Dave’s Desk
Angus is a breed with a tremendous amount of history I for one find the history of all breeds fascinating, but the Angus breed specifically is one that I enjoy most My collection has many Angus history books, information and pictures that have been gathered over the thirty plus years I have been involved with the breed This year a book has been published that is the mother lode of Angus history. ‘The History of Aberdeen-Angus in the U.S, U.K and
Worldwide’ is a book recently published by authors who are a Who’s Who of Angus and cattle history. Dr. Bob Hough, Andy Frazier and Tom Burke have spent countless hours and a tremendous amount of energy committing their knowledge and research to produce an all encompassing book on the subject. The Angus breed owes these gentlemen a tremendous amount of gratitude for committing to written material their insight into this tremendous breed. The book is 554 pages in 26 chapters with over 1,600 images and is a ‘ must have’ for anyone interested in Angus cattle and its story I will be dedicating some pages in this and future issues highlighting this great publication
In my travels I discovered a couple of topics that I found particularly interesting On the Progressive Cattle podcast (September 25 edition) there is a discussion with Dr Charley Martinez who has done some research on information that is important to producers when looking at a sale catalogue It is certainly worth the time to listen, it may effect how you lay out your next sale catalogue and the information you include. There is an article on Pages 10 and 11 covering this topic.
In talking to an old acquaintance I was made aware of work being done with Facial Recognition of cattle by 406 Bovine in regard to cattle identification. From a producer perspective this is a technology that does not require expensive equipment or infrastructure to utilize. All that is required is a smart phone with a camera. There is always a lot of research being done, sometimes the value of it is questionable, this is something that I think is reasonably priced has some value and would actually make recording of information faster and simpler for producers (article on Page 14)
Until next time,
Dave Callaway
New Histor y Book Published
The Histor y of Aberdeen-Angus in the U.S., U.K and Canada
ree of the world's top livestock authors join forces to create a memorable history book that will not only bring enjoyment to thousands but will stand the test of time for the rest of the 21st century.
e book can be purchased online at: angushistorybook.com
Authors
Dr Bob Hough is a cattle historian who has held a number of posts in the US beef industry, as well as writing numerous books including the history of the Shorthorn, Red Angus, Simmental breeds as well as ‘Breeds of Cattle’ His appetite for detail knows no bounds as he methodically pieces history together to bring the reader an unforgettable experience. He has also shared many of the images from his vast collection
Andy Frazier has held many roles in the UK livestock industry from stockman through to his most recent as a podcaster (Toplines and Tales) and commentator. He has authored or collaborated on nearly 50 books but agrees this one is by far the most comprehensive Andy has had an association with the Aberdeen-Angus breed in UK for four decades.
Angus would eventually become the dominant breed in North America. As of 2024, the top three Angus breed registries in the world are located there: American Angus Association; Red Angus Association of America; and Canadian Angus Association. However, it all started for the breed in Canada.
Tom Burke needs no introduction, being labeled as Mr Angus himself, who has had a keen involvement with the breed, man and boy Running the world-famous American Angus Hall of Fame in Missouri and writing many books on the subject, his knowledge has been an invaluable contribution to this book. Tom also has the honor of being inducted into the prestigious Saddle and Sirloin club in 2017
Content
Polled black cattle have been in existence in Scotland for over 1000 years; in-fact nobody really knew where they came from With in-depth research, three experienced authors have slowly pieced together not only the origins of the Aberdeen-Angus but a deep history into early agriculture, travelling through industrial revolutions, wars, economic crisis and what can only be determined as fashions, all of which played a role in the formation of the breed It also includes the earliest importations of AberdeenAngus into all the world’s major beef producing countries What has emerged is a highly detailed history of a breed of cattle that went from very humble beginnings to the greatest breed on Earth
On the way, many stones have been overturned, bringing a tapestry of new information and stories together from hundreds of sources Whether it is the early settlers in USA, the heady days of the legendary Perth Bull Sales or the rich and famous and people who had associations with Angus, this book brings it to life in greatest splendor in a highly entertaining volume, littered with hundreds of pictures and images, many of them unseen before This coffee table style book not only sheds new light on the world's most successful breed, it also averages over 50 images per chapter making for a visually stunning tome
The book spans some 544 pages in 26 chapters, with over 1600 images
By Stephen Pearce
Credit:
Scottish National Portrait Gallery, CCO
The Hudson Bay Company was very ably run by Scotsman Sir George Simpson from 1820 to 1860 Simpson was a tremendous outdoorsman, once having cut 20 days off the record traveling through the wilderness from the Hudson Bay headquarters in York Factory on the Hudson Bay, Manitoba to the Pacific Ocean, where he had business with the Russians over the fur trade Late in his career, Simpson became close friends with James Carnegie, 9th Earl of Southesk, who spent a year exploring the Canadian wilderness while mourning the loss of his wife.
