The State of Local Governance: Trends in Bago (Myanmar Language)

yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD; \a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;tajctae? ukvor*¾ zGHU NzdK;rItpDtpOf ? jrefrm? 2014/

Paul van Hoof Philippe Wealer Aung Htay Hlaing Myanmar Survey Research UNDP Myanmar

CD

Community Dialogue

CRC

Citizen Report Card

CBO

Community Based Organisation

CSO

Civil Society Organisation

DAO

Development Affairs Organisation

DoE

Department of Education

DoH

Department of Health

DoP

Department of Planning

DRD

Department of Rural Development

DTA

Deputy Township Administrator

FSP

Frontline Service Provider

GAD

General Administration Department

GOM

Government of Myanmar

LGM

Local Governance Mapping

MoHA

Ministry of Home Affairs

MoNPED

Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development

MSR

Myanmar Survey Research

MoE

Ministry of Education

MoH

Ministry of Health

NGO

Non-Governmental Organisation

NLD

National League for Democracy

NUP

National Unity Party

PTA

Parent Teacher Association

RHC

Rural Health Centre

SLRD

Settlements and Land Records Department

SRHC

Sub-Rural Health Centre

TA

Township Administrator

TDSC

Township Development Support Committee

TEO

Township Education Officer

TLMC

Township (Farm) Land Management Committee

THO

Township Health Officer

TDAC

Township Development Affairs Committee

TMC

Township Management Committee

TMO

Township Medical Officer

TPIC

Township Planning and Implementation Committee

TPO

Township Planning Officer

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

USDP

Union Solidarity Development Party

VC

Village Clerk

VHC

Village Health Committee

VT

Village tract

VTA

Village Tract Administrator

VT/WDSC

Village Tract / Ward Development Support Committee

WA

Ward Administrator

yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD; \a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;tajctae? ukvor*¾ zGHU NzdK;rItpDtpOf ? jrefrm? 2014/

1

2

3

4

1

1 &yfuGuf okdYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' 2012 wGif &mtdrfrSL;rsm;udk jynfhpHk&Sif;vif;pGm &nf単Tef;xm;jcif; r&SdbJ q,ftdrfrSL;rsm;udkomvQif &nf単Tef;azmfjyxm;onf/ vufawGUwGifrl 4if;wkdYtm;vkH;onf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd qufvufaqmif&GufaeMuonf/

5

(DAO)2

DAO2

2 pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;(DAO)qdkonfrSm xdkae&mrsm;&Sd½Hk;rsm; (jrLeDpy,f)udkom qdkvkdjcif;jzpfjyD; tjcm;aom azmfjycsuf&if;jrpfrsm;u tqdkygtoHk;tEIef;udk ½Hk;ESifh TDAC ESpfckpvHk;twGuf toHk;jyK&ef &nfñTef;ajymqdkygonf/

6

7

8

9

10

11

-

-

3

4

3 jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOfavhvmrIvkyfief;? aemufcHtaMumif;t&mESifhenf;pepfwGif þ tkyfcsKyfa&; avhvmcsufenf;pepf\tao;pdwf&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifhenf;vrf;rsm;udk Munfh½Iyg/ 4 jrefrmEkdifiHwGif pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufjcif;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhtpDtpOf'DZkdif;udkod&SdEkdif&ef xdkavhvmrIrsm;pGm aqmif &Gufaeygonf/ ynma&;u@wGifNrdKUe,fynma&;zGHUjzdK;rItpDtpOfudk ynma&;0efBuD;XmeESifh,leDquf (UNICEF)wdkYu rGefjynfe,fwGifa&SUajy;prf;oyfjyD;jzpfygonf/ EkdifiHwGif;&Sdjynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'oBuD; 14 ckwGif xdktpDtpOfudk rdwfqufaqmif&Gufrnfjzpfygonf/ urÇmhbPfrSaxmufyHhxm;aom “Myanmar Decentralizing Funding to Schools Program” twGuf ueOD;vlrIa&;tuJjzwfjcif;udk ynma&;0efBuD;XmetwGufMSR rS aqmif&Gufay;xm;ygonf/ xdkYtjyif zGHYjzdK;a&;aqmif&Gufolrsm;\tultnDESifh ynma&;0efBuD;XmerSbufpHk vTrf;jcHKaomynma&;pepfudk aqmif&GufaeqJjzpfonf/

