threatened in

it is

its

regarded as a valuable

source of bushmeat. Scientific

name

The male mandrill has to be one of the most

Family

Cercopithecidae

Order

Primates

fi^H|Size

impressive of

Length head/body: 22-37 Leng length:

2-3

Weight Male 42-66

Key features Olive-brown,

tail

heavily built

(19-30

kg);

and posterior

young born

year; sexually

many fewer

a powerful appearance.

electric blue,

less spectacular,

mature

4-5

years.

in captivity,

May

probably

barks;

end

with areas of bare skin

The

colorful fur

and

skin are signs of social rank

-Mi

and develop progressively with increasing age. facial

adornments boss

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

to ensure that the animals a useful

skill in

of the dense rain forest.

the gloomy

know light

the dominant group

including small animals

leader can be recognized at a glance, fighting

Mainly evergreen coastal forest

much

reduced, since other males

unknown, but

Vulnerable; CITES

not

will

challenge his authority by mistake. Mandrills

Population:

Rank

Social

who

Distribution Equatorial West Africa

Status

rear

groups are

making chorus of double

Prefers fruits, but will eat almost anything,

Habitat

The

ears.

the wild

sometimes grunts and squeals Diet

orange cheeks,

1-2 years

175 days. Weaned

Individuals often silent; larger noisy,

bright,

brown,

a drab

nostrils,

The purpose of the spectacular Voice

long

Its

with a crimson stripe between

but the mandrill has red

its

colored with bright red, white, and blue.

at intervals of

ve more than 45 years

mane around

retires

to trees at night to sleep Single

neck, giving

has a high, hairy

a thick

an orange beard, and blue

male-dominated groups; active

after gestation period of

primates.

them. The general fur color

baboon; male has

during the day, mostly on the ground;

Breeding

all

head and

its

muzzle has prominent ridges that are a

(10-15 kg)

a brightly colored face Lives in small,

(55-95 cm);

(5-8 cm)

female 22-33

Habits

crest

declining;

live in

small groups of

up to 30

IUCN animals, led by single dominant male. There are

often

two

whose than

size

more subordinate males

and coloring are

less

the group leader. The rest of the group

are mostly breeding females offspring.

often

present,

pronounced

and

their recent

The groups are extremely vocal and

call noisily

to each other. But old males

probably those displaced from the social

groups

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;generally feed alone and are

Overall, adult

silent.

males are uncommon. The stress

that goes with maintaining

dominance probably

contributes to the high rate of mortality.

M, trees

drills

can climb well and

SEE ALSO

pouched stomach. The

food, raid gardens, orchards, and crops, and even help themselves to

morning and

or around villages, towns, and

company

often

comfortably apart.

troop troops of

call,

poor diet of tough leaves they have a complex

Sacred Animals

the

overlap with those

morning chorus, that keeps groups spaced

of branches

may

Boundaries are not enforced. Instead, the males

together

seen

sq. km).

range

of other groups, but will tend to have a core

almost entirely vegetarian. To cope with their

fruit

area into which other groups do not wander.

travel

mixed troops with the much more aggressive

competition between them.

many

whose

macaques. Because the two types of monkey feed on different things, there

humans

groups can

youngsters, can cover ranges of 2.7 to 8.5

n India

ha). In drier regions

little

langur troop

species of monkeys, langurs are just as peaceful

5 individuals use relatively

ranges, which can be as

not constrained by the presence of slow

dominant male.

own

struggle,

eye to usurping a

as within their

five to

home

group

abundant, mixed-sex

(13 sq. km). All-male groups,

females.

generally calm. Even

groups of

much

quality of the habitat.

where food

consist of

they are old enough to

within a

forests,

small

offer a

Those that survive form

until

Despite the occasional

Such bands watch

who

the group,

potential threat to the

breeding troops with an

will

size of the

Newborn

babies are dark brown,

Soon

gray fur of the adults.

other females in

the

the troop

newborn baby and

around, and

contrast to the

great interest

will pick

up, pass

predators and accidental

common

suckle the infant.

langursâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; but youngsters

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

injury. In

especially the perpetually curious is

electrocution from pylons and

wiring on house roofs. The mother's nursing instinct

carry the

strong;

encourage

eight

and

baby

and

to cling

months babies are

their mother's milk.

fur

body around with her

becomes

dies,

less

will

suckle. For the first

totally

dependent on

baby grows,

progressively lighter,

youngster becomes

she

for days, trying

its

dark

and the

dependent on

its

Hanuman

langurs

foraging for food.

Although mainly tree

Growing Up

into their

all

ÂŠ

dwelling, the animals

Young females

urban areas

cause of death for

fertile

and ready to mate again.

Small babies are extremely vulnerable to

the most

mother. Weaning takes place at about 10 to 12

months, after which the female becomes

after birth the

show

some may even

silver-

can survive

generally stay within the group

which they were born. They often help mothers with younger offspring,

until

areas

where forestation scarce,

they

moving across the

ground on

all

four feet.

themselves become sexually mature at three or four years old. of time playing

and

fighting.

Young males spend

games such

a great deal

as "king of the

Such games become

trials

hill"

strength through which the animals determine their social position.

Males leave their troop at

three to five years of age, usually adult male takes over. six

or seven years, the

look for their

own

When

when

sexually

new

mature

young males begin

females.

PRIMATES

Black-and-White

Colobus Monkey

Colobus angolensis

There are five species of black-and-white colobus

monkeys, and Colobus angolensis

Common name

(white-

common,

epauleted black colobus monkey, Angola

name

Colobus angolensis

Colobus monkeys are slender creatures that look

Family

Cercopithecidae

much

Order

Primates

Size

Length head/body: 20-26 length:

25-35

Weight 20-44

(50-66 cm);

tail

cheeks and face are also surrounded by long whiskers. The rest of the body

monkey with white

black

shoulders

time up

lives in

One young born

active

in trees;

small family groups

every 20

months

a gestation period of 6 months.

or so after

Weaned

about 4 years, males

Voice

in captivity,

6 years.

many fewer

May

sometimes makes

a loud

dawn

silent;

long

The black-and-white patterns appear

conspicuous

books and photographs, but

the wild the monkeys are extraordinarily easy to

overlook as long as they remain

among

still

and

silent

the treetops.

Variations on Black and White The

five species of

similar.

colobus monkeys look rather

At the same time, they are

different

consists of fruit

its

distinctly

cough

Mostly leaves, but about a third of

Diet

often partially white

and thick-looking, again because of

the wild

Loud croaking and roaring chorus

and dusk, otherwise generally

live

tail is

black,

about 6 months; females sexually mature

years

although the long

hairs. all its

during the day;

Breeding

white hairs around the neck and shoulders. The

(9-20 kg)

cheeks and long, flowing white cape around

Spends almost

illusion

created by their characteristic cape of long

(63-89 cm)

Key features Large

Habits

The

larger than they actually are.

its

diet

from

all

other monkeys.

Basically,

all

colobus monkeys are black and white, although

and seeds the extent of the characteristic white cape and

Habitat

Mountain and lowland

forests

cheeks varies from one species to another. Each Distribution Central African forests; scattered

localities in

species often includes several subspecies, again

Tanzania

differentiated by details of their black-and-white

Status

Fairly

common; IUCN

Vulnerable (some small,

isolated populations); CITES

II.

Apart from

pattern. Nevertheless, the animals have similar

and are

found

habitat loss, the main threat to colobus

lifestyles

monkeys

across tropical Africa.

hunting for their

have been popular with

skins,

tourists

which

all

broad band

Black-and-white colobus monkeys are able to digest old leaves and coarse vegetable material,

and so can

live in

areas with a distinct

dry season. Consequently, unlike the

red colobus monkeys, they can be found relatively dry forests

be rather

fussy

where the vegetation can

indigestible.

tend to be found only

Red colobus monkeys in rain forests.

The black-

and-white colobus monkey has also managed to colonize

SEE ALSO

Uakari, Red 4:80;

Monkey, Humboldt's Woolly 4:82

pets,

now been

the wild the squirrel

NEW WORLD MONKEYS

MONKEY

SQUIRREL

ÂŠ A common

squirrel

monkey

the forests of Ecuador. Fruit are

its

preferred food, but

feeds in

and

insects

will also eat

other animal material, flowers, and nuts.

groups may subdivide into small foraging parties during the day,

but gather together again from

time to time. During their daytime activities

they often stop and take

before continuing to forage.

a rest

monkeys

Squirrel

mostly

are active

the trees, but they

occasionally

come

will

to the ground. Each

group ranges through about 40 to 50 acres (16 to

Within the group's

ha).

communal home range

a small core area will

be used by that group alone, although the

may be shared with

outer regions

monkeys.

250

good

monkeys

squirrel

other squirrel

habitat there can be over living in

square mile of

forest (100 per sq. km).