James Carnegie, the nineth Earl of Southesk (18271905). Carnegie was 32 when he went to explore “British North America ”
Credit: Royal Alberta Museum
Upon arrival back in Forfarshire (now Angusshire), Scotland to his 7,000-acre estate and Kinnaird Castle which had been in his family for over 600 years Carnegie decided he wanted to gift Simpson two of his prize Aberdeen-Angus, (which they had been breeding since 1805) in the form of a bull and a heifer which traced back to Druid and Cup Bearer, Simpson tragically died before the animals had an impact.
William Brown, Professor of Agriculture, Ontario Agricultural College and Superintendent of the Ontario Experimental Farm from 1875 to 1888. The next importation of Aberdeen-Angus seedstock occurred when Professor William Brown, a native of Scotland, imported an outstanding bull and heifer in 1876, two years prior to when the first registered Aberdeen-Angus seedstock would arrive in the U S When the heifer Brown had imported in 1876 calved in 1877, it became the first purebred Aberdeen-Angus born in North America. Brown would go on to make further importations of AberdeenAngus seedstock in 1881 and 1884 These two groups would include cattle that would impact all of North America’s Aberdeen-Angus genetics Arguably, the two best were the bull Strathglass and the cow Kyma Tom Burke called Strathglass “the most influential bull in all of Canada during the formative years of the Aberdeen-Angus breed,” and the Kyma cow-line would be the producer of national champions
e
and
Lord Tweedmouth of Iverness-shire, Scotland. Image from the Polled Herd Book
One of the most famous bulls to come from the Ontario Agriculture College’s Aberdeen-Angus genetics was the Kyma’a Heir bred by Canadian Angus stalwart James Bowman. This was the get of an Ontario Ag College sire and the dam, Kyma 2nd, that resulted from breeding Strathglass to Kyma
and
Sir George Simpson, 1792–1860 Scottish explorer and colonial governor of the Hudson's Bay Company
Aberdeen-Angus bull Druid (225)
Credit: Alvin H Sanders
Aberdeen-Angus bull Cup-Bearer (60). Credit: Alvin H Sanders
Ontario Agriculutral College
Experiment Farm, Guelph, Canada Credit: Library and Archives Canada.
Strathglass born 1882
bred by
1891 Polled Aberdeen or Angus bull, Hard Fortune, Ontario ree-time Champion Bull of Any Breed and Any Class.
Information Matters for Producers
By: Dr Charley Martinez
Bull selection is one of the most important decisions that producers make for a herd The impacts of the decision have short term and long term implications. A bad choice can be seen in various ways: lower than expected weaning weights, bad temper, dystocia, bad footed replacement daughters, and low performance based replacement daughters.
Do EPDs even matter?
In experiments conducted by the University of Tennessee and Auburn University in 2022, we put producers in markets as sellers and buyers of 18 bulls, and asked them to estimate the price of each bull Each bull was from previous seedstock production sales and consisted of 6-Charolais bulls, 6-Angus bulls, and 6-Sim-Genetic bulls. One half of the participants got EPDs and an 11-second video of a bull, while the other half of the participants only got the video. The participants were asked to estimate the sale price, and their guess was considered accurate if they were +/- $500 of the actual sale price. On average, accuracy by all participants was approximately 17% More interestingly for this article are the market interactions. For the markets that had no EPDs, seller guesses were much higher than buyers That is, there was optimism bias by sellers in these markets. When EPDs were provided to both buyers and sellers, there was no optimism bias by sellers, and markets cleared Thus, the bias
Eye Tracking Studies
Given the question above, the same group of researchers conducted experiments (in Tennessee, Alabama, and West Virginia) in 2023 to answer: 1) what EPDs help producers be more accurate, and 2) does the EPD profile layout matter The format was tweaked from the previous study, with every participant being a buyer in the market. The bulls that people saw were 6-Angus bulls, 6-Hereford bulls, and 6-Sim-Genetic bulls The bulls were from seedstock production sales in Tennessee, and each participant estimated the sale price of each bull Their guess was considered accurate if it was +/-$500 of the actual sale price. The most unique addition to this study was the inclusion of eye-tracking technology Specifically, an infrared bar was attached to the bottom of a computer screen, and the bar allows for tracking of one ’ s eyes on the computer screen Thus, while participants worked through the study, their eye movement, fixation, and patterns could be recorded.
