Thesis Report 2020: An Experiment for Well-Being | Anirudh PJ by Anirudh PJ

An Experiment for Well-Being.

Thesis 2020

Anirudh PJ

- Chennai City -

An Experiment for Well-Being Submitted by,

Anirudh PJ

[311415251009] In Partial Fulfillment for the Award of the Degree of,

Bachelor of Architecture

During the Month of,

ANNA University

Sep 2020

School Of Architecture Meenakshi College Of Engineering Chennai 025

DECLARATION This is to certify that the Thesis Report of Anirudh PJ,

5th Year (Batch 2015-2020),

School of Architecture, Meenakshi College of Engineering, Chennai, has been approved on 19th May, 2020

for the university VIVA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; VOCE Examination held on 22nd September, 2020.

Internal Examiner.

External Examiner.

ANNA University

School Of Architecture Meenakshi College Of Engineering Chennai 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this Thesis report is the bonafide work of Anirudh PJ who carried out the work under my supervision.

Thesis Guide.

Thesis Supervisor.

HOD.

ANNA University

Mythili Madhusudhan Professor. M.Arch.

K. Stanley Clement Daniel Professor. HOD. M.Arch. FIIA.

School Of Architecture Meenakshi College Of Engineering Chennai 025

- Adyar -

Thesis 2020

The Well-Being Project

Abstraction. 11 Theoretical Framework.

Research Questions.

Objectives + Goals.

Understanding The Site. Case Studies.

Design Direction.

16 21 50 75

Annexure. 121

References. 127

â&#x20AC;&#x153;A society grows great when old men plant trees, the shade of which they know they will never sit in.â&#x20AC;? Anirudh PJ

Table of Contents

- Besant Nagar -

Thesis 2020

An Experiment for Well-Being

Abstraction. “When a butterfly flutters its wings in one part of the world, it can eventually cause a hurricane in another.” ~Edward Norton Lorenz

Since inception, the information we gathered as a species is reflected in the spaces we regularly use through the medium of architecture. Only when there is an anomaly in this process of learning and interpreting repeated patterns (such as ignoring the sensitive factors that shape a place before anthropogenic intervention), there tends to be a chain of problematic events that break free of any previously existing pattern (such as trends in weather patterns, progressive needs of human beings leading to a linear economy and absence in a system of transparency leading to a loss of co-dependency amongst and between species and the environment), causing a paradigm shift which normalises the lack of basic human needs. For a predominant population residing in urbanised areas, the sky is sometimes the only natural element they can visually connect with, provided the air is not polluted as much.

Analogical Structure. “Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.” ~Mahatma Gandhi

When a child has a tendency to drop crystalware from the table and break it, you can either; clear the broken bits and replace it again with the same crystalware, or; replace it with something that is resilient to breakage such as silverware, or; explain and induce knowledge by building an image for the child about how the broken bits can hurt him/her (price to pay) (negative), or about the aesthetic/value-based reasons for the vessel being on the table in first place and that it is his/her house (ownership and sense of belonging) (positive). The vessel being broken in first place for this analogy to come to existence, paves the way for repair and to view the shards of glass under a new light. This is done by, let’s say ‘Kintsukuroi’ (to repair with gold), or the Japanese art of repairing with gold. This provides a sustainable option of not discarding and replacing something on the whole, and also multiplies the value for something that was considered broken. In my opinion, the second and third options work more efficiently in preventing breakage in times to come, and curbing the destructive habits of the child. The breakage itself was not the problem but the child’s tendency to break it was.

Anirudh PJ

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Theoretical Framework. A Brief Introduction.

The formation of rain clouds overhead is a visual phenomenon that causes a sense of emergency before a situation (rain), this is because one can see the gradual progression and intensification of clouds or feel the pre-shower breeze or hear the roar of thunder over time. This leads to an urge for better preparation before a downpour.

Only when something is seen, heard or felt, does one consider it to be real. The same goes for the problems faced. This translates badly because more complex problems such as climate change cannot be seen, heard, felt or touched directly (stimuli), which makes it difficult to be perceived as an immediate threat or a majorly progressing problem. Here are some of the observable realm of problems that human beings in general notice: Frequency of extreme events

Constant increasing heat during summer

Steep reduction in certain species of animals

Resource scarcity

Shrinking of polar ice cap

Increasing levels of greenhouse gases

Shift in the precipitation patterns

Deteriorating air quality

Shrinking forests and greenlands

Collective apathy for sustainability goals

Loss of a codependant system of living

Increasing brownfields

Population boom in urban areas

Linear system of economy

Lack of basic human needs and infrastructure

Expanding farmlands

To understand the observable realm of problems and its origins, we need to observe the trends and patterns in the behaviour of human beings in a more chronological order of events.

Globalisation + Trade -> Unsustainable Industrialisation <-> Unsustainable Urbanisation -> Human factors that lead to global warming -> Climate change In order to even begin solving climate change, we have to acknowledge and address the factors that has caused it in first place (urbanisation and human behaviour). This is firstly because there is no direct and simple way that has a permanent solution for a problem as complex as climate change or urbanisation. Discretely, Urbanisation or industrialisation is not toxic. Unless, it is forced upon cities without being sensitive towards the more intricate existing factors such as cultural ideologies, indigenous building practices and materials, and identity of a place, the fabric of the city deteriorates, not in a direct manner but like slow poison.

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Cities hold more than half the population of all humans on earth but they do not take up half of all the liveable area covered by human beings. As a result, behavioural, social, environmental and psychological problems are caused (from Urbanisation) (Annexure C) such as: PTSD, Stress (heat), Alienation from place and people, Loss of Codependency during rural to urban transition, Lack of social interaction and support, Monotony in living environment and condition, Climate Anxiety, Culture Shock, Receding green areas and disassociation from it. Only when meeting these needs (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Annexure A) become arduous, or when the facilities for the need itself is overlooked, there begins to emanate a toxic outburst of energy from an individual that results in a collective worse.These needs can be met through a collective goal for humanity by showing that there could be a more efficient structure to how cities can function without disturbing the initial fabric. Solving needs for psychological and social wellness can create a serendipitous solution for a bigger effect of this cause as this is a root for many other causes. Doing so can build resistance to more issues arising from this particular root of cause through the co-dependency of a space. “As for the future, it remains unwritten. Anything can happen, and often we are wrong. The best we can do with the future is prepare and savour the possibilities of what can be done in the present.” ~Todd Kashdan

Cities are major contributors to climate change. According to UN Habitat, cities consume 78 per cent of the world’s energy and produce more than 60 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, they account for less than 2 per cent of the Earth’s surface. The sheer density of people relying on fossil fuels makes urban populations highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Fewer green spaces exacerbate the problem. According to the IPCC report, limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius would “require rapid and far-reaching transitions in uses of energy, land, urban and infrastructure (including transport and buildings), and industrial systems.” Pollution, mostly associated as a by-product of urban landscapes, is also linked with climate change. Both climate change and air pollution are exacerbated by the burning of fossil fuels, which increase CO2 emissions, the major cause of global warming.4. With the ongoing Climate crisis, headlines such as the following have become more common: “One million species threatened with extinction because of humans.” “250,000 deaths a year from climate change being a conservative estimate.” “CO2 levels at highest for 3 million years.” ~CNN, 2019. “Climate change: 11,000 scientists warn of ‘untold suffering’” ~Al Jazeera, 2019. “Venice flooding is the worst in 50 years.” “Melting Arctic ice may be causing a deadly virus to spread in marine mammals.” “Direct link between California/Australia wildfires and climate change.” ~CBS News, 2019.

All the above are the repercussions of mindless human behaviour and actions with disregard for the environment. The distress that is produced by environmental change impacting on people while they are directly connected to their home environment has become a concern that is brought about to build public awareness. Anirudh PJ

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While current methods of building propaganda through awareness is in a 2 dimensional sense, in the form of billboards, advertisements, flyers or graphic art that usually comes off as spam or collective visual noise.

This calls the need for a 3 dimensional, experiential form of awareness propaganda that impacts an individual at a personal level. “We all die. The goal isn’t to live forever, the goal is to create something that will.” ~Chuck Palahniuk

One might think, what co-relation there is between something as general as climate change and psychological/social well-being. The connection is more evident than that meets the eye. Like how in the movie ‘Avatar’, a universal interdependency is present between all biotic and abiotic components on the planet ‘Pandora’, planet Earth has a direct, less obvious interdependency over its components.

Now we have come to understand that urbanisation plays a key role in climate change and also sets the venue for the frontier effects of climate change. Rising sea levels, extreme events, collapsing coastal ecosystems, etc., brings the coastal regions into focus of the adverse initial effects of climate change. India is the fourth largest producer of the major green house gas CO2 with the highest growing CO2 production trend, a high rate of urbanisation, a relatively low literacy rate (world- 86%, India- 72%, a boosted average due to Kerala, Tripura, Mizoram and other exceptions) and a developing urban fabric that has the potential to be moulded at an early stage into a carbon neutral nation. Taking a look at the major coastal cities of India, we have: Visakhapatnam | Yanam | Machilipatnam | Panaji | Surat | Vadodara | Diu | Daman Porbandar | Mangalore | Udupi | Cochin | Thiruvananthapuram | Thrissur Calicut | Kottayam | Ernakulam | Mumbai | Puri | Chennai Tuticorin | Pondicherry | Nagarcoil | Karaikal Out of these, Tier 1 cities with a high rate of urbanisation are: Chennai | Mumbai Chennai is taken as the focus city for this thesis due to its lack of public spaces within the city, even though Mumbai has an even higher rate of urbanisation.

