Report: Taking its toll by annalena Weber

Professional Assignment Taking its toll TYMPBP | Project Report

Annalena Weber Student number 22847265 Summer term 2015 University of Reading 1

Contents BRIEF

DISCOVER

International think-tank reports 7

Information design 9

Interactive diagrams 11

Political and economical magazines 13

Amnesty International 15

Policy Exchange reports 17

TRANSFORM

Initial thoughts on the concept 18

Typeface 19

MAKE

Grid 22

Specifications for print 25

Covers 31

Specifications for web 23

DIGITAL

HTML Book: Step by Step 33

Mobile Version: Step by Step 39

brie f

Brief Report: Taking its toll The task is to submit a design for a policy report template in both print and digital formats. AIMS • To explore think tank research and how it is used • To understand how best to present research reports • To design with both print and web in mind • To create an efficient print template that can be used by other designers AUDIENCE The primary audience is policy makers but these research reports also reach other research organisations, charities, NGOs, universities and the media. They are usually publicly available so anyone with an interest in policy can view them. PURPOSE OF RELAUNCH Policy Exchange’s current report templates are quite old and look outof-date. As we shift towards a digital world we need to consider both print and web outputs together. Policy Exchange would like to increase readership by putting the reports online in a clear and legible way. They want to achieve a look that retains the seriousness of the content without putting off readers and sets them apart from other think tanks. DETAILS • Coming up with one concept for both print and digital versions. The new design can be a complete redesign, we do not have to use any of the existing elements. Soapbox supplies us with the Policy Exchange logo (but we can rework this as well) Soapbox also supplies us with text and graphs. • The layout can be typographic or image-led. • The print design can be any format. The initial concept should include a cover design and some sample spreads showing all of the different elements in the report. • The digital design is primarily for desktop but should also work for tablets and mobiles. The initial flat designs concept should include a look and feel for the in-browser html reader and some sample text including at least one graph.

DELIVERABLES Develop print and web concepts based on feedback by soapbox: • Print version: fully typeset report. • Digital version: flat designs that show how the report can be read online. No live page designs are expected

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Climate Change, migration and SeCurity

Climate Change, Migration and Security

Best-Practice Policy and Operational Options for Mexico

Elizabeth Deheza and Jorge Mora

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of Drivers of Migration.

the future, the IPCC is expected to contribute further to the topic upon the release of a subchapter on CIM in its fifth assessment report in 2014.27

Elizabeth Deheza and Jorge Mora

There is a general agreement in the literature that changes in climate are impacting human mobility and that this process is set to continue and grow in the future. However, the magnitude of such effects are poorly understood, most likely due to the complexity of the process, the lack of reliable and complete datasets and even the continued debate surrounding basic terminology.28 As a result of this, projected numbers of people worldwide affected by CIM vary over an order of magnitude with numbers ranging from 25 million29 to 200 million30 by 2050.31 These figures are in agreement with figures released by the International Organization for Migration (IOM)32 and the Stern Review.33 However, caution should be taken when quoting such estimates as others have criticised them as simplistic and, furthermore, there is no general agreement on the categorisation of the affected people. Some groups refer to them as ‘climate refugees’ whereas others adopt their own terminologies such as ‘environmental migrants’ or ‘environmentally motivated migrants’.34 The IOM defines a climate change migrant as an environmentally displaced person or an environmental migrant as ‘persons or groups of persons who, for compelling reasons of sudden or progressive changes in the environment as a result of climate change that adversely affect their lives or living conditions, are obliged to leave their habitual homes, or choose to do so, either temporarily or permanently, and who move either within their country or abroad’.35

The Environmental Context of Migration The concept of the climate-induced migrant, originally referred to as the ‘environmental refugee’, was first presented in the 1970s by Lester Brown of the World Watch Institute.18 Since then, some of the most-cited work in the field has come from two important papers. The first is Essam ElHinnawi’s United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) paper released in 1985, which provided the first formal definition of the term ‘environmental refugee’.19 The second is a working paper by Jacobson presented in 1988, which offered the first estimation of the number of ‘environmental refugees’ and highlighted the potential role climate change may play in the displacement of people in the future.20

While the existence of CIM is widely accepted, a consensus has not yet been reached; some researchers reject the notion of CIM and instead describe the process as a ‘customary coping strategy’. For them, human mobility is ‘a response to spatio-temporal variations in climatic and other conditions, rather than a new phenomenon resulting from a physical limit having been reached’. 36 They postulate that the root of human displacement stems from the effects of human-induced environmental degradation as a result of inadequate environmental management, sustainable development and global development inequalities, rather than from natural hazards and changes in the climate. While human mobility due to environmental changes is not a new phenomenon, anthropogenic climate change combined with extreme weather events are exacerbating these practices, which are also affected by mismanagement and poor allocation of natural and economic resources – all of which may induce people to migrate.

As previously mentioned, over the past two decades the impact of climate change on migration has received increasing interest in the scholarly literature.21 In 1990, the IPCC noted that the ‘greatest single impact of climate change could be on human migration, with millions of people being displaced by natural disasters, shoreline erosion, coastal flooding and disruption of agricultural industries’.22 The Stern Review then further emphasised this point and warned that ‘the effects of climate change could drive millions of people to migrate’.23 Following this, between 2007 and 2009, migration and displacement were formally recognised in the UNFCCC process,24 which culminated in paragraph 14(f) on the Cancún Adaptation Framework 2010, a call to ‘enhance understanding, co-ordination and co-operation with regards to climate change, induced displacement, migration and planned relocation’.25 Earlier this year, the latest IPCC Special Report, ‘Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation’, stated that ‘disasters associated with climate extremes influence population mobility and relocation, affecting host and origin communities’.26 Looking to

Royal United Services Institute

whitehall report 1-13

Other contentious issues have also arisen in the field. For example, some researchers called for an international convention to protect ‘climate refugees’.37 However, at present there is little appetite for such a move in the international community.38 The 2011 Foresight Report, ‘Migration and Global Environmental Change’, highlights that migration is a multi-causal

RUSI, UK Libya: Getting Geneva Right Middle East and North Africa Report N°157, 26 February 2015

Libya: Getting Geneva Right Middle East and North Africa Report N°157, 26 February 2015

Page 5

Those at the UN’s talks, in this sense, have been insufficiently representative of the real differences that exist and need to be surmounted.15 Moreover, those described as moderates often share the same concerns as those described as hardliners. The main difference is that the former care more for the risks of conflict for themselves and their constituencies, so are more prone to adopt a face-saving posture to end the conflict and win domestic and international respectability.16 The key to Geneva’s success will be to draw the parties in incrementally, pressing them to end escalation and ultimately make concessions in exchange for concrete gains – particularly guarantees that they and their constituencies will enjoy political clout and economic benefits. The aim should not be to leave the hardliners behind, but to leverage their fear of being marginalised within their camps. Another essential step is to de-emphasise what currently appears the main focus: getting approval for a new national unity government (NUG). UN officials in the process envision this as a power-sharing body, with the factions represented but a non-partisan, technocrat prime minister.17 The hope is that it could bridge the institutional rifts and have sufficient domestic backing to rein in armed factions, secure ceasefires and end financial chaos. For some of the talks’ international backers, an agreement on a NUG is a stepping stone for a broader peace deal between warring factions and perhaps a route to the deployment of an international peacekeeping force.18 Focusing on forming an NUG has the advantage of drawing into the dialogue factions interested in ensuring that one or more of their representatives secure a ministe-

Libya: Getting Geneva Right

rial post. However, the approach has risks, particularly as it sidesteps the legitimacy question. Even if the factions can agree on a cabinet – no mean feat – it is unclear how an NUG could be proclaimed without having first addressed who holds legislative authority: the Tobruk-based parliament, the Tripoli-based GNC or neither. The UN’s apparent belief that it can count on a wide array of constituencies to validate any agreement and thereby circumvent the positions of the rival authorities is short-sighted. Instead of focusing exclusively on an NUG agreement, negotiators should bring to the top of the agenda the issue of the rival legislatures’ legitimacy. It will be up to the parties to formulate an agreement on this contentious central matter; it could take many forms, but it cannot be left unresolved.19 Similarly, it is essential that the negotiations also discuss the role of any future head of state (rais al-dawla), since the post-Qadhafi political framework has repeatedly attributed to this currently non-existent figure the nominal task of supreme commander of the armed forces.20 A NUG alone cannot resolve the contested military leadership, but a consensus on a head of state might.

ical and military cornerstones and gave Islamist political factions explicit guarantees. Hardliners within the Tahaluf coalition (the political group initially dominant after the 2012 elections, led by Mahmoud Jibril, who headed the first anti-Qadhafi government in 2011), eastern politicians and some military allies in the east and west rejected the deal, accusing its backers of conspiring to protect Islamists. Crisis Group interviews, European diplomats and Libyan politicians, Cairo, Tripoli, Rome, June-July 2014. In July 2014, as the two main military factions in Tripoli sought a deal on control of the international airport, former GNC member Salah al-Badi spearheaded an attack against the Zintani forces in the airport, ending any hope of a negotiated settlement on its security. Crisis Group interviews, Zintani and Misratan militia commanders, Tripoli, Tobruk, October 2014. 15 The pro-GNC bloc was critical both of the persons selected (weighted toward “Western-educated liberals” unrepresentative of mainstream factions) and the UN’s lack of transparency in making the selection. It feared the UN sought to sideline the GNC and its Islamist constituents. Crisis Group interview, Western observer, February 2015. 16 A Misratan politician who supported his municipality’s participation in Geneva, while acknowledging the need to end hostilities and ensure Libya’s political unity, admitted that an important factor was to safeguard economic interest. “We had to participate because it was very important for Misrata to be seen as having a role in the solution of the conflict and to guarantee a leadership role for Misrata in the future”. Crisis Group phone interview, 20 January 2015. A former GNC member who supports its Geneva boycott was more explicit, describing pro-GNC participants as saving face: “Those who went to Geneva are just trying to secure for themselves a political role in the future, possibly in the National Unity Government, and to ensure they do not become the target of international condemnation; they are safeguarding personal interests rather than those of the country”. Crisis Group phone interview, Zliten, 25 January 2015. 17 Crisis Group interviews, New York, February 2015; Libyan politicians, international officials, Rome and Tunis, February 2015. 18 For more on a potential peacekeeping mission in Libya, see Section IV.B, below. Crisis Group interviews, Italian officials, Rome, February 2015. Though Foreign Minister Paolo Gentiloni said that even without an agreement, Italy “is ready to fight naturally in the context of an international mission”, other Italian security officials and diplomats called agreement between the factions a precondition for direct military involvement. Crisis Group interviews, Rome, February 2015; “Italy ‘ready to fight’ in Libya if needed – foreign minister”, Reuters, 13 February 2015.

Middle East and North Africa Report N°157 | 26 February 2015

International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 brussels@crisisgroup.org

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Stakeholders have offered different solutions to the legitimacy tangle: some (mainly from Libya Dawn) support an HoR-GNC “suicide pact” that would commit both to dissolve; others (mainly in the GNC establishment) support coexistence in upper and lower chambers; others support appointing and investing municipal representatives with temporary legislative powers; yet others favour giving the duties to the Constitutional Drafting Assembly. Crisis Group phone interviews, Libyan politicians, Tripoli, Misrata, Benghazi, January and February 2015. 20 Libya does not have a head of state as such; however, according to its Law on the Armed Forces (Law 11/2012) and other legislative modifications, the head of state is nominally the supreme commander of the armed forces. Without a clearly identifiable head of state, politicians have debated (at times violently) whether in the interim the title should go to the legislature as a whole or its president. Crisis Group interviews, Libyan politicians, military officials, former National Transitional Council (NTC) members, former GNC members, Tripoli, Benghazi, 2013-2014.

International Crisis Group, Belgium Introduction

Yemen: Corruption, Capital Flight and Global Drivers of Conflict

across the region on the eve of the Arab Spring uprisings,

initiated by the transition agreement? And while the elite

full-scale state collapse. But as the report argues, policies

appointment as president in an effort to stall or reverse this

this chapter goes on to chart the evolution and loss of legit-

is tasked with overseeing reforms to the government and

which effectively helped to sustain the Saleh regime may

humanitarian crisis.

imacy during Saleh’s 33-year presidency, and its eventual

security forces, what incentives will it have to alter the

well have hastened the arrival of such a collapse. Moreover,

International aid spending to date has been overshad-

collapse during his final months in power.

model of elite competition over state resources and enact

following more than three decades as a military republic

owed by the nature of Yemen’s political economy and illicit

the change demanded by protestors since 2011?

dominated by an authoritarian leader, Yemen also belongs

financial flows, as Yemen’s political and economic elite

It argues that the National Dialogue provides a historic

Ginny Hill, Peter Salisbury, Léonie Northedge and Jane Kinninmont

opportunity for all groups that perceived themselves to

Chapter 4 identifies international factors affecting

to the broader regional narrative of the ‘Arab Spring’ that

siphons off the country’s wealth, often into Western tax

have been politically and socially marginalized under Saleh

Yemen’s transition, including the national security priori-

accompanied the downfall of Tunisia’s President Zine el

havens – with estimates suggesting that between 1990 and

to press for new terms of inclusion, under international

ties of the United States, Saudi Arabia and Britain. It

Abidine Ben Ali, Egypt’s President Hosni Mubarak and

2008, for every $1 received in aid, $2.70 left the country

supervision. However, there are serious risks that this

argues that international actors are a risk factor as well

Libya’s leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi in 2011.6

(or $12 billion in total).10 Tax havens act as a ‘pull’ factor,

opportunity will be lost, and that the focus on keeping the

as a force for stability in Yemen, and that – despite the

The case of Yemen highlights confused and sometimes

incentivizing capital flight, while the absence of strong

peace between Yemen’s armed and wealthy elites will result

UN’s stewardship of an inclusive National Dialogue – the

conflicting policy priorities on the part of the international

institutions in Yemen acts as a ‘push’ factor, further under-

in a political bargain from which much of the population

interests of external players are not always consistent with

community. On one hand, donors – foremost among

mining domestic tax revenues that are needed to fund the

will remain excluded – resulting in continued challenges to

domestic perceptions of political legitimacy. The feasibility

them the United States, the United Kingdom, the EU

the legitimacy of the government and the state itself.

of the changes that Western policy-makers wish to see in

and Germany, alongside the Gulf states – are pursuing

Chapter 3 explores structural constraints on change

the country is questionable if the current policy focus on

long-term development goals in Yemen to support political

in Yemen by analysing the Saleh-era elite’s control of the

security remains unchanged. This chapter also highlights

and economic reform, and prevent future state failure. On

‘commanding heights’ of the economy and asking how

the complex interplay between domestic politics and inter-

the other hand, their counter-terrorism concerns have

and why the regime acted as a spoiler to much-needed

national drivers of corruption, including systemic failures

tended to lead to a short-term focus on ‘quick wins’, which

This report, drawing on several years of research by the

economic reforms. It argues that this elite still controls the

in the governance of the global financial system that facili-

– to date – have involved stabilizing (and legitimizing)

Yemen Forum, uses Yemen as a case study of Western-led

levers of economic activity on which ordinary Yemenis

tate local elites’ efforts to siphon off capital and hide it in

an ally willing to cooperate with their security priorities

agendas for political and economic development over the

depend – such as food, water and oil imports – and that

distant tax havens.

in this field. During the 2000s, Saleh attracted Western

past decade, and asks why, despite extensive efforts to

the competition between rival elite factions that led to the

The report concludes with recommendations to inter-

funding for and training to elite military and security units

promote governance reform, patronage and corruption

2011 conflict has been sublimated, not eliminated, by the

national policy-makers and to civil society groups for

under the control of his son and nephews. This enabled

flourished during the decade before 2011, as standards of

mitigating the consequences of Yemen’s political and

him to extend his family’s rule with external support even

living among the population fell. It investigates to what

The chapter considers two questions in particular. Are

economic crises, for developing a better understanding

as public disenchantment was growing. Subsequently,

extent the informal system of governance that under-

past models of elite behaviour likely to be replicated in

of the country’s political economy – including the role of

President Hadi has openly endorsed US drone strikes.

pinned Saleh’s regime has been dismantled since 2011,

the future, with the powerful patronage networks of the

international factors – and for fostering long-term legiti-

Saleh era used to trump the formal institutional changes

macy and stability in Yemen.

political transition.