12

13

14

5

5 toHk;jyKxm;aoma&G;cs,fjcif;pHEIef;rsm;udk ]]jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOfavhvmrI? aemufcH taMumif;t&mESifhenf;pepf}}wGifMunfh½Iyg/

15

16

17

18

wkd;wufaomrdv’mpHepf

79% 77%

oefYpifaomaomufokH;a&

69%

rlvwef;ynmNyD;ajrmufjcif;

47%

81%

54%

rlvwef;ausmif;tyfESHrI

88% 85%

tvGeftuWHtm[mt&csKdUwJhrI

9% 9%

tawmftweftm[mt&csKdUwJhrI

23%

32%

ukd,f0efaqmifapmifha&Smufa&;yg0ifrI

83% 82%

0ufoufumuG,fa&;

65%

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI

18% 0%

26%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%   national average

82%

90% 100%

Bago

19

6

600000

500000

4

400000

300000

200000

100000

Bago Taungoo Pyu Pyay Kyauhtaga Yeadashe Daik U Nyaunglebin Kawa Letpadan Waw Nattalin Oatwin Tharyarwaddy Padaung Tanatpin Paunde Thegon Monyo Okpo Paukkhaung Minhla Swedaung Htantapin Gyobingauk Kyaukkyi Shwegyin Zigon

0

6

20

jynfolYtiftm;OD;pD;Xme?vl0ifrI BuD;Muyfa&; ESihf jynfolUtiftm;0efBuD; Xme (2014) ? 2014 ckESpf vlOD;a&ESifh tdrftaMumif;t&moef;acgifpm&if; a&SUajy;vlOD;a&pm&if;/

21

7

7

22

tqdkyg BuDK;yrf;rIrsm;taMumif; tao;pdwfodvdkvQif Furnivall a&;om;onfh Governance of Modern Burma odkY ½Iyg/

8

9 10

11

8 Taylor a&;om;onfh The State in Myanmar 9 a':vSvSrdk;? rif;vSrJqE´e,f 2 10 A report about the 1990 elections contains biographical information of all those who won in the respective constituencies: http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs4/1990_multi-party_elections.pdf

11

Taylor

a&;om;onfh The State in Myanmar

23

12

13

Hk

12 rwfv 2011 ckESpfwGif yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD;&Sd USDP rS trwfavmif;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh oeyfyifNrdKUe,f udk,fpm; vS,f OD;tHHhBuD;ESifY rJqE´e,f trSwf 7 (tkwfwGif;ESifY xef;wyifNrdKUe,f rsm;\ udk,fpm;vS,f) udk,fpm;vS,f a':csdKEG,fOD;wdkYonf tajccHOya't&vkdtyfaomEkdifiHom;jzpfrIukd jynfhrDjcif;r&SdaMumif; jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifu aMunmcJhygonf/ (ESpfOD;pvHk;wGifjrefrmEkdifiHom; r[kwfaom rdbwpfOD;pD&Sdygonf/) yJcl;wdkif; a&G;aumufyGJwGif rrSefruef aqmif&GufrIrsm;&SdaMumif;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ 13 jynfolUvTwfawmf / xef;wyif- OD;pdefxGef;? vufyHwef;-OD;ausmfrif;? awmifil-OD;atmifpdk;jrifh ESihf oeyfyif-OD;jrifhOD;trsdK;om;vTwfawmf/ / tkwfwGif;ESihf xef;wyifNrdKUe,f(rJqE´e,f trSwf 7)- OD;rif;OD;ESihf yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf/ / u0NrdKUe,f (2)- OD;rsdK;cdkif

