Land Suitability Analysis for Greater Bendigo

Where to Grow in Bendigo?

A Land Suitability Analysis Report

Prepared By Anita Ye 912820

Acknowledgement of Country This report acknowledges the traditional custodians of the City of Greater Bendigo Council, the Dja Dja Wurrung and the Tangurung Peoples of the Kulin Nation, whose lands were never ceded.

I pay respect to their Elders past, present and emerging. Always was, always will be Aboriginal Land.

Contents Introduction Context..................................................................................... p. 4 History....................................................................................... p. 4 Context Map........................................................................ p. 5

Literature Review............................................................

Project Objectives..........................................................

Planning Goals..................................................................

Data Collection.................................................................

Intermediate Processes.............................................

p. 6 p. 7 p. 8 p. 9 p. 9

Outputs Transport Connectivity............................................... p. 10 Transport Network Map.............................................. p. 11 Road Network Maps..................................................... p. 12 Train Network Maps...................................................... p. 14 Bus Network Maps......................................................... p. 16

Amenities..............................................................................

p. 19 Local Amenities Maps..................................................

Educational Facilities Maps...................................... p. 21 Shopping Centers Maps............................................ p. 23 Hospitals Maps.................................................................. p. 24

Healthy Bendigo............................................................. p. 25 Healthy Network Map..................................................

Parks Maps...........................................................................

Sporting Facilities Maps.............................................

Walking Trails Maps.......................................................

p. 26 p. 28 p. 29 p. 30

Avoiding Risk..................................................................... p. 31

Natural Risks Map........................................................... p. 32 Bushfire Maps..................................................................... p. 33 Flood Risk Maps.............................................................. p. 34 Compact City.................................................................... p. 35 Urban Map............................................................................ p. 36 Preexisting Urban Areas Map................................ p. 37 Designated Towns Map.............................................. p. 38

Analysis Weighted Overlay Process..................................... p. 39 Identified Urban Growth Areas............................. p. 42 Model Builder.................................................................... p. 44 Concluding Remarks................................................... p. 46 References.......................................................................... p. 47

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction

Context The Greater Bendigo area is located centrally in the state of Victoria, approximately 150 northwest of Melbourne. The site is about 3,000 square kilometres and hosts 82 suburbs (Profile. id 2022; Know Your Council nd), with Urban Bendigo comprising 85% of the total population (Greater Bendigo City Council 2018). According to the latest Census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, there were 121,470 people residing within the region (2021). These figures indicate an increase from 110,477 residents from the last Census year in 2016 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2016) and support projections of a

continued trajectory toward 200,000 residents by 2050 (Greater Bendigo City Council 2018).

As one of the most rapidly growing councils in Victoria, alongside Geelong and Ballarat, there is an apparent necessity to provide adequate dwellings to accommodate for future population growth (Forecast. id 2022). As outlined in the Greater Bendigo Residential Strategy (2018), future growth will aim to fulfil the Compact City model, with the Council recognising previous urban development centred around uncontained sprawl and car dependency as being ‘unsustainable’ (p.

4). In line with these objectives to create a more ‘liveable’ Greater Bendigo area, this report will seek to find sites congruent with the Council’s vision of creating a more sustainable, connected and healthy Bendigo.

History

4

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction

Figure 1. Map of Bendigo In Relation to Surrounding Areas

Location Within Victoria

N N

Data Source: LMS and Data VIC

5

Literature Review

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Literature Review This section of the report will provide a brief overview of the guiding principles informing the future development of the Greater Bendigo municipality. Firstly by investigating several published strategic plans prepared by the council. Next, it will draw comparisons to contemporary urban theories such widely proposed in other strategic plans such as Plan Melbourne 2016-2050, which have designated Bendigo as an integral regional growth centre (Victorian Government 2016).

Lastly, this section will investigate the forms of GIS-based decision-making within the Greater Bendigo City Council in recent years.

3.1 Implemented Bendigo Strategic Plans Plan Greater Bendigo (Greater Bendigo City Council 2018) and the Greater Bendigo Residential Strategy (2018) are the predominant plans informing the future urban development of the region. Subsidiary plans such as the Connecting Greater Bendigo: Integrated Transport and Land Use Strategy (2015) and Greening Greater Bendigo (2020) are also instrumental in defining the prospects of development within the area, envisioning a well-connected and healthy region for residents. The retention of the region’s reputation as a ‘City in a Forest’ reverberates strongly throughout all plans, alongside the reduction of urban sprawlcontaining development within the Urban Growth Boundary and the promotion of interconnectivity through active and public transportation networks reverberates extensively throughout.

