yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD; \a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;tajctae? ukvor*¾ zGHU NzdK;rItpDtpOf ? jrefrm? 2014/
Paul van Hoof Philippe Wealer Aung Htay Hlaing Myanmar Survey Research UNDP Myanmar
CD
Community Dialogue
CRC
Citizen Report Card
CBO
Community Based Organisation
CSO
Civil Society Organisation
DAO
Development Affairs Organisation
DoE
Department of Education
DoH
Department of Health
DoP
Department of Planning
DRD
Department of Rural Development
DTA
Deputy Township Administrator
FSP
Frontline Service Provider
GAD
General Administration Department
GOM
Government of Myanmar
LGM
Local Governance Mapping
MoHA
Ministry of Home Affairs
MoNPED
Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development
MSR
Myanmar Survey Research
MoE
Ministry of Education
MoH
Ministry of Health
NGO
Non-Governmental Organisation
NLD
National League for Democracy
NUP
National Unity Party
PTA
Parent Teacher Association
RHC
Rural Health Centre
SLRD
Settlements and Land Records Department
SRHC
Sub-Rural Health Centre
TA
Township Administrator
TDSC
Township Development Support Committee
TEO
Township Education Officer
TLMC
Township (Farm) Land Management Committee
THO
Township Health Officer
TDAC
Township Development Affairs Committee
TMC
Township Management Committee
TMO
Township Medical Officer
TPIC
Township Planning and Implementation Committee
TPO
Township Planning Officer
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
USDP
Union Solidarity Development Party
VC
Village Clerk
VHC
Village Health Committee
VT
Village tract
VTA
Village Tract Administrator
VT/WDSC
Village Tract / Ward Development Support Committee
WA
Ward Administrator
yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD; \a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;tajctae? ukvor*¾ zGHU NzdK;rItpDtpOf ? jrefrm? 2014/
1
2
3
4
1
1 &yfuGuf okdYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' 2012 wGif &mtdrfrSL;rsm;udk jynfhpHk&Sif;vif;pGm &nf単Tef;xm;jcif; r&SdbJ q,ftdrfrSL;rsm;udkomvQif &nf単Tef;azmfjyxm;onf/ vufawGUwGifrl 4if;wkdYtm;vkH;onf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd qufvufaqmif&GufaeMuonf/
5
(DAO)2
DAO2
2 pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;(DAO)qdkonfrSm xdkae&mrsm;&Sd½Hk;rsm; (jrLeDpy,f)udkom qdkvkdjcif;jzpfjyD; tjcm;aom azmfjycsuf&if;jrpfrsm;u tqdkygtoHk;tEIef;udk ½Hk;ESifh TDAC ESpfckpvHk;twGuf toHk;jyK&ef &nfñTef;ajymqdkygonf/
6
7
8
9
10
11
-
-
3
4
3 jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOfavhvmrIvkyfief;? aemufcHtaMumif;t&mESifhenf;pepfwGif þ tkyfcsKyfa&; avhvmcsufenf;pepf\tao;pdwf&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifhenf;vrf;rsm;udk Munfh½Iyg/ 4 jrefrmEkdifiHwGif pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufjcif;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhtpDtpOf'DZkdif;udkod&SdEkdif&ef xdkavhvmrIrsm;pGm aqmif &Gufaeygonf/ ynma&;u@wGifNrdKUe,fynma&;zGHUjzdK;rItpDtpOfudk ynma&;0efBuD;XmeESifh,leDquf (UNICEF)wdkYu rGefjynfe,fwGifa&SUajy;prf;oyfjyD;jzpfygonf/ EkdifiHwGif;&Sdjynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'oBuD; 14 ckwGif xdktpDtpOfudk rdwfqufaqmif&Gufrnfjzpfygonf/ urÇmhbPfrSaxmufyHhxm;aom “Myanmar Decentralizing Funding to Schools Program” twGuf ueOD;vlrIa&;tuJjzwfjcif;udk ynma&;0efBuD;XmetwGufMSR rS aqmif&Gufay;xm;ygonf/ xdkYtjyif zGHYjzdK;a&;aqmif&Gufolrsm;\tultnDESifh ynma&;0efBuD;XmerSbufpHk vTrf;jcHKaomynma&;pepfudk aqmif&GufaeqJjzpfonf/
