BERLIN STOPPAGES
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BERLIN RICH PRECEDENT FOR THE CRISIS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURY
HOMOGENEITY
HETEROGENEITY
ISOTOPIC PROJECTIVE (THEMES) HETEROGENEOUS AXIS HETEROTOPIC
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HOMOGENEOUS CRITICAL (GUIDES) CONTEXTUALIST ASYSTEMIC ARCHIPELGAO CENTRALISED NETWORK PAST
FUTURE
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BERLIN (6) STOPPAGES DRIFTING BETWEEN ISLANDS
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Case Study Districts
City State Berlin
Boroughs and Localities
areas of research on map with of boroughs and localities of Berlin
sites on Berlin map, 2015
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WEDDING
PRENZLAUER BERG
TIERGARTEN HANSAVIERTEL
MITTE
KREUZBERG
FRIEDRICHSHAIN
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Case Study Districts
Polycentric Berlin
Planning the Archipelago
location of housing estates in the polycentric urban fabric
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Housing Estate Afrikanische Strasse, Wedding, 1926-27
Bruno Taut, Franz Hillinger, Housing Estate Carl Legien, Prenzlauer Berg, 1928-30
Interbau, Hansaviertel/Tiergarten, 1953-57
Edmund Collein, Werner Dutschke, Josef Kaiser, Horst Bauer, Klaus Deutschmann, Karl-Marx-Allee, Mitte, 1959-65
Hans Kollhoff; Arthur Ovaska, Housing Estate Berlin Museum, Kreuzberg, 1984-86
Klaus Theo Brenner, Hermann Hertzberger, Housing Estates (Alt-)Stralau, Friedrichshain, 1996-2013
(6) DISTRICTS
URBAN SAMPLES
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(6) STOPPAGES
CITY METAPHORS
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Wedding
Housing Estate Afrikanische Strasse Afrikanische Strasse 14-41, 1926-27
streetview showing the side buildings and residential housing in the side street
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front garden and typical entrance
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Wedding
Housing Estate Afrikanische Strasse Afrikanische Strasse 14-41, 1926-27 Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
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typical ground floor plan
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Wedding
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REGULARITY
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Prenzlauer Berg
Housing Estate Carl Legien
Erich-Weinert Strasse; SĂźltstrasse; Gubitzstrasse, 1928-30
street view showing the length of the building block
back garden
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core area trade and industrial area special area municipal use refuse area
residential area
green area
mixed area
map showing programmatic use of land plots and location of factories, trade and administration in secret East Berlin dating 1986
satellite view of Berlin dating 2008
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Prenzlauer Berg
Housing Estate Carl Legien
Erich-Weinert Strasse; SĂźltstrasse; Gubitzstrasse, 1928-30 Architects Bruno Taut, Franz Hillinger
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block massing and phasing
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Prenzlauer Berg
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DENSIFICATION
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Tiergarten
Interbau
Altonaer Strasse, Klopstockstrasse, Händelallee, Bartningallee, 1953-57
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superimposition of urban maps dating late 1930s showing exchange of built volumes dating 1989 residential area mixed area core area trade and industrial area special area municipal use
military use
refuse area green area agricultural use forest area water area
map showing programmatic use of land plots and location of factories, trade and administration in secret East Berlin dating 1986
satellite view of Berlin dating 2008
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Tiergarten
Interbau
Altonaer Strasse, Klopstockstrasse, Händelallee, Bartningallee, 1953-57
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location plan
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Tiergarten
Interbau
Altonaer Strasse, Klopstockstrasse, Händelallee, Bartningallee, 1953-57 Architects 1. Hans Christian Müller, Berlin 2. Günter Gottwald, Graz 3. Wassily Luckhardt und Hubert Walter Hoffmann, Berlin 4. Paul Schneider-Esleben, Düsseldorf 5. Bezirksamt Tiergarten von Berlin, Amt für Hochbau 6. Willy Kreuer, Berlin 7. Ernst Zinsser und Hansrudolf Plarre, Hannover und Berlin 8. Luciano Baldessari, Milan 9. Jo van den Broek und Jacob Bakema, Rotterdam 10. Gustav Hassenpflug, Munich 11. Raymond Lopez und Eugene Beaudouin, Paris 12. Hans Schwippert, Düsseldorf 13. Werner Düttmann, Berlin 14. Otto Heinrich Senn, Basel 15. Kay Fisker, Copenhagen 16. Max Taut, Berlin 17. Franz Schuster, Vienna 18. Egon Eiermann, Karlsruhe 19. Oscar Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro 20. Fritz Jaenecke und Sten Samuelson, Malmö 21. Werner Düttmann, Berlin 22. Alvar Aalto, Helsinki 23. Pierre Vago, Paris 24. Walter Gropius, Cambridge Massachusetts 25. Hans Christian Müller Rehm und Siegmann, Berlin 26. Ludwig Lemmer, Berlin 27. Paul Baumgarten, Berlin 28. Eduard Ludwig, Berlin 29. Arne Jacobsen, Copenhagen 30. Johannes Gerhard Weber, Frankfurt am Main 31. Alois Giefer und Hermann Mäckler, Frankfurt am Main 32. Johannes Krahn, Frankfurt am Main 33. Wolf von Möllendorff und Sergius Ruegenberg, Berlin 34. Sep Ruf, Munich 35. Günter Hönow, Berlin 36. Bruno Gimmek, Berlin
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aerial view on the Hansaviertel and siteplan
map showing the countries of origin of participating architects
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Tiergarten
Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin 1953-57
site trajectory from Strasse des 17. Juni - Klopstockstrasse - Händelallee - Klopstockstrasse - Altonaer Strasse - Bartningallee - Hanseatenweg
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Tiergarten
Interbau
Altonaer Strasse, Klopstockstrasse, Händelallee, Bartningallee, 1953-57
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DISSEMINATION
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Mitte
Karl-Marx-Allee, 2. construction stage Karl-Marx-Allee, Berlin, 1959-65
street view showing the building setback from the street
back street