6

3.2 Connection to Urban Theories

3.3 History

Common vernacular within the urban planning sphere has shifted towards agendas of improving liveability, inclusivity through community engagement and sustainability through active transportation. The principles outlined in the theories of the Compact City (1980s-1990s), New Urbanism (1980s-2000s) and the Polycentric City (1990s-2000s) have guided many contemporary planning efforts in Australia (Freestone 2010). It has been catalysed by the departure from the carcentric city model, which once dominated the post-war era of urban planning, a design which exacerbated urban sprawl through the ‘freedom of the road’ (Davison 2004). As stated within the Greater Bendigo Residential Strategy (2014), the continuation of unmanaged sprawl into the urban fringe is unsustainable for the liveability of future residents, with Council agendas in alignment with the theories above. Furthermore, there has been a shift towards ‘rebalancing’ the population of Victoria into regional municipalities such as Greater Bendigo, as outlined within Plan Melbourne (Victorian State Government 2016) and the Loddon Mallee South Regional Growth Plan (Victorian State Government 2014), which evokes the need to prioritise Greater Bendigo as a major urban development centre.

The use o its develo state that profession technolog in everyda et al. 2011 platform p pertaining tree plant Greater Be

GIS-produ Bendigo C reader an Figures 2 Neighbou (2018), the conducte

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Project Objective

y of GIS in Greater Bendigo City Council

of GIS has been instrumental to urban planning since opment in the late 1960s; however Maliene et al. (2011) until the 1990s, its use was restricted mainly to industry nals due to cost and hardware constraints. The advent of gy in the 21st century has allowed GIS to become utilised ay situations such as GPS and interactive maps (Maliene 1). Greater Bendigo City Council maintains a public GIS powered by POZI, which has the ability to visualise data g to planning overlays, public amenities and up-to-date ting efforts- one of the guiding agendas of the Greening endigo strategic plan.

In order to accommodate for Greater Bendigo’s projected population growth, there is a need to provide a supply of 18,000 dwelling units in the next two decades. This amount of dwelling units approximately equates to around 1800 hectares of land. The project objective is to utilize the many tools of ArcGIS Pro to input and analyse selected data which was chosen based on the visions laid out by Plan Greater Bendigo (2018), Greater Bendigo Residential Strategy (2018), Connecting Greater Bendigo Integrated Transport and Land Use Strategy (2015) and Greening Greater Bendigo (2020). The rationale behind the selection of the five criteria will be further elaborated upon in the next section. Lastly, in order to determine the most suitable sites for future urban development, a weighted overlay will be conducted as the final process.

uced maps are often featured heavily throughout Greater City Council’s strategic plans, to provide context for the nd visualise future development opportunities (refer to & 3). However, aside from the ‘Crown Infill and 10 Minute urhood Map’ within the Greater Bendigo Residential Strategy ere has been no GIS-based land suitability analysis ed for the Council.

Figure 2. Crown Infill and 10 Minute Neighbourhood Map. Greater Bendigo City Council.

Figure 3. Transport Network Map. Greater Bendigo City Council

7

Data Collec

Planning Goals Tr a n s i t

Co

nn vi e c ti t y Acces

s to

Am

e n it i e s H e alt

Potential towns should be located close to existing transport corridors in order to promote Transit Oriented Development principles, outlined within the Connecting Greater Bendigo Integrated Transport and Land Use Strategy (2015).

One of the components of a liveable city revolves around the resident’s access to amenities- that includes education, services and employment (City of Greater Bendigo, 2018). The potential towns should be located within close proximity of established amenity clusters.

The input data used to collected via numerou data was provided dire coordinator on LMS, su ‘train stations and lines data was collected fro source platform, such – point’. Data collected downloaded through t the configuration of th the area restricted to G ESRI Shapefile format.

Select by Attribute to were many feature typ required data was sele an individual feature v

hy

Be n dig

o

Residents should have access to parks, sporting facilities and walking trails in order to promote an active lifestyle. Although Urban Bendigo is surrounded by forested land, parks were chosen as a criteria as they often encompass playground areas for children.

Table 1. Data Sources Data Major Roads Train Line Train Stations Regional Bus Stop

Ris k A

Regional Bus Route

vo

id

an

ce Comp

Natural disasters are traumatic events for communities, as seen throughout history and the recent years. As Bendigo is surrounded by swathes of forest and many waterways, it is imperative to avoid areas of risk, to facilitate for a safe community as well as the mitigation of potential damage costs.

Education: Primary, Secondary Combined Shopping centers Hospitals Parks Sporting Facilities

ac

tB en dig o

Reducing sprawl is at the forefront of many state wide strategic plans, in addition to the Greater Bendigo Housing Strategy (2018). Potential towns should be located within the UGB in adherence to the guidelines set out in the aforementioned policy to promote interconnectedness with established towns.

Walking Trail

Bushfire Management Overlay

Land Subject to Inundation Ov Urban Growth Boundary Urban Area

8

Designated Urban Towns

Intermediate Processes

ction

o run the analysis was us methods. Some of the ectly through the subject uch as ‘major roads’ and s’. The majority of the other om Data Victoria’s openas ‘features of interest d from Data Victoria was the website and ordered to he GDA1994 projection, with Greater Bendigo (LGA) in an . In some circumstances, the ool was required, as there pes in one dataset. The ected and then exported as via ArcGIS.

