Future Thinking Report NTU FMB by Annie Taylor

THE ANXIOUS ECONOMY.

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The Anxious Economy Future Thinking Report by: Annie Taylor N0728925 Word count: 3286

CONTENTS Introduction aims and objectives methodology what is the anxious economy? an evolution trend drivers political uncertainty climate change burnout trend consequences modern therapy slow living rise in spirituality

06 08 09 11 12 14 16 21 24 28 30 35 38

industry implications food and drink technology fashion possible futures the evolving self well-frastructure a human focus conclusion appendix references bibliography image references

42 44 49 50 54 55 55 55 56 58 62 68 76

introduction

It is not psychology but marketing forces, political spin and media scare stories that have forced ordinary people into a rabbit hole; a hole that imposes anxious, tense and overwhelming emotions onto consumers (Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Malley 2019). This raises concerns over the ability to maintain good mental health, as these external forces cloud consumer thought and transform them into negative feelings. Thus, this report will investigate the impact that health and wellbeing has had on consumers, with particular focus on wellbeing and how it is assisting the anxiety epidemic that exists today. Through in-depth analysis of the origins of the trend, the driving forces behind it, the impact it has had on consumer behaviour and the industries it has affected, three possible futures will be determined.

aims and objectives •

To identify one key macro trend that is influencing society

•

To understand how the trend has evolved from its original state and produce a set of recommendations on where it may lead

•

To comprehend how this trend is effecting consumer behaviour

• To highlight how the macro trend is impacting different industry sectors •

To develop a piece of work that acts as a springboard for the stage one project

methodology The research conducted for this report compromises of authentic and trustworthy secondary sources, including a multitude of books, journal articles, podcasts, market reports and exhibitions. These sources were used to aid the development of future insight for the chosen macro trend and formed the research basis needed to develop a critical evaluation of the trend. The secondary research sources chosen were advantageous for a variety of reasons, including – • Their ability to be easily accessed at a low cost • The ability to broaden knowledge on the subject area • The use of large quantitative data samples (within market reports) • Allows for an overall cultural understanding of the macro trend • Proven medical insight surrounding the subject e.g. Science Direct Journals All sources were chosen with year published and credibility of authors in mind to ensure validation of the investigation. Nonetheless, there were arguable limitations attributed to the secondary data gained which include – • • •

Lack of psychographic consumer analysis Some theorists arguably outdated e.g. Maslow Lack of primary research with strong qualitative data 09

what is the

ANXIOUS ECONOMY?

The Anxious Economy is a depiction of the health and wellbeing trend. Whilst The World Health Organisation (1948) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”; wellbeing, “has surrendered its healthy roots and is instead generating feelings of anxiety, self-doubt and depression” (McGregor and Smith 2019). It concerns the psychological state of an individual; a trend where self-care is applauded in a world categorised by uncertainty. The Anxious Economy predominantly focuses on generation Z and millennials as these consumers are subverting the ideology of ‘teenage angst,’ whereby a temporary cocktail of hormones are mandatories of an individual’s life. Instead, these generations are recognising that 1 in 6 people in the UK are “experiencing a common mental health problem (such as anxiety and depression) in any given week” (Mind 2017; McManus et al 2016) and are channelling these anxieties through wellbeing practices as a result.

an evolution In order to understand where The Anxious Economy and wellbeing as an entirety is heading within the future, it is important to understand where it has evolved from. Within this timeline, key milestones within the history of health and wellbeing are evident.

30001 5 0 0 BC

5003 0 0 BC

Ayurveda

Ancient Greek Physician Hippocrates

1 7 9 0’ S

1 8 7 0’ S

Homeopathy

Spiritual Healing

30002 0 0 0 BC

5 0 BC

1 8 6 0’ S

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Ancient Roman Medicine

Hydropathy

1 9 0 0’ S

1 9 5 0’ S

1 9 7 0’ S

Naturopathy

Organic Farming

First Wellness Center Opens

1 8 9 0’ S

1 9 1 0’ S

1 9 6 0’ S

1 9 8 0’ S 2 0 0 0’ S

Chiopatric

Flexner Report

High Level Wellness

Wellness goes mainstream

21 ST

CENTURY

Despite wellness only beginning to gain momentum in the 1950’s through research from ‘the fathers of the wellness movement’ - Halbert L. Dunn, Dr. John W. Travis, Don Ardell and Dr. Bill Hettler (The Global Spa Summit 2010), modern wellness is in fact cyclical. The origins of ancient healing practices such as ayurveda, acupuncture, homeopathy, yoga etc. are being adopted by consumers today in different itineration’s. Thus, whilst it is an ever-evolving industry, it arguably continuously uses the same foundations for new innovations. Consequently, businesses in today’s zeitgeist are tailoring old offerings to fit the new anxious consumer.

