PUD21042
+ PORTFOLIO
ACHER, AHMEDABAD UNDERSTANDING THE CITY UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY
PREFACE This portfolio is a synthesis of study carried out to understand the city of Ahmedabad, with deeper focus on the chosen fringe precinct: Acher, Motera. Acher through transformations over decades and multiple infrastructural developments has become a hotspot residential suburb. The study attempts to capture the origin, evolution and transformation of Acher, aided by infrastructure development and private interests and how this has had an impact on the lesser privileged residents of the fragmented neig bourhood. From this study, we get a better look at the fringe characteristics that can be further judged as either potential or limitation for future developments and the inclusion of the economically disadvantaged in order to have a fair and just urban development.
Infrastructual Invasions & beautification projects poses a threat to social equity on the fragmented neighbourhoods of an urban fringe : Acher, Motera. Coexisting fragments | Infrastructural Invasions | Informality & Displacement Transformations
II
+CONTENTS 01
Acher : A burgeoning Fringe
01
An Overview
04
Background and Context First Impressions | Urban Fabric Neighborhood Character
02
Retrospective View
05
The Present Scenario
Urban Form | Built Typologies & Income Disparities in Accessibility Fragmentation
The state of play
05
Social Segregation
06
Inclusive Infrastructure
31
07
Conclusion & References
33
Acher : A Portrait | Evolved Builtforms Evolution : Timeline of Growth Decadal Transformation
03
17
Land & Housing Markets | Affordability Commercialisation
How was the journey like?
A Fragmented Neighborhood
Infrastructure & Growth
09
23
Impacts of Infrastructural developments Housing Affordability : Choices & Trade-offs Enablers of Social Interation Olympic Infrastructure & LIG Dialogue with the Community Current Scenario & Problem Structure A way forward
Disclaimer : The information provided in this portfolio has been studied and collected by the author as a part of the studio. All the figures are copyright of the author unless otherwise stated. Any omissions and errors are deeply regretted.
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY III
Acher
01
Acher : A burgeoning Fringe An Overview
The spatial expansion of the city of Ahmedabad resulted in occupancies of peri-urban and suburban areas, which in turn resulted in restructuring of its spatial morphology. Acher is located in the northernmost region of Ahmedabad and lies halfway between Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar. Having been included in the AMC in 2008, Acher is a hotspot suburb that has been witnessing phases of constructions and infrastructural developmetns over decades. The neighborhood of Acher grew in fragmented patches where each patch was a result of the times and its requirements.
01
AMC Boundary
Motera
lattitude
GTU
ONGC COLONY
ACHER
SBM HOSPITAL
lattitude
VGEC
NARENDRA MODI STADIUM
SABARMATI RIVER
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 02
FIRST IMPRESSIONS
Urban fabric | Satellite image interpretation | Secondary Research
10.5 km
Distance from City Centre
LARGER FOOTPRINTS 1200- 2000 sqm
9.8
MIG SETTLEMENTS 150 -250 sqm
lakh m2
Total Built-up Area
0.26 lakhs
MEDIUM FOOTPRINTS 500-750 sqm
SMALL FOOTPRINTS 50-80 sqm
PUBLIC SPACE 12000sqm
Mixed use (Residential & Commercial) character of the precinct with fair mix of larger and smaller blocks and footprints and a relatively higher share of unbuilt spaces could be observed. The gated communities and high/mid rise apartments areas are sparsely spread while south west part of the precinct is densely packed with narrow streets and smaller footprints. 03
Total Population
COMMERCIAL NODE 5000 sq (mall)
60%
34%
92%
08%
Population Growth
WPR
Main Workers
Marginal Workers
Source: PCA 2011 | Primary research
Economic centres
Key Job, Trip and Income generators in the Market
Malls/ Offices
Metro
Stadium
NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER
Horizontal layers of the precinct | Photo documentation
Acher is made up of three distinct horizontal layers. The highrise residential units dominate the skyline and becoming islands seperated from the rest of the precint. The organically developed EWS & the informal squatter settlements that takes up the south-western part of the precinct.The layer between these two - the mid levels, in terms of housing typology & income group are the ones that developed in the early 90’s. UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 04
BRTS METRO
02
A Retrospective View
What was the journey like ? Acher’s dense grain of low income group has shown stagnant growth in contrast to the mid and high income groups apartment residents that grow along with the city. In order to understand this contrast in the settlement type of Acher and its current social context, it is important to know its historical and transformational journey of developments paired with socio-economic changes that happened post its inclusion within Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC). What was the journey like?
