Spatial Intensifiers by Ángel Pontes

Institutefor forComputational ComputationalDesign Design Institute Institutfür fürComputerbasiertes ComputerbasiertesEntwerfen Entwerfen Institut

WINTER 2011-2012 3901-3904 SPATIAL INTENSIFIERS

UniversitätStuttgart Stuttgart Universität

WS 11-12 ENT SPATIAL INTENSIFIERS

Our goal is to create an architectural system, which utilizes the idea of the “Deep Surface” through the innovative use of lightweight tensile members to create a structure that will not only intensify the experience of the space; but also serve as a pragmatic, functional component within the context of our established parameters (sound, heat, light). The material system we intend to use consists of: glass or carbon fiber bending-active rods, various architectural-grade membranes, and elastic textiles.

Spatial Intensifiers

The Development of Deep Surface Membrane Systems

Course Name: Spatial Intensifiers Course Number: 3901-3904 Term/Year: Winter Term/2011-2012 Examination Number: Examiner Number: 02442 & 01265 Tutors: Sean Ahlquist, Prof. Achim Menges, Institute: Institute for Computational Design Tutors: Julian Lienhard, Prof. Jan Knippers, Institute: Institut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen

David Cappo Ángel Pontes Andreas Schönbrunner

Spatial Intensifiers

The Development of Deep Surface Membrane Systems

Course Name: Spatial Intensifiers Course Number: 3901-3904 Term/Year: Winter Term/2011-2012 Examination Number: Examiner Number: 02442 01265 Tutors: Sean Ahlquist, Prof. Achim Menges Institute: Institute for Computational Design Tutors: Julian Lienhard, Prof. Jan Knippers Institute: Institut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen

David Cappo Ángel Pontes Andreas Schönbrunner

Contents Chapter 00: Foreword on Spatial Intensifiers_____Page 05 Chapter 01: Introduction_____Page 07 Chapter 02: Site Analysis_____Page 19 Chapter 03: Architectural Proposal_____Page 27 Chapter 04: Macro-Scale Develpoment_____Page 37 Chapter 05: Meso-Scale Development_____Page 53 Chapter 06: Micro-Scale (Material)_____Page 63 Chapter 07: Conclusion_____Page 71 Chapter 08: Appendix_____Page 75 Chapter 09: References_____Page 89

FOREWORD

Within classical membrane construction, defined primarily by its characteristic of low weight to maximum span, the geometrical possibilities have, arguably, been exhausted. The studio “Spatial Intensifiers” will examine the potential in expanding form and performance possibilities in membrane structures by integrating new technologies and techniques with integral structural logics (“Bending-Active” elements) and multidimensional materiality (“Deep Surface” systems). The concepts and processes will resource current research developments from both the ICD and ITKE, serving as strategies for the design and development of a deployable tension and bending-active building system. The thinness of membrane materials, while providing for minimalistic design, proves unsatisfactory in performance for acoustic and thermal modulation. As a structure, significant secondary systems are often required to address the resolution of intense tension forces needed to hold the structure in place. These aspects are directly engaged through the use of “Deep Surface” membrane arrangements and integrated “Bending-Active” flexible elements. A “Deep Surface” utilizes multiple interconnected membrane layers and cells to expand the thickness of the structural surface while maintaining low weight. Such material arrangements can be instrumentalized to control and differentiate acoustic, thermal, and other atmospheric conditions. The calibration of these performances will be supported by the Institute for Building Physics. Elastic “Bending-Active” elements placed within and across these cells introduce and localize tension-forces proving a secondary anchoring system to be unnecessary. This structural strategy allows for an intensely lightweight structure and one which is very minimally connected to its surrounding environment. The application of these strategies will be for the design of a lightweight deployable building system set in a highly sensitive context. In Monthoiron, France is a stone tower, which has been determined to be designed by Leonardo da Vinci. This tower will serve as the context for the project. Within this context, the design shall be tuned to register differentiated and specific atmospheric intensities related to view, acoustics, and climate. Structurally, the design will be strategized for minimal invasiveness into the surrounding tower. The design shall consider spatial arrangements, which organize varying degrees of accommodation in scale and purpose, from large gathering to intimate research and reflection. An introduction to “Spatial Intensifiers” from Sean Ahlquist and Julian Lienhard

Chapter 01

CHAPTER 01

FASHION

FABRICS 'POWERNET'

'MALAGA' Carvico S .p.A. (Be rg amo, Ita ly) 'Malaga ' B ianco 8 0% Polyamid - 2 0% Ela stan

P en n Te xtile So lu tions GmbH (Pa de rb orn, G ermany) 'Goo d L ining Powern et' Wh ite 8 7% Polyamid - 1 3% Ela stan

deficiency: no UV resistance

STANDARD

ARCHITECTURAL

'NEW ALIC'

'DARWIN'

E ncajes L aquidaín S.A. (Arg entona , S pain) 'Ne w Alic' Black 1 00% Polyamid

Carvico S .p.A. (Be rg amo, Ita ly) 'Darwin ' B ian co Sta mpa 1 00% Po lye ster

THERMAL ISOLATION

REFLECTIVE

MEMBRANES

BENDING RODS CG TEC GmbH (Sp alt, G ermany) G RP Rods Fib erglass Re in fo rced P olye ster Resin White - Ø3 mm - L eng th 245 0mm E la sticity Mo du lu s 40 00 0 N-mm ²

ACOUSTIC

TRANSLUCENT

open source programming language environment

PROCESSING 'Processing Modelling Environment' by Sean Ahlquist 'deep surface' algorithms graphical modeling interface

EXCEL modifying processing export data tables

MICRO

programming & running rhino scripts

RHINOCEROS

[MATERIAL]

RHINO SCRIPT

2D / 3D modelling

build rhino geometry from processing data, generate topology framework & material translation

'BENDING-ACTIVE' RODS

SOFTWARE INTERACTION

RHINOCEROS

2D / 3D modelling

RAIN COVER

RHINOCEROS import & manage designs

rhino plugin

GRASSHOPPER

graphical algorithm editor

gh addon

'GECO'

'BRANCHED' CABLE MESHES

RHINOCEROS

running Ecotect functions from Rhino

import & manage analysis results data

BENDING

ANCHORING

building performance evaluation tool

ECOTECT ANALYSIS

running climate & environmental analysis

SUPPORT SYSTEM PANELIZE

PROCESSES

MACRO

[MESHES & RODS]

CUTTING PLOTTER

GEOMETRY

LEONARDO DA VINCI

COLOR

STRETCHING

FABRICATION

BUTTRESSES

PROPERTIES

HISTORY

LASER CUTTER

PERFORMANCE

MATERIAL

SEWING

MATERIALS

WELDING

ACOUSTICS (ANTI-REVERB)