Authority

Following the collection of all required data, base maps were produced for all criteria to provide the context of the current situation. A new toolbox.atbx was created by navigating to the catalog view and right-clicking on the connected folder. Within the new toolbox, a new model was created by right-clicking the toolbox.atbx. Before starting the Model Builder process, it is imperative to set the Environments to this specific format: Import Coordinate Systems: Bendigo.shp, Processing extent: Bendigo.shp, Mask: Bendigo.shp and Cell Size: elevation. If these settings are not applied, the processing would not be accurate.

Euclidean Distance was chosen as the primary intermediate processing tool, as it calculates the distance from each cell to the closest source. Features were inputted individually into the Euclidean Distance tool, with default values and run. The output raster was then resymbolised to the desired colour scheme and divided into 10 equal intervals and rounded up to round values. This output raster was then input into the Reclassify tool, into 1-10 intervals, with 1 being the most desireable value and 10 being the least. This process was repeated for every single criterion except for the BMO and LSTIO, where were assigned values of 1 (restricted) and 10 (unrestricted). This is since the BMO and LSTIO already define restricted parameters for development. Detailed processes are outlined in each of the subsections below and in the final Model Builder diagram.

Data Name, URL or process

Date

Provided on LMS

2022

Provided on LMS

2022 2022

Provided on LMS Data Vic

Regional Bus Stops https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/ptv-regional-bus-stops

2022

Data Vic

Regional Bus Routes https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/ptv-regional-bus-routes Features extracted manually on ArcGIS Pro

2022

Data Vic

Features of Interest- Point https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/vicmap-features-of-interest Features extracted manually on ArcGIS Pro

2022

New Feature Data Class: Point Used Locate tool

2022

New Feature Data Class: Point Used Locate tool

2022

Data Vic

Features of Interest- Polygon (different set from Amenities FOI) https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/foi-point-vicmap-features-of-interest Features extracted manually on ArcGIS Pro

2022

Data Vic

Features of Interest- Polygon (different set from Amenities FOI) https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/foi-point-vicmap-features-of-interest Features extracted manually on ArcGIS Pro

2022

Data Vic

VICMAP transport https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/road-network-vicmap-transport Features extracted manually on ArcGIS Pro

2022

y

Data Vic

VICMAP Planning https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/vicmap-planning

2022

verlay

Data Vic

VICMAP Planning https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/vicmap-planning

2022

POZI by City of Greater Bendigo Platform-Planning-UGB

https://bendigo.pozi.com/ converted from GEOJSON to Shapefile via https://mygeodata.cloud/converter/geojson-to-shp

2022

y, Tertiary,

2022

Provided on LMS Provided on LMS

Manually selected on ArcGIS

2022

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Transit Connectivity The Greater Bendigo Council is relatively well served by the regional train and bus networks, with the predominant activity being centered within the Urban Bendigo area. Although bus and train stops appear disproportionately centered within the epicenter of Bendigo, this is relative to the fact that 85% of the LGA’s population resides within Urban Bendigo (City of Greater Bendigo 2018). Furthermore, major highways provide valuable connections to other regional towns and the Calder Highway provides a direct link to Metropolitan Melbourne (Google Maps 2022).

Example of Predominant process Bus Stops (Feature Layer)

Run Euclidean Distance in Model Builder

ED_BusStop

Data

Source

Roads.shp

Data Provided through LMS

Train Station

Data Provided through LMS

Train Line

Data Provided through LMS

Regional Bus Stop

DataVic

Regional Bus Route

DataVic

Symbology-Classify-Equal Interval-10 classes-Change Colourway

Run Reclassify in Model BuilderClassify into Equal Interval-10 classes-Adjust values to appropriate breaks- 5000,10000 etc.- run and add to display

RC_BusStop

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Transit Connectivity

Planning Goals

Figure 4. Bendigo Transit Network Map

N N

Data Source: LMS and Data VIC

11

Planning Goals Planning Goals

Transit Connectivity

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Figure 5. Bendigo Road Network Maps

A300 A79 A790 B240 B260 B280 B75

Midland Hwy Calder Hwy Calder Alternative Hwy Wimmera Hwy Loddon Valley Hwy McIvor Hwy Northern Hwy

To Shepparton

To Mildura To echuca

To South Australia

To Ballarat/ melbourne

To Melbourne

N

Scale: 1:500,000

Data Source: LMS and Data VIC

12

Transit Connectivity

Planning Goals

Figure 6. Euclidean Distance from Major Roads

Distance From Road in Metres

-5,000 -7,500 - 10,000 -12,500 -15,000

N

- 17,500 -20,000 -22,500 -26,600

Figure 7.

Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

13

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Transit Connectivity

Planning Goals

Figure 8. Bendigo Train Network Map

To deiliquin

To piangil

To inglewood (currently closed)

To melbourne

N

Scale: 1:500,000

Data Source: LMS and Data VIC

14

Transit Connectivity

Planning Goals

Figure 9. Euclidean Distance from Train Stations

Distance From Station in Metres

- 10,000 -15,000 -20,000 -25,000

N

-30,000 -35,000 -40,000 -45,000 -51,175.5

Figure 10.

Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

15

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Transit Connectivity

Planning Goals

Figure 11. Bendigo Bus

Figure 12. Bendigo Bus Routes throughout City Centre

* NOTE: Some bus routes are unnumbered and only carry names.

16

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Transit Connectivity

Planning Goals

s Network Map

Figure 13. Bus Network within urban Bendigo area

N

Data Source: LMS and Data VIC

17

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Transit Connectivity

Planning Goals

Figure 14.

Euclidean Distance from Bus Stops

Distance From Bus Stop in Metres

-6,000 -9,000 - 12,000 -15,000

N

-18,000 - 21,000 -24,000 -27,000 -29,297.1

Figure 15.

Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

18

Planning Goals

Access to Amenities Example of Predominant process Proximity to amenities is an extremely relevant criteria to consider, not only in terms of accessibility, but also employment. According to the latest avaliable Census data on employment (ABS 2016; still awaiting release of 2021 employment statistics), healthcare (16.7%), retail (11.4%) and education (8.9%) were three of the top sectors (Profile ID 2022). Amenities were more heavily distributed within the center of Urban Bendigo and established towns such as Kangaroo Flat, Heathcote

Data

Source

Primary School

Data Vic: Features of Interest, select by attribute: FEATSUBTY is equal to Primary School

Secondary School

Data Vic: Features of Interest, select by attribute: FEATSUBTY is equal to Secondary School

Teritiary Education

Data Vic: Features of Interest, select by attribute: FEATSUBTY is equal to Tertiary Institution

Combined School

Data Vic: Features of Interest, select by attribute: FEATSUBTY is equal to Primary and Secondary School

Shopping Centres and Supermarket

Create new feature class (point)- Locate ‘Shopping centre’- Edit- Create FeaturesShopping Centre and Supermarket

Hospital

Create new feature class (point)- Locate ‘Hospitals’- Edit- Create Features- Hospital

Features of Interest

Select by Attribute: Primary SchoolExport Features

Primary_School

Run Euclidean Distance in Model Builder

ED_Primary

Run Reclassify in Model BuilderClassify into Equal Interval-10 classes-Adjust values to appropriate breaks- 5000,10000 etc.- run and add to display

RC_Primary

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Planning Goals

Access to Amenities

Figure 16. Bend

Urban Bendigo Cluster

N

Kangaroo Flat Cluster

N

20

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Access to Amenities

digo Amenities Map

Planning Goals

Eaglehawk Cluster

N

Heathcote Cluster

N

(2) (5)

N

(14) (39) (3) (19)

Data Source: LMS and Data VIC

21

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Access to Amenities

Planning Goals

Figure 17. Euclidean Distance from Schools and Universities

Distance From School in Metres

-4,000 -6,000 - 8,000 -10,000

N

-12,000 -14,000 -16,000 -18,000 -22,047.7

Figure 18. Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

22

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Access to Amenities

Planning Goals

Figure 19.

Euclidean Distance Shopping Centres

Distance From Shopping Centre in Metres

-10,000 -15,000 -6,000 - -20,000 8,000 -25,000 -10,000

N

-30,000 -35,000 -40,000 -45,000 -50,000

Figure 20.

Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

23

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Access to Amenities

Planning Goals

Figure 21. Euclidean Distance from Hospitals

Distance From Hospital in Metres

N

Figure 22. Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

24

Healthy Bendigo The City of Greater Bendigo is renowned for its reputation as a ‘city within a forest’, with the Greening Greater Bendigo strategic plan setting an ambitious agenda to increase tree canopy within urban Bendigo by 45% by 2070 (City of Greater Bendigo (City of Greater Bendigo 2020). Greening has been used as a strategy to combat the Urban Heat Island effect and climate change, in order to lower temperatures catalyzed by lack of vegetated green spaces in urban settings (Hiemstra et al 2017). Furthermore, fostering a healthy community is at the forefront of Plan Greater Bendigo (2018), citing that more than 50% of adults are overweight and equivalently do not meet daily exercise requirements. The chosen criteria, comprising of access to parks, sporting facilities and walking trails were chosen in order to facilitate for the accessibility to places of active recreation in fulfillment of a healthy community.

Data

Source

Parks

Data Vic: Features of Interest, select by attribute: FEATSUBTY is equal to Park

Sporting Facilities

Data Vic: Features of Interest, select by attribute: FEATSUBTY is equal to Sporting Facilities

Walking Trail

Data Vic: TR_ROAD, select by attribute: FTYPE_CODE is equal to Walking Trail

Example of Predominant process Features of Interest

Select by Attribute: Park- Export Features

Parks

Run Euclidean Distance in Model Builder, then resymbolise into Equal Interval and appropriate breaks, recolour

ED_Park

Run Reclassify in Model BuilderClassify into Equal Interval-10 classes-Adjust values to appropriate breaks- 5000,10000 etc.- run and add to display

RC_Park

Healthy Bendigo

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Urban Bendigo Planning Goals

