AA_Environmental and Technical Studies_Final Thesis_04 by Anna Pla-Català

Summit Temple of Paint

Anti-Pancaking / “Tensegrity” Quantum connection of Bodhi’s, equilibrium of Compression and Tension forces

Truss Bodhi Load Distribution Optimisation

Levitated + Suspended Temple of Paint

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Compendium Phase 1: The Temple of Paint

11 - 31

- Aim - Nepali day-to-day living - Newari House - Gorkha Earthquake - Inspirations - Precedents Analysis and comparisons - The Boss Model + Spectrum

Phase 2: "Bodhied"

33 - 57

- Wolff’s Law principle: filament density following load path i. Strangling Paint: Fibre Densities (Bundling) ii. Flying Buttress: Lateral Structure (Gothic) iii. Catenary Cloud: Furnicular Structure (Arches) iv. Quantum Floss: Envelope Anisotrope (surface) v. Retro-Haustorium: Retrofitting (inhabitation) vi. Levitated Ladder: Bridges and Gangways (suspension) vii. Anchor Knots: Flexible joinery (with no bolts) viii. Cantilever Balcony: Suspended structures (protruded object) ix. Bodhi Particles: Membranes / Pre-painted elements (truss) x. Anti-Pancaking: Tension tie rods (“tiranti”) - Application (Structure, Sx)

Phase 3: Earthquake Simulation

59 - 81

- Logarithmic Richter Scale - Wave types: transverse / longitudinal - Natural Frequency of Vibration - The Boss Model - Ivisibility Cloak - The Levitating Foundation - Apparatus - Earthquake Simulator - Tests: i. Proportion ii. Distribution iii. Filament Bundle iv. Volume dynamics v. Flying Buttress vi. Tiranti vii. Truss viii. Pendulum ix. Local wood: Bamboo x. Further materials (nano-tech) - Manual - Young's Modulus - Material Resiliency - Application (Material, Mx)

Phase 4: Joinery

83 -109

- References - Robot Arm - Performance - Paint Armour - Components - 7-axis - Extrusion Nozzle Type - Track System - Input and Output - Anatomy of Magic Wand - Material Gravity Performance - Ingredient for Polymer foam: Isolaiton - Joinery - Torsion - Entanglement - Exo-skeleton - Step Paint Well - Nozzle Extrusion - Application (Extrusion, Ex)

Phase 5: Paint Cloud

111 - 131

- Paint Cloud - Particle Emission - The Religiosa Wand - Apparatus - Inkstruments - New(ari) Craftsmanship - Surgical Apparatus - Cross Section Detail - Bundle Hierarchy - Application

Phase 6: New-ari Craftsmanship

133 - 163

- Shilpakar's Instruments - Newari Architecture + Details - Construction Sequence Section - Prajapati's Painted Bodhi - Conclusion

Bibliotheca Himalayica

Fifth Year

165- 171

Diploma 16

Kartr: Space Traveller

Phase I The Temple of Paint

? Guiding question: How can three-dimensional Painting become a technical solution for lateral forces?

Painting ∝ Lateral forces (∝, proportional to)

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

The Temple of Paint

Index: 7.

Kathmandu, a population of 1.5 million, and 3 million in its urban agglomeration across the Kathmandu Valley. The city stands at an elevation of approximately 1,400 metres above sea level in the bowl-shaped Kathmandu Valley of central Nepal. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading centre over the centuries. Kathmandu’s trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the Silk Road which linked India and Tibet.

Boudha Eyes 1. Boudhanath Stupa 2. Market 3. Stairways 4. “Paint Wells” 5. Main Dome 6. Tibetan Monastery 7. Kitchen 8. Fabric Store 9. Houses 10. Bank

1. 2.

Among urban areas in Nepal, Kathmandu being the premier cultural and economic hub of Nepal is considered to have the most advanced infrastructure. Even the cultural heritage recognition under the World Heritage list of the UNESCO has recognized all the monuments. The city of Kathmandu was named after a structure in Durbar Square called Kasthamandap, which is a Sanskrit word, Kastha is “wood” and Mandap is “covered shelter.”

9. 4.

10.

North Buffer Zone Boudha

nath Sa

eu Nucl

dak

Paint Wells

New(ari) Holi Bo

In the most colourful and painted fes with the intelligent technology of 3d evil. Her brush strokes are designed to term “Bodhi” is a sacred fig tree that afftected from the earthquake in Kath structures, an increase and change of a new way to live in Kathmandu, whe

1. 10.

3. 2. 4.

Axonometric view of the Temple of Paint

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Screen Bucket

Spatula

Stepwell Storage of Paint + Anti-Gravity Ink

Stepwells

Paint Socio-economic and hierarchical device, definition of the cast system in stepwells, storing paint.

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi, the First Bodhi to be painted in a Three Dimensional Canvas, happens to be also Earthquake Resilient!

"Jigglevitated" Bodhi

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Shilpakhar, the Craftsman of Paint, Chaku

Kawanca

https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2017/01/11/watching-nepali-candy-chaku-being-made-utterly-hypnotic

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Painted Arches

Boudhanath

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/09/nepalbans-use-menstrual-huts-banish-women-homes/

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Himalayas Tibetan Plate colliding with the Indian Plate, thus the creation of the Himalayas and cause of the Earthquake in 2015 Kathmandu.

Tibetan Plate

re t n

Epic e

Himalayas

Indian Plate

Kathmandu

A number of factors made this quake a recipe for catastrophe. It was shallow: an estimated 15km below the surface at the quake’s epicentre. It saw a large movement of the earth (a maximum of 3m). And the ruptured part of the fault plane extended under a densely populated area in Kathmandu. https://theconversation.com/thescience-behind-the-nepal-earthquake-40835

Sentinel-1 image showing the effects of the April 25 earthquake in Nepal (ESA/Copernicus data 2015), https://phys.org/news/2015-12-sentinel-satellites.html

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Gorkha Earthquake - April 2015

6000 Emergency sheltering Gathering in Ratna Park, a demand for inhabitation and new form of living in 2015!

The magnitude 7.8 earthquake has caused around 17,000 Deaths, at least 22,200 injured, 900,000 destroyed homes and eight million people lives affected. Many have been left homeless by the disaster and the country is already reported to be running out of water and food. There are also frequent power cuts. The earthquake was followed by a large number of aftershocks, including one that measured 7.3 on 12 May.

- instability - community connection loss - network loss - displacement impact

Kathmandu’s buildings were made up of poorly-constructed brick buildings and these were largely destroyed in the disaster. Fewer, modern structures collapsed. More than 180 buildings in the densely populated city centre were destroyed. At least four out of seven Unesco World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu valley - three of them ancient city squares - were badly affected.

Overview:

Construction:

Consequences:

Duration from: 25 April 2015 12 May 2015 7.8 ML Earthquake 7.3 ML Aftershock

Poorly made Brickwork Temporary shelters Ancient temples ruined Progressive collapses

17,000 Deaths 22,200 Injured 1 million Destroyed homes

Cantilever

Roof sagging

Road cracks and separations

Soft storey

Pancaking Building

Scaffolding in Boudhanath Temple

https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/25/asia/nepal-earthquake-7-5-magnitude/index.html

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

1. Local construction methods: Materials: Concrete and Wood. Structure: Not Resilient to lateral forces Circulation: severely affected and not safe Consequences: objects may fall on the roof and laterally, and be dangerous for the inhabitants. Costs: at the moment this is the most popular construction intelligence used in Kathmandu, it is the cheapest, material accessible and fast, but will it last to the next Gorkha earthquake?

Local construction method

Staircase

Archive of Antiquities

Print Factory

Kitchen

Washing Room

Market

Dining Room

Bedroom

Puja Room

2. Print Factory This is Prajapati’s Workshop of Printmaking, Restoration and Antiquities collection. Here you can find rarities of objects dated since the 16th Century. The Print factory has 20 employees, each with particular skill set, varying from Print pressing, Screening, Carving, Inking, Cutting and of course, Painting.

3. Prajapati’s House The House contains many rooms, and has a vertical hierarchical function, from the service and factory space on the basement, to the shop on the ground level, then the workshops on the first floor, then the bedrooms and kitchens on the second and third floor, and lastly the most sacred room, the Puja room in the top of the house, the Temple.

4. Demand More than 900,000 families and houses were affected within the Metropolis of Kathmandu, there is a increased demand for restoration, reconstruction and rehabilitation. Here are some examples of scenarios where the house was completely collapsed, leaving some fragments, such as the door’s house entrance, which now, has become a stand by shop.

5. The Sanctum The temple is the most important part of the House, along with the function of inhabiting and producing, but without the Puja Room then this does not follow the Nepalese code of living.

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Newari House There are three types of houses in the city: those on the lanes, those on the streets and this in the city centre. The unit measurement was kha and its sixe varied depending on the class of house: for a first class house, it was about 15 percent smaller than for a third class one. Two new castes were created, one to measure houses and the other to measure land. These people are now called Chhibhandail, and they make a mystery in their trade. The measure should vary in dimensions according to the quality of the thing to be measured. The ground floor is a shop, store room or workshop. The sleeping and living quarters are in the middle and the purest and the most private spaces, the kitchen and the puja room (shrine), are nearest to heaven.

Non-resilient traditional Newari architecture houses (needing for innovation and intervention of technology to withstand lateral forces)

Prayer Wheel in the Shrine

Before

Puja

Kitchen

Living

Market

No damping/no resiliency

After

Soft-Storey Ground movement causes the foundation of the house to sheer, and therefore, collapse.

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Inspirations 1. Levitation

5. Quantum Cloud

One Quantum

Quantums gradually accululating as reaching the heart of the cloud to create the main body.

Defying gravity: as a means to give more spatial and architectural opportunities. One limb that can withstand the entire structure = ground detachment vs. observatory.

2. Shock Absorbers

6. Kinetics

Filter: capillary or Hair attached to the pelt of the house in order to attract dust and particles.

Pivot

3. Wind Responsive devices

7. Beach Monsters Change of Density of Pillars for mechanical purpose and different space scales. “Grass field” responding to the environment (i.e. wind)

4. Ink Pollution Absorbers

8. Anti - Gravity

Absorb dark polluted dust from cars, pipes and chimneys to make ink

A 32000 meter tower suspended by a large asteroid

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Earthquake Resiliency references 1. Tension Cables

5. Pendulum Pendulum as a device to cancel lateral forces placed in the middle of the pagoda with flexible joints.

A series of carbon fibre cables creating a curtain to stabilise the structure if an earthquake interferes.

Alternatively, a long pillar anchored in the middle that wobbles in the opposite direction of the seismic waves

2. Lateral Stability

6. Lightweight Bamboo

Floor slabs interlocking with the columns, tangentially penetrating through the horizontal structure. The Minangkabau “hat” is a vernacular structure, using bamboo as a very flexible material that can withstand buckling. TS4_Dalia Matsuura Frontini - Anatomy of the Collapsible Toy

Multiple columns spiking the floor

TS4_ Dalia Matsuura Fr

3. Filament Density / Quantum

7. Shape memory alloy

Columns surrounding and creating spaces, making it resilient to different shock waves coming from multiple directions.

1. Cardboard Column (neck) 2. Elastic cable 3. Springs in metal 4. Anchors 5. Pullees

4. Tensegirty / Carbon Tubes

Collapsible Toy: https://img1.etsystatic.com/022/1/6565057/il_570xN.473802235_l0j1.jpg

8. Flexible and non-fixed Joints 4.

Multiple pillars in a zig zag composition to support the tent structure - tensegrity Damping effect,

Assemblage Joints no fixedandjoints

Between the bones, ankles and feet

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Change of Density of Pillars for mechanical purpose and different space scales.

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Floor slabs interlocking with the columns, tangentially penetrating through the horizontal structure.

Multiple columns spiking the floor plates

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Old Sacred Fig Tree

Temple

The Bodhi tree in Kathmandu is a sacred fig tree which is said to be planted 288BC and ever since it was growing in the Durbar temple, and through time the branches grow and start strangling the temple. The fig tree branches are strong and flexible. The tree is one of the few remnants that survived in the Kathmandu earthquake of 2015.

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Bodhi Tree

Aim Painting can not only become a drawing tool, but also a structural and architectural solution. Investigating how painting steps into a 3dimensional plane. What will be the future ink? How can a brush stroke have compression and tension qualities? How can it strangle, suspend and levitate spaces? The focus of this technical report will address painting as the solution to resist environmental lateral forces (i.e. wind and earthquake), become an ultra lightweight material and be a composite of graphene. Highly resilient and adaptive to the extreme weathers of Kathmandu, Nepal. Bodhi is a hindu word meaning the “strangling” fig tree in a temple, composed by various filaments with different thickness and densities that helps to keep the temple in place despite surviving many incessant monsoon weather. Throughout the document, we will discover the possibilities and speculations of a painted inhabitation, that will promote architectural, structural and spiritual values.

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Sankha: the evil alert

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Phase II "Bodhied" (method)

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Mechanical Stress Dynamic mechanical loading creates hydrostatic pressure gradients within bone's fluid-filled lacunar–canalicular framework. As the pressure gradients are equilibrated, shear stresses are generated on the plasma membranes of the osteocytes and osteoblasts, which respond by initiating a number of cellular events that increase intracellular calcium, expression of growth factors and ultimately bone matrix production.

Alternation of trabecular pattern in the thigh bone reflects mechanical stress

Coxa Valga

Coxa Norma

Coxa Vara

Compression Tension

Trabeculae in spongy bone are arranged such that one side of the bone bears tension and the other withstands compression.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/bone/

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Wolff’s Law “Every change in the function of a bone is followed by certain definite changes in its internal architecture and its external conformation.” This law states there is a close relationship between mechanical loading and bone strength. There is now substantial experimental evidence in young and older mammals that bone mineral density (BMD) increases in response to loading, thereby validating this tenet.

Density overlap: Tension fibres meeting compression fibres, which leads to equilibrium of the bone

Stress lines in a crane as calculated and shown by Culmann (left) and the orientation of trabecular bone in a human femur as shown by Meyer

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figura-14-Dibujos-del-ingenieroCulmann-izq-y-del-anatomista-von-Meyer-der_fig5_268256832

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

1. Column

The density of filaments change the structural qualities and performance of the Strangling structure. One filament begins to be a tension element, such as a cable or tie rods, to then three filaments becomes about joinery and bonding volumes and structures, to then six filaments that performs as a compression membrane.

Ficus Religiosa

Filament Density

Diameter

Magnitude

TENSION ++

0.75mm

10mm

TENSION +

1.50mm

9mm

TENSION

2.25mm

7.5mm

JOINERY

3.00mm

6.8mm

JOINERY +

3.75mm

5.4mm

BUTTRESS

4.50mm

3.6mm

COMPRESSION

5.25mm

1.7mm

COMPRESSION +

6.00mm

0.1mm

Filament Diameter increase

Structural Type

Technical Studies

Displacement

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

(Entangled Bodhi)

= Primary (compression) = Secondary (joinery) = Tertiary (tension)

Volume 1

Tension Cables Strangler

Anchorage 1 Secondary Root

Base Plate

Trabecula / Filament Column Foundation

Filament Density Increase

Phase I: 4mm Trabecula thickness

Fifth Year

Phase II: 6mm Trabecula thickness

Phase III: 15mm Trabecula thickness

Phase IV: 25mm Trabecula thickness

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

2. Flying Buttress Buttress roots are large roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree. Typically, they are found in nutrient-poor rainforest soils and do not penetrate to deeper layers. They prevent the tree from falling over (hence the name buttress) while also gathering more nutrients. Buttresses are tension elements, being larger on the side away from the stress of asymmetrical canopies.

Votive Church, Vienna

Main Mechanical Load Path

Shock Absorbers Fur

Prajapati’s Newari House

Secondary Mechanical Load Path

Buttress Anchorage

Flying Buttress

Millifeet

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

(Preserving)

= Primary (compression) Roots following load and stress path

= Secondary (joinery) = Tertiary (tension)

Anchored Flying Feet

Top view: Roof strangled

Fifth Year

Front view: Flying feet

Side View Windows and cladding

Rear view: Mechanical Stresses following weak parts

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

3. Catenary Arch The Catenary Arch is a curve formed by a wire, rope, or chain hanging freely from two points that are not in the same vertical line. A catenary is the name for a curve that occurs naturally when a chain of uniform density is allowed to hang. The word itself is derived from the Latin, catena, which means chain. Which form a parabolic curve. http://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2008/bridges2008-47.pdf

Gaudi’s Sagrada Familia

2 mg

4 mg

1.5 mg

mg 6 mg

4 mg

2 mg

6 mg

2 mg

1.75 mg

4.5 mg

4 mg

4.5 mg

3.5 mg

10 mg

3.5 mg 2.5 mg

2.5 mg

7 mg

20 mg

2.5 mg

20 mg

15 mg

Axis of Symmetry

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

(Pendulum)

= Primary (compression) = Secondary (joinery) = Tertiary (tension)

Interior of Dome

Phase I

Fifth Year

Phase II

Phase III

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

4. Stereotomics Anisotropy, in physics, the quality of exhibiting properties with different values when measured along axes in different directions. Anisotropy is most easily observed in single crystals of solid elements or compounds, in which atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in regular lattices. In contrast, the random distribution of particles in liquids, and especially in gases, causes them rarely, if ever, to be anisotropic.

