Womens House Baghere Report by Annabelle Roper

Women’s House Baghere

Humanitarian Construction (ABPL90277_2021_SUM) Tutor Hannah Robertson Team: Claire Newton 756944 Annabelle Roper 699112

Contents 4 Womens House Baghere 5 Who is in Baghere 6 Climatic Context 8 Climate Change 10 Food Security analysis 11 Physical Resource analysis 12 Existing Support networks 14 Our Vision 15 The Concept 16 How our vision works 18 Who is going to be involved - stakeholder analysis 20 Where is it going to be 22 How is it going to be done 24 Stage 1 Engagement 26 Stage 2 Envision 28 Toilet Construction 29 Temporary Bamboo Structure 30 Stage 3 Activate 32 How to create Compressed Earth Blocks 34 How to build the Column and Roof structure

36 38 40 42 50 51 52 53 53 54 54 55 56 56 58 59 59 59 60 62 62

Stage 4 Cultivate How to build the walls How to build the Digester Stage 5 Stewardship Landscape Process: Stage 1 Landscape Process: Stage 2 Landscape Process: Stage 3 Regenerative Farming Raised Garden Beds Food Forest: Tree Guilds Keyhole High-Intensity Planters Greywater System Women’s House Structure Section Plan Architectural design Form and materiality Mitigate risks Flexibility Isometric Long Term Vision

Womens House Baghere

Rural development, the breaking down of barriers, a reduction in inequality, and the creation of a sustainable and stable environment all depend on the hard work which every member of society invests, both directly and indirectly, in the collective. Gender equality is crucial to the construction of an equitable society in which everyone, on the basis of their background and resources, can make a fundamental contribution

to sustainable development. The challenge of the competition is to design a women’s house that aims to promote gender equality as a key factor in rural development. The structure must be a space dedicated to hosting activities which focus on education, raising awareness, and developing the village in the name of equality.

https://www.kairalooro.com/

Who is in Baghere In Baghere Village home to 2,200 people, 53% are women

Women’s associations organise village development activities and agro-commercial activities within Baghere

Majority of residents are Muslim and 1% are animists

58% of residents are minors

No female presence in highest ranks of politics in Baghere

Climatic Context Low Temperatures High Temperatures

Up to 90%

Trade Winds

Climatic Context Poor soil

Tropical Climate zone

months

land in region considered

Climate Change The effects of climate change are already beginning to have devestating effects on rural communities. Characterised by recurrent droughts, rural areas that rely on agriculture to survive.1 A predicted 4c° increase in temperature by 2050 and a concurrent 20% decrease in rainfall2 4 5

Gender, Climate Change and Human Security: Lessons from Bangladesh, Ghana and Senegal.

Job insecurity from drought

Poorer health & safety (Nutrition, Sanitation)

Increased time safe water

Increased potential for stress and

https://www.dw.com/en/salt-poses-threat-to-senegals-sin%C3%A9-saloum-delta-wetlands/a-37379872

Increase in average temperature predicted to rise 1.5c ° - 4c° in Senegal by mid-century

Increased frequency of natural disasters: Decrease in rainfall over Sahel region predicts increase in megastorm events

Predicted weather patterns will mean increasing desert spreads further south

Forced migration to cities: displacement and loss of rural workforce/labour

Loss of arable land and a migrating workforce means less food crop production and decreased food security

https://www.senegalblackrainbow.org/2019/07/18/combattre-les-terres-salees/

Gum Arabic exports soared in Irrigation

Rice

largest rice exporter in Africa

subsitence based.

Most Important Cash Crops

Drought Prone

importer of food

Cotton import bans and monopolization of the industry from privitisation

Sugarcane

Agricultural Sector

Pests

Most agriculturally produced crops

Peanuts peanut crops

Millet

Production often underreported due to unauthorized sales to neighboring countries

Main Crop

Corn Production

Sorghum

Dairy needs. Reliance on

Poultry Ban on import of

Agricultural model that Government subsidised chemical feritilivser in the early 2000s

decreasing food security

The materials available in the village of Baghere are varied, with natural and more processed options. There are a lot of buildings in the context photos of Baghere that are built in unsustainable concrete and steel. However there are also those built

out of local materials as well. Some of these materials are bamboo, timberm thatch, clay bricks. By the building materials available and the buildings we can tell that there are other resources available too. Such as tools to mix

steel and cut steel, transport steel. The energy, and water needed in the construction of concrete and steel must also be available. The building typologies also indicate the technical skills available within the community too.

“The Center for Renewable Energy and Appropriate Technology for the Environment (CREATE!) was established in 2008 with the mission of helping rural populations in the developing world cope with water, food, and fuel shortages resulting from the impact of climate change on their communities.“ Create! are a local Senegal NGO that focus on the self development of communities by providing training and resources. Some of their projects are implementing

Heifer International are an international NGO that work in 21 different countries around the world working with farmers to increase the quality and quantity of produce. They support farmers to sustainably build their businesses and earn an income. They have multiple projects in Senegal such as nutrition classes for women and installation of bio gas stoves. They provide training, services and support for families in communities to sustainably become more productive and effective at running their farming business.

https://www.createaction.org/incomegeneration/ https://www.heifer.org/blog/heifer-international-world-arkmagazine-2020-senegal-feature-.html

“endeavors to respond to humanitarian crises and build resilience; promote inclusive and sustainable growth; coconstruct effective governance and support the building of civil society worldwide by investing in people and their potential.” Their current projects work on food insecurity, nutrition, employment and entrepreneurship.

Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) is an international NGO supports the re-emergence of sustainabilty in rural communities, with a focus on developing educational tools to inspire societal transition to resilience. They provide training on varying platforms regardling sustainable agriculture/permaculture with a focus on food sovereignty, energy autonomy, regenerative water cycles and healthy soils. GEN also facilitates the use of IT and communications in this realm.

https://www.acted.org/en/countries/senegal/#!

https://ecovillage.org/region/gen-africa/

"To empower women through educational work-shopping in self-sustainability using an agricultural-sanitation closed

The Concept

-Community engagement - Local women’s needs

- Social & Financial return - Ecological health - Self-reliance, empowerment & productivity

- Human excreta as a resource - Sanitation - Self-managed & Maintained - Low cost/High output

- Diverse Crop and Plantings - Permaculture & Existing Farm Practices - Biofuel production

Women do 75% of the agricultural work - there by providing food and income for the family

Improving agricultural techniques to save time will allow women to spend for the family Improving agricultural methods to improve output and therefore income and prevent hunger Improving the resilience of the crops and livestock to reduce impact of unforeseen changes/crises

Women collect the water for the family

Reducing the time to collect water saves time for women to do other essential jobs - also reduces need for children to help out with these jobs by skipping school Greater and quicker access to safer water means the health of the family is more likely. More water is able to be collected if it is easier to collect therefore used for more daily needs therefore more hygienic

Changing fuel sources eliminates the time to collect wood and the right state to cook Creating safer cooking systems reduces the time taken to watch and keep the children safe and doesn't have safety concerns because of smoke Changing to a sustainable fuel cut down to be fuel.

Women look after health of children and care for young preschool children

Improving the waste collection by realising it as a valuable resource will improve the health of the environment in which they live and the people

Creating a safe space for the kids to play while still within supervision eye line

Women do all the cooking for the family

Educating women in nutrition can improve the health of the family and help kids gain weight and grow Improving nutrition subsequently improves family members sleep quality, focus, mental acuity, mood and energy thereby improving many other aspects of their life such as school Improving health from improving nutrition reduces the amount of time a family member is unwell and the amount of time a woman has to look after children or reduce the amount a family has to pay for health care

Women don’t get a lot of time for social engagement beyond their roles Women gain a social support system through their groups resulting in greater mental health and resilience as they can rely on each other and problem solve as a group Women become leaders in their community demonstrating the way forward to a sustainable and healthy future With greater leadership and prominence within the community together with greater time from reducing the burden of domestic roles the gender quality will be improved

Very few families have savings or surplus income Improved productivity of land enables surplus to be sold Excess manure, urine fertiliser or slurry fertiliser can be sold to other farmers Improved health from improved nutrition means less money spent on health services Renewable energy to power services means families don't have to pay rates Savings and loan groups can locally organise to have a savings system and provide loans to locals for various endeavours

the client, balou salo, along with local aid networks which we partnered with will - in the short term and long term - help manifest the programs intended for the ongoing success management at the women’s house.

Ongoing human resources

Kaira looro International Aid (Doner) Educational platform for future sustainability of women’s house

Biofuel production: Ongoing resources and education

GEN (International Aid Partner)

Presidential Democratic Government of Senegal

Arrondissement of Simbandi Brassou (Sedhiou Regional Gov.)

National Strategy for Gender Equality and Equity (SNEEG) Baghere Municipal Government

Mosque of Baghere

Heifer (Humanitarian Aid Partner)

Permaculture Senegal (Regional Aid Partner) Permaculture Systems: Ongoing education and resources

Balou Salo NGO (Client)

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Equipment

Bagehere Women

Create Action (Local Aid Partner)

Community Leaders & Elders

Local Men (The Public)

Collective decision making, communitybased resources

Intitial and ongoing education technology business International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Architect

Seed sources and agricultural technology

Patrons of Pilgrimage (Youness Aidara)

Religious Leaders

Unskilled Labour Construction, plumbing Construction, plumbing, electrics

Local material supplier Landscape Architect/ Horticulture Labour: Local Skilled Tradespeople

Engineer

Construction Management OHS, Costings Plant species/ Food System Design

The women’s house in Baghere will be built along the main street in the village. The site is roughly 2000m2 with one side facing the main street, one side bordered by existing trees and the other two bordered by informal paths. To the North and East of the site are a majority of the towns farming lands. The site is thus located strategically close to homes, where women are needed to be for the majority of their day. It also makes it close to the farms where the ideas generated at the women’s centre can be shared to.

The project will be completed over multiple stages. These stages willl take place over a timeline of 10 or more years to ensure that the project is fully accepted by the community.

This project is a self build project that over the course of the 5 stages is highly reliant on collaboration and community engagement and drive.