Yemen

developing state.

Outline of the report

Corruption, Capital Flight and Global Drivers of Conflict A Chatham House Report Ginny Hill, Peter Salisbury, Léonie Northedge and Jane Kinninmont

Despite a decade of rising donor engagement on these

and discusses likely outcomes after presidential and parlia-

terms, Yemen’s human development indicators have fallen

mentary elections scheduled for February 2014 when the

sharply. Yemenis – especially babies and young children

current two-year transition process is due to end.

– are among the hungriest people in the world, ranking

Chapter 2 examines the importance of political

93rd out of 107 countries in the 2013 Global Food

legitimacy in the construction of sustainable political

Security Index.8 The World Food Programme estimates

settlements. It analyses the uprising in Yemen in the

that over 10 million Yemenis – 46 per cent of the popula-

context of the simultaneous wave of unrest across the

tion – do not have enough to eat.9 The Friends of Yemen,

Arab world and the longer historical processes of state

a high-level diplomatic coordination mechanism, has

formation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).

pledged $8.1 billion in aid for the country since Hadi’s

Starting with a brief overview of the legitimacy deficit

Yemen is included in the G8’s Deauville Partnership, a framework intended to link financial and technical assistance with economic and political liberalization in the Arab transition countries (also including Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan and Libya), endorsed by the IMF.

Hadi’s stance contrasts sharply with the attitude of politicians in Pakistan, the other major site of US drone warfare, where popular legitimacy depends on

Economist Intelligence Unit Global Food Security Index 2013, http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/.

Yemen Food Security Monitoring System (FSMS) Bulletin, Issue No. 1, February 2013, http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/

criticizing such attacks.

www.chathamhouse.org

wfp255429.pdf.

www.chathamhouse.org

Chatham House, UK 6

Illicit Financial Flows from the Least Developed Countries: 1990–2008, UNDP Discussion Paper, p. 13.

www.chathamhouse.org

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Discover International think-tank reports A think-tank is an organisation that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology and culture. I focused on research reports of the most influential think-tanks of the world (http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=think_tanks). Most of the reports are very textheavy, design decisions are very subtle, the colours used suggest a rather serious look, while the pages were used in the most econo mical way. The one report that stood out was a report on education by Brookings, a US think-tank that is one of the most influential ones in the world (see link above). However, this report almost seems overly designed in some places.

The Unfolding Crisis in the Euro Area

How to Fix the Euro

This view was epitomized by the German Finance Minister,

stabilization fund with guarantees for the German banking

output falling by 0.7%. The contraction in the euro area

market to bring down the lending rate which had spiked

Peer Steinbrück, who declared that ‘this crisis originated in

system of up to €400bn, which was later used in 2009 to

was even worse, with GDP falling by 4.2%. The situation

Strengthening Economic Governance in Europe

after BNP Paribas (the second biggest bank in the euro

the US and is mainly hitting the US’.5

recapitalize Commerzbank and several Landesbanken.

was especially traumatic in Eastern Europe, which (after

area) announced that it had frozen its funding to three

At that point euro area leaders thought Europe’s banking

At this stage it was clear that the fall-out from the

years of reliance on capital inflows from the euro area)

system – with the few exceptions listed above – would be

US subprime crisis had hit the euro area harder than

suffered a series of sudden stops as capital flows dried up.

In the coming months trust between financial insti-

largely unaffected by the turmoil in Wall Street and London.

European policy-makers had expected, and the priority

Given the severity of the recession, G20 leaders agreed

tutions evaporated quickly and those that were over-

The Spanish Prime Minister, José Luis Rodriguez Zapatero,

of each country was to save its own banks. And the ECB

a coordinated stimulus package in April 2009.9 China’s

leveraged faced huge problems in accessing the wholesale

declared that Spain’s financial system was ‘perhaps the

agreed on 8 October 2008 to implement extraordinary

stimulus was the biggest in relative terms, representing

markets. The Federal Reserve, the ECB and the Bank

most solid in the world’,6 reflecting a widespread view that

liquidity measures for euro area banks.

13% of GDP, while that of the US – the biggest in absolute

of England coordinated their provision of liquidity to

the Spanish central bank had a good regulatory record.

financial markets to ease the credit crunch, but this did

This was in stark contrast to the harsh criticism directed at

not prevent banks starting to fail. The first institution to

the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in the UK.

hedge funds heavily exposed to the US subprime market.

Germany implemented stimuli of close to 4% GDP, and Fiscal stimulus measures alongside falling tax revenues

In early October the G8 and G20 issued short statements

succumbed to a bank run, and was effectively nationalized.

promising action to prevent the failure of systemically

In 2009 what began as a financial crisis quickly became a

and the impact of automatic stabilizers resulted in an

In a domino effect, the next months saw the collapse

important institutions, ensure access to liquidity and

wider economic crisis. In the last quarter of 2008 and the

increase in debt-to-GDP ratios among European economies

of some of the biggest investment banks in Wall Street,

capital, preserve depositors’ confidence, and restart secu-

first quarter of 2009 output fell across the board. Global

from a pre-crisis average of around 61% to 74% in 2009.

including Bear Stearns, Merrill Lynch and (in September

ritized markets. By mid-October 2008 the British govern-

trade collapsed, and in 2009 the global economy suffered

In some countries, the fiscal position deteriorated even

2008) Lehman Brothers. While the first two failures were

ment, led by Gordon Brown, used public money to

the worst recession since the Great Depression, with

more rapidly because of a number of factors including

resolved and the banks sold to JP Morgan Chase and Bank

recapitalize two of Britain’s biggest banks, RBS and Lloyds

of America respectively, Hank Paulson, the then Secretary

HBOS. This de facto nationalization was criticized at the

of the Treasury, decided that taxpayers’ money would not

time, but with hindsight was necessary to avoid a systemic

be used for Lehmans (against the advice of his European

collapse.

22 Dec 2011 ECB allots €489bn to 523 banks in the Euro area

Greece Portugal Ireland

bankrupt could trigger4). The collapse of Lehmans did

and regain control, the euro area’s response was timid and

indeed lead to global panic, and only days later the US

uncoordinated. On 30 September 2008 Ireland took the

government had to bail out the global insurance company

decision to protect Irish depositors and guarantee its entire

3,500

AIG and ask Congress for a $700bn Troubled Asset Relief

banking system. This unilateral action by a small country

Program (TARP) in order to prop up the country’s entire

heavily exposed to the UK and US financial systems set

3,000

banking sector.

back the possibility of common action by euro area policy-

Germany baseline

2013

5/9/

2012

5/5/

5/1/

5/9/

2011

2012 5/5/

2011

2012

2011

5/9/

5/5/

5/1/

2010

5/1/

2009

2010

5/9/

2009

5/5/

Ten days later it also established a special financial market

500

5/1/

makers that the crisis was merely an Anglo-Saxon problem.

25 Mar 2013 Eurogroup agrees on bail-in for Cyprus

-500 2008

a unilateral state guarantee for deposits in German banks.

2009

system, which added to the belief among euro area policy-

26 Jul 2012 Draghi delivers ‘whatever it takes’ speech

1,000

5/9/

system.8 The following day the German government issued

2008

pan-European rescue plan for the euro area financial

collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) to the US financial

5/5/

Chancellor, Angela Merkel, refused to agree a concerted

Estate. All these institutions were heavily exposed through

2008

state of the four largest euro area economies, the German

and the German government did the same with Hypo Real

1,500

5/9/

Benelux countries and France bailed out Fortis and Dexia,

27 Jun 2012 Spain and Cyprus seek financial support

6 Apr 2011 Portugal asks for emergency loan

21 Nov 2010 Ireland asks for financial support

5/1/

On 4 October, at an emergency meeting of the heads of

9–10 May 2010 Euro area member states agree to create a €500bn rescue fund (EFSF)

2,000

2007

area. At the end of September, the governments of the

9 Dec 2011 Euro area leaders agree on fiscal compact

15 Sep 2008 Lehman Brothers files for bankruptcy

2,500 Basis points

makers for some considerable time.

1 Mar 2012 ECB allots €530bn to 800 banks in the Euro area

Italy Spain France

5/5/

UK and the US took strong measures to calm markets

5/1/

While during those crucial early days of the crisis the

pointed to the possible shock waves that allowing it to go

5/9/

counterparts, Alistair Darling and Christine Lagarde, who

Figure 1: Bond yields over German bunds

2007

Stephen Pickford, Federico Steinberg and Miguel Otero-Iglesias

that of France was near 2%.

fall was the UK’s Northern Rock, which in September 2007

By October 2008 the crisis had already reached the euro

terms – was over 5% of GDP. In the euro area, Spain and

Phase 2: a fiscal crisis?

2007

Stephen Pickford, Federico Steinberg and Miguel Otero-Iglesias

5/5/

A Joint Chatham House, Elcano and AREL Report

5/1/

How to Fix the Euro

it injected €95bn ($130bn) into the European interbank

Source: Bloomberg.

Sorkin (2010).

Cited in Benoit (2008).

Cited in El Mundo (2008).

G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (2008).

Pisani-Ferry and Sapir (2009).

5 9

G20 (2009).

www.chathamhouse.org • www.arel.it • www.realinstitutoelcano.org

www.realinstitutoelcano.org • www.arel.it • www.chathamhouse.org

Chatham House, UK The Brown Center Report on American Education

GIRLS, BOYS, I AND READING

Part

The 2015 Brown Center Report on American Education:

HOW WELL ARE AMERICAN STUDENTS LEARNING? With sections on the gender gap in reading, effects of the Common Core, and student engagement

IRLS SCORE HIGHER THAN BOYS ON TESTS OF READING

ability. They have for a long time. This section of the Brown Center Report assesses where the gender gap stands today and examines trends over the past several decades. The analysis also extends beyond the U.S. and shows that boys’ reading achievement lags that of girls in every country in the world on international assessments. The international dimension—recognizing that U.S. is not alone in this phenomenon—serves as a catalyst to discuss why the gender gap exists and whether it extends into adulthood.

Background One of the earliest large-scale studies on gender differences in reading, conducted in Iowa in 1942, found that girls in both elementary and high schools were better than boys at reading comprehension.1 The most recent results from reading tests of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) show girls outscoring boys at every grade level and age examined. Gender differences in reading are not confined to the United States. Among younger children— age nine to ten, or about fourth grade—girls consistently outscore boys on international assessments, from a pioneering study of reading comprehension conducted in fifteen countries in the 1970s, to the results of the Program in International Reading Literacy

Study (PIRLS) conducted in forty-nine nations and nine benchmarking entities in 2011. The same is true for students in high school. On the 2012 reading literacy test of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), worldwide gender gaps are evident between fifteen-year-old males and females. As the 21st century dawned, the gender gap came under the scrutiny of reporters and pundits. Author Christina Hoff Sommers added a political dimension to the gender gap, and some say swept the topic into the culture wars raging at the time, with her 2000 book The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism is Harming Our Young Men.2 Sommers argued that boys’ academic inferiority, and in particular their struggles The Brown Center Report on American Education 9

Brookings, USA 7

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Discover Information design The reports I found included many different kinds of diagrams and graphs. Thus, I examined different styles of data visualisation. When searching the term data-visualisation on websites like pinterest I found many examples that were rather design-focused and less concerned with the actual data.

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http://terror.periscopic.com

http://visualizing.org/full-screen/546775

http://www.periscopic.com/our-work/comparing-gender-gap-in-phds-around-the-world

http://noceilings.org 10

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Discover Interactive diagrams After researching data-visualisation I analysed websites that were rewarded for their interactive diagrams. See the following links for examples: • http://noceilings.org • http://www.cabreastcancer.org/causes/ • http://www.informationisbeautiful.net

http://www.cabreastcancer.org/causes/

http://charts.animateddata.co.uk/uktemperaturelines

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Beschiss Atlas (cheating atlas= about global injustice)

Atlas of Globalisation 12

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Discover Political and economical magazines As most of the reports had a very similar look I wanted to draw my inspiration from a different field. Economical (and political) magazines make up a certain type of publication domain that has similar content to think-tank reports but are designed in a very different way. IÂ mainly viewed German publications.

brand eins magazine

wired magazine

Das Magazin fÜr Die Menschenrechte

inhalt

4,80 euro

aMnesty journal

2014 DezeMber/ januar

Titelillustration: Jens Bonnke

theMa

berichte

Kultur

21 Spielregeln für die »Global Player«

42 Verborgene Liebe

66 Der Comic meint es ernst

Von Mathias John

Das Kosovo hat zwar eine fortschrittliche Verfassung, in der Praxis nutzt dies Schwulen und Lesben aber wenig. Von Dirk Auer

22 Kinderschokolade Kakao wird überwiegend mit Hilfe von Kinderarbeit gewonnen. Von Tanja Dückers

Rund um den Internationalen Tag der Menschenrechte am 10. Dezember ruft Amnesty dazu auf, sich beim weltweiten Briefmarathon für die Opfer von Menschenrechtsverletzungen einzusetzen. Von Daniel Kreuz

Über soziale Mindeststandards in der Spielzeugindustrie. Von Hannes Koch

26 Die Macht des Portemonnaies Unternehmen sind an Menschenrechtsverletzungen beteiligt. Von Maja Liebing

06 Weltkarte

12 Nachrichten

59 »Keine Gnade!«

30 Ende des Goldrauschs

Die Olympischen Winterspiele in Sotschi kommen nicht nur die russische Staatskasse teuer zu stehen. Von Ramin M. Nowzad

In Honduras haben die Goldminen Krankheit und Umweltzerstörung gebracht. Von Kathrin Zeiske

13 Porträt: Malala Yousafzai 15 Interview: Jesús Zapata und Arley Usuga

33 Bei Anruf Tod

17 Kolumne: Michael Bochenek

60 »Gebt mir Carlos zurück – oder nehmt mich auch!«

In der Elektronikindustrie werden Arbeitsrechte und Umweltschutz missachtet. Von Sven Hansen

77 Rezensionen: Bücher 78 Rezensionen: Film & Musik

Als junge Frau kämpfte Ana Lucía Cuevas in Guatemala gegen die Schreckensherrschaft des Militärs. In ihrem Dokumentarfilm »The Echo of Pain of the Many« erzählt sie nun von der Tragödie ihrer Familie. Von Ramin M. Nowzad

34 Das Gold der Armen Elektroschrott aus Europa wird oft illegal in Entwicklungsländer verschifft. Von Kurt Stukenberg

80 Aktiv für Amnesty

Der schutz Der Menschenrechte fängt beiM einKauf an

Die russische Regierung hat das Fernsehen zu einem ihrer wichtigsten Machtmittel geformt. Kritische Töne sind rar, die Sender liefern fast ausschließlich kremlfreundliche Kommentare. Von Ulrike Gruska

Bangladesch zahlt den niedrigsten Mindestlohn der Welt. Von Bernhard Hertlein

10 Panorama

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56 Der Kreml auf allen Kanälen

29 In der Nähstube der Welt

07 Erfolge

81 Selmin Çalışkan über zugeklebte Münder

35 Fairschenken

62 Bloggen für die Bauern

Viele Anbieter bemühen sich um faire Produktionsbedingungen. Von Annette Jensen

Der Blogger Nguyen Van Hai aus Vietnam hat den »International Press Freedom Award« erhalten. Von Hanne Schneider

38 »Für die Unternehmen ist die Klage ein Schock«

verborgene liebe sexuelle Minderheiten im Kosovo

gezeichnete geschichten immer öfter greifen comics politische themen auf

bei KnopfDrucK MorD

Amnesty-Bericht zeigt: Die USA haben mit dem Einsatz bewaffneter Drohnen wiederholt das Völkerrecht gebrochen und sich vermutlich Kriegsverbrechen schuldig gemacht. Seit mehr als zehn Jahren setzen die USA unbemannte Flugzeuge ein, um in Ländern wie Afghanistan, Somalia und Jemen vermeintliche Terroristen und Aufständische zu töten. Die USA sprechen

»Präzise und effektiv«. Angehörige einer Frau, die Opfer des Drohnenkrieges wurde.

interview

Die politischen Erinnerungen von Gerd Ruge sind erschienen. Von Maik Söhler

79 Rock aus der Wüste Die Tuareg-Band Tamikrest aus Mali lebt heute im algerischen Exil – und spielt weiterhin gegen Islamisten und die Misere der Wüstennomaden an. Von Daniel Bax

Foto: Benedicte Kurzen / Noor / laif

Erdrückende Beweise. Mitglieder einer nigerianischen Spezialeinheit.