Figure 23. Healthy

N

Marong Area

N

26

Healthy Bendigo

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Huntly Area

Planning Goals

Network Map

N

Strathfieldsaxe/Axe Creek

N

Data Source: LMS and Data VIC

27

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Healthy Bendigo

Planning Goals

Figure 24. Euclidean Distance from Parks

Distance From Park in Metres

N

-2,000 -3,000 -4,000 -5,000 -6,000 -7,000 -8,000 -9,000 - 12,947

Figure 25. Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

28

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Healthy Bendigo

Planning Goals

Figure 26. Euclidean Distance from Sporting Facilities

Distance From Sporting Facility in Metres

N

Figure 27. Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

29

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Planning Goals

Figure 28. Euclidean Distance from Walking Trail

Distance From Walking Trail in Metres

N

-4,000 -6,000 -8,000 -10,000 -12,000 -14,000 -16,000 -18,000 -22,898.1

Figure 29. Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

30

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Mitigating Risk Example of Predominant process Within the global context, Australia is one of the most heavily impacted countries in terms of natural disaster occurrences (Ladds et al 2017). Flooding events such as the 2022 Queensland and New South Wales disaster delivered extensive damage to towns, houses and claimed the lives of 22 people (CSIRO, 2022). Whilst catastrophic bushfires such as the 2019-2020 event impacted every state in Australia, burning more than 10 million hectares of land in Southern Australia alone and caused mass fatalities amongst native wildlife (CSIRO, 2020). Therefore, it is of utmost importance that bushfire and flood prone areas are avoided in choosing a suitable site, to mitigate the risk of traumatic events

VICMAPPlanning

Select by Attribute: BMO

BMO

Input Clip into Modelbuilder: Input features: BMO, Clip Features: City of Greater Bendigo Boundary

Bendigo_BMO

Data

Source

Bushfire Management Overlay

DataVIC: VicMap Planning, select by attribute: BMO

Land Subject to Inundation Overlay

DataVIC: VicMap Planning, select by attribute: LSTIO

Polygon to Raster Tool

BMO_Raster

Is Null Tool

Con Tool: Input Raster: BMO_isnull Where Value-0 True Raster: 1 False Raster: 10

RC_BMO

31

BMO_isnull

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Planning Goals

Figure 30. Potential Risk Map: Bushfires and Flooding

N Scale: 1:500,000

Data Source: Data Vic: VicMap Planning, 2022

32

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Planning Goals

Figure 31. Reclassified Bushfire Management Overlay Map

N Scale: 1:500,000 Reclassified Value

Data Source: Data Vic: VicMap Planning, 2022

Least Suitable Most Suitable

33

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Planning Goals

Figure 32. Reclassified LSTIO Map

N Scale: 1:500,000 Reclassified Value Data Source: Data Vic: VicMap Planning, 2022

Least Suitable Most Suitable

34

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Compact Bendigo Example of Predominant process The fulfillment of the ’10 minute neighbourhood’ is heavily enshrined throughout the Greater Bendigo Housing Strategy (2018), wherein residents are able to access their needs within ‘a 10 minute walk or cycle’.

Furthermore, the strategy outlines the need to contain future urban development within the Urban Growth Boundary, to avoid further sprawl. As observed within the amenities section, the majority of educational facilities, health care facilities and retail is concentrated

Urban Area

Run Euclidean Distance in Model Builder, then resymbolise into Equal Interval and appropriate breaks, recolour

ED_Urban

Data

Source

Urban Growth Boundary

City of Bendigo Pozi Platform- Export data- Convert from GeoJSON to Shapefile

Urban Area

Data Supplied by LMS

Designated Urban Growth Towns

Data Supplied by LMS- select by attribute: individual points

Run Reclassify in Model BuilderClassify into Equal Interval-10 classes-Adjust values to appropriate breaks- 5000,10000 etc.- run and add to display

RC_Park

35

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Compact Bendigo

Planning Goals

Figure 33. Urban Area Map

N Scale: 1:500,000 Data Source: Data Vic, LMS and Bendigo POZI platform

36

Compact Bendigo

Planning Goals

Figure 34. Euclidean Distance from Urban Area

Distance From Urban Area in Metres

-5000 -7500 -10,000

N

-12,500 -15,000 -17,5000 -20,000 -22,500 -26,607

Figure 35. Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

37

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Compact Bendigo

Planning Goals

Figure 36. Euclidean Distance from Designated Growth Towns and Transport Corridors

Distance From Town in Metres

-5000 -7500

N

-10,000 -12,500 -15,000 -17,5000 -20,000 -22,500 -26,934.63

Figure 37. Reclassified Distance by Values 1-10

Reclassified Values 1=Most Suitable, 10= Least Suitable

N

38

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Weighted Overlay

39

Amenities 15% Healthy 15% Risk 20% Urban 20%

This was executed by inputting every single reclassified criteria raster into the weighted overlay table and assigning each a weight percentage based on perceived importance. Proximity to transit corridors was assigned the greatest weight (30%), in alignment with Compact City and Transit Oriented Development principles. Currie and Delbosc (2010) state that transport disadvantage can greatly inhibit quality of life, access to employment opportunities and engender time poverty. Furthermore, as seen throughout the output maps, amenity clusters are often within concentrated transit corridors which would promote the values of Compact and Connected Bendigo, principles stated within the Greater Bendigo Residential Strategy (2018). Mitigation of risk (20%) was the next greatest priority, as the avoidance of bushfire and flood-prone areas should be avoided in order to ensure future residents a Healthy Bendigo, free from the potential of traumatic natural disaster events. Proximity to urban areas (20%) was also weighted identically, due to the need to limit urban development within already established towns.