05
Acher, Motera | A Portrait Multiple determinants that acted as the pull factors in transforming the character of built forms of Acher are highlighted and knit together as one montage in the figure.
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 06
EVOLUTION OF ACHER
Story of Growth | Timeline
Early 1970’s
After 1976
2005- 2010
Initital point of growth
Growth Catalysts
Hotspot Suburb
Construction of Subash Bridge
Construction of Motera stadium
Agricultural farmlands
Major attraction leading to construction of public infrastructure
Real estate prices increases
Establishment of Universities
1970
1972
2008
Influx of educated people
Conversion of Agricultural land to N.A Land
2009
2000
1982
2015
Inclusion in AMC = Development of public amenities
Urban Land Ceiling Act = LIG settlements
PRELIMINARY STAGE Rural prevalence of agricultural lands isolated pattern of settlements
HASTENING STAGE Rearrangement of Economy & Investments : TOD , Public Infrastrucrture
The precinct has constantly attempted to take any adversity be it social or economical in its s 07
TRANSFORMATIONS OVER DECADES 2000
2005
The oldest settlements include the Motera village and row housing that came up due to connectivity to the capital city.
Housing units developed by property developers show up, hinting on the TOD.
2013
2020
A residential housing district developing an axial road connecting to the newly developed BRTS. Co-operative housingsocities
Precinct evolves to be a major locality in terms of residential, commercial and infrastructural facilities
2020 Commercialisation
Ban on sale of govt. lands,envsioned international sports city
2020 Development of metro = increase in land value
2021
Renovation of Motera stadium
TERMIINAL STAGE Exceeding 70% population and shifts towards becoming an urban area
stride to re-invent itself
RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURAL
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 08
03
A Fragmented Neighbourhood The present scenario
The urban fabric of Acher shows the fragmented setting of the suburb, along the transect and an “undefined edge”. Three edges of the precinct shows distinct characteristics and this undefined edge demarcates the informal and formal housing. These edges exhibit disparities in various aspects accocunting to accessibility, diversity and affordability. Street profiles reveal the transition from the private, semi-public thresholds to the public space in the public realm. This transition, in the case of Acher, takes multiple iterations in terms of contributing to the public realm with varying income groups. 09
URBAN FORM
Apartments
Detached
Semi-Detached Row houses Non - Residential
Built typologies and income distribution
17% Semi- detached house
13%
08%
62%
TOD FSI - Utilised High rise apartments
Monthly Income
Above 1,00,000
50,000 - 1,00,000 30,000 - 40,000 20,000 - 30,000
10,000 - 20,000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
No. of Households
The GAP in-between two socially dissimilar but physically adjacent neighbourhoods traditional neighbourhood inhabited by LIG urban residents & migrants, another gated commodity-housing estate inhabited by better-off urban professionals.
Mid rise Apartments with Ground floor commercial use
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 10
DISPARITIES IN ACCESSIBILITY
Where are the places of essestial activities ? | How accessibile they are ?
04 mins
03 mins
02 mins
01 mins
Ashram Chowkdi 01 mins
02 mins
03 mins
04 mins
Groceries
Workplaces
Schools
On locating the places of essential activities insise the precinct and the proximity of these by walk (primary research), considering 4 min walking distance as 450 m, the points of it is observed that the schools are located within the accessible distance for the lower fragment and the upper fragment travels out side the neighborhood for schooling. The grocery points was observed to be the common factor causing interaction. 11
Shopping Complex
Stadium road
POTENTIALS | EXISTING NODES
61%
Points of Social Interaction
Highway - society road 21%
61% Local
12% 6%
21% Collector 06% Sub-Arterial
12% Arterial
34 %
Point of seggregation
Area under roads Socia Node Transit Node Commercial Node
These important nodes and their connections add another system of network to the precinct that co-exist along with the tangible systems. The social node is the point of seggregation where the clear distinction in urban character can be observed.