Alpha« (landläufig als »Guantánamo« bezeichnet) und die »Presidential Lodge« in Damaturu, der Hauptstadt des Bundesstaates Yobe.

aMnesty journal | 01/2014

Unternehmen sind an schweren Menschenrechtsverletzungen beteiligt. Den internationalen Vereinbarungen fehlt es an Sanktionsmechanismen und damit an Durchschlagskraft. Von Maja Liebing

aMnesty journal | 01/2014

jesús zapata unD arley usuga

Die Kleinbauern Jesús Zapata und Arley Usuga leben in der Friedensgemeinde San José de Apartadó im Nordwesten Kolumbiens.

schen und wirtschaftlichen Leben eine zentrale Rolle. Sie kassieren Geld von Ladenbesitzern oder Viehzüchtern und entscheiden, wer Bürgermeister wird oder den Gemeinderat stellt.

Ihre Gemeinde kooperiert nicht mit der Guerilla oder Soldaten. Warum werden die Bewohner dennoch angegriffen? Zapata: San José de Apartadó liegt in einer Region, in der ein bewaffneter Konflikt tobt. Wir sind ein Störfaktor, weil wir seit langem die Menschenrechtsverletzungen öffentlich machen, die von allen Seiten begangen werden. In den 17 Jahren, seit die Friedensgemeinde besteht, wurden 250 Menschen ermordet. Allerdings gehen nur etwa 15 Prozent aller Angriffe auf das Konto der FARC-Guerilla.

Hat Präsident Santos, der seit 2010 im Amt ist, etwas geändert? Zapata: Santos führt einen anderen Diskurs, so wie das jede neue Regierung tut. Ansonsten hat sich nichts geändert. Er war unter Uribe Verteidigungsminister, als die meisten Fälle der sogenannten »Falsos Positivos« verübt wurden: Dabei töteten Soldaten Zivilisten und steckten sie in Guerilla-Uniformen, um Erfolge im Kampf gegen die FARC vorzutäuschen.

Also sind vor allem staatliche Kräfte und paramilitärische Gruppen verantwortlich? Usuga: Die Paramilitärs werfen uns vor, wir würden die Entwicklung behindern. Sie agieren im Interesse der Großgrundbesitzer und drohen immer wieder, die Gemeinde zu zerstören. Anfang August wurden außerhalb von San José de Apartadó vier Personen von Paramilitärs ermordet. Und die Soldaten nehmen willkürlich Menschen fest, marschieren über unsere Felder, schlagen dort ihre Lager auf und zerstören dabei unsere Saat.

Die Macht des Portemonnaies 14

Der Saarbrücker Fotograf Axl Klein hat 55 Prominente darum gebeten, zornig in seine Kamera zu blicken. Im Interview erklärt er, warum.

76 Ein Humanist auf Reisen

»wir sinD ein störfaKtor«

Welches Ziel verfolgt die Armee damit? Usuga: Den Soldaten ist es egal, ob Zivilisten zu Schaden kommen. Sie hassen uns und behaupten, dass wir mit der Guerilla zusammenarbeiten. Sie sprechen von paramilitärischen Angriffen. Aber offiziell wurden paramilitärische Gruppen vor zehn Jahren demobilisiert. Zapata: Die Demobilisierung unter dem ehemaligen Präsidenten Alvaro Uribe war eine Farce. De facto machen diese Gruppen weiter wie zuvor. Sie spielen auch im sozialen, politi-

nachrichten

interview

Interview mit Susana Baca, der »Stimme des schwarzen Peru«.

74 Bitte recht zornig!

Jesús Zapata (links) und Arley Usuga aus der Friedensgemeinde San José de Apartadó. 1997 schlossen sich mehrere Weiler zu dieser Gemeinde zusammen. Sie lehnen jede Zusammenarbeit mit Soldaten, paramilitärischen Gruppen und der Guerilla prinzipiell ab. Waffen sind in den Dörfern verboten.

von »Präzisionsschlägen«, doch auch zahlreiche Zivilisten gehören zu den Opfern. Unabhängige Experten schätzen, dass bisher mindestens 2.500 Menschen bei den Einsätzen getötet wurden, die meisten davon in Pakistan. Amnesty International hat alle 45 bekanntgewordenen Drohnenangriffe untersucht, die seit 2012 im pakistanischen Nord-Waziristan geflogen wurden. Die schwer zugängliche Bergregion an der Grenze zu Afghanistan gilt als Rückzugsgebiet von Taliban-Kämpfern. Amnesty stellte fest, dass die Bevölkerung der Region in ständiger Angst lebt, weil die Drohnenangriffe immer wieder Zivilisten treffen. Im Juli 2012 tötete beispielsweise eine US-Drohne 18 Männer, die später von US-Sprechern als »militante Kämpfer« bezeichnet wurden. Die Recherchen von Amnesty zeigen jedoch, dass es sich vermutlich um einfache Dorfbewohner handelte. Im Oktober 2012 wurde eine 68-jährige Großmutter bei der Gemüseernte vor den Augen ihrer Enkel getötet. Die Kinder wurden bei einem zweiten Schlag schwer verletzt. Die Praxis, einem ersten Angriff einen zweiten folgen zu lassen, kritisiert Amnesty als besonders perfide. Denn häufig kommen dabei Menschen ums Leben, die herbeigeeilt sind, um den Verletzten zu helfen.

töDliche haft

nigeria Mehr als 950 Gefangene sind nach Angaben eines hochrangigen Offiziers der nigerianischen Armee allein in der ersten Jahreshälfte 2013 ums Leben gekommen. Die Häftlinge standen im Verdacht, der islamistischen Gruppe Boko Haram anzugehören. Amnesty International hat die nigerianische Regierung aufgefordert, den Tod der Menschen in Militärhaft umgehend aufzuklären. »Die Beweise, die Amnesty gesammelt hat, sind erdrückend. Hunderte unaufgeklärte Todesfälle in Militärgewahrsam – das ist eine schwindelerregende Zahl. Die nigerianische Regierung ist dringend gefordert, aktiv zu werden. Was hier hinter verschlossenen Türen geschieht, muss umgehend untersucht werden. Die Drahtzieher dieser Menschenrechtsverletzungen müssen zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden«, sagte Lucy Freeman, Afrika-Expertin von Amnesty International. Ehemalige Häftlinge berichteten Amnesty, dass in den überfüllten Gefängnissen täglich Menschen ersticken, verhungern oder an Krankheiten und Verletzungen sterben. Die Häftlinge werden heftig geschlagen; einige sterben an den Folgen, da sie nicht medizinisch versorgt werden. Zudem gibt es Hinweise auf außergerichtliche Hinrichtungen. Betroffen sind die Giwi-Militärbaracken nahe Maiduguri im Bundesstaat Borno, der »Sector

Der kongolesische Tänzer und Choreograf Faustin Linyekula zählt zu den bekanntesten Künstlern Afrikas. Von Georg Kasch

72 »Zur Kulturpolitik gehört der Respekt vor den indigenen Völkern«

inhalt

aMnesty journal | 01/2014

Foto: Amnesty

usa Es kommt nicht häufig vor, dass sich das Weiße Haus genötigt fühlt, auf einen Bericht von Amnesty International zu antworten. Der Einsatz von Kampfdrohnen sei »präzise, rechtmäßig und effektiv«, ließ US-Präsident Barack Obama eilig verkünden, nachdem die Menschenrechtsorganisation Ende Oktober ihre Recherchen zum US-Drohnenkrieg in Pakistan veröffentlicht hatte. Der neue

Knapp drei Jahre Aufstand, knapp drei Jahre Fortschritte und Rückschläge in der arabischen Welt: Der Journalist Karim El-Gawhary porträtiert sehr unterschiedliche Frauen. Von Maik Söhler

70 Wut und Schmerz

Ein Gespräch mit Miriam Saage-Maaß (ECCHR).

Fotos und Zeichnungen oben: Jens Bonnke | Hannes Jung | Amnesty | Mana Neyestani

briefMarathon Dein brief kann leben retten!

Auffallend viele Graphic Novels, die in den vergangenen Jahren erschienen sind, behandeln politische Themen. Von Wera Reusch

68 Frauen mischen mit

48 Dein Brief kann Leben retten

25 Brot und Spiele

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Foto: Mark Bollhorst

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ass Unternehmen an schweren Menschenrechtsverletzungen beteiligt sind, ist bekannt: In Bangladesch verbrannten Textilarbeiterinnen in Fabriken, weil minimale Sicherheitsstandards nicht eingehalten wurden. In Kolumbien werden Gewerkschafter ermordet, weil sie sich für die Einhaltung grundlegender Arbeitsrechte einsetzen. Handys und Computer laufen nur mit Rohstoffen, die im Kongo und anderswo Krisen und Konflikte anheizen. Natürlich wollen Verbraucher mit ihrem Konsumverhalten nicht zu Menschenrechtsverletzungen beitragen – doch welche Möglichkeiten haben sie, Einfluss zu nehmen? Unternehmen verfügen heute über mehr wirtschaftliche Macht und damit auch politischen Einfluss als jemals zuvor. Der gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung, die damit verbunden ist, werden sie jedoch oft nicht gerecht. Gleichzeitig ist die Macht der Unternehmen nicht den notwendigen demokratischen oder rechtlichen Kontrollen unterworfen, weil die Regulierung der Unternehmen nicht mit der Globalisierung der Wirtschaft Schritt gehalten hat. Dies ist nicht zuletzt für all die Menschen ein Problem, die Opfer werden von Unternehmen, die lediglich an Profit interessiert sind und sich nur ihren Aktionären verantwortlich fühlen. Zwar folgen auf einen menschenrechtlichen Skandal oft hehre Versprechen von Politikern und Unternehmensvertretern, teilweise werden auch einige oberflächliche Maßnahmen ergriffen. Doch wenn die Aufmerksamkeit der Weltöffentlichkeit nachlässt, wird zumeist weitergemacht wie zuvor. Wie ist es möglich, dass die Menschenrechte – die doch eigentlich universelle Gültigkeit haben – häufig wirtschaftlichen Interessen geopfert werden? Ein Grund dafür ist, dass Unternehmen keine Völkerrechtssubjekte sind. Das heißt, sie sind nicht dem Völkerrecht unterworfen und damit auch nicht direkt an Menschenrechtsabkommen gebunden. Zwar hat der UNO-Menschenrechtsrat 2011 einstimmig Leitlinien für Wirtschaft und Menschenrechte angenommen, die erstmals auch die Unternehmensverantwortung zur Achtung der Menschenrechte anerkennen. Es ist jedoch in erster Linie Aufgabe des Staates, seine Bürger durch Politik, Regulierung und Rechtssprechung vor Menschenrechtsverstößen durch Dritte – also auch durch Unternehmen – zu schützen. Die Staaten fühlen sich jedoch oftmals nicht zuständig. Gerade große Unternehmen sind oft weltweit tätig, haben verschiedene Rechtsformen, Tochterunternehmen und Zulieferer. Diese undurchsichtigen Geflechte machen es für Außenstehende oft schwer, Entscheidungsprozesse und Verantwortlichkeiten klar zu erkennen. Besonders problematisch ist es, die Unternehmensverantwortung entlang der globalen Lieferketten zu bestimmen. Wenn ein Unternehmen gar nicht selbst oder über eine Tochterfirma im Ausland produziert, sondern Produkte über einen Zulieferer oder eine ganze Kette von Zulieferern einkauft – zum Beispiel Textilien aus Bangladesch oder Rohstoffe

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Agrarunternehmer müssen laut einem neuen Gesetz widerrechtlich angeeignetes Land zurückgeben… Zapata: Ich glaube nicht, dass die Bauern tatsächlich ihren Boden zurückbekommen. Die neuen Gesetze helfen den multinationalen Konzernen, unser Land zu kaufen, um Bodenschätze abzubauen. Aber wir leben dort, wo diese Bodenschätze lagern. Solange wir nicht weichen, wird das Morden weitergehen. Die FARC und die Regierung führen derzeit Verhandlungen. Würde ein Friedensabkommen Ihre Lage verbessern? Usuga: Bleiben wir realistisch. In der 50-jährigen Geschichte des Bürgerkriegs wurde viel verhandelt. Alle Abkommen sind gescheitert. Das Problem in Kolumbien ist nicht die Guerilla, sondern die soziale Ungleichheit. Unter diesen Bedingungen kann es keinen erfolgreichen Friedensprozess geben. Was muss also passieren? Usuga: Wir brauchen rechtsstaatliche Verhältnisse und einen demokratischen Staat, der seine Bürger respektiert und an dem sich alle beteiligen können. Fragen: Wolf-Dieter Vogel

aus dem Kongo – fühlt es sich nicht zuständig für die Produktionsbedingungen. Es wäre Aufgabe der Staaten, die entsprechenden Gesetze zu erlassen und durchzusetzen. Doch die Heimatländer der Unternehmen – oft Industriestaaten mit funktionierenden Rechtssystemen – verweisen auf die Verantwortlichkeit der Gastländer. Dabei handelt es sich oft um Entwicklungsländer mit schwachen staatlichen Strukturen, die nicht willens oder in der Lage sind, die Menschenrechte ihrer Bevölkerung gegen unternehmerische Interessen zu schützen. Auch auf juristischem Weg kommen die Betroffenen häufig nicht zu ihrem Recht, weil die Justiz ihres Landes nicht unabhängig ist und das Heimatland des Unternehmens ihnen den Rechtsweg verwehrt oder durch hohe (finanzielle) Hürden praktisch versperrt. Menschenrechtler fordern seit langem, dass die Heimatstaaten ihre Unternehmen stärker regulieren müssen, um zu gewährleisten, dass diese ihrer menschenrechtlichen Sorgfaltspflicht weltweit nachkommen, auch in ihren Tochterunternehmen und entlang der globalen Lieferketten. Außerdem müssen die Opfer zu ihrem Recht kommen. Ihnen muss auch in den Heimatländern der Unternehmen der Rechtsweg offen stehen und eine Klage praktisch möglich sein. Bislang haben diese Forderungen jedoch noch zu keinen substanziellen Verbesserungen geführt. Dabei haben sich die Staaten sogar auf eine Reihe internationaler Standards für Unternehmensverantwortung geeinigt. Mit den Leitlinien für Wirtschaft und Menschenrechte hat 2011 erstmals ein UNO-Gremium substanziell zum Thema Unternehmensverantwortung Stellung genommen. Die Leitlinien definieren sowohl die Pflicht der Staaten zum Schutz der Menschenrechte als auch die Unternehmensverantwortung zur Achtung der Menschenrechte sowie das Recht der Betroffenen auf Zugang zu effektiven Rechtsmitteln. Ein weiteres Beispiel sind die Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen, in denen die OECDStaaten ihre Erwartungen an global agierende Unternehmen formulieren. Auch gibt es eine Reihe von Übereinkommen der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO), die arbeitsrechtliche Standards definieren. Doch es fehlt all diesen Standards an Verbindlichkeit bzw. an Sanktionsmechanismen. Beschwerdemechanismen wie die Nationalen Kontaktstellen, die die Einhaltung der OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen sicherstellen sollen, sind häufig ineffizient und nicht unabhängig. Während die unternehmerischen Interessen im Handels- und Wettbewerbsrecht detailliert reguliert und durchgesetzt werden, finden sich menschenrechtliche Standards nur in unverbindlichen Absichtserklärungen wieder, nicht jedoch in verbindlichen und durchsetzbaren Gesetzen. Angesichts dieser Ausgangslage kapitulieren viele Verbraucher. Niemand möchte, dass das eigene Konsumverhalten zu Menschenrechtsverletzungen beiträgt. Doch was kann der einzelne Verbraucher ändern angesichts übermächtiger globaler Konzerne und tatenloser Politik? Die Antwort lautet: Sicherlich nicht alles, aber doch so einiges. Wichtig ist es, sich der Macht des eigenen Portemonnaies und der Auswirkungen der eigenen Kaufentscheidungen bewusst zu werden und entsprechend zu handeln. Es gibt eine Vielzahl zivilgesellschaftlicher Initiativen, die kritischen Verbrauchern Hilfestellungen für den fairen Einkauf bieten. Auch viele Unternehmen wollen es besser machen und ihrer gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung nachkommen (siehe Seite 35). Dies sollten Verbraucher honorieren.