This is an important criteria to consider, as many of the established amenities and transit corridors are within established towns. The last two criteria, Healthy Bendigo and Access to Amenities were equally assigned 15%, as the location of these criteria already fell within established transit corridors and established urban areas.

Transit 30%

According to Chen (2016), the Boolean overlay and weighted overlay are the two most commonly used forms of GIS suitability analysis (p.50). Unlike Boolean overlay, which only presents true or false criteria, similar to the Con tool used in the BMO and LSTIO reclassification, weighted overlay provides a more nuanced approach to determining suitability as the weight percentage can be assigned individually to each criteria (Chen 2016). Therefore, in order to find the most suitable Urban Growth Areas in Greater Bendigo, weighted overlay was used.

Input Rasters

Weight%

Major_Road_RC

10%

TrainStation_RC

10%

BusStop_RC

10%

Education_RC

5%

ShoppingCenter_RC

5%

Hospital_RC

5%

Parks_RC

5%

Walking Trail_Rc

5%

Sporting Facility_RC

5%

BMO_RC

10%

LSTIO_RC

10%

DesignatedTowns_RC

10%

UrbanArea_RC

10%

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Analysis

Figure 38. Weighted Overlay Result of Suitable Urban

Weighted Overlay Values Least suitable

Most Suitable

Figure 39. Only Values of 7 selected (most suitable)

Figure 40. Only Areas With the UGB, clipped from Urban Area

Process to Find Su within U

40

uitable Areas UGB

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

the Urban Growth Boundary, all areas outside of the boundary were excluded by using the Clip tool. Furthermore, as urban areas are already established, the Erase function was necessary to exclude already developed attempting to select suitable urban growth areas, it was observed that some polygons were merged in large areas. To rectify this, the Multipart to Single Part tool was used to separate large, combined polygons for a more accurate selection. This final output layer was used to determine the potential urban growth areas.

After dragging the Weighted Overlay table into the Model Builder, all criteria were input.

For every single criteria excluding the BMO and LSTIO, the values were reversed so that 1=10, 2=9, 3=8 and so forth. This is because when running the Weighted Overlay function, values closer to ‘10’ are more desireable, as opposed to the previous function of Reclassify which denoted the value of ‘1’ to be the most desireable. For the BMO and LSTIO weighted overlay, values of ‘1’ were restricted as these were predetermined bushfire and flood-prone areas which should be avoided.

Finally, in order to determine the Urban Growth Areas it was required to convert the Shape_Area, which was measured in units of metres to hectares instead. A new field was created and the hectares was calculated by assigning the Shape_Area as ‘area’ and the units as ‘hectares’. This would allow for the selection of the 7 largest polygons in the Greater Bendigo Area which equated to 1800 hectares and the equivalent of 18000 dwelling units.

Once run, the output map was produced and ranked values starting from ‘0’ being the least suitable to ‘7’ which was the most suitable.

As the project objective is to determine the most suitable areas for development, a new layer was created by selecting values of only 7 (Refer to Figure 39). In adherence to the Greater Bendigo Residential Strategy objectives of limiting urban development to

Roads_RC Train Station_RC Bus Stop_RC Education Combined_RC Supermarkets_RC Hospitals_RC Walking Trails_RC Parks_RC Sporting Centers_RC Urban Area_RC Designated Towns_RC BMO_RC LSTIO_RC

Input all

Weighted Overlay: 1. Assign Values Based on Weights on Page 41 2. Reverse all values EXCEPT BMO and LSTIO, RESTRICT the value of 1

Run Weighted_Overlay

Run

Select By Attribute: Where GRIDCODE is equal to 7 Extract features

GRIDCODE7

SuitableAreas

Clip: Input Feature: GRIDCODE7 Clip Feature: UGB

GRIDCODE7_erase

Erase: Input Feature: GRIDCODE7 Erase Feature: Urban

Multipart to Singlepart: Input SuitableAreas

SingleSA

Attribute Table: New Field: Hectares, Data Type: Double Calculate Geometry: AreaUnits: Hectares

41

Select By Attribute: Where Hectares is equal to xxxx Select greatest 7 values that add up to 1800 HA

Final_Suitable_Area

Analysis

Finding the UGA

Final Weighted Overlay

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Figure 41. Most Suitable U

206.1 Hectares 206.1 Hectares 2060 DU 2060 DU

146.5 Hectares 146.4 Hectares 1460 DU 1460 DU

102.7 Hectares 102.7 Hectares 1020 DU 1020 DU

Total Potential D Tota 18,29 1,985.9 H

42

Final Weighted Overlay

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Urban Growth Areas Identified 154.2 Hectares 1540 DU