24

14

14 jrefrmhppfwyfrS tjidrf;pm;AdkvfcsKyfjzpfjyD; 2004ckESpfrS yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD; 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfonftxd EkdifiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;XmewGif 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/

25

15

15

26

2014 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

27%

24% 13%

34

9%

8% 2%



12%





 awmifil

4%

Changes in income of households over last three years

16% 16%

23%

27% 27%

improved improved

28%

more more or or less less the the same same worsened worsened

49%

57% 

f

improved



more or less the same

worsened

35

36

16

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

77% 61% 44%

55% 37%

15%

wdk;wufrIr&Sd

22%

11% 10% 18% 8% 5%

wdk;wufrI 

8% 7% 1%

a&oefY Total  Zigon Padaung

15%

ynma&;

8% 4% 5% 14%

4% 1% 2% 8%

vQyfppfrD;

rodyg/

Taung oo

17

16 tqdkyg ar;cGef;ESifY ywfowfí okawoDrsm;u ajzqdkolrsm;udk ta&;ygaom wdk;wufrIrsm; taMumif;udk rdrdwdkYtjrifjzifh ajzMum;ajymqdkapcJhygonf/ (tydkif; 4-3wGif Munfhyg/) u@ wpfckpD\ wdk;wufrIrsm;udk ar;jref;onfhtcg ajzqdkoltrsm;pku wdk;wufrItcsdKUudk azmfjycJhMuygonf/ 17 or®w\ trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 27^2013 ESihf jrefrmEkdifiH\ a'ooEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOf avhvmrIESihf avhvmonfhenf;pepfwGif ¤if;wdkY\ tcef;u@ESihfvkyfaqmifcsufudk tao;pdwfMunhf½IEkdifonf/ yJcl;wkdif; a'oBuD;&Sd NrdKUe,f 3-ckwGif zGJUpnf;rIESihfyg0ifjcif;udk aemufqufwGJ-3wGif Munhf½IEkdifonf/

37

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

46%

53% 52%

32%

59% 48% 43% 36% 35% 35% 34% 30% 29% 29% 22% 22%

24% 14%

10% 0% 2%

Total

38

41%

Taungoo

Padaung

Zigon

3% 0%

1% 3%

18

18 jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;& 2013ckESpf? pD;yGm;a&;ESihfvlrIa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrlabmif ? Zefe0g&Dv 2013 aemufqHk; rlMurf;udk½Iyg/

39

19

20

19 or®w\ trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 27^2013 NrdKUe,fESifh&yfuGuf okdYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfpkzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&; taxmuftuljyK aumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;&efwm0efay;tyfjcif;/ 20 yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;&Sd NrdKUe,f 3-ckwGif zGJUpnf;rIESihf yg0ifjcif;udk aemufqufwGJ-3wGif Munhf½IEkdifonf/

40

21

22

23

21 yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;wGif GAD zGYHjzdK;a&;&HyHkaiGonf GAD u pDrHcefYcGJxm;aom tao;pm; &efyHkaiG jzpfjyD; a'oqdkif&mtqifh PRF &efykHaiGodkY aygif;pnf;xm;aomaMumifh NrdKUe,ftqifhwGif oD;jcm;&efyHkaiGtjzpf rjrifEkdifyg/ xdkYaMumifh tcsdKUaom TA rsm;u qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmYcsa&; &efyHkaiG ? qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmYcsa&; &efyHkaiGESifY aus;vufa'o zGHYjzdK;a&;&efyHkaiG [k azmfjyMuygonf/ 22 Nixon, Hamish, and Jolene, Cindy a&;om;aom 2014ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif b@ma&;A[dkcsKyfudkifrIavsmhcsa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf vrf;jyajryHkqDodkY pmrsufESm 3 23 vdktyfonfhtajctaersm; jynfhpHkvQif aiGxkwfolt&m&Sdonf aiGay;acs&ef tcGifhtmPm&SdjyD; csufvufrSwfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ekdifonf/ BuD;Muyfolt&m&Sdu tqdkyg ay;acsrI\ (b@ma&;enf;Oya'rsm;t&) jynfhpHk nDnGwfrIukd qufvuf ppfaq;um csufvufrSufudk xyfqifhvufrSwfxdk;ay;ygrnf/

