Document For Unit 2 Level 3
The Subjunctive Mood A verb is in the subjunctive mood when it expresses a condition which is doubtful or not factual. It is most often found in a clause beginning with the word if. It is also found in clauses following a verb that expresses a doubt, a wish, regret, request, demand, or proposal. These are verbs typically followed by clauses that take the subjunctive: ask, demand, determine, insist, move, order, pray, prefer, recommend, regret, request, require, suggest, and wish. In English there is no difference between the subjunctive and normal, or indicative, form of the verb except for the present tense third person singular and for the verb to be. The subjunctive for the present tense third person singular drops the -s or -es so that it looks and sounds like the present tense for everything else. The subjunctive mood of the verb to be is be in the present tense and were in the past tense, regardless of what the subject is. Incorrect: If I was you, I would run. Correct: If I were you, I would run. (The verb follows if and expresses a non-factual condition.) Incorrect: I wish he was able to type faster. Correct: I wish he were able to type faster. (The second verb is in a clause following a verb expressing a wish. It also suggests a non-factual or doubtful condition.) Incorrect: His requirement is that everyone is computer literate. Correct: His requirement is that everyone be computer literate. (Subordinate clause follows main clause with a demand.) Incorrect: He recommended that each driver reports his tips. Correct: He recommended that each driver report his tips. Sometimes we may use the conditional auxiliary verbs of could, should, or would to express the same sense. Subjunctive:I wish he were kinder to me. Conditional: I wish he would be kinder to me. SUBJUNTIVO DEL VERBO La conjugación del verbo en modo subjuntivo tiene un uso muy escaso en inglés, limitado prácticamente a algunas formas del verbo 'to be'. Generalmente, para expresar el modo subjuntivo español se recurre a formas auxiliares. - may, might
Se utilizan con valor de subjuntivo en expresiones que indican probabilidad He may not come. / Puede que no venga He might still get here in time./ Puede que todavía llegue a tiempo. - should En oraciones subordinadas, cuando la oración principal expresa deseo, posibilidad, imposición, etc. It is essential that they should come / Es indispensable que vengan It's important that he should talk to me when he gets here / Es importante que hable conmigo cuando llegue - wish Para expresar un deseo o anhelo de dificil realización. Su uso equivale a la expresión española ¡ojalá! I wish I didn't have to go to work tomorrow / Ojalá no tuviera que ir a trabajar mañana. I wish I were rich / Ojalá fuera rico El subjuntivo en inglés no lleva ‘s’ en la tercera persona singular. Se usa a veces en las oraciones con ‘that’ en un estilo formal para expresar que algo es importante o deseable. Por ejemplo con las siguientes palabras :- suggest; recommend; ask; insist; vital; esencial; important; advice. We recommend that every applicant apply for the job in person. It is essencial that each passenger pass through a security check. My wife and I felt it was vital that Johnny go to a good school: En las frases negativas, ‘do’ no se usa. It was suggested that the government not raise taxes at the end of the year. El verbo ‘to be’ tiene formas especiales para el subjunctivo (I be; you be; we be, they be etc.) The Prime Minister insisted that he be photographed with the President. Después de ‘if’ y ‘wish’ se puede usar ‘were’ . If I were you I would go and see him. I wish you were here. Existen frases hechas con el subjuntivo. “God save the Queen” “Heaven forbid” “Long live the king” “God bless you my son” “Be that as it may, I still think you’re wrong” "If he wants to waste his money on that girl, then so be it!”
Pronombres Relativos en Inglés
Relative Pronouns Los pronombres relativos del inglés introducen una proposición adjetiva. Pueden ser demostrativos o compuestos. Entre ellos: that, who, those who, whom, that of. Aquí encontrarás ejemplos traducidos al español. who (ju) - quien, quienes, que -se usa sólo para personasthat (dat) - que -se usa para cosas y personaswhich (juích) - que, el/la cual, los/las cuales, lo que -se usa para cosaswhom (jum) - a quien, a quienes, al que whose (jus) - cuyo/a, cuyos/as, de quien, de quienes what (uát) - lo que
who (ju) - quien, quienes, que -se usa sólo para personas•
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The girl who was dancing at the party is my sister. La chica que estaba bailando en la fiesta es mi hermana. Do you know the person who sold me the car? ¿Conoces a la persona que me vendió el coche? The soldiers who fought in that battle were very young. Los soldados que pelearon en esa batalla eran muy jóvenes. He was a scientist who made great discoveries. El fue un científico que hizo grandes descubrimientos. that (dat) - que -se usa para cosas y personas-
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It was an earthquake that caused great destruction. Fue un terremoto que causó gran destrucción. The animals that live here are adapted to extreme conditions. Los animales que viven aquí están adaptados a condiciones extremas. I want to buy a house that belonged to my ancestors. Quiero comprar una casa que perteneció a mis ancestros. Who took the money that was in my wallet? ¿Quién tomó el dinero que estaba en mi billetera? which (juích) - que, el/la cual, los/las cuales, lo que -se usa para cosas-
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The jewels which she bought are from India. Las joyas que ella compró son de India.