Each of the stages involves training and workshopping with the women of Baghere to upskill and empower them in their lives.

The design and structure of the project Elements of the project can be readjusted and redesigned depedning on the wishes and needs of the community at the time.

ENGAGEMENT 3-6 months

Establishing relationships and engaging in Listening.

ENVISION

ACTIVATE

CULTIVATE

3-6 months

6-12 months

8-12 months

Close collaboration with community members to design the project to best needs while beginning fundamental elements of the project build

Implementing the personalised project through workshops with the women of engage them in the construction and operation of the projects with the children

functions of the womens house, capabilities of the women and personalisation of the project through sustainable agricultural practices and opportunities for artistic

STEWARDSHIP > 10 years

Ongoing self management of the womens centre by the women of Baghere with support from local NGO’s and the project team scaling back as the project progresses.

First Introductions Who: Women, Local Leaders, Design Team, Local NGO representatives, Baluou Salo, Kaira Looro What: Meeting Why: introduce all the stakeholders to each other and begin to establish relationships. This can be done with informal shared meals or casual conversations.

Collaborative input & feedback

Community input & feedback

Who: Women, design team, Baluou Salo What: Workshop Why: Organise a engagement workshop to discover what the women’s values are, what they see as key in their life, how they feel about different aspects of the needs that we ideal life are among other thoughts and aspirations

Existing agricultural knowledges & practices

Who: Design Team What: Site Analysis Why: While in Baghere care should be taken to observe and take in all that is happening. Question everything and do not make assumptions. While you’re observing take the time to record it all in photos, notes, sketches or other creative methods

Community values & needs

Existing and new networks

Who: Design Team, What: Site Interviews Why: Ask people in the community about their lives and values. Making sure that a wide range of community members are interviewed. In conversations allow for silence to enable people the space to talk. Try not to direct the conversation so much and allow people to express what it is that is important to them.

Close collaboration with community members to design the project to best suit their

‘WASH’ Education

Light-weight Bamboo Shade Structure

Educational Workshopping & Collaborating Construct Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT) (Fertilizer Production)

Initial Planting: Soil Refurbishment

Urine: 1000L Underground airtight storage with hand pump (>6 month storage)

Faeces: Dry composted over <1 year and used as soil conditioner

farming Who: Women, Concrete Tradespeople What: Fired Clay Bricks Why: The toilet is being constructed early in the project to ensure there will be enough waste material processed into usable fertiliser in time to help begin the farming garden. It will also educational project that will take time to distribute the knowledge to the community at large.

Who: Women, School Teachers, Students What: Design Consult, Educational Workshops Why: Creating a reciprocal arrangmenet with the school to increase safety for families is important. Input from kids also, as per the design is fundamental - they will be interacting with the space. Educating the students on what happens at the women’s house is important for future

Who: Women What: Why: species to help restore the site’s soil will be paramount in kickstarting soil rejuvination. Species will ensure an immediate return on investment, providing green infrastructure and ecological health that offers harvestable products.

Who: Women, Permaculture What: Educational Workshops, GEN (Major Network) Why: The genesis of the entire project is based on educating local women on the intricacies and incremental processes involved in agricultural-sanitation closed loop farming. Starting at the bottom with hands on tree planting and sanitation workshops is crucial.

Who: Women What: Local women Why: Involving the women thoroughly in the design process is paramount for a successful space to manifest. Culturally appropriate spaces that serve the purposes of their needs will come from their own responses to the design workshop.

Who: Women What: Constructing Lightweight temporary shelter Why: Having protection from the elements whilst the construction of the Women’s house is underway is necessary. It will familiarise and educate women with basic building components and serve and important purpose during initial phases.

Toilet Construction The construction of the Urine Diverting Dry Toilet will need to be carefully done to ensure the ongoing hygiene of the system. The faeces vault below the toilet and the bricks will need to be used to construct two identical vaults the pipe to the greay water and urine tanks. A slab is then built over the vault in concrete again with a timber frame to support the slab while curing. The concrete slab will ensure longevity and proper sealing of the vault below. A urine diverting squat toilet peice will need to be purchased to be installed in this slab. A pipe will be connected between the urine collecting part to the urine tank below the toilet. The key to the success of this toilet system is ensuring the urine and faeces never integrate.

http://www.wecf.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/11/ Web_2015UDDTManual-min.pdf

A small construction workshop will be undertaken with a focus on working with bamboo. The women joints while having the ability to explore the possiblities anf properties of bamboo. The workshops will be conducted as an experimntal structures will not be provided. The workshop instead encourages invention and experimentation with the material and bending and joining it. There will be also instruction on fundamentals and what to watch out for. This includes capping bamboo ends, making joints mean the nodes, not using cracked bamboo and many more.

https://www.instagram.com/betterbamboobuildings/

House Frame Constructed

Livestock Housing

Agriculture

H20

Educational Workshopping & Collaborating Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)

Earth-brick Production

Fertilisation

Well

Roof Construction Who: Women, Skilled tradespeople What: Construction Project Why: The construction of the well will provide a consistent and close source of safe water for the women in the village and the hygenic operation of the building

Who: Women What: Construction training Why: The roof construction can happen at this early stage without having to build the walls. This allows a large area of shade to be made quickly to be utilised throughout the duration of the project.