The need for a social public space, which attempts to address the city’s issues regarding improper/dirty urbanisation at close quarters with nature, arises. The above process of narrowing down on a region is elaborated in the ‘Site Details.’ section. Page 14

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The Timeline.

summary for policymakers (spm.1), ipcc.ch

In order to plan and prepare for climate change, we need to have a time-frame of events that have happened, and that are yet to happen (based on previous trends and data collected) a tipping point and a point of no return are to be identified, like checkpoints. This can represent our stance with respect to climate change. Human activities are estimated to have caused approximately 1.0°C of global warming above pre-industrial levels, with a likely range of 0.8°C to 1.2°C. Global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate.1.A. 1.5°C is the first global checkpoint on the timeline for climate change because it is estimated to cause a tipping point in the already deteriorating system of effects. This translates to an intense and adverse change which begins to reveal itself as the direct effects of climate change. There on, there cannot or should not be more anthropogenic factors that add up. The global goal is to prevent this from becoming reality.1. 2.0°C is the second global checkpoint on the timeline for climate change which indicates the point of no return, or rather damage control and extreme impacts of the already existing problems and newer problems that arise from the extremities of the older ones that pose a threat to life as we know it.1. Optimistically, we have 30 years or so to deal with the reality of the situation, a global temperature rise of 1.5°C before which all modes of transportation should have switched to electric or velocipede (bicycles), all forms of energy production should be from renewable sources or at least nuclear, all construction practices should be regenerative or sustainable at least and have low carbon footprint, clear and recycle a major part of plastic from the oceans, and an overall sustainable way of living, focusing urban areas in specific (due to the density). Based on the timeline above, the planning of the functional and legacy aspect of the space is done in the ‘Focus Orientation.’ section. Anirudh PJ

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Thrust Area. Psychology. (Maslowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hierarchy of needs, Internal Conflicting, Conditioning, Well-being) Sociology. (Social Dynamics and grouping) Philosophy. (Design) Urban Design. (Public Space, Site Programming + Zoning)

Objectives + Goals. Objectives.

The thesis can be broken down into parts to understand the outcomes of urban human behaviour in a holistic manner and address it with the help of architecture.

Identifying a problem. To observe what needs solving, all one has to do is open his/her eyes and look. Most parts around the world have cities with a large number of people who predominantly have normalised psychological problems. This causes certain traits in the individuals which can harm the fabric of nature in and around cities. Their needs, demands and trends of consumption of resources can lead to an unseeable but forthcoming doomsday. The first step would be to treat earth as an organism, or a living system of parts that has complex and adverse effects for anthropogenic actions.

Synthesis of the problem. To uproot a problem, one has to know where its roots originate from. The observable realm of problems are listed and are traced back to the chronological order of events that caused it in first place. Unsustainable urbanisation and industrialisation are found to be one of the leader causes of a majority of current problems including climate change, faced by human beings. The impacts of urbanisation from a psychological standpoint are studied from a global perspective, and how the lack of public social spaces can impact a city in a negative manner that proliferates disregard by individuals or groups towards their environment.

Contextual understanding of the synthesised problems. Human problems require human solutions. Narrowing down on a region/city which has maximum potential for impact from the aforementioned problems and converting it into a frontier for solving these problems. Understanding the current propaganda mechanism in addressing the issues on a contextual basis and how architecture can help induce an experiential form of Page 16

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An Experiment for Well-Being

propaganda mechanism. Working within the timeline of climate change and setting legacy plans after the strategised action time has come to an end.

Translation of Contextual problems into design strategies that respond to the Climate timeframe. Programmatic design solutions that respond to the timeframe by having dual purposes, during a regular day vs. on a day of crisis that requires a contingency. Regular 1: Building a headquarters for an organisation that works towards solving climate change and building awareness from both, authoritarian and humanistic perspective.. Contingency 1: Identifying the role of the HQ in the times of a crisis and improvise and help the surrounding communities by converting the building into a temporary climate refugee centre that provides during crisis. Regular 2: Share a space with the community where the people can enlighten themselves with the adverse impacts of climate change through experience. Individuals (artists and civilians) from around the city who want to express their concerns or narrate their experiences on the impacts of climate change (anthropogenic global warming) can do so in an exhibit area. Contingency 2: The exhibit space converts itself into a space for refugee camps during crisis and also provides for the community using the energy and resources it has harvested throughout, when there isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a grid available. Regular 3: A public venting space for the city that allows for social wellbeing through interactions that eventually leads to psychological wellbeing. Contingency 3: This public space poetically would be the battlefield for an ongoing situational crisis. Regular 4: Providing the general public with a viable alternative building material and mode of construction. Influencing the general public with the architecture using indigenous materials, methods and practices and its impact in an urban context. Regular 5: Providing dedicated resource management systems and clean energy alternatives to the closest neighbourhoods starting a chain reaction of trends that builds codependency between the space and a community. Contingency 5: The energy and resources harvested will be used when there is a situation of redundancy. Regular 6: Providing a market space for locally made products that can replace Anirudh PJ

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plastic/unsustainable counterparts. Contingency 6: Farmers market/Startups with a green initiative/Food distribution space during crisis. Regular 7: Initiatives for bicycles, e-bikes and e-rickshaws which create an alternative in the neighbourhood. Show a board with the amount of CO2 released by vehicles every month from the pollution board for people to see their progress. Regular 8: 200% more green spaces than there initially was. Contingency 8: Percolative lands recharge aquifers that can be utilised during a water crisis. Regular 9: Urban climate counselling centres that deal with people who are impacted by climate change or urbanisation. Contingency 9: Solutions are given by certified psychologists, environmentalists and climate experts to help create a better way for people to approach their problems. Regular 10: Incentives and programmes that support cleaning of the beach and clearing plastic from landfills with a rewarding nature. Work can be important to wellbeing, especially when people are able to engage in work that is purposeful and meaningful. Contingency 10: Poor people and volunteers are given a choice of a meal, a metro ride or an e-bike ticket when a certain amount of plastic is turned in.

Communities with a Sustainable way of life.

Goals. The thesis experiments primarily to, create co-dependence between the built environment and the beings that inhabit it through regenerative practices, social functionality and availability of economic indigenous products and renewable sources as an alternative, to proliferate a carbon-negative lifestyle through social induction in a public space and secondarily, to take a holistic approach to address and envisage the implications of urbanisation on the city of Chennai through architecture using logical, symbolic and emotional conflict in a utopian and dystopian perspective.

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Focus Orientation Map. The climate change timeline. In another 30 years or so, the global temperatures will rise up by 1.5°C. The first Action mode is for this time frame of 50 years, to prepare for the disaster and minimise its impacts. If the threshold temperature has been crossed, this space has to switch to the second action mode, to embrace the disaster and provide for the affected communities. Action Mode 1 (50 Years) Phase 1 Confront the social and psychological impacts of urbanisation in Chennai by addressing the lack of public spaces. Phase 2 Build an experiential form of awareness propaganda mechanism that curbs and impacts someone on an individual and personal level compared to the current 2D propaganda mechanism that passes off as spam. Phase 3 Solve codependency through regenerative methods of design and spaces with community activities. Action Mode 2 (Temperature exceeds 1.5ºC) Phase 1 Resilience to climate change impacts via a refugee accommodation during extreme events and resource management. Phase 2 Resource and energy generation for a community in crisis.

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Research Questions. I. What are the basic needs that make a city inhabitable? Does Chennai as a city satiate these needs? II. How have we been insensitive to the naturally prevailing order of a place when we utilise it? Why do authoritatian measures fail in this scenario? Can democratic humanitarian measures work better? III. Will talking about problems mitigate action towards addressing and solving it? Why do cities need a dedicated space for resolution of conflict through dialogue? IV. Since when have settlements lost the idea of coherence and codependancy amongst its inhabitants? Can social and cultural upliftment of global trends help fix this by building awareness and sensitise these issues? V. Where do the repercussions of these actions impact the well-being of city dwellers? Are natural disasters a form of indicative repercussion?

Limitations. I. There is a considerable amount of research that goes into the study. For the sake of time constraints and work efficacy, the output of the design from the study is purely on a qualitative basis. II. The nature of the project is on the lines of design direction which is encompassed in the subject of urbanism and urban design, this creates a need to form an amalgam of characteristics and dynamics of a space and not the detailed design of the space itself.

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Understanding

The Site.

Justification of Site + Site Data + Graphical Analysis of Context + Site Photographs + Psychrometric Analysis.

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Thesis 2020

Justification of site.

Indian Cities are Staring At An Urban Climate Crisis.1. South Asia stands to be one of the most significantly vulnerable regions, given its huge population and levels of inequality and poverty.4. Current decade data includes the years 2011 and 2018 only. In the last 8 years, the hottest year was in 2016 when the average temperature across India was 26.2ºC. Source: Environment Statistics 2019, MOSPI.

Changes in temperature between 2008-18 and 1950-80 on a 1km grid. Source: India Meteorological Department.

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Source: Global Climate Risk Index and International Labour Org.

Impact of a 1.5ยบC increase in global temperatures will disproportionately affect disadvantaged and vulnerable populations through food insecurity, higher food prices, income losses, lost livelihood opportunities, adverse health impacts, and population displacements (IPCC SPM 2018).

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The following is the impact of a 2-4ºC rise in temperature on India (world bank5. + carbon brief6.):

Extreme Heat

India is already experiencing a warming climate with temperatures going up to 50ºC. Unusual and unprecedented spells of hot weather are expected to occur far more frequently and cover much larger areas. Under 4°C warming, the west coast and southern India are projected to shift to new, hightemperature climatic regimes with significant impacts on agriculture.

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Changing Rainfall Patterns

A decline in monsoon rainfall since the 1950s has already been observed. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has also increased. A 2°C rise in the world’s average temperatures will make India’s summer monsoon highly unpredictable. At 4°C warming, an extremely wet monsoon that currently has a chance of occurring only once in 100 years is projected to occur every 10 years by the end of the century. An abrupt change in the monsoon could precipitate a major crisis, triggering more frequent droughts as well as greater flooding in large parts of India. India’s northwest coast to the south eastern coastal region could see higher than average rainfall. Dry years are expected to be drier and wet years wetter.

Droughts

Evidence indicates that parts of South Asia have become drier since the 1970s with an increase in the number of droughts. Droughts are expected to be more frequent in some areas, especially in north-western India, Jharkhand, Orissa and Chhattisgarh. Crop yields are expected to fall significantly because of extreme heat by the 2040s.

