Fountains for a camp

UNIVERSITA’ IUAV DI VENEZIA II LEVEL MASTER EMERGENCY & RESILIENCE. PROJECT STRATEGIES AND INNOVATION IN HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES SCIENTIFIC HEAD: JORGE LOBOS

THESIS

FOUNTAINS FOR A CAMP

WATER AND SOCIALITY INSIDE ITALIAN CIVIL PROTECTION’S CAMPS

IUAV SUPERVISOR TEACHER Jorge Lobos ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-2017

CANDIDATE arch. Anna Goldin number 285996

Abstract

“Fountains for a camp. Water and sociality inside Italian Civil Protection’s camps” is a paper born from the necessity to link architecture with the emergency’s design world. The effort was to learn how humanitarian organizations work and to organized inside this system a design path formally valid and useful. The identification of two of the needs of the guests of the camps was the focal point of the work: the water supply in a more sustainable way than the canonical distribution and the need for spaces in which to establish relationships, together with the will to give meaning to places otherwise only of forces passage. The presented design object, a fountain that is inserted in the standardized modules of the Civil Protection, however small in its dimensions, reflects the peculiar characteristics of the reception camps: safety, speed of installation, ease of maintenance, economy and utility. It also brings innovation: it takes a village element familiar to everyone and a symbol of sociability, often placed in the squares or at the crossroads, and places it where the territory is devoid of references, becoming a meeting point and a pause place.

Index Foreword ................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................... 4 What are reception camps? ..................................................... 5 What does it means to plan the urbanization of a reception camp? ...... 5

Why Architecture? ................................................................. 7 1 │The design logic of Civil Protection’s camps ............................... 8 Predisposition of camp. Basic aspects ..................................... 10 Real cases .......................................................................... 11 The evolution of reception camp ............................................ 12 2 │Water provision ................................................................... 14 Technological networks ........................................................ 14 Tanks ................................................................................. 15 Distribution of bottled water ................................................. 15 3 │Meeting and relationship spaces ............................................ 17 4 │Wells and fountains .............................................................. 18 5 │Fountains for a camp............................................................ 20 What are they? ................................................................... 20 At what stage of the emergency are used? ............................. 20 How are they made? ............................................................ 20 Where are they installed? ..................................................... 21 6 │Final considerations ............................................................. 25 7 │Conclusions ......................................................................... 28 Bibliography ............................................................................ 29

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Foreword For an architect to design within the logic of the reception camps means to go against his own nature. Indeed, it means surrendering to designing the temporary forgetting any personal ambition regarding the dream of "leaving his track in the world" and adapting to the reasoning according to modules standardized, renouncing the idea of being able to break the habit. However, it also has a significance of greater importance: the abandonment of the design excesses and the embrace of the essential, placing the attention on the satisfaction of the most important human needs. In this way, the architect rediscovers the social value that had characterized him centuries ago, becoming an authoritative figure and a source of inexhaustible help for the communities.

It is from the search for the satisfaction of human needs that this elaborate means to start, in order to give an architectural response to a problem that has emergency and social nature. In order to achieve this, however, it is necessary to focus on understanding the state of things: what is a reception camp and according to what logic is designed and constructed? The first part of this text will focus on these aspects. Only in the second part I will focus on the identification of those needs that require to be satisfied. Only after having understood this I will face the design challenge, during which I will attempt to find solutions operating within the "field logic,� with the intent to fill in meaning places otherwise destined to remain only a forced passage.

The reasoning that I am going to illustrate is situated at the end of the course of study of the Master's Degree "Emergency & Resilience.

Project Strategies and Innovation in Humanitarian Emergencies" held

by IUAV University of Venice and by Emergency Architecture & Human Rights, followed by a period of internship with Italian Red Cross.

I therefore want to thank the teachers and the managers of the course, together with all the external experts who took part in it with their interventions. I also thank Fabio Carturan, National Manager Emergency Training for Italian Red Cross, Lorenzo Massucchielli,

European Affairs Officer at the Italian Red Cross, and Luca De Sano, Italian Red Cross, for all the support provided.

Thank you very much also to engineer Biason for allowing me to access her work and to my classmates, who made this experience unforgettable. Finally, I am very grateful to the architect Petranzan and the architect Bovo, without which numerous parts of this text would not have been written.

Introduction Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and wellbeing of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.1

The Italian Civil Protection system is designed to protect the integrity of life, property, settlements and the environment from the damage or the danger of damage resulting from natural disasters, catastrophes and other major events that cause serious risks.

This is a nationwide system able to organize a set of activities aimed at facing extraordinary events that cannot be dealt by single ordinary forces. Both the institutional components, from the Presidency of the Council of Ministers to individual citizens, and the national operating structures, including Red Cross, are part of the National Civil Protection Service.

The activities covered by this macro system can be divided into four groups, which together complete what is commonly known as the "emergency cycle"2:    

prevision prevention rescue of population and crisis overcoming reinstatement.

The work of planning, construction and management of the camps is part of the activities of prevention, rescue and overcoming of emergencies3.

With regard to prevention activities, each Italian municipality has the obligation 4 to adopt an emergency plan in which are identified the areas destined to host the camps. These areas can be of different types: a) of accumulation, that is reception for rescuers, b) of Declaration of Human Rights, article 25, Paris, U.N., 1948 In figure 1 the graphic diagram shows the cycle of the emergency: from the calamitous event to its overcoming, to the preparation for a further crisis.

3 L. De Sano, Course Operator C.R.I. in the Emergency Sector. The National Service of Civil Protection. Legislation and regulations, Italian Red Cross.

4 Reference legislation for the management of: Law 225/1992, Decree Law 112/1998, Law 401/2001, L.C. 3/2001 Changes to Title V, Circular DPC 5164/2002, D.L. 245/2002, D.L. 90/2005, PCM Directive 06 April 2006 DPCM and PCM Directive 03 December 2008, Law 100/2012.

1 2

FIGURE 1: the cycle of the emergency. J. Lobos, Architecture Humanitarian Emergencies. Book 3.

recovery, destined to the stricken population that is hosted in tents or in housing modules, and c) of waiting, to keep the population temporary safe in the phase immediately after the emergency.