4D road - Shopping mall
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 12
DISPARITIES IN ACCESSIBILITY
Network Connectivity & Accessibility Analysis
WELL CONNECTED NODES
04
01 03
02
NUMBEROUS DEAD ENDS
567
Avg block perimeter
Despite having a moderate value of average block perimeter, the precinct showcases lesser accessibility in the lower demarcated portion of low income and informal settlements. This variation of an undefined edge
13
29.7
0.72
1.54
58
Density
CNR
LNR
Deadends
2
km/km
As suggested by the higher value of LNR, the precinct has more route options and more direct connections. Though the block sizes at the gated communities are relatively higher, there is good walkability and accessibility offered by the LNR being 1.54 halfway between the extremes (Dill, J. 2004)
02
The stadium road with the commercial ground floor use, designated storefront space and walkway as buffer between the high traffic roads, fails to capture more footfall due to the ongoing construction work. 03
Despite the ROW being very less and the issues of walkability, the LIG streets have a mandirs at the ends of the streets that serves as a navigational aid, and eventually serves the purpose of social interaction UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 14
DISPARITIES IN ACCESSIBILITY What causes this disparity
90 % of F1 roads Standard footpath LOADING/ UNLOADING AREA OF THE STORES
6M
04
PARKED BIKES NEAR THE MEDIAN
8M
2M
INFORMAL ACTIVITY AT THE FOOTPATH
8M
6M
4D Mall Road
SENSE OF ENLCOSURE 3:2
78 % of F2 roads NO footpath
1.2M
01
10M
1.2M
Gated Community Road
EXTENDED SHOP FRONTS
UNPAVED/ UNDERUTILISED SERVICE ROAD
The walls and the fences of the gated communities act as a veil to obscure the “unwanted” and this encourages spatial and social inequalities. The low income group on the other hand, despite having very less ROW, and almost no footpaths or very narrow footpaths, do contribute to social interaction due to a sense of openness these streets offer. 15
6M
03
8.9M
Stadium Road
12.5M
6.8M
3.7M
11.3
Walkability Analysis
Acher, Ahmedabad
FRAGMENTATION
The two fragments across an “undefined edge”
Upto 2 mins Bus/IPT Stops Bus Stops
6
13%
% Upto 2mins catchment
227
Upto 2 mins
Upto 5 mins Streets
15
43%
Wihtin % 15 mins Within 2-5mins catchment
Upto 10 mins More than 10 mins
39
40%
Within % 10 mins Within 5-10mins catchment
Source : Primary Survey
+
PPH
Mixed- income residential districts are more prevalent in the precinct, adding a socially diverse character.