Groundwater

More than 60% of India’s agriculture is rain-fed, making the country highly dependent on groundwater. Even without climate change, 15% of India’s groundwater resources are overexploited. Falling water tables can be expected to reduce further on account of increasing demand for water from a growing population, more affluent life styles, as well as from the services sector and industry. Anirudh PJ

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Glacier Melt

Himalayan glaciers - where a substantial part of the moisture is supplied by the summer monsoon - have been retreating over the past century. At 2.5°C warming, melting glaciers and the loss of snow cover over the Himalayas are expected to threaten the stability and reliability of northern India’s primarily glacierfed rivers, particularly the Indus and the Brahmaputra. The Ganges will be less dependent on melt water due to high annual rainfall downstream during the monsoon season. The Indus and Brahmaputra are expected to see increased flows in spring when the snows melt, with flows reducing subsequently in late spring and summer. Alterations in the flows of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers could significantly impact irrigation, affecting the amount of food that can be produced in their basins as well as the livelihoods of millions of people (209 million in the Indus basin, 478 million in the Ganges basin, and 62 million in the Brahmaputra basin in the year 2005).

Sea level rise

Mumbai has the world’s largest population exposed to coastal flooding, with large parts of the city built on reclaimed land, below the high-tide mark. Rapid and unplanned urbanisation further increases the risks of sea water intrusion. With India close to the equator, the subcontinent would see much higher rises in sea levels than higher latitudes. Sea-level rise and storm surges would lead to saltwater intrusion in the coastal areas, impacting agriculture, degrading groundwater quality, contaminating drinking water, and possibly causing a rise in diarrhea cases and cholera outbreaks, as the cholera bacterium survives longer in saline water. Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai, all densely populated cities, are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of sea-level rise, tropical cyclones, and riverine flooding. Page 26

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Energy Security

Climate-related impacts on water resources can undermine the two dominant forms of power generation in India - hydropower and thermal power generation - both of which depend on adequate water supplies to function effectively. The increasing variability and long-term decreases in river flows can pose a major challenge to hydropower plants and increase the risk of physical damage from landslides, flash floods, glacial lake outbursts, and other climate-related natural disasters. Decreases in the availability of water and increases in temperature will pose major risk factors to thermal power generation.

India ranks 3rd in the production of coal-powered energy, after China and the USA.6.

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Water Security

Many parts of India are already experiencing water stress. Even without climate change, satisfying future demand for water will be a major challenge. Urbanisation, population growth, economic development, and increasing demand for water from agriculture and industry are likely to aggravate the situation further. An increase in variability of monsoon rainfall is expected to increase water shortages in some areas. The threat to water security is very high over central India, along the mountain ranges of the Western Ghats, and in Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s northeastern states.

Health

Climate change is expected to have major health impacts in India- increasing malnutrition and related health disorders such as child stunting - with the poor likely to be affected most severely. Child stunting is projected to increase by 35% by 2050 compared to a scenario without climate change. Malaria and other vector-borne diseases, along with and diarrheic infections which are a major cause of child mortality, are likely to spread into areas where colder temperatures had previously limited transmission. Heat waves are likely to result in a very substantial rise in mortality and death, and injuries from extreme weather events are likely to increase.

Migration and Conflict

South Asia is a hotspot for the migration of people from disaster-affected or degraded areas to other national and international regions.Â Climate change impacts on agriculture and livelihoods can increase the number of climate refugees. Page 28

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Chennai.

Frequency of extreme events. Cyclone Thane (December, 2011) Cyclone Thane was formed in the east side of Indian Ocean in 2011 and this cyclone crossed seashore near Cuddalore and Puducherry with howling winds reaching over 165 km/hr on December 28, 2011.

Cyclone Nilam (October, 2012) Cyclone Nilam originated from an area of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal on October 28, 2012. It became a cyclonic storm on October 31. Nilam crossed the shore around Mahabalipuram with winds reaching speeds of 83 km/hr. Such was the ferocity of the cyclone that sea water was found inside houses that were 100 meters away from the shore. In order to escape the wrath of nature, around 1,50,000 people had to flee their homes.

South Indian floods (December, 2015) Chennai rains break multiple century-long records Chennai, one of the worst hit areas in the state, received almost 1,200 mm of rain in November, which is nearly 300 per cent above the normal observation of 407.4 mm.2.

Cyclone Vardah (2016) A ‘Very Severe’ cyclonic storm Vardah was first formed as a deep depression near Andaman Island and soon became a strong cyclone. It shook the capital of Tamil Nadu, Chennai and thousands of trees were uprooted. A round-the-clock deluge stunned the residents of Chennai who were helpless to do anything. It was estimated that the total monetary loss from Cyclone Vardah was in the tune of over Rs 1,000 crore.2.

(May, 2017) At 43.6 degree Celsius, city records highest temperature in 15 years.2. Chennai records hottest day of the year as the mercury level soared to 40.1 degree Celsius.2.

Heat Wave (2019) From mid-May to mid-June 2019, India had a severe heat wave. It was one of the hottest and longest heat waves since the two countries began recording weather reports. the problem began when the water left in reservoirs began to evaporate.2.

Chennai water crisis (June, 2019) This year, the reservoirs that overflowed during the 2015-16 floods, dried out. Of Chennai’s total requirement of 830 MLD (million litres a day) water, the Chennai Metro Water Supply and Sewage Board(CMWSSB) was able to supply only about 525 MLD during the worst days of the crisis. Two years of deficient monsoon rainfall, particularly in late 2017 and throughout much of 2018 had led to this crisis. On 19 June 2019, Chennai city officials declared that “Day Zero”, or the day when almost no water is left, had been reached, as all the four main reservoirs supplying water to the city had run dry.2.

The city of Chennai is frequently exposed to extreme events, whether it be natural or man-made and is immobilized frequently creating pseudo-refugees. Anirudh PJ

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Pollution on the rise. Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Health Capital has PM2.5 levels that are currently 5 times the WHO standard.

Chennai (capital of the state of Tamil Nadu) is one of four metropolitan cities of India, along with Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata. With its proximity to the Bay of Bengal and thus access to markets in East Asia, Chennai is also an important port city. Apart from trade and shipping, the automobile industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, software services, medical care, and manufacturing form the foundation of the economic base for Chennai. Manufacturers like Ford, Hyundai, Mitsubishi, Ashok Leyland, Massey Ferguson, Eicher, and other engineering and manufacturing units have taken advantage of the proximity to the port, as well as skilled labor in the region, to establish manufacturing centers in Chennai, thus accounting for 30 % of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s auto industry.

The Greater Chennai region has a population of about 10 million. Thirteen percent of households own a car and 47% of households own a motorcycle. At US$219 billion, the Chennai metropolitan area is the fourth largest city by GDP in India. The Ennore Port, the first major corporate port, handles coal (most of the supply is for the two thermal power plants with dedicated feeder lines running from the ports), iron ore, oil, and commercial commodities for the automobile and mineral industries. The annual capacity of 30 million tons of cargo in 2012â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2013 is expected to triple by 2020, which is linked by road and rail transport, to most parts of South India.3. Page 30

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An Experiment for Well-Being

TRAN = transport emissions from road, rail, aviation, and shipping (for coastal cities); RESI = residential emissions from cooking, heating, and lighting activities; INDU = industrial emissions from small, medium, and heavy industries (including power generation); DUST = dust emissions from road re-suspension and construction activities; WAST = open waste burning emissions; DGST = diesel generator set emissions; BRIC = brick kiln emissions (not included in the industrial emissions)

The industrial sector and the transportation sector causes the most impact on the quality of air.3. In 2005, Chennai fared as the highest per capita emitter of greenhouse gases.3.D. Past data from TNPCB shows that pollution levels in the city have only been increasing. During 2016-2017, the maximum levels of PM10 in the ambient air, which is the air that we breathe, in T. Nagar registered 113 micrograms/cubic metre, Anna Nagar recorded 104 micrograms/cubic metre, Adyar 81 micrograms/cubic metre, Nungambakkam 137 micrograms/cubic metre and Kilpauk 125 micrograms/cubic metre. During 2018-2019, PM10 levels touched a maximum of 173 micrograms/cubic metre in Nungambakkam and the city’s annual average touched 100 micrograms/cubic metre. The prescribed standards (annual average) for industrial, residential, rural and other areas are: PM10 - 60 micrograms/cubic metre and PM 2.5 - 40 micrograms/ cubic metre. The maximum level for all stations crossed 100 micrograms/cubic metre with T. Nagar touching 138 micrograms/ cubic metre, Anna Nagar 161 micrograms/cubic metre, Adyar 107 micrograms/cubic metre and Kilpauk 128 micrograms/cubic metre.3. Chennai still relies on coal-power plants such as, North Chennai power station which is a 1,830-megawatt (MW) coal-fired power station in Tamil Nadu, India, which is owned and operated by the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation (TANGEDCO).

Ironically, the health capital of India is not such a healthy space to live in. With a rise in pollution levels and disregard for environment, there rises a need for enlightening civilians about the issue. Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Nellore

Site Details.

500km

Location + Data. 400km

Tirupati

300km

200km

100km

Bangalore

Chennai

NH48

Vellore

32 SH 49

NH79

Salem NH

5 NH

Pondicherry Vellore

Coimbatore NH

Tiruchirappalli

Madurai

Regional Scale.

Location of city with respect to the region.

Chennai city is the only Tier 1 city in TamilNadu. The closest Tier 1 city is Bangalore. Tier 2 cities in the viscinity of Chennai are Pondicherry, Nellore, Vellore, Tirupati, Salem, Tiruchirappalli, Madurai and Coimbatore. Chennai has a hot and humid climate. Anirudh PJ

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Anirudh PJ

Areas with adequate hotels for accomodating the IPCC Plenary meeting members.

Closest public transportation, MRTS (Mass Rapid Transit System) and its network.

Socially active areas in the city and its corresponding connectivity to the site of interest.

Locality with Respect to the City.

City Scale.

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Anirudh PJ

Road network and circulation is also mapped with the nearest bus stop and metro station (phase 2).