GLOBAL

EXISTING CONDITIONS

DECAY

[SITE]

DESIGN STRATEGY LOGIC

MESO

[CELLS]

DOUBLE LAYER

FOLIAGE

CLIMATE

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

PREVAILING WINDS

'BENDING-ACTIVE'

ACOUSTIC

DIRECT SHADING

PARAMETERS

THERMAL

FUNCTION

(ISOLATION)

LIGHT (REFLECTION)

DEEP SURFACE

GEOMETRY

THERMAL INSOLATION

LIGHT

ACOUSTICS

(REFLECTION)

MATERIAL LIMITS

(ANTI-REVERB)

THERMAL

CONNECTIONS

PROPORTIONS

(ISOLATION)

PROGRAMMATIC DECISIONS

FIGURE 001: Design Process Diagram, Overview. (Ángel Pontes)

INTRODUCTION

Our client, Christian Armbruster came to the ICD with an interest in turning the stone tower into a site that would celebrate the unique history, innovations, and achievements of Leonardo da Vinci. The tower itself is surrounded by two smaller structures, to the south is the “Pinky House” and to the east is a small farm shed, farther east reveals the large family owned Château (fig. 008). Our site is highly sensitive historically as it may be the only architectural creation of Leonardo da Vinci’s to be realized. Over the centuries, it has been occupied by various groups, which can be seen by the historic graffiti inscribed on the walls. Not only is the site sensitive historically, but structurally as well due to the two large cracks in the massive stone walls and a hole in the ceiling of the dome (fig. 014-016). The destruction was not exclusively from natural forces; for a number of years, the tower was also used as a quarry for locals who wanted stone for their own building projects. Before

its acceptance as a historical monument, the French government had actually authorized the destruction of the tower, however, no crew was sent to disassemble it. The tower and surroundings are comprised of four main spaces: the outer space, the lower dome, the cylindrical main hall, and the rooftop corridor (fig. 006-009). Mr. Armbruster informed us that he would like a performance space, meeting area, presentation area, exhibition spaces, a viewing platform, overhead coverage. Mr. Armbruster has asked us to design a proposal for the entire tower, which could be built through grants and donations, over the next ten years. We have also agreed to construct a full-scale, demonstrative module that could serve as both a functional space and a case study of our intended design system. The first semester is our opportunity to learn the micro-

CHAPTER 01

Architectural Proposal

Macro-Scale

Meso-Scale

Micro-Scale

FIGURE 002: System Overview. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

scale (material) and computational programs; as well as subsequently design the system we propose to use. Once developing the system, we will also create an initial design proposal for the tower spaces. This semester is focused on designing and learning the system; the second semester will be focused on engineering, detailing, refining, the design; and ultimately constructing our full-scale module. Our design approach was set in three phases: learning curve, system development, and system implementation. Throughout these three phases, our team was split into three to allow each of us to focus on a specific aspect of the overall design system (fig. 001). Ángel Pontes was focused on the site conditions, which informs the macro-system that Andreas Schönbrunner was developing, and both come together to direct the decisions made by David Cappo regarding the meso-scale elements (fig. 002).

The first phase of the semester was devoted to learning how to use the various computational programs and understand how to work with a model throughout its various stages of development. It was also in this phase that we began to specialize in a specific aspect of the computational process. Ángel Pontes focused on learning Ecotect and Grasshopper in order to provide the site analysis. Andreas Schönbrunner and David Cappo became familiar with Processing, each focusing on the macro-scale and meso-scale, respectively. The second phase was when each person was able to focus on their specific area of specialty and develop, in depth, a wide variety of options for potential uses of their system. It was during this phase that the majority of the design ideas were introduced and when the project began to take on a seemingly endless amount of permutations. This was necessary to initiate the next phase.

CHAPTER 01

FIGURE 003,004: Sections. (Nicolas Faucherre)

The final phase was a decision making phase. It was when all of the options were tested against the reality of the project those remaining were refined. Of course new ideas still materialized, but they were more focused within the project parameters. It was in this phase that we adapted ideas found in earlier phases into the current design presented.

CHAPTER 01

FIGURE 005: Left: Floor Plans. (Nicolas Faucherre) Right: Computational Model (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 01

FIGURE 006: Computational Tower Model. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

FIGURE 007: Split Model. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 01

FIGURE 008: Site Model, Top View. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

FIGURE 009: Tower Spaces. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 01

FIGURE 010-013: Tower Images. (Christian Armbruster, Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 01

FIGURE 014-016: Cracks. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 01

FIGURE 017-020: Spaces. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 01

FIGURE 021: Site View, South. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

FIGURE 022: Perspective. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

Chapter 02

MICRO

[MATERIAL] 'BENDING-ACTIVE' RODS

CHAPTER 02

RHINOCEROS

2D / 3D modelling

RAIN COVER

rhino plugin

GRASSHOPPER

graphical algorithm editor

gh addon

'GECO'

'BRANCHED' CABLE MESHES

running Ecotect functions from Rhino

run

SUPPORT SYSTEM

MACRO

[MESHES & RODS] GEOMETRY

LEONARDO DA VINCI

COLOR

FABRICATION

BUTTRESSES

PROPERTIES

HISTORY

MATERIAL

MATERIALS

GLOBAL

EXISTING CONDITIONS

DECAY

[SITE]

DESIGN STRATEGY LOGIC

MESO

[CELLS]

DOUB LAYE

FOLIAGE

CLIMATE

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

PREVAILING WINDS

'BENDING-ACTIVE'

ACOUSTIC

DIRECT SHADING

PARAMETERS

GEOME

THERMAL INSOLATION

LIGHT

ACOUSTICS

(REFLECTION)

MATERIAL LIMITS

(ANTI-REVERB)

THERMAL

PROPORT

(ISOLATION)

PROGRAMMATIC DECISIONS

FIGURE 023: Design Process Diagram, Site. (Ángel Pontes)

SITE ANALYSIS

Our design ideas are based upon knowledge of the existing site conditions. Since we intend to intensify the spatial experience, a base knowledge of the current site conditions is integral. With the instruments we have available, our level of precision is not high enough to be able to calculate accurate values, however we have the computational technology to create a comparative study. To attain the base knowledge that will serve as the normal, we primarily relied on Ecotect for the environmental analyses. The initial studies were conducted to understand the annual daylight values, annual shadow positions (fig. 024-027), and acoustics.