Often producers make their decision on the next herdsire using various information. Information such as pedigree, EPDs, performance data, and visual inspection (videos and pictures). When marketing bulls, a catalog can have all the information previously listed along with other aspects such as a paragraph about the animal, percentile ranks of EPDs, and other various information sources Over time, has all the information that can be in catalogs, for bulls, become too dense? More specifically, could this information overload situation be alleviated with knowing what information is used by producers when in the market for bulls? That question has lead to research on what information is used by producers and layouts
disappeared and the market cleared when EPDs were provided to both parties.
During the study, we also asked participants (164 participants) about information usage when they are buying/selling bulls. When asked what is used: 71 5% use EPDs, 43% use Genomically-Enhanced (GE) EPDs, 92 5% use physical characteristics, and 56.5% use EPD percentile rank Producers (buyers and sellers) that use GE-EPDs and EPD percentile ranks showed statistically significant increased accuracy compared to producers who do not. Thus, GE-EPDs and percentile ranks are useful information pieces and can allow a producer to make a more efficient decision when in the bull marketplace But, simply stating “using EPDs help” still left a question of, “what EPDs help make the decision?”
In addition to the eye tracking usage, we altered layout of EPD profiles. Since the development of the first EPDs, there has been a plethora of more EPDs added, in addition to indexes. The amount of EPDs varies breed to breed, but there are common production oriented and terminal based EPDs and indexes. One common theme of EPDs for every breed, and for most catalogs, is the layout with production EPDs (CE, BW, WW) on the left hand side, followed by maternal EPDs, Management EPDs, terminal EPDs, and then lastly, indexes ($) Figure 1 shows an example of Angus EPD profile
While indexes have been developed to aid in decision making, they are commonly the last EPDs in a profile, or not mentioned at all. Thus we wanted to test if we inverse the EPD profile, could participants increase their accuracy That is, if we make the indexes the first EPDs in the profile, would people have increased accuracy compared to the normal layout One last aspect of this round of experiments was the inclusion (or exclusion) of EPD percentile ranks. This was done to test if rankings aided in increased accuracy,
Figure 1 Normal EPD profile for a given animal (source: American Angus Association)
given that participants from the 2022 experiments showed increased accuracy when using percentile ranks when evaluating bulls Thus a participant was assigned to one of four groups:
1) Traditional EPD layout-with percentile rankings,
2) Traditional EPD layout-without percentile rankings
3) Inverted EPD layout-with percentile rankings,
4) Inverted EPD layout-without percentile rankings
Average accuracy for each group, and all bulls was:
1) Traditional EPD layout-with percentile rankings: 20.57%
2) Traditional EPD layout-without percentile rankings: 21 23%
3) Inverted EPD layout-with percentile rankings: 23.19%
4) Inverted EPD layout-without percentile rankings: 21 14%
Thus, accuracy for the whole study (168 participants) increased compared to the previous year, but the group that had the highest accuracy was the inverted EPD profile-with percentile rankings group. When participants were asked about what they use when evaluating bulls: 80 36% use EPDs, 50% use GE-EPDs, 90 84% use physical characteristics, and 62.5% use EPD percentile rank Similar to the previous studies, producers that indicated that they use GE-EPDs when evaluating bulls, were statistically more accurate than producers who don’t Thus information matters, but where do those people look? Figure 2 displays heatmaps of an inaccurate guess from a producer who doesn’t use GE-EPDs (left) and an accurate guess of a producer who does use GE-EPDs (right). Common patterns were attention (red) to production EPDs (BW, CED, WW), and physical characteristics Additionally, common amongst all heat maps was very little attention to the “middle” EPDs (management, terminal EPDs) But, the GE-EPD using producer also used the indexes
to make their guess. Thus, given the layout differences and heat maps, we find that on average, using all information and layout design increased accuracy
Interesting podcast on this topic can be found on the Progressive Cattle podcast, September 25, 2024 edition.