Who: Women What: Construction training Why: Constructing Compressed Earth Bricks on site is a sustainable and job creating enterprise. The bricks have far less embodied energy than traditional bricks and they dont have to transported. The women can become knowledgeable in the creation of these bricks and then create jobs producing them for the rest of the village.

Who: Women, School teachers, Children What: Construction/Creation Workshop Why: If it was decided that the children’s engagement project will be pre-made elements then workshops to create this pre-made element will happen now. This may be furniture elements, landscaping or play elements.

Who: Women What: Construction Why: The animal pens will be constructed with local materials and with a design that maximises the health and wellbeing of the animals and the safety and hygiene of the pens.

https://dwellearth.com/producing-earth-blocks/

Protective Equipment Ensure that everyone has basic protective equipment particularly dust masks. The dust can cause many health issues throughout the process.

Soil Screening be sorted through the mesh to sift out the pieces that are too large. It will also sort out rubbish or other articles in the soil.

Mixing In small batches thoroughly mix up 2 parts soil to 1 part binder (cement/lime). Then mix in minimal water until the mix is starting to hold if you form a ball in your hands

Pressing Add the soil mixture into the manual press and use the lever to form a dense block.

Drying Once pressed, stack the blocks in a spot without direct light. Then cover the stack in a plastic tarp. The blocks will need to stay drying for 21 days before they can be used.

Testing Test the durability and quality of the bricks before using them in the building. Test resilience in water contact. Also test for cracks and whether the block rumbles.

STEP 1 Set out the plan on the site with markers. Dig holes for the column footings and the drain Mix up concrete on site and pout the drain concrete.

STEP 2 the ground. concrete. Pour concrete into holes one by one before tilting the columns and beams into the holes. Use temporary propping to keep the columns straight while the concrete cures.

STEP 3 beams between the columns that were erected.

STEP 4 Fix bamboo rafters between the secondary beams at equal spacings.

STEP 5 following the curve of the building. These rows of bamboo will

STEP 6 Sort and bind together the palm fronds and thatch into bundles. Tie these bundles to the upper layer of bamboo framing. the peak of the roof. This process will be familiar with the local community as there are some thatch roofed homes in the town.

Creative/Cultural input into construction

Increasing plant diversity & soil health

Rain Harvest

H20

Bio-fuel Dome

Earth-Brick (Construction) Manure: Fuel

Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)

Fertilisation

Well

Increased skill-set

Bio Fuel Construction Who: Women, Design team What: Construction workshop Why: The wall construction will be done in a progressive manner, beginning with simple straight walls and working up to more complex elements such as the arched door way. The wall design and placement has been designed in the previous stages and optimised for the community and the location.

Who: Women, trades person, design team What: Construction workshop Why: The bio fuel digester dome will be the most complex construction done in the project. After building the arched door way the skills can be transferred to the construction of the dome. With the help of local trades to connect the plumbing pipes for the gas.

Who: Artists, design team What: Design workshop Why: The local artists within the community will be engaged to ensure the voice of the local women is expressed in the building and broader project. The design team will help advise where possibilities for novel approaches can be done. This workshop will be driven by the local artists not the design team.

Who: Women, School teachers, Children What: Design, Creative Workshop Why: The children’s workshop will occur at this stage if there were elements designed in the initial workshop with the school that would be added directly to the building. This could be a mural, mosaic on the walls or other projects that diretly apply to the building. The children will be able to positively add to the project and help create the identity of the project. 37

STEP 1 Dig out a trench where each of the walls will go as decided in community consultation. Lay out a length of pip between where the stoves will go and the bio fuel digester will go. Fill the trench with concrete mixed like it was for the columns. Let the concrete cure for 21 days.

STEP 2 Using the compressed earth bricks made earlier construct each section of wall. Each brick wall is created between the existing columns. Start with a plain stretch of wall, then build wall segments that have hit and miss breeze openings. Finally build the arched entry segment.

STEP 3 Using timber construct a raised deck platform. beams between the stumps. Then timber boards or make a deck. After the deck, build a kitchen bench with the gas pipes coming up through it to connect to the stoves. Now the most complex brick element can be built, the bio fuel digester (see next page)

STEP 4 When and if it is desired a concrete slab can be poured. Concrete can be mixed just as it has throughout the project. Skills in timber construction can be used to build the form-work to shape the slab. This is also a perfect opportunity to personalise the and chipped ceramic artistic expression can happen on the slab. It can also be another way of delineating space other than walls and level changes.

Inlet tank

Gas outlet Reservior

Slurry outlet

Ground Level

Side View

Dome Digester

The Bio Gas plant can be built by local tradesmen or by newly skilled women for peoples homes as a source of fuel for gas stoves, or other gas fueld appliances. The bio gas plant works by mixin animal waste with water and then transfering this mix to a domed space called a digester. Here the mix breaks down and in the process releases gas. That is captured in the top of the dome and directed into a pipe to where it is needed. This is controlled with a simple valve. The material after is has released gas is then able to be used as a fertiliser which can

Top View

for the inlet and a metal pipe for the gas outlet.