program, we discovered problems, because it has not yet had the time to become fully developed. For example, the analysis works perfectly for simple geometries, however, problems arise when applying the process to the non-rectilinear geometries of the tower and the membrane system. The next step was to find a method to import our complex Rhinoceros model into Ecotect, run analyses, and import the model with the visual data still displayed (fig. 028-031). Essentially we needed to find a ‘bridge software’ that could connect Rhinoceros (McNeel and Associates) to Ecotect (Autodesk). After extensive searching, we found Geco, a component addon for the Rhinoceros plug-in, Grasshopper. GrasshopThe software proposed for the environmental analysis per is a graphical algorithm editor for Rhinoceros. was Ecotect Analysis 2011, an application which allows multiple climactic, environmental, and building Once finding the proper add-on for Grasshopper, we beperformance analyses, intended to aid he design of gan creating a new Grasshopper definition with the nececo-friendly buildings. Through using this progressive essary components, including the newly acquired Geco

CHAPTER 02

FIGURE 024-027: Annual Shading Analyses. (Ángel Pontes)

components and panels. The intention of this definition is to create a program that can run different tasks between Rhinoceros and Ecotect. Programming these definitions was made possible through the Internet-tutorials created by the team who created the Geco add-on. Once programmed, we had the ability to run several tasks, including: establishing a connection between Grasshopper and Ecotect; preparing the weather data file, time of day, and sun ray positions; exporting the mesh geometries, and assigning materials to the mesh; accurately calculating and creating insolation analysis; calculating the light analysis; establishing the analysis grid; requesting the colored mesh data from Ecotect; or any other that are necessary.

where we were introducing new proposals often, we needed to simplify the site model. We converted all of the solid geometries to the lightest, but still detailed, meshes we could; we then exported this model from Rhinoceros to Ecotect using the “mesh export” definition from “Gecotect”, the combination program we established by using Geco and Ecotect together. After constructing the geometries we wanted in Ecotect, we could run the different analyses (climate, direct shading, shadow range, direct insolation, daylight simulation, thermal, acoustical, wind, etc.). Once we produced the results in Ecotect, we could then import them back into our Rhinoceros model to begin our comparison studies. The problem was that we could only export two-dimensional grid results or threedimensional colored mesh data results from Ecotect; Since Ecotect runs very complicated analyses, the pro- consequently making it only useful to export insolation gram runs slowly even with simple geometries. To make and daylight analyses into Rhinoceros. The other analythis process more streamlined during the design phase ses such as acoustical, shadow, or weather, had to be

CHAPTER 02

FIGURE 028-031: Solar Radiation. (Ă ngel Pontes)

exported from Ecotect as high-quality images (fig. 032). problems. By creating a series of side-by-side comparisons with actual photos and Ecotect analysis images, We discovered further problems regarding our thermal we were able to plan the structure intelligently while siand wind analyses, because the program was devel- multaneously considering the design and functional imoped to analyze modern buildings, and was not intend- plications (fig. 038-042). For example, the need for light ed to analyze such large gaps, or thick walls, as in the in the dome space became vital after noticing how little tower. In order to create these we looked again to the light it actually received throughout the year (fig. 042). Internet. We discovered the Autodesk Vasari Project, an environmental analysis program similar to Ecotect. Our intention with the analyses is to generate a system of Through this new program, we could create again im- functional checks and balances that we can use to evalport the Rhinoceros mesh and calculate the necessary uate our design decisions. The analyses create a pragthermal and wind analyses. These were again exported matic boundary that we can incorporate. The Ecotect directly as high-resolution images (fig. 033-037). information indicates where functional elements should be placed and which specific cells (thermal, acoustical, The process to create these analyses was quite compli- light modulating) need to be within that frame inside the cated, but worth it as we now had a better understanding space. For example: our problem is getting light inside of our site conditions. We were able to create a program- of the dome space. The analyses can show us the angle matic idea after noticing the evident spatial qualities and we need to place the macro-scale light-funnel, the size

CHAPTER 02

FIGURE 032: Acoustic Analysis. (Ă ngel Pontes)

of cells we need on the north and south sides of that structure, respectively, as well as how large the apertures within each cell can be. It can even indicate which materials should be used.

CHAPTER 02

FIGURE 033-037: Wind Analyses. (Ă ngel Pontes)

CHAPTER 02

FIGURE 038-042: Side-by-Side Comparisons. (Ă ngel Pontes)

Chapter 03

'BENDING-ACTIVE' RODS

SOF INTER

RHINOCEROS

2D / 3D modelling

CHAPTER 03

RAIN COVER

rhino plugin

GRASSHOPPER

graphical algorithm editor

gh addon

'GECO'

'BRANCHED' CABLE MESHES

running Ecotect functions from Rhino

import

building performance evaluation tool

ECOTECT ANALYSIS

running climate & environmental analysis

SUPPORT SYSTEM

MACRO

[MESHES & RODS] GEOMETRY

LEONARDO DA VINCI

COLOR

FABRICATION

BUTTRESSES

PROPERTIES

HISTORY

PERFORMANCE

MATERIAL

GLOBAL [SITE]

DESIGN STRATEGY LOGIC

MESO

[CELLS]

DOUBLE LAYER

NTAL S

'BENDING-ACTIVE'

STIC

PARAMETERS

LIGHT

GEOMETRY

ACOUSTICS

(REFLECTION)

DEEP SURFACE

MATERIAL LIMITS

(ANTI-REVERB)

THERMAL

CONNECTIONS

PROPORTIONS

(ISOLATION)

PROGRAMMATIC DECISIONS

FIGURE 043: Design Process Diagram, Design Strategy. (Ángel Pontes)

ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL

Our goal is to create an architectural system, which utilizes the idea of the “Deep Surface” through the innovative use of lightweight tensile members, to create a structure that will not only intensify the experience of the space; but also serve as a pragmatic, functional component within the context of the established parameters (sound, heat, light). We evaluated each tower space based on the parameters of sound, heat, and light, then divided the spaces by their attributes. We then evaluated the programmatic spaces based on the same parameters and then assigned these programmatic spaces to one of the tower spaces based on the qualities exhibited in each (fig. 044-046). Once we assigned program to each space, we looked for ways we could affect the qualities with our system to better fit the programmatic needs.