Camps are assembled during the phase of population rescue and they remain operational until the end of the phases of crisis overcoming and of lifestyle recovery of the affected populations.

Civil Protection small – medium camps are made with tents or containers, suitable to accommodate from 250 to 500 people, and designed according to standardized rules that make their implementation, management and disposal quicker, safer and cheaper.

What are reception camps?

Camps are encampments whose peculiar characteristics are temporariness, flexibility and modularity. However, it is not possible to consider them only as an organized group of lodgings and other facilities for the temporary shelter of people, just as a tent cannot be considered as only a roof. They are organized settlements, places where the affected populations may establish their own communities, and have a huge impact on the lifestyle of the guests and on their way of dealing with the crisis5.

What does it mean to plan the urbanization of a reception camp?

Designing a camp, or within a camp, means organizing a defined, orderly and modular system that can be transformed over time to meet the different needs of its guests. It does not mean just setting up structures, but creating an environment for the population, which should not only have access to safe and adequate tents, but, over time, also to tools, infrastructures and employment opportunities6.

Thinking about the urbanization of a camp therefore necessarily means thinking about the creation of infrastructures and spaces that allow the relationships necessary to maintain a sustainable lifestyle7, International Federation of Red Cross, More than just a roof. An introduction to shelter programming, IFRC Learning Platform.

6 Ibidem note 5 International Federation of Red Cross, Post-disaster settlement planning guideline, IFRC, 2012.

7 “A lifestyle is defined sustainable when it can meet and overcome any shocks and economic problems while maintaining the capacity and the resources of the 5

that is as similar as possible to the one before the crisis. A place that does not produce a further break with the outside world and does not alienate guests, that have the possibility of having a continuity in cultivating their individuality and their relationships.

To take care of the urbanization of a camp also means to follow a series of rules and norms that have the ultimate goal of ensuring the achievement of minimum standards 8 of quality of life and the fulfillment of the essential needs9 of human beings. In the context of an emergency situation, during the first hours of the critical episode, it is necessary to satisfy the primary needs of the population (safety, health, water and food), according to the minimum standards, but with the passage of time it is important to fulfill the secondary needs of the guests of the camp (personal hygiene, cultivating human and family relationships).

A concrete example: the international minimum standard for water supply is 15 liters per person per day (7 l/d according to the United Nation), while the Civil Protection in Abbruzzo has arrived to distribute 120 liters per day per person. The minimum standard, the primary need related to survival, in this case is represented by 15 liters per day, while the secondary need is close to the Italian average, 175 liters per day per person10. The huge gap between the two indices is evident, as is the effort made by the Civil Protection to satisfy as much as possible the needs of the population.

There are many guides and tools that humanitarian organizations use to achieve this result, among which The Sphere Project is recognized globally for its importance 11 . This detailed guide divulges the minimum values that each camp must reach in terms of water populations without undermining the natural environment in which they are established.” International Federation of Red Cross, Basic of livelihood, IFRC Learning Platform.

8 “The minimum standards are those basic standards that ensure human survival.”

A. Jamal, Minimum standard and essential needs in a protracted refugee situation.

A review of UNHCR programme in Kakuma Kenya, UNHCR, November 2000, pag. 3.

9 “Essential needs are those elements necessary to live a safe and dignified life.

They include and go beyond the minimum standards.” A. Jamal, Minimum standard and essential needs in a protracted refugee situation. A review of UNHCR programme in Kakuma Kenya, UNHCR, November 2000, pag. 3.

10 F. Carturan, Camp Management. Type of areas, site identification, preparation and preparation of the field, management, Italian Red Cross.

F. Mancone, Emergency areas. Civil Protection Operators Course. Emergency sector. Emergency materials, Aquino-Castrocielo Civil Protection Unit, Italian Red Cross 11 The Sphere Project. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, 2018. http://spherehandbook.org/

quantity, number and distance between accommodation, distribution of food, blankets and clothes and much more. It also deals with all the social aspects that concern people forced to leave their homes.

The 2018 edition takes a step forward compared to the past with regard to the chapter Shelter, Settlement and Household Items. In it is formally recognized for the first time the importance of the access to services, of the achievement of a sustainable lifestyle and of designing places to improve sociability. It is clear that, together with the technical aspect of the urban planning of the camp, it becomes necessary to think of spaces in social form because people live in places and these must reflect them in some ways.

Why Architecture?

Architecture can produce solutions that help the population to temporarily inhabit places such as reception camps, which, by their nature, are fictitious settlements, as they are forced, and difficult to live. It can do this only if the architect recognizes and decides to honor their task, that is to respond to the most ancient need of the human condition: to inhabit spaces in order to live “in relationship”, filling of significance its own attachment to the place and to the “things built”, aware that the tragedy of modern human being is all in the attitude to total eradication and in the continuous movement that leads to being only “exiles” (ex solum), disoriented and without identity.12.

M. Petranzan, Profession architect, in Italia 60/70. A season of architecture.

Edited by M. Biraghi, G. Lo Ricco, S. Micheli, M. Viganò, Padova, Il Poligrafo, 2010, pag. 81-84.

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1 │The design logic of Civil Protection’s camps Safety, speed, facility, slow cost and usefulness. The Civil Protection’s camps and everything within them must be designed to respond to these characteristics:  

 

safety: they must be a shelter for people in need; rapid construction and easy to install, maintain and manage: they must respond to an emergency situation, during which technicians specialized may not be there to help; economic but at the same time lasting over time; useful: everything present within them must respond to one or more needs of guests or managers.

Seen the necessity to satisfied these needs, everything concerning the camps, from design to disassembly, it is meant as part of an assembly line. Once the area has been chosen, in fact, design standards are applied. These are the same all over Italy and they guarantee functionality and efficiency.