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Discover Amnesty Journal Even organisations like Amnesty International can be counted as a think-tank. They publish research reports as well as magazines aimed at a wider public. Due to this overlap, the Amnesty Journal offered me a very interesting source of inspiration. The magazine uses illustrations as well as photographies. The sections are colour-coded and the text-setting switches between two and three columns. Despite the very serious content, its overall look is very playful.

Kinderschokolade Kakao aus konventionellem Anbau wird überwiegend mit Hilfe von Kindern gewonnen, die unter sklavenähnlichen Bedingungen arbeiten müssen. Allein in der Elfenbeinküste, dem größten Kakaoexporteur der Welt, arbeiten 600.000 Minderjährige in der Ernte. Von Tanja Dückers

uch in diesem Jahr werden wieder viele SchokoWeihnachtsmänner, Lebkuchenherzen, Pralinen, Kekse, Plätzchen, Printen, Dominosteine und andere Süßwaren mit Schokolade in den Adventskalendern stecken und unter den Weihnachtsbäumen liegen. Zwar spenden viele Menschen in der Weihnachtszeit Geld für Hilfsprojekte in aller Welt, doch nur wenige machen sich Gedanken darüber, woher die Schokolade auf den Gabentischen eigentlich kommt und wer dafür schuften musste. Jeder Deutsche isst im Durchschnitt elf Kilo Schokolade pro Jahr. Damit liegt Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich nach der Schweiz und Belgien auf Platz drei, was den Schokoladenkonsum angeht. Hundert Gramm kosten in der Regel weniger als einen Euro. Dass die Kakaobauern für ihre Arbeit nicht fair entlohnt werden, kann sich jeder Käufer denken. Doch wie bei der Kleidung, die Textildiscounter in Ländern wie Bangladesch unter Missachtung jeglicher Arbeits- und Menschenrechte produzieren lassen und in Europa und den USA zu Niedrigstpreisen verkaufen, wird dies kollektiv verdrängt. »Ein Kind kostet 230 Euro.« Das sagt ein Kakaobauer aus der Elfenbeinküste in der Dokumentation »Schmutzige Schokolade« des dänischen Filmemachers Miki Mistrati – als ob Kinderhandel das Normalste auf der Welt sei. »Wenn ihr meinem Bruder sagt, wie viele ihr braucht, dann besorgt er sie euch.« Der Mann spricht über Kinder zwischen 10 und 14 Jahren, die aus Mali und anderen Nachbarstaaten entführt werden, um auf Kakaoplantagen in der Elfenbeinküste zu arbeiten. Knapp 70 Prozent der weltweiten Kakaoproduktion stammen aus Westafrika. Die Elfenbeinküste ist der größte Kakaoexporteur der Welt. Insgesamt 1,2 Millionen Tonnen werden dort jährlich produziert. Dennoch gehört das Land zu den 20 ärmsten Staaten weltweit. Nach Angaben der Organisation Transfair arbeiten 600.000 Minderjährige unter sklavenähnlichen Bedingungen auf den Plantagen des Landes, etwa 12.000 davon kommen aus den Nachbarstaaten Mali, Togo und Burkina Faso. Der Dokumentarfilmer Mistrati, der bereits zahlreiche preisgekrönte Dokumentationen für das dänische Fernsehen drehte, hat in Westafrika zum Thema Kinderarbeit recherchiert: »Es war erschreckend einfach, Kinderarbeiter zu finden«, sagte er in einem Interview mit »Spiegel Online«: »Ich war auf 17 verschiedenen Plantagen, und überall arbeiteten Kinder.«

Mistratis Reportage »Schmutzige Schokolade« macht deutlich, wie das Geschäft der Menschenhändler funktioniert und wie die Süßwarenkonzerne davon profitieren. Die Kinder müssen schwere Kanister mit hochgiftigen Pestiziden schleppen und damit die Felder gießen. Weil den Kindern oft kein Atemschutz gegeben wird, leiden sie unter Ekzemen im Gesicht, Ausschlägen am ganzen Körper, tränenden Augen. Auch der Umgang mit der Machete ist gefährlich und kann zu schweren Verletzungen führen. Mit der Machete werden die reifen Kakaofrüchte von den Bäumen geschlagen – eine harte Arbeit. Die Früchte werden anschließend in Säcke verladen und zu Sammelstellen geschleppt. Die Säcke wiegen um die 30 Kilo. Selbst für einen Erwachsenen eine schwere Last – für Kinder erst recht. »Viele Kinder, die sehr viele Stunden in der Woche arbeiten, haben schon von klein auf Rückenschäden«, sagt Friedel Hütz-Adams vom Siegburger Forschungsinstitut Südwind und Autor der Studie »Die dunklen Seiten der Schokolade«. Oft werden die Kinder für die Knochenarbeit nicht einmal bezahlt, sondern bekommen nur gerade so viel zu essen, dass sie nicht verhungern. Ein Junge aus Mali berichtete der Kampagne der NGO Earth Link, »Aktiv gegen Kinderarbeit«: »Wir schliefen auf dem Boden einer Hütte aus Schlamm und Stroh. Wir durften sie nur zur Arbeit in den Feldern verlassen. Die Arbeitszeiten waren sehr hart, von Sonnenaufgang bis Sonnenuntergang, und manchmal, wenn Vollmond war, sogar bis zehn Uhr

aMnesty journal | 01/2014

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A Portrait of Modern Britain

Executive Summary

llA Bangladeshi or Pakistani household is almost twice as likely to contain dependent children than a Black Caribbean household llWithin one-family households, South Asian groups are overwhelmingly married or in civil partnerships. Almost a third of Black Caribbean one-family households are co-habiting llBlack Caribbeans have the highest rate of intermarriage with White people, and almost half of Black Caribbean men in couples have a partner from another ethnicity ll40% of Black residents live in social housing, whereas 65% of Indian and Pakistanis live in owned accommodation llPakistani households have the greatest proportion of households with car availability, Indians are most likely to have more than 1 car, and over around 40% of Black households have no car availability

Economic activity

llThose same groups overwhelmingly (70%) believe religion plays a great part in their life – compared with just 14% of the White population llAlthough religion is clearly a significant part of their cultural identity, Indian and Black African groups are 2–3 times more likely than other BME communities to say religion makes little or no difference to their life

Figure ES 4: Religious identity, practice and perception among ethnic groups 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

A PORTRAIT OF MODERN BRITAIN RISHI SUNAK SARATHA RAJESWARAN

ari bb ea n Bla ck C

Practice their religion weekly

Bla ck Afr ica n

Pa kis

Identify as religious

20%

Ba ng la de s

In dia n

Figure ES 6: Unemployment rates by ethnic group

ta ni

0% hit e

llAlthough Indians disproportionately concentrate in the highest skilled professions and compare well with the White population, BME communities generally have lower economic activity rates, higher unemployment and lower levels of full-time workers than the White population llAlmost all minority groups have unemployment rates that were almost double the national average (6.6%). Black Africans have the highest unemployment rate (14.8%), Indians the lowest (8.1%)

Consider religion to make a great diﬀerence to their lives

Household composition

15%

llAll minority communities live in larger households than the White population, with Pakistanis and Bangladeshis especially likely to live in very large households. This could be because competence in English is markedly lower among early generations of people from the Indian subcontinent.

10%

Figure ES 5: Average household size of ethnic groups

ica

bb ea n

de sh i

Ca ri

Afr

Bla

ng la Ba

Bla

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llPakistanis and Bangladeshis are the most likely to be self-employed, and 50% of Bangladeshis only work part time ll43% of Indians work in the highest skilled professions, and 35% of both Bangladeshis and Black Caribbeans work in the lowest skilled professions. However, Black Africans cluster in both high (39%) and low (34%) skilled professions

White British (2.2)

Indian (2.6)

Pakistani (3.2)

Bangladeshi (3.6)

Black African Black Caribbean (2.1) (2.4)

llSouth Asian children are most likely to be living in a home with a married/ civil partnership couple. However, 47% of Black Caribbean children live in a lone parent household

policyexchange.org.uk

A Portrait of Modern Britain

Origins

The London 2012 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony celebrated the historic arrival of the Empire Windrush vessel at Tilbury in Essex 1948. The Windrush had come to the UK from the Caribbean, carrying on board a few hundred migrants (many ex-servicemen); pictures of these early Caribbean immigrants walking down the gangplank onto British soil remain an evocative image today. The arrival of the Windrush is a landmark event said to mark the beginning of mass post-war migration to the UK and it gave rise to the term the ‘Windrush generation’. 5 Migration from Caribbean countries was stable until 1962 and the advent of the Commonwealth Immigration Act. As Black Caribbeans have been established in the UK for a considerable amount of time, a substantial number in current polling and research exercises will have been born in the UK (often to parents also born in the UK), unlike other minority groups. They also have the highest rate of intermarriage with white British people.6 7 8

Table 1.1: Black Caribbean adult migrants7,8 Main countries of origin

Jamaica (59%)

Barbados (6%)

Trinidad (4%)

Antigua (4%)

Dominica (4%)

Join family (26%)

Earn money (22%)

Live in Britain (12%)

To be a student (10%)

Catholic (15%)

Anglican (12%)

Reasons for migrating

Better life (40%)

Average time since arrival

23 years

Citizenship

British (89%)

Commonwealth (8%)

Other (1%)

Main Language at home

English (98%)

French (1%)

Spanish (1%)

Pentecostal (22%)

None (18%)

Religion

Other Christian (31%)

Secondary/ higher foreign qualifications

16%

Born outside the UK

40%

% of Arrivals Under Age of 24

69%

Origins

Black Caribbean Black Caribbeans were the first of our main ethnic minority groups to arrive in substantial numbers in the UK. After the Second World War, they were invited to meet staffing vacancies and work on the London Underground and as nurses in the NHS. The majority of Black Caribbeans came from Jamaica, although there were large numbers from all Caribbean islands. This was in part because, until restrictions were brought in by the 1962 Commonwealth Immigration Act, Government policy was to grant all citizens of the colonies citizenship of the United Kingdom and Colonies. This gave them right to enter the UK at will, and immediate citizenship and voting rights on arrival. While, in some ways, these Black Caribbean workers were like migrant workers in Central East and Northern Europe after the war, there are a number of notable differences. Black Caribbean people who came to work in the UK were often qualified and skilled, particularly the Black Caribbean nurses. In addition, they spoke English and were largely Christian. Black Caribbeans were also socialised under British rule and familiar with British institutions and values. Furthermore, many served with the armed forces or merchant navy during the Second World War and, therefore, felt a strong pull to the UK. These migrants were also largely voluntary – meaning that they came of their own wish to the UK, often in response to adverts.

Pen portrait 1: Windrush passenger 19485 Mr. Oswald ‘Columbus’ Denniston

Indian

6 Heath et. al., The Political Integration of Ethnic Minorities in Britain, Oxford University Press, 2013, p.21 7 Ethnic Minority British Election Study (EMBES) 2011 8 Additional figures from ONS, Census 2011

Indian migration began in the 1950s and, like the Black Caribbeans, mainly consisted of highly skilled individuals responding to job vacancies in the UK. For example, the first Indians to come to the UK in great numbers were highly skilled Gujaratis coming to work as doctors in the NHS. And, like Black Caribbeans, many Indians served in the armed forces during the Second World War. In addition, dislocation and displacement have been a major source of Indian migration to the UK. Considerable numbers of Sikhs came over from Punjab following the partition of India in 1947. Similarly, while Indians were originally recruited by the British to work in lower levels of government service in East Africa, many of these Indians were displaced following independence in the 1960s and subsequent policies of Africanisation. In Uganda, for example, Idi Amin notoriously

‘Word went round that this boat was taking passengers for a cheap fare £28.10 shillings to go to Britain. It was common knowledge that there was work in Britain, just after the war. The war ended 3 years earlier. So there was a lot of scope. It took me a week to wind things up to travel. ‘I had no ties I wasn’t married or anything like that I come from Montego Bay, Jamaica. I knew no one in England, I had travelled before to America and Panama. I had no idea what I was coming to. ‘I was self-employed in Montego Bay. I trade now as ‘Columbus’. At Montego Bay, there were near 600 people on the voyage, some were demobbed service men and women, the rest were like me, never been in the services. I can remember some of the people I travelled with, if I see them, but I don’t know where they are now. All in all it was a good journey to Britain for me, yeah it was.’

5 Excerpt from Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-Racial Britain, HarperCollins, 1998

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A portrait of modern Britain, Policy Exchange

No Worker Left Behind

8 João Paulo Pessoa and John Van Reenen, Decoupling of Wage

9 ONS, Equivalised household disposable income, 19772012/12, UK (2012/13 prices) 10 Author calculation from ONS,

experts and commission major studies involving thorough empirical research of alternative policy outcomes. We believe that the policy experience of other countries offers important lessons for government in the UK. We also believe that government has much to learn from business and the voluntary sector. Trustees David Frum (Chairman of the Board), Richard Briance, Simon Brocklebank-Fowler, Robin Edwards, Richard Ehrman, Virginia Fraser, Candida Gertler, Krishna Rao, Andrew Roberts, George Robinson, Robert Rosenkranz, Charles Stewart-Smith, Simon Wolfson.

140% 120% 100%

Patterns of Pay, 1997 – 2013 ASHE Results, 2014 11 ONS, Equivalised disposable household income, 19772012/13, UK (2012/13 prices) 12 Author calculation from OECD, Quarterly National Accounts dataset 13 Author chlculation from João Paulo Pessoa and John Van Reenen, Decoupling of Wage Growth and Productivity Growth? Myth and Reality, Resolution Foundation, 2012 14 CBO, The Distribution of Household Income and Federal Taxes, 2011, November 2014

107%

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zzMost measures of inequality have been flat for twenty years. While the economic revolution of the 1970s and 1980s was a good thing overall, it also indisputably led to an increase in inequality and higher numbers of unemployed workers. By the mid-1990s, however, most of these trends had levelled off or started to fall. Neither the most common measures of inequality nor the incidence of low pay show significant increases since then.