drivers

The drivers behind The Anxious Economy will aid in shaping where the trend will evolve in the future. A pestle analysis was conducted to understand these drivers (see appendix 5) and from the factors identified, political uncertainty, climate change and burnout will be explored as a result.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

political uncertainty In a climate fuelled by instability and disruption, anxiety is abundant (JWT Intelligence 2019a). Political uncertainty surrounding Brexit, in conjunction with the geopolitical undercurrents of climate change, is generating feelings of fear and anxiousness amongst consumers (Friend et al 2018), and younger generations are seeking ways to mitigate these emotions while establishing their place within the world. A distrust in established systems such as government and finance has emerged due to their inability to make responsible decisions. The government is said to waste money, support individuals whose actions are damaging to society, penalise those taking ownership and above all, fails to address real conflicts and needs of the people it governs (TaylorGooby and Leruth 2018). Consequently consumers, in particular millennials, have a strong desire for reassurance (Deloitte 2018). However, as this is a key area which government bodies are faltering within, (Fus Mickiewicz and Szymanska 2017), Lensvelt suggests these individuals are instead turning to wellbeing practices, such as spirituality and tarot cards, to provide them with a sense of direction and stability within their lives (Hughes 2018).

anxiety is

ABUNDANT

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

political uncertainty

Nonetheless, some members of generation Z are challenging their anxieties and the stereotypes attributed to them; they are turning emotions into actions (Friend et al 2018), with the most prevalent example manifested in Greta Thunbergâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s speech to business leaders. Thunberg aims to categorise one of the biggest anxieties felt by this generation, as 58% of young people believe recent political events to â&#x20AC;&#x153;make them feel anxious about their futuresâ&#x20AC;? (The Young Foundation 2017). This highlights how consumer confidence in government bodies are at an all-time low, especially due to their lack of care regarding public services such as the NHS and schools (Asthana and Perkins 2018), and are thus seeking solutions from external businesses to aid their wellbeing instead. 19

climate change In conjunction with political uncertainty, climate change is also driving the wellbeing trend as in recent years ecoanxiety has surfaced. Ecoanxiety, coined by Albrecht (2011), is defined within today’s zeitgeist as “a chronic fear of environmental doom” (American Psychological Association 2017). It refers to “the anxiety people face from constantly being surrounded by the wicked and threatening problems associated with a changing climate,” (Hayes et al 2018) and suggests that when people “feel a deep connection to places, wilderness and other species, then threats to these others are much more likely to be viewed as personal issues” (Koger et al 2011). Consumers are therefore participating in actions which channel these issues for a better future and better mind. Examples include changing diet, carrying a tote bag, using a reusable water bottle etc., all of which are generating feelings of joy and accomplishment in aiding to save the planet, whilst simultaneously improving wellbeing (Radio 1 and 1Xtra 2019).

CHRONIC FEAR OF

ENVIRONMENTAL

DOOM

climate change However, in the extreme example of Extinction Rebellion (XR), the question is raised as to whether these people in anxious states are actually fuelling positive action or not. Whilst the protests have successfully raised awareness to the climate change emergency, with the movement mentioned globally “more than 70,000 times in online media reports” – (“43.5% of online coverage in the UK , followed by 15.2% from Germany, 14.6 % in Australia and 12.1% in the US” (Townsend 2019)), it can be argued that their protests are flawed. Preventing commuters from using public transport, a method which is part of the solution to a zero-carbon world, sends out a counter-productive message and causes chaos amongst XR and the public (Wharton 2019). This is arguably fuelling the anxiety epidemic amongst both groups further. 22

burnout Burnout, as described by Pascal (2019) is “fatigue, anxiety, unmanageable stress, depersonalisation, feelings of incompetence”. These symptoms have become a global epidemic in the past 10 years with consumers constantly striving to achieve more in their path to optimisation (Walker 2019); they have “given too much without getting what they needed” (Chabot 2019, p. 4) in return. An example of this lies within the workplace; due to ubiquitous access to the internet, emails and phone calls, employees are finding it hard to ‘switch off’. Their professional lives are increasingly adding pressure to their personal ones and chronic stress is often experienced as a result. Consequently, the stigma surrounding mental health has caused unexplained sick days to cost the British economy £1.4 billion a year (Benstead 2019).

BEEP BEEP RING RING BEEP BEEP RING RING RING BEEP RING BEEP HELLO? BEEEEP RING RING BEEP BEEP BEEP BEEP BEEP RING RING

Nonetheless, whilst the World Health Organisation refers to Burnout as an ‘occupational phenomenon’, it can be argued that burnout also exists in the realm of social media. Consumers are increasingly experiencing the pressure to keep up with the people they follow online due to exposure of their peers’ lives through the online world.