The lower dome is quite dark and has a unique acoustical problem where echoes can be heard clearly throughout the space. The space is rather interesting and lends itself well for a meeting space, as it is an open floor plan. The problem then becomes: how do we get light into the space and how do we dampen the echo problem? This can be achieved through with a light-well consisting of reflective membranes and open cells, which brings daylight from the south, through the tower and into the dome space (fig. 045,049,054). Using the Ecotect analysis, we can establish that the north side of the well should be made of a reflective membrane and the south should consist of cells with reflective interiors and wide apertures. The acoustic problem can be solved by creating a section of “Deep Surfaces” which contain cells specifically designed to absorb sound (fig. 053-055). The cylindrical main hall is a tall and offers a limited

CHAPTER 03

FIGURE 044-047: Tower Spaces. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

amount of floor space due to the large crack in the floor. The space is fascinating as it has a view into the lower dome, as well as views through the side wall cracks and into the rooftop corridor (fig. 046). Because the former second story has been destroyed, the space does not provide adequate exhibition space as is, it is also exposed to rain from above. It is also necessary to consider the dark dome space while planning any additions to the cylindrical main hall. To create the exhibition spaces, we want by bring large intertwined “leaf” members from the dome space up into the cylinder. This will create adequate opportunities, through the new boundary conditions, for “Deep Surfaces” which will serve the programmatic needs of: light well, projection screen, and acoustic dampening (fig. 053-056). This still leaves the problem of how to engage the space and have enough room for exhibitions; to solve this, we intend to create a spiraling ramp (fig. 047), which engages the central

structure simultaneously in all three axes. Returning to the idea of positively affecting the structure, we propose to structure the spiral with bending rods which are wound and therefore push outward in compression on the walls. The rods, which comprise the spiral, are also fixed to the main element, helping to stabilize both, creating a structural and aesthetic unification. Due to the safety requirements for structural loading on an exhibition surface (4,000 N/m2) we have began to consider alternative methods for structuring the spiraling plane. The whole space needs to be enclosed in order to make the other ideas plausible, so we intend to bring more intertwined “leaves” into the cylindrical main hall that will bend into the roof corridor to serve as boundary conditions for a roof. This roof is not only intended to protect against rain, but also facilitate the passage of light into the dome space, it is with this mindset that we use a

CHAPTER 03

FIGURE 048-050: Current Design Spaces, Left: Dome Middle: Main Hall Right: Top. (Team)

FIGURE 051: Current Design, Transparent Membrane. (Team)

transparent membrane for a south-facing section of the roof (fig. 051,053-056). The rest can be covered with PVC membrane and used to create â&#x20AC;&#x153;Deep Surfacesâ&#x20AC;? which house cells intended to improve the thermal insulation, and acoustic quality of the space.

CHAPTER 03

FIGURE 052: Current Design, Overview. (Team)

CHAPTER 03

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FIGURE 053: Floor plan. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

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FIGURE 054: Section AA. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

CHAPTER 03

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



                 

FIGURE 055: Section BB. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

CHAPTER 03

    











         

FIGURE 056: East Elevation. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

Chapter 04

ARCHITECTURAL

REFLECTIVE

MEMBRANES

BENDING

CG TEC GmbH (Sp alt, G erman

G RP Rods Fib erglass Re in fo rced P o White - Ø3 mm - L eng th E la sticity Mo du lu s 40 00

CHAPTER 04

ACOUSTIC

TRANSLUCENT

MICRO

[MATERIAL] 'BENDING-ACTIVE' RODS

RHINOCERO

2D / 3D mod

RAIN COVER

rhino plugin

GRASSHOPPER

graphical algorithm edit

gh addon

'BRANCHED' CABLE MESHES

'GECO'

running Ecotect functions from Rhino

SUPPORT SYSTEM

MACRO

[MESHES & RODS] COLOR

FABRICATION PROPERTIES

FIGURE 057: Design Process Diagram, Macro-Scale Development. (Ángel Pontes)

MACRO-SCALE DEVELOPMENT

MATERIA

Traditionally, tensile structures require large anchor points in order to counter the tension forces in the support cables. Due to the sensitive nature of the site, both historically and structurally, our approach towards the macro-scale system is focused on eliminating these invasive anchor points. This is achieved with bending rods that shortcut the tension forces and create a self-stabilized structure.

behavior of the bending rods. We began to study the forms that would maximize the potential of the bending rod strategy; this was done through scale model tests using various bending rods (acrylic rod, 2.0 mm – 4.0 mm carbon fiber rod, 2.0 mm – 4.0 mm glass fiber rod) along with wire cables to simulate membrane forces. Through these comprehensive case studies, which demonstrate several formal variations, we began finding certain forms that performed well in terms of variation MESO Initially, our method was realizing computation cable potential, strength, and aesthetics (fig. 062-064). [CELLS] mesh forms, generated through Processing and Rhinoceros, with the intention of later adding bending rods to We realized that although we could not have any anchor fixed points within the cable mesh in order to shortcut points putting tension on the structure, we could quite the anchor forces (fig. 058-061). After unsuccessful at- easily have a compression force. The logic was that we tempts, it became quite clear that form finding needed to would be adding a positive force, albeit minimal, to help start with the bending rods. keep the stones braced. It is understood that the force of the bending rods is not enough to provide a significant 'BENDING-ACTIVE' The direction then became focused on examining the structural benefit, but the idea is that we are affecting

DESIGN STRATEGY LOGIC

GEO

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 058: Study Model, Computational. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

FIGURE 059: Study Model. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

FIGURE 060: Study Model, Computational. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

FIGURE 061: Integrated Bending Rods. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

the site in a positive way. With this mindset, we set to develop a simple pragmatic form derived from our previous studies. Through many trials regarding our structural needs, we came upon the adaptable “leaf” form (fig. 070). This form began as a solution for the dome space; the “leaf” could be organized and scaled to create a form that would adapt to the dome shape when the proper forces were applied (fig. 070-071). We saw potential in this system, but our approach was structurally unsound, due to the tight bending radius we applied to the components. The next system was a series of large “leaves” rotated and connected together (fig. 072-077). This system was more pragmatic and provided us with the necessary structural and programmatic solutions when coupled with membranes and cells, creating a “Deep Surface” (fig. 078). Our current proposal includes the necessary potential for sound dampening, while still adding a positive force against the dome space and creating two sup-

port trunks to which the other bending rods can be fixed (fig. 069). The structure fits well within the context of the dome, as it takes into account the surrounding entry way and window to allow egress and light, while reacting to the ceiling crack with additional bending rod support. The creation of the “leaf” form was the first step in establishing a unified structural and aesthetic system. Once established, it permeated the three main spaces, its form becoming apparent in the cylindrical core structure as well as the covering strategy. This form began on paper, though a series of abstract design sketches (fig. 081-084). At this stage, we had a good enough understanding of the behavior and limits of the microscale (materials) that we could create more realistic, but still figural, drawings based on that knowledge. After the drawing period, we moved to study models to better understand the system in three dimensions (fig.