Grid

Arch

Ribs

Weaving

Hanger

Candy F loss: "sericulture"

Mezzanine

Strangler

Anisotropic Structure Arch

Technical Studies

Grid

Ribs

Weaving

Hanger

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

(Quantum Floss)

= Primary (compression) = Secondary (joinery) = Tertiary (tension)

Painted Surface distributing load

Quantum 1: Arch

Fifth Year

Quantum 2: Grid

Quantum 3: Ribs

Quantum 4: Weaving

Quantum 5: Hanger

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

5. Topological Optimisation Topology optimization finds the best distribution of material given an optimization goal and a set of constraints. It works by taking a solid block of material in any shape and removes material from it to minimize or maximize an optimization objective such as mass, displacement, or compliance while satisfying a set of constraints such as maximum stress or displacement. https://caeai.com/blog/what-topology-optimization-and-why-use-it

Steps

Sketch by FRONT

Bonder

Topological Optimisation: Remaining material to where is needed flow of forces Column

2 Structural Filaments

Technical Studies

3 Structural Filaments

4 Structural Filaments

7 Structural Filaments

9 Structural Filaments

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

(Retro-Haustorium)

= Primary (compression) = Secondary (joinery) = Tertiary (tension)

Material Optimisation

Top View

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

6. Suspension Gangway Suspension is the system of springs and shock absorbers by which a vehicle is supported on its wheels. It is supported by a series of wire ropes that hang from massive cables draped between tall pillars. The main material of the gangway is a composite plastic PLA which the joints have been melted and attached to the pillar and cables. http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Suspension-Bridge.html#ixzz5BQZlPtHO

Aerial Paris, Lebbeus Woods

Cables attached to Platform

Pole Joinery

Suspended Object

Equilibrium

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

(Levitation)

= Primary (compression) = Secondary (joinery) = Tertiary (tension)

Joinery of platform and gangway

Pillar anchorage

Elevation of levitated platform

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

7. Flexible Anchorage One of the paramount aspects to design an earthquake resilient structure is to have a joints that are not fixed, or that does not allow flexible movement. It is important that the anchorage can absorb p-waves and the s-waves during the occurrence of an earthquake. Thus, with the material of plastic - it allows the structure to be flexible and prevent from the Bodhi to crumble or avoid soft-storey phenomena.

Chidori

Technical Studies

V - Joint

L - Joint

I - Joint

P - Joint

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

(Dissipating Joinery)

= Primary (compression) = Secondary (joinery) = Tertiary (tension)

Leaf anchorage

Aviary anchorage

Fifth Year

4-point anchorage

2 - point anchorage

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

8. "Protruder" The Cantilever is a long projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end. The upper half of the thickness of such a beam is subjected to tensile stress, tending to elongate the fibres, the lower half to compressive stress, tending to crush them. In building, any beam built into a wall and with the free end projecting forms a cantilever. Longer cantilevers are incorporated in a building when clear space is required below.

Bodhi 2

https://www.britannica.com/technology/cantilever

Defense, Victor Enrich Strangler

Wave absorber / Damper

Bodhi 1

Diameter: 10mm

Diameter: 12mm

Diameter: 17mm

Diameter: 21mm

Diameter: 25mm

Filament Neck increase

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

(Cantilever)

= Primary (compression) = Secondary (joinery) = Tertiary (tension)

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

9. Truss The Truss is a structural member usually fabricated from straight pieces of metal or timber to form a series of triangles lying in a single plane. (A triangle cannot be distorted by stress.) A truss gives a stable form capable of supporting considerable external load over a large span with the component parts stressed primarily in axial tension or compression. The individual pieces intersect at welded painted joints. Which the aglomerarion of these create a web or a network of pillars. https://www.britannica.com/technology/truss-building

Welded Structure

Strandbeest, Theo Hansen

Skeleton

Membrane Connectors

Truss Density Increases

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

(Particles + Membranes)

= Primary (compression) = Secondary (joinery) = Tertiary (tension)

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

10. "Tensegrity" Tensegrity = Tension + Integrity, uniform balance within the structure Tensegrity is a design principle that applies when a discontinuous set of compression elements is opposed and balanced by a continuous tensile force, thereby creating an internal prestress that stabilizes the entire structure. Although this is not exactly a typical looking tensegrity structure, however, it does embody the fundamental principles where compression forces are balanced with tension forces. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tensegrity

Bodhi 1 Vertical Strangler

Tie Rods, Venice

Buttress Strangler

Horizontal Strangler

Buttress Strangler

Technical Studies

Horizontal Strangler

Vertical Strangler

Equilibrium

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

(Anti-Pancaking)

= Primary (compression) = Secondary (joinery) = Tertiary (tension)

Compression and tension forces cancelling out

Joint Flexbility

Oblique view

Fifth Year

Back elevation

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Structural Index: S1

S1. Column: Entangled Bodhi

S6. Suspension Gangway: Levitation

S2. Flying Buttress: Preserving

S7. Flexible Anchorage: Dissipating

S3. Catenary Arch: Pendulum

S8. “Protruder”: Cantilever

S4. Stereotomics: Quantum Floss

S9. Truss: Particles + Membranes

S5. Topological Optimisation

S10. “Tensegrity”: Anti-Pancaking

S10

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Summary Application (Structure, Sx)

Having explored the different possibilities with the compendium of structural types, this will help to identify the structural principles applied within Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi and how it is allocated within the temple. All of which have to follow the solution for lateral forces resiliency.

Bodhi Tree

S9 S10

S2 S7 Diagram of the different structural applications within the Temple

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Khatvanga

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Phase III Earthquake Simulation

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Logarithmic Richter Scale (0 to 9.9)

Filament Radius proportional to Richter scale capacity

The Richter Scale is a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations. The more destructive earthquakes typically have magnitudes between about 5.5 and 8.9; it is a logarithmic scale and a difference of one represents an approximate thirtyfold difference in magnitude.

Quantitiy

Log 2 Log 4 Log 6

(x 1000 more powerful than Log 2) (x 1000000 more powerful than Log 4)

Log 8

(x 100000000 more powerful than log 6)

Log Curve

109

Amplified Maximum Ground Motion

Wire Great Damping Magnet

Weight Pen

Rotating Drum Major

Horizontal Earth Motion

107 106 105 104 103 100-1 10

Strong

Seismograph

Moderate

The device is meant for recording a horizontal earth motion. In this arrangement a large suspended inertial weight remains suspended in space while the earth vibrates about it. The paper drum anchored to the ground records the vibration as a stationary pen affixed to the weight traces the path of the relative motion.

Small Minor Not Felt

-1

http://cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/image-67.png

Richter Scale

The Richter scale, a logarithmic function that is used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes. The magnitude of an earthquake is related to how much energy is released by the quake. Instruments called seismographs detect movement in the earth; the smallest movement that can be detected shows on a seismograph as a wave with amplitude A0.

Log 10

A – the measure of the amplitude of the earthquake wave

Therefore, an earthquake of size 9 on the Richter Scale will be 10 times larger than one of size 8. Of course the amount of damage done depends upon where the earthquake is located (in relation to buildings and people) and also how deep it is and what type of shock wave it produces.

A0 – the amplitude of the smallest detectable wave (or standard wave)

From this you can find R, the Richter scale measure of the magnitude of the earthquake using the formula:

R = log A A0 The intensity of an earthquake will typically measure between 2 and 10 on the Richter scale. Any earthquakes registering below a 5 are fairly minor; they may shake the ground a bit, but are seldom strong enough to cause much damage. Earthquakes with a Richter rating of between 5 and 7.9 are much more severe, and any quake above an 8 is likely to cause massive damage

Logarithmic Growth: Log 0 = 100 Log 1 = 101 Log 2 = 102 (10 x Log 1), 100 Log 3 = 103 (10 x Log 2), 1000 Log 4 = 104 (10 x Log 3), 10000 Log 5 = 105 (10 x Log 4), 100000 Log 6 = 106 (10 x Log 5), 1000000 Log 7 = 107 (10 x Log 6), 10000000 Log 8 = 108 (10 x Log 7), 100000000 Log 9 = 109 (10 x Log 8), 1000000000 Log 10 = 1010 (10 x Log 9), 10000000000

http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2_RESOURCE/U18_ L4_T2_text_container.html

Technical Studies

(x 100000000 more powerful than log 8)

Diploma 16

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Wave Types

An earthquake generates seismic waves that penetrate the Earth as body waves (P & S) or travel as surface waves (Love and Rayleigh). Each wave has a characteristic speed and style of motion. The diagrams below illustrate both the propogation of the wave as well as the motion of particles as the wave passes. P Waves: Compressional waves that travel through the Earth. Fastest waves. S Waves: Shear waves travel through the solid part of the Earth. Slower than P waves. Surface Waves: Love & Rayleigh waves travel along the surface of the Earth and are the last to reach distant seismic stations. P-wave

S-wave

https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-notes-geography-earthquake

Expansion

Compression

At Rest

Longitudinal Wave (P-Wave) Seismic P waves are also called compressional or longitudinal waves, they compress and expand (oscillate) the ground back and forth in the direction of travel, like sound waves that move back and forth as the waves travel from source to receiver. P wave is the fastest wave. Particle motion consists of alternating compression and dilation. Particle motion is parallel to the direction of propagation (longitudinal). Material returns to its original shape after wave passes. http://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/282

Bodhi Tree, survived during Kathmandu Earthquake

Transverse Wave (S-Wave) S Wave—secondary body waves that oscillate the ground perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. They travel about 1.7 times slower than P waves. Because liquids will not sustain shear stresses, S waves will not travel through liquids like water, molten rock, or the Earth’s outer core. S waves produce vertical and horizontal motion in the ground surface. Particle motion consists of alternating transverse motion. Particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation (transverse). Transverse particle motion shown here is vertical but can be in any direction. However, Earth’s layers tend to cause mostly vertical (SV; in the vertical plane) or horizontal (SH) shear motions. Material returns to its original shape after wave passes.

http://paos.colorado.edu/~toohey/fig_74.jpg

Schematic of the Indian and Eurasian Plates colliding underneath Nepal https://dpadhikary.wordpress.com/2015/06/01/2015-nepal-earthquake-a-geological-and-geotechnical-perspective-and-implications-to-kathmandu-valley/

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Natural Frequency of Vibration + Elasticity

Pancaking Building!

A taller building will respond to a lower and slower frequency oscillations of the ground. So if the we move the base/ground slowly then the tall building starts to oscillate (where the intermediate and short buildings are not moving). If we move towards a medium frequency then the medium height building will start to oscillate. To make the short building to oscillate, then a higher frequency is needed so that it moves briskly. The higher frequency does not affect taller buildings.

floor slabs stacking on top of each over due to progressive collapse from the earthquake

All buildings have a natural, period, or resonance, which is the number of seconds it takes for the building to naturally vibrate back and forth. The ground also has a specific resonant frequency. Hard bedrock has higher frequencies softer sediments. If the period of ground motion matches the natural resonance of a building, it will undergo the largest oscillations possible and suffer the greatest damage. 1. Frequency of a wave refers to the number of waves that pass through a point in one second 2. Period is the amount of time it takes one wave cycle to pass the given point 3. Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate with greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others 4. Resonant frequency of any given system is the frequency at which the maximum-amplitude oscillation occurs. 5. All buildings have a natural, period, or resonance, which is the number of seconds it takes for the building to naturally vibrate back and forth.

All buildings have a natural frequency of vibration that is released to horizontal ground motion:

Height (m)

Linear Elastic Resroting Force

Lateral Force, f

Tall Building

A medium-height building responds to medium frequency oscillations. In this types of seismic wave, the tallest and shortest buildings might not be affected.

Need for nonlinear elastic restoring force to create full self-centering:

Tokyo Drift Combined with Elastic Perfectly Plasic Energy dissipation

Range of possible Residual Drift

A short building responds to high-frequency oscillations (i.e. Kathmandu 2015)

Medium Building

Added restoring force, but not full self-centering

Mexico City

Short Building

A tall building will respond to low-frequency oscillations (for example, Japan 2011 Tokyo Earthquake, where buildings are designed to withstand low frequency waves)

Kathmandu

Non-Linear Elastic Resroting Force

Lateral Force, f

Building Type

Near zero residual drift

Drift Combined with Elastic Perfectly Plasic Energy dissipation

Full self-centering made possible by nonlinear elastic restoring force. http://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/4/3/520/htm

Disaster

High Resonance

Medium Resonance

Low Resonance

Rule 1: The higher the frequency, the taller the building can cope with absorbing shock waves.

Destructive Resonance

High frequency Low wavelength

Medium frequency and wavelength

Low frequency, High wavelength

Low Resonance

Medium Resonance

High Resonance

Optimum

The lower the frequency, the shorter the building can cope with absorbing shock waves.

Adaptive Resonance

Low frequency, High wavelength

Technical Studies

Rule 2:

High frequency Low wavelength

Medium frequency and wavelength

Diploma 16

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Dalia Matsuura Frontini

The Boss Model and Response Spectrum Analysis 0.7

Nepalese Code, Spectrum Analysis code rock site

0.6

code medium soil code soft soil

Spectral Acceleration (g, 9.81 ms-2)

HE Outcrop

0.5

HE Bedrock HN Soil HN Bedrock V Outcrop

0.4

V Bedrock

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 1

Periods (seconds)

https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/building_resonance_the_resonant_frequency_of_different_seismic_waves

Acceleration input motion (USGS 2015a) used to create spectral acceleration plots for each of the different areas tested, which are shown in (b, c, d). All sites are modelled as soil profiles in DEEPSOIL (Hashash et al. 2015a) using the mean limit of Seed and Idriss (1970) shear modulus degradation and damping curves with strain. The complex shear modulus is modelled as frequency independent. Each profile had 100 iterations. All three accelerometer components are modelled with ‘HE outcrop’ representing the horizontal eastern direction of the outcrop response, ‘HN outcrop’ representing the horizontal northern direction of the outcrop response and ‘V outcrop’ representing the vertical component of the outcrop response. The bedrock response is similarly modelled in the three components and is plotted with the dotted lines. The large response around 5 s comes from energy content in the initial recording, but the response still varies dramatically between the sites, particularly at shorter periods

Bracing Structural elements built into a wall to add strength.

The two most important variables affecting earthquake damage are (1) the intensity of ground shaking caused by the quake coupled with (2) the quality of the engineering of structures in the region. The level of shaking, in turn, is controlled by the proximity of the earthquake source to the affected region and the types of rocks that seismic waves pass through en route (particularly those at or near the ground surface). M5 (1)

M6 (30)

Magnitude

M7 (900)

Amount of energy released in earthquakes increases by 30x as we increase the magnitude by 1.

Technically speaking, whole unit of magnitude represents approximately 32 times (actually 10**1.5 times) the energy, based on a long-standing empirical formula that says log(E) is proportional to 1.5M, where E is energy and M is magnitude. This means that a change of 0.1 in magnitude is about 1.4 times the energy release.

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

"Invisibility Cloak" Seismic waves passing through a building are not visible but can distort and wabble the volume as a result of resonancy. Thus, the invisibility cloak is the natural frequency of vibration. All buildings have a natural, period, or resonance, which is the number of seconds it takes for the building to naturally vibrate back and forth. The ground also has a specific resonant frequency. Hard bedrock has higher frequencies softer sediments.

A 30cm 0 Richter

B 20cm

All poles are stationary, poles A to C are 1/3 longer than the other respectively. This is a diagram indicating how different height of pole has a different natural frequency of vibration.

C 10cm Critical Excitation + Structural Dynamics:

0 m displacement 0 m frequency 0 m wavelength

This is the wave of “invisibility cloak” passing through a building. As a result the building starts to dissipate the waves throughout the structure and generting a wave that ondulates and oscillates thorughout the structure.

A 90mm displacement

3 Richter

https://www.slideshare.net/thitiv/low-rise-vstall-buildings-during-earthquake-in-bkk

Pole A, of height 300 mm, this indicates that taller buildings are more prone to lateral displacement when a Richter Scale of 1-3 takes place. A good is example is high rise building in Japan. 90 mm displacement 0.3x frequency 0.9x wavelength

Higher Building: lower Resonancy

6 Richter Pole B, of height 200 mm, this indicates that intermediate buildings suffer more on a Richter scale of 4 to 6. A good example of where you find these buildings are in Mexico.

B 90mm displacement

90 mm displacement 0.5x frequency 0.5x wavelength Load Displacement of Moment Frame Intermediate Building: medium Resonancy

http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2013/10/vertical-structures.html

9 Richter Pole C, of height 100 mm, this indicated thats smaller buildings suffer more on a 7 to 9+ Richter scale, indeed, the buildings in Kathmandu are very short in height.

