Healingtecture : healing of human mind and soul through architecture by Anindita Shrivastava

Anindita Shrivastava

Healingtecture

Bachelor of Architecture DISSERTATION - 2019 School of Architecture and Landscape Design Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University Entry No.: 15BAL005

Guide :

Ar Abhiney Gupta, Assistant Professor, SoALD SMVDU

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CERTIFICATE This is hereby certified that this Dissertation entitled HEALINGTECTURE : Healing of human mind and soul through architecture, has been submitted by Anindita Shrivastava, Entry No. 15BAL005 in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture, Session 2019-20. Recommended by:

Ar. Abhiney Gupta

Ar Anoop Sharma

(Dissertation Guide)

(Dissertation Coordinator)

Accepted by:

(Head - SoALD)

Jury Members:

(1)

(2)

(3)

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DECLARATION This Dissertation, entitled HEALINGTECTURE: Healing of human mind and soul through architecture is being submitted as partial requirements of B. Arch. Study during ninth (9th) semester by me for evaluation. The contents in this Dissertation are either my own work or compilation of data / information as gathered from case studies / survey as indicated / referenced and permitted as per rules. No contents of this dissertation has been copied from any other dissertation / report in part or full. If at any stage it is found that this is significantly copied from any other resource, the evaluation of this reports and accordingly grade award shall automatically stands cancelled.

(Signature of Student)

Anindita Shrivastava

Entry No.: 15BAL005 B. Arch., Semester IX Session: 2019-20 School of Architecture & Landscape Design Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University

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The originality of this Dissertation has been checked using appropriate plagiarism checker / software and following parameters are compiled (tick one). Plagiarism / Copied Contents: Not more than 10% Originality / Uniqueness: More than 90% (Certificate attached as Annexure-1).

(Signature of Student) Name: Date: Counter-signed

(Signature of Guide/Supervisor) Name: Date:

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PREFACE There is an era of digitization, people are following very hectic and stressful schedules. These hectic and stressful problems lead to many mental health concerns which are common these days like depression, anxiety etc. this lifestyle is deteriorating human mind and mental wellbeing. The treatment for these mental concerns and disorders, people are resorting to medicines and all sorts of un-natural which has bad effects on human body. Thus, now there is time to move to natural ways. Architecture just not provide us a place to live, it provides us with spaces to feel, as we spend a long amount of time in such spaces, by feeling them we can actually be healed from these mental disorders. So, this architecture tells ‘Healingtecture’ healing of human mind and soul through architecture’ will let us know about organic architecture and various spaces which helps in healing.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I recognize with appreciation the direction, imagination, feedback, exhortation and proceeded with interest appeared all through this undertaking by my exposition guide Ar. Abhiney Gupta, without whose help the study would not have been effective. I am exceptionally obliged to my family for their support and auspicious help without which the study would not have been effective.

Kakryal Dec …., 2019 Anindita Shrivastava

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Contents 1

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1

SYNOPSIS .................................................................................................................... 2

2.1

AIM ........................................................................................................................ 3

2.2

OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................... 3

2.3

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 3

2.4

LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE .................................................................................. 3

LITERATURE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 4 3.1

STRESS.................................................................................................................... 5

3.1.1

Symptoms ..................................................................................................... 5

3.1.2

Types of stress ............................................................................................... 6

3.1.3

Treatments .................................................................................................... 6

3.2

DEPRESSION ......................................................................................................... 7

3.2.1

Symptoms ..................................................................................................... 7

3.2.2

Types of depression .................................................................................... 7

3.2.3

Treatment ..................................................................................................... 8

3.3

ANXIETY............................................................................................................... 10

3.3.1

Types of anxiety disorders ....................................................................... 10

3.3.2

Treatments .................................................................................................. 11

3.4 HOW ARCHITECTURE HELPS IN HEALING STRESS, DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY? ...................................................................................................................... 12 3.4.1

Direct effect ............................................................................................... 12

3.4.2

Indirect effect ............................................................................................ 16

3.5

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ............................................................. 19

3.5.1 3.6

Treatments .................................................................................................. 20

HOW ARCHITECTURE HELPS IN HEALING PTSD? ......................................... 20

3.6.1

Private living spaces ................................................................................. 20

3.6.2

Public spaces ............................................................................................. 22

3.7

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER ........................................... 24

3.7.1

Symptoms ................................................................................................... 24

3.7.2

Treatment ................................................................................................... 25

3.8

HOW ARCHITECTURE HELPS IN HEALING ADHD? ....................................... 25

3.9

DEMENTIA & ALZHEIMER’S .............................................................................. 27

3.9.1

Symptoms ................................................................................................... 27

3.9.2

Treatments .................................................................................................. 28

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3.10

HOW ARCHITERCTURE HELPS IN HEALING DEMENTIA AND ALZHEMERS? 28

3.11

ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE ........................................................................... 33

3.11.1

Key features of organic architecture ............................................... 33

3.11.2

Relationship between architecture and nature ............................ 33

3.11.3

Effects of organic architecture .......................................................... 34

3.12 4

EFFECTS OF SHAPE AND MATERIAL OF ROOM ON MIND ..................... 35

CASE STUDIES ........................................................................................................... 37 4.1

CHILDREN’S CENTER FOR PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION, JAPAN .......... 38

4.1.1 4.2

REHABILITATION 39

4.2.1 4.3

KLIMMENDAAL,

NETHERLANDS

Effect on mental health .......................................................................... 39 Effect on mental health .......................................................................... 40 Effect on mental health .......................................................................... 41

ISHA YOGA CENTRE, COIMBATORE .............................................................. 42

4.5.1 5

GROOT

NIRVANA NATUROPATHY AND RETREAT, MUMBAI ..................................... 41

4.4.1 4.5

CENTRE

HOMEY VILLAGE FOR PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA, FRANCE ...................... 40

4.3.1 4.4

Effect on mental health .......................................................................... 38

Effect on mental health .......................................................................... 42

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES ...................................................... 43 5.1

FORM, FORM AND SPACE .............................................................................. 44

5.2

OPENINGS .......................................................................................................... 46

5.3

MATERIAL AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION ..................................................... 47

5.4

CIRCULATION .................................................................................................... 48

5.5

INFERENCES OF CASE STUDIES: ...................................................................... 49

CONCLUSION AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................... 50 6.1

CONCLUSION.................................................................................................... 51

6.2

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.............................................................................. 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 54

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1 INTRODUCTION In present scenario, humans are at the forefront of digitization and modernization, resulting in busy work schedules, congested living environments, lack of pleasant surroundings, intake of intoxicants etc., leading to disturbance of mental peace and harmony. With the growing population and increased intake of medicines to treat mental concerns, it is important to revert to natural remedies that had been overlooked in the past. Several scientific studies have proven that architecture, natural surroundings and pleasant design of hospitals foster the healing in human beings. Therefore, architecture has the power to heal People spend significant amount of time indoors, thus the importance of architecture for psychological wellbeing is of great significance to the society. “Ar. Roger Ulrich performed the experiment in United States hospital in 1984 that proved that window views could affect healing. Ulrich chose 46 patients, half patients had beds near windows that overlooked a landscape of trees and the other half onto the brick wall. After studying their vital signs and their pain medication doses it showed that the patients that were positioned by the window needed fewer doses of pain medication and were healing at a rapid rate than the others.” This dissertation is to explore how architectural spaces, nature, human interactions and culture is conducive to heal the psychological concerns and disorders of human beings

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2 SYNOPSIS

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2.1 AIM To explore and study the role of architecture in designing healing spaces that alleviates people from psychological concerns and disorders.