Repertoire of Calls The animals keep

monkey now has little

monkeys. They squeak, squawk, and

too small to

be much use for food, has no value, and

its

skin

habitat remains largely intact.

make

that in

fragmented habitats and also among the

replace natural forests. However, the continued

occur

results in conversion of large areas of

forest to grassland, threatens squirrel just as

monkeys

does every other tree-dwelling animal.

Common

squirrel

monkeys

live in

humid

may scream with

of keeping

means

any time of the

ride

of the

also a substitute for

monkeys seem

to breed

although births often

3 to

squirrel

4 ounces (100

cling to their mother's fur for a

weeks, then

of communication.

year,

monkey weighs about

not

members

one season. Each newborn

The babies

touch for an animal

foliage, with

the wild squirrel

seem

different recognizable calls.

dense

using scent as a In

South America,

way

lives in

expansion of cattle rearing

which

least

group widely scattered.

planted trees that often

barking noises and

They

purr.

pain during fighting. Altogether, they

a helpful

other species, are able to survive

new growth and

also

have at

forest

Moreover, squirrel monkeys, unlike

many

touch with each other

using a wider range of vocalizations than other

to fear from

humans.

g).

few

on her back. However, they do

become independent

until

they are about a

lowland forests, where they form larger social

year old. Although the adult males fight fiercely

groups than any other species of South

American monkey. Groups of up to 300 have been reported, although find

between 30 and 50

more normal

living

together. Larger

mate with the females, they

raising the

play

young. Indeed, males

away by the mothers, who their offspring

no part

may be

driven

prefer to look after

without help.

r PRIMATES

Red Uakari

Cacajao calvus

The bald, blushing face of the red uakari it

Common name

highly distinctive and sets

mammals of the

apart from other

South American jungles.

Red uakari

(bald uakari, uakari)

Scientific

name

Although

Cacajao calvus

Family

Cebidae

Order

Primates

it is

Length head/body: 21-22

(54-57 cm);

rather

specific in

found mostly

its

the trees that fringe small

tail

rivers

length: 5. 5-7.3

most South American primates.

habitat than

Size

found over a wide geographical

area, the red uakari

and lakes deep

the forest.

(14-18.5 cm) particularly associated with the so-called "black-

Weight Male

7.6

lb (3.4 kg);

female 6.4

(2.9 kg)

water"

Key features Small monkey with long, coarse, palebrown fur and bare, red face; tail very short

rivers

whose water resembles

without milk owing to the large amounts of natural peaty plant chemicals

Habits

the water.

Tree dwelling, but often descends to the

ground;

lives in social

15-30 animals; Breeding

tea

groups numbering

active by

One young born

Avoiding the Floods

day

every 2 years or so after

gestation period of about 6 months. at

20 months; females

years, males at 5 years.

years

in captivity,

sexually

May

Weaned

mature

live

at 3

Red uakaris

the tops of the largest trees

live in

and tend to stay there,

wet season when the

particularly during the

forest floor

flooded.

over 30

many

the wild

upper Amazon flood waters

parts of the

cover the forest floor to a depth of 6.5 feet Voice

Generally

Diet

Mostly seeds, but also flowers,

silent,

except during noisy fights

(often 2

and

or more) for several

year.

The flooded

forests are the

insects

the red uakari. The Habitat

weeks

Wet lowland

common

main home of

species

found

forests

from Colombia and Peru Distribution Upper

of the

fruit, leaves,

Amazon

into eastern Peru

into Brazil.

second

and species, the black-headed uakari, lives in

southern Colombia

Venezuela and adjacent parts of northern Status

Population:

thousands; IUCN Endangered subspecies); Vulnerable

CITES

Brazil.

unknown, probably many

Fairly

The red uakari

(3 local

subspecies);

common, but threatened by

monkey with

a short

blushing. Otherwise,

the only South American tail.

has a red face, as

rather expressionless.

hunting and forest clearance; certain In

subspecies are rare

white

captivity the face tends to bleach to a

or yellowish color.

and

The red

large, fleshy ears are

human, but there especially

is little

head

uakari's bald

almost fat

those of a

under the

skin,

adult males. As a result, the

angular parts of the

muscles tend to

skull

and bulging jaw

show through, making

the face

look rather corpselike. Uakaris from different parts of the species' range differ

coloration

and are often

subspecies.

SEE ALSO

Dolphin,

Amazon

One

in their

general

classified as different

nearly white, while others are

3:60, Monkey, Black-Handed Spider 4:76

NEW WORLD MONKEYS

RED UAKARI

u-t

but do not use the

way we treetops

do. They

thumb

move around

small groups of

the

up to 30

animals. However, larger groupings have been

reported containing as captivity uakaris will

dominance.

occurs

many

as 100 animals.

squabble to establish

likely

that a similar process

the wild, creating a social hierarchy

within the group.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Females are able to breed at about three years old and can continue to produce until

mother nurses her baby and

young

they are at least 10 years of age. The for nearly

two

not have another offspring

will

nursing period

over. Like

many

years

other

primates, the slow rate of reproduction yellowish. typical

form has shaggy,

captivity.

feet (6

or more), but

to spring from branch to

their

arms or

A white

uakari

through the lower

part of the

all

tail.

Instead,

fours along the

thick branches of the lower canopy, returning

to the topmost branches to feed.

offset

However, populations are unable to

hunting or accidents. of uakari have

and are

now

some

Some

localized subspecies

been reduced to low numbers

threatened with extinction. areas uakaris have

hands of the pet trade.

become

scarce

Traditionally,

the

animals were shot with a blowgun dart tipped

Foraging

white form

Uakaris are normally active during the day. They

be caught

considered to be a

feed mostly on

revived

separate subspecies.

forward-pointing lower incisor teeth. Saki

sometimes

to be at

said to have lived at least 31 years

rainforest kanopy. The is

live

respond rapidly to compensate for losses due to

at the

Amazonian

long time. Uakaris can

10 years old, perhaps considerably more,

least

they run and scamper on

travels

living a

and one

branch as much as other monkeys do. Nor

do they swing by

rusty red fur. Uakaris can

leap

seem not

Another

the

until

the Treetops

monkeys, close

fruit,

lot

of seeds

probably assisted by their

relatives of uakaris, share

same arrangement

with a dilute dose of poison. The uakari would

heavy the

of teeth. Uakaris also eat a

and sometimes leaves and small

when

later.

toll in

fell

from the branches and

Excessive hunting has also taken a

some

areas, while forest clearance

to supply the timber industry

Removing the

another threat.

trees not only takes

away

habitat

and food sources, but creates large open spaces

animals, including insects. They have extremely

between the remaining populations. As

supple and sensitive hands. They grip their food

groups are prevented from mixing

with the whole hand or between the fingers,

run the

risk

freely

a result,

and so

of inbreeding.

PRIMATES

Humboldt's Woolly Common name

Monkey

Humboldt's woolly

Lagothrix lagotricha

monkey (common woolly monkey)

Humboldt's woolly monkey Scientific

name

Cebidae

Order

Primates

Size

Length head/body:

of colors from smoky gray

to black.

(46-65 cm)

21-30.5

length:

(53-77 cm)

Male 8-22 (3.6-10

canopy of undisturbed

rain forests. Its dense, woolly fur can be a

18-25.5

Weight

a large, stocky animal

that forages for fruit high in the

Family

tail

Lagothrix lagotricha

kg);

The Humboldt's or

common woolly monkey

one of the

largest

monkeys

Despite

relatively

its

heavy

South America.

build,

agile in the

female trees, using

7.5-14.5

its

prehensile

The

as a fifth limb

tail

lb tail

has a bare patch on the underside at the

Key

tip,

with a ridged texture that

features

and gives

(3.4-6. 5 kg)

and

Fur dense

good

The

grip.

highly sensitive

the

rest of

tail is

strong and muscular, and can easily support the

moderately long; body gray to olive-brown or dark brown; the rounded head

Habits

Diurnal; prefers to stay high

canopy;

Breeding

lives in

gestation period of

May

live

tail

223

sexually

24 years

hands and feet are also good fingers

tree

mixed-sex groups of 20-70

Single baby born every

9-12 months;

monkey's hanging weight. The woolly monkey's

often

darker, almost black; strong prehensile

at grasping:

and toes are well developed, and each

has a long, pointed

nail.

.5-3 years after days.

mature

in captivity,

Weaned at

6-8 in

Woolly by Name

years.

the wild

The woolly monkey's thick coat with dense underfur gives the species

Voice

Range of

Diet

Fruit; also

yelps, screams, chuckles,

Habitat

and other vegetable material

Mature, undisturbed rain forest from sea to 9,850

its

lining of

name.