C 90mm displacement

2015 Kathmandu Gorkha Earthquake

90 mm displacement 0.9x frequency 0.3x wavelength

Shorter Building: higher Resonancy

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

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The Levitating Foundation:

Is a system that levitates a building on a cushion of air. The network of sensors communicates with an air compressor, within a half second of being alerted, forces air between the building and its foundation. The cushion of air lifts the structure up to 3 centimeters off the ground, isolating it from the forces that could tear it apart. When the earthquake subsides, the compressor turns off, and the building settles back down to its foundation. https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/science-questions/10-technologies-that-help-buildings-resist-earthquakes1.htm

Homes are built on a 'cushion' that can be filled with a water or gas to raise them in the event of an earthquake, causing them to hover while the buffer material takes the brunt of the quake. a new version will use powerful magnets to do the same job, the firm said. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3119169/Could-hover-houses-protect-California-bigone-Firm-reveals-plans-raise-homes-giant-magnets-event-quake.html#ixzz5BXu66Y00

1. Carbon Fiber Warp

5. Bio Materials

In retrofitting applications, engineers simply wrap the material around concrete support columns of bridges or buildings and then pump pressurized epoxy into the gap between the column and the material.

We all know that, pound for pound, spiTS4_ Dalia Matsuura Fron der silk is stronger than steel. MIT scientists believe that it’s the dynamic response of the natural material under heavy strain that makes it so unique.

2. Shock Absorbers

6. Levitated Joints

A rocking core-wall rocks at the ground level to prevent the concrete in the wall from being permanently deformed.

Sensors on the building detect the telltale seismic activity of an earthquake. The network of sensors communicates with an air compressor.

6. Pendulum

3. Rocking Core Wall

In addition to the steel frames, the researchers introduced vertical cables that anchor the top of each frame to the foundation and limit the rocking motion.

4. Shape Memory Alloys

One promising alloy is nickel titanium, or nitinol, which offers 10 to 30 percent more elasticity than steel.

8. Shock Absorbers

Each pendulum is tuned precisely to a structure’s natural vibrational frequency. uses a tuned mass damper to minimize the vibrational effects associated with earthquakes and strong winds. 1. Cardboard Column (neck) 2. Elastic cable 3. Springs in metal 4. Anchors 5. Pullees

Shock absorbers slow down and reduce the magnitude of vibratory motions by turning the kinetic energy of your bouncing suspension into heat energy that can be dissipated through hydraulic fluid.

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Apparatus

Index 1. Richter Scale controller 2. Vertical Piston X 3. Motor X 4. Earthquake Platform 5. Unfixed Joinery 6. Motor Y 7. Vertical Piston Y 8. Maximum vertical displacement

1. Three different height of poles 2. The Bodhi (foam of 2 grams) 3. Earthquake Simulator (Transverse Wave) + Plate (Longitudinal Wave) These are the key objects used to understand and quantify the possibilities of 3D painting. Here I will test and identify the lateral displacement and deffects happening on the structure depending on Richter scale variations.

Control Remote, to adjust 2-9 Richter Scale.

Bodhi Types varying in height

displacement

Elevation

Peak applied in motor, to hit vertically the board

Flexible joinery to allow horizontal and vertical movement Platform for experiment

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Earthquake Simulator

Please note: this is not a highly accurate and typical Earthquake simulator. However it is a simple machine to detect ground quake in vertical and horizontal waves. E-Defence (Japan), image on the right World's Largest Earthquake simulator: The simulator is a basically a kinetic platform with 24 pneumatic pistons attached to the underside, controlled by a massive hydraulic mechanism. Test structures weighing up to 1,200 tons, such as wooden houses and even concrete office buildings, are built in an adjacent warehouse, lifted over by crane and placed on top of the table. In July 2009, Simpson Strong-Tie in collaboration with researchers from Colorado State University conducted a 7.5 magnitude test on a seven-story wood-framed condominium tower – the largest seismic test ever. https://resources.realestate.co.jp/news/the-worlds-largest-earthquake-simulator-japans-e-defense/

Newari House

Top View of Earthquake Simulator Machine

Front view

Fifth Year

Internal View

Aerial View

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

1. Proportion Aim of experiment: How does changing the richter scale affect the three Bodhies (through which they have different heights)?

1. Summary for proportion:

Hypothesis: The height of the buildings is proportional to the richter scale, in other words, every bodhi has it’s own natural frequency of vibration, therefore the way each volume will absorb the waves will be different, every boddhi can absorb and dissipate vibrations throughout the mass.

Constant

Richter 3M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 6M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 9M - 30mm 20mm 10mm

Variables: height + Richter scale Constant: material type, diameter thickness of filament, bodhi form, anchorage Apparatus: Earthquake simulator + Bodhies, 3D paint and foam Discoveries: a 3M Richter scale is equal to 90cm lateral deflection on a 30 cm tall bodhi, a 6M Richter scale is equal to 90cm lateral deflection on a 20 cm tall bodhi, a 9M Richter scale is equal to Wood 90cm lateral deflection on a 10 cm tall bodhi.

Height

Strangler

Critical Capacity dx ≤ 40mm dx ≤ 30mm dx ≤ 20mm

Flying Buttress

Bodhi A A, Height (mm) A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection (mm) C, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) B, Newtons (N) C, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type Filament Diameter (mm)

Quantity 300 mm 90mm 20mm 10mm 3 Magnitude 2N 0.9N 0.02N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Bodhi A:

The lower the frequency, the more it affects taller buildings, this is due to resonancy, proportion and spread of waves.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Bodhi B B, Height (mm) A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection (mm) C, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) B, Newtons (N) C, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type Filament Diameter (mm)

Quantity 200mm 40mm 90mm 30mm 6.5 Magnitude 0.9N 2N 0.1N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Bodhi B:

Having set up a medium frequency, the bodhi in the middle will have the highest lateral deflection.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Bodhi C Height (mm) A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection (mm) C, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) B, Newtons (N) C, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type Filament Diameter (mm)

Quantity 300mm 20mm 40mm 90mm 9 Magnitude 0.02N 0.2N 0.9N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Bodhi C:

The smallest bodhi, which is equivalent to building heights in Kathmandu, suffers on higher frequency.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

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2. Distribution of Filaments Aim of experiment: How does the distribution of filaments throughout the bodhi affect the lateral load?

2. Summary for distribution: A

Hypothesis: The more filaments distributed evenly throughout the surface, the better way to manage lateral load.

Constant

Experiment Critical Capacity

5M Richter 1 Bundle 2 Bundle 3 Bundle 4 Bundle 5 Bundle 6 Bundle 7 Bundle 8 Bundle

Variables: filament distribution, ground footprint + Richter scale Constant: height, material type, diameter thickness of filament, bodhi form, anchorage Apparatus: Earthquake simulator + Bodhies, 3D paint and foam Discoveries: the Bodhi A will have a greater lateral deflection compared to Bodhi B or Bodhi C.

Distribution

dx ≤ 90mm dx ≤ 77mm dx ≤ 48mm dx ≤ 36mm dx ≤ 21mm dx ≤ 8mm dx ≤ 4mm dx ≤ 1mm

Filament thickness

Bodhi A A, Height (mm) A, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type Filament Diameter (mm) Number of bundles

Quantity 200mm 90mm 5 Magnitude 2N Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm 1

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Bodhi A:

With no lateral support other than the one bundle, the Bodhi will be prone to severe deflections

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Bodhi B B, Height (mm) B, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type Filament Diameter (mm) Number of bundles

Quantity 200mm 40mm 5 Magnitude 2N Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm 2

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Bodhi B:

Having added two more bundles, the lateral deflection will come more on the x direction in the axis.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Bodhi C C, Height (mm) C, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type Filament Diameter (mm) Number of bundles

Quantity 200mm 5mm 5 Magnitude 2N Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm 4

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Bodhi C:

Having anchored the bundles throughout the ground, the lateral deflection is minimal and optimum.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

3. Filament Bundle Aim of experiment: How does the thickness of filament inform the structural stability of the Bodhi?

3. Summary for Bundle:

Hypothesis: every filament thickness will have a capacity to keep the bodhi suspended and “levitated” from the ground. The thicker the filament, the higher the richer scale it can withstand.

C B

Variables: diameter thickness, Constant: material type, filament height, bodhi form, anchorage Apparatus: Earthquake simulator + Bodhies, 3D paint and foam

Discoveries: the thicker the filament, the better it can keep the bodhi in shape, however, exceeding the filament thickness it may do the opposite effect and cause the self-weight of the bodhi have a very heavy mass that can reduce flexibility.

Distribution

Filament thickness

Filament

Diameter

Critical Capacity

A B C D E F G H I

1mm 2mm 3mm 4mm 5mm 10mm 20mm 30mm 40mm

hx ≤ 10mm hx ≤ 13mm hx ≤ 17mm hx ≤ 30mm hx ≤ 35mm hx ≤ 50mm hx ≤ 80mm hx ≤ 100mm hx ≤ 1000mm

Volume type

Bodhi A A, Height (mm) Filament length Filament diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 50mm 300mm 1mm 150mm (collapse) 3 Magnitude 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Bodhi A:

With such a thin filament thickness, it is not enough to levitate the bodhi into 30mm height.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Bodhi B B, Height (mm) Filament length Filament diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type Filament Diameter (mm)

Quantity 240mm 300mm 4mm 70mm (critical) 3 Magnitude 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm

Bodhi B: Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

By thickening the diameter of the bodhi, the lateral deflection becomes 40mm compared to 100mm.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Bodhi C A, Height (mm) Filament length Filament diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 300mm 300mm 6mm 2mm (optimum) 3 Magnitude 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Bodhi C: This is optimum filament thickness, as it does not over exceed the self-weight and lateral deflection standard.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

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4. Volume Dynamics Aim of experiment: How does load distribution affect lateral deflection (i.e. volume and shape dynamics)?

4. Summary for Volume dynamics: A

Hypothesis: Depending on joinery and shape of the bodhi, then the aero dynamics will be affected on how the load is distributed within the surface. If it is a longtitudinal volume, you may achieve a higher lateral deflection compare to the circle.

Variables: volume shape + richter scale Constant: material type, filament height, bodhi form, anchorage Apparatus: Earthquake simulator + Bodhies, 3D paint and foam Discoveries: Bodhi B, had the highest lateral deflections by far, as it had a different load distribution compared to the other bodhies. Hence, it is important to consider the shape of the bodhi and what Filament thickness is best to reduce lateral displacement.

Volume type

Richter

Shape

Critical Capacity

3M 3M 3M 3M 9M 9M 9M 9M

square rectangle circle triangle square rectangle circle triangle

dx ≤ 10mm dx ≤ 90mm dx ≤ 30mm dx ≤ 10mm dx ≤ 20mm dx ≤ 4mm dx ≤ 40mm dx ≤ 50mm

Nanotech Material

Richter 3M Height (mm) Filament length Filament diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection C, Lateral deflection D, Lateral deflection A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 300mm 300mm 7mm 10mm 90mm (critical) 30mm 10mm 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g, 15g, 7g, 5g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Richter 3M:

Bodhi B has the highest lateral deflection, the lower the richter, the heavier the building suffers.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Richter 6M Height (mm) Filament length Filament diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection C, Lateral deflection D, Lateral deflection A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 300mm 300mm 7mm 15 80mm (critical) 40 15mm 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g, 15g, 7g, 5g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Richer 6M:

All of the bodhies are being affected, especially B and C. The others are still negligible.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Richter 9M: Parameters Height (mm) Filament length Filament diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection C, Lateral deflection D, Lateral deflection A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 300mm 300mm 7mm 20mm 4mm (optimum) 40mm 50mm 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g, 15g, 7g, 5g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

ion

New-ari Craftsmanship

Richter 9M: As we notice, the lighter buildings suffer more on a higher richter scale compared to heavier.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

5. Flying Buttress Aim of experiment: How does adding lateral stability, such as the flying buttress minimize deflection displacement?

5. Summary for Flying Buttress: A

Constant

Hypothesis: The flying buttress has a very specific function when inserting into a building - it can enhance joinery, spread the load throughout the different roots and facilitate the structure.

Variables: Buttress + Richter Scale Constant: material type, filament height, bodhi form, anchorage

Richter 3M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 6M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 9M - 30mm 20mm 10mm

Apparatus: Earthquake simulator + Bodhies, 3D paint and foam Discoveries: the buttress improves 3 times more compared to a buttress free structure. This is an ideal solution.

Wood

Strangler

Height

Flying Buttress

Critical Capacity dx ≤ 40mm dx ≤ 45mm dx ≤ 40mm

Tiranti

Bodhi A Parameters

Quantity 20

300 mm 40mm 10mm 6mm 3 Magnitude 2N 0.9N 0.02N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm

Bodhi A: Bodhi Height (mm)

A, Height (mm) A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection (mm) C, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) B, Newtons (N) C, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type Filament Diameter (mm)

The lateral deflection has minimised by a third - compare to experiment 1. This will inform the new design.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Quantity 200mm 20mm 45mm 15mm 6.5 Magnitude 0.9N 2N 0.1N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm

Bodhi B: Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

The lateral deflection has minimised by a third - compare to experiment 1. This will inform the new design.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Quantity 300mm 10mm 15mm 45mm 9 Magnitude 0.02N 0.2N 0.9N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Bodhi C: The lateral deflection has minimised by half - compare to experiment 1. This will inform the new design.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

6. Tiranti Aim of experiment: How does using cable tie rods optimise lateral deflection?

6. Summary for Tiranti:

Hypothesis: Cable tie rods are ideal structural elements, as they do not take too much weight into the structure, therefore less stress between the joints and it will reduce lateral displacement.

Constant

Richter 3M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 6M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 9M - 30mm 20mm 10mm

Variables: Tension rods + Richter Scale Constant: material type, filament height, bodhi form, anchorage Apparatus: Earthquake simulator + Bodhies, 3D paint and foam Discoveries: the buttress improves 3 times more compared to a buttress free structure. This is an ideal solution.

Flying Buttress

Bodhi A Parameters

Tiranti

Critical Capacity dx ≤ 20mm dx ≤ 28mm dx ≤ 30mm

Truss

Quantity 20

300 mm 20mm 7mm 3mm 3 Magnitude 2N 0.9N 0.02N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm

Bodhi A: Bodhi Height (mm)

The lateral deflection has minimised by half - compare to experiment 1. This will inform the new design.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Quantity 200mm 15mm 28mm 9mm 6.5 Magnitude 0.9N 2N 0.1N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm

Bodhi B: Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

The lateral deflection has minimised by half - compare to experiment 1. This will inform the new design.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Bodhi C Parameters Height (mm) A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection (mm) C, Lateral deflection (mm) Richter (Lr) A, Newtons (N) B, Newtons (N) C, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type Filament Diameter (mm)

Quantity 300mm 8mm 10mm 30mm 9 Magnitude 0.02N 0.2N 0.9N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal 6mm

Bodhi Height (mm)

Strangler

Height

Bodhi C: The lateral deflection has minimised by half - compare to experiment 1. This will inform the new design.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

7. Truss Aim of experiment: How does inserting truss spread seismic load throughout the bodhies and affect lateral deflection?

7. Summary for Truss:

Hypothesis: Adding the truss, the transverse waves will pass through the 3 bodhies and distributed the load and hence, cancelling out forces and equilibrating the entire entitiy.

Shape

Critical Capacity

Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C

dx ≤ 10mm dx ≤ 20mm dx ≤ 40mm

Variables: Richter Scale Constant: truss, material type, filament height, bodhi form, anchorage

6M 9M

Apparatus: Earthquake simulator + Bodhies, 3D paint and foam Discoveries: the buttress improves 3 times more compared to a buttress free structure. This is an ideal solution.

g Buttress

Richter

Tiranti

Truss

Pendulum

Richter 3M Height (mm) Filament length Filament diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection C, Lateral deflection A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 300mm-100mm 300mm-100mm 7mm 11mm 7mm 3mm 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal

Richter 3M: Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

The lateral deflection has minimised with an average deflection of 5mm.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Richter 6M Height (mm) Filament length Filament diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection C, Lateral deflection A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 300mm-100mm 300mm-100mm 7mm 5mm 11mm 4mm 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal

Richter 6M: Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

The lateral deflection has minimised with an average deflection of 6mm.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Bodhi C Height (mm) Filament length Filament diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection C, Lateral deflection A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 300mm-100mm 300mm-100mm 7mm 4mm 6mm 10mm 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Richter 9M: The lateral deflection has minimised with an average deflection of 11mm.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

8. Pendulum Aim of experiment: How does insertin pendulum help to cancel out all possible lateral deflection?

8. Summary for Pendulum:

Hypothesis: the pendulum is one of the most useful tools to use in an earthquake scenario, as the bodhi moves to the left, the pendulum (filled with ink) will oscillate to the right, thus, cancelling out lateral forces.

Richter

Shape

Critical Capacity

Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C

dx ≤ 5mm dx ≤ 6mm dx ≤ 7mm

C 6M

Variables: Richter Scale Constant: pendulum, truss, cable rods, material type, filament height, bodhi form, anchorage

Apparatus: Earthquake simulator + Bodhies, 3D paint and foam Discoveries: the buttress improves 3 times more compared to a buttress free structure. This is an ideal solution.