Figure 2 Heatmaps of a participants Left side is an example of a participant that does not use GE-EPDs when evaluating cattle Right side is an example of a participant that does use GE-EPDs when evaluating cattle
Takeaways
Over the last two years, we have conducted studies to better understand bull buying and selling behavior We find that producers that use more information (EPDs, GE-EPDs, physical characteristics, and percentile ranks) are better at appraisal estimation in the real world. But, specifically, the eye tracking studies indicate that only certain EPDs are commonly used. Thus, from a marketing standpoint, this indicates that a reduction in EPD volume (reduction in information overload) and focusing only on including common production EPDs, and indexes in catalogs could help potential buyers with decision making. Additionally, EPD layout matters, which could help with deciding what information to include in catalogs. From a marketing standpoint, this also could lead to reduced catalog printing costs due to less information needed to be printed.
Dr Charley Martinez is an Assistant Professor and Extension Economist in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of Tennessee He alsoserves as the Director of the UT Center of Farm Management His research and Extension programming involves the fields of farm and financial management, experimental economics, livestock and meat market economics, and policy. Charley received his BS in Agricultural Business-Ranch Management from Texas A&M University-Kingsville, and his PhD in Agricultural Economics from Texas A&M University
In many parts of western Canada this year, rain came early and made for a solid grass year Unfortunately, the rest of the summer brought mostly extreme heat with little moisture other than a handful of storms that brought extreme wind and hail with them. This has left many grain farmers looking to salvage their damaged crops by repurposing them into livestock feed.
Cattle are the ideal up-cycler for products that aren ’ t suitable for human consumption, but there are a few factors to take into consideration to make sure that salvage is successful.
Chemical Withdrawal Times
When farmers are planning on using a crop to produce grain, whether for human or livestock consumption, they use different pesticides than they would if they planned for livestock to graze the crop standing Each product has a label that indicates restrictions, warnings, and guidance on using crops for livestock feed Reading and following the label will prevent any harm to livestock when salvaging these crops, and also prevent any chemical residues from ending up in carcasses
by Emma Cross
Every product is different in terms of its restrictions for livestock feed, but a couple examples of guidelines you might encounter are:
Safe to harvest times: Indicate a number of days (specific to a crop) after application that the crop can be harvested.
Do not graze warning: Indicates that a particular crop treated with the product is not safe for livestock consumption.
Pre-grazing intervals: Indicate a number of days (specific to a crop) after treatment that the crop can be grazed or cut for greenfeed.
For more tips on following chemical withdrawal times, check out our Salvaged Feed Fact Sheet: Feed Testing
If a crop is up for salvage, it’s probably been damaged in some way, which also has impacts on the nutritional composition of the crop Feed testing is important to make sure that the nutrients (energy, protein, etc ) in the crop can be fit into a whole ration to get cattle what they need, but also to make sure there’s nothing potentially concerning in the feed
A common concern in salvaged feed during a drought is high levels of nitrates and sulphates While not necessarily toxic on their own, high
nitrate or sulphate levels in feed can compound higher levels in other feed ingredients or even water
Feed testing lets you understand what you ’ re working with so that you can work in salvaged feed without causing unintended harm.
For more tips on alternative feed sources and testing feed, check out the Beef Cattle Research Council’s Alternative Feeds page: Setting a Price
For a mixed farm, it’s easy enough to take a salvaged crop from one enterprise and feed it to livestock in another But what about grain farmers who might be looking for a neighbour with cattle that could use some feed?