Cross-section

Section A-A

Deenbandhu plant draw

1. After digging the hole use a stick to mark out the circle and then pour concrete to make the edge of the base to form a circle. Then lay bricks on the base in a basket weave pattern.

5. Once the outlet pit has reached 4 rows high you can need to put a supporting beam over the opening to the outlet and brick a row above it.

2. Using the stick as a guide place one end of it in the centre of the base and the other on the edge. Place the brick along the wall with the stick touching the middle.

3. Keep placing more and more rows of bricks always using the stick as a guide. By following this the wall will start to curve and lean inwards. Once you get 2 rows of bricks in place the inlet pipe into the wall and brick around it.

4. Keep building the walls higher, remembering to build the outlet pit on the side.

6. When the dome starts caving in too far that the bricks wont stay in place while they set you need to tie a weight to them to hold them until the whole row is bricked. This image uses spare bricks tied to a string to hold the placed bricks.

7. Once the last brick is laid, insert the gas pipe into the top and mortar around it to make it air tight.

8. Now cement over the entire dome. Then render over the dome. This makes sure no gas gets out.

Image Source: http://foundationskgsangha.org/build.html

Ongoing self management of the womens centre by the women of Baghere with support from local NGO’s and the project team scaling back as the project progresses. - Ongoing education - Female empowerment - Social cohesion

Surplus biofuel products ($)

H20

- Surplus agricultural output - Self-sustainability - Climate resilience

Community events

Bio-fuel Dome

Well Manure: Fuel

Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet

Fertilisation Surplus fertiliser products ($)

Who: Women, CREATE! What: Educational workshops Why: is important in the local context, services is otherwise unavailable. The goal is to ultimately create of Baghere and the surrounding community, empowering women,

Who: Women What: Educational workshopping, local networking Why: A predicted 12-18 month period will occur prior to the manifestation of a surplus harvests (intially, Moringa greens). The Women’s House needs to be prepared in recording harvests, logistsics and eventually selling surplus products to local markets.

Who: Women, Children, Community leaders, Men What: Celebrations, Workshops Why: Organising various events that focus on community inclusion - including, but not limited to - cultural celebrations, religious holidays and events, concerts and other traditional ceremonies will be central to adopting a cohesive and progressive culture within the community.

Who: Women, School teachers, Children What: Workshops Why: Creating a reciprocal relationship with the local school is a major aspect in fostering education for local school children. The ‘safe space’ aspect of the Women’s house will further foster a space for kids to learn about improved hygiene and sanitation practices, along with ecological, environmental permacultural systems. 43

Women’s House: Landscape Design

The process of developing the landscape successfully is incrementally staged to a) offer on-the-ground training for women in Permaculture and small scale agricutlure-sanitation ecosystem development, and b) necessary for the realistic time-frames required for rejuvinating employment of traditional agriculture methods for land preparation (e.g. traditional farming tools and practices). The required labour for all stages of planting can be done via manual labour. It must be noted that permacultural systems in the landscape are largely a colonial intervention, and the practice of traditional regenerative farming techniques that embrace long-established local agricultural methodologies will not only be encouraged, but prioritised.

Plant Selection

The plant list (Appendix A) includes all the plant species to be obtained for the Women’s house. Ensuring a diversity of plant varieties that offer seasonally variable harvesting times and complementary pyshiological traits that work in symbiois with one another: a) increasing yields b) increasing soil fertility c) reduce work/labour loads and d) eliminating the use of chemical pesticides and fungicides.

Seed Sourcing

- Ethnobotanically appropriate and indigenous plant species prioritised - Locally traded and sourced seeds - Acquisition of climate resilient cultivars that increase (i.e short-cycle varieties that provide food during hunger season prior to traditional harvest times)1

Stage 1

- Planting of major tree species (saplings) Nitrogen Fixation: - Planting of ‘living fenceline’ (Acacia mellifera)

Stage 2

Stage 3

- Fertiliser from UDDTs ready for application, construction of raised garden beds for staple crops completed

- Established tree guilds and crops that offer surplus consumable products

- Establishment of manure from livestock to create biofuel

- Planting of Moringa trees, treated as ‘annuals’ to not only afford regular harvestable food

- Larger trees create windbreak and further harvestable food & medicine products

rejuvination

- Planting of fruit trees for future establishment of permaculturally designed tree guilds. Thinning out of centrally located Stage 1 trees

- Sowing of ground-cover crop (Cowpea)

- Established greywater cultivation -Closed-loop agricutluresanitation system functioning from linked systems within the Women’s house

Appendix A: Plant Species

PN - Plant Nutrients, APC - Assists Pest Control, RRC - Reduces Root Competition, PPS - Provides Protection & Shade TREES

NAME

SIZE (H x W)(m)

Acacia senegal/Gum Arabic (Senegalia senegal)