41

24

25

26

24 trdefYaMunmpmtrSwf 83 2013 ESifh 86/2013 udk Munfhyg/ 25 jynfaxmifpk Oya'jyKtxufvTwfawmfjzpfonfh trsdK;om;vTwfawmfwGif jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;wpfckpDtwGuf udk,fpm;vS,fae&m 12 ae&mpD a&G;aumufwifajr§muf&eftwGuf NrdKUe,frsm;udkydkif;jcm;vQifjzpfap (tu,fí NrdKUe,f 12ck atmuf avsmhenf;cJhvQif) (odkY) tkyfpk zGJUvQifjzpfap (NrdKUe,f 12ck xufausmfvGefaom jynfe,fESifY wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;twGuf)aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ ��� Nixon, Hamish, and Jolene, Cindy; 2014: Fiscal DeceñTralisation in Myanmar: Towards a Roadmap for Reform page 33.

42

43

2500 2000

1500 1000 500 0

Taungoo per vt/ward in million kyat

44

Total

Padaung per capita in kyat

Zigon

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

27

27 aus;&Gmacgif;aqmif (odkY) q,f^&mtdrfrSL; (odkY) aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;onf NAdwdoQudkvkdeDpepf tkyfcsKyfpOfxJu tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwGif wpfpdwf wpfydkif;tm;jzihf yg0ifcJhonf/ ¤if;onf ,ckxufwd ta&;ygaomtcef;rS yg0ifvsuf&SdNyD; aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk ulnD&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;rS yg0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf aus;&Gm 4-6txdudk tkyfcsKyf&onf/ ¤if;wkdYonf tpdk;&\ zGJUpnf;yHkwGif w&m;0if ryg&Sdacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf vlrItzGJUtpnf; (odkY) ¤if;wdkYbmom cefYtyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ &yfrd&yfzrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk tBuHÓPf ay;Muonf/ tzGJU0ifrsm;twGif; vkyfydkifcGihfudk cGJa0xm;jcif;r&Sday/ odkY&mwGif wpfa,mufu OuúXtjzpf wm0ef,l onf/ ¤if;wkdYonf yHkrSefr[kwfbJ rMumcP awGUqHkMuonf/ &yfrd&yfzrsm;udk a&G;cs,fyHkrSm &Sif;vif;rI r&Sday/ xkH;pHtm;jzihfrl ¤if;wdkYudk aus;vuftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rS tjcm;aus;&GmxJ&Sd &yfrd&yfrsm;\ tBuHÓPf jzihf a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwf udk,fwkdifcefYtyfwm0ef,l olrsm;jzpfonf/ trsm;pkrSm aus;vuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a[mif;^ q,f^&mtdrfrSL;rsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;&mxl;rsm;rS tem;,lcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkYbmom &yfrd&yfztjzpf ,lqum wm0ef,lcJhMujcif; jzpf onf/ tcsdKUaus;&Gmrsm;wGif &yfrd&yfzrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;xuf ae&mcdkifNrJMuNyD; aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;tcsdKUxuf omvGefMuonf/ &yfrd&yfz rsm;onf toufBuD;ol trsdK;om;rsm;jzpfNyD; tcsdKUrSm vlrI-pD;yGm;a&; aemufcHawmifhwif;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ aus;&GmESihf&yfuGuf zGHUNzdK;a&; taxmuftuljyKaumfrwDrsm; ay:aygufvmonfESihftrQ ¤if;wdkYonf wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDrsm;wGif wpfpdwfwpfydkif; yg0ifulnDMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDrsm;ESihftwl qufvuf&yfwnfMuonf/ tao;pdwfukd Kempel, Susan 2012; Village Institutions and Leadership in Myanmar: A View from Below, UNDP 2012. wGif½Iyg/

45

46

  