It can be hard to figure out how to put a price on salvaged feed – after all, it’s not a typical avenue for marketing, hence the term salvage! Luckily, the Beef Cattle Research Council has a calculator to help put a value on salvaged crops:
Previously published on the Verified Beef blog
Check out more blog articles at www verifiedbeef ca
Safe Salvage: Making Sure Your Salvaged Feed is Right for Your Cows Saskatchewan Junior Angus Bob Switzer Memorial Award
The Saskatchewan Junior Angus Bob Switzer Memorial Award was established this summer to recognize junior Angus members who excel in going the extra mile to reach out and talk to people at whatever event they are attending, volunteer and generally be a great person to be around, just
like Bob was Bob was an avid supporter of our Junior programs, a great marketer and promoter of the Angus breed and attended and supported our provincial, national and international events. He gave his time as a board member and volunteer
The first recipient of the award is Tanner Lowe of Meacham, SK. Tanner and his family own and operate Wooden Spoke Land & Cattle where they run approximately 250 cows, 25 of which are purebred
Tanner is a director for the Saskatchewan Junior Angus Association and is also serving as the Junior representative at the Saskatchewan Angus board. He has been a 4-H member for eight years and is an avid football and hockey player and fan Tanner likes working with fellow Angus breeders to plan events for other juniors to enjoy such as the provincial junior show and networking events at Agribition and throughout the year. Tanner has been the recipient of travel bursaries provincially and nationally, traveling to Canadian Junior Angus leadership conferences and shows He has a ready smile and can talk to anyone from the youngest shy junior to the established experienced breeder and is always looking to make new connections. Thank you to the Switzer family and the donors to the memorial fund that made this award possible
(l-r) Jordan Sies, Beau Switzer, Tanner Lowe & Ashley Switzer
Facial Recognition - 406 Bovine
The development of facial recognition technology has primarily been focused on humans for use in places like banks, airport security checkpoints and other venues This technology is coming to the cattle industry through the work of 406 Bovine They are working with software developers to make it possible to individually identify your cattle by taking an image with your smartphone The system will tie exact animals to any record database you keep
Bryam Elliott CEO and Founder of 406 Bovine
Beginning in 2020 CEO and founder of 406 Bovine Bryan Elliott began building the system By November of 2023 the technology was ready launch after thousands of head of cattle were scanned and many tweaks, improvements and a great amount of testing was completed
Leveraging advancements in smartphone and robotics a state of the art face identification system using a fusion of cameras and depth sensors on smartphones creates a 3D reconstruction of an animals head This is then saved in a secure database for retrieval while re-identifying cattle The system can recognize cattle from a distance up up 50 feet away By simply taking a picture of an animals head information can be pulled up with regard to wellness, movement and treatment data This process only requires owning a smartphone and logging each cow ’ s features by taking a 3 to 5 second video of the animals head at the chute or by using a live feed camera for automating the process.
Bryan Elliott, CEO of 406 Bovine says “Facial recognition is the newest form of electronic identification. Anything we can do with RFID tags we can do with facial recognition – but the difference is, we can do it all from a cell phone that’s already in your pocket. It is an identification that can ’ t be lost, tampered with, or stolen. It is very convenient to use [and] all of your cattle management records can be accessed on a device that’s in your pocket ”
“We eliminate the distance restriction at the chute that we see with low-frequency RFID tags, which is 2 inches ”
Since the system only needs a smart device to use the app, the techcnology is tethered to a specific area on the farm Cattle can be recognized with a smartphone from foot, horseback in a pickup or on an ATV In a lot of cases, facial recognition is more efficient than using tags when compared to EID tags
used for electronic identification. Facial recognition can be much more cost effective and less hardware is involved to operate the software For premises that rely on electronic tags facial recognition can be used as a back-up if tags are lost
Ease of use remains the key benefit with farm managers able to input and read cattle data on the fly through the app on their smartphone Information that can be stored within the database can include treatment records including vaccine and antibiotics; pen and pasture movements, birth dates, bloodlines, weight, average daily gain, genetic merit information, and more. For producers that are already using cattle management software, they will be able to utilize facial recognition once they are fully integrated with existing management platforms.
Storage of data does not take up a lot of room on your phone as the data is stored in the cloud.
The main focus at this point is facial recognition for cattle however looking to the future 406 Bovine is planning expanding facial recognition to applications for swine, sheep and goats as well as companion animals
To learn more, visit 406bovine com
Making Comparisons Across Breeds
By Devon Jacobs, Per for mance Programs Specialist, Amerian Angus Association
Can EPDs on different breeds of animals be directly compared? e answer is: it depends.
Have you ever picked up a sale or semen book and looked at expected progeny differences (EPDs) between breeds? Can those EPDs be compared apples to apples, or not? The answer is, no, at least not without using appropriate adjustment factors
For several decades EPDs have been powerful genetic selection tools that have assisted cattle breeders in making genetic change in their herds
The National Cattle Evaluation (NCE) uses data submitted by members through the Angus Herd Improvement Records (AHIR®) to calculate EPDs, which predict the average performance differences in the future progeny of other animals. Seedstock and commercial breeders alike have taken advantage of EPDs to make informed selection decisions for their herds.