HELLO!

burnout

For example, “22% of people feel that seeing other people’s gym photos on social media makes them feel under pressure to look a certain way” (Nuffield Health 2019). In this sense, it is arguable that those with a higher level of social media addiction correlates to the level of anxiety the individual may experience as a result. This perhaps leads the individual to feel an elevated level of burnout (Liu and Ma 2018) – whereby emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and the feeling of inefficiency (Han 2018; Maslach and Jackson 1981) are felt. Consequently, consumers are actively seeking ways to decelerate their wellbeing routines and slowdown in all aspects of their lives, both professionally and personally. They are increasingly becoming selective with the brands they shop with, and are choosing to purchase from those who recognise their needs by not feeding into the anxiety-laden culture that exists currently (McGregor and Smith 2019). 26

consequences

As a consequence of the drivers behind The Anxious Economy, a multitude of outcomes have evolved, such as modern therapy, slow living and a rise in spirituality.

“

modern therapy Despite the surge of mental health disorders in Western societies, therapy still remains a privilege (Friend 2019). For example, one in ten people have been waiting over a year for psychological therapy, whilst more than half have been waiting over three months (Mind 2013). In an attempt to tackle this issue, modern therapy has emerged; “the UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has approved the use of online cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for those suffering from depression and generalised anxiety disorder” (Allen 2018). Arguably, online automated self-care programmes are advantageous for consumers as they offer multiple benefits. These include shorter waiting times, flexible appointment times outside working hours, enhanced disclosure and improved access for those with hindering conditions e.g. are disabled or suffer from conditions such as agoraphobia (Catarino et al 2018). However, many markets around the world still remain “concerned that automation is ushering us towards a bleak future” (TrendWatching 2019). In this sense, the lack of human interaction associated with CBT could potentially cause more harm than good to ones wellbeing. Essentially, we need to “re-consider the too-simple enthusiasm of ‘the more connected we are, the better off we are’” (Turkle 2015 p.17) because 30

When we talk to machines, we forget what is special about being human. We forget what it means to have authentic conversation. Machines are programmed to have conversations “as if” they understood what the conversation is about. So when we talk to them, we, too, are reduced and confined to the “as if.” (Turkle 2015 p. 339)

we forget what is special about being human

CBT: an apple a day keeps the doctor away CONSUMER: thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not what I mean!!! 32

modern therapy Thus, it is arguable that talking to an automated machine is problematic, as if it cannot understand the depth of a conversation surrounding mental health then it is likely that it will provide wrong advice to individuals which could have further negative effects. To further reinforce this, Maslowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hierarchy of Needs (1943) aims to highlight that human interaction is a psychological need which needs to be fulfilled (see appendix 1). The love and belonging stage of the pyramid can be achieved through intimate relations or, in this instance, platonic relations with a therapist. Therefore, if said need is unmet, then this could cause an individual to delve deeper into their mental illness.

slow living

With the world moving at a pace that is unattainable, consumers are craving to live a slower lifestyle (McGregor and Smith 2019). Within the wellness sector, the ideology of slow living has stemmed from the conception that the industry is built upon short-term strategies (O’Malley 2019). Thus, instead of adding pressure to the saturated lives that exist today, traditional pursuits of wellness are now being adopted (McGregor and Smith 2019). One activity that is being incorporated into this lifestyle is the act of eschewing technology – more commonly identified as a digital detox. Consumers are returning to a time when social media was less omnipresent, with 49% of social media users having “cut down on their usage in the last 12 months” (Mintel 2019). These individuals are recognising the issues associated with digital addiction and mental health and are choosing to take a slower approach to their technological devices.

Slow Living has also impacted other sectors including journalism, transport, food, fashion etc. which all aim to create a more sustainable future. However, through the application of Raworth’s (2017) economic model ‘Doughnut of Social and Planetary Boundaries’ (see appendix 2), it can be argued that a sustainable future will only be achieved when the safe space between these said boundaries is also achieved. Within this ‘safe’ layer of the doughnut, consumers should have access to life essentials such as “food, water, healthcare and political freedom of expression” without simultaneously overshooting the doughnuts outer crust (Raworth 2017).

slow living Nonetheless, within today’s zeitgeist, consumers are living in a degenerative economy whereby collective pressure from humanity is running down earth’s life-giving systems. These include a “stable climate, healthy oceans and a protective ozone layer, all on which humanity’s wellbeing fundamentally depends” (Raworth 2017). Yet of these planetary boundaries, four have already been overshot: “climate change, land conversion, fertilizer use, and biodiversity loss” (Raworth 2017). Thus, as slow living is still an emerging consequence, consumers, in the meantime, are recognising the relationship between their surroundings and their mental health and are participating in activities such as forest bathing to assist with their anxieties (Shinrin Yoku 2018 p. 5). 36

rise in spirituality

As a result of the uncertainty and anxiety surrounding the current state of the world, or perhaps to counteract an “overly tech-ified” one (Safian-Demers 2019), consumers are reclaiming their power through self-care methods. For example, despite evolving as a non-western tradition, “a spiritually-focused counter-culture is beginning to emerge” (Radin 2017) and is being considered the new luxury by western consumers. Amongst these consumers are millennials, seeking for “serenity and an escape from the woes of everyday life” due to the worlds of faith, fitness and wellness becoming blurred (Gividen 2017). Using the scientific theory of happiness model, perma, it can be said that spirituality ultimately gives consumers a sense of meaning in the world (see appendix 3).