=
Street networks that are predominantly vehicular act as rigid boundaries between blocks. Even though they share the same locality, there are no social activities that bring the whole neighbourhood together UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 16
04 Infrastructure & Growth The state of play
With the ongoing construction of Metro, 13 under-construction high rise housing projects and the proposed infrastructure for Sports enclave in Motera with its enlisted residential and commercial facilities, construction workers are one of the largest groups of service providers under the informal-sector workers in Motera and there is a constant demand for retaining skilled workers. There is an imablance created here due to the pace of development and the lower income neighborhoods’ capacity to cope with the increase in market prices. This is observed in terms of metro and ground floor commercial set-ups, stadium and evictions, ban on sale of govt. lands, etc 17
THE STATE OF PLAY
Mega Projeccts & Evictions
Housing Townships (6) BRTS Transit IT Hubs/ Offices (3) Metro Transit
MEGA PROJECTS
Highway Connectors (2)
Commercial Spaces/ Malls (7)
Narendra Modi Stadium
PERI-URBAN TO URBAN TRANSITION
ECONOMIC GROWTH
EVICTIONS AND DISPLACEMENT UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 18
LAND AND HOUSING MARKETS
Affordability and Equity
5.2
LANDUSE MAP
Land Use
LAND OWNERSHIP MAP
Acher, Ahmedabad
5 4
3 1 2 Residential Institutional Commercial Industrial
54 % 54%
Religious Monument Public Utilities Health Services
Open Space Amenities Agriculture Forest
Parking Defunct Transport Vacant
6% 2% 15%14% 14% 5% 6%5% 2% 15%
4% 4%
54
Higher percentage of landuse next to % residential is vacant lands indicating Residential the scope for developement
Source : Primary Survey
Private
Public
0 Allocated lands for SEWS Housing
87 %
13 %
70 % of the vacant plots are publicly owned AMC lands allocated for SEWS Housing
Presence of vacant government lands, that are allocated for public housing in TP Scheme remains vacant and unbilt, AUDA’s ban on sale of vacant lands in Motera, for the envisioned sports enclave, shows the priority given to affordable housing, and capitalisation of land for benefit of economic growth leading to inequalities 19
EDGES & INCOME GROUPS Affordability and Equity
78 % owned housing stock is going by the fact that the precinct ‘s initial settlement pattern itself was for the reason that people bought lands in this suburb (ONGC driven) and these belong to the MIG & HIG group who are now occupying the semi-detached bungalows and gated communities and co-operative row housing societies.
PROPERTY PRICES PER SQ.M
1.25 lakhs
0.8 - 1 lakh
0.3-0.45lakhs 0.65 lakhs
22
78 Owned
0.5 - 0.6 lakhs
Rented 0.35 lakhs
Housing as an Assest Vs. Housing as an Utility With Metro and Sport Infrastructure coming up, the overall property prices in the precinct shows a rapid increase, decreasing the affordability for the lower income pushing them out of the precinct and eviction of the informals. All of this adds to the beautification of a high potential area for urban development causing marginalisation of the lesser priviledged. UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 20
CONCENTRATION OF COMMERCIAL FLOOR SPACE
An Indicator of Commercialisation for targeted income group
03
01
02
0 0.01 - 1.00 1.01 - 2.00
2.01 - 3.0 3.01 - 4.0 4.01 - 5.0
5.01 - 6.0 6.01 - 7.0
7.01 - 8.0 More than 8.0
Non- Commercial > 1 sq.m 1- 2000 sqm
2001- 4000 sqm 4001- 6000 sqm 6001- 8000 sqm
8001- 10000 sqm > 10000 sqm
Net FSI - 1.1 Gross FSI - 0.9 and Highest FSI - 5.5
1.3 lakh sq.m of Total 9.7 lakh sq.m floor space as Productive
Expected or Potential use of the FSI,in terms of commercial and residential complexes replacing the existing mid rise apartments (2 storey commercial and 3 storey residential) and also developing on the existing vacant plots by private developers.
Private Investements on commercial spaces are seen more along the arterial roads and metro corridor. The increase in FSI offered by TOD is not utilised to its fullest potential along the TOD, but can be seen used in certain high rise apartments built very recent indicating the commercialisation and increase in land values.
21
(Commerical) Floor Space
TYPOLOGIES OF COMMERCIAL SPACES
Malls | Office Spaces | Mixed- Use small scale commercial spaces
01
02
03
4D Square Mall Typology: Stand-alone Retail Floorspace : 23748 sq.m Ground Coverage : 48 % FSI : 2.4 Ground floor use : Retail Rent: INR 575/ sq.m
Nirmal Kala Flats Typology: Mixed-use Floorspace : 1438sq.m Ground Coverage : 41.2 % FSI : 2.6 Ground floor use : Retail Rent: INR 375/ sq.m
Palladium Business Hub Typology: Mixed-use Floorspace : 6548 sq.m Ground Coverage : 48 % FSI : 3.9 Ground floor use : Retail Rent: INR 600/ sq.m
COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL
With investments in transport infrastructure like the BRTS and the upcoming metro rail, Acher is seeing significant commercial development in recent years in the form of malls, offices and retail spaces indicating the higher potential for commercialisation and best utilisation of the FSI provided by TOD. 02
Section along the Metro ( TOD ZONE )
Transformed GF Use
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 22
05 Social Segregation The present scenario
Motera has been subjected to massive residential development. Many players ranging local to now global are involved in the real estate business. Most of them are private players, except in certain cases where the AMC and AUDA makes the provision of the SEWS Housing, PMAY housing developments. Many real estate players target middle-income group because they are eligible for housing loans. This situation clearly excludes poor people from buying land or residential property and leads to the question of social equity and affordability.