47

48

28

28 awmifil&Sd tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;BuD;tcsdKUrSvGJí NrdKUe,f 3 ck&Sd vlrIa&;tzGJUrsm;onf t"dutm;jzihf vlYtodkif; t0dkif;tajcjyK tzGJUrsm;jzpfNyD; ckdifrmaom zGJUpnf;yHkr&Sday/ t"dutm;jzihf apwem0efxrf;rsm;jzihf vkyfudkifMuNyD; ¤if;wdkYtzGJU0ifrsm; (odkY) tultnDvdktyfaom tzGJUrsm;odkY ulnDay;Muonf/ olwdkYonf ynma&;? usef;rma&;? ema&;ESihf oufBuD;olrsm;udk ulnDMu&mwGif wuf<upGmyg0ifMuonf/

49

29

29 vlrIa&;u@rsm;wGiftpdk;&toHk;p&dwfrsm;ESifhywfoufíNcHKiHkod&Sdvkdygu UNICEF, 2013; Snapshot of Social Sector Public Budget Allocations and Spending in Myanmar ukdMunfhyg/

tjcm;u@rsm;teuf usef;rma&;u@udk od&Sdvkdygu SDC, 2013; Health AssessmeñT in Southeast Region of Myanmar, August 2013 ukdMunfhyg/

tjcm;u@rsm;teuf ynma&;u@udk od&Sdvkdygu MDRI, 2013; A Preliminary AssessmeñT of Decentralization in Education: Experiences in Mon State and Yangon Region, December 2013 and JICA, 2013; Data Collection Survey on Education Sector in Myanmar, Final Report, February 2013 ukd

50

Munfhyg/

30

30 þaumfrwDrsm;taMumif; tao;pdwfudk aemufqufwGJ (3)wGifMunfhyg/

51

31

31 2014 ckESpf? arv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rf

52

32

33

34

35

32 2010 ckESpfusef;rma&;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHxm;onf/ 2014 ckESpfarv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rfudkMunfhyg/ 33 jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpdk;&? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;qkdif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuftajccHrlabmifpmrsufESm 30? 2013 ckESpf/ 34 urÇmUusef;rma&;tzGJU\ jrefrmEkdifiHESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;r[mAsL[m 2014-2018/ 35 jynfaxmifpk\tkyfcsKyfrItmPmonf jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfuOya'jyKEkdifaom tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mudpö&yfrsm;okdY vnf; oufa&mufysHUESHYonf/ (yk'fr 216)/ odkY&mwGif ]þudpö&yfrsm; udkwdkif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwfjynfe,ftpdk;&tm; jynfaxmifpkOya' ESifhtnDaqmif&Guf&ef qufvufcGifhjyKxm;onf/ yk'fr 259 wGif ]wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&onf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&u tcgtm;avsmfpGmay;tyfvmonfhvkyfief;wm0efrsm; ukd xrf;aqmif&rnf} [k azmfjyxm;onf/ qdkvdkonfrSmzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya't&jynfaxmifpk\ pD&ifqHk;jzwfrI atmufü&SdaomtkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&odkYjynfaxmifpk Oya't& odkYr[kwf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsuft&vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmtyfESif;Ekdifonf/

53

54

55

56

36

36

2014 ckESpf? arv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rf

57

58

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

86% 71% 58%

57%

48% 47%

37%

52%

39%

44%

25% 5%

pkpkaygif;

5%

4%

Zigon 

Padaung

trsm;jynfolESifhqkdifaom 

4%

8%

Taungoo

5%

Urban

4% Rural

yk*¾vdu rnfonfhae&mrQr[kwfaom

37 38

37 38

tajzwpfckxuf ydkajzEkdifonf[k rSwfom;&onf/ tajzwpfckxuf ydkajzEkdifonf[k rSwfom;&onf/

59

1%

6% 55%

 

38%

f

 

usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; ydkrsm;vmonf/

21%

usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIp&dwf oufomvmonf/

29%

aq;eSifhaq;ypÆnf; ydkrdk&&Sdonf/

33%

usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; tjyKtrl ydkrdkwdk;wufvmonf/