In parallel with the instability of the world, the growth and popularity of spirituality could also be attributed to the fact that 52% of the British public are “now saying they do not regard themselves as belonging to any religion” (British Social Attitudes 2018). However, of those who are religious, “two thirds (66%) of people in Britain never attend ordinary services” connected to their religion. Therefore, whilst religious practices are declining, spiritual ones are increasing. For example, currently gaining momentum are tarot cards, with sales across the industry rising 30% in 2017 (Carty-Williams 2019). The practice of the past has also impacted sectors such as fashion, evidenced within Givenchy’s SS17 collection and Christian Dior’s Resort 2018 show.

Moreover, high-street fashion brands such as ASOS and Urban Outfitters are also tapping into this shift in consumer behaviour because they understand that spirituality, as an entirety, is giving consumers a sense of direction. Ultimately, due to how saturated the wellness market is, the metaphysical universe is providing an innovative gap for businesses to tap into. Thus, spirituality can arguably fit into the innovation/ early adoption stages of Rogers (2003) Diffusion of Innovation model (see appendix 4). Products with metaphysical properties arguably appeal to the anxious, yet simultaneously, open-minded consumer whom is seeking direction from anything they can. 41

industry implications

It is important to look at where The Anxious Economy and wellbeing as an entirety has manifested itself to understand the gap for innovation.

food and drink The correlation between food and its impact on health is nothing new, with the consumption of fatty foods often associated with issues such as obesity, diabetes and heart disease (Dillner 2018). However, whilst a healthy body is attributed to an equally healthy mind (Rogers 2001), the link between food and its impact on mental wellbeing is an emerging concept that has only been accepted in recent years. Consumers are now appreciating the effects that their diet has upon their mood, perhaps due to the stigma surrounding anti-depressants (Cavaye 2018), and therefore, “food and drink brands are updating their services and products to look beyond the physical fuel” (JWT Intelligence 2018 p.94).

One service that has recognised this consumer need is Bart London, with the introduction of their ‘mood menu’. Incorporated within this are three cocktails named after the feelings it supposedly induces – Happiness, Focus and Relax. These are packed with “serotonin-rich ingredients that will help regulate neurotransmitters and hormone activity in the body that will keep energy levels up and the mood and mind happy” (Ohana 2016). Similarly, water brands are now innovating by “upping their offerings to capture a share of the wellbeing market” (JWT Intelligence 2019b p. 104). For example, Recess prides itself on its anti-anxiety properties by infusing water with “CBD, adaptogens and l-theanine which promise to help you destress and regulate mood” (JWT Intelligence 2019b p. 104). By using emotionally attuned ingredients, these businesses are able to improve wellbeing as an entirety.

food and drink Whilst some brands are moving in the right direction by recognising who the anxious consumer is, others are ridiculing mental health disorders as an entirety. For example, Burger King offered a series of meals titled ‘real meals’ that play on consumer emotions. These include the Pissed Meal, Blue Meal, Salty Meal, YAAAS Meal and DGAF Meal, and aims to highlight that it is ok not to be ok (Barr 2019). However, the release of these boxes takes a jab at their rivalry McDonalds and their ‘Happy Meal’ products, which arguably portrays mental health as satirical. Thus, brands need to be considerate when discussing sensitive topics within their marketing to be perceived as authentic and valuing ones wellbeing. 46

technology Wellbeing is increasingly manifesting itself within the technology sector, as it provides the opportunity to rethink therapy and simultaneously provide a solution to the growing mental health epidemic. Self-care, for example, was depicted as the app trend of the year (Apple 2018), with the likes of Headspace, Calm and Joyable innovating. These apps have made online CBT more accessible than ever and have ultimately expanded the wellness practice around the world. Despite the premise that online CBT can pose disadvantages to a consumer, an equilibrium between technology and human interaction has been met within The Difference’s innovation.

Nonetheless, whilst these broadband technologies are beneficial for bringing “therapeutic services out of the clinic to the home,” they arguably remove “the safety and privacy controls inherent in faceto-face treatments” (Lederman et al 2014) which is problematic as it risks scrutinising the confidentiality of the therapy. Thus, technological brands need to acknowledge this when creating new inventions for the anxious consumer.