Type/classification of generators are important to understand the floating crowd that is present near the probable site area.

Traffic generators and pedestrian generators are studied to understand the density of events and intensity of movement.

Probable Site with Respect to the Neighbourhood.

Neighbourhood Scale.

Thesis 2020

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Anirudh PJ

Influence of squatter settlements around site.

Light mapping of areas in and around the site to understand negative activity buildup in unsafe areas and to get an image of actively functioning night zones near site.

Night Satellite Image of the Block Containing Site.

Block Scale.

Thesis 2020

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Anirudh PJ

Soil integrity on the site.

Sunset

Winter Solistice

Focus areas on site and legal restrictions. for constructing along coastal areas.

Possible views in and out of the site.

Contour mapping of site to understand elevation and water drainage. -75°

Wind direction, both predominant and seasonal. -60

18 17

5°

-4

-30

-165

Solar Noon

Summer Solistice 12

13.005974 N 80.270680 E

80°

70°

60°

50°

40°

30°

20°

10°

-15°

15°

165°

0°

-15

Sun path at seasonal extremes - at the longest and shortest times of the day which influences temperature, solar exposure and safe work times across the day with subsequent sciography.

n so

i W

P Pr red ev om ai in lin an g t W in ds

a Se

s on la M

n oo

0°

-105

s nd

45 °

06 07

Sunrise

Winter Solistice

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An Experiment for Well-Being

0°

60 105°

-1 35 °

Hard Features of Site.

5°

Site Scale.

Thesis 2020

-12

75°

12 0°

Important views out of the site.

Site Boundaries and focus areas with regard to the existing pathway.

Primary Design Features.

Site Scale.

t V iew

Anirudh PJ

aro m

cS t

ree

Constrictions and Funnels based on site analysis.

Re ZI II CR

a on

n oo

Area: 17.37 Acres

Restricted Foliage View

tio

n str ic

Thesis 2020

P Pr red ev om ai in lin an g t W in d

d in

HTL

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Open Ocean View

An Experiment for Well-Being

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An Experiment for Well-Being

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Thesis 2020

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An Experiment for Well-Being

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Thesis 2020

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Psychrometric Analysis of Chennai Over the Duration of a Year.8.

ISO 7730-2005

Temperature/Humidity Distribution Points 100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

g/kg

50%

HUMIDIFICATION

40%

U HE M A ID T IF IN IC G AT + IO N

30% 25

JunMay

EH C U OO M L ID IN IF G IC + AT IO

Jul

Oct

Mar

May

Apr Sep Aug

Nov

20 Jun

Nov

20% Dec

Dec Feb

M WAR

Feb

Jan

Absolute Humidity (g/kg)

Sep Apr Jul Aug

Oct

HOT

Mar

DEH HEATING UMID IFIC + ATIO N

DEHUMIDIFICATION

C HUM OOLING IDIF ICAT + ION

SLIG Y HTL

RAL 5

COL

COO

Y CO HTL SLIG

T NEU

M WAR

10 10%

+3.0

+2.5

+2.0

+1.5

+1.0

+0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

-2.5

-3.0

0 45

째C

Dry Bulb Temperature (째C)

Temperature/Humidity Distribution Points 100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

g/kg

50%

JunMay

Mar

DEH HEATING UMID IFIC + ATIO N

Sep Apr Jul Aug

Mar

Jul

Oct

Apr

Oct

Sep Aug

Nov

May

Jun

Nov

20% Dec

Dec Feb

D Feb

Jan

Absolute Humidity (g/kg)

D EH C U OO M L ID IN IF G IC + AT IO

30%

E EM

DEHUMIDIFICATION

C HUM OOLING IDIF ICAT + ION

H H U E M A ID T IF IN IC G AT + IO N

HUMIDIFICATION

40%

EXTREME DANGER

Outdoor Work Heat Index

CA IO

CAUTIO

10%

N 5

0 45

째C

Dry Bulb Temperature (째C)

Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

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Givoni Bioclimatic Chart Hourly points

Temperature/Humidity Distribution Points 100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

g/kg

50%

HUMIDIFICATION

40%

U HE M A ID T IF IN IC G AT + IO N

28.6 °C

AIR-CONDITIONING & DEHUMIDIFICATION

R TU NA

20%

INTERNAL GAINS

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

ACTIVE SOLAR

HEATING

HUMIDIFICATION

AIR-CONDITIONING

WINTER

MASS COOLING & NIGHT VENTILATION

MASS COOLING

COMFORT ZONE

Absolute Humidity (g/kg)

EH C U OO M L ID IN IF G IC + AT IO

O TI LA

DEH HEATING UMID IFIC + ATIO N

DEHUMIDIFICATION

30%

C HUM OOLING IDIF ICAT + ION

10%

EVAPORATIVE COOLING 0

°C

Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)

Monthly Range

Temperature/Humidity Distribution Points 100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

g/kg

50%

HUMIDIFICATION

40%

U HE M A ID T IF IN IC G AT + IO N

28.6 °C

30% 25

I ATy LMa

AIR-CONDITIONING & DEHUMIDIFICATION

JuTnI

C HUM OOLING IDIF ICAT + ION

EH C U OO M L ID IN IF G IC + AT IO

Mar

Oct

Jul Apr

Sep Aug

Nov

May

20 Jun

Nov

20% Dec

Dec Feb

Feb

Jan

INTERNAL GAINS

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

ACTIVE SOLAR

HEATING

HUMIDIFICATION

AIR-CONDITIONING

WINTER

MASS COOLING & NIGHT VENTILATION

COMFORT ZONE

Absolute Humidity (g/kg)

Mar

SepAL Apr Jul RAug

TU NA

Oct

MASS COOLING

DEHUMIDIFICATION

DEH HEATING UMID IFIC + ATIO N

10%

EVAPORATIVE COOLING 0

°C

Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)

Based on the above charts, most of the months (march to november), have temperatures that are well beyond the comfort zone. Natural ventilation would enable the achievement of the comfort zone during august to november. Air-conditioning and dehumidification is needed for the months of march to july.

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Anirudh PJ

Case

Studies. Phenomenological Study + Programmatic Study + Technocentric Study + Event-Based Study.

An Experiment for Well-Being

Thesis 2020

IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

WHO is IPCC?

IPCC is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. It was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. The IPCC reviews and assesses the most recent scientific, technical and socio-economic information produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change. It does not conduct any research nor does it monitor climate related data or parameters. As an intergovernmental body, membership of the IPCC is open to all member countries of the United Nations (UN) and WMO. Currently 195 countries are Members of the IPCC. Governments participate in the review process and the plenary Sessions, where main decisions about the IPCC work programme are taken and reports are accepted, adopted and approved. The IPCC Bureau Members, including the Chair, are also elected during the plenary Sessions. Thousands of scientists from all over the world contribute to the work of the IPCC. Review is an essential part of the IPCC process, to ensure an objective and complete assessment of current information. IPCC aims to reflect a range of views and expertise. It is established by WMO and UNEP and located at WMO headquarters in Geneva. Because of its scientific and intergovernmental nature, the IPCC embodies a unique opportunity to provide rigorous and balanced scientific information to decision makers. By endorsing the IPCC reports, governments acknowledge the authority of their scientific content. The work of the organisation is therefore policy-relevant and yet policy-neutral, never policy-prescriptive.

How does the IPCC work? The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a huge and yet very small organisation. Thousands of scientists from all over the world contribute to the work of the IPCC on a voluntary basis as authors, contributors and reviewers. None of them is paid by the IPCC. The IPCC is currently organised in 3 Working Groups and a Task Force. They are assisted by Technical Support Units (TSUs), which are hosted and financially supported by the government of the developed country Working Group I deals with “The Physical Science Basis of Climate Change”, Working Group II with “Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability” and Working Group III with “Mitigation of Climate Change”. Working Groups meet in Plenary session at the level of government representatives. The main objective of the Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is to develop and refine a methodology for the calculation and reporting of national greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Page 44

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Plenary Sessions The Panel meets in Plenary Sessions at the level of government representatives for all member countries. Currently, the IPCC has 195 members. The Panel meets approximately once a year at the plenary level. These Sessions are attended by hundreds of officials and experts from relevant ministries, agencies and research institutions from member countries. The IPCC Bureau The IPCC Bureau comprises the IPCC Chair, the IPCC Vice-Chairs, the Co-Chairs and ViceChairs of the Working Groups and the Co-Chairs of the Task Force. The IPCC Bureau is chaired by the IPCC Chair. There are currently 34 members. During its 41st Session , the Panel decided to increase the size of the Bureau to 34 members through an increase in representation from Africa (2) and Asia (1). Task Force Bureau The Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) has its own Task Force Bureau (TFB) composed of 12 members and the 2 Co-Chairs of the TFI. The TFB overseas the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. Executive Committee In response to recommendations made by the IAC, the Panel decided to establish an Executive Committee to strengthen and facilitate timely and effective implementation of the IPCC programme of work, strengthen coordination between Working Groups and Task Forces and to address urgent issues that require prompt attention by the IPCC between Panel sessions. Authors About 830 Authors and Review Editors from over 80 countries were selected to form the Author teams that produced the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). Anirudh PJ

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IPCC Program? Preparation of comprehensive assessment reports about the state of scientific, technical and socio-economic knowledge on climate change, its causes, potential impacts and response strategies. The IPCC also produces Special Reports, which are an assessment on a specific issue and Methodology Reports, which provide practical guidelines for the preparation of greenhouse gas inventories.Â The IPCC Scholarship Programme exists to build capacity in the understanding and management of climate change in developing countries by providing opportunities for young scientists from developing countries to undertake doctoral studies. Applications are submitted by students from Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Conferences, meetings and plenary sessions.