23
CHOICES & TRADE-OFFS
Housing Affordability | Semi structures Interviews
BRTS AMTS Affordability Society living Better jobs and customers Rental prices Closer to workplace Housing Security Infrastructure Services Availability of Service Providers 12 10
8
6
4
2
2
4
6
8 10 12
Consolidated votes for housing choices Gated Community Residents
Residents of the LMIG & LIG / Informal
Diagram showing priorities of the residents of Acher, taken as votes through semi-structured interviews
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 24
ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC SPACE
Regulated public space : Neighborhood park
!
Amul PPP
! Buffers turned public space
4D SQUARE MALL
NORTHERN PLAZA Privately Owned Private Space for public use
Nolli’s Map Inference Availability of Public Space
27%
Unregulated
03%
AUDA lake and garden in Acher, is a public park maintained by AMUL which makes it a regulated public space with restrictions and lesser inclusive. The park is located along the main arterial road amidst the commercial buildings capturing more footfall from the high income gaated community residents and children, which are at a closer proximity to the park compared to the residents of the other fragment of the neighborhood.
25
ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC SPACE : Social Interaction The interstitial buffer acting as social congregation space
Source : Primary Survey
Points of Permeability
33
Workshops Seating
Food Stalls
Nodes Gates Shop Fronts
33 points of permeabili-
ty indicates the potential of the space to capture footfall, especially in the evenings when the interstitial space is filled with street food stalls. 6.3
4D Road, Acher
Permeability of the Street Edge
The buffer space between the highway and the local road in Acher gets activated as an inclusive public space for both the fragments of the neighborhood irrespective of the income group. Integration of various activities spread out in three zones , allows the people involved to function together and induced social interaction. In addition, mixing of various functions and people makes it possible to interpret how the surrounding society is composed and how it operates.
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 26
ENVISONED OLYMPIC INFRASTRUCTURE Marginalisation of the low income community
Acher
Source : https://www.auda.org.in/ Mixed-use Hospitality District (PPP Basis)
+
Signature Hotel
+
Parking - 7500 cars + 15000 two wheelers
+
Athelet Village (3000 Apartments of 1-3 bedrooms)
Media and Administrative Offices
+
=
INFLUX OF MORE PEOPLE - Service sector jobs Increase in Rental housing Prices Presence of more vacant lands --- Potential for construction of more housing ---- Increase in cost of living
INFRASTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS
27
INCREASE IN JOB OPPURTUNITIES FOR THE LIG
INCREASE IN SETTLEMENT OF LOW INCOME WORKERS
LACK OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING FOR THE LIG
DIALOGUE WITH THE COMMUNITY Semi structured Interviews
“We have been living here over a decade. We had never been served any eviction notice in the past. Why the notice was served to us right before the high profile visits was our question?’’. The notice gave a very short period, I was only left with one choice but to move to this place where I pay more rent” - Migrant Construction Worker | Parvati Nagar, Acher
“Bastis near my houses, were given eviction notices a couple of months back, some were even threatened by force against them by the AMC. But my place is more at the core centre and hence the eviction on the account of Trump Visit did not have much to do with our homes.” - Auto Driver | Veljibhai Kua, Acher (Motera Stadium road)
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 28
WHAT IS CURRENTLY HAPPENING IN ACHER? Evictions | City beautification
01
02
04
!