The Difference assists consumers with mental health issues by providing them with on-demand therapy. Using Alexa’s voice services, users can state ‘Alexa, open The Difference’ in their time of need and a therapist will call them within 30 minutes on their mobile device. While they wait for a therapist they can listen to calming music, guided meditation or leave a voicemail to prepare the therapist on the problem. This technological invention aims to merge “psychology with technology” (Houghton and Friend 2019). 49

fashion Within the fashion industry, it is arguable that clothing retailers have somewhat responsibility for their consumers’ health and wellbeing. Some brands have taken the initiative to recognise the awareness calendar and incorporate mental health related days/weeks into their overall strategy. For example, both Topshop and Topman released collections in partnership with the mental health charity Campaign Against Living Miserably (CALM). Within the collection, care labels, typically used for washing instructions, were adapted on the front of T-shirts to promote self-care instead. Graphic designs and mantras such as ‘iron them out with a mate’ and ‘feeling completely spun out’ were printed onto the tee’s, and upon purchase £5 from each item was donated to CALM to help grow their support network. This example is important because it highlights how “a men’s retail brand can help to destigmatise notions of the sad boy, using fashion as a marker of progress and openness” (Houghton and Bishop 2019), especially as suicide is the biggest killer in men aged under 45 in the UK (CALM, n.d.).

fashion On a different scale, London Fashion Week aimed to manifest wellbeing into the 2018 show. For example, designer Anna Hindmarch was inspired by the “cloud motif in her current collections” (Leitch 2018) and thus decided to install ‘Hindmarch’s Chubby Cloud’ – the largest bean bag in the world, encouraging relaxation and decompression. Hindmarch invited BBC radio presenter Zed Soanes to deliver meditation exercises, a passage from the Shipping Forecast “—a coded maritime weather report broadcast every night in the U.K” (Leitch 2018) and a choir. Interestingly, Hindmarch has understood the shift in consumer behaviour from conspicuous consumption, coined by Veblen (1899), to a time where experience is more important than ownership. Furthermore, it is the brands who incorporate wellbeing into these experiences that are trumping overall as they understand the neuroscience behind the impact that experiences, architecture and the environment have on psychology (Channon 2018). 53

possible futures

the evolving self Instead of wanting to eradicate negative feelings as an entirety, in the future consumers will want to confront these emotions and mentally progress from their internal anxieties. They will aspire to enhance their mindâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resilience as opposed to aspiring towards the optimal self. Both technology and the human imagination will be used to encourage self-reflection and improvement to help consumers deal with their issues quickly and efficiently (Bishop, Friend and Smith 2019).

well-frastructure Throughout this report, it is evident that environmental factors have an impact on mood, and therefore in the future consumers will want to be able to sync their psychological needs with their surroundings. Brands and businesses will need to develop strategies that incorporate wellness placemaking to enhance their offerings for the anxious consumer (Smith 2018) as there is a unmet need for brands to integrate calm into consumerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s everyday lives.

a human focus

Consumers will continue to value human involvement in healthcare, and will increasingly begin to reject standalone technology as a solution to their problems. Instead, the co-existence of human healthcare professionals supported by innovative and groundbreaking technology will begin to go mainstream and thus prosper.

conclusion

In conclusion, this report has highlighted that The Anxious Economy has had a strong impact on both consumer behaviour and businesses as an entirety. Essentially, the macro trend has navigated brands into offering more holistic services that aid consumers in combatting their anxieties themselves; this is due to consumers seeking self-care methods in a world epitomised by distrust. Whilst there has been some innovation to assist this epidemic, there is still room for improvement in the future. Nonetheless, despite the future of the trend being ambiguous, the research identified within this report displays possible outcomes of where it may be heading. These focus on nurturing the mind and bringing about positive change, which will be key themes explored within stage one.

appendix 1

appendix 2

Maslow (1943) Hierarchy of Needs

Scientific Theory of Happiness Perma Model Raworth (2017) Doughnut of Economics

appendix 4

appendix 3 58

Rogers (2003) Diffusion of Innovation

appendix 5 Pestle in note format to gather ideas for the drivers stage of the report

appendix 6 Trend Canvas

appendix 7 Mindmap evidencing scope of ideas/planning process

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Li, Q., 2018. Shinrin-Yoku: The Art and Science of Forest Bathing. Penguin UK. p, 5. Liu, C. and Ma, J., 2018. Social media addiction and burnout: The mediating roles of envy and social media use anxiety. Current Psychology, pp.1-9. Maslach, C. and Jackson, S.E., 1981. The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of organizational behavior, 2(2), pp.99-113. Maslow, A., 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), pp.370-396. McGregor, R. and Smith, J., 2019. Conscious Deceleration [online]. L:SN Global. Available at: https:// www-lsnglobal-com.ntu.idm.oclc.org/macro-trends/article/24271/conscious-deceleration [Accessed 30 Sep 2019]. McManus, S. et al., 2016. Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014. A survey carried out for NHS Digital by NatCen Social Research and the Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester. Me & My Eco Anxiety., 2019. Radio 1 and 1 Xtra Stories [Podcast], 24 March 2019. Available at: https:// www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0743nt9 [Accessed 19 Oct 2019]. Minda., 2017. Cognitive behaviour therapy [online]. Mind. Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/media/17708241/cbt-2017.pdf [Accessed 19 Oct 2019]. Mintel., 2019. Social and Media Networks â&#x20AC;&#x201C; UK â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2019 [online]. Mintel. Available at: https://academic.mintel.com/display/919588/ [Accessed 24 Oct 2019]. Nuffield Health., 2018. Self-conscious Brits too intimidated to join a gym [online]. Nuffield Health. Available at: https://www.nuffieldhealth.com/article/self-conscious-brits-too-intimidated-to-join-a-gym [Accessed 24 Oct 2019].