35%

aq;&Hk? aq;cef; ydkrdkwdk;wufvmonf odkUr[kwf topfaqmufvkyfvmonf/

51% 0%

60

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

   

61

62

70%

58%

60% 50%

50% 40% 30%

Female

43%

40%

45%

42%

1 2

36%

35% 32%

28% 24%

3

22%

24%

20%

29%

25%

23%

Female25%

17% 1

10% 0%

2 3

pkpkaygif;

ZD;ukef; 

ye;awmif f ;  Always

 Sometimes

awmifil

trsKd;om;

trsKd;orD;

Never

63

64

39

40

39

Zobrist,Brooke, McCormick, Patrick2013

ckESpfynma&;u@ü A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD; qef;ppfcsuf/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;tawGUtMuHKrsm;/ jrefrmEkdifiHjynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifh a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;pOfqdkif&maqG;aEG;rI pmwrf;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrIpifwm (MDRI – CESD)? 2013 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv/ 40 2014 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (7)&ufwGifb@ma&;aumfr&Sif\ 2014-2015 b@ma&;ESpfbuf*suf tpnf;ta0;ü EkdifiHawmfor®wOD;odef;pdefrSajymMum;csuf/

65

41

42

43

44

45

41

UNICEF?

jrefrmEkdifiHvlrIa&;u@twGufjynfolUbwf*sufcGJa0ay;jcif;ESifh toHk;jyKjcif;tay: waphw apmif; avhvmjcif;/ 2013 ckESpf/ 42 Zobrist,Brooke,McCormick,Patrick2013 ckESpfynma&;u@端 A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm; tay: ueOD;qef;ppfcsuf 43 JICA jrefrmhynma&;u@tay: tcsuftvufaumuf,lavhvmjcif;tpD&ifcHpm/ pmrsufESm 10? 2013 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 44 aemufqufwGJZ,m;(1)? tydkif;(9)? ]vlrIa&;u@} (u) ynmoifMum;a&;qkdif&mqdkif&moif&dk;単Tef;wrf;? oif&dk;rmwdum? oifjyenf;pHepf? okawoe? pDrHudef;? pDrHcsuf ESifhpHrsm;/ (c) wu奪odkvf? 'Du&Daumvdyf?odyponfhoifwef;rsm;ESifh tqifhjrifhynm tjcm;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;/ (*) jynfaxmifpkuowfrSwfonfhpmar;yGJrsm;/ (C) ukd,fykdifausmif;rsm;ESifh oifwef;rsm; . . . ponfjzifh 45 Zobrist, Brooke, McCormick, Patrick 2013 ckESpfynma&;u@端 A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD; qef;ppf csuf? pmrsufESm 8 rS 9/

66

46 47

48

49

46 JICAjrefrmhynma&;u@tay: tcsuftvufaumuf,lavhvmjcif;tpD&ifcHpm/ pmrsufESm 11? 2013 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 47 Zobrist, Brooke, McCormick, Patrick 2013 ckESpfynma&;u@端 A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD; qef;ppf csuf/ 48 txufygtwkdif;? pmrsufESm 4/ 49 txufygtwkdif;? pmrsufESm 19/

67

f

68

69

70

71

41%

48%

11%

4 53%

42%

4% 1%

3 53%

25%

13%

9%

2 51%

36%

9% 3%

1 0%

10%

20%

improved 

30%

40%

50%

60%

more  or less the same

70%

worsened 

80%

90%

100%

don't know

11%

13% 20% 24% 76% 0%

72

20% 40% 40%

60% 60%

80% 80%

14%

79%

awmifil 67%

29%

7%

5%

yef;awmif; 60%

28%

12%

ZD;ukef; 69%

23%

8%

pkpkaygif; 0%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Statisfied Notf Good bad;  raus Noteyfsatisfied  auseyfygon  rqknot d;raumif yg

   