2.2 OBJECTIVES    

To study how spaces, affect human psyche and the significance of organic architecture in healing. To understand the role of therapies in healing process. To analyze the interdependence and relationship between human psychology and its environment. To formulate the principles and guidelines required for designing healing spaces.

2.3 METHODOLOGY        

Selection of the topic. Understanding the topic. Formulation of aim, objectives, scope and limitations. Collection of data. Literature study. Case study. Analysis and data interpretation. Preparation of final report.

2.4 LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE   

The scope is limited to the study of architectural spaces, elements, materials in creating a healing environment in a natural setting. The major area of study includes spatial configuration and its intermingling with nature. The study is limited to the problems of stress, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma related disorders, dementia, Alzheimer and other related psychological concerns.

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3 LITERATURE STUDY

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3.1 STRESS When the human body responds to any type of threat or demand then it is called stress. It is the way our body protects us basically it’s a defense mechanism of the body. When the human body and mind feels any kind of threat then the body responds by releasing of certain hormones like adrenaline and cortisol which arouse the body for emergency action.

Figure 1 Source: practo

3.1.1 Symptoms Cognitive symptoms:   

Negative thinking Anxious thoughts Worrying constantly

Emotional symptoms:   

Depression, anxiety and agitation Moodiness, irritability, or anger Feeling of loneliness and isolation

Physical symptoms:     

Aches and pains Chest pain, rapid heart rate Behavioral symptoms: Irregular sleeping habits Withdrawal from social groups

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 

Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax Nervous habits (e.g. nail biting, pacing)

3.1.2 Types of stress ACUTE STRESS: This type of stress is the most prevalent. The stress caused by basic demands and expectations of near past and future is called acute stress. It is generally a positive stress but can be exhausting sometimes. In this condition the person becomes angry, irritable, anxious and sometimes depressed too. EPISODIC ACUTE STRESS: This typology of stress happens when occurrence of acute stress is very recurrent, in this condition because of the over arousal the person becomes very angry, irritable, and anxious and sometimes have headaches, migraines, chest pain and hypertension. Treatment of this kind of stress requires professional help. CHRONIC STRESS: It is the extreme, prolonged and negative version of acute stress. It is the type of stress that destroys human mind and body. This stress comes when a person sees that there is no way out of the current happening situation. In the condition of this stress the person becomes suicidal, extremely aggressive, have a heart attack or stroke sometimes.

3.1.3 Treatments COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY: It is a type of therapy which works on our cognition that is the way a person thinks, understands and function. Stress sometimes create a negative approach towards everything, thus cognitive therapy works on removing these negative thoughts. Along with this behavioral therapy works on changing the negative or not wanted behavior. This is also called talk therapy. ACUPUNTURE AND MASSAGE THERAPY: This is a type of touch therapy and is based on the objective that mind and body works together. Human being’s physical and emotional well-being is interrelated. So, through massage and acupuncture the body will be relaxed and calmed then the minds emotional well-being will also be ensured and will help in reducing stress. MEDITATION AND YOGA: ANINDITA SHRIVASTAVA 15BAL005 – HEALINGTECTURE: HEALING OF MIND AND SOUL THROUGH ARCHITECTURE

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When a person meditates, an altered state of consciousness is attained. It relaxes the human mind and body, which helps in reducing stress. Yoga is a part of meditation, with body poses and breathing techniques which helps to relax and heal. ECOTHERAPY: One of the most natural and effective way of reducing stress is by spending time in nature and green spaces, this is called ecotherapy. People can also practice gardening or exercise in green areas with nature.

3.2 DEPRESSION Depression is a mental disorder which affects a person mentally and physically and makes the person feel negative and sad about everything, it also reduces the person’s potential to function effectively.

Figure 2 Source :Harvard health

3.2.1 Symptoms     

  

Feeling of sadness, worthless or guilty Loss of interest or pleasure in activities Trouble sleeping, insomnia or over-sleeping Loss of energy or chronic fatigue Increase in purposeless physical activity (e.g., hand-wringing or pacing) or slowed movements and speech (actions observable by others) Feeling worthless or guilty. Thinking, concentrating or making decisions difficulty. Suicidal thoughts.

3.2.2 Types of depression

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MAJOR DEPRESSION (Clinical depression): This is a type of depression in which a person is affected mentally and physically and makes the person feel negative and sad about everything, it also reduces the person’s potential to function effectively. DYSTHYMIA (Chronic depression): This is a type of mild depression. If this depression is left untreated then it may turn into major depression. BIPOLAR DEPRESSION: This is a type of depression in which a person is feeling or having to varied mood swings, one is a depressed state (extreme sadness) and the other is a mania state (extreme hyperactivity). This situation occurs when major depression is left untreated. PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION: This is a type of depression when a person starts having false beliefs known as delusions. SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD): This is a type of disorder when a person’s depressed mood is escalated due to change in weather, mostly when there is no sunlight that is during winters. SUBSTANCE INDUCED MOOD DISORDER (SIMD): This is a type of disorder caused by substance abuse like alcohol and drugs. It generally occurs when a person is having intoxication or withdrawal of substances.

3.2.3 Treatment COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY: It is a type of therapy which works on our cognition that is the way a person thinks, understands and function. During depression patient always have a negative approach towards everything, thus cognitive therapy works on removing these negative thoughts. Along with this behavioral therapy works on changing the negative or not wanted behavior. DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOUR THERAPY:

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Dialectical behavior therapy is a type of CBT. This therapy is to coach patients with depression the basic skills regulate emotions and improve relationships with others. This therapy also complies to practice mindfulness from Buddhist traditions. INTERPERSONAL THERAPY: It is a type of therapy which works on treating the problems related to poor social support and interpersonal conflicts. As these interpersonal conflicts are one of the causes for depression. PSYCHOTHERAPY: It is a type of therapy which is used to treat mild to moderate to severe depression. It is also called as “talk therapy”. There are certain psychotherapy formats which are as follows: Individual Therapy: This is a type of psychotherapy in which the therapist talks with the patient and helps in distressing and disburdening. Family therapy: This is a type of psychotherapy which works in a family environment and the patient tells his/her problem to the close ones. Group Therapy: This is a type of psychotherapy which works in a group setting, in this all the patients sit together and interact to each other and share their problems, the therapist generally observes the all the patients in this group setting. Couple Therapy: This is a type of psychotherapy which usually works for couples who want to enhance and improve themselves as a couple.