12
13
14
5
5 toHk;jyKxm;aoma&G;cs,fjcif;pHEIef;rsm;udk ]]jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOfavhvmrI? aemufcH taMumif;t&mESifhenf;pepf}}wGifMunfh½Iyg/
15
16
17
18
wkd;wufaomrdv’mpHepf
79% 77%
oefYpifaomaomufokH;a&
69%
rlvwef;ynmNyD;ajrmufjcif;
47%
81%
54%
rlvwef;ausmif;tyfESHrI
88% 85%
tvGeftuWHtm[mt&csKdUwJhrI
9% 9%
tawmftweftm[mt&csKdUwJhrI
23%
32%
ukd,f0efaqmifapmifha&Smufa&;yg0ifrI
83% 82%
0ufoufumuG,fa&;
65%
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI
18% 0%
26%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% national average
82%
90% 100%
Bago
19
6
600000
500000
4
400000
300000
200000
100000
Bago Taungoo Pyu Pyay Kyauhtaga Yeadashe Daik U Nyaunglebin Kawa Letpadan Waw Nattalin Oatwin Tharyarwaddy Padaung Tanatpin Paunde Thegon Monyo Okpo Paukkhaung Minhla Swedaung Htantapin Gyobingauk Kyaukkyi Shwegyin Zigon
0
6
20
jynfolYtiftm;OD;pD;Xme?vl0ifrI BuD;Muyfa&; ESihf jynfolUtiftm;0efBuD; Xme (2014) ? 2014 ckESpf vlOD;a&ESifh tdrftaMumif;t&moef;acgifpm&if; a&SUajy;vlOD;a&pm&if;/
21
7
7
22
tqdkyg BuDK;yrf;rIrsm;taMumif; tao;pdwfodvdkvQif Furnivall a&;om;onfh Governance of Modern Burma odkY ½Iyg/
8
9 10
11
8 Taylor a&;om;onfh The State in Myanmar 9 a':vSvSrdk;? rif;vSrJqE´e,f 2 10 A report about the 1990 elections contains biographical information of all those who won in the respective constituencies: http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs4/1990_multi-party_elections.pdf
11
Taylor
a&;om;onfh The State in Myanmar
23
12
13
Hk
12 rwfv 2011 ckESpfwGif yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD;&Sd USDP rS trwfavmif;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh oeyfyifNrdKUe,f udk,fpm; vS,f OD;tHHhBuD;ESifY rJqE´e,f trSwf 7 (tkwfwGif;ESifY xef;wyifNrdKUe,f rsm;\ udk,fpm;vS,f) udk,fpm;vS,f a':csdKEG,fOD;wdkYonf tajccHOya't&vkdtyfaomEkdifiHom;jzpfrIukd jynfhrDjcif;r&SdaMumif; jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifu aMunmcJhygonf/ (ESpfOD;pvHk;wGifjrefrmEkdifiHom; r[kwfaom rdbwpfOD;pD&Sdygonf/) yJcl;wdkif; a&G;aumufyGJwGif rrSefruef aqmif&GufrIrsm;&SdaMumif;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ 13 jynfolUvTwfawmf / xef;wyif- OD;pdefxGef;? vufyHwef;-OD;ausmfrif;? awmifil-OD;atmifpdk;jrifh ESihf oeyfyif-OD;jrifhOD;trsdK;om;vTwfawmf/ / tkwfwGif;ESihf xef;wyifNrdKUe,f(rJqE´e,f trSwf 7)- OD;rif;OD;ESihf yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf/ / u0NrdKUe,f (2)- OD;rsdK;cdkif
24
14
14 jrefrmhppfwyfrS tjidrf;pm;AdkvfcsKyfjzpfjyD; 2004ckESpfrS yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD; 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfonftxd EkdifiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;XmewGif 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/
25
15
15
26
2014 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
27%
24% 13%
34
9%
8% 2%
12%
awmifil
4%
Changes in income of households over last three years
16% 16%
23%
27% 27%
improved improved
28%
more more or or less less the the same same worsened worsened
49%
57% 
f
improved

more or less the same
worsened
35
36
16
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
77% 61% 44%