IPCC Plenary. 84 Permanent Members. IPCC Chair (1) IPCC Vice-Chair (3)

IPCC Bureau. (66) Work group 1. (23) Co-Chair (2)

Vice-Chair (7) Technical Support Unit (14) Head of TSU (1)

Director of Operations (1) Senior Science Officer (3) Head of Science Team (1) Project Assistant (1) IT Officer (1) GraphicsOfficer (1) Science Officer (4) Science Assistant (1)

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Work group 2. (21) Co-Chair (2)

Vice-Chair (8) Technical Support Unit (11) Head of TSU (1)

Director of Operations (1) Science Advisor (1) Director of Science (1) Administrative Assistant (1) IT Officer (2) Graphics Officer (2) Science Officer (2)

Work group 3. (22) Co-Chair (2)

Vice-Chair (7) Technical Support Unit (13) Head of TSU (3)

Senior Scientist (3) Scientist (2) Communications Manager (1) Administrator (1) IT Manager (1) Science Officer (1) TSU Personal Assistant (1)

Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. (14) Task Force Bureau. (14) Co-Chair (2)

Vice-Chair (7) Task Force Bureau (11) Technical Support Unit (13) Head of TSU (1)

Senior Programme Officer (1) Programme Officer (3) IT Officer (1) Administrative Officer (2) Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Thesis 2020

Lobby + Cafeteria + Personal Work Space

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Thesis 2020

An Experiment for Well-Being

Conference Halls + Plenary Session

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Thesis 2020

Case Studies. Building Technology. EDU Headquarters.1. Medellín. Colombia.

Primarily intended to understand the climate adaptive principles of buoyancy ventilation and usage of low footprint materials.

No active air conditioning | Independent of wind direction and speed More people, better ventilation | Open facade

Active Social Space. Strøget.2.

Copenhagen. Denmark. The case study of the street Strøget is done to compare the standard of public spaces which are considered to be socially active and designed for walkability, in an international context. Charles Montgomery, an Urbanist, considers Strøget to be one of the happiest public spaces in the world.

Setting of Public Spaces | Paving as an element | E-Vehicle Hubs Integrated Seating | Square Centred elements at focal points Support for dynamic programs | Spilled-over infrastructure Identity of city as social space

Streets, Squares and Promenades.4. Havana. Cuba.

Changes in the pattern of pedestrian movement along with the sun orientation is observed.

Social Activities as a result of Optional Activities Paving as an element | Shade as a focus for gathering Daylight associated activities

Dramatic Narration through Space. Jewish Museum.3. Berlin. Germany.

An experiential form of storytelling that was derived from an intricately woven culture of the city and was meant to make the invisible, visible.

Phenomenological setting inducing drama | Voids as bridges Heavy symbolism + Design metaphors Asymmetric orientation and disorientation

Shigeru ban Paper Partitioning system. Emergency Shelter.5. Japan.

Versatility Of Design | Portable And Decomposable Materials Modularity To Give Space For Personalisation Swift Setting Up Of Structures Page 50

Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

EDU Headquarters.1. Medellín. Colombia.

Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano (Urban Development Company of Medellín) combined optimal thermal performance with local urban regeneration for this project. The project aims to stimulate the transformation of the city center to promote a sustainable habitat and guarantee public freedom - a dual strategy of social urbanism, and a culture of sustainability.

A Building that Breathes

Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Thesis 2020

Total Area: 3,600 m2 Common Area: 1,968 m2 Height of Building: 37 m Average Floor Height: 3.70 m Medellín Average Temperature: 18°C to 28°C Project Year: 2016 Brief features: Prefabricated façade system Solar panels Solar chimney Temperature calibration Thermal buoyancy An absence of air conditioning An external skin composed of high-quality prefabricated elements allows the external cold air to be directed towards an external chimney, generating and influencing thermal mass. One of the major challenges of natural ventilation is the unpredictable frequency, direction, and strength of the wind. In Medellín, the direction of the wind is reliable, but it is only strong enough for about 40% of the year. Page 52

Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Buoyancy ventilation is a different kind of natural ventilation. It isn’t powered by the wind. It’ s powered by the waste heat from occupants, computers and other internal heat gains. Hot air rises. The building is designed to exploit this effect. A chimney connects to all the office floors. Heated by occupants and computers, the interior air rises naturally up the chimney. As it escapes at the top, fresh air is pulled in from the windows and across the floor plates to make up for the air it has lost. With wind-driven ventilation, the fresh air is pushed in from the sides. But with buoyancy ventilation, the fresh air is sucked in from the sides—by the warm air column rising up the chimney. So the action is different. And it’ s also more reliable. On a hot day, when the occupancy is high, there may not be enough wind to flush out the interior. But buoyancy ventilation is different: as the occupancy increases so does the driving force. In other words, buoyancy is a force you can engineer. By design, we can reliably sustain a ‘ breeze’ in the absence of wind. If you increase the fresh air rate per person, the openings increase, while the interior temperature (relative to the exterior) falls. It turns out that, by adjusting the openings properly, we can keep the average interior temperature at no more than two degrees above the exterior, while providing three or four times the normal amount of fresh air per person. There will be three openable windows per floor, spaced to give an even distribution of fresh air, from the least polluted and quietest sides of the building. In the afternoon, when the exterior temperature can exceed 28°C in the shade, two environmental aspects are exploited. First, the chimney faces west, so it will receive a ‘solar boost’ in the afternoon. This will increase the fresh air rate by up to a third. Second, thermal mass is utilised. The exposed concrete ceilings will cool down at night, staying relatively cool during the day. They will absorb radiant heat from occupants, making it feel cooler than the exterior for most of the time. Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Thesis 2020

GRC or Glass Reinforced Concrete

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Thesis 2020

Anirudh PJ

An Experiment for Well-Being

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Strøget.2.

Copenhagen. Denmark.

Population: 0.5 million Length: 1.15 km Right-of-Way: 10–12 m Context: Residential/ Commercial Maintenance: Several repaving since 1963 Strøget is a common name for a number of streets and connected squares in the inner city running from Kongens Nytorv (Kings New Square) to Rådhuspladsen (City Hall Square). Until 1962, all the streets and squares of central Copenhagen were used intensively for vehicle traffic and parking, and were under pressure from the rapidly growing fleet of private vehicles. The pedestrianisation of Copenhagen began with the city’s main street, Strøget, which was converted in 1962 as an experiment. The conversion of the 1.15 km-long main street into a pedestrian street gave rise to much public debate before the street was converted. “Pedestrian streets will never work in Scandinavia” was one theory. “No cars means no customers and no customers means no business,” said local business owners. Soon, Strøget proved to be a huge success, with businesses realising that traffic-free environments provide increased financial revenue.

Before pedestrianisation.

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After pedestrianisation.

Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

gehlpeople.com

Amagertrov Square.

The square, Amagertorv, is well defined by the surrounding, fine buildings, and has an interesting fixed point, the “Stork Fountain”.

On Amagertorv, sculptor Bjørn Nørgaard created a new paving with an exuberant pattern of granite pentagons in five different colours: rose, yellow, black and two shades of grey.

Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Thesis 2020

This most central of Copenhagen squares serves as a venue for informal free entertainment. Acrobats and magicians as well as strummers, jugglers, circustype sideshows and even art exhibits take place.

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An Experiment for Well-Being

StrĂ¸get has adequate bicycle riding and parking space, and even has an alternative electric rickshaw stand for commuting. During major festivals like Christmas, the Amagertrov square gets filled with songs and bustle of people and becomes a major gathering space to celebrate. For seating, there are plenty of seats provided along the edge of buildings and also there is a good amount of spillover seats from cafes and restaurants. Anirudh PJ

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Increase in pedestrian volumes in the first year after the conversion.

Increase in pedestrian space, from 15,800m2 to 99,700m2.

Increase in outdoor café seating, from 2.970 to 7,020

Increase in stopping staying activities.

and

Increase in pedestrian volumes to 15min/day on average.

Key Elements Removal of all traffic from the street. Removal of curbs and sidewalks, addition of new paving. Consolidation of street furniture to facilitate pedestrian movement. Goals Improve connectivity in the city centre. Provide a high-quality and attractive environment. Create a space that supports businesses. Encourage a diverse range of people to live and spend time in the city centre. Revitalise the city’s forgotten alleyways by turning them into vibrant laneways. The pedestrianisation of Strøget highlighted the potential for outdoor public life in Denmark, as Danes never before had the room and the opportunity to develop a public life in public spaces. This pedestrianisation created peaceful, yet lively, public spaces. Strøget also proved that pedestrian streets can increase revenue for local retailers. Page 60

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Streets, Squares and Promenades.4. Havana. Cuba.

Havana is the capital city of Cuba. It has a tropical climate with temperatures ranging from 22 Â°C in January to 28 Â°C in August.

Broad Boulevards

Paseo del Prado, Avenida de los Presidentes, Paseo, etc.

Anirudh PJ

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Thesis 2020

STREETS AS PUBLIC SPACES

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Shade as an Activity Inducer Kevin Lynch Papers. Two workers resting under the shade of a tree on a hot summer afternoon.

Outdoor activities shifting with sun exposure. Plaza Mayor, Trinidad

Overlap of wifi signal radius and shade for refuge. Plaza Mayor, Trinidad Anirudh PJ

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Thesis 2020

Jan Gehl observed that optional activities occured more frequently in higher quality outdoor spaces.

Activities in shade and sun. Paseo El Prado

As the levels of optional activities rise, social activities increase substantially. (Page 11, Life between Buildings)

All activities (necessary, ptional and social) occuring on the shady side of the street. Calle Cristo, Trinidad and Calle San Fernando, Cienfuegos. Page 64

Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Jewish Museum.3. Berlin. Germany.

Architects: Studio Libeskind Area: 15500.0 m2 Year: 1999

In 1987, the Berlin government organised an anonymous competition for an expansion to the original Jewish Museum in Berlin that opened in 1933. The program wished to bring a Jewish presence back to Berlin after WWII. In 1988, Daniel Libeskind was chosen as the winner. Daniel Libeskind communicates the displacement and disassociation of the Jewish people in Germany through his use of metaphor, fragmentation, void, and disorientation.

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Libeskind states the three main idea which formed the foundation of the museum: First, the impossibility of understanding the history of Berlin without understanding the enormous intellectual, economic, and cultural contribution made by its Jewish citizens. Second, the necessity to integrate the meaning of the Holocaust, both physically and spiritually, into the consciousness and memory of the city of Berlin. Third, that only though acknowledging and incorporating this erasure and void of Berlin’s Jewish life can the history of Berlin and Europe have a human future.