Emergency is a sudden phenomenon of transformation and occupation of urban spaces in a short time. For this reason, the temporary settlements appear as an agglomeration of modular housing units, conceived in order to reproduce the physical conditions of a district. The methodological and operational reference is the Roman military field, the castrum, with its simple and efficient organizations and equipment that safely provides for the absence or temporary inefficiency of primary infrastructures. The design logic is projected towards the technological efficiency of the settlements.13

Some diagrams taken from Indication for the safe planning setting up of a regional reception camp for the population rescuers after disastrous events of Tuscany Region 14 illustrate theoretical model for the design of a camp with a module of guests and 40 volunteers.

and and the 250

E. Biason The disaster’s managment: how the Civil Protection’s Emergency Plan works. January 2017, http://www.ingegneri.info e www.elenabiason.it. Eng. Biason graduated from the University of Udine with a thesis on emergency planning and emergency field interventions. Among other things, she collaborates with the Civil Protection of Friuli Venezia Giulia and with the Global Project study.

14 S. Nardi, Addresses for the safe design and construction of a regional camp for the population and rescuers following disasters. Civil Protection Tuscany and Tuscany Region in collaboration with the Regional System of Civil Protection Region of Tuscany, Tuscany Region Prevention and Protection Service Sector, Regional Operative Committee for Civil Protection Volunteers (Misericordia, VAB, ANPAS, Croce Rossa).

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Figure 2 shows the division of a hypothetical rectangular field, 110x65 m, into four different areas: 

 



no. 1, in red, identifies the "front office area” in which are carried out the first reception office and the camp management services; no. 2, in green, is the social area and the open spaces, including the canteen area; no.3, in yellow, is the area for the volunteers and for the services, in which are included the kitchen area and the toilets for the use of the kitchen workers and the volunteers; no.4, in blue, is the area reserved for the population, where the tents and the toilets for the guests are arranged.

As can be easily understood from the scheme, zone 4 is the largest area in terms of surface. In fact, it measures 3800 square meters, compared with the 3500 square meters given by the sum of zones 1, 2 and 3.

This scheme provides another important information: the choice to keep the host population distinctly separated from the volunteers.

In figure 3, which is nothing, but the development of the previous scheme, this division is even clearer. The reception area and the front office (in red) is located at the pedestrian and vehicle entrance of the camp and is composed of several offices: Advanced Operational Coordination (COA), the Volunteer Secretary (SV), the Population Secretary (SP) and the First Aid Point (PPS). In the next area, in yellow, are installed the volunteers’ tents and the kitchen (K), while the canteen area (M) and the social tent (TS) are located in the green area. In this theoretical model, the canteen and the social tent are in two distinct places, while in other models these two elements often coincide. The largest area, in blue, is dedicated to hosting the population and does not have any other services, except for the hygienic services, declaring its function as a dormitory.

An important feature of this schematic representation is the modularity with which the camp is designed. This is a fundamental aspect: each element must have precise measures and distances. An example of a module is shown in figure 4, which shows the detail of the tents area of the theoretical model above.

dormitory area TS: social tent M: canteen K: kitchen SV: volunteer secretary

volunteers and services area

social area

front-office area

COA: advance operational coordination PPS: first aid point SP: population secretary

FIGURES 2-3: theoretical model for the design of a camp for a module of 250 guests and 40 volunteers. S. Nardi, Adresses for the safe design and construction of a regional camp for the population and rescues following disaster. Tuscany Civil Protection.

FIGURE 4: theoretical model of a module made by 6 tents. S. Nardi, Adresses for the safe design and construction of a regional camp for the population and rescues following disaster. Tuscany Civil Protection.

Working according to modular schemes is essential to be able to have precise technical indications useful for:       

quantify the guests of a camp based on the available area; quantify the electricity and water needed; prepare technological connections before an emergency situation occurs; quantify the material necessary for installation, avoiding waste; reduce time, facilitating the installation, maintenance and disassembly of the camp; set up pedestrian paths; set up internal roads for the arrival and the passage of heavy vehicles.

Look at some examples of modular design of reception camps, taken from the course held by the Italian Red Cross Camp Management15”.

In the models shown in figures 5 and 6 are exposed again the concepts present in the theoretical module:     

the division between the host population (in blue) and the volunteers (in yellow) the presence of a social area, coinciding in these cases with the canteen (M) the presence of an area for preparing meals (K) an entrance area with the front office offices (shown in red in figure 5); the non-promiscuity between the area dedicated to hosting the population and the other functions necessary for the life in the camp.

The tents of the population seen until now are positioned according to rectangular patterns, but it is not always what is done in the camps.

Figure 7 shows another modular design system in which the tents are concentrically positioned in groups of four. In the same schematic representation we can also see the power supply system, an essential element for the life in the camp.

F. Carturan, Camp Management. Type of areas, site identification, preparation and preparation of the field, management, Italian Red Cross.

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dormitory area D: storage

volunteers and services area M: canteen

social area

front-oďŹƒce area

K: kitchen

FIGURES 5-6: examples of modular design of reception camps. Camp Management.

Type of areas, site identification, preparation of the camp, management, Italian Red Cross.

FIGURE 7 : examples of modular design of reception camps. Camp Management.

Type of areas, site identification, preparation of the camp, management, Italian Red Cross.

Predisposition of camp. Basic aspects In what way, starting from the available surface and through a modular design, can the setting up of the technological connections be put in place in a pre-emergency situation?

Let us take the example of a football field measuring 110x65 m, in which will be installed two modules of 32 tents.

Capacity:

32 tents x 2 modules= 64 tents 64 tents x 6 persons = 384 guests

Water:

384 persons x 15 liter/day per person = 5760 liter/day

Hygienic services:

384:10 = 39 wc/sink 384:30 = 13 shower

Electrical energy: 64 tents x 4 kW = 256 Kw With lighting and services = 300 kW These data provide a precise picture of some of the basic energy needs of the camp, while the presence of a modular map gives indications about the positioning of the structural elements.

Real cases In the aerial views, are shown reception areas. These camps were nature, in different places and amounts of people, but all deeply each other.

some Italian Civil Protection’s installed after disasters of various able to accommodate different recognizable and very similar to

At first sight, in all cases, we can identified the blue tents for the host populations, positioned in an orderly manner and equidistant from each other. The hygienic services are always placed along the borders of the camps, to facilitate cleaning and the installation of technological connection. The tents of the volunteers and the services are located in areas not too far from the sleeping quarters, but well separated from the rest, while the front office areas are located near the vehicle entrance. Always wide roads and/or open spaces are planned for the circulation of cars and heavy vehicles, often in promiscuity with the necessary pedestrian paths. Going into detail, even the design of technological networks (electricity, water-sanitary connection and water removal, to give examples) is similar case by case.