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 062: Bending Rod Study. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

FIGURE 063: Bending Rod Study. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

FIGURE 064: Bending Rod Studies. (Andreas Schönbrunner)

065-068). After the abstract, small scale models we had established the theoretical aesthetic system and could expand on it through the use of larger models. We created the 1:15 scale tower model and constructed a jig of the interior space to test ideas before implementing them in the actual model (fig. 085-094).

the beautiful element being created was not truly engaged by the visitor; to change this we introduced the idea of a spiraling ramp, this allows the visitor to engage the space simultaneously in all three axes (fig. 047,065078). With this change we began to reevaluate the entirety of the interior structure and decided the purity of the geometry was unfit and a more complex form created by our unique intersecting system was more suitable to the entire design. To accomplish this, we created another system of intersecting “leaves” in the middle space and used the program to dictate where the “Deep Surfaces” would lie within the new boundary conditions. This produced an interesting result, which we then refined and attached to the base bundles for design clarity and structural support (fig. 087-094).

We wanted to bring the “leaf” form up through the dome and into the cylindrical main hall. We began by having a large outer structure shaped by the “leaf” elements that could house a branching macro-scale membrane (fig. 087,088). We ran through multiple iterations until we decided on a pure cylindrical membrane with branches that could be used as a bridge from one side of the roof corridor to the other (fig. 079,085,086). After evaluating this approach, we noticed the space and structure was only being engaged at two levels: the ground and the Now that we incorporate the “leaf” form into the cylindriupper bridge/corridor. This was unsatisfactory because cal main hall, it was evident that this form would dictate

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 065: Study Model. (David Cappo)

FIGURE 066: Study Model. (David Cappo)

FIGURE 067: Study Model. (David Cappo)

FIGURE 068: Study Model. (David Cappo)

the roof cover as well. We created a new bundle of bending rods, which we then bent over the main space and anchor in the corridor (fig. 92). We again create unique boundary conditions and were able to provide a space for “Deep Surfaces”.

FIGURE 069: Dome “Trunk”. (Team)

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 070,071: Study Model, Dome Structure Top: Without Load Bottom: With Load. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 072,073: Top: Study Model (Andreas Schรถnbrunner) Bottom: Leaf Diagram. (David Cappo)

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 074,075: Leaf Diagram Top: Mirrored Bottom: Rotated. (David Cappo)

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 076,077: Study Model, Dome Top: Mirrored Bottom: Rotated. (Team)

CHAPTER 04

Start

Open Light Covered + Open Cells

Acoustics

Number of Cells

Thermal

Covered

Membrane + Open Cells Continuously Covered

Light Acoustics

Membrane

Thermal

Membranes

Membranes + Cells

Cells

FIGURE 078: Design Pseudo-Code. (Team)

FIGURE 079: Design Study Model, Main Hall. (David Cappo)

FIGURE 080: Design Study Model. (David Cappo)

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 081: Design Sketch. (David Cappo)

FIGURE 082: Design Sketch. (David Cappo)

FIGURE 083: Design Sketch. (David Cappo)

FIGURE 084: Design Sketch. (David Cappo)

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 085: Design Study Model, Bridge. (Team)

FIGURE 086: Design Study Model, Bridge. (Team)

FIGURE 087: Design Study Model, Leaf. (Team)

FIGURE 088: Design Study Model, Leaf. (Team)

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 089: Current Design, Overview. (Team)

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 090: Current Design, Night View. (Team)

FIGURE 092: Current Design, Top. (Team)

FIGURE 091: Current Design, Crack. (Team)

CHAPTER 04

FIGURE 093: Current Design, Main Hall. (Team)

FIGURE 094: Current Design, View from Main Hall to Top. (Team)

Chapter 05

running climate & environmental analysis

PROCESSES

CHAPTER 05

]

COLOR

STRETCHING

FABRICATION PROPERTIES

PERFORMANCE

MATERIAL

SEWING

ACOUSTICS (ANTI-REVERB)

MESO

THERMAL

FUNCTION

[CELLS]

DOUBLE LAYER

'BENDING-ACTIVE'

(ISOLATION)

LIGHT (REFLECTION)

DEEP SURFACE

GEOMETRY

MATERIAL LIMITS

CONNECTIONS

PROPORTIONS

FIGURE 095: Design Process Diagram, Meso-Scale Development. (Ángel Pontes)

MESO-SCALE DEVELOPMENT

The focus of the meso scale is to create a cell that can be arrayed in a cable mesh and changed either in scale, orientation, or through insulation in order to serve the acoustic, thermal, or light modulation needs of a particular space (fig. 104). These functional purposes are established by the programmatic requirements of each space. The intention is to create a series of cells that can respond to either the acoustic, thermal, or light modulation needs of a specific space. These cells also serve a simultaneous structural purpose; by acting as a spring, they serve to keep the two outer membranes separated at a fixed distance, despite being in high tension.

plotter, this pattern can then be cut out of PVC membranes or textiles with a high degree of accuracy. The PVC membranes can then be heat welded together and tensioned, similarly the textiles would be sewn together before tensioning (fig. 097).

We had anticipated difficulty in the fabrication of complex forms, because of the rigidity of the PVC membranes; however, we did not foresee the radical effect it would have on our design process or material selections. Due to the inelasticity of the PVC membrane, as well as the low tension-tolerance for the heat-welded seal, our forms remained quite wrinkled, as seen in (fig. The meso scale process began as a computational 103). This presented itself as a fundamental problem in model intended to be fabricated. Through algorithms, the creation of the cells. the initial “eight-point” cells could be converted from a pre-stressed three-dimensional form to a two-dimen- Many solutions for fabrication were subsequently exsional cutting pattern. Using the University’s cutting plored. The intention was to optimize the fabrication pro-

CHAPTER 05

FIGURE 096: Cell Design. (Team)

cess by reducing the complexity of cutting patterns to as few pieces as possible in order to minimize the number of seams, while still maintaining a potential for variability (fig. 098-102). Concurrently, we had changed our design approach regarding the macro-scale, a decision that yielded interesting and promising new results. With a new selection of bending rod forms, we saw the opportunity to create a unified element, one that could be used in both the macro and meso scales simultaneously. It was at this time that we discovered the first iteration of our current cell design (fig. 105). This elegant form was possible with Lycra, a highly elastic textile. The next step was to find a way to recreate the form using the stiff PVC membrane. It was soon apparent that we would be unable to resolve the gap between the material limits and our formal aspirations without introducing great complexity in terms of

fabrication. Instead of allowing the material to limit our exploration to simple forms, or complex fabrication, we decided to introduce a new idea regarding material use. Previously, we envisioned a system that used steel cable mesh, bending rods, and PVC membranes. It was evident that this system was limiting due to the polarity in scale between the macro and meso scales. The PVC membrane is simply not meant to be used in a highly sinuous object that is approximately 1.0 cubic meter in size. Subsequently we began researching architectural grade textiles in the interest of developing this new cell form further. To facilitate our research, Andreas Schรถnbrunner attended the Munich Fabric Start. The Fabric Start is a trade fair for textiles, aimed at introducing new materials for use in fashion. Through the visit, we have discovered a few promising materials as later mentioned in Chapter