55% 37%
15%
wdk;wufrIr&Sd
22%
11% 10% 18% 8% 5%
wdk;wufrI
8% 7% 1%
a&oefY Total Zigon Padaung
15%
ynma&;
8% 4% 5% 14%
4% 1% 2% 8%
vQyfppfrD;
rodyg/
Taung oo
17
16 tqdkyg ar;cGef;ESifY ywfowfí okawoDrsm;u ajzqdkolrsm;udk ta&;ygaom wdk;wufrIrsm; taMumif;udk rdrdwdkYtjrifjzifh ajzMum;ajymqdkapcJhygonf/ (tydkif; 4-3wGif Munfhyg/) u@ wpfckpD\ wdk;wufrIrsm;udk ar;jref;onfhtcg ajzqdkoltrsm;pku wdk;wufrItcsdKUudk azmfjycJhMuygonf/ 17 or®w\ trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 27^2013 ESihf jrefrmEkdifiH\ a'ooEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOf avhvmrIESihf avhvmonfhenf;pepfwGif ¤if;wdkY\ tcef;u@ESihfvkyfaqmifcsufudk tao;pdwfMunhf½IEkdifonf/ yJcl;wkdif; a'oBuD;&Sd NrdKUe,f 3-ckwGif zGJUpnf;rIESihfyg0ifjcif;udk aemufqufwGJ-3wGif Munhf½IEkdifonf/
37
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
46%
53% 52%
32%
59% 48% 43% 36% 35% 35% 34% 30% 29% 29% 22% 22%
24% 14%
10% 0% 2%
Total
38
41%
Taungoo
Padaung
Zigon
3% 0%
1% 3%
18
18 jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;& 2013ckESpf? pD;yGm;a&;ESihfvlrIa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrlabmif ? Zefe0g&Dv 2013 aemufqHk; rlMurf;udk½Iyg/
39
19
20
19 or®w\ trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 27^2013 NrdKUe,fESifh&yfuGuf okdYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfpkzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&; taxmuftuljyK aumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;&efwm0efay;tyfjcif;/ 20 yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;&Sd NrdKUe,f 3-ckwGif zGJUpnf;rIESihf yg0ifjcif;udk aemufqufwGJ-3wGif Munhf½IEkdifonf/
40
21
22
23
21 yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;wGif GAD zGYHjzdK;a&;&HyHkaiGonf GAD u pDrHcefYcGJxm;aom tao;pm; &efyHkaiG jzpfjyD; a'oqdkif&mtqifh PRF &efykHaiGodkY aygif;pnf;xm;aomaMumifh NrdKUe,ftqifhwGif oD;jcm;&efyHkaiGtjzpf rjrifEkdifyg/ xdkYaMumifh tcsdKUaom TA rsm;u qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmYcsa&; &efyHkaiG ? qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmYcsa&; &efyHkaiGESifY aus;vufa'o zGHYjzdK;a&;&efyHkaiG [k azmfjyMuygonf/ 22 Nixon, Hamish, and Jolene, Cindy a&;om;aom 2014ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif b@ma&;A[dkcsKyfudkifrIavsmhcsa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf vrf;jyajryHkqDodkY pmrsufESm 3 23 vdktyfonfhtajctaersm; jynfhpHkvQif aiGxkwfolt&m&Sdonf aiGay;acs&ef tcGifhtmPm&SdjyD; csufvufrSwfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ekdifonf/ BuD;Muyfolt&m&Sdu tqdkyg ay;acsrI\ (b@ma&;enf;Oya'rsm;t&) jynfhpHk nDnGwfrIukd qufvuf ppfaq;um csufvufrSufudk xyfqifhvufrSwfxdk;ay;ygrnf/
41
24
25
26
24 trdefYaMunmpmtrSwf 83 2013 ESifh 86/2013 udk Munfhyg/ 25 jynfaxmifpk Oya'jyKtxufvTwfawmfjzpfonfh trsdK;om;vTwfawmfwGif jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;wpfckpDtwGuf udk,fpm;vS,fae&m 12 ae&mpD a&G;aumufwifajr§muf&eftwGuf NrdKUe,frsm;udkydkif;jcm;vQifjzpfap (tu,fí NrdKUe,f 12ck atmuf avsmhenf;cJhvQif) (odkY) tkyfpk zGJUvQifjzpfap (NrdKUe,f 12ck xufausmfvGefaom jynfe,fESifY wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;twGuf)aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ ��� Nixon, Hamish, and Jolene, Cindy; 2014: Fiscal DeceñTralisation in Myanmar: Towards a Roadmap for Reform page 33.