ACUPUNTURE AND MASSAGE THERAPY: This is a type of touch therapy and is based on the objective that mind and body works together. Human being’s physical and emotional well-being is interrelated. So, when through massage and acupuncture the body will be relaxed and calmed then the minds emotional wellbeing will also be ensured and will help in healing depression.

MEDITATION AND YOGA: When a person meditates an altered state of consciousness is attained. It relaxes the human mind and body, which helps in healing depression. Yoga is part of meditation, with body poses and breathing techniques which helps to relax and heal. ANINDITA SHRIVASTAVA 15BAL005 – HEALINGTECTURE: HEALING OF MIND AND SOUL THROUGH ARCHITECTURE

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MUSIC THERAPY: Music therapy is a type of therapy which acts as a natural tranquilizer for human spirit. Certain studies have shown that music helps in healing depression like “During World War II, veterans' hospitals had volunteers play music for wounded soldiers.” It relaxes and enhances the mood, helps to ease negative feelings through depression.

3.3 ANXIETY Anxiety is a normal feeling of discomfort caused in certain situations of life, this can also be positive or beneficial sometimes. But when this anxiety starts to affect negatively then it turns into anxiety disorder. It generally involves feeling of excessive fear or anxiety.

Figure 3 Source:Harvard health

3.3.1 Types of anxiety disorders GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER: The excessive worrying along with certain physical symptoms like restlessness, difficulty in concentration, fatigue, problems in sleeping etc., caused by daily activities is called generalized anxiety disorder. PANIC DISORDER: The combination of physical and psychological distress resulting recurrent panic attacks is called panic disorder. In these panic attacks, there are palpitations, sweating, trembling, shaking, breathlessness, chest pain, feeling dizzy and choking, chills or hot flashes etc. SPECIFIC PHOBIA: ANINDITA SHRIVASTAVA 15BAL005 – HEALINGTECTURE: HEALING OF MIND AND SOUL THROUGH ARCHITECTURE

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The feeling of prolonged and excessive fear of a certain object, situation or activity which is not very harmful is called specific phobia. The fear is so psychologically disturbing or distressing that people can go to any stress to avoid it. When experiencing phobia people tend to have panic attacks also. AGORAPHOBIA: When a person feels severe anxiety in a situation in which escape of the person is difficult or embarrassing or help will not be available while using public transport, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, being in the crowd, being outside the home alone etc., is called agoraphobia. During this situation also panic attacks occur. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER: When a person feels discomfort and fear when put in a social situation he/she thinks that may be they will get embarrassed, rejected, humiliated and looked down is called social anxiety disorder. This type of anxiety leads to disfunctioning of daily activities and panic attacks too sometimes. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER: When people have trouble on thoughts they can’t control or feel the need to repeat their activities is called obsessive compulsive disorder. In this situation people have the tendency to wash their hands again and again or check if the door is locked repeatedly.

3.3.2 Treatments COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY: It is a type of therapy which works on our cognition that is the way a person thinks, understands and function. During anxiety patient always have a negative approach towards everything, thus cognitive therapy works on removing these negative thoughts. Along with this behavioral therapy works on changing the negative or not wanted behavior. PSYCHOTHERAPY: It is a type of therapy which is used to treat all types of anxiety disorders. It is also called as “talk therapy”. There are certain psychotherapy formats which are as follows: Individual Therapy: This is a type of psychotherapy in which the therapist talks with the patient and helps in distressing and disburdening.

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Family therapy: This is a type of psychotherapy which works in a family environment and the patient tells his/her problem to the close ones. Group Therapy: This is a type of psychotherapy which works in a group setting, in this all the patients sit together and interact to each other and share their problems, the therapist generally observes the all the patients in this group setting. MEDITATION AND YOGA: When a person meditates an altered state of consciousness is attained. It relaxes the human mind and body, which helps in reducing anxiety. Yoga is part of meditation, with body poses and breathing techniques which helps to relax and heal. ACUPUNTURE AND MASSAGE THERAPY: This is a type of touch therapy and is based on the objective that mind and body works together. Human being’s physical and emotional well-being is interrelated. So, when through massage and acupuncture the body will be relaxed and calmed then the minds emotional wellbeing will also be ensured and will help in reducing stress. ECOTHERAPY: One of the most natural and effective way of healing from anxiety is by spending time in nature and green spaces, this is called Eco-therapy. People can also practice gardening or exercise in green areas with nature.

3.4 HOW ARCHITECTURE HELPS IN HEALING STRESS, DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY? 3.4.1 Direct effect 

PRIVACY: Privacy is a very vital element for the people suffering from depression, they like their own space. This also reduces quarrels and conflicts, there is more social space for friends and family. Also there should also be visual and acoustic privacy.



SENSORY ENVIRONMENT: Sensory environment deals with the relaxation and calmness of all the five senses, the peacefulness of these senses help in contributing towards healing of depression. Researches have shown that aroma or scent of a place has a huge impact on human’s mental and physical health, a distinct soothing aroma actually helps in reducing pain-perception

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levels. Likewise, noise has a very negative impact on human beings, according to some studies noise can slower the person’s recovery system. 

FORM/SHAPE OF ROOM: Right angle is a key feature in our built environment, this rectilinearity makes a person feel constrained. As nature is non-rectilinear, so the form/shape of the room or living space should also be organic.

Constrained feeling

liberal feeling Figure 4 Source : Author



SIZE OF ROOM: Size of room affects our mental health. For instances, bigger the size of the room more the feeling of discomfort and less social interaction. If the size of the room will be very small then there also will be discomfort maybe because it is overcrowded, because of such space the social interaction will also be very less, thus size of the room should be made according to agronomics otherwise will create a feeling of discomfort.

Very large room

Very small room

adequate room size Figure 5 Source : Author



LIGHTING: Natural light has a very significant role in physical and mental well-being of a person. Studies have shown that when a depressed person is kept in brighter and natural light the person tends to recover faster than the other person who is put in light of lower intensities, poor lighting also has certain problems like fatigue, vision problems and poor concentration.

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Figure 6 Source : internet



TYPOLOGY OF COLOURS Colour is one of the features that affects the mental health of a person. For instances blue colour of walls in a hospital results in reduction of aggression levels of the patients. Also sense of direction can be achieved by giving different colours to wall, this is also a very effective way to make patient legible about certain things and activities, greater the legibility, greater the peacefulness of mind, ultimately resulting in healing of a depressed person.

Figure 7 source : colour psychology



MATERIAL: Material used in the space for patients affects the mental health very much. Like researches have shown that usage of natural material like

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wood has contributed in healing than usage of material like chrome and steel. 

VIEWING LANDSCAPE AND OUTDOORS: Good view of landscape and outdoors affects the mental health of a depressed person positively. Many researches have shown that large windows with view of green and luscious landscape has resulted in speedy healing, performance and functioning of depressed people.