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The waiter brought the knives, none of which were clean. El camarero trajo los cuchillos, ninguno de los cuales estaba limpio. The company in which she works will open a new branch here. La compañía en la cual ella trabaja abrirá una nueva sucursal aquí. She moved to another city, which made me sad. Ella se mudó a otra ciudad, lo que me puso triste. whom (jum) - a quien, a quienes, al que
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That is the girl whom I sent the flowers. Ésa es la chica a quien le envié las flores. She was a woman whom I loved very much. Ella era una mujer a quien yo amaba mucho. The man with whom she was living was my uncle. El hombre con quien ella estaba viviendo era mi tío. Those children, many of whom were abandoned by their families. Esos niños, muchos de los cuales fueron abandonados por sus familias. whose (jus) - cuyo-a, cuyos-as, de quien, de quienes
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He is a man whose honesty is above all suspicion. El es un hombre cuya honestidad está por encima de toda sospecha. A country whose citizens know their rights and duties. Un país cuyos ciudadanos conocen sus derechos y obligaciones. He married a woman whose father is a millionaire. El se casó con una mujer cuyo padre es un millonario. They took a house whose owner had abandoned years before. Ellos tomaron una casa cuyo dueño había abandonado años atrás. what (uát) - lo que
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I couldn't understand what she tried to say. No pude entender lo que ella trataba de decir. I know what I want, but I don't know how to get it. Sé lo que quiero, pero no sé cómo conseguirlo. They didn't know what I was looking for. Ellos no sabían lo que yo estaba buscando. What you need now is to take a good rest. Lo que necesitas ahora es tomar un buen descanso.
Pronombres Indefinidos en Inglés Indefinite Pronouns Algunos de los pronombres indefinidos del inglés son: anyone, nobody, everybody. Nombran a personas u objetos de manera indeterminada cuando lo específico no interesa al interlocutor. Aquí encontrarás ejemplos traducidos al español.
everyone (évri uán) = everybody (évri bódi) - todos/as, todo el mundo no one (nóuan) = nobody (nóubódi) - nadie someone (sámoan) = somebody (sám-bódi) - alguien anyone (éni uan) = anybody (éni bódi) - alguien -al preguntaranyone (éni uan) = anybody (éni bódi) - cualquiera -al afirmaranyone (éni uan) = anybody (éni bódi) - nadie -al negareverything (évri zing) - todo nothing (názing) - nada something (sám zing) - algo anything (éni zing) - algo -al preguntaranything (éni zing) - cualquier cosa -al afirmaranything (éni zing) - nada -al negar-
everyone (évri uán) = everybody (évri bódi) - todos/as, todo el mundo •
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Everyone went to the party. Todos fueron a la fiesta. Everybody was dancing and singing. Todo el mundo estaba bailando y cantando. Everyone has problems. Todo el mundo tiene problemas. no one (nóu uan) = nobody (nóubódi) - nadie
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The service was bad, but no one complained. El servicio era malo pero nadie se quejó. Nobody understands me. Nadie me entiende.