42
43
2500 2000
1500 1000 500 0
Taungoo per vt/ward in million kyat
44
Total
Padaung per capita in kyat
Zigon
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
27
27 aus;&Gmacgif;aqmif (odkY) q,f^&mtdrfrSL; (odkY) aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;onf NAdwdoQudkvkdeDpepf tkyfcsKyfpOfxJu tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwGif wpfpdwf wpfydkif;tm;jzihf yg0ifcJhonf/ ¤if;onf ,ckxufwd ta&;ygaomtcef;rS yg0ifvsuf&SdNyD; aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk ulnD&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;rS yg0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf aus;&Gm 4-6txdudk tkyfcsKyf&onf/ ¤if;wkdYonf tpdk;&\ zGJUpnf;yHkwGif w&m;0if ryg&Sdacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf vlrItzGJUtpnf; (odkY) ¤if;wdkYbmom cefYtyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ &yfrd&yfzrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk tBuHÓPf ay;Muonf/ tzGJU0ifrsm;twGif; vkyfydkifcGihfudk cGJa0xm;jcif;r&Sday/ odkY&mwGif wpfa,mufu OuúXtjzpf wm0ef,l onf/ ¤if;wkdYonf yHkrSefr[kwfbJ rMumcP awGUqHkMuonf/ &yfrd&yfzrsm;udk a&G;cs,fyHkrSm &Sif;vif;rI r&Sday/ xkH;pHtm;jzihfrl ¤if;wdkYudk aus;vuftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rS tjcm;aus;&GmxJ&Sd &yfrd&yfrsm;\ tBuHÓPf jzihf a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwf udk,fwkdifcefYtyfwm0ef,l olrsm;jzpfonf/ trsm;pkrSm aus;vuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a[mif;^ q,f^&mtdrfrSL;rsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;&mxl;rsm;rS tem;,lcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkYbmom &yfrd&yfztjzpf ,lqum wm0ef,lcJhMujcif; jzpf onf/ tcsdKUaus;&Gmrsm;wGif &yfrd&yfzrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;xuf ae&mcdkifNrJMuNyD; aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;tcsdKUxuf omvGefMuonf/ &yfrd&yfz rsm;onf toufBuD;ol trsdK;om;rsm;jzpfNyD; tcsdKUrSm vlrI-pD;yGm;a&; aemufcHawmifhwif;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ aus;&GmESihf&yfuGuf zGHUNzdK;a&; taxmuftuljyKaumfrwDrsm; ay:aygufvmonfESihftrQ ¤if;wdkYonf wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDrsm;wGif wpfpdwfwpfydkif; yg0ifulnDMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDrsm;ESihftwl qufvuf&yfwnfMuonf/ tao;pdwfukd Kempel, Susan 2012; Village Institutions and Leadership in Myanmar: A View from Below, UNDP 2012. wGif½Iyg/
45
46
47
48
28
28 awmifil&Sd tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;BuD;tcsdKUrSvGJí NrdKUe,f 3 ck&Sd vlrIa&;tzGJUrsm;onf t"dutm;jzihf vlYtodkif; t0dkif;tajcjyK tzGJUrsm;jzpfNyD; ckdifrmaom zGJUpnf;yHkr&Sday/ t"dutm;jzihf apwem0efxrf;rsm;jzihf vkyfudkifMuNyD; ¤if;wdkYtzGJU0ifrsm; (odkY) tultnDvdktyfaom tzGJUrsm;odkY ulnDay;Muonf/ olwdkYonf ynma&;? usef;rma&;? ema&;ESihf oufBuD;olrsm;udk ulnDMu&mwGif wuf<upGmyg0ifMuonf/
49
29