171.3 Hectares 1710 DU

1018.4 Hectares 10180 DU

186.8 Hectares 1860 DU

Dwelling Units: al: 90 Hectares

N

43

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Model Builder Major_Road_ED

Transit

Run Euclidean Distance tool in

Train_Station

Model Builder by dragging arrow to input raster/feature

Bus_Stop

Right Click-

SymbologyTrain_Station_ED

Bus_Stop_ED

Classify- Equal Interval-10 classes-Change upper value to round breaks

Run Reclassify tool in Model Builder by dragging arrow to input raster/feature Classify into 1-10 classes Equal Interval Change upper value to round breaks

Primary School

Select By Attribute

Amenities

VicMap FOI

Where: FTYPE is equal to Primary School, etc.

Please NOTE this part is for presentation purposes only, for the weighted overlay, the facilities were merged

Secondary School

Universities

Create Point Feature ClassPoint.

Green Bendigo Mitigating Risk

RightC Right

Map- Locate: Shopping Center

Hospitals

Select By Attribute Where: FTYPE is equal to Park, Sporting Facility etc.

Click on Shopping center- Place points and save

Select By Attribute Where: FTYPE is equal to Walking Trail

Run Euclidean Distance tool in

Sporting Facilities_ ED

Select By Attribute Where: ZoneDesc is equal to BMO and LSTIO

Right Click-

classes-Change upper value to round breaks

Bendigo_BMO

Input Clip into Modelbuilder: Input features: BMO, Clip Features: City of Greater Bendigo Boundary Repeat for LSTIO

Inter Interv

classes classes-C upperva upper roundb round

Run Reclassify tool in Model Builder by dragging arrow to input raster/feature Classify into 1-10 classes Equal Interval Change upper value to round breaks

Input features into

Bendigo_LSTIO

Right ClickClassify- Equal Interval-10 classes-Change upper value to round breaks

Model Builder by dragging arrow to input raster/feature

DesignatedTowns_ED

44

Input featur

Null T

LSTIO_Raster

Symbology-

Run Euclidean Distance tool in

DesignatedTowns

BMO_Raster

Polygon To Raster Tool

UrbanArea_ED

UrbanAreas

Manually Select Designated Towns

Classify ClassifyShoppingCenter_ED

WalkingTrail_ED

Walking Trail

LSTIO

Established Towns

Symb Symbo

Hospital_ED

SymbologyClassify- Equal Interval-10

Model Builder by dragging arrow to input raster/feature

BMO

VicMap Planning

Hospitals_Point

Parks_ED

Sporting Facilities

VIC Road Network

ShoppingCenter_ Point

Run Euclidean Distance tool in Model Builder by dragging arrow to input raster/feature

Create Features-

Parks

VicMap FOI

Education_ED

Education

Combined School

Right click outputs. gdb in catalog

Hospital New Feature Class

Run Merge Tool: Input datasets: Primary School Secondary School Universities Combined Schools

ShoppingCenter

Shopping Center New Feature Class

Urban Area

Process

Major_Road

Run Reclassify tool in Model Builder by dragging arrow to input raster/feature Classify into 1-10 classes Equal Interval Change upper value to round breaks

s-Change Change valuetoto alue dbreaks breaks

Healthy 15%

Bus_Stop_RC

Run Reclassify tool in Model Builder by dragging arrow to input raster/feature Classify into 1-10 classes Equal Interval Change upper value to round breaks

Education_RC

ShoppingCenter.RC

Parks_RC

Sporting Facilities_ RC

Walkingtrail_RC

Tool LSTIO_isnull

Major_Road_RC

10%

TrainStation_RC

10%

BusStop_RC

10%

Education_RC

5%

ShoppingCenter_RC

5%

Hospital_RC

5%

Parks_RC

5%

Walking Trail_Rc

5%

Sporting Facility_RC

5%

BMO_RC

10%

LSTIO_RC

10%

DesignatedTowns_RC

10%

UrbanArea_RC

10%

Input features into

Weighted Overlay Input ALL Reclassified Values into Weighted

Overlay Table: Change weights according to table of defined weights - Reverse value ramp EXCEPT for BMO and LSTIO, RESTRICT value 1

BMO_RC

Input Raster: _isnull rasters Where Value-0 True Raster: 1 False Raster: 10

Weighted_Overlay

Select By Attribute:

GRIDCODE7

Where GRIDCODE is equal to 7 Extract features

Clip:

Input Feature: GRIDCODE7 Clip Feature: UGB

Erase:

GRIDCODE7_erase

Input Feature: GRIDCODE7 Erase Feature: Urban

SuitableAreas

Con Tool

res into Is

Weight%

Hospital_RC

Combined School_RC

BMO_isnull

Input Rasters

Process

Transit 30% Amenities 15%

Train_Station_RC

Risk 20%

bologyologyEqual -y-Equal rval -10 val -10

Major_Road_RC

Urban 20%

t ClickClick-

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Multipart to Singlepart:

LSTIO_RC

Input SuitableAreas

UrbanArea_RC

SingleSA

Attribute Table:

DesignatedTowns_ RC

New Field: Hectares, Data Type: Double Calculate Geometry: Area- Units: Hectares

Select By Attribute:

Where Hectares is equal to xxxx Select greatest 7 values that add up to 1800 HA

Final_Suitable_Area

45

GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

Concluding remarks nterpretation of Final Suitable Areas: The final suitable areas equate to just under 2000 hectares of land. This excess is to accommodate for potential, unpredictable population growth as well as the further construction of additional services and amenities, such as child care and shopping centres. This is justified by the premise of the ’10 Minute Neighbourhoods’ outlined in the

Greater Bendigo Residential Strategy, wherein residents can access their daily needs within a 10-minute walk or cycle from where they live. Although the chosen Urban Growth Areas are within proximity of established transport corridors and amenities, the need may arise to implement more services to enhance convenience in the future.

Limitations of the report: Infill development The primary objective of this report was to identify potential Urban Growth Areas distinguished from already established urban areas. It foregoes the potential of implementing infill development of a medium to high density within pre-existing urban regions. According to the latest census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021), 91.4% of residents live in separate low-density houses, with only 0.9% living in flats or apartments.

The City of Greater Bendigo recognises a collective hesitation from residents to live in medium to high-density forms of housing, as there is a sense of incongruence associated with accommodation that is viewed as uncharacteristic of heritage and neighbourhood aesthetics, as stated in the Greater Bendigo Residential Strategy (2018.

P. 18). However, medium to high-density infill housing is often associated with Transit Oriented Development (Knowles et al.

2020) and has been implemented in many emerging suburbs within Metropolitan Melbourne.

Euclidean Distance: The primary method of analysis utilised Euclidean Distance, which only accounts for proximity alone and foregoes potential barriers to accessibility. For further analysis, it may be helpful to use the Network Analysis to provide a more nuanced interpretation of smaller study areas. According to the official ESRI ArcGIS Pro website, Network Analysis can determine the fastest route from destinations, the service area in minute intervals and even the most profitable location for businesses (ESRI, n.d). Network Analysis may be an invaluable tool to fulfil the ambitions of creating 10 Minute Neighbourhoods for the Greater Bendigo Region, as 10-minute service areas could be identified and developed.

Conclusion With the powerful ArcGIS Pro application, this report has identified potential urban growth areas within the Greater Bendigo region. The selected urban growth areas have adhered to the principles laid out within preexisting strategic plans, including improving connectivity throughout the transit network and existing amenities, promoting a healthy community and restricting future development within the urban growth boundary.

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GIS IN PLANNING DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

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Davison, Graeme and Yelland, Sheryl. 2004. Car Wars: How the car won our hearts and conquered our cities. Australia: Allen and Unwin. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/unimelb/detail.action?docID=264990 Freestone, Robert. 2010. Urban Nation: Australia’s Planning Heritage. Victoria, AUSTRALIA: CSIRO Publishing. http://ebookcentral.proquest. com/lib/unimelb/detail.action?docID=542592.

Forecast.id. 2022. ‘Population forecast’. Forecast.id. Accessed 9 July, 2022. https://forecast.id.com.au/bendigo Goldfields World Heritage. n.d. ‘Bendigo’. Accessed 9 July, 2022. https://goldfieldsworldheritage.com.au/place/bendigo/ Know Your Council. n.d. ‘Greater Bendigo City’. Know your Council. Accessed 9 July, 2022. https://knowyourcouncil.vic.gov.au/councils/greater-bendigo.

Knowles, Richard D., Fiona Ferbrache, and Alexandros Nikitas. 2020. “Transport’s Historical, Contemporary and Future Role in Shaping Urban Development: Re-Evaluating Transit Oriented Development.” Cities 99 (April): 102607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cities.2020.102607.

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Maliene, Vida, Vytautas Grigonis, Vytautas Palevičius, and Sam Griffiths. 2011. “Geographic Information System: Old Principles with New Capabilities.” URBAN DESIGN International 16 (1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2010.25.

Profile.id. 2022. ‘City of Greater Bendigo: Industry of Employment’. Profile.id. Accessed 9 July 2022. https://profile.id.com.au/bendigo/ industries Victorian Places. 2015. ‘Bendigo’. Victorian Places. Accessed July 9, 2022. https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/bendigo.

Victorian State Government. 2014. ‘Loddon Mallee South Regional Growth Plan’. Victorian State Government. Accessed 10 July, 20220. https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/94666/Loddon-Mallee-South-Regional-Growth-Plan-SummaryMay-2014.pdf Victorian State Government. 2016. ‘Plan Melbourne’. Victorian State Government. Accessed 10 July 2022. https://www.planmelbourne.vic. gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/377206/Plan_Melbourne_2017-2050_Strategy_.pdf

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