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I know nobody here. No conozco a nadie aquí. someone (sámoan) = somebody (sám-bódi) - alguien
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Someone arrived when I was going out. Alguien llegó cuando yo estaba saliendo. There is somebody at the door. Hay alguien en la puerta. Somebody tripped and everyone started laughing. Alguien se tropezó y todos comenzaron a reírse. anyone (éni uán) = anybody (éni bódi) - alguien -al preguntar-
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Does anyone speak Spanish? ¿Alguien habla español? Is there anybody in the building? ¿Hay alguien en el edificio? Has anyone passed the test? ¿Alguien ha pasado la prueba? anyone (éni uán) = anybody (éni bódi) - cualquiera -al afirmar-
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With a little effort, anybody can become rich. Con un poco de esfuerzo, cualquiera puede volverse rico. Anyone who arrives late will be fired. Cualquiera que llegue tarde será despedido. This is a book for anyone that loves poetry. Éste es un libro para cualquiera que guste de la poesía. anyone (éni uán) = anybody (éni bódi) - nadie -al negar-
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I don't know anybody in this city. No conozco a nadie en esta ciudad. The police searched the house but didn't find anybody. Los policías revisaron la casa pero no encontraron a nadie. They haven't invited anyone to their party yet. Ellos no han invitado a nadie a su fiesta aún. everything (évri zing) - todo
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Everything was ready for the wedding. Todo estaba listo para la boda. It is impossible to know everything. Es imposible saber todo. I heard everything they said. Oí todo lo que ellos dijeron. nothing (názing) - nada
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He thinks that nothing is impossible. El piensa que nada es imposible. I can do nothing about your problem. No puedo hacer nada acerca de tu problema. The explanation was clear, but they understood nothing. La explicación fue clara, pero ellos no entendieron nada. something (sám zing) - algo
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Something was wrong with the car. Algo estaba mal con el auto. Do you have something to eat? ¿Tienes algo para comer? I want to tell you something. Quiero decirte algo. anything (éni zing) - algo -al preguntar-
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Did you say anything? ¿Dijiste algo? Did they find anything interesting? ¿Encontraron ellos algo interesante? Have I done anything wrong? ¿He hecho algo malo? anything (éni zing) - cualquier cosa -al afirmar-
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You can eat anything you wish. Puedes comer cualquier cosa que desees. Anything you say can be used against you. Cualquier cosa que digas puede ser usada en tu contra. They will do anything you want. Ellos harán cualquier cosa que tú quieras.
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I don't understand anything you say. No entiendo nada de lo que dices. I don't want to eat anything now. I'm not hungry. No quiero comer nada ahora. No tengo hambre. She doesn't remember anything about the accident. Ella no se acuerda nada acerca del accidente.
CONJUNCIONES La conjunción se utiliza básicamente par enlazar dos oraciones. También puede enlazar frases o palabras dentro de una oración. Go and look for him / Vete a buscarle Gramaticalmente, las conjunciones se dividen en coordinantes y subordinantes (dependiendo que coordinen o subordinen dos palabras u oraciones). De igual forma, tanto las conjunciones coordinantes como las subordinantes se subdividen a su vez gramaticalmente. No obstante, vamos a hacer un estudio de las mismas menos teorizante y vamos a ver en detalle las conjunciones y locuciones conjuntivas que por su importancia o dificultad merecen una atención especial. AS Se usa para expresar: a.) Tiempo She trembled as he spoke / Temblaba mientras hablaba b.) Modo o manera: Leave the room as you find it / Deja la habitación tal como la encuentres. c.) El comparativo de igualdad: He is not so tall as you are / Él no es tan alto como tú d.) Contraste: Rich as he is, he isn't happy / Por muy rico que sea, no es feliz. e.) Causa: As you weren't there I left a message / Como no estabas, dejé un recado. AS WELL AS Se corresponde a la española tan(to).... como She does not speak French as well as you do / Ella no habla francés tan bien como tú
BECAUSE Equivale al 'porque', 'a causa de'... español (causal). Because he was busy he couldn't go to the party / Por estar ocupado no podía ir a la fiesta. BOTH ... AND Both, cuando va acompañado de la conjunción and, se usa para recalcar dos hechos de igual importancia: Both Elizabeth and Helen… / Tanto Elizabeth como Helen… BUT Se corresponde: a.) Al pero español: She is rich, but unhappy / Ella es rica pero desgraciada b.) Con el 'sino' español He's not only conceited but also selfish / No es sólo engreido sino también egoísta c.) A la preposición española excepto: Nobody but you could be so stupid / Sólo tú podrías ser tan tonto EITHER... OR Either usado con or corresponde a las conjunciones españolas o..,o He must be either drunk or drugged / O está borracho o drogado FOR Ya que... They were tired, for they had worked all day / Estaban cansados, porque habían pasado todo el día trabajando. IF a.) Puede expresar una condición o suposición: I'll stay if you help me / Me quedaré si me ayudas. b.) Opción: I'll see if he's in / Voy a ver si está. c.) Petición de forma cortés If I could just interrupt you there… / Si me permite que le interrumpa…
LEST Para que no, por miedo a I didn't do it lest he should beat me / No lo hice por miedo a que me pegase A veces se usa ' lest' detrás de los verbos 'fear', ' be afraid' 'of', etc en lugar de ' that' 'Lest' es muy formal y no se utiliza habitualmente en el inglés corriente. LIKE Como He acts like he owns the place / Se comporta como si fuera el dueño. NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO Se usa cuando se quiere dar mayor importancia al segundo de los hechos: Not only I read English but also I write it / No sólo leo en inglés, sino que también lo escribo OR Puede tener tres significados muy distintos: a.) Equivalente al 'o' español There were 35 or 40 people there / Había 35 ó 40 personas b.) o, si no Hands up or I'll shoot! / ¡Arriba las manos o disparo! c.) ni He can't read or write / No sabe leer ni escribir. WHILE Tiene el significado de 'mientras', 'aunque'. She only saw him twice while he was staying there / Le vió solamente dos veces mientras él estaba allí While I admit it is difficult, I don't think it is impossible / Aunque reconozco que es difícil, no creo que sea imposible
Estilo indirecto Reported Speech El Reported speech o Estilo indirecto es una estructura que usamos cuando reportamos o hacemos mención sobre algo que alguien ha dicho previamente. Aquí tenemos varias páginas que te ayudarán a entender su uso.