29 vlrIa&;u@rsm;wGiftpdk;&toHk;p&dwfrsm;ESifhywfoufíNcHKiHkod&Sdvkdygu UNICEF, 2013; Snapshot of Social Sector Public Budget Allocations and Spending in Myanmar ukdMunfhyg/ tjcm;u@rsm;teuf usef;rma&;u@udk od&Sdvkdygu SDC, 2013; Health AssessmeñT in Southeast Region of Myanmar, August 2013 ukdMunfhyg/ tjcm;u@rsm;teuf ynma&;u@udk od&Sdvkdygu MDRI, 2013; A Preliminary AssessmeñT of Decentralization in Education: Experiences in Mon State and Yangon Region, December 2013 and JICA, 2013; Data Collection Survey on Education Sector in Myanmar, Final Report, February 2013 ukd
50
Munfhyg/
30
30 þaumfrwDrsm;taMumif; tao;pdwfudk aemufqufwGJ (3)wGifMunfhyg/
51
31
31 2014 ckESpf? arv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rf
52
32
33
34
35
32 2010 ckESpfusef;rma&;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHxm;onf/ 2014 ckESpfarv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rfudkMunfhyg/ 33 jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpdk;&? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;qkdif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuftajccHrlabmifpmrsufESm 30? 2013 ckESpf/ 34 urÇmUusef;rma&;tzGJU\ jrefrmEkdifiHESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;r[mAsL[m 2014-2018/ 35 jynfaxmifpk\tkyfcsKyfrItmPmonf jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfuOya'jyKEkdifaom tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mudpö&yfrsm;okdY vnf; oufa&mufysHUESHYonf/ (yk'fr 216)/ odkY&mwGif ]þudpö&yfrsm; udkwdkif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwfjynfe,ftpdk;&tm; jynfaxmifpkOya' ESifhtnDaqmif&Guf&ef qufvufcGifhjyKxm;onf/ yk'fr 259 wGif ]wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&onf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&u tcgtm;avsmfpGmay;tyfvmonfhvkyfief;wm0efrsm; ukd xrf;aqmif&rnf} [k azmfjyxm;onf/ qdkvdkonfrSmzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya't&jynfaxmifpk\ pD&ifqHk;jzwfrI atmufü&SdaomtkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&odkYjynfaxmifpk Oya't& odkYr[kwf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsuft&vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmtyfESif;Ekdifonf/
53
54
55
56
36
36
2014 ckESpf? arv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rf
57
58
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
86% 71% 58%
57%
48% 47%
37%
52%
39%
44%
25% 5%
pkpkaygif;
5%
4%
Zigon
Padaung
trsm;jynfolESifhqkdifaom
4%
8%
Taungoo
5%
Urban
4% Rural
yk*¾vdu rnfonfhae&mrQr[kwfaom
37 38
37 38
tajzwpfckxuf ydkajzEkdifonf[k rSwfom;&onf/ tajzwpfckxuf ydkajzEkdifonf[k rSwfom;&onf/
59
1%
6% 55%
38%
f
usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; ydkrsm;vmonf/
21%
usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIp&dwf oufomvmonf/
29%
aq;eSifhaq;ypÆnf; ydkrdk&&Sdonf/
33%
usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; tjyKtrl ydkrdkwdk;wufvmonf/
35%
aq;&Hk? aq;cef; ydkrdkwdk;wufvmonf odkUr[kwf topfaqmufvkyfvmonf/
51% 0%
60
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
61
62
70%
58%