Tiranti

Truss

Pendulum

Quantity 300mm-100mm 300mm-100mm 7mm 5mm 4mm 2mm 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal

Richter 3M: Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

The lateral deflection has minimised with an average deflection of 2mm.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Quantity 300mm-100mm 300mm-100mm 4mm 3mm 6mm 4mm 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal

Richter 6M: Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

The lateral deflection has minimised with an average deflection of 3mm.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Quantity 300mm-100mm 300mm-100mm 7mm 2mm 4mm 7mm 2N 40ms-1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene 10g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Richter 9M: The lateral deflection has minimised with an average deflection of 3.5mm.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

9. Local Material: Bamboo Aim of experiment: How does combining two materials (3D Paint to englange bodhi + bamboo) suggest lateral behaviour?

9. Summary for Bamboo:

Hypothesis: Bamboo is a very flexible material, and very much used in Kathmandu, so by studying this existing material, how can it actually become an important asset to the structural integrity?

Richter

Shape

Critical Capacity

Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C

dx ≤ 10mm dx ≤ 8mm dx ≤ 8mm

Variables: Richter Scale Constant: bamboo height, bodhi form, 3D paint anchorage

Apparatus: Earthquake simulator + Bodhies, 3D paint and foam

Discoveries: bamboo is a very good material for lateral stability as it does wobble does not make the structure be laterally displaced. Also, because bamboo is made of many fibres (i.e. micro filaments), it is finner compared to 3D Paint.

Wood

Strangler

Flying

Richter 3M Height (mm) Filament length Bamboo diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection C, Lateral deflection A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 300mm-100mm 300mm-100mm 5mm 10mm 6mm 2.5mm 2N 40ms-1 Bamboo 10g Petal

Richter 3M: Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

The lateral deflection has minimised with an average deflection of 3mm.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Richter 6M Height (mm) Filament length Bamboo diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection C, Lateral deflection A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 300mm-100mm 300mm-100mm 5mm 4mm 8mm 3mm 2N 40ms-1 Bamboo 10g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Richter 6M: The lateral deflection has minimised with an average deflection of 2mm.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Bodhi C Height (mm) Filament length Bamboo diameter A, Lateral deflection (mm) B, Lateral deflection C, Lateral deflection A, Newtons (N) Longtitudinal Velocity (ms-1) Material (Mx) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Quantity 300mm-100mm 300mm-100mm 5mm 3mm 5mm 8mm 2N 40ms-1 Bamboo 10g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters

Richter 9M: The lateral deflection has minimised with an average deflection of 2mm.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

10. Further Materials Aim of experiment: Experimenting with different materials (elastic, stiff, plastic and composit) to see the lateral deflection compare to Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene.

10. Summary for Materials: A

Hypothesis: Acrylic and Polymer are very flexible and elastic, so it does not “crack”, compared to Clay and composit, which are very stiff and very dry. Variables: Richter Scale + Material type Constant: height, bodhi form, anchorage

Material

Critical Capacity

4.5M

Acrylic Polymer Clay Composit Acrylic Polymer Clay Composit

dx ≤ 3mm dx ≤ 25mm dx ≤ 45mm dx ≤ 9mm dx ≤ 8mm dx ≤ 50mm dx ≤ 80mm dx ≤ 17mm

Apparatus: Earthquake simulator + Bodhies, 3D paint and foam Discoveries: Acrylic and Polymer are both ideal materials for joinery and dissipating lateral forces. They will be mainly used for combining ABG.

ilament thickness

Richter

Volume type

Nanotech Material

Richter 3M 20

Height (mm) Filament length Acrylic diameter + deflection Polymer diameter+ deflection Clay diameter+ deflection Composit diameter + deflection A, Newtons (N) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

300mm 200mm 3mm, 2mm 8mm, 15mm 4mm, 40mm 6mm, 7mm 40ms-1 10g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Parameters Quantity

Richter 3M:

Acrylic and Polymer are the least stressed materials. The clay has most lateral deflection.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Richter 6M Parameters Quantity 300mm 200mm 3mm, 4mm 8mm, 30mm 4mm, 60mm 6mm, 15mm 40ms-1 10g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Height (mm) Filament length Acrylic diameter + deflection Polymer diameter+ deflection Clay diameter+ deflection Composit diameter + deflection A, Newtons (N) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Richter 6M:

The Polymer is increasing lateral deflection, this is due to the softness of the material and the clay has increased gap.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Bodhi C Parameters Quantity 300mm 200mm 3mm, 8mm 8mm, 50mm 4mm, 80mm 6mm, 17mm 40ms-1 10g Petal

Bodhi Height (mm)

Height (mm) Filament length Acrylic diameter + deflection Polymer diameter+ deflection Clay diameter+ deflection Composit diameter + deflection A, Newtons (N) Bodhi Volume Mass (g) Volume Type

Richter 9M: The acrylic and the composit are both very vertical and having a minimal lateral deflection.

Lateral Displacement (mm)

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Manual 1. Summary for proportion: Constant

Height

6. Summary for Tiranti:

Critical Capacity

Richter 3M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 6M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 9M - 30mm 20mm 10mm

Constant

dx ≤ 40mm dx ≤ 30mm dx ≤ 20mm

StranglerStrangler

Critical Capacity

Richter 3M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 6M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 9M - 30mm 20mm 10mm

Wood Wood

Height

Flying Buttress Flying Buttress

2. Summary for distribution:

7. Summary for Truss:

Constant

Richter

Shape

Critical Capacity

Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C

dx ≤ 10mm dx ≤ 20mm dx ≤ 40mm

Experiment Critical Capacity

5M Richter 1 Bundle 2 Bundle 3 Bundle 4 Bundle 5 Bundle 6 Bundle 7 Bundle 8 Bundle

dx ≤ 90mm dx ≤ 77mm dx ≤ 48mm dx ≤ 36mm dx ≤ 21mm dx ≤ 8mm dx ≤ 4mm dx ≤ 1mm

6M 9M

Strangler

Flying Buttress Distribution

Filament

Diameter

Critical Capacity

A B C D E F G H I

1mm 2mm 3mm 4mm 5mm 10mm 20mm 30mm 40mm

hx ≤ 10mm hx ≤ 13mm hx ≤ 17mm hx ≤ 30mm hx ≤ 35mm hx ≤ 50mm hx ≤ 80mm hx ≤ 100mm hx ≤ 1000mm

C B

Richter

Shape

Critical Capacity

Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C

dx ≤ 5mm dx ≤ 6mm dx ≤ 7mm

6M A

Distribution Flying Buttress

Filament thickness Tiranti

9. Summary for Bamboo:

Richter

Shape

Critical Capacity

Richter

Shape

Critical Capacity

3M 3M 3M 3M 9M 9M 9M 9M

square rectangle circle triangle square rectangle circle triangle

dx ≤ 10mm dx ≤ 90mm dx ≤ 30mm dx ≤ 10mm dx ≤ 20mm dx ≤ 4mm dx ≤ 40mm dx ≤ 50mm

Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C Bodhi A Bodhi B Bodhi C

dx ≤ 10mm dx ≤ 8mm dx ≤ 8mm

Volume type

5. Summary for Flying Buttress: Height

Richter 3M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 6M - 30mm 20mm 10mm Richter 9M - 30mm 20mm 10mm

Critical Capacity

Truss Trus

A B C

Truss Volume type

Pend Nan

A B C

Nanotech PendulumMaterial

A B C

Wood

Nanotech Material

Strang

10. Summary for Materials:

A B

dx ≤ 40mm dx ≤ 45mm dx ≤ 40mm

Distribution Strangler

Technical Studies

Filament thickness

Constant

Tiranti Tiranti

Volume type Truss

4. Summary for Volume dynamics:

Tirantithickness Filament 8. Summary for Pendulum:

3. Summary for Bundle:

dx ≤ 20mm dx ≤ 28mm dx ≤ 30mm

Richter

Material

Critical Capacity

4.5M

Acrylic Polymer Clay Composit Acrylic Polymer Clay Composit

dx ≤ 3mm dx ≤ 25mm dx ≤ 45mm dx ≤ 9mm dx ≤ 8mm dx ≤ 50mm dx ≤ 80mm dx ≤ 17mm

Filament Flying thickness Buttress

Volume type Tiranti

Nanotech TrussMaterial

Pendulum

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Young's Modulus

Young’s modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length when under lengthwise tension or compression. Sometimes referred to as the modulus of elasticity, Young’s modulus is equal to the longitudinal stress divided by the strain. Stress and strain may be described as follows in the case of a metal bar under tension.

Stress (pressure), σ

https://www.britannica.com/science/Youngs-modulus

Metal Ceramics

Tangential Slope = Young's Modulus

Plastic

Yield

M2 M3

For Plastic, Px, P1: Proportional Limit P2: Elastic Limit or Yield Point P3: Fracture Point

Rubber M4

10%

100%

Strain (stretch), ε

For Rubber, Rx: This is so elastic that it will take a lot of strain until the material fractures, indeed, slightly more than plastic. This may be a good material to be used for damping and shock absorbing.

General Information

Physical Insights

Strength measures the resistance of a material to failure, given by the applied stress (or load per unit area) The chart shows yield strength in tension for all materials, except for ceramics for which compressive strength is shown Elongation measures the percentage change in length before fracture Elongation to failure is a measure of ductility

Ceramics have very low elongations (<1%) Metals have elongation to failure (1-50%) Thermoplastics = large elongations (>100%) Rubbers can coil/uncoil elastically Thermosets have low elongations (<5%)

Phase IV: Necking 100% Strain 18 σ

Wood

Terminal Phase: Fracture 140% Strain 20 σ

Strain % increase

Polymers

Phase III: Second Yield 45% Srain 16 σ

Metal Alloys

Using a very elastic material it requires little amount of energy to strain it. As I gradually apply opposite directional pressure into the elastic polymer, the "neck" increases it's distance by 600% until it fractures. Ideally, you want to have an elastic material but at the same time that it is strong. So in this case, using elastic polymer its only optimum for strain but not stress.

Ceramics

Phase II: First Yield 10% Strain 15 σ

For Fibre and Wood, Fx and Ceramics Cz, Both Fibre, Wood and Ceramics fracture at an early point, as it is not an elastic material but rather stiff and brittle, which makes it difficult to use in an earthquake scenario.

0.1%

Phase I: Undrawn 0.1% Srain 10 σ

For Ceramics, Cx, C1: Fracture Point

Drawing!

Ductility for Elastic Polymer

For Metal, Mx, M1: Proportional Limit M2: Elastic Limit or Yield Point M3: Plastic Behaviour M4: Fracture Point

Fibre + Wood F1

- Toughness = energy required to break a unit volume of material - Brittle fractures = ceramics, fibre and wood - Ductile fracture = elastic and plastic

http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/interactive_charts/strength-ductility/basic.html

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Material Resiliency Properties Name

Material

Properties

Ingredients

- Density: 129.87kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 1400kg - Curing: 259200 sec. - Elasticity: No - Extrusion type: lotus - Earthquake resilient: No - Ductility: No

- Tensile strength: 3Mpa - Elongation: 1% - Flexural Modulus: 2GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 10$ - Common Products: Dough

- Water - Cereal - Carbohydrate - Gluten - Sodium - Preservative - Aroma

- Additives - Pigments - Chlorite - Flour - Vegetable oil - Tartar cream

- Density: 118 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 1200kg - Curing: 234000 sec - Elasticity: Yes - Extrusion type: rec. - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 50Mpa - Elongation: 9% - Flexural Modulus: 6GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 25$ - Common Products: Paint

- Organic Pigments - Solvent

- Egg Tempera - Binder (resin) - Additives

- Density: 54kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 50kg - Curing: 124000 sec. - Elasticity: Yes - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 70Mpa - Elongation: 20% - Flexural Modulus: 20GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 5$ - Common Use: Filling

- Pearl Foam - Acrylic - Solvent - Plasiciser - Pigments

- Additives - Glue - Resin

- Density: 1,920 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 849kg - Curing time: 500 sec. - Elasticity: N - Extrusion type: square - Earthquake resilient: N - Ductility: N

- Tensile strength: 3Mpa - Elongation: 0.2% - Flexural Modulus: 1GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 200$ - Common Products: Walls

- calcium sulfate dihydrate - organic pigment

- gypsum - Lacto bacilis - yeast - Additives - Solvent

- Density: 1060 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 855kg - Curing time: 0.7 sec. - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 27 Mpa - Elongation: 3.5-50% - Flexural Modulus: 2.1-7.6 GPa - Melting Point: N/A - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 21.99$ - Common Use: Electric Cables

- Petroleum - polymers - ethylene - monomers - plasiciser

- organic pigment - Ziegler-Natta vinyl polymerization

- Density: 1060 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 855kg - Curing time: 0.7 sec. - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 30Mpa - Elongation: 20% - Flexural Modulus: 35GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 29.99$ - Common Products: Reinforce

- Carbon - Graphene - Sugar - Glucose Syrup - Gelatine

- Additives - Pigments - Chlorite - Flour - Sorbitol - Corn Starch

- Density: 4506 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 4500 kg - Curing time: 0.2 sec. - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 1450Mpa - Elongation: 14% - Flexural Modulus: 113.8GPa - Melting Point: 1600oC - Biodegradable: No - Price x kg: 5$ - Common Products: Structure

- titanium dioxide

- Tensile strength: 350 Mpa - Elongation: 2% - Flexural Modulus: 2GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 8$ - Common Products: Scaffold

- bamboo fibres

- Density: 1160 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 800kg - Curing time: n/a - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: N

- Density: 1300 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 1639kg - Curing time: 0.5 sec. - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 37Mpa - Elongation: 6% - Flexural Modulus: 4GPa - Melting Point: 173oC - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 22.99$ - Common Products: Cups

- Petroleum - polymers - ethylene - monomers - plasiciser

- organic pigment - Ziegler-Natta vinyl polymerization

- Density: 1.9 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 1.5kg - Curing time: n/a - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 100Mpa - Elongation: 50% - Flexural Modulus: 100GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 500$ - Common Products: Insulation

- Tetraethoxysilane (tetraethyl orthosilicate) - Absolute ethanol

- Ammonium hydroxide - Ammonium fluoride

Clay

Acrylic

Polymer Foam

Self-Healing Plaster

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

Bio Carbon Dough

Titanium Memory Alloy

Bamboo

PLA

M10

Aerogel Gelatine

Yes/No ?

https://www.aqua-calc.com/calculate/volume-to-weight

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Summary Application (Material, Mx)

The importance and understanding of material, along with it's strengths, ductility and elasticity, is a crucial investigation to help with implementing and decising the design, according to the hierarchy and function of material. Some materials will be excellent for lateral load distribution, seismic isolation, damping, entangling and keeping the bodhi in shape, bonding, joinery, applying enclosures and decorations.

Stress (pressure), σ

New-ari Craftsmanship

Strain (stretch), ε

Material toughness properties

M1 best for SURFACING M10 best for ELASTICITY

M4 best for SELF-HEALING

M8 best for RETROFITTING M6 best for DAMPING

M3 best for ISOLATION

M7 best for MEMORY SHAPING M2 best for JOINERY

M5 best for RESTORATION

M9 best for STRUCTURE

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Nakula vomiting jewels

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Phase IV Joinery (Surgical Instruments)

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Plastination - preserving Bodhies

Plastination is a technique or process used in anatomy to preserve bod(h)ies or bod(hi) parts, first developed by Gunther von Hagens in 1977. Is a technique for the preservation of animal and human tissue by which body fluids and fat are replaced with synthetic materials such as silicone resins or epoxy polymers. Plastination is an advanced scientific technique that makes it possible to preserve the complete organs and bodies exhibited in HUMAN BODIES without their original appearance undergoing any changes. This technique is the fruit of years of research, and consists of a process lasting weeks or months, where the liquids and part of the adipose tissue in the organs are slowly replaced with a polymer, under vacuum and freezing conditions. https://www.humanbodies.eu/en/plastination/

Index a. the glass plate b. impregnated large section c. poured polymer d. the flexible gasket e. pressure clamps f. funnel g. polumer h. air bubbles

Method for Preserving Large Sections of Biological Tissue with Polymers: A Method for preserving a large section of biological tissue with a curable polymer such as an arcylic resin by impregnating the large section between flat plates. These plates are further separated near their edges by an elastomeric material, thereby providing a flat cell in which the opposit cut surfaces of the impregnated large section abut the inner surfaces of the cell plates. Thereafter the cell is filled up with uncured polymer. The polymer is then cured, the plates moving toward each other due to the polymer shrinkage during curing. Finally, the plates are removed. The resulting plastinated sheet is a permanently-preserved large section of biological tissue whose tissue water is completely replaced by a cured polymer, the sheet having a uniform thickness and smooth, even surfaces.

https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=4320157A&KC=A&FT=D&date=19820316&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Dr. Von Hagen's Specimen

The method is inexpensive as regards consumption of polymer and biological material. The surface of the plastinated sheet is smooth, thereby obviating the need for time-consuming polishing operations. A plastinated sheet can be made as thin as 0.2 mm. Such very thin plastinated sheets afford optimum light transmittance. The plastinated sheet is of uniform thickness. The structure of the plastinated sheet can be viewed and directly marked. As a consequence, explanatory indicia can be inscribed in the immediate vicinity of the structures of interest. Thus the invention affords a highly valuable aid for teaching and demonstration purposes in morphology. Bodhi Tree https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=4320157A&KC=A&FT=D&date=19820316&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP

Arteriole

Capillary

Digital Arteries

Palmar Arch

Radial Artery

Ulnar Artery

Subclavian/Brachial Artery

Hand vein plastination

Fifth Year

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Clay

Dalia Matsuura Frontini Clay behaves differently depending if it’s fine bone china to porcelain, the filament would sag in a different manner, and therefore, affect the curvature of the print.