CHAPTER 05

Rhino

Processing

Script: Excel

Rhino

Export/Script

Cutter Plotter

Rhino

Hot Air Welder

Final Cell

Script: Panelize

Cell Fabrication | Cuts and Welds

FIGURE 097: Cell Fabrication Process. (David Cappo) Hole and Dart

Welds: 26 Cuts: 36

Four-Quadrant

Cone Halves

Dual Membrane

Welds: 16 Cuts: 32

Welds: 10 Cuts: 20

Welds: 5 Cuts: 16

FIGURE 098: Fabrication Analysis. (David Cappo)

FIGURE 099: Bending Rod Array. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

Tension

Upper

Inner

Lower

A. Membrane

Structural Cover Acoustic Insulation Light Control

B. Cable Mesh

Structural

Bending Rods

Spring Action on Perpendicular Forces Framework for Cones Structural Plate Action for Short Span

Cones

Non-Structural Light Control Sound Control Thermal Control

A. Membrane

Structural Acoustic Insulation Light Control

B. Cable Mesh

Structural

FIGURE 100: Function Diagram. (David Cappo)

6: Micro-Scale (Material), such as: Powernet by Penn (fig. 120), Darwin by Carvico (fig. 121), Malaga by Carvico (fig. 122), and New Alik by Lakidain (fig. 123). We have found that the market for exterior use textiles is not yet well established; because of this we are running into issues regarding the durability and fire rating of the materials, as nobody is developing a textile to withstand long-term UV exposure and ample fire resistance.

Bending Rod Membrane

The form of the cell itself is quite versatile; it can be filled with thermal or sound-insulating material (fig. 108,109) and arrayed within the cable mesh (fig. 099,100). This cell is a solid step toward the goal of creating a cell that can be arrayed (fig. 099, 111-113) and manipulated in order to serve the acoustic, thermal, or light modulation needs of a particular space. FIGURE 101: Bending Rod Membrane Options. (Team)

CHAPTER 05

FIGURE 102: Fabrication Option. (David Cappo)

FIGURE 103: Wrinkled Membrane. (David Cappo)

FIGURE 104: Cell Cluster. (David Cappo)

CHAPTER 05

FIGURE 105: 1st Bent Cell Model. (Team)

FIGURE 106: 2nd Bent Cell Model. (Team)

CHAPTER 05

FIGURE 107: 3rd Bent Cell Model. (Team)

FIGURE 108: Cell with translucent Insulation Material. (Team)

CHAPTER 05

FIGURE 109: Cell with translucent Insulation Material. (Team)

FIGURE 110: Cell Design. (Team)

CHAPTER 05

FIGURE 111: Cell Array, Side. (Team)

FIGURE 113: Cell Array, Overview. (Team)

FIGURE 112: Cell Array, Detail. (Team)

Chapter 06

CHAPTER 06

FASHION

FABRICS 'POWERNET'

'MALAGA' Carvico S .p.A. (Be rg amo, Ita ly) 'Malaga ' B ianco 8 0% Polyamid - 2 0% Ela stan

P en n Te xtile So lu tions GmbH (Pa de rb orn, G ermany) 'Goo d L ining Powern et' Wh ite 8 7% Polyamid - 1 3% Ela stan

deficiency: no UV resistance

STANDARD

ARCHITECTURAL

MEMBRANES

'NEW ALIC'

'DARWIN'

E ncajes L aquidaín S.A. (Arg entona , S pain) 'Ne w Alic' Black 1 00% Polyamid

Carvico S .p.A. (Be rg amo, Ita ly) 'Darwin ' B ian co Sta mpa 1 00% Po lye ster

THERMAL ISOLATION

REFLECTIVE

BENDING RODS CG TEC GmbH (Sp alt, G ermany) G RP Rods Fib erglass Re in fo rced P olye ster Resin White - Ø3 mm - L eng th 245 0mm E la sticity Mo du lu s 40 00 0 N-mm ²

ACOUSTIC

TRANSLUCENT

open source programming language environment

PROCESSING 'Processing Modelling Environment' by Sean Ahlquist 'deep surface' algorithms graphical modeling interface

EXCE modifying processing

MICRO

RHINOCEROS

[MATERIAL]

2D / 3D modelling

build rhino geometry from &

'BENDING-ACTIVE' RODS

SOFTWARE INTERACTION

RHINOCEROS

2D / 3D modelling

RAIN COVER

RHINOCE

import & manage

rhino plugin

GRASSHOPPER

graphical algorithm editor

gh addon

'GECO'

'BRANCHED' CABLE MESHES

RHINOCEROS

running Ecotect functions from Rhino

import & manage analysis results data

BEN

building performance evaluation tool

ECOTECT ANALYSIS

running climate & environmental analysis

UPPORT YSTEM

FIGURE 114: Design Process Diagram, Micro-Scale. (Ángel Pontes)

PROCESSES

MACRO MICRO-SCALE (MATERIAL)

Mesh Cable Net: For the mesh cable net, we intend to to serve a specific functional purpose. We intend to use [MESHES & RODS]

use steel cables. We are considering standard steel ca- a highly transparent membrane in the project, but have bles; comparable to the ones that have been used fre- not received any to experiment with. COLOR quently by Frei Otto in tensile structures. Textiles: Powernet by Penn (fig. 120), Darwin by STRETCHING CarFABRICATION Bending-Active Rods: Bending-active rods (bending vico (fig. 121), Malaga by Carvico (fig. 122), New Alik by PROPERTIES PERFORMANCE rods) are lightweight structural elements that have a Lakidain (fig. 123). We have received some textiles and high elasticity. They are cylindrical rods that can sustain had a change to investigate their elasticity. As of now we a radial bending while maintaining structural integrity. are unsure as to their actual UV resistance and durabilMATERIAL The two types of bending-active rods we have experi- ity and we know they are not properly fire-rated, unless mented with are: carbon fiber and glass fiber (fig. 115). coated with a fire-retardant coating, which would make them rigid. Architectural Membranes: The membranes that we have experimented with are made of PVC. We have been able to get samples of a standard white membrane (fig. 116), ACOUSTICS a silver reflective membrane (fig. 117), a gray insulation membrane (fig. 118), and a perforated translucent-white DESIGN acoustical membrane (fig. 119). Each has been created MESO

SEW

(ANTI-REVERB)

STRATEGY LOGIC

FUNCTION

[CELLS]

DOUBLE LAYER

LIGHT (REFLECTION)

THERMA

(ISOLATION)

CHAPTER 06

FIGURE 115: Study Model. (Team)

CHAPTER 06

FIGURE 116: PVC Membrane.