Its

and barks coat sets

leaves

Its

level

whom

many

apart from

the fur

other monkeys, on

often quite sparse. The woolly

monkey's color varies from smoky or blue-gray,

(3,000 m)

olive-brown, tawny, dark brown, or even black. Distribution

Bolivia, Brazil,

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and

Some

individuals

may be

a yellowish buff color.

Venezuela

Woolly monkeys are mainly Status

Population: probably Critically

Endangered

Vulnerable

fruit eaters,

many thousands; IUCN (1

preferring soft, ripe fruit such as figs. They can

subspecies);

(2 subspecies);

CITES

abundant, not considered to be

II.

Relatively

at risk

away from the

excrete the seeds a long distance

parent tree and so are an important agent

seed

dispersal.

When

woolly monkeys leaves.

will

They also eat

ripe fruit

not

insects such as ants

catching sparrows that

fly

into their cage.

SEE ALSO

Tamarin, Golden Lion 4:88

territory

and

MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS EMPEROR TAMARIN

tree

gum where

get at

it,

they

may

leaks

leave the branches

embedding

to the side of the tree,

ÂŠ

The emperor tamarin

can be recognized by distinctive

feeds at forest,

upper

mustache.

all

levels

of the

but mainly layers.

the

The smaller

and

their

cling

claws

Emperor tamarins

live in

groups of up to

15 individuals, although between five and eight is

more common. Within each group there

two

more unrelated

glands around the base of the

Unlike the

tail.

sprawling posture used by species of tamarin

emperor

that have neck or chest glands,

tamarins smear the scent onto the branches

into the bark to support their weight.

its

from damaged bark. To

are

while

They also

a sitting position.

notify other

tamarins of their presence with birdlike

When

away

necessary, they will chase

calls.

intruders.

adults, together with

offspring of varying ages. Each group has a

Mixed Troops

saddleback tamarin

home range

catches insects that drop

(10 and 40 ha). The size of the range depends

species, particularly the saddleback tamarin.

on the amount of food

two

to the

lower

levels as a

between 25 and 100 acres

available, the size of the

result of the emperor's

group, and whether the area

feeding technique.

another species of tamarin. The tamarins mark their

home

shared with

ranges using urine and scent from

Emperor tamarins often

with other tamarin

live

species will share a territory, each using the

same boundaries. Saddleback tamarins more

smaller and will

The

are

agile than emperors, so they

often reach a food supply

However,

first.

the larger emperors are dominant and

will

chase the saddlebacks away

not

enough food

there

go around. Despite

occasional conflicts over food supplies,

both animals seem to benefit from the association, since

increases their chances of

spotting predators. Emperors

seem

to be

better at detecting aerial predators, such as

hawks, while saddlebacks are better at spotting ground predators, such as snakes or small cats.

The two species exchange

and are able to coordinate

movements even other

calls

their

they cannot see each

the dense forest.

Emperor tamarins mate

May

and June, which means the young are born at the

start of

the rainy season

A male

October to November.

courts

the breeding female by opening

mouth, waggling

his

tongue, and

producing a high-pitched

trill

Newborn emperor tamarins weigh |

about

short

hair.

ounces (35

and have

a coat of

As with other tamarins, mothers

feed the babies every few hours, then return

them

to the father or other group

carrying.

The young

they are about that they

When

six

become

ride

on an

or seven

members

adult's

weeks

back

for until

old. After

increasingly independent.

they are able to take solid food,

all

the

group members help feed them.

Lemurs

lemurs are an extremely diverse group. They

tie

have been separated from other primates for

on the

millions of years, isolated

wide

Madagascar

behaviors. Being an island,

physical space to the species that

are found

live

40 and

offers limited

there.

The animals

the forested areas, with different species

in all

Some have been

using different types of habitat.

introduced to the nearby

Comoro

million years ago.

island

species, ringtailed lemur

Eulemur

5 species, including black lemur

habitats

and ways of

had evolved on the

ago humans

life,

(

mongoz crowned lemur

Within a few hundred years

terms of primate evolution

largest

But then, about 2,000 years

species.

known from

sloth lemurs,

caves. Today, of the

a blink

— hunting and

wiped out many of the

were the giant

—

37 species of

lemur several are threatened with extinction, and many

coronatus)

(£.

);

Over thousands of

about 50 different species

until

island.

arrived.

skeletons found macaco); mongoose lemur

(£.

drifted to the

years the offspring multiplied and adapted to different

The

catta)

(L.

on Madagascar about

The animal probably

habitat destruction had

arrived

a raft of floating vegetation.

of an eye

Islands.

Family Lemuridae (typical lemurs): 4 genera, 10 species

Lemur

a single ancestor, perhaps just

one pregnant female, which

island of

variety of characteristics

come from

lemurs have

All

Madagascar. Over time they have evolved into many different species with a

Lemurs

Brief History of

are under pressure, especially from loss of habitat. Varecia

lemur

species, ruffed

Hapalemur

3 species,

(H. aureus);

variegata)

(V.

bamboo lemur (H. griseus); golden bamboo lemur greater bamboo lemur (H. simus)

Family Megaladapidae (sportive lemurs):

Lepilemur includes weasel sportive lemur ( L

deciduous desert sportive lemur L (.

Mirza

mouse

Allocebus

lemur

(

pygmy

rufus)

(microcebus) coquereli)

dwarf lemur dwarf lemur

species, greater (C.

(M. murinus);

brown mouse lemur (M.

dwarf lemur

species, hairy-eared

Cheirogaleus 2

lemurs): 5 genera, 13 species

mouse lemur

(M. myoxinus);

species, Coquerel's

They also

Some

live in

and

lemurs are active

major); fat-tailed dwarf

come out

things that other primates are

from insects to leaves and

fruit.

Avahi 2

(indris, sifakas,

species, eastern woolly (A.

(P.

to eat,

live

and forage alone to

the

ounce (30

g),

pygmy mouse only slightly

lemur, which weighs about

more than

house mouse.

of the giant sloth lemurs

would have held the record

lemur

{A, laniger);

pounds (200

western woolly lemur

—

440

kg) or so, bigger than a

full-grown male

gorilla.

occidentalis)

species, indri

sifaka

(P. (P.

tattersalli);

diademed

verreauxi)

indri)

(/.

Family Daubentoniidae:

genus,

species

one

genus, Eulemur,

Daubentonia aye-aye D madagascariensis) (

the coat color

They eat

known

furcifer)

sifaka (P diadema); Verreaux's sifaka 1

the

mixed-sex groups. The smallest lemur (and smallest

and woolly lemurs): 3 genera, 6 species

Propithecus 3 species, golden-crowned

Indri

Their social behavior

ranges from solitary animals that large,

at night.

for being the largest primate

Family Indrndae

spiny,

medius)

species, fork-marked lemur

all

primate)

(A. trichotis)

(C.

almost

One Phaner

forests.

daytime, while others only

species, including gray

mouse lemur

social behavior.

mustelinus); Milne-Edwards's

edwardsi)

Family Cheirogaleidae (dwarf and

Microcebus 8

and

reproductive,

size, habits, diet,

habitats as diverse as evergreen rain forest

genus, 7 species

Lemurs exhibit a wide range of

SEE ALSO

its

mother's

begins to ride on her back.

Fossa 1:96

starts to ride

adult females help

raising the

group's young. They baby-sit, form playgroups,

ringtailed lemur with her young.

Immediately after birth the infant clings to

All

and even switch babies so they are sometimes breast-feeding another's offspring.

sit

up with

their

the sun. Their arms are

held high or resting on their knees. They look

hawks) and ground-based predators.

Lemurs greet each other with

dead returned to the

morning before feeding. They

bent legs splayed, exposing their

Ringtailed lemurs use different alarm calls to distinguish

world to worship the sun. Ringtailed lemurs love to sunbathe,

a oud, penetrating howl that can be heard up to half a mile

Spirits

when

an infant

like furry

sun

LEMURS

orphaned, the group

members infants

will

it.

Other group

groom the young. The

are allowed to

seem

adopt

to spend a lot of time having their

faces licked, which they

do not seem to

enjoy!

At two and a half months a young lemur gains a

little

more independence and begins

play with other youngsters

the group.

spends the next few weeks exploring

its

the trees. However,

mother's back

Young but

are

when

weaned

many do not

their first year,

survive.