FIGURE 8: aerial view of Centi Colella camp, L’ Aquila, 2009.

FIGURE 9: aerial view of Amatrice camp, L’ Aquila, 2016.

FIGURES 10-11: aerial views of Pizzoli camp, L’ Aquila, 2009.

FIGURES 12-13: aerial views of Friuli Venezia Giulia camp, L’ Aquila, 2009.

FIGURE 14: aerial view of San Ferdinando camp, Catanzaro, 2017.

FIGURE 15: aerial view of Moglia camp, Mantova, 2012.

FIGURE 16: aerial view of Coppitto camp, L’ Aquila, 2009.

The evolution of reception camp The reception camp is not built in a day. Its construction is part of a programmatic development that begins much earlier than the calamitous event.

Phase I: preparation The initial phase is fundamental for the success of the reception facility: if the basics of the design are clear, the next development of the camp will take place in a much more predictable and controllable manner. Therefore, it is a matter of choosing the most suitable area to host the camp and to organize its space, already providing all the necessary technological connections. Dedicating an area of the territory to host a possible reception camp does not necessarily mean the "loss" of the area itself. In fact, it can has a dual use: a place of salvation in emergencies and a social or recreational use during peacetime. The fundamental concept is that the more the design is precise and developed, the more people can be quickly helped during crises.

Phase II: rescue The first hours after the catastrophic event are the most frenetic. The population is put into safety inside the waiting areas and the base camp for rescuers is set up. Subsequently, the population is moved to the recovery areas equipped with tents, toilets and the basic technological connections. At this stage, the primary needs related to survival are satisfied. In figure, the "Pyramid of needs" by Castelli and Sbattella shows the order of the priorities of the needs to be satisfied16.

In the following days, in what is called a post-acute emergency, are made the first changes to the reception camp in order to provide psychological, social and administrative support to the population.

Are built places for the community, administrative offices and service areas, such as the laundry. A signage is created within the camp and solutions are put in place to increase the healthiness of the place (shading in the summer season or shelter in the winter season).

C. Castelli F. Sbattella, Psychology of disasters. Relational interventions in emergency contexts. Carrocci editor, 2003.

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be safe be in healthy sleep eat and drink

take care of your own hygiene cultivate human and family relationships

FIGURE 17: the pyramid of needs theorized by Cristina Castelli and Fabio Sbattella.

Phase III: passing As the months go by, the reception camp changes further to respond to the needs of the population. Life changes from being inside a tent to being in autonomous family units (containers or prefabricated buildings). This is a temporary arrangement, which is put in place in step with the recovery of the society and of the economy.

Phase IV: reinstatement In this last phase, the population returns to live in its place of origin or chooses to move elsewhere and the camp is abandoned. Once occupied by the tents, the area returns to the social or playful function it had before the emergency17.

E. Biason, Degree’s thesis. Emergency interventions in the reception camps: from the distribution organization to the definition of private and community spaces for the medium term. University of Udine, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, a.c. 2013-2014.

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2 │Water provision An important aspect to consider in the design of the reception facilities is the correct arrangement of the technological connections, in this case the sanitary water system. In fact, water plays a fundamental role both in the acute emergency phase and in the subsequent ones, as an essential element for life.

During the preparation of the reception camps, the following types of water services are included, divided according to the function:    

water water water water

for sanitary use: toilets, laundries; for food use: kitchen; to drink; for the fire system.

It is important to ensure a sufficient supply of water for all the various functions, both in quality and quantity, during the entire emergency cycle, and to make it accessible to users - both volunteers and guests - comfortable, functional and free from useless waste.

A further distinction must be done, based on how the camps are supplied with water:   

water supply through pre-existing technological networks; water supply through tanks; supply and distribution of bottled water.

or

newly

installed

The choice of the water supply method is dictated both by the function that the water must has and by the capacity of the technological networks installed to service the camps, when effectively present. Therefore, the importance of a correct design, which must take place during the preparation phase of the camp, becomes evident: know in advance how much water will be used and where it will have to be distributed, allows the preparation of all connecting pipes and this guarantees, apart from breakages or malfunctions due to the emergency itself, the water supply from the early stages of setting up the camp. Drains and electrical system, which are also fundamental, follow the same design principle.

Technological networks Where the camp is deployed in inhabited areas, near cities or countryside or within functional structures, such as stadiums,

designers can count on the presence and functioning of some technological networks: the municipal pipes carrying water from the aqueduct, the wastewater removal network, the electric network, etc.

All the technological connections typical for a house and that every camp needs. During the design phase of the camp, it is possible, therefore, to provide and to install the pipes for the technological connections, connecting them with the existing network. The water supplied through these networks has a hygienic, anti-fire and food function; it is rarely used to distribute drinking water to users.

In figure 18 is shown the area 110x65 m already exposed in figures 2 and 3. As I said, this is a schematic model. In an area adjacent to the camp zone, identified by the Municipality in anticipation of an emergency, are found, normally buried, the pipes of domestic cold water (in blue) and water discharge (in pink) to service houses in the area. This is the situation before the planning of the reception camp.

During the emergency preparation phase, the number of tents and guests of the camp is foreseen and the planimetric layout of the various elements is decided (entrance, offices, tents, hygienic services, canteen‌). In this way, the underground water supply lines can be easily designed and installed (figure 19). During the rescue phase, the camp is then set up following the approved project, already partly installed, guaranteeing from the beginning, or at least in a very short time, the minimum necessary services (figure 20).

Tanks Frequently it happens that, despite the preventive choice of the area to be allocated to the reception camp, the technological connections referred to in the previous paragraph are not set up. In this case, during the acute emergency rescue phase, some tanks are transported within the camp to distribute the water necessary at guests for hygiene and food purposes. This is a temporary solution that must be replaced as soon as possible, in a post-acute phase, by more efficient technological networks.

Pink: drain network

FIGURE 18: schematical model of a reception camp located in an area served by pre-existing municipal technological lines.