GCODE.Clay Ronald Rael, Berkeley California The project consists of a number of objects 3D printed out of various clay materials, like porcelain, bmix, terra-cotta, and recycled clay. What is special about the pieces is that not only do they explore the potentials of digitally controlled art making, but they also incorporate the almost inevitable elements of gravity, material plasticity, and machine behavior into their final products. As explained on the project’s website, “In this case the 3D printer is pushed outside the boundaries of what would typically define the printed object, creating a series of controlled errors…”

Pla

A set of point clouds in order to compose the lattice like structure in the robotic arm

Robotic Arm Cur Voxels, Bartlett Hyunchul Kwon, Amreen Kaleel and Xiaolin Li – set out to create a new method of using robots for large-scale 3D printing. The team developed a custom nozzle that can extrude four- to six-millimetre-thick wires of plastic filament in the air, avoiding layered printing. “CurVoxels questions how the cantilever chair would develop when confronted with a new fabrication technique like robotic 3D printing,” ”The industrial robot drags plastic from the extruder in the air where it is cooled down,” said CurVoxels. “This method allows us to print faster, use less material, and achieve filigree-like structures with a high degree of detail.”

Machine combines with Man. Robotic Arm as a tool to paint in canvas.

Oil Paint

D1K M0NS73R Dragan Ilic “The metamorphosis of the artistic work is positioned at a point where human and machine activity intersects,” writes Ilic, reflecting on the state of art today. “[This results] in an interaction that is essentially based on the need to transcend the limitations of the human body.” A3 K3 is a unique interactive experience. Artworks are created by machine technology and audience participation. Dragan Ilić uses an elaborate brain-computer interface (BCI) system where he controls a hi-tech robot with his brain via state-of-the-art technology. Members of the audience are invited to try out the BCI technology. The artist and the audience draw and paint on a vertical and a horizontal canvas with the assistance of the robot. The robotic arm is fitted with DI drawing devices that clamp, hold and manipulate various artistic media. They can then create attractive, large-format artworks. Ilić thus provides a context in which people will be able to enhance and augment their abilities in making art. Thanks to the support of g.tec, Dragan Ilić will undertake further research with AI systems/ human interaction in the process of making art.

Concrete

bacterias joining and crystallising the cracked concrete

Self-Healing Concrete Delft University, Dr Henk Jonkers Biological concrete could usher in a new era of self-healing civil structures Self-healing is one of nature’s most remarkable talents. It continues to fascinate us, as doctors make huge leaps in regenerative medicine. But away from the medical field, engineers are hoping to harness nature’s healing power for a very different application – and one that could go deep into our built environment. Researchers in Belgium and the Netherlands are working on replicating the same processes we use to heal our bodies, within concrete. They claim that within two to four years, they will be able to commercialise a ’biological concrete’ that will have the ability to repair itself under tensile forces.

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Acrylic

Could acrylic composite paint have structural qualities?

Phygital Data Sci-Arc, Peter Testa Studio A group of Master program in Sci-Arc are ficysing in coordinating data with RGB code, colour is no longer surface domain, but an organisational system. Phygital is a combination of physical and digital: How does geometry pain? Qualities of plasticity and elasticity, through mediums of drawings, animation and side experiment. What if we literally build with what we draw? or with what we paint? By using the robot arm as the tool to control and map the extruded acrylic paint into surface. Phygital figure has Goosebumps * #pointcloud fugly #data Featuted on #botherzine * SciArc // Phygital Figures // Crusty pigmentation vs.fugly materialism * #mycoloursarebettertha yours #colourpop #lecorbusier #botherzine #sciarc Next level #texturemapping #voxel to #mesh Estranging Le Corbusiers objects one by one * Post midterm candy #2 #sciarc #monster #lecorbusier #digitalpainting

Metal

Mataerial Gravity Neutral 3D printing Mataerial – a brand new method of additive manufacturing. This patented method allows for creating 3D objects on any given working surface independently of its inclination and smoothness, and without a need of additional support structures. Conventional methods of additive manufacturing have been affected both by gravity and printing environment: creation of 3D objects on irregular, or non-horizontal surfaces has so far been treated as impossible. By using innovative extrusion technology we are now able to neutralize the effect of gravity during the course of the printing process. This method gives us a flexibility to create truly natural objects by making 3D curves instead of 2D layers. Unlike 2D layers that are ignorant to the structure of the object, the 3D curves can follow exact stress lines of a custom shape. Finally, our new out of the box printing method can help manufacture structures of almost any size and shape.

Paint that defies gravity, as the ink cures as soon as it extrudes from the nozzle, with help of the heat guns

Polymer

Compression and tension is varied throughout the change of density of filament

Filament structure Lift Architects Most digital design involves surface modeling. Even so called “solid” modeling software is based on representations where a “solid” is that which is enclosed by a set of boundaries (known as boundary representations or ‘Brep’ for short). While digital representations of solid objects are often treated as homogeneous and discrete entities, the reality is somewhat different. In the real world, material distributions are continuous and varied. Yet, with regard to architectural components, the variability of material within a volume is usually concealed (ie. porosity of bricks, various types of reinforcements for concrete structures, etc.) and is rarely taken into account during the early design process. With the advent of 3d printing techniques, a new possibility emerges - allowing us the ability to reconsider the aesthetic and mechanical properties of visible reinforcement. In this post we discuss a structural optimization method in conjunction with the possibility of treating structural elements as living in a material continuum that renders objects and reinforcements fuzzy.

Gel

Rapid Liquid Printing MIT Self Assembly Lab Hardened solution in the gel

Producing high quality objects out of plastics and metal has the potential to change fields of design. Instead of mass-producing furniture, it could instead be customised and produced to specific requirements - allowing people to define themselves within a “sea of sameness”, as Rob Poel, Director of New Business Innovation at Steelcase, puts it. The process could also open up new avenues for production in automotive and aerospace industries, where fast, large-scale manufacturing is essential. Tibbits says: “The size limit is really only constrained by the size of the machine and the quantity of gel. But it could also be used for smaller printed structures with high-resolution features, but they would likely be slower to print.”

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Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Robot Arm Top View

Mataerial Robots Sculptures

4 Fans / Hardning Vents

Nozzle

Track System

Bottom View

Pivot point

Technical Studies

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New-ari Craftsmanship

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Performance

Movement tracker with GPS + VR

A robot arm of height 3.5 meters is going to be used as the larger scale for painting three dimensionally. It will be connected to the VR system so that it can track and paint what you are drawing from the 3D paint cloud, into the 4D paint cloud.

GPS with Robot Arm

Point Cloud VR

I OT

IC BR

3D Paint Cloud

4D Paint

D IO N

AI N

x 2M ete

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Paint Armour Index 1. Anchorage 2. Fans and Vents 3. Nozzle 4. Ink Pump 5. Cage 6. Ink Channel 7. Inks

8. Replace cartilage 9. Axis 10. Main Axis 11. Robot Base 12. Attachment to Piston 13. Piston 14. Attachment to Track 15. Vertical Track

Inkjet Apparatus

Robot Arm and Track System

2 3

4 5

11 12

14 8

Technical Studies

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New-ari Craftsmanship

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Components

1. Platten Pressure Ring 2. Ink Reserve 3. Fans 4. Nozzle 5. Nozzle attachment 6. Cage

5. 6.

3.5 meter height

Front

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Side

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7-Axis

The latest robot arm is capable of doing 7 rotational axis, which allows more degree of freedom and performance, all of which are excellent assets in order to achieve complex shapes which could have not been possible with previous robot arms.

Ideal curvature and capacity at hardening process of the ink.

Span Ink 1, PLA

Ink 2, Polymer foam

Ink 3, Clay

Ink 4, Acrylic Gravity

Material Gravity Capacity

Painting in the third dimension

Axis rotation and performance 1 axis

Technical Studies

2 axis

3 axis

4 axis

5 axis

6 axis

7 axis

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Extrusion Type

Extrusion types define the structural and architectural roles that the 3D paint will achieve. They will affect the distribution of the material and it's structural role, for instance, an I-beam is much more efficient compared to an O-beam.

Acrylic Dough Injection

i. Twelve perforated circles, 10mm

ii. Seven perforated circles, 10mm

iii. Nineteen perforated circles, 12mm

iv. Square Die, 5mm

v. Large Clover Die, 12mm

vi. Medium Clover Die, 8mm

vii. Cross Die, 7.5mm

viii. Triangle Die, 6mm

ix. Rectangle Die, 7mm

x. Medium Rectangle Die, 7mm

xi. Small Rectangle Die, 5mm

xii. Half Elipse Die, 10mm

xiii. Large Circle Die, 10mm

xiv. Medium Circle Die, 8mm

xv. Small Circle Die, 4mm

xvi. Pico Circle Die, 3mm

xvii. Micro Circle Die, 2mm

xviii. Nano Circle Die, 1mm

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Track System

24 Variations

There are 24 + possible variations of the robot arm and with the track system. The track system has 10 axis in total, which is as equivalent to the human body. This allows many degrees of freedom, however, one of the main limits is the bulky size of these, is there another way of doing a robot which can take as little as possible surface area? 2. 3.

1. 4.

6. 11. 9.

10.

12.

14. 13. 15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

21.

20. 24.

23. 22.

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

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Evaluation

By using the Kuka robot arm (6-axis), there are advantageous and disadvantageous aspects. Other than the cost and manufacturing of the robot arm, this would be a very important tool in order to do large scale painting and load carrying.

Painting vertically

Advantages - Increased Efficiency - Higher Quality: robots can also be used to produce higher quality - Increased profitability: efficiency of your production process - Cutting Edge/Avant Garde - Safer for humans: performing tasks which are deemed as dangerous for humans - Excellent for ceiling/vertical painting (it would be painful and avoiding Raynaud's syndrome) - Can carry heavy weight due to the super artificial muscles (2.3 tonnes in 4.7meters) - It can carry out the work non-stop, so it can work overnight and long hours, without being "tired" - It can do more multi-tasking, so less dangerous workforce required as the robots can be replaced.

frame

Disadvantages - Needs to be recalibrated several times before used and adjust the user to learn the program - It can be heavy, so it needs a track system or that it has a good foundation (as it may cause the ground to sink) - Availability: this is just starting in large and rapid production - Adaptation and planning, organising the location and vector points on where it should - Capital cost: Whilst industrial robots can prove highly effective - Expertise: still need the assistance of experienced automation companies - Limitations: robotic system depends on how well the surrounding systems are integrated e.g. grippers, vision systems, conveyor systems etc.

heavyweight

https://www.granta-automation.co.uk/news/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-industrial-robots/

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Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

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Input/Output The robot arm will have three main functions: the track system (which is the charriot that takes the machine at all directions), the 3D paint (with the nano-tech infused materials and liquid nitrogen or fans to accelerate the paint curing in a fraction of a second) and lastly, the robot arm which will be 7 axis movement and lifted vertically.

Caution: May get too hot!

Liquid nitrogen passing through pipework and cooling up/solidifying the 3D paint

Liquid Nitrogen

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene (Filaments 10mm radius)

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Anatomy of Magic Wand The magic wand has been dismantled in order to see what are the main properties from extruding the filament of ABGraphene, into the motor, filament feeder, circuit board, drive gears, and then to the heated tip. https://blog.banggood.com/how-a-3d-stereoscopic-printer-pen-works-28211.html

Caution: May get too hot!

75mm

Nozzle Heated tip

Feeder

300mm

Pipe

Circuit Board/on/off

Drive Gears

Motor

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Material Gravity Performance Name

Material

Properties

Ingredients

Gravity ?

1. Clay

- Density: 129.87kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 1400kg - Curing: 259200 sec. - Elasticity: No - Extrusion type: lotus - Earthquake resilient: No - Ductility: No

- Tensile strength: 3Mpa - Elongation: 1% - Flexural Modulus: 2GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 10$ - Common Products: Dough

- Water - Cereal - Carbohydrate - Gluten - Sodium - Preservative - Aroma

2. Acrylic

- Density: 118 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 1200kg - Curing: 234000 sec - Elasticity: Yes - Extrusion type: rec. - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 50Mpa - Elongation: 9% - Flexural Modulus: 6GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 25$ - Common Products: Paint

- Organic Pig- - Egg Tempera ments - Binder (resin) - Solvent - Additives

- Density: 54kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 50kg - Curing: 124000 sec. - Elasticity: Yes - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 70Mpa - Elongation: 20% - Flexural Modulus: 20GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 5$ - Common Use: Filling

- Pearl Foam - Acrylic - Solvent - Plasiciser - Pigments

- Additives - Glue - Resin

- Density: 1,920 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 849kg - Curing time: 500 sec. - Elasticity: N - Extrusion type: square - Earthquake resilient: N - Ductility: N

- Tensile strength: 3Mpa - Elongation: 0.2% - Flexural Modulus: 1GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 200$ - Common Products: Walls

- calcium sulfate dihydrate - organic pigment

- gypsum - Lacto bacilis - yeast - Additives - Solvent

- Density: 1060 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 855kg - Curing time: 0.7 sec. - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 27 Mpa - Elongation: 3.5-50% - Flexural Modulus: 2.1-7.6 GPa - Melting Point: N/A - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 21.99$ - Common Use: Electric Cables

- Petroleum - polymers - ethylene - monomers - plasiciser

- organic pigment - Ziegler-Natta vinyl polymerization

- Density: 1060 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 855kg - Curing time: 0.7 sec. - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 30Mpa - Elongation: 20% - Flexural Modulus: 35GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 29.99$ - Common Products: Reinforce

- Carbon - Graphene - Sugar - Glucose Syrup - Gelatine

- Additives - Pigments - Chlorite - Flour - Sorbitol - Corn Starch

- Density: 4506 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 4500 kg - Curing time: 0.2 sec. - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 1450Mpa - Elongation: 14% - Flexural Modulus: 113.8GPa - Melting Point: 1600oC - Biodegradable: No - Price x kg: 5$ - Common Products: Structure

- titanium dioxide

- Tensile strength: 350 Mpa - Elongation: 2% - Flexural Modulus: 2GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 8$ - Common Products: Scaffold

- bamboo fibres

8. Bamboo

- Density: 1160 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 800kg - Curing time: n/a - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: N

9. PLA

- Density: 1300 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 1639kg - Curing time: 0.5 sec. - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 37Mpa - Elongation: 6% - Flexural Modulus: 4GPa - Melting Point: 173oC - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 22.99$ - Common Products: Cups

- Petroleum - polymers - ethylene - monomers - plasiciser

- organic pigment - Ziegler-Natta vinyl polymerization

- Density: 1.9 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 1.5kg - Curing time: n/a - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 100Mpa - Elongation: 50% - Flexural Modulus: 100GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 500$ - Common Products: Insulation

- Tetraethoxysilane (tetraethyl orthosilicate) - Absolute ethanol

- Ammonium hydroxide - Ammonium fluoride

3. Polymer Foam

4. Self-Healing Plaster

5. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

6. Bio Carbon Dough

7. Titanium Memory Alloy

10. Aerogel Gelatine

- Additives - Pigments - Chlorite - Flour - Vegetable oil - Tartar cream

https://www.aqua-calc.com/calculate/volume-to-weight

Technical Studies

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

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Ingredients for Polymer Foam: Isolation Polymer foam is excellent for absorbing shock waves and damping transverse/longitudinal waves. So this will be the main material used when there is a joinery of two stiff materials, such as wood, therefore, here are the following procedures into making this new (nanotech) infused material:

Nozzle Extrusion

Foam Particles Colour Pigment

Flour

PVA Glue

Graphene

Nitrogen

Sodium Borate

Polymer Foam

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Very quick, easy and cheap to prepare

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Joinery Combining one of the most popular and local material of Kathmandu, timber wood, which is good as a compressive force and strong material, however depending on how it is joined, it will affect the performance of seismic shocks, if the joinery is too stiff, then it will put a lot of stress in between the wood and cause it to snap. By using polymer foam as a method.

8. Wood

- Density: 1160 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 800kg - Curing time: n/a - Elasticity: N - Extrusion type: rec. - Earthquake resilient: N - Ductility: N

1. Timber pieces

3. Polymer Foam

- timber

2. Polymer foam insertion on Timber

- Density: 54kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 50kg - Curing: 124000 sec. - Elasticity: Yes - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

3. Polymer foam applied on both ends

Technical Studies

- Tensile strength: 350 Mpa - Elongation: n/a - Flexural Modulus: 2GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 8$ - Common Products: Scaffold

- Tensile strength: 70Mpa - Elongation: 20% - Flexural Modulus: 20GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 5$ - Common Use: Filling

- Pearl Foam - Acrylic - Solvent - Plasiciser - Pigments

- Additives - Glue - Resin

4. Bonding the 3D paint

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Torsion Polymer foam is really good for absorbing wave stress within the joinery of a stiff material such as wood. Having tested the material and how it behaves in torsion, we can see that it can rotate of approximately 45 degrees. This is comparatively good for seismic scenarios.