While EPDs are the best genetic selection tool, they can only be directly compared to those calculated from the same genetic evaluation
This presents a challenge for producers who want to compare EPDs on animals of different breeds, because each breed uses different evaluations and performance data, which means EPDs are not directly comparable across breeds
For commercial customers considering bulls from more than one breed, they must be able to compare EPDs from different breeds to find the best fit for their herd’s breeding objectives
For this reason, the U S Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) began publishing across-breed adjustment factors in 1993.
Across-breed adjustment factors
Since the 1970s, researchers at USMARC have been studying differences between beef breeds most commonly used in the United States through the Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) program. This program ’ s overall objective is to characterize a wide variety of breeds for economic traits, such as growth, efficiency and carcass quality.
The GPE program utilizes a herd of commercial females with known pedigrees who are bred to
prominent, high-accuracy sires from the most widely used breeds in the industry The resulting calves are raised within the same environment and their performance carefully recorded throughout their lifetime
By raising calves sired by multiple breeds in the same environment, the performance of the calves can be estimated and the differences in performance adjusted for the EPDs of the sires that were used. This results in adjustment factors that can be used to adjust EPDs from those respective breeds and allows for comparisons of EPDs across breeds.
The across-breed adjustment factors are calculated and published annually. Since not all breeds publish the same EPDs, adjustment factors are calculated for growth and carcass traits, which are common to most breeds The most recent release included adjustment factors for 18 different breeds for eight traits (Table 1) These adjustment factors themselves should only be applied to EPDs of the respective breed to make comparisons, and should never be directly compared to each other in an attempt to select a potential breed for a breeding program
Table. 1: 2024 adjustment factors to add to EPD values of respective breeds to estimate across-breed EPDs.
Using the across-breed adjustment factors
The across-breed adjustment factors use simple math to adjust EPDs to a common base You will notice Angus is the common base, so any adjustments applied to EPDs of other breeds will adjust them to an Angus base.
For example, a commercial producer considering three different bulls as the next herd sire for their herd wants to leverage EPDs in their selection The bulls are
Table 1
from three different breeds (Angus, Hereford and Simmental) and appear to have identical EPDs for birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and yearling weight (YW) based on their respective breed association EPDs (Table 2). However, an unbiased comparison of EPDs cannot be made until the adjustment factors for each breed are applied to the EPDs.
To apply the adjustments, take the animal’s within-breed EPD and add the breed appropriate across-breed EPD adjustment factor. The result is an adjusted across-breed EPD that can be compared to other adjusted EPDs. In this example, even though the bulls appeared to have identical EPDs when looking at their respective within breed EPDs, once the adjustments were applied, they were determined to have differing genetic merits for each of the traits
After the adjustments were applied, the Angus bull had the lowest BW EPD, and highest WW and YW EPDs
A tool for commercial producers
The across-breed EPD adjustment factors are a valuable tool to commercial customers who want to understand how sires from different breeds may fit into their operation
Whether casually browsing sale books or actively searching for the next herd sire, commercial producers can leverage this tool to make a true apples-to-apples comparison between individuals Without considering these adjustments, comparing EPDs from multiple breeds will not allow commercial customers to make properly informed decisions.
For more information and the detailed report for across breed EPD adjustments or visit www.angus.org/tools-resources.
DALE
December 5
MWC Investments Dispersal Sale Clyde, AB December 6
Manitoba Magic Sale Brandon, MB December 7
CD Land & Cattle Complete Dispersal Taber, AB December 8
Glennie Bros Bull & Female Sale Carnduff, SK December 11
Cudlobe Farms Angus Bull Sale Stavely, AB December 11
66 Ranch Bull & Female Sale Brooks, AB
December 13
Wheeler’s Stock Farm and Friends Sale Bradwell, SK December 14
Touch of Class Female Sale Saskatoon, SK December 14
Atlasta Angus Bull Sale Sylvan Lake, AB December 15
Females of Merit Sale Radville, SK December 16
Border Butte Angus Bull Sale Coutts, AB December 17
Ladies of the West Bred Heifer Sale Innisfail, AB