Figure 8 Source : practo



SLOPE: When a person climbs up the surface, negative acceleration is induced and person feels the fatigue provoking sadness. When a person goes down the slope, positive acceleration is induced as person feels exhilaration and thus provoking joy.

exhilaration and joy

Fatigue and sadness Figure 9 Source : Author



WAYFINDING: The convenience and accessibility to reach a place for a person dealing with mental illness, if not able to find the way it becomes more psychologically distressing. So, clarity of wayfinding, short distances between destinations and marked drop off points all leads to less psychological and physical distress.

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Convenient and accessible straight path

inconvenient and less accessible Figure 10 Source: Author



AGE APPROPRIATE FURNITURE: When choosing the type of furniture, it should be age appropriate, like there should be varied furniture when designing a space for a child and an adult.

Figure 11 source : designing for dementia



WEATHER: Weather plays a very important role in healing of people suffering from mental illness. Hot weather stimulates aggression, thus people dealing with illness should be kept in cooler weather.

3.4.2 Indirect effect 

COMPLEXITY OF SPACES: Complexity refers to the variety and diversity in spaces. When there is lot of complexity in a space then confusion is created and this leads to stress. Also when there is very less complexity in a space the space becomes very monotonous and legibility of the space decreases, this also leads to stress. Thus, the spaces should be adequately complex, this will reduce the basic stress of human beings.

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Figure 12 Source: journal of environmental psychology

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COHERENCE IN SPACES: Clarity and comprehensibility of spaces in buildings is called coherence of spaces. Stress occurs when there are incoherent spaces, which are generally created when size, texture, colour and other design elements have a sudden shift adjacent to other design elements. Coherent spaces can reduce stress levels.

Figure 13 Source: journal of environmental psychology

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LEGIBILITY OF SPACES: Legibility is the ease of understanding the spaces in the spatial configuration. Regular geometric shapes of building, views of the external environment make a space more legible. Thus legible spaces reduce stress of people in an environment.

Figure 14 Source: journal of environmental psychology



CONTROL IN SPACES: The ability of altering the surroundings or regulating the exposure to the surrounding is called control of spaces. When there are less choices due to physical constraints or there are uncontrollable environmental conditions then stress occurs. The inflexibility of spaces, insufficient spatial resources, and lack of climatic and lighting control leads to stress. Thus, spaces with flexibility, climatic and lighting control should be made to reduce stress. For eg: when a person or patient is able to mould their spaces according to their needs and requirements, they will feel more comfortable, inclusive and less stressful in such spaces and areas.



RESTORATION THROUGH SPACES: When design elements have the potential to function therapeutically to reduce stress and cognitive fatigue then it is called restoration. Stress or mental fatigue is aggravated when human beings try to pay attention or focus voluntarily. Involuntary attention should be facilitated, this can be done enhancing window views, and burning fireplaces and various displays like aquarium etc. this direct contact with natural environment causes provides restoration.

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Figure 15 Source: journal of environmental psychology



POSITIVE DISTRACTON THROUGH SPACES: Positive distraction or good distraction needs to be created when people want to relieve their stress or are disburdening themselves by talking to a therapist. This can be done when their focus shifts from the particular problem to something else like a piece of art, a soothing table top, fountain etc.

3.5 POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER When a person had a horrifying event in recent times like accident, death of a loved one etc., the person starts to have vivid flashbacks. They lose interest in everything, insomnia occurs, low self-esteem then this situation is termed as post-traumatic stress disorder.

Figure 16 Source: verywellmind

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3.5.1 Treatments 

COGNITIVE PROCESSING THERAPY: In this therapy, the therapist asks about the traumatic event, and then the patient is asked to write about the event in detail, this is done to examine what the person actually feels and thinks about the event and also find new ways on how to live with it. It is generally a 12 week course of treatment.



PROLONGED EXPOSURE THERAPY: In this therapy, the therapist teaches ways and techniques to cope with anxiety. Then in next session he/she is asked to write about all the things that patient has been avoiding to do or face them. Then in the next stage the therapist asks the patient to remember what all happened during the event and also asks to record it. And then the patient has to listen to it. It takes about 8 to 15 sessions.



EYE DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING: In this therapy, the therapist asks to recount the event by watching and concentrating. For example, the hand movements, the main motive of this exercise is to replace the negative thinking of the event with something new and positive.



STRESS INOCULATION TECHNIQUE: This technique can be done by the patient alone or in a group. In this, patient just have to learn new ways to deal with the stress from the event. This can be done by learning breathing exercises, massage etc.

3.6 HOW ARCHITECTURE HELPS IN HEALING PTSD? 3.6.1 Private living spaces 

OPEN SPACES:

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Figure 17 Source : verywellmind

People dealing with PTSD should be provided with the spaces which are open and decluttered or have low cluttered furniture. Through studies it is found that people suffering from PTSD like to be in open spaces. 

LAYOUT OF ROOM: When people suffering from PTSD were asked about the layout, they said they prefer circular layouts than square layouts as it there is more space in circular layout of then room. In square or rectilinear layouts, the field of view is restricted because of the corners of the room. Whereas, in circular layout the field of view is infinite without any restrictions.

Square layout: Perception of less space

circular layout: perception of larger space Figure 18 Source: Author



WINDOWS: People dealing with PTSD find windows as stressors. All people suffering from PTSD do not feel and have sense of security, the windows excavates this feeling of insecurity. Thus, windows should be less in number, small in size and also be shaded properly to maintain privacy.

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Feeling of insecurity

Feeling of security Figure 15 Source: Author



NOISE CONTROL: Noise actually excavates the situation when someone is suffering from PTSD, living spaces should be kept away from loud noises.



VISIBLITY: Visibility of all entry and exits, furniture, people when they enter a room or space makes the person feel much better and secured. There shouldn’t be any blind spots or blocked vision as it will create a sense of insecurity amongst patients.

3.6.2 Public spaces 

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE: People suffering from PTSD generally do not like spaces where they are not able to see the movement of people when put in a public area/setting. When designing a public space this criterion should be kept in mind.

Will enter the adjacent space

will not enter the adjacent space Figure 19 Source : Author



CONGESTION IN CORRIDORS:

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When people with PTSD are in a congested corridor or aisle then they start to feel the discomfort, and always feel the need to run. Thus, spaces should be designed which do not trap or hinder people’s movement.

` Congested corridor

non-congested corridor Figure 20 Source : Author



MIRRORS: Sharp corners are not preferred when designing a space for PTSD sufferers. Round corners are generally preferred. But sharp corners can be designed if a mirror is placed in such a manner that everything is visible in that room or space.

Figure 21 Source: internet



GLASS DOORS AND WALLS: Glass doors and glass walls should be constructed to promote and improve visibility and awareness of surroundings.

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Figure 22 Source: internet

3.7 ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER When a person starts to have extensive inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity and because of this a person starts to have problems in normal functioning and development then this disorder is called attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This disorder is generally found in children.

Figure 23 Source : Harvard health

3.7.1 Symptoms  INATTENTION 1. Lack of concentration 2. Disorganization 3. Lacks persistence 

HYPERACTIVITY 1. Constant movement / inability to sit at one place 2. Excessive fidgety 3. Constant tapping, talking or activity 4. Extreme restlessness

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

IMPULSIVITY When a person does not consider consequences of the action he/she is making, and act without even thinking once is called impulsivity. It is one of the key symptoms in patients suffering from ADHD.