Around

killed

of prey such as harrier

will is

Ringtailed lemurs breed remarkably well captivity,

still

and over 1,000 now

live in

about 140

zoos around the world. However, the species disappearing rapidly

problem

the wild. The main

that habitats

The most

its

which

ringtails

can

suitable habitats for ringtailed

lemurs are gallery forests. They are narrow

ride

traveling.

about four months

and only about

adulthood. Most are

the group

Shrinking Habitats

thrive are shrinking fast.

environment, tasting plants, and climbing

around

RINGTAILED LEMUR

old,

ÂŠ

lemurs gathers

good

The animals are highly

living for ringtailed

lemurs. However,

people are destroying such areas with

half die in

a third reach

by predators. Birds

hawks and buzzards

bands of forest that are found along the edges of rivers. Dry Euphorbia scrub also provides a

will

take babies, and both the adults and young are

fires,

troop of ringtailed in a tree.

companionable and enjoy

overgrazing, and through the harvesting of

close bodily contact.

wood

Sometimes they huddle

still

make

hunted

charcoal. Ringtailed lemurs are

some

places,

trapped and kept as pets.

and

few

are

together to snooze.

PRIMATES

Aye-Aye The aye-aye

Dauben tonia madagascariensis

a bizarre creature that looks

nothing else on earth.

uses

long,

its

bony middle

finger to winkle out wood-boring grubs and to extract the flesh of coconuts.

Common name Scientific

name

Aye-aye

The aye-aye

Daubentonia madagascariensis

its

Family

Daubentoniidae

Order

Primates

an incredibly strange animal. With

shaggy coat, long bushy

leathery ears, orange eyes,

looks Size Length head/body: 12-15

(30-38 cm);

tail

length:

animal.

17-22

Spielberg creation than a real

like a

long and thin, but the third

fingers are even longer than the others

(2-3 kg)

skinny.

Key features

hands are the most unusual feature.

Its

Each finger

4. 4-6. 6 lb

and bony hands

(43-56 cm)

Weight

enormous

tail,

The aye-aye

and very

also has long front teeth

Largest nocturnal lemur; long, shaggy coat,

dark gray-brown;

tail

long and bushy; short

face with round, pink nose, large ears, and large,

orange eyes; hands with long, thin

fingers

and long,

keep growing throughout the

(incisors) that

animal's a

Continuously growing incisors are

life.

major feature

in all

rodents, but not

other primate. As a

elongated and bony Nocturnal; mainly solitary

Breeding

Single

when

result,

discovered, the aye-aye

Habits

any

middle finger

nail-like claws;

was

first

classified as a

squirrel-like rodent.

baby born every 2-3 years

gestation period of 170 days.

months; sexually mature live

about 23 years

after

Weaned

2-3

in captivity,

years.

at 7

May

over 20

the

Specialized Diet The aye-aye has

wild in

Voice

Variety of

Diet

Insect larvae

calls,

including a short "cree"

and

of feeding

including coconuts and

fruit,

mangoes Habitat

Rain forest,

insect grubs

With

its

a very unusual diet, specializing

and the

linked to

inside of nuts.

Its

mode

unusual body features.

its

long front teeth

gnaws

a hole in the

hard outer cover of nuts such as coconuts.

humid

deciduous

forest,

long, thin middle finger to extract

then uses

its

the fleshy

interior.

mangroves, thickets, and plantations Distribution Eastern and northern Madagascar, with small population

on western

similar way.

Population:

unknown, perhaps

few

thousand; IUCN Endangered; CITES other lemurs, at Feared as bad

risk

when

omen and

shot by farmers; a few

forest cut

killed

eats insect grubs

them by tapping on wood

finds

its

movement

large ears to locate the

inside.

Then

sight;

some

wood and pokes

out the grub, again using

specially elongated middle

to eat. Very rare

Aye-ayes are mainly

plentiful.

day alone

Nevertheless,

solitary.

sometimes seen outside the sites

where food

They are nocturnal, spending

the trees and

their

nests. The nests are built high

made

of twigs

and

animal uses several nests within ayes often sleep different animals

its

finger.

breeding period, particularly at

leaves. its

Each

range. Aye-

each other's nests, so several

may occupy

over a few weeks, just as

SEE ALSO Orangutans

4:14;

Chimpanzee 4:28; Lemur,

which

answered by neighboring lemurs.

together with scent marking, provide

warning signs and usually help avoid Ringtailed 4:98

Varecia variegata

direct

diet.

Unlike most

offspring.

LEMURS

confrontations.

two groups meet, they use

intimidating barking

which may end

(ยง

an aggressive standoff,

many

white

types of

call.

warning

The warnings sound

throughout the lemurs' range.

different

Farther north the animals

according to the type of threat involved,

whether

bird of prey, snake, or other

for example. Ruffed lemurs also

clear"

when

appear mainly

mammal,

sound the

the south they look whiter.

when

consumed

fruit

than the other lemurs, with the food forming approximately three-quarters of their they

diet.

eat leaves, seeds, and even

will also

Nectar

popular, but

year.

preference

to any other food.

But

Nature's Helpers

soil.

only

available for a short time

each

plants are

flower, their nectar

intruders.

Ruffed lemurs eat a great deal more

black, while in

"all

the danger has passed and

sometimes roar loudly to intimidate

and red-ruffed

(inset)

(below). Coat patterns vary

well as territorial barks, they also have a variety calls.

The two distinct subspecies

of ruffed lemur: black-and-

a real fight.

Ruffed lemurs use

RUFFED LEMUR

particularly

important

source of nectar

However,

the

The

travelers' palm.

lemurs use their strong

hands to open the tough flower

poke

to reach the nectar.

the process the lemurs

get their face covered

animals pollen

move

bracts, then

muzzle deep inside the flowers

their long

pollen.

When

the

to other plants, they transfer the

between

flowers.

The ruffed lemur may

be the only creature large and strong enough to pollinate this type of palm.

Ruffed lemurs mate between

May and

July.

Most young are born the following September and October Twins and

after a relatively short gestation.

triplets are

four or even

common, but

litters

have been recorded. Instead of

six

the usual two nipples of other primates, a ruffed lemur

feed

all

six

so that she can

her babies at once. Unlike most other

lemurs, the

After

mother has

mother leaves her babies

carrying

them

kittens.

When

'parks"

her

mouth

they are a

them

Young quickly.

babies,

as a cat carries

little

older,

she

a tree while she forages.

ruffed lemurs develop incredibly

By three weeks they are able to

around among the mother. They keep vocal

a nest.

one or two weeks she moves the

calls.

move

trees, following their in

contact with her using

By four months the youngsters

are as active and as agile as their parents.

105

)

Lower Primates bush babies, and

es, pottos,

tarsiers

are small, nocturnal, tree-living

many

primates. Although they share

features with early primates, they are not primitive," since they

have evolved many

specialized characteristics. Recent research suggests

that tarsiers are not closely related to lorises, pottos,

and bush babies, despite having features

common.

Certain tarsier characteristics, including features

some

of their eyes, have encouraged

zoologists to group

them with the higher primates (monkeys and

the family Loridae. Bush

apes).

babies (sometimes called Lorises, Pottos, Lorises, pottos,

and Bush Babies

galagos) form another family

and bush babies are related to the lemurs,

called the Galagonidae.

and together the groups form the lower primates or strepsirhines. Lorises

and pottos are grouped together

Lorises, pottos, in

have large eyes with a

Galagomdae (bush

babies):

4 genera, 17 species

Euoticus 2 species, southern needle-clawed galago northern needle-clawed galago

Galago 6

species, including

galago

Galagoides 7

(E.

possible at night. They have

elegantulus):

hands have fleshy pads

(G. gabonensls)',

bush baby

good

galago

which give them

However, the animals are incapable of delicate

(G. demidoff):

manipulation, since the separately.

2 species, thick-tailed

at the fingertips,

and thumbs that can reach around branches.

grip,

Zanzibar galago (G. zanzibaricus)' Thomas's galago (G. thomasi)

Otolemur

or no color vision. Their

Senegal

Somali galago (G. gallarum)

species, including Demidoff's

little

back

light as

pallidus)

Gabon galago

(G. senegalensis);

(E.

reflective layer at the

tapetum lucidum) to capture as much

(the

Family

and bush babies

(0. crassicaudatus ); Garnett's

thumb cannot touch each

The fingers and toes have

second toe, which has a claw and

nails,

finger

except the

modified for

(O. garnettii)

grooming. The forward-pointing front teeth are also Family Loridae (lorises and pottos): 5 genera, 7 species

modified for grooming the Loris

the

fine, fluffy fur. In addition,

species, slender loris (L tardlgradus)

animals use their teeth for gouging the bark of trees to Nycticebus 2

species, slow loris

Arctocebus 2

species, golden potto (A. aureus );

(A/.

coucang);

pygmy

loris (A/,

pygmaeus)

feed on the sap that oozes out. angwantibo Lorises, pottos,

(A- calabarensis)

Perodicticus

Pseudopotto

carnivorous, feeding on insects and a

species, potto (R potto)

Family Tarsiidae

species, Martin's false potto

(tarsiers):

and bush babies are mainly

(P.