60% 50%
50% 40% 30%
Female
43%
40%
45%
42%
1 2
36%
35% 32%
28% 24%
3
22%
24%
20%
29%
25%
23%
Female25%
17% 1
10% 0%
2 3
pkpkaygif;
ZD;ukef;
ye;awmif f ; Always
Sometimes
awmifil
trsKd;om;
trsKd;orD;
Never
63
64
39
40
39
Zobrist,Brooke, McCormick, Patrick2013
ckESpfynma&;u@ü A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD; qef;ppfcsuf/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;tawGUtMuHKrsm;/ jrefrmEkdifiHjynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifh a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;pOfqdkif&maqG;aEG;rI pmwrf;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrIpifwm (MDRI – CESD)? 2013 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv/ 40 2014 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (7)&ufwGifb@ma&;aumfr&Sif\ 2014-2015 b@ma&;ESpfbuf*suf tpnf;ta0;ü EkdifiHawmfor®wOD;odef;pdefrSajymMum;csuf/
65
41
42
43
44
45
41
UNICEF?
jrefrmEkdifiHvlrIa&;u@twGufjynfolUbwf*sufcGJa0ay;jcif;ESifh toHk;jyKjcif;tay: waphw apmif; avhvmjcif;/ 2013 ckESpf/ 42 Zobrist,Brooke,McCormick,Patrick2013 ckESpfynma&;u@端 A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm; tay: ueOD;qef;ppfcsuf 43 JICA jrefrmhynma&;u@tay: tcsuftvufaumuf,lavhvmjcif;tpD&ifcHpm/ pmrsufESm 10? 2013 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 44 aemufqufwGJZ,m;(1)? tydkif;(9)? ]vlrIa&;u@} (u) ynmoifMum;a&;qkdif&mqdkif&moif&dk;単Tef;wrf;? oif&dk;rmwdum? oifjyenf;pHepf? okawoe? pDrHudef;? pDrHcsuf ESifhpHrsm;/ (c) wu奪odkvf? 'Du&Daumvdyf?odyponfhoifwef;rsm;ESifh tqifhjrifhynm tjcm;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;/ (*) jynfaxmifpkuowfrSwfonfhpmar;yGJrsm;/ (C) ukd,fykdifausmif;rsm;ESifh oifwef;rsm; . . . ponfjzifh 45 Zobrist, Brooke, McCormick, Patrick 2013 ckESpfynma&;u@端 A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD; qef;ppf csuf? pmrsufESm 8 rS 9/
66
46 47
48
49
46 JICAjrefrmhynma&;u@tay: tcsuftvufaumuf,lavhvmjcif;tpD&ifcHpm/ pmrsufESm 11? 2013 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 47 Zobrist, Brooke, McCormick, Patrick 2013 ckESpfynma&;u@端 A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD; qef;ppf csuf/ 48 txufygtwkdif;? pmrsufESm 4/ 49 txufygtwkdif;? pmrsufESm 19/
67
f
68
69
70
71
41%
48%
11%
4 53%
42%
4% 1%
3 53%
25%
13%
9%
2 51%
36%
9% 3%
1 0%
10%
20%
improved
30%
40%
50%
60%
more or less the same
70%
worsened
80%
90%
100%
don't know
11%
13% 20% 24% 76% 0%
72
20% 40% 40%
60% 60%
80% 80%
14%
79%
awmifil 67%
29%
7%
5%
yef;awmif; 60%
28%
12%
ZD;ukef; 69%
23%
8%
pkpkaygif; 0%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Statisfied Notf Good bad; raus Noteyfsatisfied auseyfygon rqknot d;raumif yg
73
74
75
50
50 IHLCA
76
2011 / jrefrmEkdifiHtdrfaxmifpkpm;0wfaea&;tajctaebufpHkavhvmrIrSwfwrf;? qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI tajctae avhvmwifjycsuf? pmrsufESm 64/
77
78
34%
57%
9%
aus;vuf 19%
49%
32%
NrKdUjy 30%
45%
25%
awmifil 33%
64%
3%
yef;awmif; 24%
54%
22%
ZD;ukef; 29%