Pink: drain network

Predispositions

Predispositions

Predispositions Predispositions

FIGURE 19: predispositions. Schematical model of a reception camp located in an area served by pre-existing municipal technological lines.

Reception camp 250 guests - 40 volunteers

Pink: drain network

FIGURE 20: predispositions. Schematical model of a reception camp located in an area served by pre-existing municipal technological lines.

Distribution of bottled water The drinking water is provided through the distribution of plastic bottles during all the stages of the camps. Often the distribution takes place within the structure used as a canteen, while other times, more rarely, it is possible to find supply points located inside the camps. The choice to use a system of this type, despite the possibility of exploiting the drinking water supplied by the aqueduct, is due to the need to have immediately and quickly clean and easily distributable water. There are no facilities inside the camps that can supply drinking water to the users, with the exception of the washbasins inside the toilets, so providing bottled water is without any doubt the easiest and fastest way to guarantee it to everyone.

This system also eliminates any possibility of water waste. However, it has a rather obvious disadvantage: it generates a large amount of plastic waste.

Take for example the schematic camp model in figure 20: it is designed for 250 guests and 40 volunteers, for a total of 290 people.

Generally, in the Italian context, each person drinks approximately 2000 ml of water per day, which corresponds to about 2,5 bottles of water (750 ml each one). This means that every day 2 to 3 bottles of plastic water are distributed to each person, for a total of about 800 bottles, which become 5600 for week and 168000 for month. Each of these bottles, once its function is complete, is collected in the ecological islands, becoming waste.

3 │Meeting and relationship spaces The planimetric schemes of the camps and the aerial photographs seen until now show a clear division between the inhabited spaces and those realized for social purposes: the tents are positioned in a single well-defined area, while the canteen, the social tent and all the other facilities are located elsewhere. The free space between tent and tent is intended for pedestrian path, while the other empty spaces are used as roads or places for loading and unloading goods.

This would lead us to think that people can meet and relate only within the structures used for this purpose, as if there were a wall between the dormitory area and the area for activities, but that is not what actually happens inside the societies.

The guests, from the post-acute phase forward, enter in confidence with the spaces of the camp in which they live and make them their own, modifying as much as possible according to their needs. This means that the users reinterpret the space left free by the planned structures: it can remain a passage or become a resting place, a meeting place, or a place of service. Users, or inhabitants, try to give a meaning that represents them to the place in which they live, recreating situations known to them and dear, that make them feel less exiles than they are. In photographs 21-22-23-24 we can see some real examples of what has been said.

These are spontaneous meeting places, unorganized and therefore without services such as shading during the summer and shelter from the elements in winter. "Remainder areas� that, except for the instinct of the population, are not taken into account in the development of the camps, while reasoning about them could bring great benefits to the guests in terms of livability.

FIGURES 21-22-23-24: life inside a reception camp, Protezione Civile Aquino Castrocielo, Frosinone.

4 │Wells and fountains What emerges from the study of reception camps can help those who decide to devote themselves to planning in this context to focus on some key points: 

modularity;



safety, speed, facility, slow cost and usefulness;



satisfaction of needs.

The needs underlined in this paper and seen in the previous chapters are of two types: 

easily access to drinking water;



give shape to otherwise improvised social spaces.

Access to drinking water has always been a fundamental issue and as such has been repeatedly taken on by different populations within cities and territories. The solutions reached to remedy the problem and facilitate the life of the communities are similar: where it is not possible, due to technical or territorial problems, to bring water directly into the houses, wells have been created and fountains have been built. These are usually placed at the central points of inhabited sites and can be used by everyone. These constructions have lost over time and with the arrival of water in all the houses their primary function, but they are remained important symbols, places to meet and to relate with other people, objects that give form and meaning to the place where they are located.

Seeing some real cases can make clearer how much wells and fountains are used in Italy. In Venice, according to a survey of 1858, there were approximately 6000 private and 180 public water tanks18.

All the public tanks were well functioning and each was located inside a campo, a campiello or a court. They provided drinking water to the houses in the area and were the cornerstone of the life in the neighborhoods. They are still a symbol of life in the city, even though they have been considerably reduced in number: currently they are around 60 in all Venice. Figures 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 are taken from the book Venice Minor by Egle Renata Trincanato19 and shown some drawings of Venetian campi in 1988 in which the presence of the Atlas of Venice. Table 89. The cisterns in Venice according to the survey by Eng. G. Bianco (1857-1858). Taken from the website www.atlante.silvenezia.it 19 E. R. Trincanato, Venice Minor, Cierre Editor, 2008, Verona.

18

wells is evident. Fountains are less strong symbolically and historically than the wells, but they are still present in the Venetian territory: in the six sestrieri there are 142 fountains, of which only 71 are functioning.20 Different in structure and form compared to the Venetian wells, throughout Italy have been built numerous fountains and drinking troughs. Figures 30 and 31 are photos taken in Bagno Grande (L'Aquila) in 2011 and show a typical stone fountain placed in a small crossroads of the village, but in every town of Abruzzo there are fountains that tell historical events, traditional festivals, wars and famines. These are urban objects able to combine utility with the aesthetic, social and even historical factor, when linked to the cult of divinity of the past. To understand its importance, just think that, according to tradition, L'Aquila, during his medieval period, had ninety-nine fountains, such as the number of castles, districts, squares and tolls of the Civic Tower.

From what we have seen wells and fountains, or other objects for the collection and distribution of drinking water, when placed in close proximity of towns or inside them, are an efficient and greatly tested way to satisfy the primary needs to easy access to water and the secondary need to create structured places where people can meet and relate.

Venice Project Center, The fountains of Venice and the major islands.

Wornchester Polytechnic Instituite, October-December 2014. www.atlantedellalaguna.it 20

FIGURE 25: venetian well in corte Bottera near di San Giovanni e Paolo, nn. aa.

6267- 6281.

E. R. Trincanato, Venice Minor, Cierre Editor, 2008, Verona, pag. 61.

FIGURA 26: Venezia, well in squero di San Trovaso, n. a. 1097.

E. R. Trincanato, Venice Minor, Cierre Editor, 2008, Verona, pag. 220.

FIGURES 27-28: Venezia, wells in corte San Marco, nn. aa. 2490 - 2503.