3.7.2 Treatment 

PSYCHOEDUCATION AND COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY: In psychoeducation the child and their parents are made aware and taught about what exactly ADHD means, what are the causes and effects if it. Also how to deal and live with this type of disorder.



BEHAVIOUR THERAPY: This type of therapy involves basic behavior management of the children/patients, in which they are using a system of rewards for making the children learn good behavior and control their hyperactivity and to pay more attention.



PARENT TRAINING AND EDUCATION PROGRAMME: In this type of therapy basically parents are being taught and are learning ways on how to talk, play and work with their child.



SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR TRAINING: In this type of training patients/children are being put in a situation in which they have to do a role play and understand how to behave in social situations by learning how their behavior is affecting other people.

3.8 HOW ARCHITECTURE HELPS IN HEALING ADHD? 

SIMPLICITY OF SPACES: The design of the space for children or people with ADHD should be very simple, the spatial organization of spaces should be very clear, this way the movement and restlessness of children or people can be controlled as there will not be any confusion, unclarity because of which the patient will not distracted and will remain controlled.

SIMPLE SPACES

COMPLEX SPACES Figure 24 Source : Author



CHOOSE EARTHY COLOURS:

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Usage of bright colours is not advisable as it will trigger hyperactivity, so usage of colours like blue, green and muted brown should be done as it stimulates soothing and calm environment for patients with ADHD. 

VIEWING OF LANDSCAPE: According to studies it is found that view of landscape has resulted in reduction of hyperactivity because of which they could feel calmer.

Figure 25 source : internet



PARTITION OF SPACES: When we design spaces for people with ADHD, it is suggested that spaces should not be made modular or of multiple usage as it creates confusion and aggravates hyperactivity. Each activity must be allotted a single space and should not be merged with another activity.

PARTITION SPACE: NO HYPERACTIVITY

NO PARTITION SPACE: HYPERACTIVITY Figure 26 source : Author



USAGE OF YOGA BALLS AS CHAIRS: When students were asked about the most basic problems that they face they said “it is very hard for them to sit on regular chairs and concentrate, while the teachers said that the students keep moving and shifting during classes.” Thus, it was suggested that usage of yoga balls as chairs will channel the student’s energy in right direction.

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Figure 27 Source : attitudemag



NOISE ABATEMENT: It is very important to provide a noise free environment, it is because noise creates a lot of distraction amongst people with ADHD, and if they are distracted, it will lead to hyperactivity and ultimately will worsen the situation. So, environment which is quite is very important.

3.9 DEMENTIA & ALZHEIMER’S When a person starts to have problems in basic cognitive skills like memorizing, decline in language, problem solving and other thinking skills which affects the daily functioning then it is termed as dementia. When dementia is caused at a more progressive level then it results in Alzheimer’s. This type of disorder is generally found in old age people.

Figure 28 Source : google

3.9.1 Symptoms Cognitive changes    

Memory loss/ Amnesia Difficulty in communicating Difficulty with visual and spatial abilities. Difficulty with coordination and motor skills

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Psychological changes      

Personality changes Depression Anxiety Paranoia Agitation Hallucinations

3.9.2 Treatments 

REMINISCENCE THERAPY This type of therapy includes talking to their loved ones, they talk about their past this way their mind is stimulated and is forced.



COGNITIVE STIMULATION THERAPY: In this type of therapy, the patients are asked to work in a group that would engage basic cognition like talking about past, word games, singing, cooking etc.



MUSIC THERAPY: Patients are generally asked to listen to old music which remind them of their past times, this will stimulate their brains to think.

3.10 HOW ARCHITERCTURE HELPS IN HEALING DEMENTIA AND ALZHEMERS? 

CLEARLY DEFINED SPACE: The space built for people with dementia should be clearly defined. Function of the room should be clearly defined this can be done by providing glazed doors, windows, partitions and contrasting signage etc.

Figure 29 source : internet

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

LAYOUT: People suffering from dementia do not like confusing or circular layouts, they like straight circulation, this makes them avoid frustration.

CIRCULAR LAYOUT: NOT PREFERRED

SQUARE LAYOUT: PREFERRED Figure 30 source : internet



COURTYARDS: Courtyards are enclosed and that is the reason it makes people from dementia feel safe in courtyards. Courtyard is a very good way for patients to interact with nature without any worries. The correct ratio for building is to courtyard is 2:3.

COURTYARD

BUILDING: COURTYARD :: 2:3 Figure 31 Source : Author



CORRIDORS: Corridors are problematic sometimes. For example, when we enter a corridor in a hotel it is very difficult for us to find the room. Likewise, people with dementia often have a problem with corridor. Thus, there should be minimum usage of corridors in case of dementia. Corridors should be wider than normal. They should be bright, welcoming and should have wider areas in between so that people can sit and relax for some time. Corridors should be meaningful. They should always end to some area/destination. When there will not be any tension, stress, agitation and frustration it will lead to recovery.

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NORMAL CORRIDORS

CORRIDORS FOR THE PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA Figure 32 Source : Author



DOORS: Doors of use to the patients should be painted in a different or distinct colour or material like toilets. Other rooms which are of no use to patients like staff rooms can be painted with a colour similar to the colour of wall.

DOORS WITH DISTINCTION: FOR DOORS

NO STAFF

WITH DISTINCTION: DEMENTIA PEOPLE

FOR

Figure 33 Source : author Figure 35 Source : Author Figure 34 Source : author



LIGHT AND SOURCES OF GLARE: Light generally for people with dementia should be twice the light adequate for people in their forties. Walls and ceilings should be light coloured. There should be huge windows, skylights to provide natural light. Shading devices should be put on windows to prevent glare. Spotlights should not be used as they are directional.

Figure 36 Source : author



TONAL CONTRAST: There should not be any contrast made between the texture and colour of the floor, if it will be distinct it would create an illusion of a step to the people suffering from dementia. Also shiny flooring should not be used as this also creates an illusion of wet floor to the people suffering from

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dementia. Warm tone of colour should be used as it is more visible to the older eyes. 

FEATURE WALL: A wall having strong colour or having a particular feature on a wall makes the room’s wall more distinct than other walls and three dimensional. This actually creates more clarity and provides a good contrast, this helps in healing people with dementia.



PROVIDING CUES: For people suffering with dementia each space should provide a cue to another space and sometimes old memory. This makes people with dementia feel more familiar to the place and they ultimately feel comfortable.



DIRECT PATH: HELPS HEALING

INDIRECT PATH: DOES NOT HELPS HEALING Figure 37 source : Author



USING OUTDOOR SPACE: The rooms should be designed in such a manner in which view of the outdoor is visible though windows and transom of the room when sitting on the bed. There should be colour contrast between doors, windows and wall to provide cues for the accessibility to the outdoor space.