They tend to be

reptiles.

martini

with each other by

genus, 5 species

calls

few

solitary feeders,

and

smells.

small birds

and

communicating

They use excreta and

scent from glands on their body to mark out their Tarsius includes western tarsier (I bancanus)', spectral tarsier ( T.

spectrum ); pygmy

tarsier (I

territory

pumilus)

among

some other All

106

SEE ALSO

Loris,

Slow 4:108; Mouse, House 7:68

allowed

light to

reach the forest

understory of

LOWER PRIMATES

floor,

conditions

which dense shrubs and

ÂŠ A Demidoff's bush

young

able to inhabit the small islands of forest that

the rain forest of

when

trees are cut

are

of Congo, formerly Zaire.

may be one

Demidoff's bush babies

benefit from tree felling

are nocturnal, sleeping

during the day trees or nests.

hollow

left

where other animals

trees can proliferate. Bush babies are

the Democratic Republic

of the

down.

few mammals and road

Demidoff's bush babies are

In fact,

they

that actually

are.

Sound and scent

also important

finding food after dark

dense African

forests.

lively

and

agile, In

Competing

for Territory

Each male has

home range

need to make the huge jumps that other bush

several females. Competition for

although horizontal

leaps of 5 to 6.5 feet

the

of about 2.5 acres

dense, tangled vegetation they do not usually

of,

are

the main ways of communicating, and smell

building.

running along narrow branches with ease.

babies are capable

know

alone, but use contact calls so that they

baby

DEMIDOFF'S BUSH BABY

(1 .5

to 2

ha) that overlaps with the smaller ranges of

containing

intense,

and

adult males are aggressive toward each other

when

have been known.

good areas

many females may be

they meet. The bush babies mark their

territories using scent

urinating

glands and urine. By

hands and

their

they spread

feet,

wherever they walk.

their personal scent

Females usually give

one or sometimes two

once

birth

a year to

babies. Demidoff's bush

babies have the shortest gestation period of any

bush baby

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;about

days.

They can mate

all

year round, but births tend to peak at the time

when food

most abundant.

Newborn young less

are tiny

than half an ounce

Although the mother

and weigh

(5 to

g).

normally

tolerant of other females, she does not

allow another near her for the

first

couple of weeks after she has given birth.

When

old, their

the babies are a few days

mother

carries

them away

from the nest and leaves them hidden

vegetation while she forages during the night. In the

morning she

back. After about a

for the

Like other

bush babies,

Demidoff's bush babies are nocturnal They spend the day sleeping

hollow

they weave from leaves and twigs. The animals

sometimes groups of

females and their young huddle together. They are active for brief rest at

most of the

night, with just a

around midnight. They forage

carries

she jumps a gap that

young to

and she

still

cross alone, they

them

are able

call

them

too large her back,

across.

Demidoff's bush babies eat mainly insects.

trees, thick vegetation, or in nests that

usually sleep alone, but

them

month the young

to follow the female, but she occasionally.

carries

Beetles, moths, caterpillars, favorites.

They have

and

crickets are

a higher proportion of

insect protein in their diet (at

about 70 percent)

than larger species of bush babies. They also

sometimes eat

fruit.

occasionally eat the

During the dry season they

gum

(sticky sap) that

oozes

from trees where the bark has been damaged.

Ill

PRIMATES

List

of Species

The following

lists all

species of

primates:

FAMILY TARSIIDAE

Phaner P

furcifer

Fork-marked dwarf

lemur

Tarsius

Order Primates Primates

Indri, sifakas,

Suborder Strepsirhini Lower primates (Strepsirhines)

FAMILY LEMURIDAE Typical lemurs

Eulemur coronatus Crowned lemur fulvus Brown lemur macaco Black lemur mongoz Mongoose lemur rubriventer Red-bellied lemur

E. E. E.

E. E.

and woolly lemurs

bamboo lemur H griseus Bamboo lemur H. simus Greater bamboo lemur Lemur aureus Golden

catta Ringtailed lemur

Varecia V.

variegata Ruffed lemur

spectrum Spectral or eastern

A. laniger Eastern woolly lemur A. occidentalis

Western woolly

tarsier

syrichta Philippine tarsier

lemur

Suborder Haplorhini

indri Indri

Propithecus P diadema Diademed sifaka P tattersalli Golden-crowned sifaka

verreauxi Verreaux's sifaka

Higher primates

monkeys, and apes)

FAMILY CALLITRICHIDAE Marmosets and tamarins

FAMILY DAUBENTONIIDAE

Aye-aye

Callithrix

Euoticus E.

FAMILY CHEIROGALEIDAE Dwarf and mouse lemurs

geoffroyi Geoffroy's

clawed galago (Matschie's galago) G.

moholi Mohol galago

(lesser

G. orinus

G. rondoensis

argentata

Silver

Lorises

and pottos

Arctocebus Golden potto A. calabarensis Angwantibo

A. aureus

Loris L.

tardigradus Slender

Nycticebus N. coucang Slow N.

loris

marmoset (Callithrix)

emiliae Snethlage's

marmoset

marmoset M. (Callithrix) mauesi Maues marmoset M.

(Callithrix)

tailed

Pseudopotto

A. fusciceps

spider

bicolor Pied tamarin graellsi Graell's

black-mantle

Saddleback tamarin

fuscicollis

geoffroyi Geoffroy's tamarin

imperator Emperor tamarin inustus Mottle-faced tamarin labiatus Red-bellied tamarin

Brown-headed

monkey

A. marginatus White-whiskered

monkey

A. paniscus Black spider

monkey

Brachyteles B. arachnoides Muriqui (woolly spider monkey) Cacajao Uakaris C. calvus Red uakari (white uakari)

melanocephalus Black uakari

(black-headed uakari) Callicebus Titi monkeys C. cupreus (superspecies group contains: C. dubius, C. caligatus, C. olallae, C.

modestus,

chestnut-bellied C.

oenanthe, titi)

moloch (superspecies group

contains: C. cinerascens,

hoffmannsi, C. brunneus, donacophilus, dusky titi) personatus Masked titi torquatus Yellow-handed titi

C. C.

tamarin

false potto

black

A. geoffroyi Black-handed spider

melanurus Black-

M. (Callithrix) nigriceps Blackheaded marmoset Saguinus Tamarins

loris

chamek Black-faced monkey

spider

marmoset

loris

Perodicticus P potto Potto

P martini Martin's

marmoset

pygmaeus Pygmy

spider

M. (Callithrix) intermedius Aripuana marmoset M. (Callithrix) leucippe Goldenwhite bare-ear marmoset M. (Callithrix) marcai Marca's

FAMILY LORIDAE

(white-bellied spider

monkey)

marmoset M. (Callithrix) chrysoleucus Golden-white tassel-ear

Otolemur

galago

monkey

(Callithrix)

M. (Callithrix) humeralifer Santarem marmoset M. (Callithrix) humilis Dwarf

galago

night

Ateles Spider monkeys A. belzebuth Long-haired spider

Mico

thomasi Thomas's galago udzungwensis Matundu galago G. zanzibaricus Zanzibar galago

0. garnettii Garnett's

monkey (gray-necked

Lion tamarins

tamarin chrysomelas Golden-headed lion tamarin L. chrysopygus Black lion tamarin L. rosalia Golden lion tamarin

Rondo galago

0. crassicaudatus Thick-tailed

douroucouli)

caissara Black-faced lion

night

monkey, owl monkey,

douroucouli)

pygmaea Pygmy

galago

Mountain galago

monkey (red-necked

monkey, owl monkey,

Cebuella

bush baby)

G. granti Grant's

lemur)

galago

Galagoides G. demidoff Demidoff's galago (dwarf bush baby or galago)

A. trichotis Hairy-eared dwarf

M. ravelobensis Golden-brown mouse lemur M. rufus Brown mouse lemur M. sambiranensis Sambirano mouse lemur M. tavaratra Northern rufous mouse lemur Mirza Dwarf lemurs M. (Microcebus) coquereli Coquerel's dwarf lemur (mouse

112

(southern lesser galago) G. senegalensis Senegal

Aotus Night monkeys

marmoset

marmoset Leontopithecus

G. matschiei Eastern needle-

Mantled howler Mexican black howler (Guatemalan howler) A. seniculus Red howler

A pigra

Black-tufted-ear

C. penicillata

Brown howler

palliata

A. trivirgatus Northern night

galago gabonensis Gabon galago G. gallarum Somali galago G.

marmoset

C. (Callithrix)

G. alleni Allen's

A. caraya Black-and-gold howler

A. nigriceps Southern night

Galago

Allocebus lemur Cheirogaleus C. major Greater dwarf lemur C. medius Fat-tailed dwarf lemur Microcebus Mouse lemurs M. berthae Berthe's mouse lemur M. griseorufus Gray-brown mouse lemur M. murinus Gray mouse lemur M. myoxinus Pygmy mouse lemur