- Density: 118 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 1200kg - Curing: 234000 sec - Elasticity: Yes - Extrusion type: rec. - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

2. Acrylic

- Tensile strength: 50Mpa - Elongation: 9% - Flexural Modulus: 6GPa - Melting Point: n/a - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 25$ - Common Products: Paint

- Organic Pigments - Solvent

- Egg Tempera - Binder (resin) - Additives

5. Torsion experiment and flexibility

Angle of Torsion

45 degrees

6. Torsion experiment and flexibility

Angle of Torsion

45 degrees

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Surgery Surgical devices, which can also be used as tools to melt and 3D paint the timber, to strangle the polymer foam, enough to give it flexibility and also rigidity. The two main plastics used is the ABS and PLA, both which melt at similar temperatures and have elastic properties.

5. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

9. PLA

- Density: 1060 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 855kg - Curing time: 0.7 sec. - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 27 Mpa - Elongation: 3.5-50% - Flexural Modulus: 2.1-7.6 GPa - Melting Point: N/A - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 21.99$ - Common Use: Electric Cables

- Petroleum - polymers - ethylene - monomers - plasiciser

- organic pigment - Ziegler-Natta vinyl polymerization

- Density: 1300 kg/m3 - Weight x m2: 1639kg - Curing time: 0.5 sec. - Elasticity: Y - Extrusion type: circle - Earthquake resilient: Y - Ductility: Y

- Tensile strength: 37Mpa - Elongation: 6% - Flexural Modulus: 4GPa - Melting Point: 173oC - Biodegradable: Yes - Price x kg: 22.99$ - Common Products: Cups

- Petroleum - polymers - ethylene - monomers - plasiciser

- organic pigment - Ziegler-Natta vinyl polymerization

Surgery on timber - polymer foam joinery

Steel Filament

PLA Filament

Joinery

Pink Polymer

Technical Studies

Blue Polymer

Yellow Polymer

102

Green Polymer

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Entanglement The image on this page is a detail zoom in of the PLA + ABS entangling the polymer foam and the timber joinery. This is done by the robot 3D paint, which allowed it to create a buttress-root like entanglement. Inspired from the Bodhi Tree.

Bodhi Tree

Polymer foam

PLA Filament entanglement

Timber

Self-Healing Acrylic

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Exo-skeleton

The exo-skeleton, meaning, the external skin, will be covered by clay and 3D Paint (i.e. PLA, titanium, acrylic...etc), the timber will be joined in polymer foam (ideal for isolation and damping). There will be 6 different types of frames revolving around the Bodhi, as this becomes the main framework for the 3D paint to contour craft.

A B C

D E F Ladder

Terrace

Frame A Flexible joint

Frame F

Frame E

Frame B

Frame D

Frame C

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Step-Paintwell

Within the Painted Bodhi, there will be two materials combined: one is the flexible 3D pain englangling the structure, so secondly, the structure will be made out of timber and titanium. The 3D paint will make sure the joinery is flexible and that it does not but a lot of stress within the structure.

Location of ladder(s) detail in the bodhi

Ladder strangling on floor slab

100 Filaments

3D painted structure + Titanium

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Bracing

Throughout the timber frame of the Bodhi, the 3D paint will play an important role for the joinery and isolating vibrations. It will make the structure jiggle rather than put stress into the joints. So whenever there is a beam-column-arch meeting, the filament will strangle and damp the oscillations. Bracing provides stability and resists lateral loads, may be from diagonal steel members or, from a concrete 'core'. In braced construction, beams and columns are designed under vertical load only, assuming the bracing system carries all lateral loads. https://www.steelconstruction.info/Braced_frames https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/millennium-bridge/#drawings

Dome and Beam Joinery

Terrace and Column joinery

Column and Beam joinery

Core and Beam joinery

Technical Studies

106

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Bodhi Dissection

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Structural Performance of Cross Section The Shape of cross section of the extruded paint determines it's strength (Z) and stiffness (I). These values are measured about the axis of bending, in this case x-x.

Name

Cross Section

Function

Radius

Elasticity Ratio

Strength Ratio

Stiffness in Bending

Stiffness in Torsion

Lateral stability

10mm

300%

5.4

Memory Shape

10mm

200%

4.6

4.5

4.4

Louvres

12mm

500%

6.8

6.7

6.8

Foundation

5mm

60%

5.9

13.8

Structure

12mm

80%

6.1

12.2

14.6

Structure

8mm

80%

6.1

12.3

15.4

Damping

7.5mm

200%

7.2

16.7

10.4

Infiller

6mm

110%

2.3

6.7

6.8

Framing

7mm

100%

0.9

4.4

3.6

Elasticity

7mm

100%

0.8

3.5

2.3

Insulation

5mm

100%

0.75

3.4

1.2

10mm

150%

6.7

8.6

10mm

75%

5.8

17.4

8mm

75%

5.6

16.8

16.9

4mm

75%

5.2

15.6

16.8

3mm

75%

4.9

14.3

13.8

2mm

75%

3.2

7.8

7.7

1mm

75%

1.1

6.5

6.3

10mm

i. Twelve perforated circles, 10mm

15mm

1mm

5mm

10mm

ii. Seven perforated circles, 10mm

15mm

1mm

5mm

12mm

iii. Nineteen perforated circles, 12mm

15mm

0.5mm

iv. Square Die, 5mm

15mm

5mm

v. Large Clover Die, 12mm

15mm

12mm

6mm

vi. Medium Clover Die, 8mm

15mm

8mm

4mm

vii. Cross Die, 7.5mm

15mm

8mm

6mm

viii. Triangle Die, 6mm

15mm

3mm

7mm

ix. Rectangle Die, 7mm

15mm

3mm

7mm

x. Medium Rectangle Die, 7mm

15mm

2mm

5mm

xi. Small Rectangle Die, 5mm

15mm

1.5mm

10mm 10mm 8mm 4mm

Crack infiller

xvi. Pico Circle Die, 3mm

3mm

Joinery

xvii. Micro Circle Die, 2mm

2mm

Restoration

xviii. Nano Circle Die, 1mm

1mm

15mm

xv. Small Circle Die, 4mm

15mm

Isolation

15mm

xiv. Medium Circle Die, 8mm

Self-Healing

15mm

xiii. Large Circle Die, 10mm

Core Structure

15mm

xii. Half Elipse Die, 10mm

15mm

1mm

Delicate Restoration

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Summary: Extrusions

Purity

Within Prajapati's Painted Bodhi, there are variations of extruders in order to achieve different spatial, structural and environmental tasks. Some are for damping and isolating lateral forces, others is for painting the exo-skeleton, and some of the paint used will be faster cured if oriented to sunpath.

Lightness

Festival

Wisdom Nature

Stabilizer

Rebirth

viii. Local Pigments and Cultural meanings

iii.

https://www.himalayanwonders.com/blog/celebrate-holi-nepals-colorful-festival.html

iv.

vi.

vii.

ii. ix.

xi.

Fifth Year

xv.

xiii.

xviii.

109

xvi. xiv.

xii.

xvii.

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Hayagriva: horseman

Technical Studies

110

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Phase V Paint Cloud (Fabrication)

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Paint Cloud

Defined as the space that records your drawings into vector points. The possibility of storing what you paint into the cloud, but it doesn't stop there, it will be transferred into the extended arm of the 7-10 axis robot, where entangled bodhies and temple of paints will be a possible technique to do. This is the tool where it will store and rebuild the New-ari temples of Kathmandu. The New-ari craftsmanship, the new form of architecture.

8. 2.

4. 10.

11.

12. 6.

Drawing experimentation on VR HTC Vive Tilt Brush

1. Control remote for painting 2. Headset 3. Base Station C 4. Stand for the sensor 5. User 6. HDMI Cable

Technical Studies

7. Painted Motion Interface 8. Fire Brush Type 9. Controller remote for Palette 10. Base Station B 11. Pivot for Base Station 12. Stand

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Augmented Space

Left

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Right

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The Banyan Wand One of the main issues in model making, especially produced by hand, is digitizing and recording what you have created. The Banyan Wand is a combination of a 3D Pen that extrudes a melted filament and as a result, strangling or superimosing a structure within a structure. The Wand is the controller remote of the HTC Vive for Tilt Brush application, where it collects the vectors and point clouds of what you drawn, and translating it into a further new virtual dimensional space and experience.

3D Pen Nozzle: Extrusion of the melted Fluorescent graphene filament at 196 degrees celsius. With a diameter of 1.75mm.

Heater Extractor Extrusion speed

On/Off

Point Cloud PLA Filament

Remote control

On/Off

The Wand: Determines the point cloud of the painted model. Digitalizing every filament printed.

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Apparatus

The following devices will be used in order to operate the VR 4D paint cloud. Two control remote that can track your movement in the space and what you draw. The remote can let you chose the various brush tools. The goggles is to immerse into the paint cloud space, which allows you to see in a 360 degree angle. Then the sensors that detect and record your movement, which then will be linked to the Robot arm. The robot arm will use the heated extruder using PLA and other materials (depending on the purpose).

1. Controller 2. Base Station B 3. Base Station C 4. PLA filament S 5. 3D Pen

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10.

6. Head Set 7. USB 3.0 and HDMI video cables 8. Link Box 9. Stand for Sensors 10. PLA filament Large

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Particle Emission

VR Track Point coordinated with Robot Arm

There will be three main procedures before the Paint Cloud becomes extruded from the nozzle of the robot arm. The first is with the GPS control remote, where it records your brush stroke and drawing in the VR space. Then it will be brought to the interface to be "vectorized", where the program calculates the most efficient and structurally sound curve to perform, then lastly, to the "calibration" where the point coordinates are brought into context of Kathmandu, calculating the orientation, ground conditions and air pressure.

Mataerial by Petr Novikov, Saša Jokić and Joris Laarman Studio, https://vimeo.com/66401994

1. Augmented VR Space

2. Vectorization of Drawing

Diameter: 7 mm Colour Code: C34 M59 Y3 K1

Diameter: 50mm Colour Code: C34 M59 Y3 K1 1. Dampner

Technical Studies

3. Calibration

2. Constellation

Diameter: 150 mm Colour Code: C34 M59 Y3 K1 3. Cloud

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New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

"New"ari Craftsmanship

Newari is the local architecture of Kathmandu and Nepal. It mainly involves using timber, clay and thatch. The timber have exquisite wood carved figures and stories of Hindu Gods. Along with the local materials, having a tree that grows and proliferates within the existing house, will make the house even more "sacred", stable from earthquake and architecturally intricate. The New-ari form of craftmanship will be a joinery of the traditional and with the new. The local materials and construction intelligences combined with the New Bodhi. Bodhi Temple

New Bodhi

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Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Inkstruments: "Ink"+"Strument" Immersing into the VR scape, where you can chose the different brushes, which then lead to the choice of the ink and material. With every ink and brush, there will be a different surgical instrument used - this instrument will use a different material, and the material will either have structural, architectural and cultural values within the realm of Boudhanath temple of Paint. Have you ever wondered if you could not just draw in a VR space? but bring it to life? a large painted bodhi, that embodhies structural and architectural qualities of Kathmandu. Indeed, the "inkstruments":

I1: Circuit

I2: Spectrum

I3: Rope

I6: Cloud

I7 : Acrylic

I8: Thangka

E2: The Erlenmeyer Potion Sodium acetate (Solid Water)

E9: The Pipette Bio Carbon Dough

Technical Studies

E6: The Gravity Defier Titanium

E8: The Magic Wand PLA

Surgical tool: The Top Gun Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene

E5: The Healer Self-Healing Paint

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I4: Constellation

I5: Damper

I9: Grid

I1: Cable

E7: The Acry Fortis Acrylic + Nitrogen

E4: The Syringæro Aerogel Gelatine

E3: The Invisible Cloak Polymer foam

E10: The Funnel Clay

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

1. Scaffold Framework

"Microscopic" detail

0 s : Base

Application: Preparation Duration: 0 s Extrusion type: n/a Material: n/a

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Bodhi We

Sca ffold

The scaffold will be a temporary device used in the process of 3D painting. It's purpose is to keep the bodhi in place and for it to be tangled and strangled by the PLA, ABS, Polymer, Clay, Acrylic... paint. The scaffold will be made of a steel frame, strong and stable enough to support its own weight and the new paintings.

ig h

Temporary Set up of scaffold

60 s : Scaffold frame

Length: n/a Structure type: n/a Weight: n/a Coordinates: 0,0,0

Application: Scaffold frame Duration: 10 s Extrusion type: n/a Material: Titanium

Length: 300mm Structure type: cantilever Weight: 10g Coordinates: 0,300,75

86 s : Robot Bodhi insertion

108 s : Robot lifting bodhi

Application: Bodhi Duration: 86 s Extrusion type: n/a Material: polyfoam

Application: Bodhi lift Duration: 108s Extrusion type: n/a Material: polyfoam

Length: 110mm Structure type: oval Weight: 1.3g Coordinates: 0,20,0

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Length: 300mm Structure type: oval Weight: 10g Coordinates: 0,210,55

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

2. Bodhi Insertion

ser

A xi s d i v

With the aid of the 7-axis robot arm, the bodhi will be anchored to the nozzle and interlocked and fixed with the temporary scaffold. Once inserted, the bodhi is at the moment the only stand alone object and ready for the 3D paint.

Scaffold in

ers

Application of scaffold completer and ready for paint

tio

io n

"Microscopic" detail

176 s : Fitting preparation

210 s : Insertion

Application: Fitting preparation Duration: 176 s Extrusion type: n/a Material: polyfoam

Application: Scaffold frame Duration: 210 s Extrusion type: n/a Material: polyfoam

Length: 270mm Structure type: oval Weight: 1.3g Coordinates: 0,270,55

244 s : Robot Bodhi insertion

260 s : Setup

Application: Scaffold frame Duration: 210 s Extrusion type: n/a Material: polyfoam

Application: Setup Bodhi Duration: 260 s Extrusion type: n/a Material: polyfoam

Technical Studies

Length: 300mm Structure type: oval Weight: 1.3g Coordinates: 0,300,55

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Length: 300mm Structure type: oval Weight: 1.3g Coordinates: 0,300,55

Length: 300mm Structure type: oval Weight: 10g Coordinates: 0,300,55

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

3. Strangling Bodhi

287 s : 3D paint strangling

290 s : Buttress

Application: Joinery Duration: 287 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

Application: Joinery Duration: 290 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

Length:10mm Structure type: buttress Weight: 0.1g Coordinates: 10,290,-20

304 s : Anchorage

Application: Filament Duration: 304 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

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B od hi s

The 7-axis robot is ready for it's first coating of filaments to follow the 4 main roots of the bodhi tree. It will set up the vector poits, where to repeat them and anchor the ink at -25mm below ground. This will make sure that the filament penetrates well and that it does not escape from the ground. The PLA material will have mainly elastic and ductile purposes, as it is very flexible, strong and lightweight.

In C o n t i n

tran

Strangling and entanglement secure

uum

gle

"Microscopic" detail

Length: 35mm Structure type: buttress Weight: 0.11g Coordinates: 15,170,-35

311 s : Buttress

Application: Filament Duration: 304 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

Length: 220mm Structure type: buttress Weight: 0.14g Coordinates: 20,0,-70

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Length: 80mm Structure type: buttress Weight: 0.1g Coordinates: 0,0,55

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

4. Bundling

"Microscopic" detail

B u tt re s

The robot will continue to repeat the same vector point movements from a duration of 100 seconds-200 seconds, it is capable to make 10 bundles in one root. The bundle will be made of PLA with nanotech graphene infused material, which enhances the speed of curing and strength of the material (i.e. ductility). Later on the PLA bundle will be merged with Titanium as both will work structurally well integrated.

Re - c o a t i n

Repetitive and accurate movement

utt

314 s : 3D paint strangling

319 s : Buttress

Application: Joinery Duration: 314s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

Application: Joinery Duration: 319s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

Length: 80mm Structure type: buttress Weight: 0.14g Coordinates: 0,0,80

323 s : Buttress

Application: Filament Duration: 323 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

Technical Studies

Length: 80mm Structure type: buttress Weight: 0.15g Coordinates: 0,0,120

345 s : Reinforcing

Application: Filament Duration: 345 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

Length:10mm Structure type: buttress Weight: 0.14g Coordinates: -30,-5,7

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Length:10mm Structure type: buttress Weight: 0.14g Coordinates: -30,-15,70

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

5. Foundation Piling

"Microscopic" detail

354 s : Micro Piling

Application: Foundation Duration: 354 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

369 s : Foundation

Application: Foundation Duration: 369 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

Length: -40mm Structure type: piling Weight: 0.14g Coordinates: 0,0,-45

373 s : Foundation

Application: Foundation Duration: 373 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: PLA Graphene

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M i c r o p il i

So Here we go! The 7-axis robot makes sure that the foundation has been carefully poured in the ink in order to secure the bodhi in place, this will be applied to all of the 4 main bundles of the bodhi. This form of micropiling coating, will be a very important step as an aspect to damp and be resilient to earthquake forces. Within the slides we see another robot arm which is the titanium robot, setting up and preparing for implanting the titanium roots.