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Figure 38 source : internet



MIRROR REFLECTION: Mirror reflections sometimes create illusions that there may be an intruder in personal space. Thus, mirrors should be avoided when designing for people with dementia.



ENSURE THERMAL COMFORT: People dealing with dementia should be ensured with complete thermal comfort as they do not know about change in weather for example like that they need to wear additional clothing in time of winters and same is done in summers.

Figure 39 Source : designing for dementia



PROMOTE A SAFE ENVIRONMENT: For people dealing with dementia living in a safe environment is very important for them. When they will be provided with a safe environment they do not get agitated, they tend to perform all their tasks with cognition.



OPTIMIZATION OF STIMULATION LEVELS: Patients suffering from dementia needs to be stimulated, they can be stimulated through many ways like sources of noise and light which should be neither less nor more.

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3.11 ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE When natural environment or world comes in harmony and interact with the human habitation then this philosophy of architecture is known as organic architecture.

3.11.1 

 



Simplification of design is one of the key feature of organic architecture, simplified design is generally achieved by rethinking distinct rooms as open spaces. Doors, windows and other elements of building should blend completely with the outside environment. The building should be made in a way that it appears to be grown out of nature. It should be like a part of the nature and not something distinct and contrasting. The buildings aesthetics and facade should reflect nature in it. So usage of natural material is suggested.

3.11.2 

Key features of organic architecture

Relationship between architecture and nature

CONTRAST: When there is a concrete jungle on one side and luscious green gardens and flowing waters on the other side, then this contrasting feature is one way by which nature and architecture is connected. For example, central park, New York.

Figure 40 Source : unsplash



MERGER: It is the opposite of contrast. When there is nature i.e. luscious greenery, water etc. inside a building or nature becomes a part of building and nature and architecture is completely merged then this type of relationship between architecture and nature is known as merger. For example, fallingwater, Pennsylvania

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Figure 41 Source : nature architecture



RECIPROCITY: Reciprocity is the mixture of both contrast and merger. When nature acts as viewports to the architecture, or when a building is placed with nature then it is known as reciprocity. For example, Farnsworth house.

Figure 42 Source : nature architecture

3.11.3

Effects of organic architecture



LIBERTY THROUGH NATURE: Nature has a healing and soothing effect on human beings. Being in natural environments instills many positive feelings in a person. Green spaces provide them free movement, personal liberty this ultimately causes very less irritation.



NATURE FOR BUILDING ATTENTION: Nature help humans to build attention. This is done involuntarily, when a person attends sunsets, beaches, clouds and forests all of this grabs our attention which is a positive attention, this actually removes all negativity from our mind.



NATURE REDUCE CLIMATE CRISIS:

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Climate has a very great impact on human psychology, bad climatic conditions not only creates physical distress but also psychological distress. Nature, greenery, water etc. improves the climatic crisis, alleviates climatic conditions and this helps in healing. 

NATURE AND SPIRITUALITY: Nature and spirituality works hand in hand. When a person wants to attain spirituality he/she needs to be connected to nature to understand the deeper realities of life and happiness and to explore the truth behind the existence.



NATURE CLEANSES: Nature has the property of cleansing our body physically and then psychologically, it acts as a natural purifier. Spending time outdoors cleanses all toxicity of negative thoughts. Therefore, it helps in healing.



NATURE REJUVINATES: Spending times indoors makes a person feel negative and fatigued. When a person spends time outdoors, there is replenishment of emotion, memory and cognition. It also helps in regulation of our well-being.

3.12 EFFECTS OF SHAPE AND MATERIAL OF ROOM ON MIND

S.NO SHAPE OF ROOM 1 Pyramid

Cone

MATERIAL Concrete

CONCIOUSNESS STATUS Stress reduction

Glass

Relaxation and comfort sleep Attention focus & activity

Concrete, steel

Glass

Relaxation and comfort

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Cube

Cylinder

Concrete

Learn depending memorization

Wood

Focus and receive information Relaxation and comfort Learn depending on memorization

Glass Concrete

Steel Wood

Semi-circular

Glass Steel

Wood Glass

Activity and balance Meditation and inner peace Creativity Activity and balance

Meditation peace Attention, activity

and

inner

focus

and

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4 CASE STUDIES

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4.1 CHILDREN’S CENTER FOR PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION, JAPAN

Figure 43 Source : archdaily

4.1.1 Effect on mental health 1. The spaces created were random with no particular function. According to designers “Children play with the place like the primitive man who interprets landscape freely and lives very well in it. They hide in a place behind something, show up, relax at back, and run about here and there”. The spaces are made like this so that children have freedom and flexibility to design their own spaces, this stimulates the child’s mind and help them to grow and also helps in reduction mental illness and concerns. 2. According to above mentioned study, when a person is kept inside a cube shaped room with material of concrete then the person tends to learn more through memorization, this way it will help children in learning and reducing mental illnesses.

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4.2 REHABILITATION CENTRE GROOT KLIMMENDAAL, NETHERLANDS

Figure 44 Source : archdaily

4.2.1 Effect on mental health 1. The basic idea of the design was to provide an area which is positive and stimulating which alleviates the healing environment and ensures well-being of patients. According to the architect “The design ambition was not to create a center with the appearance of a health building but a building as a part of its surroundings and the community.” This was done so as to make the patient feel the freedom of space and make them heal better. 2. The building provides a welcoming environment which inhabits the natural surroundings for healing in combination with other opportunities of activities as there are many other things like swimming pool, sports and fitness facility, restaurant and theatres etc. there is also a wooden staircase which not only directly connects the building vertically but also formulates the invitation to do some physical exercise, and physical exercise helps stimulating brain functions and thus will help in healing. 3. The combination of voids which are both small and big not makes the building interesting but also ensures natural daylight which is ultimately helps in healing. According to the architect “Transparency, continuity, layering, diversity, the play of light and shadow and the experience of nature are all ingredients of this stimulating environment.”

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4. According to above mentioned study, when a person is kept in a cuboid and have a material of glass the person feels relaxed and comfortable. Thus, this ultimately helps a person to heal and rejuvenate.

4.3 HOMEY VILLAGE FOR PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA, FRANCE

Figure 45 Source : inhabitat

4.3.1 Effect on mental health 1. The village incorporates small housing units, which is designed in such a way that increases the quality of life, helps in regaining of everyday activities also this helps in healing dementia. 2. The houses are well connected and are merged with landscape so that people can move freely and safely, and people can be dealt with nature. 3. According to the architect “there are four neighborhoods connected by an urban street leading up to the village center. Paths are full of experiences and sensory inputs with different characters lie as loops in the landscape.” Because of such spaces the stimulation in mind increases and thus it finally contributes in healing dementia and Alzheimer’s. 4. According to above mentioned study, when a person is kept in a cuboid with building material of glass, concrete and wood then a person feels relaxed and comfortable, there is stimulation of brain

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and people can learn new things through memorization and can also focus and receive the information given respectively.