Figure 2: Inequality in Great Britain (before housing costs, after tax and transfers, IFS) 5.0

90/10 ra o 90/50 ra o

4.5

50/10 ra o Gini coefficient

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Growth and Productivity Growth? Myth and Reality, Resolution Foundation, 2012

zzAverage living standards have not decoupled from growth. Once you look back beyond the short term impact of the financial crisis and the world commodities bubble – both of which are now reversing – living standards have continued to grow strongly in Britain at every level of the income distribution. The bottom 20% has seen its real disposable income increase 86% between 1977 and 2013.9 Some have pointed to the slowdown in wage growth in the five years before the financial crisis, and argued that this could point to a fundamental decoupling between growth and ordinary wages. Adjusted by RPI inflation, real median full-time wages were completely flat from 2002 to 2007, whereas they grew by 9% from 1997 to 2002. Adjusted by CPI inflation, however, median wages continued to grow by 7% from 1997 to 2002.10 Similarly, real household disposable income of the middle quintile grew by 6% between 2002-3 and 2007-8.11 While median wages didn’t stagnate, it is true that their growth slowed down substantially from around the middle of the last decade. One reason for this was that the past growth had been unsustainable: wages had been growing faster than labour productivity, part of the counter cyclical long recovery from the recession of the early 1990s. Even more important was the growing proportion of total compensation going to pensions or taxes, with the wage share of employee compensation falling from 87% in 2001 to 83% in 2007.12 Between 2000 and 2007, these increased non-wage costs played more than twice as important a role as inequality in explaining the growth of the gap between wages and growth.13 Even in America, the level of wage and income stagnation has been vastly overrated: on the CBO’s numbers, between 1979 and 2007 median household income before taxes and transfer increased by at least 26%.14 (Many of the most dramatic estimates seemingly showing long term stagnation fail to adjust properly for inflation, changing family structures or the greater proportion of retired workers). Furthermore, incomes by themselves underestimate improvements in living standards. Even if they were numerically richer, few people would want to go back to 1970s computers, medicine or crime levels.

154%

160%

Decile ra os

7 IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 2014

Policy Exchange is committed to an evidence-based approach to policy development. We work in partnership with academics and other

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19 61 19 63 19 65 19 67 19 69 19 71 19 73 19 75 19 77 19 79 19 81 19 83 19 85 19 87 19 89 19 19 91 93 19 –94 95 19 –96 97 19 –98 99 20 –00 01 20 –02 03 20 –04 05 20 –06 07 20 –08 09 20 –10 11–1 2

Jonathan Dupont

that will deliver better public services, a stronger society and a more dynamic economy. Registered charity no: 1096300.

Figure 1: Increase in real household disposable income between 1977 and 2012–13 (ONS)

The good news is that once you look past these short term shocks the majority of the fears over inclusive growth have been vastly overstated:

How to improve pay and work for the low paid

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Introduction

zzThe global commodity crunch. A global crunch in commodity prices saw world food prices more than double between 2000 and 2014, and energy prices go up 256%.7 zzThe ageing population. Employers were forced to divert an increasing amount of compensation away from the pay packet visible to their workers. Between 1999 and 2007, wages and salaries grew 47%, while contributions to Employers’ National Insurance grew 67% and contributions to pension schemes grew 98%.8

zzThere is little evidence of a long term deterioration in the quality of work, 180% even for those at the bottom. While this is hard to measure, most indexes of 154% of the financial crisis. 160% work quality show little deterioration before the arrival Zero-hour contracts only make up very small parts of the labour market. 140% 124% Much from a more entrepreneurial 115% 120%of the rise in self-employment comes 107% 107% workforce and older workers choosing to continue working part time. While 100% 86%

80% 60%

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No worker left behind, Policy Exchange 16

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20% Bo om

2nd

3rd

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d iscove r

Discover Policy Exchange reports Policy Exchange is the UK’s leading think-tank. As an educational charity their mission is to develop and promote new policy ideas which deliver better public services, a stronger society and a more dynamic economy. See also: www.policyexchange.org.uk/about-us. The Policy Exchange reports use orange as the main colour, which is also the colour that is used in their logo. The first impression is that the text dominates the pages. The columns as well as the width of the text are very long and are rarely split by an illustration or other additional information. However, the reports do include some playful elements.

Taking Its Toll

14 Fielding, Matthew, and Vincent Jones, ‘Disrupting the Optimal Forager’, International Journal of Police Science & Management, Vol. 14 No. 1, 2011 15 MOPAC, ‘London Comparison against the National Crime Picture, MOPAC Crime Dashboard, (see the graph ‘Crime % change against previous financial year, Rolling 12 months to September 14’), 2014, https:// www.london.gov.uk/priorities/ policing-crime/data-information/ crime-dashboard (last accessed 13/2/15)

The Rt. Hon. David Lammy MP Foreword by William J Bratton

16 Barrett, David, ‘Rapes now at their highest ever level, ONS figures reveal’, The Telegraph, 16 October 2014 http:// www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ uknews/crime/11165613/ Rapes-now-at-their-highest-everlevel-ONS-figures-reveal.html (last accessed 18/2/15) 17 Office of National Statistics, ‘Figure 1.9’ in Bulletin Tables, Focus on Property Crime 2012–13, http://www.ons. gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/ crime-statistics/focus-onproperty-crime--2012-13/ rft-bulletin-tables-2012-13. xls (last accessed 18/2/15) Figure 1.9 shows the proportion of burglaries (both with loss and with no loss) that are reported to police; Office of National Statistics, ‘Table 1A’, in Crime in England & Wales, year ending September 2013 – Appendix tables, http:// www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ crime-stats/crime-statistics/ period-ending-september-2013/ rft-appendix-tables.xls Table 1A meanwhile shows the breakdown between loss and no-loss burglaries for 2012–13 18 British Retail Consortium, Retail Crime Survey 2013, January 2014, http://www.brc.org.uk/ downloads/2013_BRC_Retail_ Crime_Survey.pdf (last accessed 18/2/15), p15 19 Office of National Statistics, ‘Figure 1.9’, Focus on: Property Crime, 2012/13 – Bulletin Tables, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ crime-stats/crime-statistics/focuson-property-crime--2012-13/ rft-bulletin-tables-2012-13.xls (last accessed 25/2/15); and Office of National Statistics, ‘Figure 1.7’, Focus on: Violent Crime and Sexual Offences, 2012/13 – Bulletin Tables, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/ rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/ focus-on-violent-crime-andsexual-offences--2012-13/ rft-table-1.xls (last accessed 25/2/15)

Introduction

Statistics show that the overall crime rate has been falling for two decades, but this is scant consolation to the millions each year who are affected by the most common crimes. When a burglary occurs, a bike is stolen or a phone is taken from a bar or a bag, many victims will report the theft to the police, but all too often the only outcome is a crime reference number to give to their insurance company. There is a widespread resignation that nothing more can be done – these crimes are now so common that they have almost become accepted. Many victims are targeted more than once in a short period of time, once their insurance company has replaced the goods that were stolen on the first occasion.14 Repeat victimisation is a common finding across all types of property crime. This is, in part, due to the fact that the police often do not, or cannot, investigate in sufficient depth to bring perpetrators to justice: Victim Support – a charity that assists victims in the aftermath of crime – estimates that only one in every twenty burglaries results in a prosecution. The result is the existence of a new type of victim – a silent victim – who, however many times they suffer from property crime, simply gets on with their life, believing that nothing can be done about the crime committed against them. This needs to change. The reduction in crime rates has slowed significantly in recent years. Further, the decline in crime has not been uniform, and has seen a growing concentration of crime being perpetrated against a smaller number of repeat victims. Last year, reductions in the national crime rate were solely the consequence of lower crime rates in a handful of police forces, masking what are actually rising crime rates in most of the country.15 Police recorded crime figures, for example, also show a five per cent year-on-year increase in shoplifting.16 The statistics on reporting rates are equally troubling. Only around two thirds of burglaries are reported to the police.17 For shoplifting, the figures is less than one in ten – and that does not even include the shoplifting that goes unnoticed until stocktake.18 It is clear that the pervasiveness of crimes such as shoplifting, burglary and theft is hidden by geographical spread, low reporting rates and under-prioritisation. The property crime epidemic sweeping Britain is going largely unaddressed.

All CSEW crime

Millions of incidents

Vehicle-related the 15

19 97 20 0 20 0 00 –0 20 1 01 –0 20 2 02 –0 20 3 03 –0 20 4 04 –0 20 5 05 –0 20 6 06 –0 20 7 07 –0 20 8 08 –0 20 9 10 –1 20 1 11 –1 20 2 12 –1 20 3 13 –1 4 19

99 –

72 This solution rate relates to police recorded crime, rather than all crime of that type. It should be noted that the reason for the high detection rate for handling is because of a very low reporting rate. Victims of handling are victims of theft, who often do not know their stolen belongings have been fenced. Police typically only become aware of and record a handling offence when they have already discovered the offender. 73 A study in the rise of cycling in Britain in the last decade is available at: Peck, Chris, ‘2001 to 2011 – cyclist numbers change significantly’, CTC Website, 26 August 2013 http://www.ctc.org.uk/blog/ chris-peck/2001-to-2011-cyclistnumbers-change-significantly (last accessed 13/1/15) 74 City of London Police, ‘Bicycle Security’, City of London Police Website, https://www. cityoflondon.police.uk/adviceand-support/bicycle-security/ Pages/default.aspx (last accessed 13/1/15)

In August 2011 riots engulfed communities across the country. They were sparked by the shooting of Mark Duggan by police in Tottenham, but the underlying causes lay far deeper. While the media was keen to focus on the destruction and the activity of a mindless few in many cases the victims – predominantly victims of property crime – were forgotten. Despite the impact in terms of media coverage and political discourse Policy Exchange’s crime and justice unit uncovered information that suggested that those three nights of rioting in London in 2011 barely made a blip on that month’s crime rate. The research that has contributed to this report began in March 2014 when David Lammy MP and Policy Exchange began exploring property crime – its prevalence, its causes and what can be done to address it. A ‘call for evidence’ was released in May, followed by a series of roundtable discussions with experts, stakeholders and academics, and private interviews. A survey was conducted in conjunction with National Federation of Retail Newsagents (NFRN) of a sample of their members, which discussed in following chapters. For the purposes of this report, property crime can be broadly defined as crime that causes harm by removing or damaging a person’s or a business’s physical property. This includes theft and other acquisitive crime, but also vandalism and criminal damage. While cybercrime and fraud are significant categories of acquisitive crime, this report

60%

will not focus on these areas.

50%

It is important to draw a distinction between theft with the threat of violence, violent

40%

robbery and violent crime and property crime. This report will focus on property crime

30%

and not violent crime, although there will be an extent to which an exploration of robbery will form part of a broader discussion on theft from the person, which also

20%

includes snatch theft and pickpocketing.

10% 0% Burglary

Shopli ing

The from person

Assault with minor injury

Source: www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/focus-on-property-crime--2012-13/rft-bulletin-tables-2012-13.xls

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– around a fixed object.75 There is no chain to cut through; to steal the bike a thief would have to destroy the bike. This type of innovation has the potential to give cyclists the sort of built-in protection against theft that automotive manufacturers began to fit to cars in the 1980s and 1990s. As with car design, enhanced security features for bicycles can have a real effect on reducing theft.

Criminal damage

Source: www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/HTMLDocs/dvc188/index.html

71 Metropolitan Police, Financial year table ‘2012–13’, Crime Mapping: Data Tables, Year End Figures (Fixed), Metropolitan Police Website, http://maps. met.police.uk/tables.htm (last accessed 13/2/2015)

Box 1: Scope and methodology

Property Crime – A Typology

Figure 4: Vehicle-related theft and total crime in England and Wales, 1991–200470

70 Office of National Statistics, ‘Crime in England and Wales, 1981–2014’, How has crime changed over the last 30 years?, http://www.neighbourhood. statistics.gov.uk/HTMLDocs/ dvc188/index.html (last accessed 25/2/15)

Police should not, of course, prioritise the investigation of property crimes over the investment of resources into addressing uncommon but disproportionally traumatic and violent crimes like child abuse, sexual assault and murder. However the attitudes of society generally, and the state in particular, have afforded property crime a de facto decriminalisation; police, along with many other bodies, can do much to address this wrong without a significant increase in resources. There is much that can be done to reduce crime rates, and to prevent crimes from being committed in the first place. Expanding crime prevention programmes is essential to addressing the scourge of property crime in a meaningful way. Crime prevention approaches must not, however, descend into victim blaming, nor should they exacerbate the fear of crime. There is also more that can be done through the police and criminal justice system to ensure that those guilty of property crimes face penalties that appropriately reflect the harm they cause.

asked about their experiences with customer theft. The results of these surveys will be

Figure 2: Rates of reporting of certain crimes to the police (2012/13)19

Taking Its Toll

The regressive impact of property crime in Britain

Policy Exchange

Taking Its Toll

Bicycle theft Over 20,000 incidents of bicycle theft were reported to the Metropolitan Police in 2012–13.71 According to the Met’s own data, only 474 of these thefts were solved, a rate of just under 2.3 per cent. This compares to rates of just over seven per cent for theft of a motor vehicle; around 12 per cent for burglary from a dwelling; almost 48 per cent for theft from shops; and 93.7 per cent for handling of stolen goods.72 While the expectation would be that the bulk of stolen bicycles are taken from the streets, in reality a large number are taken from garages or the public areas of apartment buildings where they are only semi-secured. More concerning is the fact that the Met received substantially more reports of bicycle theft in 2012–13 than it did in 2000–01 (when 14,470 bikes were reported stolen) – this increase was during a period during in which overall crime fell significantly (in the case of theft of motor vehicle, it fell by about two-thirds). It could be argued that the increase is in part due to growing ubiquity of bicycles, and an increased incidence of bicycles being covered by insurance. Growing public interest in cycling events like the Tour de France, political efforts to promote this mode of transport, and the increased demand for high-end bicycles mean their use is increasingly widespread.73 With high insurance penetration comes a greater likelihood of reporting the theft of a bicycle to police, as a police crime number is usually required to make an insurance claim. Much of the advice offered to cyclists about how to reduce their risk of bicycle theft involves how to securely lock a bicycle in public areas. The City of London Police advises cyclists to lock their bike with at least two high quality locks. Importantly, though, police advice now instructs bicycle owners to also lock their bicycle at home, and exhorts cyclists not to buy a stolen second-hand bike.74 Most police forces also offer bicycle registration schemes so they can identify a stolen bicycle’s owner should it be recovered from thieves. All of these can reduce a cyclist’s risk of having their bicycle stolen, but a recent invention by a group of Chilean university students is being touted as the world’s first ‘unstealable’ bicycle. The bicycle’s frame folds out so that it can be secured – with the seat pole

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One of the most compelling images from the 2011 London riots was of shop windows smashed, cars overturned and burnt out, and buildings in flames. While this was of course an extreme case of criminal damage, even outside the context of a riot we have grown accustomed to seeing spray-painted tags on blank walls or shutters, and scratched nicknames on bus windows. Criminal damage to houses and cars is particularly traumatic; both tend to have a certain emotional attachment, and both are expensive to fix: putting a scratch down the length of a car can be done with a key or a 10p coin, Criminal damage to houses and cars is but can cost hundreds of pounds to repair. The CSEW records about two million incidents of particularly traumatic; both tend to have a vandalism, criminal damage and arson in the year to December 2013.76 Encouragingly, this is less than certain emotional attachment, and both are half the number of incidents experienced annually expensive to fix two decades ago, with a big chunk of that reduction in the last two years. It is possible that the extent of the destruction wreaked during the 2011 riots galvanised mainstream young people in Britain against the idea that criminal damage, arson and vandalism are acceptable and harmless ways to ‘rebel’.