The Star of David recognised symbol of modern Jewish identity and Judaism. The building’s overall composition is that of a distorted Star of David, with a straight “void” running through the length of the building. Heavy with symbolism and metaphor, the building uses fragmentation, void, and disorientation to reflect the three aforementioned aspects of Jewish history.

“One is a straight line, but broken into many fragments, the other is a tortuous line, but continuing indefinitely”. The theme of fragmentation can be seen in the overall “tortuous” lines of the plan, but also in the window placement. Page 66

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An Experiment for Well-Being

The theme of disorientation is also less clear at the exterior level, but the general lack of hierarchical structures or a clear path to or from the addition adds to the theme. The contrast between the old baroque structure and the newer addition may also leave visitors confused.

While the voids of the interior cannot be seen as clearly from the exterior, the fragmented form still creates voids within its own form. Additionally, there is an extra void building which serves as a Holocaust memorial and stands completely empty, which Libeskind describes as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;voided voidâ&#x20AC;? Anirudh PJ

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Libeskind states that the straight line void cutting through the museum “is the space of Berlin, because it refers to that which can never be exhibited when it comes to Jewish Berlin history. Humanity reduced to ashes” (Quoted in Libeskind 1999). The space is organized in such an unavoidable way that “visitors must cross one of the 60 bridges that open onto this void” (“The Libeskind Building”).

In addition to the void, the fragmentation of the building is clearly seen in the jagged windows and beams crisscrossing above the display spaces.

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Libeskind plotted addresses of Jewish citizens on a prewar map of Berlin and used the matrices to determine the form of the windows - a less obvious but no less powerful metaphor. The theme can also be seen in the lack of right angles or symmetry in almost any part of the building. Anirudh PJ

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Garden of Exile

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An Experiment for Well-Being

The garden, which visitors move through as they exit the museum, “represents an attempt to completely disorient the visitor. It represents a shipwreck of history” (Libeskind 1999). Libeskind achieves this disorientation by tilting the floor. This is especially effective considering the garden appears to be the only structure in the museum to be composed on a grid system of right angles. Additionally, the vegetation is placed on top of the structural elements, leaving the earth “remote inside concrete columns, roots above, hard ground below, and vegetation intertwined above – out of reach” (Libeskind 1999). This will also serve to disorient a visitor, whose usual conception of a garden features plants rooted in the ground. Anirudh PJ

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An Experiment for Well-Being

Emergency Shelter.5. Japan.

Shigeru Bansâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Emergency Paper Partioning System Anirudh PJ

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Thesis 2020 Hokkaido Earthquake 2018 Hokkaido, Japan West Japan Flooding 2018 Okayama and Hiroshima, Japan Kumamoto Earthquake 2016 Kumamoto and Oita, Japan

2018

Hiroshima Landslide 2014 Hiroshima, Japan

2014

The evacuees of the great Japan Earthquake and Tsunami are currently taking shelter in evacuation facilities such as gymnasiums. They are forced to live in this situation for a few months, before temporary housings are deployed. They suffer from the lack of privacy and high density, which could cause damage both mentally and physically. We are currently making simple partitions made of paper tubes and canvas curtains to divide each families.

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Design Direction. Programming the Site + Master Plan + Analysing the Master Plan + Design Details.

Car Parking 2.6x7

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All dimensions are in meters.

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Thesis 2020

An Experiment for Well-Being The site area is fixed after a comprehensive analysis of the site data and has an approximate area of 68,000m2 or 16.8 acres.There is a frontage of 225 meters which faces the major road from Adyar into the beach which consists of a substantial amount of floating crowd of different age groups and intended program. The site is oddly shaped like a union between two quads but it can analogically be looked at in the form of a funnel which has the wider open end facing the road and the narrow end focusing on the beach. The site programs can be accordingly placed to utilise the duality of the site frontages.

The individual trees that were marked are taken and grouped into their cluster parts which are seen as a whole thereafter. These clusters are then given an area of groud around them for percolation of water and soil breathability. This has an ulterior motive of preserving the natural order of the land. The natural contours of the site have an inclination towards the ocean which can be used to our advantage by creating green edges along the bounds of the site that flushes the rain water into the soil to recharge ground water aquifers and the excess rain water can flow back into the ocean to prevent stagnation.

Based on the tree cluster groups, there is a solid-void counterbalance which can be used as a reference for internal circualtion of vehicular and pedestrian traffic in the site. The red coloured outer-loop is a private road meant for service vehicles and vehicles with permits to enter. The orange coloured intermediate connector roads are for a restricted crowd that can include the privileged usergroup of a specific program. The yellow loop which is the inner most loop set of roads are open to the public and can act as pedestrian streets with slow-moving vehicular traffic. Green patches mark potential parking zones. Anirudh PJ

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Program-Based Analysis.

Utilising Contextual Characteristics. Major Entry (Service Vehicular)

Breaking the Compound Wall

(Allows the traffic into existing site path)

Major Entry

(Unrestricted Public Vehicualar access)

(Permi ex

Erasing the Compound Wall

(Opens the frontage of the site onto the road)

Deform Com

Setbacks

(Minimum 20m of buffer space)

C Divider Break (Facilitates outflow)

Major Exit

(Vehicular)

Major Entry (Pedestrian)

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No Development Zone (200m from HTL)

ming the New mpound Wall

its the growth of xisting trees)

D Erasing the Compound Wall

(Opens the rear of the site onto the beach)

Erasing Existing Buildngs on Site (Making way for new programs)

Existing Squatter Settlement

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Preliminary Site Programs.

A B C D E

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• Visitors center • Street Market (flexible) • • Informal Exhibit (Market supported) • Lawn + Childrens’ Play Area •

• OAT (Flexible + Expandable hard and soft scapes) • Food cafeteria • • Incentive Reward Program (Kiosk) •

• Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Regional Headquarters • • Informal Garden •

• Experimental social space hub • Restaurant • Childrens Play Area • • Commercial stalls + Hawker space • Deck + Egress into beach •

• Internal conflicting space (Experience center) • Formal Exhibit space • • Public Dialogue space (extension into beach) • Formal garden •

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The site is broadly classified into 3 parts (yellow, orange and red) based on its proximity from the road, which is further divided into 5 (A, B, C, D and E) based on the nature of the programs planned. The Yellow part consists of A and B. A consists of the major vehicular entry into the site and B consists of the major pedestrian entry into the site due to its proximity to public transit stops. Due to the high-traffic nature of the site, the frontage of the site is devoid of compound walls and the ingress into the site for the pedestrians are porous along the frontage, this is an added advantage as it also bypasses the legal setback restrictions. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; consists of programs that invite into the core of the site while B consists of programs that stall the user based on the surrounding program, it requires flexibility. Since there is a pre-existing pattern of pathways, it only made sense if the order is acknowledged and improvised in the newly programmed site. Hence there is a compound wall break on the service lane which opens up into the adjacent site. This calls for creating a buffer area in A before the less frequent visitors enter the other site. The Orange or C part contains the core of the site. A marker element at C would benefit the site due to its equal distance from the road and the beach. The lower half of C cannot be considered a transition space and hence can be used for more permanent and non-disruptive programs. The upper half of C is a transition space which needs to avoid programs that would make the users pause at a place. The Red part consists of D and E. The existing beach facing compound walls are brought down because, of the same reasons as that of the frontage but the more backhanded reason is to prevent the squatter settlement from expanding any further along the beach. D consists of a more spread out foliage cover and also has street-like features which can be utilised by introducing programs for a public social setting but also remains connected to the beach. E is more towards a closed corner and can have more reserved programs. The lower halves of both D and E fall under the No Development Zone (NDZ) and can only hold temporary structures.

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Master Plan.

F H

I C

D A

E J

A Visitors Centre B Local Market C Material Kiosk Page 82

D Draught OAT E Ripple OAT F Splashpad

G Informal Exhibit Space H Childrensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Play Area I IPCC Headquarters

J Rain Garden K Skating Ring L Calisthenics Bar

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O U Q N

R Q

S T

M Shoppersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Alley N Restaurant O Gazebos Anirudh PJ

P Upper Deck Q Lower Deck R House of Conflict

S Formal Exhibit Space T Dialogue Assembly Area U Satellite Kitchen + Beach Seating Page 83

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Southern Visitors Center | Aerial Page 84

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Master Plan.

The masterplan aims to create a model iteration of an interpretative example to showcase an experimental approach in combining public spaces that connect to the pre-existing natural features of the site. The design intervention uplifts the pre-existing factors such as the availability of the Elliots beach as an active natural public space, flexibility of future expansion into the extension of the beach and insertion of activities and a mixed usergroup to elevate the status of an unused, unsafe land with an expanding squatter settlement. The site acts as a vocational training center for the adjacent squatter settlement by utilising the crowd for internal maintainence jobs and gradually uplift their economic status from being a slum-dweller. The accented areas are the design intervened parts of the site wherein the colour; radical red represents the spaces that hold majority of activities on the improvised site model and are the primary anchor points of the site; medium turquoise shows all the transitional spaces and settings; fire bush is a representation of the internal vehicle-accessible road network, along with outer space demarcating the seamless pedestrian streets with a slow moving vehicular traffic; nevada blue shows the non-percolative grounds which are either concreted or plastered; pelorous blue covers all remaining, the walkable pedestriancentric connections to the intermediate pause areas with an end/start activity such as parking; and swamp grey represents the site areas as it were before intervention, where trees have been grouped as clusters to create percolative grounds.

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Analysing the Masterplan. Masterplan Program Dynamics.

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The motive behind the above diagram is to break down the masterplan into its layers which show the usage-based or user-group based fragments of it. The layering of programs have been done taking into consideration the vitality and nature of the crowd in Besant Nagar and also the security and safety of the site and its context.