O’Malley, S., 2019. Fragile: Why we are feeling more stressed, anxious and overwhelmed than ever (and what we can do about it). Gill & Macmillan Ltd. O’hana, T., 2016. Bar launches London’s first ‘mood menu’ [online] Pub and Bar. Available at: https:// www.pubandbar.com/news/2016-04-12-bar-launches-londons-first-mood-menu [Accessed 29 Oct 2019]. One simple idea to improve mental well-being worldwide | Ben Channon | TEDxCardiffUniversity., 2018. [Youtube]. TEDx Talks, 21 November. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZ_qNV20IvY [Accessed 1 Nov 2019]. Radin, S., 2017. The growing appeal of spiritual beauty gifts this holiday season [online]. WGSN. Available at: https://www.wgsn.com/blogs/growing-appeal-spiritual-beauty-gifts/ [Accessed 20 Oct 2019]. Raworth, K., 2017. Meet the doughnut: the new economic model that could help end inequality [online]. World Economic Forum. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/04/the-new-economic-model-that-could-end-inequality-doughnut/ [Accessed 28 Oct 2019]. Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York, Free Press. Rogers, P.J., 2001. A healthy body, a healthy mind: long-term impact of diet on mood and cognitive function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 60(1), pp.135-143. Safian-Demers, E., 2019. Masstige Astrology [online]. J. Walter Thompson Intelligence. Available at: https://www.jwtintelligence.com/2019/05/masstige-astrology/ [Accessed 28 Oct 2019]. Smith, J., 2019. Wellness Architecture [online]. LS:N Global. Available at: https://www-lsnglobal-com.ntu. idm.oclc.org/markets/article/21927/wellness-architecture [Accessed 2 Nov 2019]. Taylor-Gooby, P. and Leruth, B., 2018. Why British people don’t trust the government any more – and what can be done about it [online]. The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/whybritish-people-dont-trust-the-government-any-more-and-what-can-be-done-about-it-89627 [Accessed 20 Oct 2019]. The Global Spa Summit., 2010. Spas and the Global Wellness Market: Synergies and Opportunities [online]. Available at: https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Spas-and-the-Global-Wellness-Market-Final-4.25.2010.pdf [Accessed 9 Oct 2019]. 66

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Hayes, K., et al., 2018. Climate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 12 (1), 28. Hoggett, P., 2018. Engaging with Climate Change: Comparing the Cultures of Science and Activism. Environmental Values, 27 (3), 223-243. Koger, S.M., Leslie, K.E. and Hayes, E.D., 2011. Climate Change: Psychological Solutions and Strategies for Change. Ecopsychology, 3 (4), 227-235. Lederman et al., 2014. Moderated online social therapy: Designing and evaluating technology for mental health. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 21(1), p.5. Liu, C. and Ma, J., 2018. Social media addiction and burnout: The mediating roles of envy and social media use anxiety. Current Psychology, pp.1-9. Loewenthal, K.M., 2018. The OCDâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;religion package: might it relate to the rise of spirituality?. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 21(2), pp.123-130. Maslach, C. and Jackson, S.E., 1981. The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of organizational behavior, 2(2), pp.99-113. Maslow, A., 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), pp.370-396. Rogers, P.J., 2001. A healthy body, a healthy mind: long-term impact of diet on mood and cognitive function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 60(1), pp.135-143.