“

”

Shoplifting/customer theft Of all property crimes, shoplifting is one the most invisible, underreported and costly to society. The British Retail Consortium (BRC), which is comprised of predominantly larger retailers and represents half the retail sector by turnover, conducts an annual crime survey of its members. This survey estimates that only nine per cent of shoplifting incidents are reported to the police. For clarity, that is nine per cent of the shoplifting incidents that retailers are aware of; a large number of suspected shoplifting incidents are not discovered until stocktake, by which time it is impossible to prove the cause of the stock shrinkage. Underreporting is a problem because it means that police do not know where crimes are taking place. Crime figures, according to both the CSEW and police recorded crime data, have been reducing since the mid-1990s. But the CSEW does not include shoplifting, and police are recording only a fraction of the shoplifting crimes being committed. Police allocate resources and plan crime strategies around crime ‘hotspots’. If police don’t know where the crimes are happening because of underreporting, they do not have an accurate picture of offending in any given location. As a result, they may be allocating resources inappropriately. The reasons that retailers do not report shoplifting offences to the police vary, but mostly centre on not having time and not having faith in police to solve the crimes and bring the perpetrators to justice.77 This is a particular challenge for small retailers and sole traders, who do not have the resources to prevent offending, catch shoplifters in the act, and pay for staff time to give evidence

75 Readhead, Harry, ‘This bicycle is apparently the world’s first “unstealable bike”’, Metro, 3 September 2014 http://metro. co.uk/2014/09/03/this-bicycleis-apparently-the-worlds-firstunstealable-bike-4855197/ (last accessed 18/2/15) 76 Office of National Statistics, ‘Table 17a’ and ‘Table 18a’, Crime in England & Wales, year ending December 2013 – Bulletin tables, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/ rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/ period-ending-december-2013/ rft-bulletin-tables.xls (last accessed 18/2/15) 77 NFRN and Policy Exchange Crime Survey 2014 (unpublished)

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Taking its toll, design: soapbox, Policy Exchange

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Transform Initial thoughts on the concept • • • •

Policy Exchange already has a very strong identity. Therefore keeping this colour as the main colour is advisable as the report might serve as a base for future designs, the logo should be kept the text-layout of the pdf should work on screen (single pages) as well as printed out as a booklet > the first impression is of the pdf on screen many people will print the report on a digitial printer at home. The conclusion has to be that: > the format is A4, as this is the easiest to print on a home printer > verso and recto should have a similar (not mirrowed) composition, so the pages, when printed out as single pages and not as spreads don´t look too different > the print-outs will be in black and white so all the colours have to be sufficiently contrasting > full-colour pages are expensive to print

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Introduction

The problem 19

that a crime drop is unambiguously that police have of property crime is nowhere near full. Nordisproportionately is that information positive thing: The ubiquity of property crime is clear: Property crime able to be directly from poBritons are far more likely to be vic- affects theextrapolated most deprived communi‘Inequality of victimisation challenges dislice recorded crime: underreporting vartims of property crime than any other ties. A combination of higher crime tributive justice. Harms as well as goods ies between crime types, demographic type of crime, and it represents over rates, lower insurance penetration and should be distributed equitably. Changes mix and geographical location. In that Januthree quarters of total crime in England insecure housing tenure means in inequality would suggest whether we ary 2014 theagainst uk Statistics reand Wales.9 Despite this, police forces both crimes people Authority and crimes should regard the crime drop as unequivmoved businesses the ‘National Statistic’ hallmark against have a regres sive efaround the country, under the strain of typeface specifications position ocally benign (inequality-reducing or neufromonpolice data Somewhat because of local recorded communities. austerity-driven budget cuts, are strug- fect • tral) Source Sans Pro: Semibold or have reservations about its benefits• always first on page problems with accuracy and with accountait is those the gling to tackle the prevalence of this counter-intuitively, 31 increasing).’ (inequality 24 pt, orange • 2 empty lines after bility,who namely that the ons insuffiare most likely to had be the victype of crime. Almost three quarters least cientofinformation about damage. the collection The threats of increasing crime theft and criminal of theft, criminal damage andinequalarson tims PRC data show to be able to warn endcrime users ity, however, are ameliorated by the abil- of Statistics that the overall crimes reported to police have their 32 of itshas limitations. ity marked of police‘investigation to concentratecomplete, on a reduced been falling for two decades, file no rate number of tified’. repeat10victims. A focus on but Police crime, however, this is recorded scant consolation to the suspect iden Btackling TITLE repeat victimisation led to a does give some vital information. The brief dip in repeat victimisation con- records kept by police forces are highly centration in the late 1990s – the time specific as to the time, date and location has come again for a renewed focus by at which crimes are committed. This police on reducing repeat victimisation. FIGURE data can1:be used by police, academics and others to analyse and map PROPERTY CRIME AS trends A 19 crime hotspots,OF and thus better target PERCENTAGE POLICE 11 law enforcement to the most Measuring crime RECORDED CRIMEefforts problematic locations at the most probtimes Crime in England and Wales is meas- lematic Property crimeof day. The other main way of measuring ured in a number Others 81 of different ways. No one metric gives all the relevant infor- crime is through the Office of National mation, but when compared and con- Statistics’ Crime Survey for England and trasted with each other, a clearer picture Wales (csew) and Commercial Victiemerges.specifications misation Survey (cvs). The csew is an typeface position The first measure of crime is police• Running annual survey of up indent to 50,000 • Source Sans Pro: Semibold text without housecrime (prc). British police following holds across England and Wales, and FIGURE 2: recorded 14 pt orange asks questions about crimes they have have long records of crimes• in PROPERTY CRIME AS A • forces if 2 lines: 2nd kept line 14pt text:2 empty lines above, experienced in the preceding twelve reported, arrests made and investigaPERCENTAGE OF CSEW TOTAL 28 interlinear spacing 1 below 33 months. tions pursued. The way these records CRIME Because it asksFOR questions di( CRIME SURVEY 10 pt-empty line below • first on page: 12 have been kept, though, has not always ENGLAND rectly of victimsWALES) and potential victims, 1 empty lineAND below been consistent, and the recording of the csew is able to measure all crime, 72 crime has evolved substantially over rather than only thatindividuals which has been Property crime against time in response to better crime cate- reported Others to police. This also allows it to gorisation, better reporting techniques, paint a picture of repeat victimisation. and changes in government manageThe csew has been conducted anment of police. Conducting historical nually since 1982, when it replaced the comparisons of changes in crime rates British Crime Survey as the principal over time, therefore, is challenging. means of FIGURE 3: collecting crime data. The Police recorded crime data is prob- PROPERTY survey is designed by statisticians who CRIME AS A 9 lematic for a number of other reasons. PERCENTAGE have a keen interest in gathering tempoOF CVS One is that it is vulnerable to ‘gaming’: (COMMERCIAL rally comparable data, so csew crime VICTIMlocal and national governments have a ISATION SURVEY) figures from, say, 2011 are able to be dihistory of setting goals, targets and pri- RECORDED rectly compared with figures from 1991 CRIMES 13 of statistical orities for police without any significant loss BUSINESSES 91forces that have led to AGAINST selective reporting or incorrect catego- accuracy. risation of crimes as police attempt to One ofcrime theagainst key limitations Property businesses of the meet the goals set for them. Another is csew Othersis that it collects information the fact that police recorded crime can, from individuals only, so crimes that

31 Ignatans, Dainis and Ken Peas justiceStatistics, and the crime 9‘Distributive Office of National ‘Sum Martin A. and Graham Chapter 1, Andresen Crime Statistics, Focus Fo Routine Activities and the Crimin Crime, 2011–12, http://www.ons.g York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014 rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/foc

perty-crime--2011-12/rpt-chapter32 UK Statistics Authority, Statist html (last and accessed England Wales18/2/15) (produced by

National Statistics):Assessment o 10 Victim Support, ‘Half of all crim with the Code of Practice Offic unsolved’, (media release),for Victim Assessment Report 268, January site, 17 July 2014 – https://www.vi www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/a org.uk/about-us/news/half-all-crim assessment/assessment-reports/ solved (last accessed 15/1/15) report-268---statisticson-crime-in wales.pdf (last accessed 18/2/15)

33 In the 2013/14 survey, around the 50,000 households invited to so – see Office of National Statisti Survey for England and Wales’, Cr for England and Wales website, h crimesurvey.co.uk/ (last accessed 11 Office of National Statistics, ‘Su Chapter 1, Crime Statistics, Focus o Crime, 2011–12, http://www.ons.g rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/foc perty-crime--2011-12/rpt-chapterhtml (last accessed 18/2/15) 12 Ibid 13 Ibid

then anyone else in possession of that she will be able to identify the marked good is at risk of being easily identified goods, then go over them with a uv pen as a thief. The point of property mark- and effectively scratch out the markings. 26 victim of theft Victims and risk more likely 25 Office of National Statistics, ‘Summary’ in Further, there Renters remainsare the problem, m ak e prining t should not just be so goods can be homeowners to be victims of theft, Chapter 1, Crime Statistics, Focus on Property returned to their owners when they’ve than identified above with bicycle markings, is true not for Crime, 2011–12, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/ Despite the crime rate reduction from and been stolen: that would have no crime that remarkably there is nothis incentive for just anyone butto also theftspurchaser from the– rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/focus-on-prothe peaks ofutility. the mid 1990s,several it is certainly prevention Indeed police –burglary from thief fencefor to final C TITLE as pickpocketing bag perty-crime--2011-12/rpt-chapter-1-overview. the caseprevention that the British public remains person crime officers interviewed to checksuch for property markings.and Ultravihtml (last accessed 18/2/15) 27 highly about crime, and we snatching. are crime more likely to for thisconcerned project argued that much of the olet pens doStudents not prevent because know that the type did of crime mosttheir like- be victims burglary thanof other groups, 26 Thompson, R, Understanding Theft from time theft victims not want thieves areof not frightened them. the Person and Robbery of Personal Property: ly to victimise mostThere peoplewas is property property returned. a sense and single people are more likely than Victimisation Trends in England and Wales 25 crime. Some worrying trends in propthat goods recovered from thieves were married people to be victimised on the 1994–2010/11, Nottingham Trent University, 28 Private sector innovation erty crime‘tainted’ – the increased involvement somehow or a painful reminder street or on public transport. 2014, p167 of crimeFurther, groups, where for example, Crime often strikessome repeatedly in of organised victimisation. insur- Technology has come way in imor thepayouts movement by career criminals samehow place. A keycan riskmark factor in 27 Thompson, R, ‘How theft and robbery ance had replaced stolen goods, the proving people their away from burglary towardsstolen theft a home burglary is the recent occur- have changed since the 90s’, Significance the ownership of and recovered property, and the systems that support Magazine, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 21 Oct from – necessitateand bothproblematconstant rence of another burglary (withgoodsshops was ambiguous property marking’s role asnearby a crime pre- 2014, http://www.statslife.org.uk/social-scientypeface specifications position vigilance and creativity by policymaka few hundred metres). Burglars are ic. Property marking, therefore, should in vention tool. The starkest examples ces/1842-how-theftand-robbery-have-chaners and police forces. rational actors, and tend to continue ged-sincethe-90s(last accessed 18/2/15) • Source Sans Pro: Semibold • Running text without indent Most people’s experience of crime to steal from an area until risks in come 10 pt, black following from being a victim of theft or crease or they have taken all the valu- 28 Thompson, R, Understanding Theft from text: 1 1/2that empty steal. Often the Person and Robbery of Personal Property: criminal damage; three quarters of all• in able goods are lines easy to above, 1/2 below crimes are property crimes. Retailers these are places close to a burglar’s own Victimisation Trends in England and Wales on or page: empty route; line and the 1994–2010/11, Nottingham Trent University, invest hundreds of millions of pounds• first home on 1/2 a regular 2014 + below every year into preventing and fighting above burglar benefits from coming to know theft, and the prices consumers pay at the default layout and likely location of 29 See for examples: Johnson, Shane D, et al, the checkout necessarily include a small valuable and removable items in sim- ‘Offender as Forager? A Direct Test of the Boost premium to cover these costs. House- ilar houses on a street. A burglar will Account of Victimisation’ in Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2009 25, pp181–200 holders pay to insure their homes and even return to the scene of a previous cars against theft and criminal damage. burglary – either to steal things he or 30 nfrn and Policy Exchange Crime Survey Mobile phone retailers include the cost she could not previously carry away, or 2014 (unpublished) of handset insurance as a recommended to steal new valuables once they have purchasable extra when selling phone been replaced by insurance compaRUNNING TEXT plans. nies.29 This happens to shops too; in Property crime, as a social cost, is Tottenham small businesses reported regressive. It hits the most deprived in persistent problems with theft and society hardest; those who cannot af- criminal damage. ford to insure their possessions and who The National Federation of Retail are least resilient to financial shocks are Newsagents recently uncovered some disproportionately affected. Small local highly concerning findings about rebusinesses too, operating on small mar- peat shoplifting victimisation through gins, are least able to absorb the costs of a survey of their members conducted theft, and are obliged to pass these costs with Policy Exchange: over half of reon to their customers through increased spondents had been the victim of two prices. Inspecifications areas of deprivation and pov-position or more shoplifting incidents in the typeface erty this increases the cost of groceries preceding three months. 82 per cent of • Tisa Pro: Regular etc: 1 column and diminishes the ability of small busi-• introduction those who suffered any crime within nesses 9 onto12compete pt, blackwith larger national• main part: 2 columns the three-months reported being repeat chains. In some cases, a high rate of victims. Indeed, there were three times property crime deters business investas many respondents who had no shopThe problem 22 ment in deprived areas altogether. lifting incidents than who had one: reOne of the most pernicious realities peat victimisation is the norm, not the FOOTNOTES of property crime in Britain is that its exception.30 effects are not across point A of recent analysis by Dainis Ignatans burglary, a mandatory minare spread adviseduniformly to use a starting a 45 Crown Prosecution Service, ‘Theft Act Ofsociety; rather, they are concentrated and Professor Ken Pease onhttp://www.cps.gov.uk/ crime fences’, Legal Guidance ence of three years impris- Band B fine for both, with the most seamongst a small group of vulnerable con centration in England and Wales legal/s_to_u/theft_act_offences/ (last accessed st now be imposed by the rious end of the sentencing range being people. We have long known that young over 30 years found that as crime has 23/12/14) ‚third strike‘ domestic bur- a low community order. It is a growing people, young men, have fallen across the board, crime victimiconcern that the courts are dealing with ordance with sections 111(1)particularly been at a heightened risk of violent sation has become more concentrated e Powers of Criminal Courts handling stolen goods offences more lecrime. But they are also far more likely amongst a small group of repeat victims. ) Act 2000. The court must niently than theft. than other demographic types to be the Ignatans position ntence of at least 3 typeface years in specifications A recent change in legislation has and Pease challenged the idea

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ess it is of the opinion that seen the definition of ‘low level’ • text: Source Sans Pro: regular 8 on 11 pt, first line aligned articular circumstances in shoplifting change. The Anti-Social • number Behaviour, in footnote:Crime Source • number the offence or the offender and Policing Act 2013in text: 45 Sans Pro: bold, orange Source Sans Pro bold, 9pt make it unjust to do so. defines ‘low level shoplifting’ as theft superscript, earch has also found that of goods valued at less than £200. De- orange he criminal justice system fining the seriousness of a theft offence ise that offenders who plead by its value is problematic. It is self-ev26 ndling stolen goods are like- ident that the impact of a £200 theft to e a lesser sentence than if a large retailer is much smaller than