54%
pkpkaygif; 0%
17%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Improved
f
Stayed more or less the same
Worsened
51
51
tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdifygonf/
79
52
52 ynma&;u@wGifausmif;tyfEIef; edrfhusqJ? rlvwef; ynmoif,ljyD;qHk;rIEIef; enf;yg;qJjzpfonf/ usef;rma&;u@wGifaxmifpkESpf&nfrSef;csufñTef;udef;trsm;pkrSmwdk;wufvmonf/ odkY&mwGifa'owGif;&Sd tjcm; EkdifiHrsm;\ aemufwGifusef&pfqJjzpfonf/ (Oyrm - 5 ESpfatmufuav;taotaysmufEIef; 52.3 onfa'owGGif; ysrf;rSs 28 ESifh ,SOfygutvGefrsm;aeonf/ rdciftaotaysmuftcsdK; (uav;arG;zGm;rI 100000 wGif) 200 jzpfjcif;onfa'owGif; ysrf;rSs 150 ESifhEIdif;,SOfvSsif rsm;aeonf/ axmifpkESpf &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;íjrefrm EkdifiH\ wdk;wufrItajctaetwGuf 2012 ckESpfurÇmvHk;qdkif&m axmifpkESpf&nfrSef;csuftcsuftvufodkYf (www. mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx) rS&,lxm;onf/
80
81
82
83
53
53
84
Susanne Kempel ?
]EkdifiHa&;tul;tajymif;umva'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOf}? vkyfief;aqmif&Guf a&; taxmuftyHhqdkif&mtpD&ifcHpm? rMumrDxGuf&Sdrnf/
rodyg
13%
tpkd;&rS tcsuftvufay;jcif;
11%
pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf &Gmo;rsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;
17%
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;tm; aphpyfn§dEidif;ay;jcif;
38%
NrKdUe,ftkyfcKyfa&;rSL;xH &Gm&Sdjyóemrsm;tm;ajymjyjcif;
41%
&GmrSaiGamu;aumufcHrIukdaumufcHjcif;
7%
jynfolrsm;tm; &yf&Gmtvkyfvkyf&mwGifvlxkyg0ifaqmif&GufrIjyK&ef aocsmapjcif;
15%
Nidrf;csrf;rIESifhvkHNcKHrItm; aocsmapjcif;
44% 0%
10%
20% female
male
30%
40%
50%
60%
total
85
86
tjcm; yk*他dKvfrsm; (3%) rodyg (1%) jrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; 3% pdkufysdK;a&;t&m&Sd 3%
q,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL; (25%)
aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; (65%)
87
54
55
Township Administrator10 or 100 households heads Village Tract AdministratorVillage Tract AdministratorVillage Tract Administrator
1
6%
1
74% 2
Radio
63%
1
44% 2
Village elders
1
35% 2
1
41% 2
44% 2
Department concerned
1
16% 2
Newspapers
1
11% 2
54 q,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL;rsm; odkYr[kwf&GmolBuD;rsm; odkYr[kwfaus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk jAdwdoSsudkvdkeD acwfuwnf;u tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftwGif;odkYoGwfoGif;xm;cJhjyD;? rsm;aomtm;jzifh&Gm (4-5)&GmukdtkyfcsKyf&aom aus; &GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udkta&;BuD;aomtcef;u@rS ,aeYwdkiftultnDay;Muonf/ ,if;wdkYonftpdk;&zGJUpnf;yHk\ w&m;0iftpdwftydkif;wpf&yf r[kwfMuyJ &yf&GmvlxkrS a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; odkYr[kwf udk,fwdkifcefYxm; jcif;rsm;omjzpfonf/ aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifhav;pm;xdkufaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;\ tMuHay; aumfrwDwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;tMum; wm0efrsm;ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; wpfOD;u