Almost all the spaces have a range of different uses that cycle about throughout the day and a few even at night. Spaces that function during the night will be under surveillence and have moderated activities. For instance, the Ripple OAT space can host a concert at night which has to be scheduled in earlier. Similarly, beach parties that utilise the extended Besant Nagar beach have to do so only when the conditions are viable (when it is not turtle hatching season).

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Masterplan Program Dynamics.

Recreational The entire site can be seen as a recreation zone but for the sake of a discrete space it has been segregated based on the ambience and nature of recreation. The draught OAT is more inclined towards recreation than its counterpart due to the lax nature of activities. It doubles as a viewpoint overlooking the site too. The rain garden behind the headquarters is another informal space which can be used by the public who prefer a quite space to read due to its viscinity from crowdgenerating programs but aslo is safe as it has a direct line of sight from the building floors and the OAT. The lower deck is the last space which opens out into the beach and acts as a supporting space to the naturally existing recreational space - the beach.

Exhibit + Dialogue There are 3 main exhibit spaces and one dialogue resolution space. The first exhibit space is an informal one which is in the viscinity of the market so that the crowds overlap.The remaining spaces are in the form of one clump because of the demanding flow of those spaces. The house of conflict is an exhibit space which is curated specifically to an agenda of problems faced by people in the city/community. It is followed by a formal open exhibit which opens out into the social space but also has another linked area for resolving the afforementioned problems, where dialogues are exchanged.

Mixed Use + Flexible The OAT is the most dynamic space with ever-changing functions on the site due to the different types of materials used to define different modules and the convenience of typolopies. It is in a spot where it connects the headquarters, the market, the visitors center and the informal exhibit space which gives opportunities for the programs of those spaces to crawl in.

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Masterplan Program Dynamics.

Childrensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Play The play areas for children are scattered across the site which naturally makes each one of it unique from the other. They have an interactive play with the natural elements present in and around the space combined with playground equipments. They can broadly be classified based on the nature of the equipments and materiality of the space into the following: Hard Ground | Grass | Sand Pit | Ball Pit | Splashpad Each of the spaces are placed next to another usergroup program so that there is a line of sight and convenience of dropping off children to these spaces.

Eateries + Dining There are 3 major outlets to get food on the site. The first being the one next to the Headquarters restricted access portal which is convenient for the users of the building but also acts as a reason to spill out onto the OAT. The second is the social area where there is a dedicated food bar and roof top dining option that catalyses both the social aspect and as a viewpoint. The following space spills over into the upper deck which has movable chairs and tables. The third space is an extention into the beach which has a satellite kitchen in the form of a temporary structure and caters to the beach-going crowd with dedicated kiosks to lounge in.

Commercial There are a few commercial spots on the site to boost revenue and activate the site. At the public vehicular entrance, there is a market space which majorly caters to the needs of the fishermen community living in the slums in the viscinity. At all other times it promotes sustainable alternative products as an agenda which can be brought forward by startups or students. A material exchange kiosk follows the market which is next to a convenient drop-off point where poeple can exchange plastics and paper for credit. The plinth balcony of the headquarters has a few dedicated book store, a cafe and a souvenir store for when IPCC hosts events or when the gallery is active. Other times it acts as a regular convenience store. The last commercial point leads to the beach directly and hosts a space for local hawkers with a regulatory permit. This overlaps with the restaurant crowd creating a bustling environment.

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Southern Visitors Center | View Page 90

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Analysing the Masterplan.

Transitional and Pausable Areas.

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The motive is to understand starting points of pedestrianingress into the site in the form of parkings and portals to get an idea of the movement pattern inbetween the nodal programs (transitional spaces). These transitional spaces are studied to provide strategically better points to pause and interact with a service which is enunciated in the service plan.

Since the site can hold a larger crowd than its existing programs, there are many more pause points and pedestrian paths that can be used to improve the walkability of the site. The blue areas on the plan indicate the walkable areas, with the reds being the pause points to take a break and the yellows being parking points. During the evenings when the crowd begins to peak up, the roads with more than one lane can act as temporary parking spots which is timed and ticketed to ease the traffic.

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Southern Visitors Center | View Page 94

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Recline | Lounge.

Thesis 2020 Ergonomic templates of seating, passive seating and lounging were layered next to eachother according to their immediate context on the beach.The idea was to create furniture that not only is multifunctional but also keeps free of long time users and people who sleep overnight. The templates are linked to each other through a sinuous function that gives it a solid form that flows out as a skin. Recycled wood panels are inlayed into this form longitudinally and laterally at 5cm intervals with thickness of 1cm. The inlayed wood, both lateral and longitudinal are then superimposed to achieve the initial skin outline with much less mass and higher compression strength. The pockets created by this process cause the level of comfort to minimise over time keeping the seat-hoggers on the move and also lets the excess sand to slide down leaving the seats sand-free.

Social.

Exh

Recline.

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Exploded Axonometry: Site Elements

Social | Eat + Play + Lounge. A traditional thatched roof shelters this space within which lies a food bar, courtyards and stairways to the roof. The first half is more haphazard with armlike corridors stretching out which can be used by street performers to hawkers when theres daylight, and can turn into a dine-in space at night. The second half is square shaped, housing the food bar with an accessible roof top seating with views of the entire rear stretch of the site. The entire space has no enclosure and hence it extends out into the back of the site to support a larger crowd.

hibit.

Adapt. Portal.

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Exhibit | Emote + Think.

Portal | Marker + View.

This is the house of Conflict where the community gets to address problems that are collectively faced and exchange dialogue to come to a conclusion. These issues have to line up with the agenda of dirty urbanisation happeing in the city inorder to get hosted in the site.

An earth sheltered structure that functions as the secondary visitors center and vocational training hub.

The space itself is modular and dynamic in the range of curation it can go through by an artist or an event manager.

The central concreted core is open to the sky and can have temporary tensile based cover during summers or monsoons.

It consists of a Portal; 7 modular exhibit rooms; An emergency chamber; Monument of hope; and an open exhibit space with a dialogue exchange area.

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The earth forms a series of levels that can be climbed upon from 4 sides of the structure and used to get an overview of the first half of the site.

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Adapt | Work + Recreate. Creates a flexible space which can hold a dynamic range of programs that are both public and semi-public. The entire area of the OAT is split into two based on levels, the draught and the ripple, which juxtapose each other but are connected. The ripple was designed based on the existing tree cover which was present on the site that are used as shading devices and points of focus, around which the functional areas are. It tries to emulate a series of stepped wells which differ in material, that are capable of percolation of water in times of need to recharge the underlying aquifer or to act as a buffer zone for the site water runoffs. The wells in the complex can be classified into 5; Semi-circular (concreted core with a wall); Angular (Concrete core with discrete stage access); Organic (Central tree cover with loop); Circular (Central tree cover); and Inverted Circular (Viewpoint). The draught is the opposite since it is devoid of any trees but doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t destroy any to exist. This gives rise to 4 platforms, each at heights that supersedes the other. The highest 3 platforms have a series of arcades that instills a sense of familiarity and identity. The lowest platform is meant for lounging around a tree cover that is directly linked to the ripple under a pedestrian bridge. Anirudh PJ

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Draught OAT Featured | Aerial Page 100

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Draught Ripple OAT OAT Featured Featured | Aerial | Aerial Page 102

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Splashpad | Aerial

Splashpad | View Page 104

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An Experiment for Well-Being Roof Garden

Terrace Level

MPH Balcony

MPH Main Level

MPH Concentric Staircase MPH Base Level

First Level

Plinth Balcony

Ground Level

Exploded Axonometry: IPCC Headquarters Anirudh PJ

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IPCC Headquarters | Roadside View Page 106

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Informal Exhibit Space | View

Rain Garden | View Page 108

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IPCC Roofscape | View

IPCC Roof | View of Light Wells and Wind tunnels with a Central Prismatic Diffuser Anirudh PJ

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Social Hub | Interior View Page 110

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Skating Ring | View

Rainmaker Pond | View Page 112

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Deck | Aerial

Upper Deck | View Anirudh PJ

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Lower Deck | View of Satelllite Kitchen + Beach Modules Page 114

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Upper Deck | View

Beach | View Page 116

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House of Conflict | Aerial

House of Conflict | View of Portal Anirudh PJ

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House of Conflict | View from Portal Page 118

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House of Conflict | Path to Monument of hope

House of Conflict | View of Dialogue Resolution Space Page 120

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An nex ure.

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. (A)

1. Physiological needs - these are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep. If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered physiological needs the most important as all the other needs become secondary until these needs are met. 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear. 3. Love and belongingness needs - after physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness. The need for interpersonal relationships motivates behaviour. Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work). 4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige). Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity. 5. Self-actualisation needs - realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become everything one is capable of becoming” (Maslow, 1987, p. 64). Page 122

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Urban areas, a focus for global warming. (B) The world’s cities are responsible for up to 70 per cent of harmful greenhouse gases while occupying just 2 per cent of its land. What goes on in cities, and how they manage their impact on the environment, lies at the core of the problem. It is the combination of urbanisation’s fast pace and the demand for development that poses the major threat.

Expanding Cities.

Cities and large urban centres are already where most of the world’s population live. By 2030, an estimated 59 per cent of the world’s population will live in urban areas, with developed countries as the most urbanised at 81 per cent. Meanwhile, in developing countries the average is projected to be around 55 per cent by 2030. Every year sees the addition of 67 million new urban dwellers, and 91 per cent per cent of these is added to the populations of cities in developing countries.

Emissions: City by City.

A city by city comparison shows how even within countries there are large differences in emissions.

Ranking the world’s countries by 2014 total CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring, India ranks 3rd with 61,04,11,000 metric tons of carbon.