73

74

75

50

50 IHLCA

76

2011 / jrefrmEkdifiHtdrfaxmifpkpm;0wfaea&;tajctaebufpHkavhvmrIrSwfwrf;? qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI tajctae avhvmwifjycsuf? pmrsufESm 64/

77

78

34%

57%

9%

aus;vuf 19%

49%

32%

NrKdUjy 30%

45%

25%

awmifil 33%

64%

3%

yef;awmif; 24%

54%

22%

ZD;ukef; 29%

54%

pkpkaygif; 0%

17%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 

Improved

f





Stayed more or less the same

Worsened

51

51

tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdifygonf/

79

52

52 ynma&;u@wGifausmif;tyfEIef; edrfhusqJ? rlvwef; ynmoif,ljyD;qHk;rIEIef; enf;yg;qJjzpfonf/ usef;rma&;u@wGifaxmifpkESpf&nfrSef;csufñTef;udef;trsm;pkrSmwdk;wufvmonf/ odkY&mwGifa'owGif;&Sd tjcm; EkdifiHrsm;\ aemufwGifusef&pfqJjzpfonf/ (Oyrm - 5 ESpfatmufuav;taotaysmufEIef; 52.3 onfa'owGGif; ysrf;rSs 28 ESifh ,SOfygutvGefrsm;aeonf/ rdciftaotaysmuftcsdK; (uav;arG;zGm;rI 100000 wGif) 200 jzpfjcif;onfa'owGif; ysrf;rSs 150 ESifhEIdif;,SOfvSsif rsm;aeonf/ axmifpkESpf &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;íjrefrm EkdifiH\ wdk;wufrItajctaetwGuf 2012 ckESpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m axmifpkESpf&nfrSef;csuftcsuftvufodkYf (www. mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx) rS&,lxm;onf/

80

81

82

83

53

53

84

Susanne Kempel ?

]EkdifiHa&;tul;tajymif;umva'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOf}? vkyfief;aqmif&Guf a&; taxmuftyHhqdkif&mtpD&ifcHpm? rMumrDxGuf&Sdrnf/

rodyg

13%

tpkd;&rS tcsuftvufay;jcif;

11%

pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf &Gmo;rsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;

17%

tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;tm; aphpyfn§dEidif;ay;jcif;

38%

NrKdUe,ftkyfcKyfa&;rSL;xH &Gm&Sdjyóemrsm;tm;ajymjyjcif;

41%

&GmrSaiGamu;aumufcHrIukdaumufcHjcif;

7%

jynfolrsm;tm; &yf&Gmtvkyfvkyf&mwGifvlxkyg0ifaqmif&GufrIjyK&ef aocsmapjcif;

15%

Nidrf;csrf;rIESifhvkHNcKHrItm; aocsmapjcif;

44% 0%

10%

20% female





male

30%

40%

50%

60%

total



85

86

tjcm; yk*他dKvfrsm; (3%) rodyg (1%) jrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; 3% pdkufysdK;a&;t&m&Sd 3%

q,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL; (25%)

aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; (65%)

87

54

55

Township Administrator10 or 100 households heads Village Tract AdministratorVillage Tract AdministratorVillage Tract Administrator