4.4 NIRVANA NATUROPATHY AND RETREAT, MUMBAI

Figure 46 Source : nirvana foundation

4.4.1 Effect on mental health 1. This is a retreat village used to heal many disorders along with many mental disorders like depression, anxiety etc. this is generally done by a natural means. It is a center which cures every disease naturally. 2. According to people “nature cure methods like massage therapy, hydrotherapy, mud therapy, yoga, physiotherapy, acupressure, diet therapy, steam and Jacuzzi etc. are used for treatments of various ailments and for rejuvenating and revitalizing one’s body and mind.”

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4.5 ISHA YOGA CENTRE, COIMBATORE

Figure 47 Source: isha yoga centre

4.5.1 Effect on mental health Isha yoga center is a place where people generally come to work towards their mental health and to enhance their inner selves, along with this it is a place where very easily, through yoga people can heal themselves from various mental disorders.

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5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES

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5.1 FORM, FORM AND SPACE CASE

FORM shape

FORM & SPACE type of form

vertical elements defining

Children’s

Center

for

cube

grid form

Psychiatric Rehabilitation

space connectivity

space

-four

spaces are linked by

planes(closure)

common space.

-three planes (u-shape plane)

Rehabilitation Centre Groot

cuboid

linear form

Klimmendaal

-four planes

by common space.

(closure)

-single

adjacent spaces; linked

vertical

plane

Homey village for patients

cuboid

subtractive form

with dementia

-four planes

common space.

(closure)

-single

spaces are linked by

vertical

plane

-L shaped plane Nirvana naturopathy and

cuboid

grid form

retreat

-four planes

common space.

(closure)

-single

spaces are linked by

vertical

plane

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-three

planes(u-

shape plane)

Isha yoga center

semi-circular and cuboid

grid form

-four planes

common space.

(closure)

-single

spaces are linked by

vertical

plane

-three planes (u-shape plane)

Final outcome of study

Cuboid

Grid form

Four planes Three planes

Space

linked

common space

single plane

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5.2 OPENINGS CASE

OPENINGS typology of openings

light &

size of opening

view Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Center for Psychiatric

openings within planes

Rehabilitation

light: bright spotlight

medium sized windows

view: seen as wall painting

Centre

Groot

openings at corners

Klimmendaal

light: on surfaces, this acts as huge

glass walls & large sized windows

source of light for the room view: opening merged with outside

Homey village for patients with

openings within planes

dementia

light: bright light fills space with

large sized windows

natural light view: opening merged with outside

Nirvana naturopathy and retreat

openings within planes

light: bright spotlight

medium sized windows

view: opening merged with outside

Isha yoga center

openings within planes

light: bright light fills space with

large sized windows

natural light view: opening merged with outside

Final outcome of study

openings within planes

light: bright light fills space with

large sized windows

natural light and on surfaces, this acts as huge source of light for the room view: opening merged with outside

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5.3 MATERIAL AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION CASE

MATERIAL

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

Children’s Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation

Concrete and glass

Clustered organization

Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal

Glass and Anodized aluminum

Linear organization

Homey village for patients with dementia

Concrete,

Centralized organization

timber and glass

Nirvana naturopathy and retreat

brick, concrete and glass

Linear and Centralized organization

Isha yoga center

brick, concrete and glass

clustered organization

Final outcome of study

brick, concrete and glass

Linear and Centralized organization

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5.4 CIRCULATION CASE

CIRCULATION Approach/ entrance

configuration of path

path -space relationship

form of circulation space

frontal & oblique approach

Network path

paths pass by spaces

open on one side

Centre

frontal approach

Linear path

paths pass through spaces

enclosed

Homey village for patients

frontal approach

Network path

paths pass by spaces

open on one side

frontal approach

linear path

paths pass by spaces

open on both sides

Isha yoga center

frontal approach

network path

paths pass by spaces

open on both sides

Final outcome of study

frontal approach

network path & linear path

paths pass by spaces

open on both sides &open

Children’s

Center

for

Psychiatric Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation Groot Klimmendaal

with dementia

Nirvana naturopathy and retreat

on one side

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5.5 INFERENCES OF CASE STUDIES:   

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The most preferred shape or form is cuboid when designing to heal. The most preferred type of form is grid for when are designing to heal, it is because it creates no confusion or psychological distress. Space is defined by verticality or by vertical elements so the most frequently designed vertical elements that define spaces are four planes that creates closure, the next one is u- shaped with one side open and the last is one side closed when designing to heal. When therapeutic spaces are designed, connectivity between spaces is very important, according to the above mentioned study the spaces should be linked by a common space then it is most suitable and preferred. The most common typology of windows when designing for people who are suffering from mental disorders and concerns are windows that are made within planes or walls. The openings made within planes or walls should be large size as they not act as a source of light and view but also by viewing landscape it is proven that mental disorders reduce drastically. The most commonly and preferred material for making and designing such healing villages are generally glass, as it connects nature to living, after that wood and concrete are used. The most commonly used typology of organizations are linear and clustered organization when designing to heal The approach or entrance to a place is of great importance, a good approach and entrance motivates a person to enter into that building, so according to study the most preferred type of approach is frontal approach. According to the above study, the most commonly used configuration of path is networked path but the most preferred path should be linear or grid path because it will create less psychological distress. The relationship between path and space is very important when talking about healing spaces, the most commonly used and preferred relationship between path and space is when paths are designed in such a way that they pass by the spaces, built forms etc. The form of the circulation space is also of great significance it this can sometimes act as a transition space between built area and open area, or can act as just an open corridor, so the most commonly used and preferred form of the path are both when path is open from single side and when path is open from both the sides.

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6 CONCLUSION AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS

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6.1 CONCLUSION The dissertation focused on healing of human’s mind, their mental illnesses by the helps of architecture. As we all know people spend their maximum time in homes, i.e. basically, they spend their maximum time in and around architectural spaces. Thus, architecture can definitely affect the way we feel and think. It always affects the human psyche. In this dissertation, first of all we tried to learn about all the various mental disorders. We studied their symptoms, type etc. The mental concerns we studied about were depression, anxiety, stress, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and the Alzheimer’s and dementia. After studying about the disorder we studied the various therapies which are actually used in treating such disorders. These therapies can be individual, couple or even in groups by studying this we found out how human interaction actually helped in healing of human’s psychological concerns. The further study shows the detailed of how architecture, the spaces, form, openings, colour, material and lighting, etc., affects the human mind and brain. Then we learnt what organic architecture means and how is it conducive of healing. In the study we discussed about each and every aspect of designing spaces to heal each and every mental concern mentioned. By designing such spaces for people having some mental issues, we contribute in healing processes along with therapy and by integrating this into human’s life we give person an equilibrium in life.

6.2 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 

THERAPY AREAS Mental disorders or concerns are largely cured by therapies of different types. These therapies actually help the person to sustain and live a full healthy life. So while designing for people to heal it is very important to design therapy rooms and areas of various typology and nature for varied disorders.