E. R. Trincanato, Venice Minor, Cierre Editor, 2008, Verona, pag. 197, 273.

FIGURE 29: wells, Venezia.

E. R. Trincanato, Venice Minor, Cierre Editor, 2008, Verona, pag. 462.

FIGURES 30-31: fountains in Bagno Grande, L’ Aquila.

5 │Fountains for a camp What are they?

The idea presented in this paper concerns the inclusion in the reception areas of prefabricated structures - fountains - suitable for the distribution of drinking water and able to limit both water waste and plastic waste. These fountains are designed to become places where people can rest. They are also equipped with lighting.

At what stage of the emergency are used?

The implementation of these structures should take place during two separate stages: 

during the phase preceding the emergency;



during the post-acute emergency phase.

Ideally, once the choice of the area to be used as a reception area has been made, the design of the spaces and of the technological connections will be carried out, including the pipes for the distribution of drinking water, the drainpipes and electrical connections to the fountains. The installation phase of the predispositions will then follow the planning phase, essential for a quick and efficient implementation of the camps in case of need.

During the acute phase of the emergency, the camp will be put into operation and the water will be distributed using plastic bottles. In the following weeks, during the post-acute phase, it will be possible to install the fountains and equip the guests with receptacles necessary to collect and transport the water.

Figure 32, shows schematically the installation timeline of the camp’s fountains.

How are they made?

The camp’s fountains, whose project tables are at the end of this document, are prefabricated structures designed to be light, easily transportable and installable and whose maintenance is simple. They must also be durable and economical. The choice of the material and

Choice of the area Planning

Predispositions

Period of peace

Start of emergency Acute phase

Post-acute phase Installation of the fountains

Overcoming phase

Reinstatement phase

Dismission

FIGURE 32: fountains’ timeline.

the degree of prefabrication play a key role for the respect of the criteria listed above.

The material chosen for the construction of the fountains is polyethylene (PE). It is a very light and used material. It has a high resistance to chemical agents, water, salt solutions, acids, alkali, alcohol and petrol. Normally it is used with temperatures between -40°C and +80°C. Easily weldable, it is characterized by a high resistance to impact and corrosion. It is easy to work and has good dimensional stability21.

The fountains are designed to be made up by two distinct parts: the base platform and the body of the fountain itself. The part of the body of the fountain, more complex, is provided with pipes for distributing drinking water and drainpipes that has to be connected to the predispositions when it arrives on site. The taps (push-button in order to avoid unnecessary waste of water) and the lighting system are installed before the arrival on site.

In this way, a well-assembled object arrives at the reception camps, the only difficulty of which is the connection with the technological lines previously installed.

One aspect to consider for the proper functioning of the fountains is the distribution to users of receptacles suitable for water collection.

These are washable and reusable containers, distributed by the operators in the tents used for services or in the canteen. In this way it is possible to quit, or to integrate, depending on the cases, the water distribution system realized by plastic bottles, significantly reducing the production of waste.

Where are they installed?

The fountains are designed to be integrated punctually into the camps, distributed throughout the area. We can distinguish three different situations: 

nearby the hygienic services;



nearby the services and operators areas;



inside the dormitory area, among the guests' tents.

The characteristics of the polyethylene are supplied by the company Musola Metalli through the website www.materieplastiche.eu.

21

The third situation involves a reflection on the design of the reception camp. Each fountain is designed to have 8 functioning taps, able to supply approximately 3000 l/h 22 of cold drinking water. Considering to insert a fountain every six tents, which means every 36 people, a tap is guaranteed for every 4/5 people. Adding further fountains near the toilets and the services areas ensures the supply of water to each person present in the camp.

Take for example the theoretical model already exposed above, designed for 250 guests and 40 volunteers. In the dormitory area will be inserted at least 7 fountains, while another will be installed near the tents of the operators. Then, it will be necessary to install a fountain near the toilets and near the canteen area. In the schematic representation in figure 33, we can see a possible distribution of the fountains in the area of the camp. Through the movement of four tents, large spaces are created within the dormitory area, which thus become meeting places and zones with public utilities. In figure 34 we see the technological predispositions (in pink the drain pipes and in blue the cold drinking water distribution pipes) necessary for the use of the fountains, the services and the kitchen. Figure 35 shows a complete overview of technological systems and structures to be installed in the camp.

For example, see the planimetric scheme in figure 7. Each module is composed of 4 tents, for a total of 24 people each. A fountain will then be necessary for each module to ensure a sufficient supply of water. In figure 36 an example of how a fountain can be inserted in the space between the curtains.

The tables at the end of this document shows case studies concerning camps really existed and managed by the Italian Red Cross: the reception areas of Collemaggio and Piazza d'armi.

The reception camp of Collemaggio (L'Aquila), inaugurated following the seismic event of 06 April 2009 and whose survey was realized by the Emilia-Romagna Civil Protection, consisted of 75 tents for the guests, 9 tents for the volunteers, a canteen with kitchen, a service area, an area dedicated to the administrative office and to the front office, a playroom, a church and various areas for hygienic services, bars and warehouses. It was located on a green area in front of the According to the UNI EN 9182: 2014 standard, with regard to residences, each sink must be able to supply 2 units of water. This means that a fountain composed of 8 taps can end up to 16 units of water, which correspond to 0.78 l/s (2808 l/h).

Although it is true that a reception camp is not a residence in the strict sense of the term, in this text I take as good the national regulatory references for plant engineering.

22

Reception camp 250 guests - 40 volunteers

FIGURA 33: Possibile planimetric distribution of the fountains. Theoretical model.

FIGURE 34: predispositions. Schematical model of a reception camp located in an area served by pre-existing municipal technological lines.

Predispositions

Reception camp 250 guests - 40 volunteers

Predispositions

Predispositions

Predispositions

Predispositions

Predispositions

Predispositions

Pink: drain network

Reception camp 250 guests - 40 volunteers

Pink: drain network

FIGURE 35: predispositions. Schematical model of a reception camp located in an area served by pre-existing municipal technological lines.

FIGURE 36: Possibile planimetric distribution of the fountains. Scheme.

Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio, near a park (Park of the Sun), the hospital and a station of public transport. It is estimated that about 500 people resided there, including guests and volunteers, and that, given the presence of fountains and the proximity to the town, was served by pre-existing municipal technological connections.

The camp of Collemaggio is no longer in use, but if in the future it will be necessary to re-install it, it will be possible to take into account, during the design phase, some measures to ensure the presence of the fountains for the distribution of cold drinking water. By installing a camp’s fountain every 6 tents, which means about every 36 people, we would get a total of 15 water sampling points arranged between the tents. There will also be 5 fountains near the canteen and services area, 4 in the areas dedicated to hygienic services and 1 near the entrance, for a total of 25 camp’s fountains able to supply 75,000 l/h of cold drinking water. The fountains will replace the 1,250 bottles of water (750 ml) distributed every day (around 37,500 monthly).

The camp called Piazza d'armi in L'Aquila was located in the northwest area of the city, partly inside an athletic camp. Also in this case before the emergency there were technological systems that were implemented when the camp was built, after the earthquake of 06 April 2009. The survey carried out by the Civil Protection of Emilia Romagna shows 247 tents, for a total of about 1500 people, between guests and volunteers. In addition to the hygienic services, there were also two canteens with related kitchens, some classrooms, an area for medical services, some places to pray, some others to play, areas dedicated to communications, warehouses and areas for psychological assistance to the people hosted.

From the plan, we can clearly distinguish the different areas: inside the athletic camp, in the immediately adjacent areas and in a more isolated area to the west, were located the dormitory areas, while the services were all on the edge of the camp, in strategic position for the loading and the unloading of goods.

As for Collemaggio camp, Piazza d'armi has also been closed, but studying a possible location for the fountains can be useful in case of future necessity. Given the large number of people residing in the camp, the number of fountains will also be high: 45 to be installed in the dormitory areas and another 25 to be distributed in the service areas. A number certainly lower than the 3,750 bottles of water distributed daily (about 112,500 monthly).

As we can see from the drawings, the fountains will be inserted widespread in the camp, mainly along the margins, to be easily reachable by the necessary pipes. In some cases, they may be placed grouped in such a way as to form a functional area for aggregation.

1.5 m long, the fountains will need at least 1.5 m of space between them and the first tent in order to ensure the passage of people and, as far as possible, the privacy of the users.

6 │Final considerations The transformation process that leads to the installation of a fountain system is complex and presents some obstacles.

First, it is essential that the design of the camp is precise and done in time, to allow the correct preparation of all the buried pipes required.

This is indispensable for the correct functioning and for the easy maintenance of the fountains.

It is equally important to realize that a similar solution, which uses water normally at he service of the inhabitants, cannot be implemented anywhere: it is necessary that in the territory there is a functioning water network, that the water is not polluted and that the area are not subject to drought. If you had to operate in territories subject to one or all of these problems, it would be undoubtedly preferable to continue the distribution of water by the classical method. Alternatively, you can opt for a hybrid solution that includes both the use of the bottles, in greater percentage, and the installation of the fountains, in a minor way, as aggregation points, to promote sociality and, in any case, give the possibility of having extra water in addition to normal stocks.

Following a very accurate design, it is equally important that the preparation works be carried out with care and precision. The amount of pipes to be laid underground for the use of the fountains depends on the size of the camp, but placing them near the hygienic services, in the external areas or along sections of existing pipes can greatly limit the extent and complexity of the work.

If correctly installed the fountains can guarantee drinking water to the entire population present in the camp. Their maintenance is not complicated but, in order to avoid malfunctions that can lead to water leaks, they must be checked occasionally and there must be some presence in the camp of some spare parts for quick repairs.

The choice of the material plays a fundamental role in the optics of wanting to limit the necessary maintenance. This aspect, given its resistance to weather and atmospheric agents, also dictates the use of a plastic material, such as polyethylene. Other ecological materials do not have, unfortunately, the same characteristics, even considering the ease of processing of production and the cost, but, in order to achieve an object whose environmental impact is as low as

possible, we can take into consideration the use of recycled polyethylene.

Several companies in the Italian territory currently produce objects for urban furnishing working with recycled plastics. A more in-depth study of material and production techniques could help the production in this sense.

About costs, they can be divided into six categories:      

production costs preparation costs transport and installation costs maintenance costs disposal costs cost of the water.

The production costs concern every single fountain and include all the work necessary for their construction:       

processing of plastic material installation of 3 push-button faucets in the upper part installation of 5 push-button faucets in the lower part lighting installation installation of at least 5 m of cold drinking water piping installation of 1.5 m of drainpipes installation of all the necessary valves.

The production costs are quite high, especially if they are multiplied by the entire quantity of fountains needed, but given their durability over time is to consider the fact that they can be uninstalled at the end of the life of a camp and reused somewhere else, provided adequate checks and maintenance, if necessary.

The costs for the preparations concern the excavation and installation of the pipes and valves necessary for the connection between the existing water network and the installation points of the fountains.

The quantity of material to be installed is therefore an important variable. The closer the fountains are designed to the existing sections, the cheaper the project is going to be.

Transport and installation costs include the fuel needed to move the fountains from the warehouse to the camp and the time required for their installation, together with the distribution of the receptacles necessary for the water collection.

The maintenance costs, given the ease of execution, are rather low and only concern the cost of the replacement material.

The costs of disposal relate to the time necessary to uninstall the fountains and to transport them elsewhere. If their conditions and functioning were good, as they should be except accidents and vandalism, they could be reused in other camps.

The cost of water is a variable to be explored that concerns the management of water resources of the aqueduct.

Faced with a rather high initial investment, however amortized by the long life of the fountains, management costs tend to be low. The current distribution system (plastic bottles) has very different costs: a lower production cost and no preparation costs, but high transport costs, which occur every day for all the life of the camp, management costs and waste disposal costs.

A more in-depth study and comparison of costs could demonstrate how, despite a major initial investment, the use of a fountain system is more sustainable both economically and environmentally.

However, it should not be forgotten that the biggest advantage of the fountains system compared to the bottle distribution system lies in the social aspect of the operation, which allows interaction between individuals and fills spaces in the camp of exchange and meeting opportunities, helping guests to recognize and give meaning to the places that are forced to live in, far from their homes and the world as they knew it before the emergency.