Buffy-headed

jacchus Common marmoset kuhlii Wied's black-tufted-ear

sportive lemur

Buffy-tufted-ear

marmoset C.

elegantulus Southern needleclawed galago (elegant galago) E. pallidus Northern needleclawed galago (pale galago)

sportive lemur)

mustelinus Weasel sportive lemur L. ruficaudatus Red-tailed sportive lemur L. septentrionalis Northern

Marmosets

C. flaviceps

FAMILY GALAGONIDAE Bush babies and galagos

monkey

marmoset

madagascariensis Aye-aye

Capuchinlike monkeys

Alouatta Howler monkeys A. belzebul Red-handed howler A. fusca

goeldii Goeldi's

C. aurita

Daubentonia

FAMILY MEGALADAPIDAE

dorsalis Gray-backed sportive lemur L. edwardsi Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur L leucopus White-footed sportive lemur L. microdon Small-toothed sportive lemur (light-necked

FAMILY CEBIDAE

(tarsiers,

Callimico

Sportive lemurs

tripartitus Golden-mantle saddleback tamarin

Indri

Lepilemur

tarsier

dianae Dian's tarsier pumilus Pygmy tarsier

Avahi

Hapalemur H.

bancanus Western

FAMILY INDRIIDAE

leucopus Silvery-brown tamarin (white-footed tamarin) S. martinsi Bare-face tamarin S. midas Red-handed tamarin S. mystax Mustached tamarin S. niger Black-handed tamarin S. nigricollis Black-mantle tamarin S. oedipus Cotton-top tamarin S.

Tarsiers

C. C.

(white-handed titi, widow monkey, collared titi) Cebus Capuchin monkeys C. albifrons White-fronted capuchin C. apella Brown capuchin (tufted or black-capped capuchin)

LIST

capudnus White-faced capuchin (white-throated capuchin) C. olivaceus Weeper capuchin (wedge-capped capuchin) Chiropotes Bearded sakis

(greater white-nosed monkey,

albinasus White-nosed saki satanas Bearded saki (black

C. C.

lagotricha Humboldt's woolly

monkey (smoky

pogonias Crowned guenon

solatus Suntailed

wolfi Wolf's

aethiops Vervet (g rivet, savanna, or green monkey)

albicans Buffy saki

irrorata Bald-faced saki

monachus Monk

saki

mangabey

M. arctoides Stump-tailed macaque (bear macaque) M. assamensis Assamese

macaque

saki (white-

faced saki) Saimiri Squirrel monkeys

macaque

monkey Red-backed

oerstedii

squirrel

monkey

Common

sciureus

M. fuscata Japanese macaque M. maura Moor macaque M. mulatta Rhesus macaque (rhesus

squirrel

monkey monkey

FAMILY CERCOPITHECIDAE Old World monkeys SUBFAMILY CERCOPITHECINAE

Baboons, drills, mandrills, guenons, and macaques Allenopithecus A. nigroviridis Allen's

swamp

monkey Cercocebus Mangabeys galeritus Agile

mangabey

(crested or Tana River

managbey) torquatus White mangabey (collared, red-capped, or sooty

mangabey) Cercopithecus Guenons

monkey monkey

albogularis Sykes'

ascanius Redtail

monkey, Schmidt's

(coppertail

guenon)

monkey

campbelli Campbell's

cephus Mustached monkey

C diana Diana monkey C. dryas Dryas monkey (salongo monkey)

M. M. M. M. M. M.

Red-eared monkey

monkey)

hamiyni Owl-faced monkey

(Hamlyn's monkey)

monkey C. nnitis Blue monkey (silver, golden, or Samango monkey) C. mona Mona monkey

macaque

macaque macaque sinica Toque macaque syivanus Barbary macaque

M. talapoin Talapoin monkey Papio hamadryas P h. cynocephalus Yellow

baboon anubis Olive baboon

P P

h. h.

ursinus

papio Guinea baboon

P comata Grizzled

gelada Gelada (gelada baboon)

monkeys

Colobus C.

angolensis White-epauletted black colobus (Angolan black

C. Ihoesti L'Hoest's

or black-and-white colobus) C.

guereza Guereza (whitemantled or magistrate black

petaurista Lesser spot-nosed

monkey

(lesser

white-nosed

monkey) C.

neglectus De Brazza's

C. nictitans

monkey Spot-nosed monkey

sureli

(red-bellied sureli) sureli

(maroon

sureli)

siamensis Pale-thighed Procolobus Red colobus

sureli

black leaf

(leonine or gray-

headed black T. s.

(Francois'

leaf

monkey

laotum White-browed black

monkey

mauritius Ebony leaf monkey (Moor or Negro leaf

T. s.

monkey) s.

obscurus Dusky

(spectacled leaf T.

leaf

s. pileatus Capped monkey (bonneted

leaf

monkey) vetulus Purple-faced leaf

monkey (wanderoo)

FAMILY HYLOBATIDAE Gibbons

(bay colobus) kirkii

Dark-handed red colobus

(Kirk's red

P tholloni Red-crowned red colobus (Thollon's or tshuapa red colobus)

P verus Olive colobus (Van Beneden's colobus) Pygathrix P. (Rhinopithecus) avunculus Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Dollman's snub-nosed

monkey) (Rhinopithecus) bieti

Yunnan

snub-nosed monkey (black snub-nosed monkey) P (Rhinopithecus) brelichi Guizhou snub-nosed monkey (gray or oxtailed snub-nosed

monkey) P nemaeus Red-shanked douc monkey (cochin China monkey) P nigripes Black-shanked

monkey

Hylo bates gibbon concolor Crested black gibbon (concolor or whitecheeked gibbon) H. gabriellae Yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (buff-cheeked gibbon) H. hoolock Hoolock gibbon (white-browed gibbon) H. klossi Kloss gibbon (Mentawai gibbon, beeloh; incorrectly: dwarf gibbon, dwarf siamang) H. lar Lar gibbon (white-handed or common gibbon) H. leucogenys Northern and southern white-cheeked crested gibbons H. moloch Moloch gibbon (silvery gibbon) /-/. muelleri Muller's gibbon (gray gibbon) H. pileatus Pileated gibbon (capped gibbon) H. syndactylus Samang H. agilis Agile

colobus)

pennantii Pennant's red colobus P. preussi Preuss' red colobus

monkey

monkey)

monkeys

(black-footed douc

monkey) P (Rhinopithecus) roxellana Golden snub-nosed monkey

FAMILY HOMINIDAE Great apes Gorilla Gorillas

(orange, snub-nosed, or Roxellane's monkey, moupin

G. beringei Eastern gorilla

langur)

Homo

Semnopithecus Langurs and leaf monkeys entellus

(common

Hanuman

langur

or gray langur)

hypoleucos Malabar langur Trachypithecus semnopithecus T. s. auratus Spangled leaf monkey (ebony or moor, or negro leaf monkey)

T. s.

langur)

P badius Western red colobus

colobus, eastern black-and-

white colobus) C. polykomos Gray-epau letted black colobus (king or western black-and-white colobus)

Hooded

s johnii

T. s.

monkey)

leaf

P potenziani Mentawai

leaf

black leaf .

(black-crested sureli or simpai)

SUBFAMILY COLOBINAE

Colobus and

sureli (gray or

White-sideburned

monkey

Island sureli)

P femoralis Banded sureli P fredericae Fuscous sureli P frontata White-fronted sureli P. melalophos Mitered sureli

Chacma baboon

hamadryas Hamadryas baboon (sacred baboon) Savanna baboon (common baboon) Theropithecus P

francoisi

black leaf

Nilgiri

radiata Bonnet

silenus Lion-tailed

Miopithecus

monkey (Sclater's

nigra Black

pagensis

(Barbary ape or rock ape) M. thibetana Tibetan macaque (Pere David's or Tibetan stumptailed macaque) M. tonkeana Tonkean macaque Mandrillus M. leucophaeus Drill M. sphinx Mandrill

C. erythrotis

Pig-tailed

monkey) T. s.

Presbytis Surelis

macaque

erythrogaster Red-bellied

monkey)

M. nemestrina

ustus Golden-backed squirrel

(crab-eating or

cynomolgous macaque)

hatinhenis Bar-headed black monkey (ha tinh black leaf

leaf

monkey

P rubicunda Red

M. cydopis Formosan rock macaque (Taiwan macaque) M. fascicularis Long-tailed

boliviensis Bolivian squirrel

snub-nosed monkey,

Pagai Island langur) N. iarvatus Proboscis monkey

Sunda

albigena Gray-cheeked

saki (red-

saki)

P pithecia Guianan

patas Patas monkey (military or hussar monkey)

aterrimus Black mangabey Macaca Macaques

(pig-tailed

R aequatorialis Equatorial

monkey monkey

Chlorocebus

common

woolly monkey) Pithecia Saki monkeys

bearded

Lophocebus

monkey

satanas Satanic black colobus White-thighed black colobus (ursine blackand-white colobus) Nasalis N. (Simias) concolor Simakobu C.