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SHAPE/FORM OF A ROOM Different types of shapes, layouts and forms of rooms are suggested for healing different mental concerns. Variety in shapes, layouts and forms of rooms gives varied feeling of space and affects the human psyche differently and ultimately helps in healing process. So, according to above mentioned studies, the most likely type of rooms that are recommended while designing for mentally ill are square and circular layouts. Square layouts are generally preferred for people or patients suffering from dementia, Alzheimer’s and ADHD because other layouts or form make them feel psychologically distressing and sometimes confuse and aggravate aggression. Circular or organic layouts or forms

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is preferred for people or patients suffering from depression, anxiety, stress and PTSD as they want to feel free and not constrained and rectilinearly makes them feel constrained. 

SPACES Spaces have a major role in healing through architecture. As we all know human beings spend maximum time indoors, human beings are always in a space and that’s why space has a great impact on human brain. So, according to study, spaces needs to be legible, less complex, coherent and should always have an adequate size, space should never be too large or too small. The connection between spaces is also very significant, the transition between spaces is very important, if transition or connection will not be clear it will create distress and disburden. So, according to studies spaces should be connected by a common semi open or open space as it creates interest for the upcoming space and also act as a clear transition area to make the patient feel that there is a change of space.

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LIGHTING When designing for people dealing with mental disorders it is very important that the lighting of the area where patients are staying should be appropriate in accordance to the type of disorder. According to the above mentioned study, it is inferred that natural and bright in the living space actually helps in healing of patients suffering from depression anxiety and stress. Also for patients suffering from dementia the amount of natural light needed is double the normal light.

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COLOURS Colours play a very vital role when it comes to healing. The type of colour actually ensures how a person is feeling. When designing for people with mental disorder, the usage of earthy colours, specially always helps in calming mind and then helps in healing the mental disorder. Also colours should not create tonal contrast as it creates confusion and stimulates mind negatively resulting in aggression.

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MATERIAL When we are designing for people with mental disorders the type of material being used is of great importance. According to above mentioned study, natural material like wood, brick helps in healing of mental patients. Other materials like glass is also greatly used so that it makes connection of the inside and outside world. Concrete is also used when designing to heal.

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OPENINGS Openings or windows are always very vital in a building and when we are designing for people with mental concerns and illnesses, it is very important to design openings appropriately. Openings or windows

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always act as a frame to outside world , it is the only means which connects the inner environment with the outside world. According to above study done, it is very important to give large windows with views of green and blue landscape, it is because it heals the human mind by making it calmer. On the other hand some mental patients should be given small openings and openings should also be less in number and it should be shaded properly. These are certain variations in types of openings which helps in healing 

NOISE AND THERMAL COMFORT When we are designing to heal, it is very important to give the patients the atmosphere and surrounding which is free of noise and should have all thermal comforts. If there will be noise and less thermal comfort, it will make the patients aggressive

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ORGANIZATION OF SPACES The organization of spaces are important, when we are designing for the patients dealing with different types of mental concerns. The organization of spaces gives the person freedom to feel space in a defined way. If the organization of space is clear, then it gives user the clarity of spaces. More the clarity, better the feeling of space and less feeling of psychological distress. According to above study, the organization of spaces can linear, clustered or centralized.

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CIRCULATION Circulation is the movement of people from one space to another. Circulation in a design is very important. If there will be good circulation in an area then that space will be appreciated by the users. According to above study, when designing for people dealing with mental disorders the circulation should be simple i.e. wayfinding for users should be very easy. Paths should be unidirectional, linear and not networked. Corridors or paths should be open from both or atleast from one side. Paths should always pass by spaces and not pass through spaces, otherwise may create confusion and will aggravate aggression amongst patients.

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13. Daniel Jauslin(2010). Architecture and landscape methods. TU delft. 14. Cayser Hussain H(2015). Healing spaces in architecture- A study that explores the ability of a space to enhance healing. Marg institute of design and architecture, Swarnbhoom. 15. Peter Zumthor(2006). Atmospheres Architectural environments and surrounding objects. Baden: Birkhauser. 16. Louise Pirret(2017).Colours of recovery. Unitec institute of technology. 17. Emily Anthes(2009). Building around the mind. Scientificamericanmind. 18. Eve A. Edelstein(2005). Neuroscience and architecture health care facilities. The Vinyl Institute & the Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture of the American Institute of Architects. 19. Juhani Pallasmaa(2005). The eyes of the skin. Wiey-academy. 20. John P. Eberhard(2009). Applying Neuroscience to Architecture. Emeritus the Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture, San Diego. 21. Eberhard, J. (2009). Brain Landscape: The Coexistence of Neuroscience and Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press. 22. Christopher Day(1990). Place of the soul. The Aquarian press. 23. Joseph MacNeal Crews(1999). The planning and design of mental health treatment centre. University of Greenwich for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 24. Louis G.Redstone(1980). Institutional Buildings: Architecture of the Controlled Environment. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 25. Roger S. Ulrich(1991). Effects of Healthcare Environmental Design on Medical Outcomes. (IADH) International Academy for Design and Health.

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26. Eslam Elbaiuomy, Ibrahim Hegazy and Sherif Sheta(2019). The impact of architectural spaces’ geometric forms and construction materials on the users’ brainwaves and consciousness status. Oxford academic. 27. Rachel J McGinn(2016). Natural Healing: Physical and Spiritual Healing (in a Powerful and Nurturing Setting). Department of Architecture and Landscape Architecture of North Dakota State University. 28. Heerwagen, J.H., Kellert, S.R., Mador, M.L. (2008). Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 29. Geffen, J. MD. (2000). The Journey Through Cancer - Healing and Transforming the Whole Person. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. 30. Bill Halsall and Dr. Rob MacDonald(2015). DESIGN for DEMENTIA Volume 1 - A Guide. The Halsall Lloyd Partnership. 31. Beggs, J.L.(2015) healing through architecture 32. Alimoglu, M.K.,& Donmez, L(2005). Daylight exposure and other predictors of burnout among nurses in a university hospital. International Journal of Nursing Studies 33. Andrade, C. C., & Devlin, A. S. (2015). Stress reduction in the hospital room: Applying Ulrich's theory of supportive design. Journal of Environmental Psychology 34. Aiello, J. (1987). Human spatial behavior. In D. Stokols & and Planning Research Altman, Eds, Handbook of Environmental Psychology, D. C. & Singer, J. E. (1972). Urban Stress. Newchology . New York 35. Taylor, R. B. (1988). Human Territorial Functioning. Newyork, M. P. Cambridge University Press. 36. Lawton, M. P. (1989). Behavior relevant ecological factors. In K. W. Schaie & C. Schooler, Eds, Social Structure and Aging. 37. https://www.archdaily.com/126290/rehabilitation-centre-grootklimmendaal-koen-van-velsen

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38. https://www.archdaily.com/8028/children%25e2%2580%2599s-centerfor-psychiatric-rehabilitation-sou-fujimoto 39. https://inhabitat.com/alzheimer-village-in-france-provides-homeyhealing-space-for-people-with-alzheimers-and-dementia/ 40. https://www.nordarchitects.dk/alzheimer-dax 41. https://www.nirvananaturopathy.com/ 42. https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/center/isha-yoga-center-coimbatore 43. https://www.healthline.com/health/depression#types

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