7 │Conclusions The realization of the system described inside the elaborate is complex, but the benefits it can bring justify such a squander of energy. The camp’s fountains are designed to greatly facilitate the guests of the camps’ life, increasing the amount of water available, the simplicity of its supply and the feeling of those who live there not only to being guests, but actors protagonists of their lives. The social weight of the operation is remarkable: to give a name and a meaning to otherwise empty and alienating spaces, in order to help the populations private of their houses not to feel completely exiled and disoriented.

"Fountains of a camp" is not a text that examines the project of a single architectural object, but rather provides the starting point for the revision of an entire system: the water distribution. This is not a simple objective, both in terms of technical implementation and of human resources involved. In order to modified an entire system, in fact, it is necessary first of all to change the way in which the people who work within it are accustomed to acting. In the absence of this, any modification is temporary, inefficient and, finally, a source of great economic losses. Avoiding sudden changes, starting information and training processes and proceeding with small-scale operational examples can be valid operations in order to implement a strategy that facilitates the change of the entire system. In the specific case, it may be useful to promote courses for those in charge of planning the reception camps and setting up all the necessary arrangements.

Beyond that, a period of transition between the classic distribution system and the hypothesized one can help to test its effectiveness, understand its weaknesses and strengths and get accustomed guests and volunteers to use.

Water and shelter are the most necessary things for the human being to survive, both as a single individual and as a community.

Continuing to invest in improving existing systems to ensure a better quality of life for those in need is essential and I am convinced that the "Fountains for a camp" project, if further developed, can bring significant improvements to both of these vital aspects.

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Transitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disaster. Field edition, OCHA, Shelter Centre and DFID. United Nation, 2008 Biason, Elena, Tesi di laurea magistrale. Interventi per l’emergenza nei campi di accoglienza: dall’organizzazione distributiva alla definizione degli spazi privati e di comunità per il medio periodo.

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REGULATIONS Law n. 996/1970: Norme sul soccorso e l’assistenza alle popolazioni colpite da calamità D.M. n.29/1975: Norme tecniche aggiornate relative all'edilizia scolastica, ivi compresi gli indici di funzionalità didattica, edilizia ed urbanistica, da osservarsi nella esecuzione di opere di edilizia scolastica L. n.938/1982: Norme relative alla cessazione dello stato emergenza e alla destinazione dei residui fondi stanziati

di

L.R. n. 64/1986: Organizzazione delle strutture ed interventi di competenza regionale in materia di protezione civile Legge n. 225/1992: Istituzione del Servizio Nazionale della Protezione civile D.P.R. n.503/1996: Regolamento recante norme per l'eliminazione delle barriere architettoniche negli edifici, spazi e servizi pubblici L.R. n.19/2000: Disposizioni in materia di sportello unico per le attività produttive e semplificazione di procedimenti amministrativi e del corpo legislativo regionale Circolare n. 5114/2002: Ripartizione delle competenze amministrative in materia di Protezione civile Direttiva del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri del 2 febbraio 2005: Linee guida per l’individuazione di aree di ricovero di emergenza per strutture prefabbricate di protezione civile Legge n. 100/2012: protezione civile

Disposizioni

urgenti

per

il

riordino

della

L.R. n. 19/2000: Interventi per la promozione, a livello regionale e locale, delle attività di cooperazione allo sviluppo e partenariato internazionale UNI EN 9182:2014: Impianti di alimentazione e distribuzione d’acqua fredda e calda. Progettazione, installazione e collaudo.

SITOGRAPHY www.ancaquinocastrocielo.it Castrocielo

–

Civil

Protection

Unit

Aquino

www.atlantedellalaguna.it – Atlas of the lagoon www.atlante.silvenezia.it – Atlas of Venice www.cri.it – Italian Red Cross www.cultura.regione.abruzzo.it – Network of Abruzzo culture www.elenabiason.it. – Eng. Elena Biason www.ifrc.org – International Federation of Red Cross www.ingegneri.info – Ingegneri.info, on line magazine www.materieplatiche.eu.- Musola Metalli www.protezionecivile.it – Department of Civil Protection www.protezionecivilemagenta.org – Magenta Civil Protection www.regione.abruzzo.it – Regione Abruzzo http://spherehandbook.org/ - The Sphere Project

-

THE CAMP’S FOUNTAIN

C

A

B

D

Map 1:20

Front A 1:20

Front C 1:20

Front B 1:20

Front D 1:20

Upper section in polyethylene complete with 3 push-button taps and lighting

Water collection bowl in polyethylene with drain

Base in polyethylene anchored to the ground with stakes

Cold drinking water distribution pipes

Drain pipes

Water collection bowl in polyethylene with drain

Fountain in polyethylene with 5 push-button faucets.

Openable portion for installation and ordinary maintenance

FOUNTAINS INSIDE THE CAMP

Collemaggio 1:10.000- image 2018 social area

volunteers and services area

dormitory area

84

500

10.000 mq

FUNCTIONAL PLANIMETRIC SCHEME 1:1000

front-office area

EX COLLEMAGGIO CAMP - EARTHQUAKE 06/04/2009 - L’ AQUILA

CIVIL PROTECTION SURVEY 1:1000

L’Aquila 1:50.000 - image 2018

MAP 1:200

84

MAP 1:200 500 10.000 mq 25 fountains

75.000 l/h

DESIGN MAP 1:1000

EX COLLEMAGGIO CAMP - EARTHQUAKE 06/04/2009 - L’ AQUILA

MAP 1:200

L’Aquila 1:50.000 - image 2018

FUNCTIONAL PLANIMETRIC SCHEME 1:1000

Piazza d’Armi 1:10.000- image 2018

front-office area

social area

volunteers and services area

dormitory area

247

1500

50.000 mq

EX PIAZZA D’ARMI CAMP - EARTHQUAKE 06/04/2009 - L’ AQUILA

N

N

45 fountains

135.000 l/h 247 1500 50.000 mq

EX PIAZZA D’ARMI CAMP - EARTHQUAKE 06/04/2009 - L’ AQUILA

DESIGN MAP 1:1000 MAP 1:200

MAP 1:200