M ic r o p

ili n

Anchorage and micropiling fitted

Length: -35mm Structure type: piling Weight: 0.15g Coordinates: 0,0,-25

388 s : Reinforcing

Application: Foundation Duration: 388 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: Titanium

Length: -35mm Structure type: piling Weight: 0.15g Coordinates: 0,0,-17

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Length: -30mm Structure type: reinforcement Weight: 1.4g Coordinates: 0,0,-17

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

e em

"Microscopic" detail

398 s : Reinforcement

Application: Reinforcement Duration: 398 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: Titanium

Technical Studies

405 s : Foundation

Application: Reinforcement Duration: 405 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: Titanium

Length: -200mm Structure type: reinforcement Weight: 2g Coordinates: 0,0,-45

413 s : Foundation

Application: Foundation Duration: 373 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: Titanium

Titanium

Titanium, “the incarnation of natural strength", which is 60% less dense compared to steel. It's non magnetic and transfers heat very well, has a higher melting point than steel (1650 degrees Celsius), its non toxic, and ideal material for implantation, it's significantly stronger compared to steel and ultra-lightweight. It is an ideal material for memory shape alloy: an important aspect to have in an earthquake resilient structure. The titanium will carry 95% of the load of the bodhi. Caution: it may get very hot!

Titaniu

Structurally reinforced and independent

pou

ein

6. Titanium Implantation

Length: -100mm Structure type: reinforcement Weight: 4g Coordinates: 0,0,-45

435 s : Foundation

Application: Foundation Duration: 373 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: Titanium

Length: 10mm Structure type: reinforcement Weight: 1g Coordinates: 0,0,-5

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Length: -30mm Structure type: foundation Weight: 1.4g Coordinates: 0,0,-17

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

7. Tension Cables le

"Microscopic" detail

454 s : Anchorage

Application: Tiranti Duration: 454 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: ABS Graphene

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O s ci ll a ti o

467 s : Tightening

Length: -40mm Structure type: anchorage Weight: 0.14g Coordinates: 0,0,-45

Application: Tiranti Duration: 467 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: ABS Graphene

472 s : Screwing cable

Application: Tiranti Duration: 472 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: ABS Graphene

Te nsion

Having painted the PLA + Titanium bundle, what is left to secure a better lateral stability is by adding tension cables two in every side of the branch, so in total we would have 8 cables tied around the bodhi. The Cable will be made of PLA + ABS Graphene. To confirm the quality control of the 3D paint, the subject has been put into the oscillating transverse platform, where the bodhi was "jiggling" - a successful behaviour to have as it doesn't put the structure into stress.

ca b

Earthquake Resiliency test: Passed!

Length: -35mm Structure type: tension cable Weight: 0.15g Coordinates: 0,0,-25

486 s : Simulation Test passed

Length: -35mm Structure type: tension cable Weight: 0.15g Coordinates: 0,0,-17

Application: Jiggling Platform Duration: 486 s Extrusion type: n/a Material: n/a

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Length: -30mm Structure type: buttress Weight: n/a Coordinates: 0,0,-17

Diploma 16

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

491 s : Clay casting

Technical Studies

me Telescopic

505 s : Foundation

Length: -200mm Structure type: reinforcement Weight: 2g Coordinates: 0,0,-45

Application: Reinforcement Duration: 405 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: Titanium

413 s : Foundation

Application: Foundation Duration: 373 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: Titanium

"Microscopic" detail

C o at i n g

As a final stage, once the structure has been tested, all that needs to be done is to coat it with self-healing paint. An ink - in case of a seismic event, the paint will heal by itself because of the micro organisms containing inside it. This will prevent cracks and brittling the material. The machine will be a 6-axis robot arm which will be 3 times larger and more powerful compared to the other robot arms, as the self- healing paint is comparatively heavier, it needs to be carried with the larger machine.

Application: Clay Duration: 491 s Extrusion type: rectangle Material: Titanium

aint

Se l

Structurally Integrated and stable

p in g

f- H

8. Contour Crafting

Length: -100mm Structure type: reinforcement Weight: 4g Coordinates: 0,0,-45

435 s : Foundation

Length: 10mm Structure type: reinforcement Weight: 1g Coordinates: 0,0,-5

Application: Foundation Duration: 373 s Extrusion type: fine circle Material: Titanium

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Length: -30mm Structure type: foundation Weight: 1.4g Coordinates: 0,0,-17

Diploma 16

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Surgical Apparatus The largest robot arm is capable to carry extreme load weight, from 2 tonnes-4 tonnes. Clay will be the heaviest material to extrude and it will be required to be done in the large robot arm. This will be in the last phase after the structure and reinforcement has been completed. These are the different nozzle extrusions of the Clay Robot.

Caution: May get too hot!

1. The Funnel

Nozzle Extrusion: rectangle (fine tube)

a) Extrusion type: 5mm rectangle b) surface area: 7.5mm2 c) material: Clay d) function: contour crafting e) duration of extrusion: 10s f ) weight: 1g per 10 seconds g) robot type: funnel h) colour: teel i) machine weight: 2 tonnes j) curing duration: 3 days

2. The Erlenmeyer Potion

Nozzle Extrusion: pixel (delicate restoration)

a) Extrusion type: 1mm circle b) surface area: 1.2mm2 c) material: sodium acetate d) function: dripping e) duration of extrusion: 1s f ) weight: 1g per 1 second g) robot type: potion h) colour: saffron/white i) machine weight: 2 tonnes j) curing duration: immediate

3. The Invisibility Cloak

Nozzle Extrusion: particles (louvre effect)

a) Extrusion type: 8mm pores b) surface area: 7.5mm2 c) material: polymer foam d) function: isolation e) duration of extrusion: 5s f ) weight: 1g per 5 seconds g) robot type: cloak h) colour: purple i) machine weight: 2 tonnes j) curing duration: 2 days

4. The Pipette

Nozzle Extrusion: lotus (coating)

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a) Extrusion type: 7mm petal b) surface area: 7.5mm2 c) material: bio dough d) function: coating e) duration of extrusion: 2s f ) weight: 1g per 2 seconds g) robot type: pipette h) colour: pink pastel i) machine weight: 2 tonnes j) curing duration: 10 hours

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Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

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Cross Section detail Different wands will be used in order to perform structural, architectural and cultural devices. Titanium will be the main structure to support 95% of the weight, 5% of the weight has to be transferred in an "elastic" method, which means, according to Young's Modulus, elasticity is an important aspect to counterbalance lateral forces. The section shows how the 3D paint will anchor into the ground, aided by different tools.

E8: The Magic Wand PLA

E6: The Gravity Defier

Ground

Titanium

E1: The Top Gun

Underground

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene

E5: The Healer Self-Healing Paint

E4: The Syringæro Aerogel Gelatine

Technical Studies

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New-ari Craftsmanship

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Bundle Hierarchy

Index

There are 8 types of extruded instruments and materials, with a hierarchical role within the organisation of the bundling. The hottest and strongest material will be in the core of the bundle: the composit Titanium graphene, which will be the main memory shape alloy in order for withstanding most of the bodhi weight. Furthermore, ABS and PLA will have ductile properties and give flexibility within the entity. The Polymer and Acrylic are the isolators, the ones which absorb and damp oscillations. Then lastly, coated with aerogelatine and self healing paint, which will cure itself in case there are any surface damages.

= Aerogelatine = Self-healing paint = Polymer = PLA = Acrylic = Graphene = ABS = Titanium

Diameter: 500mm (largest bodhi extrusion)

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Surgical Instruments (Ex)

The following devices are the instruments needed for specific extrusion purposes. Some of these instruments are optimum for restoring, surfacing, memory shaping, joinery, damping, isolation, structure, insulation and self-healing. All of which have different functions.

E1: The Top Gun

Magenta

Spectrum

Yellow

E6: The Gravity Defier

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Graphene

Titanium

- moderately ductile - require a lot of energy to heat - available - excellent for memory shaping - instantly cures - instrument weight: 80kg

- highly ductile - requires a lot of energy - available in large quantities - excellent for restoration - quick at curing - instrument weight: 5kg

E2: The Erlenmeyer Potion

E7: The Acry Fortis

- moderately brittle - doesn't require a lot of energy - reduced availability - excellent for surfacing - extremely quick at curing - instrument weight: 0.5 kg

- very ductile and elastic - requires liquid nitrogen to cure - very available - excellent for joinery - extremely quick at curing - instrument weight:15 kg

E3: The Invisible Cloak

E8: The Magic Wand

- very ductile - doesn't require a lot of energy - available in large quantities - excellent for damping - extremely quick at curing - instrument weight: 60kg

- very ductile - moderate amount of energy - available in large quantities - excellent for structure - extremely quick at curing - instrument weight: 0.7kg

E4: The Syringæro

E9: The Pipette

- very brittle - requires a lot of production - very limited availability - excellent for insulation - extremely quick at curing - instrument weight: 0.1kg

- very elastic - doesn't require a lot of energy - high quantities available - excellent for isolation - extremely quick at curing - instrument weight: 0.05kg

E5: The Healer

E10: The Funnel

Self-Healing Paint

Clay

- very brittle - doesn't require a lot of energy - reduced availability - excellent for self-healing - takes long for curing and drying - instrument weight: 1.5kg

- moderately brittle - doesn't require a lot of energy - highly available - excellent for surfacing - extremely quick at curing - instrument weight: 20kg

Sodium acetate (Solid Water)

Acrylic + Nitrogen

PLA

Polymer foam

Aerogel Gelatine

Technical Studies

Nozzle detail

Cyan

Bio Carbon Dough

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Summary Application: Surgical Machines (Ex)

The instruments will be used at different times of the construction, therefore some will be used at an early stage of the construction, and others will be used at the very end, either it is for external cladding, or keeping it as enclosed as possible.

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Naga Serpentius

Technical Studies

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New-ari Craftsmanship

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Phase VI New-ari Craftsmanship

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Shilpakar Craftsmen Tools The tool box of the Newar carpenter comprises naildrawer hammer, a malet, and a pair of pliers, an adze, a hand saw, a long saw, a plane, a galere, a two part 10mm rabbet plane, an 18mm rabbet plane, a chisel, 30mm and 10mm, a heading chisel 10 and 5 mm, one or two gouges, an auger of 30mm a brace and bits, a gimlet and its bow, a triangular file, a t-square, a marking gauge, a string and a bubble level, a folding food. To these worksite tools may be added the tools used in the workshop and rabbet planes of various profiles. These low-tech and traditional tools will be adapted with the New-ari Craftsmanship.

b. l.

g. n. h.

o. i.

j. p.

a. adze b. t-square c. string d. auger

Technical Studies

e. mallet f. nail drawer hammer g. rabbit plane h. rabbit plane

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i. galire j. plane k. gimlet l. chisel

m. heading chisel n. hand-saw o. long saw p. sculptor's chisels

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New-ari Craftsmanship

Fifth Year

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

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Pashupatinath

The term pagoda used by Europeans to describe the traditional multi-tiered temple style is largely unknown and meaningless to the Nepalese. It is certain that the penetration of Indian cultural influences in Nepal has decidedly affected the development of Nepali temple architecture. Here is one large painted bodhi entangling the temple of Pashupatinath.

Bodhi Tree

The temple is composed with tiered roofs rather than "storeys".

Technical Studies

136

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New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Sentry Gateway (Stereotomics)

The only reason that some are preserved and maintained is for their symboism as the entrance and exit to the town. The gateways are the foundation stones indicate that the majority of town gateways were hardly bigger than an ordinary domestic doorway. Most of the gateways have been ruined through time and very few ancient ones remained in the city. The gateway is entangled by the bodhi, to preserve it's original form.

Existing gateways have been extensively altered, retaining almost nothing of their former appearance.

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Kashthamandapa (Levitation) It is the public resthouse, where four main columns alone carry the load of the lower roof as well as that of the upper story. This is the most important mandapas because of it's unique form and structure, but also the oldest in the whole valley. The name Kashthamandapa, the wooden hall was used in 1143 A.D. Many of the supportive columns, especially the four 7 meter high centre posts appear to be among the oldest surviving timber structure in the valley. Legend has it that the timber used in the construction came from a single tree and using the remaining wood of the same tree, has been used in Sikhamu Bahil and Sinha Sattal. Preserved by the bodhi paint.

Joinery between timber and bodhi paint

In the second floor, a square of twenty filaments forms the structure.

Height: 22 meters

Depending on the floor there is a different grouping of columns and filaments around each of the cores. All the roofs are are covered with traditional tiles, the brickwork is plastered with healing paint and whitewashed and the timber is painted.

Section A - remaining filaments where entangles the existing wooden house. What remains, is the internal skeleton of the paint.

Systematic way of collection of loads and the distribution through posts and walls to the foundations.

Height: 16 meters

The core of the ground floor of the building is formed by four massive wooden posts, on which the four posts of the first floor rests.

Technical Studies

Section B - Bodhi paint levitating the wooden hall. The building consists of three large open halls, set on top of the other.

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Chhusya Bahal (Repellent Seismic Fur)

The Buddhist monastery is usually a two storeyed court style building in contrast with the typical free standing Hindu temples, and due to its integration with the surrounding architecture the vihara remains relatively inconspicuous and it camouflages with the surrounding. There are almost 400 of these hidden in Kathmandu. The basic plan for the layout of the bihara is more than 2000 years old, and it remained structurally unaltered for centuries.

Section and front elevation of the Bahal

External and internal buttress stabilising the monastery.

Fur that absorb seismic oscillations and dissipates waves into the pillars.

Plan A The construction of Chhusya Bahal was completed in 1649 A.D. The building rests on a low plinth like base. The courtyard like that of the bahi, is sunken except for a narrow walkway around it.

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Jhya (Tensegrity Fenestration) The design and construction of windows, in particular, has become an important focus for displaying finesse of Newari art and craftsmanship: both artistry and skilled joinery work used in construction. The Jhya's are pieced together from many prefabricated units of varying shapes and sizes and assembled with either metal fixings or glue. Each window consists of two frames, the inner plain frame and the outer richly carved frame, and both are held together by wooden ties and wooden nails.

Heavyframe window

Latticework window

Tiki jhya is the overall term for windows with a latticework. However, as all ancient facades have a symmetrical design with different window types and window sizes in particular locations.

Figure J Elevation of fenestration entangled with bodhi paint.

Technical Studies

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New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Naga Serpentius (Joinery)

The peristyles are galleries made of isolated columns no the one hand and the walls of the edifices on the other. On each side of the edifice, the architrave is made of a single length beam, normally extending beyond the angle columns. In such case, the sub-beams placed at this spot are less extended and the extremities of such parts are generally sculpted in the form of dragon heads. The bodhi paint, will entangle and strangle these dragons like the legendary Naga Serpentius, the snake god.

Double colonnade adapted to thick walls: colonnade with abacus and strut, pole plate, columns, sub beam, struts, intermediary beams, breast summer, joisting and wall. Naga Serpentius

Dragon's head, Ksepu

Figure NMost common form of assemblage at the peristyle angle.

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Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Rana (Cantilever) The framework of the different peripheral roofs found at every floor of the temples is very simple in its principle. The walls which form the successive layers are never very far from each other and the rafters can often stretch from their upper support up to the extremity of the projection without it being necessary to use parlins and trusses. The Rana framework will be entangled by the bodhi paint which would topologically optimise and reduce the weight as it approaches to the frame.

Gaju Roof section detail Bodhi paint bonding with framework.

Figure R Section showing frame principle of one of the temple roofs: rafter, ridge pole, wall plate, diagonal bond, blockage of the string course by a peg.

Technical Studies

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Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Prithvi (Roofing)

The most commonly made roofing is flat tiles. These tiles are sealed on a masoned earth form on a lathing on lathwork of branches or terracotta tiles placed on rafters. Each tile is provided with a longitudinal neck having a semi circular profile. In direction of the slopes, the rows are diagonal, as the tiles are placed obliquely in accordance witht he direction given by a string. These traditional roofs are fragile and have to be cleaned every year, as plants root in the clay and raise the tiles.

Traditional roofing elements in the Kathmandu valley, an example of laying on a hip rafter.

Tiles and Element of roof valley hip rafter

Figure P The linings of the roof valleys are made with special elements with two lateral wings which are applied on the slopes and which cover the tiles.

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Appa Post Lintel (Arch)

Single or double rows of posts support the upper filaments where an opening is required for design reasons. Despite the extremely high standard attained in the art of brick firing, the quality of brickwork and as a result, the structure of the buildings is surprisingly weak, which can only be attributed to the following reasons: the use of mud mortar, poor bonding between the facing brickwork and the backing brickwork, differences in size between the face brick and the standard brick and the fact that walls meeting at right angles are seldom tied in.

Plinth and roof tiles of Narayan Dega

Detail of frieze situated at joist height: girder, moulded pieces, joggled cache-moincaux, cornice brick, symbolic poltery.