1

6%

1

74% 2

Radio

63%

1

44% 2

Village elders

1

35% 2

1

41% 2

44% 2

Department concerned

1

16% 2

Newspapers

1

11% 2

54 q,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL;rsm; odkYr[kwf&GmolBuD;rsm; odkYr[kwfaus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk jAdwdoSsudkvdkeD acwfuwnf;u tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftwGif;odkYoGwfoGif;xm;cJhjyD;? rsm;aomtm;jzifh&Gm (4-5)&GmukdtkyfcsKyf&aom aus; &GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udkta&;BuD;aomtcef;u@rS ,aeYwdkiftultnDay;Muonf/ ,if;wdkYonftpdk;&zGJUpnf;yHk\ w&m;0iftpdwftydkif;wpf&yf r[kwfMuyJ &yf&GmvlxkrS a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; odkYr[kwf udk,fwdkifcefYxm; jcif;rsm;omjzpfonf/ aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifhav;pm;xdkufaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;\ tMuHay; aumfrwDwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;tMum; wm0efrsm;ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; wpfOD;u rMumcP Ouå|wm0ef,l&[ef&Sdonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf &Hzef&Hcg xoGm;xvmyHkpHjzifhom awGUqHkMuonf/ aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;a&G;cs,fyHkenf;vrf;rSm r&Sif;vif;yg/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh aus;&GmrS tjcm;vlBuD;rsm;\tMuHjyKcsufjzifh aus;&Gmtkyfpk tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rSa&G;cs,fjcif; odkYr[kwf udk,fwdkifcefUxm; jcif;rsm;om&Sdonf/ trsm;pkonf ,cifq,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL;rsm;jzpfMujyD; &mxl;a[mif;udkpGefYvTwfjyD; aemuf aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*¾dKvfae&mrsm;udk&&SdMurnf[k tvdktavsmufrSwf,lxm;Ekdifrnf/ tcsdKU&Gmrsm;wGif aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*¾dKvfae&mrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;ae&mxufyif ydkítNrJwrf;oabm&SdjyD; aus;&Gmtkyfpk tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;pGm xufyifMum&SnfcHonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;-vlrIa&;aemufcHtoifhtwifhrSydkjrifhaom vlBuD;ydkif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ aus;&Gmtkyfpk? &yfuGufzGHUjzdK;rItaxmuftuljyKaumfrwDudkzGJUpnf;cJh&müwGif ,if;wdkYudk wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDtopfrsm; atmufodkYoGwfoGif;í wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDtopfrsm;ESifhtwl oD;jcm;&SdaeMuonf/ tao;pdwftwGuf Susan Kempel \ jrefrmEkdifiH? aus;&GmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhOD;aqmifrIu@? atmufajcrSMunfhjcif;? UNDP 2012 ckESpfudkMunfhyg/ 55 tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdifygonf/

88

1 2

56

Others

Radio

1

1

92%

89%

80%

1

1

2%2

83%

83%

2

66%

40%

28%

20%

18%

14%

0%

Urban



56

2

TA

Newspapers

1 12% 2

2 23%

1

1

50%2

56%2

Ministry concerned

34% 2

100%

1

73% 2

Friends or family

49%

60%

1

1

73% 2

2%

80%

Television

Village/Ward elders Village Tract/Ward Administrator Village Tract/Ward Administrator

Rural #REF! 

#REF!

Total #REF! 

tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdifygonf/

89

90

  

91

57

57 pdk;eE´mvif;\ ]jrefrmEkdifiH? jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD;qdkif&mbuf*sufvsmxm;jcif;}MDRI-CESD? 2012 ckESpf? pufwifbmv/

92

93

94

5. oHk;oyfcsufrsm; 95

96

97

98

99

100

101

dk

70 txuf 2%

14% 18-30

61-70 12%

2% 31-40

51-60 24%

29% 41-50

yHk 1-2/ yg0ifajzqdkolrsm;\ aexdkifrItdrftrsdK;tpm; &if;jrpf/

17% ausmufeH&Hrsm; jruf? usLx&HumeH&Hrsm; 44% 39% opfom;eH&Hrsm;

102

&Srf; 7%

tjcm; 3%

csif; 1% u&if 11%

Arm 69%

pmwwfonfh bGJY& tkyfpk toufarG;0rf; oifwef; 2% 6% ausmif;oifwef; 1% txufwef; 8%

27% twef;ynmr&Sdyg

tv,fwef; 19% 38% rlvwef;

yifpif? tjidrf;pm;?aiGvJTydkUjcif; yk*v他 dutvkyf 3% 5% tpdk;& 0efxrf; 6% arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief; 2% usyef;tvkyf 19% 39% aumufyJoD;ESH pdkufysdK;a&; udk,fydkiftvkyf 27%

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

November 2014

www.mm.undp.org