4m x 3m

BENEFITS > Medicinal > Agroforestry > Coppiced for tool use

PN - APC - RRC - PPS PN, PPS

African Crabwood (Carapa procera) 20m x 10m

> Great shade PPS > Edible seeds > Medicinal and other practical sources

African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

15m x 2m

> High production of oil per unit of land area > Native to West Africa > Harvest year-round

Avocado (Persea americana) Varietes: ‘Fuerte’, ‘Hass’, ‘Rayan’

10m x 3m

> Appropriate climatic > Popular fruit > High caloric value

Baobab (Adansonia digitata)

10m x 5m

> Leaves, fruit consumed > Bark used for rope > Fruit & Seeds used for drinks and oil > Important cultural identity

Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii)

10-12m x 3m

> 10m Growth within 5-7 years

PN, PPS

Blackthorn (Acacia mellifera)

4m x 3m

> Fast growing > Living fenceline/hedge, impenetrable thicket

PS, PPS

> Animal fodder Carob (Ceratonia siliqua)

15m x 5m

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale)

10m x 5m

> Grows and fruits very quickly > Drought and heat tolerent > High nutrient value > Leaves and foliage provide fodder

Cherry Orange (Citrus articulata)

4m x 2.5m

>Major nutrition source

PN, PPS

TREES

NAME

SIZE (H x W)(m)

BENEFITS

PN - APC - RRC - PPS

Guiera (Guiera senegalensis)

3 x 2m

> Considered a ‘cure-all’ medicinal plant > Hydraulic redistribution when grown with millet

Indian Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana)

8-10m x 5m

> Fast growing > Fruit bearing > Anti-oxidant rich berries

PPS

Lemon (Citrus limon)

4m x 2.5m

> High vitamin C

PPS

Mango (Mangifera indica)

20-25m x 15m

> Windbreak > Easily grown > High fruit yields

PPS

Moringa (Moringa oleifera)

10 x 3-4 (Deciduous)

> All parts edible, highly nutritious > Malnutrition relief > Survives in poor soils/drought

PN, PPS, APC

culant) > Can be harvested up to 6 times annually

Neem (Azadirachta indica)

15-20m x 10-15m

> Fast growing > Wind Break, great shade > Pest and Disease Control for other plants

Papaya (Carica papaya)

5-8 x 3m

> Staple fruit > Suitable to climate and soil

Senegal Coraltree (Erythrina senegalensis)

7m x 3m

Soursop (Anonna muricata)

10m x 4m

> Medicinal > High nutritional value fruit > Popular Sengalese fruit

PPS, APC

PPS

TREES

SHRUBS

NAME

SIZE (H x W)(m)

BENEFITS

Papaya (Carica papaya)

5-8 x 3m

> Staple fruit > Suitable to climate and soil

Senegal Coraltree (Erythrina senegalensis)

7m x 3m

Soursop (Anonna muricata)

10m x 4m

> High nutritional value fruit > Popular Sengalese fruit

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

15m x 12m

> Multiple edible values > Cultural value, traditional food > Long-term, slow growing

PN, PPS

West African Pepper (Xylopia aethiopica)

15m x 5m

> Indigenous to Senegal > Important culinary > Traditional medicine

PPS

NAME

SIZE (H x W)(m)

BENEFITS

PN - APC - RRC - PPS

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Varietes: ‘Vimto’, ‘Bambara’, ‘Mame Diarra’

3m x 2m

Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

2m x 1m

> Edible roots and seeds

PPS

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

0.5m x 0.5m

> Popular food in Senegal (staple)

Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajun)

3m x 1.5m

Saba fruit (Saba senegalensis)

2m x 2m

> Small erect shrub to tree > Fruit is large seeds, used to make juice

SIZE (H x W) (m)

BENEFITS

PN - APC - RRC - PPS

0.8m

> Medicinal & Culinary

PPS, RRC

1.2m

> Medicinal & Culinary

PPS, RRC

PERENNIAL NAME Ginger ( Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

)

> Medicinal

PN - APC - RRC - PPS

PPS

PPS > Medicinal uses

> Medicinal > High nutrients, protein > Little water, cope in poor soil

PN, PPS

PERENNIAL NAME

ANNUAL

SIZE (H X W) (m)

BENEFITS

PN - APC - RRC - PPS

Garlic (Allium sativum)

0.4m

> Medicinal & Culinary

APC, PPS

Onion (Allium cepa)

0.5m

> Medicinal & Culinary

APC

Potatoes African (Solenostemon rotundifolius) Pomme de terres (Solanum tuberosum) Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)

0.4m 0.6m 0.5m 0.4m

> Groundcover protection > Staple food item

APC, PPS

Plantain (Musa × paradisiaca)

2-3m x 1m

> Large herbaceous perennial

Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris)

Black Pepper (Piper nigrum)

> Perennial woody vine > High in nutrients and minerals

NAME

SIZE (H x W) (m)

BENEFITS

African Eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon)

African Marigold (Tagetes erecta)

0.4m

Amaranthus sp. (Amaranthus viridis) (Amaranthus graecizans)

> Medicinal & Culinary

Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

0.5m

> Medicinal & Culinary

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea sp.)

0.4m

Capsicum (Capsicum annuum sp.)