FIGURE 117: Reflective Membrane.

FIGURE 118: Insulation Membrane.

FIGURE 119: Acoustic Membrane.

CHAPTER 06

FIGURE 120: Penn, Powernet.

FIGURE 121: Carvico, Darwin.

FIGURE 122: Carvico, Malaga.

FIGURE 123: Lakidain, New Alik.

CHAPTER 06

Testing Apparatus 56.0 cm

50.0 cm

200.0 cm

Side

Front

Wood Columns (35 cm SQ) Cardboard Panel (2 mm) Polystyrene Insulation Fabric Cell

Bottom [Section] FIGURE 124: Construction Drawing for Testing Apparatus. (David Cappo)

Testing: We have built a testing apparatus for the membranes and textiles and intend to conduct tests next semester (fig. 124-128). Our equipment is not sensitive enough to give us accurate values, however, since we can monitor changes, we will be using a comparative, before/after, method. We intend to test the acoustical, thermal, and light reflection attributes of each considered membrane and textile.

CHAPTER 06 Cell Test Permutations | Acoustic Control

Measuring Device Stimulus

FIGURE 125: Testing Apparatus. (Team)

Control

Narrow Aperture

Wide Aperture

Control

Narrow Aperture

Wide Aperture

Control

Narrow Aperture

Wide Aperture

FIGURE 126: Acoustic Testing Permutations. (David Cappo)

Stimulus

A - Outer Membrane Material B - Inner Membrane Material C - Outer Cover Material D - Inner Cover Material AC - Acoustical Membrane TH - Thermal Membrane PVC - PVC Membrane SI - Silver Reflective Membrane

AC D

TH Measuring Device

FIGURE 127: Testing Membrane. (David Cappo)

PVC SI

FIGURE 128: Materials Testing. (David Cappo)

Chapter 07

CHAPTER 07

FASHION

FABRICS 'POWERNET'

'MALAGA' Carvico S .p.A. (Be rg amo, Ita ly) 'Malaga ' B ianco 8 0% Polyamid - 2 0% Ela stan

P en n Te xtile So lu tions GmbH (Pa de rb orn, G ermany) 'Goo d L ining Powern et' Wh ite 8 7% Polyamid - 1 3% Ela stan

deficiency: no UV resistance

STANDARD

ARCHITECTURAL

'NEW ALIC'

'DARWIN'

E ncajes L aquidaín S.A. (Arg entona , S pain) 'Ne w Alic' Black 1 00% Polyamid

Carvico S .p.A. (Be rg amo, Ita ly) 'Darwin ' B ian co Sta mpa 1 00% Po lye ster

THERMAL ISOLATION

REFLECTIVE

MEMBRANES

BENDING RODS CG TEC GmbH (Sp alt, G ermany) G RP Rods Fib erglass Re in fo rced P olye ster Resin White - Ø3 mm - L eng th 245 0mm E la sticity Mo du lu s 40 00 0 N-mm ²

ACOUSTIC

TRANSLUCENT

open source programming language environment

PROCESSING 'Processing Modelling Environment' by Sean Ahlquist 'deep surface' algorithms graphical modeling interface

EXCEL modifying processing export data tables

MICRO

programming & running rhino scripts

RHINO SCRIPT

RHINOCEROS

[MATERIAL]

2D / 3D modelling

build rhino geometry from processing data, generate topology framework & material translation

'BENDING-ACTIVE' RODS

SOFTWARE INTERACTION

RHINOCEROS

2D / 3D modelling

RAIN COVER

RHINOCEROS import & manage designs

rhino plugin

GRASSHOPPER

graphical algorithm editor

gh addon

'GECO'

'BRANCHED' CABLE MESHES

RHINOCEROS

running Ecotect functions from Rhino

import & manage analysis results data

BENDING

ANCHORING

building performance evaluation tool

ECOTECT ANALYSIS

running climate & environmental analysis

SUPPORT SYSTEM PANELIZE

PROCESSES

MACRO

[MESHES & RODS]

CUTTING PLOTTER

GEOMETRY

LEONARDO DA VINCI

COLOR

STRETCHING

FABRICATION

BUTTRESSES

PROPERTIES

HISTORY

LASER CUTTER

PERFORMANCE

MATERIAL

SEWING

MATERIALS

WELDING

ACOUSTICS (ANTI-REVERB)

GLOBAL

EXISTING CONDITIONS

DECAY

[SITE]

DESIGN STRATEGY LOGIC

MESO

[CELLS]

DOUBLE LAYER

FOLIAGE

CLIMATE

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

PREVAILING WINDS

'BENDING-ACTIVE'

ACOUSTIC

DIRECT SHADING

PARAMETERS

THERMAL

FUNCTION

(ISOLATION)

LIGHT (REFLECTION)

DEEP SURFACE

GEOMETRY

THERMAL INSOLATION

LIGHT

ACOUSTICS

(REFLECTION)

MATERIAL LIMITS

(ANTI-REVERB)

THERMAL

CONNECTIONS

PROPORTIONS

(ISOLATION)

PROGRAMMATIC DECISIONS

FIGURE 129: Design Process Diagram. (Ángel Pontes)

CONCLUSION

We see great architectural potential in the forms that we have discovered. Through our computational experimentation as well as scale-model case studies we intend to show not only the possibilities that lie within our system regarding the tower project, but also the wider architectural implications. The new forms we have created through experimentation have pushed us to create new computational systems in order to register these complex forms in a computer-based three-dimensional context (fig. 130). Our computational forms drive new physical shapes, and in turn, our physical shapes introduce the need for a more comprehensive computational system. It is this thinking that we believe will be integral in the development of both “Deep Surface” systems as well as future computational thinking. This semester has introduced numerous new ideas and methods for responding to the material systems (micro-

scale), but more importantly shown us that we still have an extensive amount of exploration, examination, and development before we can hope to use any of them in a serious architectural context. Our intentions are to proceed to test the materials, systems, and methods we are considering and continue enhance or search for ones that are still more progressive. With the onset of next semester, we expect to welcome new colleagues and new ideas to refine our designs and progress our design methodology.