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Emissions: Sector by Sector. Trying to separate out the contribution of urban areas to greenhouse gas emissions by sector is essential if urban policies and interventions are to make a difference. According to data from the IPCC, at a global level, 14 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions can be allocated to activities related to agriculture and 17 per cent to forestry.15. For the rest, the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions tend to be urban based and include the combustion of fossil fuels, for electricity, cooking, transportation and industrial production. In countries relying heavily on coal for electricity it can be the single largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. A study of 15 South African cities indicated that electricity generation was responsible for more than 100 million tonnes of CO2 emissions annually or 66 per cent of the total. Globally, transportation is responsible for about 23 per cent of total energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, and 13 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. There are currently nearly 1.2 billion passenger vehicles worldwide. By 2050, this figure is projected to reach 2.6 billion â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the majority of which will be found in developing countries. The report warns that as economies grow, transport activities increase and are expected to continue increasing in the decades ahead, especially with increasing levels of urbanisation notably in rapidly expanding economies such as China, India and Latin America. 19 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions are associated with industrial activities. In Shanghai, between 1990 and 2005, 90 per cent of the energy was consumed by the industrial sector. Two towns in South Africa, Saldhana Bay and uMhlatuze contribute per capita emissions of 50 and 47 tonnes per year. Whereas, for example, the direct greenhouse gas emissions from industries in cities like Los Angeles, Prague and Toronto add 0.22, 0.43 and 0.57 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per capita per annum, respectively. The report quotes IPCC estimates that show global emissions from residential and commercial buildings at 10.6 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year, or 8 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. In the UK, residential buildings are responsible for 26 per cent of all CO2 emissions, commercial and public buildings for 13 per cent, and industrial buildings for 5 per cent. In China, energy consumption of buildings accounts for 28 per cent of national energy consumption and contributes 25 per cent of national greenhouse gas emissions.

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Emissions from waste represent about 3 per cent of total emissions. Despite being only a small contributor to global emissions, rates of waste generation have been increasing in recent years, particularly in developing countries that have been experiencing increasing affluence. In conclusion, national governments need to take a local approach to transportation and energy consumption if we are to make our hot cities cool again.

Conclusion. Understanding the situational context, and inferring from the above data, the greenhouse gas emissions from the construction and operation of cities are large and increasing; the gases from urban areas are the dominant anthropogenic sources. Moreover, the warmer conditions in many cities result in greater energy and resource consumption by the inhabitants to offset the effect and also make urban populations more vulnerable to heat waves and other extreme conditions. Urban areas and urban populations will continue to grow in size and number. The population size of cities being in a continuous growth spur, the action for global change to eradicate the phenomenon of global warming should start at cities as they have the potential to mitigate broader environmental change both directly and indirectly.

Urban areas, a focus for global warming. (C) Urbanisation, defined as the increase in the number of cities and urban population, is not only a demographic movement but also includes social, economic and psychological changes that constitute the demographic movement. It is a process that leads to the growth of cities because of industrialisation and economic development. The rapid increase in urban population worldwide is one among the important global health issues of the 21st century. According to the projections of the United Nations Population Division, by 2030, more people in the developing world will live in urban areas than rural areas; by 2050, two-thirds of its population is likely to be urban. This trend affects the scenario in India. In India, approximately 28% of India’s population lives in cities, and this is expected to increase to 41% by the year 2020 (UN World Urbanisation Prospects 2008). Urbanisation brings with it a unique set of advantages and disadvantages. This demographic transition accompanies economic growth and industrialisation, and by profound changes in social organisation and the pattern of life. Urbanisation affects mental health through the influence of increased stressors and factors such as overcrowded and polluted environment, high levels of violence, and reduced social support.

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Impact of urbanisation is associated with an increase in mental disorders. The reason is that the movement of people to an urban area needs more facilities to be made available and infrastructure to grow. This does not happen in alignment with the increase of population. Hence, lack of adequate infrastructure increases the risk of poverty and exposure to environmental adversities. Further, this also decreases social support as the nuclear families increase in number. Poor people experience environmental and psychological adversity that increases their vulnerability to mental disorders. A report by World Health Organisation (WHO) (World Health Organisation) has enumerated that mental disorders account for nearly 12% of the global burden of disease. Incidentally, the burden of mental disorders is maximal in young adults, which is considered to be the most productive age of the population. Developing countries are likely to see a disproportionately large increase in the burden attributable to mental disorders in the coming decades (WHO Mental Health Context 2003). The range of disorders and deviancies associated with urbanisation is enormous. Some of the disorders are severe mental disorders, depression, substance abuse, alcoholism, crime, family disintegration, and alienation. Dementia and major depression are the two leading contributors, accounting, respectively, for one-quarter and one-sixth of all disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in this group. Most people with dementia live in developing countries: 60% in 2001 is projected to rise up to 71% by 2040. Rates of increase are not uniform: numbers are forecast to increase by 100% in developed countries between 2001 and 2040, but by more than 300% in India, China, and their South Asian and Western Pacific neighbours. When we refer to psychiatric disorders anxiety and depression are more prevalent among urban women than men and, are believed to be more prevalent in poor than in non-poor urban neighbourhoods. The meta analysis by Reddy and Chandrashekhar(1998) revealed higher prevalence of mental disorders in urban area i.e., 80.6%, whereas it was 48.9% in rural area. Mental disorders primarily composed of depression and neurotic disorders. Urbanisation leads to forming a set of group as “fringe population” who earn on daily basis. An Indian study in a slum community north of Mumbai indicates high incidence of alcoholism among men and verbal abuse of women by their husbands. The WHO analysis also documented a close association between the experience of violence and women’s mental health. Women are particularly vulnerable and they often disproportionately bear the burden of changes associated with urbanisation. Domestic violence is also highly prevalent in urban areas. The model of cultural transformation especially from rural to modern society, is considered to be one of the reasons of psychological disorder. However stress caused by transition from rural culture to urban culture cannot be denied as one of the factors leading to stressrelated problems. There is a need to create awareness about mental illness across all sections of the society. Urbanisation is thus seen as a natural corollary of growth. Awareness about its impact on health and more so on mental health will act as a facilitator of change in growing Indian economy Page 126

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Ref eren ces.

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Thesis 2020

References.

Theoretical Framework. 1. SPECIAL REPORT - Global Warming of 1.5 ºC, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ A. Summary for Policymakers, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/ B. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-1/ C. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-3/

Case Studies. 1. Madellín. https://www.archdaily.com/872018/how-to-design-a-building-that-breathes-asustainable-case-study-of-colombias-edu-headquarters#_ftn4 2. Strøget, Copenhagen. A. https://globaldesigningcities.org/publication/global-street-design-guide/streets/ pedestrian-priority-spaces/pedestrian-only-streets/pedestrian-streets-case-studystroget-copenhagen/ B. https://gehlpeople.com/ 3. Jewish museum A. https://www.archdaily.com/91273/ad-classics-jewish-museum-berlin-daniel-libeskind B. https://www.archdaily.com/773361/daniel-libeskinds-jewish-museum-berlinphotographed-by-laurian-ghinitoiu C. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/architecture/case-study-of-the-jewish-museumberlin.php D. https://mythologicalquarter.net/2012/04/02/garden-of-exile/ E. http://daniel-libeskind.com/projects 4. Streets, Squares and Promenades, Cuba A. https://pps-placemaking.exposure.co/dbbd686e03da607d1f91896eaeadf0c7 B. https://www.archdaily.com/915006/what-we-can-learn-about-public-space-from-cuba 5. Emergency shelter, Japan A. http://www.shigerubanarchitects.com/works.html#disaster-relief-projects

Site details. 1. Extreme weather events. A. https://www.huffingtonpost.in/soumya-sarkar-/india-is-staring-at-an-urban-climatecrisis_a_23034946/ B. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-growing-threat-of-climate-change-inindia-1563716968468.html C. https://india.mongabay.com/2018/12/climate-change-increases-indias-vulnerability-toextreme-weather-events-report/ 2. Proof in weather pattern. A. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/natural-disasters/chennai-rains-break-multiplecentury-long-records-51952 B. https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/not-just-gaja-tamil-naduPage 128

Anirudh PJ

Thesis 2020

An Experiment for Well-Being

has-seen-these-7-major-cyclones-since-1994-cyclone-vardah-2016-cyclone-nilam2012-cyclone-thane-2011-cyclone-jal-2010-cyclone/314501 C. https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/at-436-degree-celsius-city-recordshighest-temperature-in-15-years/article18495289.ece D. https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-records-hottest-day-of-the-year/ article26997451.ece E. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dry-end-to-monsoon-season-all-timelow-rainfall-in-city-met/articleshow/67211934.cms F. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/chennai-water-crisis-a-wake-up-call-forindian-cities-66024 G. https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/20/world/chennai-satellite-images-reservoirs-water-crisistrnd/index.html H. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hotels-companies-cut-backon-water-use-as-taps-run-dry-in-chennai-119061900873_1.html 3. Emission and pollution A. http://www.urbanemissions.info/india-apna/chennai-india/#emissions B. http://www.urbanemissions.info/wp-content/uploads/apna/docs/india_apna_2017_ chennai.pdf C. https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/air-quality-takes-a-turn-for-the-worsenungambakkam-sees-pm10-levels-touch-a-maximum-of-173-microgramscubic-metrein-2018-19/article28068120.ece D. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/iisc-chennai-highest-percapita-emitter-of-greenhouse-gases/article7007913.ece 4. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45949323 5. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/19/india-climate-change-impacts 6. Carbon Brief A. https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-worlds-coal-power-plants B. https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/impacts-climate-change-one-point-five-degrees-twodegrees/?utm_source=web&utm_campaign=Redirect# 7. IPCC A. https://archive.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml B. https://www.ipcc.ch/about/structure/ 8. Psychrometric Chart. A. http://andrewmarsh.com/software/psychro-chart-web/

Annexure. 1. Cities and Climate Change: Global Report on Human Settlements 2011. http://mirror. unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=3086&alt=1 2.

https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/top2014.tot

3. Citiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Contribution to Climate Change. Part 3. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTUWM/Resources/340232-1205330656272/4768406-1291309208465/PartIII.pdf 4. Urbanisation and mental health. 2009 Jul-Dec. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2996208/

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Thesis 2020 An Experiment for Well-Being.

Abstract. â&#x20AC;&#x153;When a butterfly flutters its wings in one part of the world, it can eventually cause a hurricane in another.â&#x20AC;? ~Edward Norton Lorenz

Anirudh PJ