0.8m

Carrot (Daucus carota)

0.4m

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Varietes: ‘Blanc’, ‘Noir’

0.8m

> Staple Culinary

Maise (Zea mays)

1.5m

> Staple Culinary

PPS

Melon (Cucumis melo var. Cantalupensis)

0.3m

PPS

PN - APC - RRC - PPS

APC

> Medicinal & Culinary PPS

PPS

ANNUAL

NAME

SIZE (H X W) (m)

Melon (Cucumis melo var. Cantalupensis)

0.3m

Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)

0.8m

Pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.)

0.4m

Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum sp.)

0.3m - 1.5m

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

0.4m

BENEFITS

PN - APC - RRC - PPS PPS

PPS

Legend Large Tree (>10m) Neem (Azadirachta indica) Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) West African Pepper (Xylopia aethiopica) Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) Baobab (Adansonia digitata)

Medium Tree (5-10m)

Gum Arabic (Senagalia senegal) Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii)

Fenceline Planted using (Acacia mellifera) spaced at 1m entire perimeter Well

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Harvested as an ‘annual’ plant. Start

Service Access

soil whilst providing a fast turnover of food. Prior to next stage, leave Underground Urine Storage strongest saplings to mature.

TOILET 25m2

Propagation Area

Citrus (Citrus limon)

Tool Shed (Metal with Concrete Slab)

In preparation for Chicken Coop

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) L

Existing Tree

3000L Water Tank Light-Weight Bamboo Shade Structure Compacted Earth Path 50

1:400 @

Legend Keyhole Planter Raised Garden Bed Chicken Coop

Large Tree (Maturing) Goat Housing

Medium Tree (Maturing) (Providing Nitrogen)

Living Fenceline (Providing Nitrogen)

Moringa

Well

(Providing Nitrogen, Food) Service Access

Tree Guild Papaya (Carica papaya)

Underground Urine Storage

Propagation Area

Bamboo Grove Outdoor Gathering

Soursop (Anonna muricata) Saba Fruit (Saba senegalensis) Jujube (Ziziphus maurtiana) Cherry Orange (Citrus articulata)

TOILET 25m2

Outdoor Gathering

Tool Shed (Metal with Concrete Slab)

Bamboo Grove

Biofuel Output Chamber

Citrus R

Existing Tree 3000L Water Tank

Bio Fuel Digester

Women's Centre

Biofuel Input Chamber

Bamboo Biofiltration Area

L R

Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) Compacted Earth

1:400 @ 51

Legend Keyhole Planter Raised Garden Bed Chicken Coop

Large Tree (>10m) Goat Housing

Medium Tree (5-10m) Fenceline

(Established thicket)

Moringa (Moringa oleifera)

Well

Service Access

Fruit Tree Guild

TOILET 25m2

Underground Urine Storage

Citrus (Citrus limon)

Propagation Area

Bamboo Grove Outdoor

(Established, fertilised by chickens)

Gathering

Outdoor Gathering

Existing Tree

Tool Shed (Metal with Concrete Slab)

Entry

R Bamboo Grove

3000L Water Tank Bamboo

(Fully grown)

Compacted Earth Path

Biofuel Output Chamber

Bio Fuel Digester R

Women's Centre

Biofuel Input Chamber E

Bamboo Biofiltration Area

L R

Entry

1:400 @

Regenerative Farming

Acacia mearnsii providing nutrients for millet crop.

Guiera senegalensis

Pennisetum glaucum

Indigenous evergreen medicinal shrub, deep

yields. Falling leaf matter further fertilises the crop. Regular pruning and/or coppicing encourages root development and therefore

2000 1000

Raised Garden Beds

Millet crop

Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ fenvs.2018.00098/full

Food Forest: Tree Guilds Plant layering and species roles

Moringa oleifera

Amaranthus Carica papaya

Piper nigrum

Vigna unguiculata Tagetes erecta Curcurbita evaporation

Abelmoschus esculentus

Keyhole High-Intensity Planters

All materials generated on-site Compost (Composting from centre, diversion of nutrients to remainder of bed )

Amaranthus sp. Daucus carota Capparis spinosa Capsicum annum Allium cepa Colocasia esculenta

Retaining Edge (Recycled timber stakes or bamboo)

Planting Area Internal: Top half consists of top soil mixed through with compost 1:1

Internal: Bottom half (drainage layer) consists of breaking down wood scraps (Compost/Harvest Access)

Women’s House (Greywater Origin)

Greywater System

Grease Trap plastic grease trap

distribution point using simple materials

bamboo irrigaiton beds, also providing sustainable source of harvestble building materials

& height

Gravel or crushed aggregate Perforated plastic drain pipe

SOUTH FACING ROOF MAXIMISES THE OPTIMAL ANGLE AND PITCH FOR SOLAR PV PANNELS

USE BAMBOO PEGS OR STEEL BELTS TO PIN JOINTS TOGETHER. THEN USE STRIPS OF BAMBOO TO WRAP PEICES TOGETHER

SOUTH FACING ROOF ALSO MAXIMISES THE SHADOWS CREATED ON THE OPEN COURTYARD SIDE

CAP ENDS OF BAMBOO

500MM BAMBOO SETBACK TO AVOID WATER DEGRADATION

500MM BAMBOO SETBACK TO AVOID WATER DEGRADATION FIX BAMBOO COLUMNS TO STEEL STIRRUPS ON RAISED CONCRETE FOOTINGS GRADED CONCRETE DRAIN