• in 3rd column aligned to the first line of the running text

Repeat victimisation is also a common snatch theft and pickpocketing remain phenomenon. This is perversely logi- an issue, and are particularly problemcal: criminologists have described bur- atic in cities and larger towns. A pheThe problem 19 has been glars as practicing the ‘optimal forager’ nomenon peculiar to London method of target selection.51 A burglar the recent spate of moped-mounted will burgle homes nearby or convenient thieves snatching handbags or mobile to them,TEXT and will keep burgling those phones from the hands of unsuspecting ITALIC police have of property is nothat crimeuntil drop is is unambiguously bystanders. These have beencrime particularsameahomes there nothing left to that nearfor full. Nor to is that information positive thing: ly difficult police pursue, given the steal. Once a home has been burgled, an where to be extrapolated poability to drive a mopeddirectly (unlikefrom a police offender knows the layout of the home, able ‘Inequality of victimisation challenges discrime:pedestrian underreporting varcar)recorded down narrow thoroughwhere the valuable are kept, and what lice tributive justice. Harms as well as goods between crime types, demographic fares and the offenders’ reckless attiresources he or she will need to steal ies should be distributed equitably. Changes geographical Janutudeand towards the safetylocation. of those In nearby. the items that were missed in a previous mix in inequality would suggest whether we 2014 theresearch uk Statistics reinto Authority snatch theft, incident. Unless precautions are taken ary Recent should regard the crime drop as unequivthe ‘National Statistic’ hallmark pickpocketing and robbery illuminates by a victim, it is likely that they will be moved ocally benign (inequality-reducing or neupolice recorded because of who the crimes affect data and offers some able to replicate their method of entry. from tral) or have reservations about its benefits with explanations asaccuracy to why. and accountaNearby homes, too, suffer an increased problems 31 (inequality increasing).’ that the ons hadin-depth insuffiThenamely research reports on an risk of victimisation, particularly where bility, The increasing inequal- cient information about the collection analysis of the csew theythreats have a of similar layoutcrime to a previousrecords from 1994 52 ity, arehome. ameliorated by the abil- of data to be able to to warn end users ly however, victimised to PRC 2010/11 conducted identify the Criminologists typeface specifications ity of police to concentrate on a reduced of its limitations. characteristics of32victims of thefts from have calculated that households are atposition number of repeat victims. A focus on crime, however, thePolice person.recorded The strongest determinants highest risk of burglary if there has been • Tisa Pro: Regular italic • half line above and below tackling victimisation to a does some vital information. of riskgive of victimisation were age, sexThe and another repeat burglary within 400led metres 9 on 12 pt,repeat black victimisation 53 brief con- records by police forces arewisdom highly marital kept status. Conventional withindip thein last six weeks. centration in the late 1990s – the time specific as to the time, and location holds that young men date are at the highest has come again for a renewed focus by at which crimes are committed. This risk of victimisation of crime generalpolice on reducing repeat victimisation. data canare bealso usedmost by police, academics ly, and likely to be an ofSnatch theft, pickpocketing and others to analyse trendsfound and map fender. However, this study that and phone theft BUCKET LIST crime and thus had better younghotspots, unmarried women thetarget highenforcement efforts of to theft the most Measuring crime est risk of victimisation from ‘Theft from the person’ is a broad term law at the most probthat encompasses three connected but problematic the person.54locations Nevertheless, unmarried times of day. Crime England and Wales is meas- lematic distinctintypes of stealing: young men were much more likely than other main way measuring ured in a number of different ways. No anyThe other group to be theofvictims of atis through theperson Office or of robbery. National55 one metric theft gives pickpocketing all the relevant tempted theft from ▶ ‘Stealth’ orinfortheft crime Crime Survey for England and mation, but when compared con- Statistics’ of an item while the owner isand looking This discrepancy between sexes may (csew trasted each other,As a clearer and Commercial Victiawaywith or distracted. well aspicture taking Wales be based on a )number of factors. One is emerges. Survey cvs). likely The csew an wallets from victims’ pockets, this misation that women are (more than ismen The measure is police of up to 50,000 housecan first include takingofacrime mobile phone annual to carrysurvey their possessions in handbags, recorded England and Wales, and prc).while British left on crime a café (table the police owner holds ratheracross than in pockets, which means forces have long kept records of crimes asks questions about crimes they have reported, arrests made and investiga- experienced in the preceding twelve tions pursued. The way these records months.33 Because it asks questions diposition typeface specifications have been kept, though, has not always rectly of victims and potential victims, been consistent, and italic the recording of• one the line csew is able measure all crime, above andtobelow every • Tisa Pro: Regular crime evolved rather than only that which has been 9 onhas 12 pt, black substantially over point time in response to better crime cate- reported to police. This also allows it to 1 m-space indented gorisation, better reporting • title: Source Sans Pro: techniques, paint a picture of repeat victimisation. and changes in government manageThe csew has been conducted an Semibold, 9 on 12 pt, black ment of police. Conducting historical nually since 1982, when it replaced the • Bullet points: ▶ Source comparisons of changes in crime rates British Crime Survey as the principal Sans Pro, Regular, black, 9 on 12pt over time, therefore, is challenging. means of collecting crime data. The without indent Police recorded crime data is prob- survey is designed by statisticians who lematic for a number of other reasons. have a keen interest in gathering tempoOne is that it is vulnerable to ‘gaming’: rally comparable data, so csew crime local and national governments have a figures from, say, 2011 are able to be dihistory of setting goals, targets and pri- rectly compared with figures from 1991 orities for police forces that have led to without any significant loss of statistical selective reporting or incorrect catego- accuracy. risation of crimes as police attempt to One of the key limitations of the meet the goals set for them. Another is csew is that it collects information the fact that police recorded crime can, from individuals only, so crimes that of course, only record crime that is re- victimise businesses are not counted by ported by victims or directly witnessed the survey. This anomaly has contribby police. Given widespread underre- uted to the perception both amongst porting of property crime, the picture policymakers and the general public

2014, p166 55 Ibid, p167 print make

31 Ignatans, Dainis and Ken Pease ‘Distributive justice and the crime Martin A. Andresen and Graham Fa Routine Activities and the Crimina York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014

32 UK Statistics Authority, Statistic England and Wales (produced by t National Statistics):Assessment of with the Code of Practice for Offici Assessment Report 268, January 2 www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/as assessment/assessment-reports/a report-268---statisticson-crime-inwales.pdf (last accessed 18/2/15),

33 In the 2013/14 survey, around 3 the 50,000 households invited to t so – see Office of National Statistic Survey for England and Wales’, Cri for England and Wales website, ht crimesurvey.co.uk/ (last accessed

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Recommendations SPECIAL TEXT

Innovation and crime prevention The prevalence of property crime could be significantly reduced by a new focus on preventing crime, rather than simply responding to it. 1 Establish a crime prevention Centre of Excellence as part of the College of Policing

Such a Centre would train, equip, and resource both crime prevention officers and local neighbourhood policing teams who engage in crime prevention work, increasing the crime prevention skills of police forces around the country. The Centre of Excellence could also devise and drive reform in typeface specifications position internal police structures to improve career pathways for crime prevention Property crime – a typology 24 • running textand specialists. • B Title: Sourse Sans Pro: • running text: 1 line below practitioners Tisa Pro: Regular italic Bold, 14 pt on 13 pt, orange • introduction: 1 line below 10 on 13 pt, black • C Title: Sourse Sans Pro: • B Title: 1/2 line below 2 Tighten regulations on private rented sector properties • introduction: Semibold, 10 pt on 13 pt, black • C Title: 1/2 line below is engrossedmeet a menu, orsetak- 51 See for examples: Johnson, Shane D, et high must victimisation Stipulate landlords ensure properties a minimum experience Sourse that Sansquite Pro: Regular, their Initials: Bold, 14 ptreading on 13 pt, ‘Offender as Forager? A Direct Test of the Bo ing the purse out of an open handbag rates for burglary – probably because curity including the installation ofn-space windowafter locks, double locks 10 ptstandard, on 13 pt,orange orange, while the victim is browsing a rack of Account of Victimisation’ in Journal of Quan they tend to feature a number of risk or deadlocks on external doors, internal lighting on a timer and external tative Criminology, 2009 25, pp181–200 clothing. factors including shared accommodalighting on a sensor. This obligation should be triggered by the signing or tion, substandard housing conditions 52 Bowers, Kate J. et al, ‘Victimisation and renewing of a lease. Burglary is damaging to landlords and tenants alike with low levels of security, unfamiliarity ▶ ‘Snatch’ theft where an item is taken Revictimisation Risk, Housing Type and Are and a greater responsibility should be placedfrom on landlords to help prevent it. QUOTES study of Interactions’ in Crime Prevention a a victim using only as much with the community in which they live, no insurance, youth, and valuable assets

force as is required to separate the

3 in Design out in new residential and commercial the form of crime computers and phones. owner from their possession, for exdevelopments ample bag-snatching or taking a mobile phone from someone’s hand in a Mandate that security measures designed to reduce crime should be innightclub.

the design of all new large residential and commercial «corporated Repeatinto victimisation

developments. Developers should be obliged to submit their plans fororas▶ Robbery the use of violence the sessment by local police design experts before their plans are accepted by threat of violence to coerce a victim their local authority planning department for to consideration. hand over possessions to an

is a common

phenomenon »

offender.

4 Police should work with the private sector to tackle Theft from the person offences such as property crime Repeat victimisation is also a common

snatch theft and pickpocketing remain

Police can disrupt in stolen property by working with the priphenomenon. Thisthe is market perversely logi- an issue, and are particularly problemvate sector, collaborating on innovative approaches that use new technolcal: criminologists have described bur- atic in cities and larger towns. A phetypeface specifications position ogy to as track merchandise and property. of successful innovative glars practicing the ‘optimal forager’ Examples nomenon peculiar to London has been 51 partnership working can be seen in• organisations such Smartwater and of Regular target selection. the recentquoting spateasglyphs of moped-mounted A burglar • method Tisa Pro, french-style handbags burgle homes Recipero. will 18 on 23 pt, blacknearby or convenient • linethieves beginssnatching with 1 point space or mobile hands of unsuspecting them, and line: will keep burgling those • tounderlined: 23.5 pt + 2phones points from spacethe (underlined) These havecrime been particularhomes until there is nothing left to bystanders. 5 same The Home Office should take responsibility for leading position: 5 pt, yellow line ends with 1 point space ly difficult for police to pursue, given the steal. Once a home has been burgled, an prevention nationally (underlined) offender knows the layout of the home, ability to drive a moped (unlike a police at least 2website empty lines aboveprevention, and Central nokept, longer has a• national for crime car) down narrow pedestrian thoroughwhere Government the valuable are and what below fares and the offenders’ reckless attiresources he or she will to steal and to a large extent has need abrogated responsibility for preventing property tude towards the safety those nearby. the items that were missed in a previous crime victimisation. This should be reversed; the Home Officeofshould conRecent crime research into snatch theft, incident. Unless precautions are taken tinue to play its part in nationally coordinating prevention efforts, pickpocketing and robbery illuminates by a victim, it is likely that they will be starting with creating a website to guide citizens on how they can reduce ablerisks. to replicate their method of entry. who the crimes affect and offers some their

Nearby homes, too, suffer an increased risk of victimisation, particularly where they have a similar layout to a previously victimised home.52 Criminologists have calculated that households are at highest risk of burglary if there has been another burglary within 400 metres

explanations as to why. The research reports on an in-depth analysis of the csew records from 1994 to 2010/11 conducted to identify the characteristics of victims of thefts from the person. The strongest determinants of risk of victimisation were age, sex and

Community Safety: An International Journa 2005, 7(1), pp7–17

53 Fielding, Matthew and Vincent Jones, ‘Disrupting the optimal forager: predictive r mapping and domestic burglary reduction Trafford, Greater Manchester’ in Internation Journal of Police Science and Management 2012 Vol. 14, No. 1, pp 30–41

54 Thompson, R, Understanding Theft from the Person and Robbery of Personal Proper Victimisation Trends in England and Wales 1994–2010/11, Nottingham Trent University 2014, p166 55 Ibid, p167

Property crime – a typology 25

they can be taken from an unwary vic- the same victim more than once are tim unnoticed. minimal (unlike a burglarIntroduction targeting the 16 Income of the victim is not a signifi- same house more than once). But also BOXES cant factor in likelihood of victimisation unlike burglary and most other crime of theft from the person.56 Surprising- types, there was no significant reducly, though, housing tenure is. Renters tion in rates of ‘theft from the person’ were a moderately higher risk of vic- offences from the mid-nineties.62 This is BOX 1at SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY timisation than those who owned their in part attributable to the emergence of 57 own home. a new MP valuable commodity that almost In August 2011 riots engulfed communities Lammy and Policy Exchange began exeveryone carries around at all times: ‘Stealth’ theft was found to be more across the country. They were sparked by ploring property crime – its prevalence, the its mobile phone. common than ‘snatch’ theftby over the in pe- causes the shooting of Mark Duggan police and what can be done to address it. Over per centwas of British adults own riod studied. incidents causes happened Tottenham, butMost the underlying lay A ‘call for90 evidence’ released in May, a mobile phone, and two thirds of these in public places such as shopping cenfar deeper. While the media was keen to followed by a series of roundtable discussiarewith smart phones. There areand now more tres and high streets, and of ons focus on the destruction andthe themajority activity of experts, stakeholders acade58 mobile phone subscriptions in the offences occurred during the day. The uk a mindless few in many cases the victims – mics, and private interviews. A survey was 63 principle commodities targeted were than there are people. Mobile phones predominantly victims of property crime conducted in conjunction with National cash, forgotten. wallets and purses, credit and Federation grew rapidly in prevalence across the – were of Retail Newsagents (nfrn ) 59 debit cards, and mobile phones. developed world during the 1990s and The Despite the impact in terms of media of a sample of their members, which asked 2000s,their as they became both and attractiveness of cash as a target of theft about coverage and political discourse Policy experiences withsmaller customer typeface specifications position cheaper to produce; so much so that 16 is unsurprising; it does not have to be Exchange’s crime and justice unit uncover- theft. The results of these surveys will be • ed Box colour: orange • over3 columns per cent of British adults now live in sold on to a fence for its value to be realinformation that suggested that those discussed in following chapters. • three Box title: 12 pt, Upper case mobile phone-only households, that ised. Research shows that mobile phone nights of rioting in London in 2011 For the purposes of this report, propertyis, they do not have adefined wired telephone intheftX: has fluctuated during the period barely Box Source Sans Pro: Regular made a blip on that month’s crime crime can be broadly as crime that 64 stalledharm in their home. studied: increased line with the causes 5 rate. Box title:itSource SansinPro: Bold by removing or damaging a prevalence of mobile phones, In two roundtables on property. property that has contributed to this person’s or a business’s physical increased 1 The lineresearch below then reduced and has recently started crime held by the author and Policy began in March David This includes theft and other acquisitive • report Box text: Source Sans2014 Pro:when Regular, 60 rising again. Exchange in the lead up to this report, Credit and debit card 9 on 12 pt theft has declined in prevalence (prob- and in private conversations with crim• Footnotes in white ably as a result of the establishment of inologists, it was suggested that phone ‘chip and pin’ devices as standard) but manufacturers are aware of the risks 61 of phone theft, butwithout do little to redesign still remains high this wrong a significant unnoticed until stocktake.19 It is clear address their products to reduce their attractiveUnlike burglary, theft from the perthat the pervasiveness of crimes such increase in resources. ness or vulnerability to thieves. son has a low rate of repeat victimisaThere is much that can be doneAtosimireas shoplifting, burglary and theft is hidDIAGRAMS AND GRAPHS lar was and seentoinprevent the security tion. This instinctively makes sense: crime rates, crimesof den by geographical spread, low report- ducedynamic motorbeing vehicles until government thieves strangers on the street, committed in the action first ing rates target and under-prioritisation. The from and the chances of a thief running into forced a change in the 1990s usingprothe property crime epidemic sweeping Brit- place. Expanding crime prevention

print make 56 Thompson, R, Understandi the Person and Robbery of Per Victimisation Trends in Englan 1994–2010/11, Nottingham Tre 2014, p180 57 Ibid, p180