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Friend, H. 2019., Modern Therapy [online]. LS:N Global. Available at: https://www-lsnglobal-com.ntu.idm. oclc.org/micro-trends/article/24195/modern-therapy [Accessed 15 Oct 2019]. Friend, H. and Houghton, L., 2019. The Difference is an Alexa skill for on-demand therapy [online]. L:SN Global. Available at: https://www-lsnglobal-com.ntu.idm.oclc.org/news/article/24029/the-difference-isan-alexa-skill-for-on-demand-therapy [Accessed 12 Oct 2019]. Friend, H., et al., 2018. Anxiety Rebellion [online]. L:SN Global. Available at: https://www-lsnglobal-com. ntu.idm.oclc.org/macro-trends/article/23085/anxiety-rebellion [Accessed 29 Sep 2019]. Fus Mickiewicz, M., and Szymanska, A., 2017. Civic Brands [online]. LS:N Global. Available at: https:// www-lsnglobal-com.ntu.idm.oclc.org/macro-trends/article/20979/civic-brands-1 [Accessed 23 Oct 2019]. Gividen, A., 2017. The growing appeal of spiritual beauty gifts this holiday season [online]. WGSN. Available at: https://www.wgsn.com/blogs/growing-appeal-spiritual-beauty-gifts/ [Accessed 20 Oct 2019]. Houghton, L. and Bishop, K., 2019. Topshop turns care labels into wellbeing manifestos [online]. LS:N Global. Available at: https://www.lsnglobal.com/fashion/article/24787/topshop-turns-care-labels-into-wellbeing-manifestos [Accessed 14 Oct 2019]. Hourican, E., 2019. The ‘anxious well’: What can we do to confront our anxiety and begin to reduce it? [online]. Independent.ie. Available at: https://www.independent.ie/life/health-wellbeing/the-anxiouswell-what-can-we-do-to-confront-our-anxiety-and-begin-to-reduce-it-37964491.html [Accessed 25 Oct 2019]. Hughes, S., 2018. A new generation follows the pack as tarot makes a comeback [online]. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/19/new-generation-follows-pack-tarot-makes-comeback [Accessed Oct 21 2019]. J. Walter Thompson Intelligence., 2019a. New Trend Report: The Anxiety Economy [online]. J. Walter Thompson Intelligence. Available at: https://www.jwtintelligence.com/trend-reports/the-anxiety-economy/ [Accessed 14 Oct 2019]. Leitch, L., 2018. Anya Hindmarch’s Chubby Cloud Installation Was the Most Surprising—And Comfiest—Moment of London Fashion Week [online]. Vogue. Available at: https://www.vogue.com/article/ anya-hindmarch-chubby-cloud-london-fashion-week-presentation [Accessed 23 Oct 2019]. 71

McGregor, R. and Smith, J., 2018. Certified Wellness [online]. L:SN Global. Available at: https://www-lsnglobal-com.ntu.idm.oclc.org/macro-trends/article/22428/certified-wellness-1 [Accessed 7 Oct 2019]. McGregor, R. and Smith, J., 2019. Conscious Deceleration [online]. L:SN Global. Available at: https:// www-lsnglobal-com.ntu.idm.oclc.org/macro-trends/article/24271/conscious-deceleration [Accessed 30 Sep 2019]. McGregor, R. and Smith, J., 2019. The Conscious Decelerators [online]. L:SN Global. Available at: https:// www-lsnglobal-com.ntu.idm.oclc.org/tribes/article/24264/the-conscious-decelerators [Accessed 20 Oct 2019]. Mind., 2017a. Cognitive behaviour therapy [online]. Mind. Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/media/17708241/cbt-2017.pdf [Accessed 19 Oct 2019]. Mind., 2017b. Mental health facts and statistics [online]. Mind. Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/ media/34727125/facts-statistics-2017-pdf-version.pdf [Accessed 6 Oct 2019]. Nuffield Health., 2018. Self-conscious Brits too intimidated to join a gym [online]. Nuffield Health. Available at: https://www.nuffieldhealth.com/article/self-conscious-brits-too-intimidated-to-join-a-gym [Accessed 24 Oct 2019]. O’hana, T., 2016. Bar launches London’s first ‘mood menu’ [online] Pub and Bar. Available at: https:// www.pubandbar.com/news/2016-04-12-bar-launches-londons-first-mood-menu [Accessed 29 Oct 2019]. Radin, S. 2017., The growing appeal of spiritual beauty gifts this holiday season [online]. WGSN. Available at: https://www.wgsn.com/blogs/growing-appeal-spiritual-beauty-gifts/ [Accessed 20 Oct 2019]. Raworth, K., 2017. Meet the doughnut: the new economic model that could help end inequality [online]. World Economic Forum. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/04/the-new-economic-model-that-could-end-inequality-doughnut/ [Accessed 28 Oct 2019]. Safian-Demers, E., 2019. Masstige Astrology [online]. J. Walter Thompson Intelligence. Available at: https://www.jwtintelligence.com/2019/05/masstige-astrology/ [Accessed 28 Oct 2019]. Smith, J., 2019. Wellness Architecture [online]. LS:N Global. Available at: https://www-lsnglobal-com.ntu. idm.oclc.org/markets/article/21927/wellness-architecture [Accessed 2 Nov 2019]. 72