CHAPTER 07

FIGURE 130: Computational Process. (Team)

Chapter 08

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 131: Current Design, Computational. (Team)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 132: Current Design, Computational. (Team)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 133-136: Study Model, Computational. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

FIGURE 137: Study Model, Physical. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 138-161: Computational Models. (Team)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 162-185: Computational Cells. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 186-207: Computational Models, Curved Boundaries. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 208-238: Physical Model Table, chronological. (Team)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 239-266: Physical Model Table, chronological. (Team)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 267-269: Former Spiral Staircase. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 270-272: Site Images. (Andreas Schรถnbrunner)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 273: Tower, Original State. (Nicolas Faucherre)

CHAPTER 08

FIGURE 274: Tower, Original State. (Nicolas Faucherre)

Chapter 09

CHAPTER 09

References figure 000: description. built by, photo by, edited by, year. figure 001: Design Process Diagram, Overview. Ángel Pontes, 2012. figure 002: System Overview. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 003,004: Sections. Nicolas Faucherre, 2011. figure 005: Floor Plans and Computational Model. Nicolas Faucherre, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 006: Computational Tower Model. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 007: Split Model. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 008: Site Model, Top View. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 009: Tower Spaces. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 010,011: Tower Images. Christian Armbruster, 2011. figure 012,013: Tower Images. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 014-016: Cracks. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 017-020: Spaces. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 021: Site View, South. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 022: Perspective. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 023: Design Process Diagram, Site. Ángel Pontes, 2012. figure 024-027: Annual Shading Analyses. Ángel Pontes, 2011. figure 028-031: Solar Radiation. Ángel Pontes, 2011. figure 032: Acoustic Analysis. Ángel Pontes, 2011. figure 033-037: Wind Analyses. Ángel Pontes, 2011. figure 038-042: Side-by-Side Comparisons. Ángel Pontes, 2012. figure 044-047: Tower Spaces. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 048-052: Current Design, different highlights. Team, Julian Lienhard, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 053-056: Tower Drawings. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 057: Design Process Diagram, Macro-Scale Development. Ángel Pontes, 2012. figure 058: Study Model, Computational. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 059: Study Model. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 060: Study Model, Computational. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 061: Study Model. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 062-064: Bending Rod Studies. Andreas Schönbrunner, Julian Lienhard, Andreas Schönbrunner 2012. figure 065-068: Study Models. David Cappo, Julian Lienhard, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 069: Dome “Trunk”. Team, Julian Lienhard, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 070,071: Study Model, Dome Structure. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 072: Study Model, Leaf. Andreas Schönbrunner, Sean Ahlquist, 2012. figure 073-075: Leaf Diagram. Team, 2012. figure 076,077: Study Model, Dome. Team, Sean Ahlquist, 2012. figure 078: Design Pseudo-Code. Team, 2012. figure 079,080: Study Model. David Cappo, Sean Ahlquist, Team, 2012. figure 081-084: Design Sketches. David Cappo, 2012. figure 085,086: Design Study Model, Bridge. Team, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 087,088: Design Study Model, Leaf. Team, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 089-094: Current Design Images. Team, Julian Lienhard Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 095: Design Process Diagram, Meso-Scale Development. Ángel Pontes, 2012. figure 096: Cell Design.Team, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 097: Cell Fabrication Process. David Cappo, 2011. figure 098: Fabrication Analysis. David Cappo, 2011. figure 099: Bending Rod Array. Andreas Schönbrunner, Team, 2011. figure 100: Function Diagram. David Cappo, 2012. figure 101: Bending Rod Membrane Options. Team, 2011. figure 102: Fabrication Options. David Cappo, Julian Lienhard, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 103: Wrinkled Membrane. David Cappo, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 104: Cell Cluster. David Cappo, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 105: 1st bent Cell Model. Team, Sean Ahlquist, 2012. figure 106: 2nd bent Cell Model. Team, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 107: 3rd bent Cell Model. Team, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 108: Cell with translucent Insulation Material. Team, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012.

CHAPTER 09

figure 109: Cell with translucent Insulation Material. Team, Julian Lienhard, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 110: Cell Design. Team, Julian Lienhard, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 111-113: Cell Array. Team, Julian Lienhard, Team, 2012. figure 114: Design Process Diagram, Micro-Scale. Ángel Pontes, 2012. figure 115: Study Model. Team, Sean Ahlquist, Team, 2012. figure 116: PVC Membrane. Julian Lienhard, David Cappo, 2012. figure 117: Refletive Membrane. Julian Lienhard, David Cappo, 2012. figure 118: Insulation Membrane. Julian Lienhard, David Cappo, 2012. figure 119: Acoustic Membrane. Julian Lienhard, David Cappo, 2012. figure 120: Penn, Powernet. Julian Lienhard, David Cappo, 2012. figure 121: Carvico, Darwin. Julian Lienhard, David Cappo, 2012. figure 122: Carvico, Malaga. Julian Lienhard, David Cappo, 2012. figure 123: Lakidain, New Alik. Julian Lienhard, David Cappo, 2012. figure 124: Construction Drawing for Testing Apparatus. David Cappo, 2011. figure 125: Testing Apparatus. Team, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 126: Acoustic Testing Permutations. David Cappo, 2011. figure 127: Testing Membrane. David Cappo, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 128: Materials Testing. David Cappo, 2011. figure 129: Design Process Diagram. Ángel Pontes, 2012. figure 130: Computational Process. Andreas Schönbrunner, Ángel Pontes, 2012. figure 131,132: Current Design, Computational. Team, Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 133-136: Study Model, Computational. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 137: Study Model, Physical. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 138-142: Computational Models. David Cappo, 2011. figure 143-161: Computational Models. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 162-185: Computational Cells. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 186-207: Computational Models. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2012. figure 208-266: Physical Model Table, chronological. Team, Sean Ahlquist, Julian Lienhard, 2011/2012. figure 267-269: Former Spiral Staircase. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 270-272: Site Images. Andreas Schönbrunner, 2011. figure 273,274: Tower Original State. Nicolas Faucherre, 2011.

Institutefor forComputational ComputationalDesign Design Institute Institutfür fürComputerbasiertes ComputerbasiertesEntwerfen Entwerfen Institut

WINTER 2011-2012 3901-3904 SPATIAL INTENSIFIERS

UniversitätStuttgart Stuttgart Universität

WS 11-12 ENT SPATIAL INTENSIFIERS

Spatial Intensifiers

The Development of Deep Surface Membrane Systems

David Cappo Ángel Pontes Andreas Schönbrunner