58 Thompson, R, Understandi the Person and Robbery of Per crime, but also vandalism Victimisation Trends in Englan 1994–2010/11, Tre damage. WhileNottingham cybercrime 2014, p229 significant categories of acq

this report will not focus on 59 Ibid, pp112–116 It is important to draw 60 Ibid, Table p115, also see p between theft with the th 61 violent Ibid, p117 ce, robbery and vio property crime. This report 62 Office of National Statistics property and househo not vio Trends in crime CSEW other though will1981 be an exte from thethere person, to 2013 England andof Wales, Year Endin exploration robbery will http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/re broader discussion on theft crime-statistics/period-ending son, which also includes sn crime-stats.html#tab-Theft-Off pickpocketing. Theft-of-Property (last accesse

63 Ofcom, ‘Phones’, Facts and http://media. ofcom.org.uk/fa sed 13/1/15) 64 Ibid

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Taking its toll The regressive impact of property crime in Britain

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Taking its toll The regressive impact of property crime in Britain

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Taking its toll The regressive impact of property crime in Britain

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Preface by the author 6 Recommendations Innovation and crime prevention / Human centred policing and data / Victims and systems

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Foreword by Bill Bratton When I first became the Police Commissioner of New York

City in 1994, one of the things I asked the NYPD to focus on addressing was the low-level crime and disorder that – everyday occurrences that New Yorkers had just come to accept as part of city life, but that ruined the quality of life for the majority of law-abiding people that lived and worked in the city. This low-level criminality included pickpocketing, graffiti and criminal damage, and casual shoplifting, and it pervaded city life. The subsequent push to take back the streets of New York has been sometimes referred to as ‘broken windows’ policing, sometimes described as ‘zero tolerance’ policing, though neither of these adequately describe what we did and why. The underlying principle was not one of street warfare or confrontational tactics, but rather that police are part of a community, that they exist to serve that community, and if that community lives in constant fear of crime, or just comes to accept it, then the police have failed. So police were told to get out of their cars and walk the streets. They were instructed to address aggressive begging and soliciting. Police commanders were held to account through a statistical data analysis process called Compstat. And officers were told to be visible both as a warning to would-be

Preface by the author

Foreword by Bill Bratton So police were told to get out of their cars and walk the streets. They were instructed to address aggressive begging and soliciting. Police commanders were held to account through a statistical data analysis process called Compstat. And officers were told to be visible both as a warning to would-be criminals and as a reassurance to citizens that they were safe from crime. I met David Lammy most recently in the foyer of 1 Police Taking its toll Contents Plaza in downtown New York, as he was leaving a meeting in which he discussed the issues in this report with the detectives of the NYPD’s Grand Larceny Initiative. The Grand Larceny Initiative is a project established by one of my deputy commissioners to solve thefts by applying the same datadriven and forensic detective work as we would to crimes like assault, murder or drug dealing. We had found that many gangs and other organised criminals had diversified into shoplifting and theft, rather than the traditional drug-dealing and robbery. They did this because it was considered much lower risk – retailers do not tend to report shoplifting to police and police have not always prioritised it – but it can net a similar return to dealing drugs. David’s paper intelligently and thoroughly explores many of the key issues around resourcing, prioritisation and structure of policing in England and Wales and the ways these relate to addressing property crime. He examines a cross-section of criminality in the UK, and offers some realistic recommendations for change to help to both address and prevent property crime in a period of constrained public resources. Our own efforts here in New York have shown that, with a political commitment and police focus, the blight of property crimes that afflicts our cities can be seriously reduced. It is not my place to specifically endorse all of the recommendations, opinions and arguments that have been made in this paper. Some of the matters raised herein are UK- or London-specific and not easily translatable to New

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Preface by the author

Foreword by Bill Bratton So police were told to get out of their cars and walk the streets. They were instructed to address aggressive begging and soliciting. Police commanders were held to account through a statistical data analysis process called Compstat. Taking its toll And officers were told to be visible both as a warningContents to would-be criminals and as a reassurance to citizens that they were safe from crime. I met David Lammy most recently in the foyer of 1 Police Plaza in downtown New York, as he was leaving a meeting in which he discussed the issues in this report with the detectives of the NYPD’s Grand Larceny Initiative. The Grand Larceny Initiative is a project established by one of my deputy commissioners to solve thefts by applying the same datadriven and forensic detective work as we would to crimes like assault, murder or drug dealing. We had found that many gangs and other organised criminals had diversified into shoplifting and theft, rather than the traditional drug-dealing and robbery. They did this because it was considered much lower risk – retailers do not tend to report shoplifting to police and police have not always prioritised it – but it can net a similar return to dealing drugs. David’s paper intelligently and thoroughly explores many of the key issues around resourcing, prioritisation and structure of policing in England and Wales and the ways these relate to addressing property crime. He examines a cross-section of criminality in the UK, and offers some realistic recommendations for change to help to both address and prevent property crime in a period of constrained public resources. Our own efforts here in New York have shown that, with a political commitment and police focus, the blight of property crimes that afflicts our cities can be seriously reduced. It is not my place to specifically endorse all of the recommendations, opinions and arguments that have been made in this paper. Some of the matters raised herein are UK- or London-specific and not easily translatable to New

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Preface by the author

d i g it al make Foreword by Bill Bratton So police were told to get out of their cars and walk the streets. They were instructed to address aggressive begging and soliciting. Police commanders were held to account through a statistical data analysis process called Compstat. And officers were told to be visible both as a warning to would-be criminals safe Taking itsand tollas a reassurance to citizens that they were Contents from crime. I met David Lammy most recently in the foyer of 1 Police Foreword by Bill Bratton Plaza in downtown New York, as he was leaving a meeting Preface authorthe 6 issues in this report with the dein whichby hethe discussed tectives of the NYPD’s Grand Larceny Initiative. The Grand Innovation and crime Recommendations Larceny Initiative is a project established by one of my deputy prevention / Human centred policing and data / commissioners to solve thefts by applying the same data-driVictims and systems ven and forensic detective work as we would to crimes like Introduction assault, murder or drug dealing. The Context: criminality Western Weproblem had found that many gangs andinother organised crimidemocracies / Victims risk / Measuring nals had diversified intoand shoplifting and theft, crime rather /than the Policing property crimeand / Criminal traditional drug-dealing robbery. justice They did this because it was considered much lower risk – retailers do not tend to Property crime – a typology Burglary / Snatch theft, report shoplifting to police and police have not always prioripickpocketing and phone theft / Theft from and of tised it – but it can net a similar return to dealing drugs. cars / Bicycle theft / Criminal damage / Shoplifting / David’s paper intelligently and thoroughly explores many of customer theft / Theft by employees / Burglary, the key issues around resourcing, prioritisation and structure ramraids and criminal damage of policing in England and Wales and the ways these relate to Ameliorating worst excesses / The response addressing property crime. Hethe examines a cross-section of A nationally criminality inconsistent the UK, andapproach offers some realistic recommendations for change to help to both address and prevent property Conclusion crime in a period of constrained public resources. Our own efforts here in New York have shown that, with a political References commitment and police focus, the blight of property crimes Acknowledgements that afflicts our cities can be seriously reduced. It is not my place to specifically endorse all of the recommendations, opinions and arguments that have been made in this paper. Some of the matters raised herein are UK- or London-specific and not easily translatable to New York City policing. But I emphatically commend David for a much-needed report that I hope will spark the beginning of a new debate about lower level criminality, the effect it has on the lives of

Taking its toll

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Contents

Recommendations Innovation and crime prevention The prevalence of property crime could be significantly reduced by a new focus on preventing crime, rather than simply responding to it. 1 Establish a crime prevention Centre of Excellence as part of the College of Policing

2 Tighten regulations on private rented sector properties

Preface by the author

Stipulate that landlords must ensure their properties meet a minimum security standard, including the installation of window locks, double locks or deadlocks on external doors, internal lighting on a timer and external lighting on a sensor. This obligation should be triggered by the signing or renewing of a lease. Burglary is damaging to landlords and tenants alike and a greater responsibility should be placed on landlords to help prevent it.

Introduction

3 Design out crime in new residential and commercial

Taking its toll

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Contents

Introduction

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The ubiquity of property crime is clear: Britons are far more likely to be victims of property crime than any other type of crime, and it represents over three quarters of total crime in England and Wales.9 Despite this, police forces around the country, under the strain of austerity-driven budget cuts, are struggling to tackle the prevalence of this type of crime. Almost three quarters of theft, criminal damage and arson crimes reported to police have their file marked ‘investigation complete, no suspect identified’.10

Property crime Others

Recommendations

FIGURE 1: PROPERTY CRIME AS A PERCENTAGE OF POLICE RECORDED CRIME 11

FIGURE 2: PROPERTY CRIME AS A PERCENTAGE OF CSEW TOTAL CRIME ( CRIME SURVEY FOR Property crime ENGLAND AND WALES) 12 Others

The problem

become accepted. Many victims are targeted more than once in a short period of time, once their insurance company has replaced the goods that were stolen on the first occasion.14

footnotes When you click on any of the footnotes the source appears on the right side of the text.

Repeat victimisation is a common finding across allContents types of Taking its toll

Recommendations

property crime. This is, in part, due to the fact that the police often do not, or cannot, investigate in sufficient depth to bring perpetrators to justice: Victim Support – a charity that assists victims in the aftermath of crime – estimates that only one in every twenty burglaries results in a prosecution. The result is the existence of a new type of victim – a silent victim – who, however many times they suffer from property crime, simply gets on with their life, believing that nothing can be done about the crime committed against them. This needs to change. The reduction in crime rates has slowed significantly in recent years. Further, the decline in crime has not been uniform, and has seen a growing concentration of crime being perpetrated against a smaller number of repeat victims. Last year, reductions in the national crime rate were solely the consequence of lower crime rates in a handful of police forces, masking what are actually rising crime rates in most of the country.15 Police recorded crime figures, for example, also show a five per cent year-on-year increase in shoplifting.16 The statistics on reporting rates are equally troubling. Only around two thirds of burglaries are reported to the police.17 For shoplifting, the figures is less than one in ten – and that does not even include the shoplifting that goes unnoticed until stocktake.18 It is clear that the pervasiveness of crimes such as shoplifting, burglary and theft is hidden by geographical spread, low reporting rates and underprioritisation. The property crime epidemic sweeping Britain is going largely unaddressed. Police should not, of course, prioritise the investigation of property crimes over the investment of resources into addressing uncommon but disproportionally traumatic and

It stays there until you click on the next footnote. 16 Barrett, David, ‘Rapes now at their highest ever level, ONS figures reveal’, The Telegraph, 16 October 2014 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/uknews/crime/11165613/Rapes-now-attheir-highest-everlevel-ONS-figures-reveal.html (last accessed 18/2/15)

The problem

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Recommendations Innovation and

corner you can share or download the leads you to the homepage A tab on Introduction document. of policyThe exchange. problem When I first became the Police Commissioner of New York City in 1994, one of the things I asked the NYPD to focus on addressing was the low-level crime and disorder that – everyday occurrences that New Yorkers had just come to accept as part of city life, but that ruined the quality of life for the majority of lawabiding people that lived and worked in the city. This low-level criminality included pickpocketing, graffiti and criminal damage, and casual shoplifting, and it pervaded city life. The subsequent push to take back the streets of New York has been sometimes referred to as ‘broken windows’ policing, sometimes described as ‘zero tolerance’ policing, though neither of these adequately describe what we did and why. The underlying principle was not one of street

crime prevention / Human centred policing and data / Victims and systems Context: criminality in Western democracies / Victims and risk / Measuring crime / Policing property crime / Criminal justice

David Lammy

Taking its toll The regressive impact of property crime in Britain

you go back to the If you tab on If you tabProperty oncrime – a typologyyou can share or policy exchange homepage. download the document. A tab on a heading in the contents list forwards you to the beginning of the The response chapter or sub-chapter you clicked on. Conclusion Burglary / Snatch theft, pickpocketing and phone theft / Theft from and of cars / Bicycle theft / Criminal damage / Shoplifting / customer theft / Theft by employees / Burglary, ramraids and criminal damage Ameliorating the worst excesses / A nationally consistent approach

References Acknowledgements

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taking its toll Contents of New York has been sometimes

referred to as ‘broken windows’ policing, sometimes described as ‘zero tolerance’ policing, though neither of these adequately describe what we did and why. The underlying principle was not one of street warfare or confrontational tactics, but rather that police are part of a community, that they exist to serve that community, and if that community lives in constant fear of crime, or just comes to accept it, then the police have failed. So police were told to get out of their cars and walk the streets. They were instructed to address aggressive begging and soliciting. Police commanders were held to account through a statistical data analysis process called Compstat. And officers were told to be visible both as a warning to would-be criminals and as a reassurance to citizens that they were safe from crime. I met David Lammy most recently in the foyer of 1 Police Plaza in downtown New York, as he was

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endorse all of the recommendations, opinions and arguments that have been made in this paper. Some of the matters raised herein are UK- or London-specific and not easily translatable to New York City policing. But I emphatically commend David for a much-needed report that I hope will spark the beginning of a new debate about lower level criminality, the effect it has on the lives of hardworking and law abiding citizens, and the disproportionate harm property crime causes to our most deprived and vulnerable communities.

taking its York toll Contents of New has been sometimes referred to as ‘broken windows’ policing, sometimes described as ‘zero tolerance’ policing, though neither of these adequately describe what we did and why. The underlying principle was not one of street Introduction warfare or confrontational tactics, but rather that police are part of The problem a community, that they exist to Property – a typology serve that crime community, and if that community lives in constant fear of The response crime, or just comes to accept it, then Conclusion the police have failed. References So police were told to get out of their cars and walk the streets. They Acknowledgements were instructed to address aggressive begging and soliciting. Police commanders were held to account through a statistical data analysis process called Compstat. And officers were told to be visible both as a warning to would-be criminals and as a reassurance to citizens that they were safe from crime. I met David Lammy most recently in the foyer of 1 Police Plaza in downtown New York, as he was leaving a meeting in which he discussed the issues in this report

William J Bratton New York City Police Commissioner 1 March 2015

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MOBILE FOOTNOTES about the crime committed taking itsthem. toll Contents against This needs to change.

The reduction in crime rates has slowed significantly in recent years. Further, the decline in crime has not been uniform, and has seen a growing concentration of crime being perpetrated against a smaller number of repeat victims. Last year, reductions in the national crime rate were solely the consequence of lower crime rates in a handful of police forces, masking what are actually rising crime rates in most of the country.15 Police recorded crime figures, for example, also show a five per cent year-on-year increase in 16 The shoplifting. 16 Barrett, David, ‘Rapes nowstatistics at their higheston ever level, ONS figures reveal’, The Telegraph, October 2014 http://www. reporting rates are16equally troubling. telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11165613/Rapes-nowOnly around two thirds of burglaries at-their-highest-everlevel-ONS-figures-reveal.html (last accessed are18/2/15) reported to the police.17 For shoplifting, the figures is less than one in ten – and that does not even include the shoplifting that goes unnoticed until stocktake.18 It is clear that the pervasiveness of crimes such as shoplifting, burglary and theft is hidden by geographical spread, low

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