Taylor-Gooby, P. and Leruth, B., 2018. Why British people don’t trust the government any more – and what can be done about it [online]. The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/ why-british-people-dont-trust-the-government-any-more-and-what-can-be-done-about-it-89627 [Accessed 20 Oct 2019]. The Young Foundation., 2017. Young people under pressure and fearful for the future [online]. The Young Foundation. Available at: https://youngfoundation.org/youth-education/young-people-pressure-fearful-future/ [Accessed Oct 19, 2019]. Thunberg, G., 2019. ‘You did not act in time’: Greta Thunberg’s full speech to MPs [online]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/apr/23/greta-thunberg-full-speech-to-mps-you-didnot-act-in-time [Accessed 20 Oct 2019]. Townsend, M., 2019. Tube protest was a mistake, admit leading Extinction Rebellion members [online]. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/20/extinction-rebellion-tube-protest-was-a-mistake [Accessed 20 Oct 2019]. TrendWatching., 2019. The Future of Experiences [online]. TrendWatching. Available at: https://trendwatching.com/quarterly/2019-02/the-future-of-experiences/ [Accessed 24 Oct 2019]. Walker, D., 2019. What will wellness look like in 2030? [online]. L:SN Global. Available at: https://www-lsnglobal-com.ntu.idm.oclc.org/big-ideas/article/24330/what-will-wellness-look-like-in-2030 [Accessed 6 Oct 2019]. Wharton, J., 2019. Most Extinction Rebellion activists did not want to disrupt the Tube [online]. Available at: https://metro.co.uk/2019/10/17/extinction-rebellion-activists-not-want-disrupt-tube-10936554/ [Accessed 20 Oct 2019]. World Health Organisation., 1948. Frequently asked questions [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/ about/who-we-are/frequently-asked-questions [Accessed 3 Nov 2019]. World Health Organisation., 2019. Burn-out an “occupational phenomenon”: International Classification of Diseases [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/burn-out/en/ [Accessed 15 Oct 2019].

reports Breathe., 2019. Sick Report 2019 [online]. Breathe. Available at: https://www.breathehr.com/hubfs/ Breathe%20Sick%20Report%202019_v2_WEB.pdf [Accessed 23 Oct 2019]. Bupa., 2019. Technology and the Future of Wellbeing [online]. Bupa. Available at: https://www.bupa.com/~/ media/files/site-specific-files/newsroom/media-library/technology-future-wellbeing.pdf [Accessed 2 Nov 2019]. Deloitte., 2018. 2018 Deloitte Millennial Survey [online]. Deloitte. Available at: http://images.register.deloittece.com/Web/DELOITTECENTRALEUROPELIMITED/%7Bb897ec78-57a7-451e-b5c8-6c4a7bce5941%7D_ Deloitte-Millennial-Survey-Report-2018.pdf [Accessed 20 Oct 2019]. J. Walter Thompson Intelligence., 2018. The Future 100: 2018 [online]. J. Walter Thompson Intelligence. Available at: https://www.jwtintelligence.com/trend-reports/the-future-100-2018/ J. Walter Thompson Intelligence., 2019b. The Future 100: 2019 [online]. J. Walter Thompson Intelligence. Available at: https://www.jwtintelligence.com/trend-reports/the-future-100-2019/ [Accessed 12 Oct 2019]. McManus, S. et al., 2016. Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014. A survey carried out for NHS Digital by NatCen Social Research and the Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester. Mind., 2013. We still need to talk: a report on access to talking therapies [online]. Available at: https:// www.mind.org.uk/media/494424/we-still-need-to-talk_report.pdf [Accessed 1 Oct 2019]. Mintel., 2019. Social and Media Networks â&#x20AC;&#x201C; UK â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2019 [online]. Mintel. Available at: https://academic. mintel.com/display/919588/ [Accessed 24 Oct 2019]. The Future Laboratory, 2016., Workplace Summit Report [online]. The Future Laboratory. Available at: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/1841461/Workplace_Summit_Report_2016.pdf?__hstc=220147718. d59e6724edd348784b6a4ad3b7d50f33.1546437859744.1572726503501.1572784439230.12&__ hssc=220147718.8.1572784439230 [Accessed 1 Nov 2019]. The Global Spa Summit., 2010. Spas and the Global Wellness Market: Synergies and Opportunities [online]. Available at: https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Spas-and-the-GlobalWellness-Market-Final-4.25.2010.pdf [Accessed 9 Oct 2019]. 74

The National Centre for Social Research., 2018. Religion – British Social Attitudes 36 | 2018 [online]. The National Centre for Social Research. Available at: https://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/media/39293/1_bsa36_ religion.pdf [Accessed 28 Oct 2019].

podcasts Digital Detox: What’s all the fuss about?., 2019. Mintel Little Conversation [Podcast], 24 September 2019. Available at: https://open.spotify.com/episode/48x8NLkk9nkFbLl5XFEwUn?si=NzIdISrZRBiQVHkhTbnPkQ [Accessed 23 Oct 2019]. Me & My Eco Anxiety., 2019. Radio 1 and 1 Xtra Stories [Podcast], 24 March 2019. Available at: https:// www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p0743nt9 [Accessed 19 Oct 2019].

exhibitions Kings College London., 2019. ON EDGE: Living in an Age of Anxiety. Exhibition held at Science Gallery London, Guys Campus, London. 19 September 2019 – 19 January 2020.

blogs Kelter., 2019. Burnout gains momentum in 2019: is working out the cure? Mintel Blog [online blog], June 12. Available at: https://www.mintel.com/blog/new-market-trends/burnout-gains-momentum-in-2019-isworking-out-the-cure [Accessed 3 Nov 2019].

videos One simple idea to improve mental well-being worldwide | Ben Channon | TEDxCardiffUniversity., 2018. [Youtube]. TEDx Talks, 21 November. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZ_qNV20IvY [Accessed 1 Nov 2019].

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