C. vellerosus

Erythrocebus

saki)

Lagothrix Woolly monkeys L. flavicauda Yellow-tailed woolly

hocheur)

OF SPECIES

barbei Barbe's leaf

G. gorilla

Western

H. sapiens

gorilla

Human

Pan Chimpanzees P paniscus Bonobo (dwarf pygmy chimpanzee)

P troglodytes Common chimpanzee Pongo Orangutans P abelii Sumatran orangutan P pygmaeus Bornean orangutan

monkey

cristatus Silvered leaf

monkey T.

delacouri White-rumped

black leaf T.

monkey

geei Golden leaf

monkey

113

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

PRIMATES

Glossary Words

Carnassial (teeth) opposing pair

small capitals refer to

other entries

adapted to

of teeth especially

the glossary.

shear with a cutting (scissorlike)

Adaptation features of animal that adjust

may be produced by e g

edge;

environment;

its

evolution

camouflage, coloration

Adaptive radiation when

closely related animals

group of

members

(e.g.,

of a family) have

evolved differences from each other so that they can survive

Adult

a fully

grown animal

that

has reached breeding age

Anal gland

(anal sac) a gland

opening by short duct either inside

just

anus or on either side of

Aquatic

living in

Arboreal

living

water

cheek teeth.

opening to the body instead of

born with

Carrion dead animal matter

Coniferous forest evergreen

used as a food source by

forests

scavengers

regions and mountainous areas

away from where they were

dominated by

born and brought up

a blind sac

the

the ground. See Plantigrade

found

pines, spruces,

Biomass the

total

them

weight of

Display any

the junction between the small

Corm underground food

conspicuous pattern of behavior

and

storage bulb of certain plants

that conveys specific information

Crepuscular active

to others, usually to

large intestines. In

mammals

herbivorous very large;

the

site

end of the cecum

often

twilight

Cursorial adapted for running

cellulose. is

in species

by trees that lose their leaves

displays

Diurnal active during the day

DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) the

substance that makes up the

main part of the chromosomes of all

walls of plants

cell

Cementum

hard material that

coats the roots of

that,

laid

some

down under

mammalian

cementum

species

annual layers

a microscope,

can

for activities such as

living things;

code that

animals

generation to generation

Delayed implantation when

Domestication process of

the development of a fertilized

taming and breeding animals to

egg

suspended

provide help and useful products

for a variable

humans

period before

cycle of reproductive activity

of individuals

the wall of the uterus and

Dormancy

from courtship,

Cheek pouch

completes normal pregnancy.

a result of

the temporary storage of food,

Births are thus delayed until a

growth

found only

favorable time of year

metabolic

Den

minimum

formation

through nesting to

territory),

monkeys

independence of young

Browsing feeding on trees

leaves of

and shrubs

Bushmeat

name

general

(especially in

West

given

Africa) to

meat from wild animals, often collected

and sold

illegally

Cache hidden supply

of food;

pouch used

for

the typical

of the Old

World

implants into

a shelter, natural or

Cheek teeth

teeth lying behind

constructed, used for sleeping,

mammals,

giving birth,

consisting of premolars

and

give birth

Chromosomes

and

raising

act (verb) of retiring to a

MOLARS

and

raise

Dental formula a convention for

nucleus; responsible for

one

generation to the next and for

future use

controlling

cell

growth and

arrangement,

numbers

all

lower jaw are given. The

CITES Convention on

numbers

International Trade

the order: incisor

Canine

(tooth) a sharp stabbing

tooth usually longer than

Canopy continuous broken (open) layer

rest

(closed) or in

forests

Endangered Species. An

premolar

agreement between nations that

figure

restricts international

trade to

permitted levels through licensing

controls. Rare animals

Capillaries tiny blood vessels

Droppings see

(P),

molar (M). The

number

the total

13/3,

example

Cl/1, P4/4,

the

for Carnivora

(echos); occurs

Edentate

final

skull.

waves

M3/3 = 44

Endemic found Estivation

that convey blood through

instance Appendix

dominated by

organs from arteries to veins

Volume

See

rainfall

specially

plants such as cacti

adapted

also

for

and armadillos

only

one

geographical area, nowhere else

weather

1, 2).

name

anteaters, sloths,

Desert area of low

their

bats

toothless, but

used as group

are assigned to categories: (for

page

and

Echolocation the process of

decreased

and plants

whole system

the pattern of reflected sound in

canine (C),

(I),

plants, animals,

Dentition animal's set of teeth

and Scats

Feces

perception based on reaction to

are always presented

teeth to be found typical

and administrative

produced by the intermingling of branches of trees

reduced to a

environment interact in

each half of the upper and

function

primates)

activity

Ecosystem

which the

types of tooth

Callosities hardened, thickened

some

suspended and

the upper surface

which

summarizing the dental

areas on the skin callosities in

or for

genetic material (DNA) within

transmitting features from

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;as

action

Dorsal relating to the back or

den to

the

cell

which

spinal part of the body; usually

young;

young

a state

hormone

winter shelter

strings of

also (verb) to hide food for

(e.g., ischial

for

the canines

contains genetic

handed down from

growing crops and grazing

be counted to estimate the age

(and often establishment of

114

open space

two

pair

trees for timber or to create

entire

elements, as

Cellulose the material that

Biped any animal that walks on See Quadruped

threat, courtship, or greeting

down and removing

cutting

members

can involve

species;

visual or vocal

Deciduous forest dominated

with a

same

relatively

forms the

teeth.

legs.

the

The

the

an antibacterial

retain

living material

Breeding season the

live

and cedars

opening out from

digestive tract,

function

variation within

Dispersal the scattering of

young animals going to

northern

and

and the

Digit a finger or toe

Carnivore meat-eating animal

Deforestation the process of

species

ungulates

Digitigrade method of walking

may

Biodiversity a variety of

although also found

on toes without heel touching

jointed outer skeleton e.g., crabs insects

rodents and lagomorphs, a

Congenital condition an animal

lower molar

winter (or the dry season)

and

typical of

sexual and excretory activities

first

reduced cecum the appendix

Arthropod animals with

involved are the fourth upper

appendix;

branches of trees

reproductive, and urinary ducts

separate anus and openings for

bacterial action

up among the

space between the

teeth, usually the incisors

Carnivora, and the teeth

Cecum

different niches

Diastema

cavity in the pelvic

region into which the gut,

open. The cloaca forms a single

the

unique to

premolar and

mammals

in living

arrangement

Cloaca

inactivity or greatly

activity in

Estrus the period

hot or dry

when eggs

are released from the female's

GLOSSARY

Gape wide-open mouth Gene the basic unit of heredity

Inbreeding breeding among

Lactation process of producing

available for successful mating.

closely related animals (e.g.,

milk

Estrous females are often

enabling one generation to pass

cousins) leading to

referred to as "in heat" or as

genetic composition and

Larynx voice box where sounds

reduced

are created

ovaries,

and she becomes

"receptive" to

Eutherian mammals that give

rear

them without

activities,

using a

pouch on the mother's

Euphorbia

offspring

its

belly

left regularly,

added

The

plural

page

closely related is

genera. See

regions of Africa

pregnancy

between

which every

and

dies,

lost

fertilization of

birth of the

the egg

baby

Gregarious

forever

living

together

loose groups or herds

Family technical term for a

group of closely related

Flarem

species

that often also look quite similar.

end

page

Also used as the

for a social

species

Volume

"idae." See

group within

made up

word and

their offspring

Feces remains of digested food

body

living

and

Matriarch senior female

between animals of

member

species

different

coasts

living in

the tropics the sea

of a social group

Metabolic rate

or varieties within a single

which

rate at

species

activities

Invertebrates animals that have

and

no backbone

having a different function. See

bones) inside their body,

(or

occur within

respiration

and the

energy from food

jellyfish,

within animals that

Migration movement from one place to another and back

e.g.,

and

again, usually seasonal

Molars

crabs

IUCN

and constant body

turn food into energy

other true

mollusks, insects, of

activities

Metabolism the chemical

same

premolars, each type of tooth

large crushing teeth at

the back of the

mouth

Conservation of Nature,

Molt process

which mammals

internal processes; also called

responsible for assigning animals

shed

"warm-blooded"

and plants to

and

Territory

that an

the course of

activity.

its

International Union for the

table

rarity.