Cambios de los tiempos verbales en el Reported Specch. El verbo principal retrocede un tiempo verbal: si en directo tenemos: "I live in Italy". She said. En reported speech: "She said that she lived in Italy". Direct Speech
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Reported Speech
Present
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Past
"I work in Argentina"
He said that he worked in Argentina
"I am doing my job"
Past
He said that he was doing his job
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"We saw a good film on TV"
He said they had seen a good film on TV.
"I was dancing with Mary"
Present Perfect
He said he had been dancing with Mary
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"I have done this before"
"I will visit my mother"
"I will be flying to Spain"
Past Perfect
She said that she had done that before
"I have been doing this for two years"
Future
Past Perfect
He said that he had been doing that for two years
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Conditional
He said that he would visit his mother
He said that he would be flying to Spain
Future Perfect
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"I will have arrived there by 5 pm"
Conditional Perfect
He said he would have arrived here by 5 pm
"I will have been selling books for two years"
He said that he would have been selling books for two years
En las preguntas pasamos de pregunta directa a indirecta. Where do they sell the tickets?, pasa a ser: He asked where they sold the tickets. Aquí hay más ejemplos con traducciones. Direct Speech
Reported Speech
What
"What are you looking for?"
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He asked what I was looking for
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She asked where they could go that night
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He asked when they had gone to India
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He asked me who had told me that
Where
"Where can we go tonight?"
When
"When did they go to India?"
Who
"Who told you that?"
How
"How old are the twins?"
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He asked how old the twins were
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He asked why Carla had left so early
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She asked me which skirt I had chosen
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He asked whose dog was missing
"Are these your glasses?"
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He asked me if those were my glasses
"Isn't that Jen's boyfriend?"
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She asked me if that wasn't Jen's boyfriend
Why
"Why did Carla leave so early?"
Which
"Which skirt did you choose?"
Whose
"Whose dog is missing?"
Yes-no questions
The Infinitive Phrase Recognize an infinitive phrase when you see one. An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. Here are some examples: To smash a spider To kick the ball past the dazed goalie
To lick the grease from his shiny fingers despite the disapproving glances of his girlfriend Gloria Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look at these examples: To finish her shift without spilling another pizza into a customer's lap is Michelle's only goal tonight. To finish her shift without spilling another pizza into a customer's lap functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence. Lakesha hopes to win the approval of her mother by switching her major from fine arts to pre-med. To win the approval of her mother functions as a noun because it is the direct object for the verb hopes. The best way to survive Dr. Peterson's boring history lectures is a sharp pencil to stab in your thigh if you catch yourself drifting off. To survive Dr. Peterson's boring history lectures functions as an adjective because it modifies way. Kelvin, an aspiring comic book artist, is taking Anatomy and Physiology this semester to understand the interplay of muscle and bone in the human body. To understand the interplay of muscle and bone in the human body functions as an adverb because it why Kelvin is taking the class.
Punctuate an infinitive phrase correctly. When an infinitive phrase introduces a main clause, separate the two sentence components with a comma. The pattern looks like this: INFINITIVE PHRASE
Read this example:
+,+
MAIN CLAUSE
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To avoid burning another bag of popcorn, Brendan pressed his nose against the microwave door, sniffing suspiciously with every breath. When an infinitive phrase breaks the flow of a main clause, use a comma both before and after the interrupter. The pattern looks like this: START OF MAIN CLAUSE
CLAUSE
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INTERRUPTER
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END OF MAIN
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Here is an example: Those basketball shoes, to be perfectly honest, do not complement the suit you are planning to wear to the interview. When an infinitive phrase concludes a main clause, you need no punctuation to connect the two sentence parts. The pattern looks like this: MAIN
CLAUSE + Ă˜ +
INFINITIVE PHRASE
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Check out this example: Janice and her friends went to the mall to flirt with the cute guys who congregate at the food court