Social Impact
! 03
Areas of the precinct with informal settlements
The neoliberal paradigm of urbanisation, focuses on the creation of enclaves of exclusive development for the high income residents of cities and ghettoes ofsubsistence for the economically weaker sections. This is done under the agenda of creating ‘slum free cities’ and is refl ected in the rising occurrence of forced evictions and demolitions of low income settlements.
Source : Ahmedabad Mirror, Times of India, The bridge, and Counterview ( Online News Websites)
29
PROBLEM STRUCTURE
Marginalisation of the low income community
NEIGHBORHOOD RESILIENCE INDEX
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 30
06 Inclusive Infrastructure A way forward for Acher
What is inclusive Infrastructure? Infrastructure development that induces positive outcomes in social inclusivity and ensures no individual, community, or social group is marginalised from benefiting from improved infrastructure. As the suburb of Acher is moving shifting its character towards becoming a urban neighborhood with more influx of higher income people, it is necessary the infrastructure planned for the city considers the suburb’s fragmented neighborhoods inorder to avoid gentrification and
31
POSSIBLE METHODOLOGY
Infrastructure & Social Equity | Bottom-up Approach
Targeted Group
Construction workers | Informal sector workers | Migrants | Slum occupants
Integration of small business opportunities The small scale shops/ stores along the Staidum road, can be integrated with the support facilities planned for the infrastructure for mutual growth.
Increasing affordability and accessability Successful implementation of the ongoing Metro project which can provide accessibility to the GIFT city and major job markets in the city. The esclation of rental prices can be reduced by state driven policies for housing.
Job creation and equal access to labour market Metro station’s stores and shops can consider local shop owners. Staidum and Metro together can provide access to multiple jobs and the informal and LIG community can be given priority.
Source : A paper on “Inclusive Infrastructure” by Global Infrastructure Hub
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 32
CONCLUSION Acher’s increased access to markets aided by better road and transit infrastructure, allow people with more resources or incomes on the upper fragment to incur higher expenditure on luxury goods. With better infrastructure, productive opportunities will be available to the richer, but the benefits from these may have accumulated by the high income group in relative terms as better investment opportunities lead to higher returns. This put together translate to a unequal consumption pattern and affordability crisis in the neighborhood leading to displacement of the lesser priviledged. The outcome of analyses and inferences made do not prescribe abandoning transportation projects or infrastructure development but instead recommend emphasis on a just process of urban development through complementary policies.
33
REFERENCES Dendura, M. (2019). Olympic Infrastructure—Global Problems of Local Communities on the Example of Rio 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338145686_Olympic_Infrastructure-Global_Problems_of_Local_Communities_on_the_Example_of_Rio_2016_PyeongChang_2018_and_ Krakow_2023 Newman, H. K. (1999). Neighborhood impacts of Atlanta’s Olympic Games. Community Development Journal, 34(2), 151–159. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44257467 Khanani, R.S., Adugbila, E.J., Martinez, J.A. et al. (2020) The Impact of Road Infrastructure Development Projects on Local Communities in Peri-Urban Areas: the Case of Kisumu, Kenya and Accra, Ghana. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-020-00077-4 Bajar. S, Rajeev.M (2016). The Impact of Infrastructure Provisioning on Inequality in India: Does the Level of Development Matter?, Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 15:1, 122-155 https://doi.org/10.1080/15339114.2016.1150188 Roy. A (2005). Urban Informality: Toward an Epistemology of Planning, Journal of the American Planning Association, 71:2, 147-158 https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360508976689 Saqib, A. A. (2019). Understanding the City. (Portfolio for Masters of Urban Planning), CEPT University. https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/2019/M/fp/understanding-the-city-studio-up4002-monsoon-2019/motera-urban-housing-district-monsoon-2019-pg190043 Referred Website (Inclusive Infrastructure) https://www.gihub.org/resources/publications/reference-tool-on-inclusive-infrastructure-and-social-equity/ UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVERSITY 34
“Somehow, when the fair became part of the city, it did not work like the fair.” —Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities
ACHER, AHMEDABAD PUD21042
UNDERSTANDING THE CITY | CEPT UNIVESITY