Homodont

Frugivore an animal that eats

the teeth are

dentition in all

Monotreme

below

continuous coat characteristic of

related species that can

mammals

interbreed, but the hybrid

Fused joined together

sterile

closely

its

Montane

has not reached breeding age

mountain

Kelp brown seaweeds

Mutation random changes

Keratin tough, fibrous material

genetic material

that forms hairs, feathers, and is

and cannot produce

offspring of

as the duck-billed

platypus

environment

appearance and function

Hybrid offspring of two

animals that

egg-laying

mammal, such

similar in

Fur mass of hairs forming a

usually seasonal

have only one mate at a time

See

which

hair,

Monogamous

internationally

agreed categories of

Juvenile a young animal that

underground tunnels

diet

Marine

Interbreeding breeding

individuals of the

normal periods of

main part of the

along

shrews, and moles

Intraspecific between

dentition specialized

animal uses

fruit as

shrubs and

living

muddy

Fleterodont

Fossorial adapted for digging

burrows or

adapted to

animals such as hedgehogs,

therefore herbivores)

animal

living in

trees

liberation of

Flome range the area

eggs on an

laid their

for

of gasses

temperature by means of

where CARRiON-feeding

name

Interspecific between species

and browsers are

have gone wild and

have

Mangroves woody

similar small prey.

animals, including the exchange

a high

Flystrike

and

pool

Feral domestic animals that

flies

insects

for

can cause dilution of the gene

Homeothermy maintenance

independently of people

production of milk

Flerbivore an animal that eats

scent secretions

live

Insectivore animals that feed

characteristic

consorting with a single male

Homodont

Often accompanied by

glands

mammals, glands

chemical

territory

into canines, incisors,

expelled from the pellets.

same

plants (grazers

of parents

group of females

Mammary

not an

(i.e.,

introduced species)

family or strain; interbreeding

the

names always

Zoological family

often with scent

living naturally in a

Also used as a group

Grazing feeding on grass

last individual

species

mammals,

Indigenous region; native

for

Latrine place where feces are

Incisor (teeth) simple pointed

used for nipping and snipping

species.

and

survival rates

group of

Gestation the period of

feces

mammary glands

teeth at the front of the jaws

plants characteristic of savanna

Extinction process of dying out

offspring

not specialized

Genus Volume

large cactuslike

Excrement

capable of a wide range of

not eggs, and

birth to babies,

characteristics to

Generalist an animal that

males

weakened

protective plates

on the

Native belonging to that area

skin of

vertebrate animals

or country, not introduced by

own

human

assistance

IUCN CATEGORIES EX

Extinct,

when

there

no reasonable doubt that the

last

individual of a species has died.

when

Extinct in the Wild,

the wild

a species

known

only to

survive in captivity or as a naturalized population well

outside the past range.

Critically

immediate

risk

a species

of extinction

facing an

the wild

the

future.

Risk,

when

not satisfy the

about

Deficient,

risk

of extinction in

been evaluated and does CR, EN, or VU.

a species has

criteria for

when

there

not enough information

a species to assess the risk of extinction.

NE Not Evaluated, IUCN

Endangered, when extinction

Lower

DD Data

Endangered, when

extremely high

when a species faces a high the medium-term future.

Vulnerable,

species that have not been assessed by the

criteria.

a species faces a very high risk of

the wild

the near future.

115

PRIMATES

Natural selection

when

Placenta the structure that an embryo to

animals and plants are

challenged by natural processes (e g. predation,

bad weather) to

ensure survival of the

New World

fittest

"rumination") to by microbes

assist digestion

the stomach

on land

Terrestrial living

Territory defended space

Thermoregulation the

pregnancy, allowing exchange of

chemicals between them

Salivary glands glands

Plantigrade walking on soles of

mouth and

the

throat that produce

amounts

of watery

maintenance of

a relatively

constant body temperature

feet with heels touching the

large

ground. See Digitigrade

secretion to aid

American continents (not usually

Polygamous when

digestion of food

between sunshine and shade

Australia)

have more than one mate

Savanna

Torpor deep sleep accompanied

World

the Americas; Old

non-

refers to the

Niche part of a habitat occupied by an organism, defined of

all

aspects of

its

Nocturnal active

Nomadic fixed

terms

single

animals

Population

animals of the same

home, but wander

continents. See

New World

Omnivore an animal

can be brought to bear against

same hand

others on the

or foot

order to grip objects a subdivision of a class of

Prehensile grasping

tail

on cleared ground.

Ungulate hoofed animals such

that includes monkeys, apes,

Siblings brothers and

and ourselves

Social behavior interactions

between

many

same

mates, not just one

made up

all

on two

legs)

Range

total

animal that

fours

takes to

bond"

on or

body of another

(a biped

upper waters of

distributed is

(in estrus)

Reproduction the process of breeding, creating

new

offspring

parts

too harsh for trees to grow all

parts of Africa

south of the Sahara Desert

Subspecies

a locally distinct

group of animals that slightly

live

its

own

fingers or toes

organisms into groups according

Physiology processes within

digesting plant material

origins, or behavior.

Ruminant animals

categories,

mammal

warm-

physiology

vegetation and later bring

Taxonomy

branch of biology

to similarities

on snout, but can be on tail,

eyebrows Viviparous animals that give

young rather than

eggs

Vocalization making of sounds

a part of

sometimes

areas such as elbows,

laying

Rumen

mammals,

with skeleton

of bones, but

birth to active

and recognize them

blooded state

made

length into a single structure

animals to enable others to find

digestion. Maintaining a

(e.g., fish,

that are joined along their

traffic

that eat

backbone

usually

concerned with

e.g.,

Vertebrate animal with

Vibrissae sensory whiskers,

together for their

regularly uses for sleeping

and animal bodies,

underneath of

Symbiosis when two or more species live

Pheromone

plants

belly or

an animal (opposite of dorsal)

softer cartilage

killed

complex stomach found

Ventral

of species; often called a race

a bat or a bird

ruminants specifically for

Ungulates hoofed animals

reptiles), usually

differ

from normal appearance

Roost place that

scent produced by

are

where the climate

of the world is

Roadkill animals

which embryos

mammals develop

hear

offspring

fertile

the open sea or large lakes

living in

womb

Uterus

produce

Syndactylous

lakes

horses;

Ultrasounds sounds that

than either could

beside rivers and

and

mostly HERBIVORES

too high-pitched for humans to

Retina

living

mammals

hairs in

look similar and can breed to

mutual benefit more successfully

light-sensitive layer at

stiff

as pigs, deer, cattle,

for the next generation

Riparian

Pelagic

female

the back of the eye

mammal

courtship

and underneath the outer

Species a group of animals that

lying

Parturition process of giving

furry coat of a

walks

geographical area

birth

Pelage

sisters

individuals within the

species, e.g.,

Sub-Saharan

ready to mate

a "pair

trees that

Steppe open grassland

its

Parasite animal or plant that lives

acids. Essential in the diet

female together it

front

Promiscuous mating often with

Receptive when

forming a

Primate a group of mammals

over which a species

mate; marriage

fine hairs

coat of

behavior that keeps a

beyond the time

Underfur

skin

walks on

usually

have been planted or grown up

that has

male and

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;woody plants

Secondary forest

Quadruped an

bond

grassy or shrub-

covered lands of the far north

Pride social group of lions

animal or plant kingdom; a body

fertilization

Tundra open

of molars, but behind canines

of animals

the female's ovary prior to

which

one

Scrub vegetation dominated by

of the

life

of a species from

location to another

dense, woolly mass dose to the

Volume

Ovulation release of egg from

of skin

interpret

with more than one stem

Protein chemicals

Scrotum bag

shrubs

amino

Pair

kills live

and

the male testicles are located

related animal families. See

page

animals

members

animals consisting of a series of

Organism any member

defense against being eaten by

animals to leave smell messages

of every varied opportunity that

fingers or toes that

markers

territorial

for others to find

Premolars teeth found

behavior

often produced by plants as a

often

deposited with the pellets as

behind another structure

Opportunistic taking advantage

arises; flexible

rate

Toxins poisonous chemicals

Posterior the hind end or

prey for food

that eats

pellets, especially of

by lowered body temperature

and reduced metabolic

Translocation transferring

fingers

all

areas

metabolism or by moving

Scent chemicals produced by

almost anything

Order

species

warm

rainfall, usually in

Scats fecal

group of

Predator an animal that

Olfaction sense of smell

one

the animals of that species

Old World non-American

tropical grasslands

carnivores. Scent

a distinct

either by adjustments to

chewing and

with scattered trees and low

male mates

BREEDING SEASON

at night

animals that have no

Opposable

mating season.

Polygynous when

with several females

lifestyle

continuously

116

links

mother during

its

their structure,

The

Yeti mysterious apelike creature reportedly inhabiting parts of

Himalayas

order of increasing

broadness, are:

species, genus,

back from stomach to chew

family, order, class,

again ("chewing the cud" or

See Volume

such as barking and croaking

classifying

page

and phylum. 1

Zoologist person

who

studies

animals

Zoology the study

of animals