CONCRETE FOOTING AT LEAST 1000MM DEEP BELOW GROUND LEVEL

KEYHOLE GARDENS

OUTDOOR COURTYARD

KITCHEN

UNDERCOVER MEETING AREA

BIO GAS PLANT

RAISED TIMBER PLATFORM

SUR F COL ACE DR A LEC T RA IN TO IN W ATE R

BAMBOO GROVE

2.5m

The design of the women’s house draws on the local vernacular architecture. The homes with in the village that don’t use modern western construction materials and techniques are round earth brick homes with conical bamboo and thatch roofs. The women’s house is designed to up-skill local techniques using to more technical systems to continue the tradition of suit the local climate. Up-skilling occurs in the compressed earth blocks, complex large scale bamboo framework and the bio fuel brick dome. The form of the women’s house draws on the circular form of the traditional homes by opening up the circle into an arc inviting the landscape into the building. This transformation takes a typically private building typology and converts it into the public and inclusive building the project requires. The women’s house is to represent a safe space for women to belong and thrive that is open to all. By opening up the women’s house the domain of women has gone from private and invisible open and visible. The place of women is now front and centre not hidden and invites people to share in their role and see their commitment, dedication and importance.

There are many risks in creating and designing a building for a community that you are not apart of. These have been thought of and ways to mitigate the risks that these pose have been developed. One risk is that the building won’t be used or accepted by the community. As the process designed for this project relies so heavily on community engagement and direction it is less likely that the building will not be accepted by the community. The high level of in order to have greater investment, results in greater sense of ownership by the community. The project could be abandoned without

PRIVATE

budget concerns, global catastrophe (COVID) and other disruptive issues. By dividing the project stage by stage, at the end of each stage the project is still functional and productive. For instance the roof is constructed in a single stage and without walls is still a quality source of shade and shelter. A serious risk that is considered is that the women will be ostracised for building their own building. We evaluated this risk as being fairly low as the brief set by the community was for a women self build project. Thus it is inferred that the community is prepared and accepting of women being able to build their own centre. But in addition the extensive community engagement throughout the project is designed to enable the project stakeholders to be in touch with the communities opinions and movements. The project additionally does not begin the construction phases until Stage 3 about 6-12 months.

PUBLIC

The design for the women’s house building a system of construction and structure, how the spaces are arranged within the building can be rearranged and manipulated during community engagement and design phases. The structural system relies on an even grid of columns, the number and length of the grid can be adjusted as needed. The building extended and grown as need be by the community. The location of the walls and the nature of the walls whether they be solid or breeze blocks is There are certain design intentions that were made and would be encouraged to keep such as locating the building to open up north to have wide visible connection with the agricultural garden. By having the roof angled to fall towards the south not only makes the entire roof ideal for solar PV panels but also optimises the length of the shadow cast by the building to cover much of the courtyard beyond the covered area.

North-West Isometric Legend 1. Women’s House

2. Toilets 3. Propagation & Tools

4 7

4. Water storage 5.Goats 6. Chickens

5 8

7. Keyhole Planting beds 8. Hugelkulture Staple Cropping

9. Water Well

Long terms goals Over the course of ten or more years this project will grow and change to suit the community as it develops. There are many more possibilities to expand on the existing programs and technologies that are established through the This is analogous to the incrementally 62

implemented. Using the established foundation of the women centre this can afford the opportunity for expanding into further programs and technologies. Such opportunity include establishing services for entrepreneurial small business start ups that ultimately connect women with broader

communities locally and globally. This can be programs such as the Solar Mamas, women’s run radio shows, reaching out to networks and internet community groups. The innately community led project design establishes the community ownership of the project and aims to positively impact the women of Baghere for generations to come.

Water Tower 200m Hold educational workshops on agricultural-sanitation systems at school - surplus fertiliser and food products donated to school

Sedhiou 30km Re g

Reduced pressure on town water supplies, increasing longterm water security

ecosystem through conservation of existing woodlands and green infrastructure, in turn battling climate change and prediction of increasing drought periods

School

lR oa

City Hall

Surplus fertiliser for rice production (nitrogen). Surplus food production at Women’s House will also take pressure off droughtyears that reduce rice yields

Hosting of Religious celebrations at Women’s House and surplus food contributions to the Mosque & community. Education for women making common pilgramage to the tomb of Youness Aidara

Women’s House

Surplus fertiliser for rice production (nitrogen). Surplus food production at Women’s House will also take pressure off drought-years that reduce rice yields

Mosque of Baghere

N6 National Highway

Rice production Valley Basin: Maxium Flood Line

Casamance River 9km

Reduction of pollution on local river basin and long term improvement of health via increased sanitation services

Tanaff 1km

1:5000

100m

200m 63