rMumcP Ouå|wm0ef,l&[ef&Sdonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf &Hzef&Hcg xoGm;xvmyHkpHjzifhom awGUqHkMuonf/ aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;a&G;cs,fyHkenf;vrf;rSm r&Sif;vif;yg/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh aus;&GmrS tjcm;vlBuD;rsm;\tMuHjyKcsufjzifh aus;&Gmtkyfpk tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rSa&G;cs,fjcif; odkYr[kwf udk,fwdkifcefUxm; jcif;rsm;om&Sdonf/ trsm;pkonf ,cifq,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL;rsm;jzpfMujyD; &mxl;a[mif;udkpGefYvTwfjyD; aemuf aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*¾dKvfae&mrsm;udk&&SdMurnf[k tvdktavsmufrSwf,lxm;Ekdifrnf/ tcsdKU&Gmrsm;wGif aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*¾dKvfae&mrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;ae&mxufyif ydkítNrJwrf;oabm&SdjyD; aus;&Gmtkyfpk tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;pGm xufyifMum&SnfcHonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;-vlrIa&;aemufcHtoifhtwifhrSydkjrifhaom vlBuD;ydkif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ aus;&Gmtkyfpk? &yfuGufzGHUjzdK;rItaxmuftuljyKaumfrwDudkzGJUpnf;cJh&müwGif ,if;wdkYudk wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDtopfrsm; atmufodkYoGwfoGif;í wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDtopfrsm;ESifhtwl oD;jcm;&SdaeMuonf/ tao;pdwftwGuf Susan Kempel \ jrefrmEkdifiH? aus;&GmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhOD;aqmifrIu@? atmufajcrSMunfhjcif;? UNDP 2012 ckESpfudkMunfhyg/ 55 tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdifygonf/
88
1 2
56
Others
Radio
1
1
92%
89%
80%
1
1
2%2
83%
83%
2
66%
40%
28%
20%
18%
14%
0%
Urban
56
2
TA
Newspapers
1 12% 2
2 23%
1
1
50%2
56%2
Ministry concerned
34% 2
100%
1
73% 2
Friends or family
49%
60%
1
1
73% 2
2%
80%
Television
Village/Ward elders Village Tract/Ward Administrator Village Tract/Ward Administrator
Rural #REF!
#REF!
Total #REF!
tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdifygonf/
89
90
91
57
57 pdk;eE´mvif;\ ]jrefrmEkdifiH? jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD;qdkif&mbuf*sufvsmxm;jcif;}MDRI-CESD? 2012 ckESpf? pufwifbmv/
92
93
94
5. oHk;oyfcsufrsm; 95
96
97
98
99
100
101
dk
70 txuf 2%
14% 18-30
61-70 12%
2% 31-40
51-60 24%
29% 41-50
yHk 1-2/ yg0ifajzqdkolrsm;\ aexdkifrItdrftrsdK;tpm; &if;jrpf/
17% ausmufeH&Hrsm; jruf? usLx&HumeH&Hrsm; 44% 39% opfom;eH&Hrsm;
102
&Srf; 7%
tjcm; 3%
csif; 1% u&if 11%
Arm 69%
pmwwfonfh bGJY& tkyfpk toufarG;0rf; oifwef; 2% 6% ausmif;oifwef; 1% txufwef; 8%
27% twef;ynmr&Sdyg
tv,fwef; 19% 38% rlvwef;
yifpif? tjidrf;pm;?aiGvJTydkUjcif; yk*v他 dutvkyf 3% 5% tpdk;& 0efxrf; 6% arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief; 2% usyef;tvkyf 19% 39% aumufyJoD;ESH pdkufysdK;a&; udk,fydkiftvkyf 27%
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
November 2014
www.mm.undp.org