Figure A Cornice detail and bodhi entanglement in brickwork to make an arched structure

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Pujahari Math (Flying Buttress)

The Hindu priest house is the largest and the most important of all maths. During the middle ages, the Math was renowned as a centre of Hindu learning, including the study of Tibetan and Indian herbs and medicines. The Math consists of combination of several ghars. All exterior walls are constructed in a very smooth, highly polished and shark edged brick used on more elaborate buildings. Interior walls are basic brickwork.

Elevation of Pujahari Math

Figure P Longitudinal section of the priest house, entrangled by the flying butttress bodhi paint

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Maju Dega (Ground Stabilisation) The most important Hindu dega in Nepal is Pashupatinath Dega, through time there were numerous reports of repairs, alterations and extensions: it was founded in 325 A.D. The roofs were repaired during the earthquake in 12th century and repaired again. In 1692 the dega was destroyed by white ants and was rebuilt in its present form. Building materials are the following: brick skin, corner materials and curbs of natural stone. The walls are burnt bricks and clay mortar, exterior walls and wall area of the cella faced with brick skin, interior of simple fired bricks. The cella in natural stone, the portico is covered with wooden planks.

Front elevation

Painted timber: Ground pillars stabilising the pagoda

Figure M Doors, windows, struts, rafters of painted wood (paint of recent origin), posts, beams and other wood of unpainted timber.

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Basantapur Tower (Tiranti)

The tower was built in 1770. The walls of the facade are 2.05 meters thick and the partition wall is 1.92 meters and the two gable ends 1.95 meters thick. Thus the ground surface of about 100m2, 75m2 are occupied by walls making the construction seem like a powerful fortress. This is the rarer and nobler form with its three interlaced windows, and which in the present case form a construction independent of the vertical walls extended to this effect.

UAV Mapping with Drone to scan damaged areas of the tower China Aid Restoration Project

Figure B The Basantapur tower built in the Hanuman Dhoka Palace in Kathmandu, longitudinal section. Severly damaged by the earthquake

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The Newar House (Topological Optimisation)

Different types of staircases have been found, and the most frequent one are steep and narrow flight steps, with seven to nine steps, and of height of a store rarely ever exceed 2.10 to 2.20 meters. These are made of a head of a stop, a rod and a tightening pin. The upper portion of the step is smooth whereas for the larger staircases it is often provided with rectilinear notch assemblages which make a diamond shaped drawing so that the steps are less slippery. The timber frame will be reinforced by the bodhi paint, where it topologically optimises the load path and distribution.

Typical Newari House

Stringer

Landing

Figure N Most common type of staircase in the Kathmandu valley.

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Jags Pha (Plinths Foundation)

The brick joints are kept to minimum thickness so that the clay mortar cannot be easily washed away by rain. The cornice, supporting the lower end of the slanting roof struts is formed by different projecting carved timbers and two or three layers of projecting moulded bricks, which overlaps at the corners of the buildings to become an important decorative building element. Wall thickness vary considerably, and ranges to 28 to 70 cm. The basic foundations consist of few layers of natural stone. Now, infilled with bodhi paint, the mortar will not be washed away by rain and the foundation stabilised. Vertical brick motifs moulded brick frieze, entangled with bodhi paint

Figure J Section through wall, foundation, bodhi paint and plinth

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Kawanca

The skeleton of Kawanca is one of Siva's assistants and also a protector. Here a dancer wears his mask during the Chuka festival. The skeleton is making Chuka paint, a very flexible, colourful and known to have cultural and symbolic meanings. The ideal paint that does not get affected by seismic oscillation, that affects gravity and that we can sculpt with it.

Gravity defier paint

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New-ari Shilpakar

The Shilpakar are known as the expert craftsmen in the Valley of Kathmandu. These skilled artists are excellent are working with wood, some consider themselves as carpenters, other as skilled workforce and others as artisans. The Shilpakar will have the skill to work with 3D paint as the local intelligence, one of the materials they use it for is the Chuka festival, where candy based material is used to produce these colourful filaments.

Stability

Nature

Purity

Wisdom

Intelligence

Death

Lightness

Luck

Rebirth

New-ari

Shilpakar Man preparing painting of Chuka material

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Healing the Heritages

Post Gorkha earthquake, the valley of Kathmandu has faced severe damages from new to old buildings. In the section we can see Boudhanath temple of Paint in scaffold, the pancaked houses on the right and Prajapati's house vulnerable and being healed. This is the first phase, where 150 robot arms gather all into the Newari house of Prajapati's craftsmen and factory. The robot start to paint with self-healing paint internally and externally throughout the house and it will take at least 2 months for completion of the restoration of the house and of the application of the facades.

Cauldrons of paint in Boudhanath temple

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Prajapati's house under surgical treatment and temporarily scaffolded by bamboo. Aided and healed by 150 robot arms

Pancaked houses, where local people are in search of survivors.

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Catapult

Following 6 months of continuous repair, surgical treatment and intervention in the city of heritage, new applications of intelligent paint will be coated into the existing houses and foundations. The Boudhanath temple of paint is currently being healed by electrostatic and seismic repellent fur. On the very left of the canvas, the Shilpakar men and robot arms are painting a new bodhi which will be prepared to be catapulted off the ground. Indeed the catapult will take approximately 3 days to lift up the timber frame. As the rest of the city is being cured, the bodhi framework is being levitated off the ground and be ready for the next phase which will be the new place for the high demand of inhabitation.

Boudhanath healed with seismic repellant fur

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Shilpakar men and robot arms scaffolded with bamboo and platforms, assembling and painting the new timber framework for New-ari.

Prajapati's house ready for vertical intervention

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Surgical Treatment

Now, at the month number 14, great progress made, and this is the peak of the construction, where highest density and concentration of robot arms required to sculpt Prajapati's painted Bodhi, and repeat this treatment throughout the millions affected by the seismic phenomena. A total of 1205 robot arms (10 axis motion) will be very busy at completing the suspended bodhi, with approximatelly 35,700 pieces of bamboo scaffolded, 46 platforms, 4000 tons of paint (in liquid, filament and gas form) stored in Boudhanath temple. 37 drones flying around to compose UAV Mapping of the valley and scanning any missed treatment, updating mapping images every 24 hours.

Cauldron, drone house and filaments storage

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Spiral track system for robot arms to navigate vertically

Ramps for diagonal/tangential painting

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Temporary Support Combining local intelligence, such as the low-tech solution of bamboo scaffolding with the 10-axis robot arms, it will be possible to achieve highly productive and efficient performance of painting and assemblage. The temporary support will be divided into four categories: one, axial movement (i.e. horizontal platforms) for the robot arms to move in an x and y direction, two, the catapult to life timber painted frames, three, diagonal and tangential ramps for the robot arms paint the primary structure and four, spiral ramps for the robots to move vertically.

Technical Studies

1. Bamboo Scaffolding Axial movement, horizontal platform

2. Catapult For lifting heavy objects using leverage

3. Protractor Tangential movement track system

4. Spiral For robots to move vertically

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Permanent Support Along with the robot arms, there is a need of a permanent support, so that in case of needs and demand there is availability of construction materials for another intervention. As the city of Kathmandu is expanding, the supply of materials is important to keep in storage and available at any moment. Such devices are cauldrons, nitrogen gas, drones and spiral PLA/ ABS/Polymer foam...etc filaments.

Fifth Year

1. Cauldron Storing Paint (liquid form)

2. Liquid Nitrogen Cooling agent for bodhi painting

3. Drone UAV Mapping every 24 hours

4. Filaments Ink cartridge for robot arms

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10.

11.

12.

13. 3. 14.

15. 4.

16.

17. 18. 5.

19. 6.

20.

Index 7.

1. Quadracopter Drone 2. Bodhi i 3. Disk Drone 4. Square Drone 5. Bodhi ii 6. Robot Arm with Track 7. Cracked road 8. Prajapati’s House 9. VR Space 10. Bodhi iii 11. Pancaking House 12. Boudhanath Stupa 13. Drone House 14. Scaffolding 15. Prayer Flag 16. Painting Man 17. Paint Stepwell 18. Cauldron Ink 19. Bodhi iv 20. Sphere Drone

New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Prajapati's Painted Bodhi

Fifth Year

1. Prajapati's House under surgery

2. Boudhanath + Drone House

3. Cauldron paint storage + Paint well

4. Painted Bodhi

5. Bodhi Crawler

6. Pancaked buildings

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New-ari

Conclusion Bodhi Tree Bodhi Temple

Preserved house

The Ficus Religiosa A fig tree that entangles and wraps around the temple, one of the few ancient buildings survived during the earthquake. The Bodhi tree has strong religious and cultural connotations. It also structurally performs intelligently as it follows the load path and where the stress points are. Thus, the main inspiration for this technical study.

Painting in VR/AR

Paint Cloud Surgical Instrument

Paint Cloud

The three dimensional paint will combine VR + GPS interface, where the possibility of recording your drawing path into vector point cloud, or in other words, paint cloud. Different devices will be used along with the robot arm and of which will coordinate and extend your drawing into physical space. Paint is not affected by gravity.

Boudhanath

Newari The Temple of Paint

Newari - Prajapati's House

Kathmandu celebrates paint like no other place, the first temple to store and preserve paint in the socio-cultural hierarchial device like the step well. Thus using this local intelligence, combined with infused nano-tech and smart materials. The paint will heal the existing heritage houses that have been damaged and also propose a New-ari craftsmanship.

Prajapati's Painted Bodhi New-ari Craftsmanship This will be the first bodhi to be painted three dimensionally, that defies gravity and that is resilient to seismic oscillations / lateral forces. Indeed, it proposes a new form of craftsmanship, the possibility of changing the way we join materials, isolate and damp structures, circulate through spaces as the structure has been topologically optimised. Innovative use of new materials/construction techniques: 3D painting, prosphetic/extended robot arm construction, innovative planning technologies (VR). With 3D painting, you put the power of urban design in the hands of individuals so they can design the urban environment they want. Ending the era of pancaked architecture and creating a new era of restoration and preservation. Indeed, a more culturally appropriate and sensitive form of architecture: re-introducing colour to the urban landscape; preserving old building. This is Kathmandu, the city of painted temples, and ahead of 56.7 years.

Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Vajra: adamantine stone

Technical Studies

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Bibliotheca Himalayica

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References Phase I: Page 20: Chaku men, https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2017/01/11/watching-nepali-candy-chaku-being-made-utterly-hypnotic Page 21: Boudhanath painted arches, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/09/nepalbans-use-menstrual-huts-banish-women-homes/ Page 22: Himalayan earthquake plate, Sentinel-1 image showing the effects of the April 25 earthquake in Nepal (ESA/Copernicus data 2015), https://phys.org/ news/2015-12-sentinel-satellites.html Page 23: Earthquake disasters, https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/25/asia/nepal-earthquake-7-5-magnitude/index.html Page 26: Inspirations (from left to right): - https://www.edwardcella.com/exhibition/111/exhibition_works/2496 - http://www.antonygormley.com/sculpture/item-view/id/269 - http://www.new-territories.com/roche2002bis.htm - http://philipbeesleyarchitect.com/ - http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-liquid-shard-20160804-snap-story.html - http://www.strandbeest.com/ - http://www.graviky.com/air-inktrade.html - http://uk.businessinsider.com/hanging-skyscraper-asteroid-2017-3?r=US&IR=T Page 27: Earthquake resiliency (left to right): - https://www.archdaily.com/785175/komatsu-seiren-fabric-laboratory-creates-cabkoma-strand-rod-to-protect-building-from-earthquakes - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Goju-no-to_Pagoda,_Miyajima.jpg -http://www.kerez.ch/projects - https://www.pinterest.com/pin/507499451742140977/ - https://www.archdaily.com/187873/taiwan-tower-first-prize-winning-proposal-sou-fujimoto-architects - https://www.designboom.com/architecture/ca-coelacanth-and-associates-moom-tensegritic-membrane-structure/ - http://www.emergingobjects.com/project/quake-column/ Phase II: Page 32: Figurines, Prajapati, Suyog, "Glimpses from Nepal and Tibet", 2007, The Peacock Shop publishers, Bhaktapur, Nepal Page 34: Mechanical Stress, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/bone/ Page 35: Wolff's Law, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figura-14-Dibujos-del-ingeniero-Culmann-izq-y-del-anatomista-von-Meyer-der_fig5_268256832 Page 38: flying buttress, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress#/media/File:Die_Votivkirche_in_Wien;_Denkschrift_des_Baucomit%27es_ver%C3%B6ffentlicht_zur_Feier_der_Einweihung_am_24._April_1879_(1879)_(14597612677).jpg Page 40: Catenary Arch, Gaudi hanging model. https://moreaedesign.wordpress.com/2010/09/13/more-about-sagrada-familia/upside-down-sagrada/ Page 42: Candy Floss, http://www.rjseventhire.co.uk/candyfloss-hire-kent/ Page 44: Sketch front, https://www.moma.org/multimedia/audio/37/856 Page 46: Lebbeus Woods, Aerial Paris, http://www.new-territories.com/roche2002bis.htm Page 48:Chidori joinery, https://www.dezeen.com/2011/11/07/chidori-furniture-by-kengo-kuma-and-associates/ Page 50: Victor Enrich, https://www.archdaily.com/780381/victor-enrich-transforms-architectural-images-into-optical-illusions Page 52: Straandbeest, http://www.strandbeest.com/ Phase III: Page 60: Seismograph: http://cdn.yourarticlelibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/image-67.png Page 61: Wave types: http://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/282 - http://paos.colorado.edu/~toohey/fig_74.jpg Eurasian Plate: https://dpadhikary.wordpress.com/2015/06/01/2015-nepal-earthquake-a-geological-and-geotechnical-perspective-and-implications-to-kathmandu-valley/ Page 62: Non-linear elastic force: http://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/4/3/520/htm Page 63: https://www.iris.edu/hq/ Spectrum Analysis: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Acceleration-input-motion-USGS-2015a-used-to-create-spectral-acceleration-plots-for_fig2_308384710 Page 64: https://www.slideshare.net/thitiv/low-rise-vs-tall-buildings-during-earthquake-in-bkk Load displacement: http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2013/10/vertical-structures.html Page 65: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3119169/Could-hover-houses-protect-California-big-one-Firm-reveals-plans-raise-homes-giant-magnets-eventquake.html#ixzz5BXu66Y00 Page 67: https://resources.realestate.co.jp/news/the-worlds-largest-earthquake-simulator-japans-e-defense/ Page 79: Young's Modulus, https://www.britannica.com/science/Youngs-modulus Page 79: Material ductility, http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/interactive_charts/strength-ductility/basic.html Phase IV: Page 84: Plastination: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=4320157A&KC=A&FT=D&date=19820316&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP Page 85: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=4320157A&KC=A&FT=D&date=19820316&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP Page 86: (up to down) - http://www.emergingobjects.com/project/gcode-clay/ - https://vimeo.com/140782149 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-y68WLvSBts - https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/jun/29/the-self-healing-concrete-that-can-fix-its-own-cracks Page 87: (up to down) - http://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/sci-arc-robot-house/ - http://www.mataerial.com/ - http://www.liftarchitects.com/blog/ - http://www.wired.co.uk/article/rapid-liquid-printing-mit-steelcase Page 88: http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2013/05/anti-gravity-object-modeling-mataerial-is-a-robot-that-draws-sculptures-in-3d/ Page 90: http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2013/05/anti-gravity-object-modeling-mataerial-is-a-robot-that-draws-sculptures-in-3d/ Page 98: https://www.aqua-calc.com/calculate/volume-to-weight Page 109: https://www.himalayanwonders.com/blog/celebrate-holi-nepals-colorful-festival.html Phase V: Mataerial by Petr Novikov, Saša Jokić and Joris Laarman Studio, https://vimeo.com/66401994 Page 130: (left to right) - https://www.3ders.org/articles/20151114-3d-printed-hot-plastic-extruder-gun-extruding-large-numbers-of-plastic-pellets.html - http://www.directindustry.com/prod/rps-gmbh/product-65212-473711.html - https://www.exac.com/bone-cement/ - http://www.3ders.org/articles/20121019-fabclay-exploring-important-parameters-of-robotic-3d-printing.html - http://www.mataerial.com/ - http://www.3dindustry.ru/article/1685/ - http://www.everten.com.au/tala-silicone-piping-bag-and-large-nozzle-set.html - http://www.seramikturkiye.net/?p=3111&lang=en - https://www.stevespanglerscience.com/store/instant-hot-ice.html - https://www.vbseurope.com/en/pharmaceutical-biotech Phase VI: Page 147: http://china.org.cn/world/2017-08/16/content_41419339.htm Korn, Wolfgang, "The traditional architecture of the Kathmandu Valley", Biblotheca Himalayica, Volume II, 2016, Nepal Toffin, Gerard, "Man and his house in the Himalayas - Ecology of Nepal", Vajra Books, Kathmandu, 2016, Nepal

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168

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New-ari Craftsmanship

Fifth Year

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169

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Prajapati’s Painted Bodhi

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

Mala: 108 incantation recitations

Technical Studies

170

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New-ari Craftsmanship

Dalia Matsuura Frontini

TS5 Tutors

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171

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