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superimposition of urban maps dating late 1930s showing exchange of built volumes dating 1989 residential area mixed area core area trade and industrial area special area municipal use
military use
refuse area green area agricultural use forest area water area
map showing programmatic use of land plots and location of factories, trade and administration in secret East Berlin dating 1986
satellite view of Berlin dating 2008
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Mitte
Karl-Marx-Allee, 2. construction stage Karl-Marx-Allee, Berlin, 1959-65 Architects Edmund Collein, Werner Dutschke, Josef Kaiser, Horst Bauer, Klaus Deutschmann
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1. Karl-Marx-Allee, 2. Strausberger Platz, 3. Schillingstrasse, 4. Kino International, 5. Rathaus-Mitte, 6. Restaurant Moskau
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Mitte
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ARTICULATION
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Kreuzberg
Housing Estate Berlin Museum
Lindenstrasse 15-19, Alte Jakobstrasse 129-136, 1984-86
street view showing the orthogonal composition of the housing blocks
interior alley and gardens within the composition of residential housing blocks
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superimposition of urban maps dating late 1930s showing exchange of built volumes dating 1989 residential area mixed area core area trade and industrial area special area municipal use
military use
refuse area green area agricultural use forest area water area
map showing programmatic use of land plots and location of factories, trade and administration in secret East Berlin dating 1986
satellite view of Berlin dating 2008
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Kreuzberg
Housing Estate Berlin Museum
Lindenstrasse 15-19, Alte Jakobstrasse 129-136, 1984-86 Architects Hans Kollhoff; Arthur Ovaska (masterplanning)
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top view of “city mansions” inside the blocks
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Kreuzberg
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ALTERNATION
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Friedrichshain
Housing Estates (Alt-)Stralau
Peninsula Stralau/Alt-Stralau, 1996-2013
view along public promenade showing the edge condition of the peninsula
example of residential back street
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satellite view of Berlin dating 2008
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Friedrichshain
Housing Estates (Alt-)Stralau
Peninsula Stralau/Alt-Stralau, 1996-2013 Architects Klaus Theo Brenner, Hermann Hertzberger (masterplanning)
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site plan, urban planning of Stralau and Rummelsburg
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Friedrichshain
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DIFFERENCE
HOW C READ EURO CITIES WHAT WE A FROM O ANOT
CAN WE D OUR OPEAN S AND T CAN APPLY ONE TO THER?
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BERLIN CULTURE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS PRIOR TO BECOMING THE EUROPEAN CITY OF CULTURE 1988
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CULTURAL OVERSATURATION FLOODING BERLIN WITH EVENTS AND BUILDING
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Berlin Culture
Berlin Cultural Highlights
David Bowie Concert, West Berlin 1987
1984-87 Internationale Bauausstellung II
1984 - ‘Berlin Midsummer’s Dream’
1961 - Construction of Berlin Wall
1953-57 Interbau I
Events surrounding Berlin European City of Culture 1988
Parade, East Berlin, 1987
1989 - Fall of Berlin Wall
Berlin Alternative Culture Movement
1988 Berlin European City of Culture 1988
1987 - 750th Jubilee of Berlin
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Berlin Culture
Two Cities and Anti-‘Capital’ Berlin as an Urban Laboratory Cultural Monopolisation Berlin was split into East (GDR: German Democratic Republic) and West Berlin (FDR: Federal Republic of Germany) which was divided into an American, French and British sector. The economy, socio-spatial organisation, housing system and local administration of East Berlin was determined by the characteristics of the state socialist system and prevented the development of an informal culture under free-market competition until the end of the Cold War. (centrally planned economy, state ownership of the means of production and collective consumption, distinctive social class structure, military administration). The organisation DEWAG (founded 1945), which was holding monopoly over the advertising and propaganda under the influence of the SED, incorporated pedagogical, journalistic and advertising techniques into the broad range of media.
Socialist Planning and Housing In the 1960s and 70s, large-scale construction projects and educational activities called ‘townscape explanation’, which would explain the image of the city, were promoting new socialist urban planning. The planning was based on ‘factual’ information supported by documentary-like campaigns using photos,statistics, diagrams and large-scale exhibition models. The documentary films and television showed the reconstruction process, the anticontextualist creation of a monumental socialist city centre and key sites such as the Stalinallee, Strausberger Platz, Unter den Linden and later the Alexanderplatz and the TV Tower (Fernsehturm). On the Karl-Marx-Allee, the prefabricated slab constructions, called ‘Plattenbau’, were a anticapitalist symbol of socialist progress which contrasted the nineteenth-century apartment blocks, called ‘Mietkasernen’. Another advertising organisation called Berlin-Berbung-Berolina (BWB)(1958) still included preGDR monuments on the Western side into its tourist brochure and promoted East Berlin in the western part through exhibitions and guided tours.
Cultural Competition In the 1960s, the two political systems started competing for tourism. The East German government SED (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) began the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961. Despite the Berlin Wall, West Berliners could again travel to East Berlin in 1971. Despite political repression, some of the advertising directly imitated the imagery of the West and the government later even invested into refurbishment projects and the reconstruction of the medieval core of Berlin (Nikolaiviertel).
Postwar Reconstruction In West Berlin, the homogenisation of the urban fabric resulting from the modernist mass reconstruction was met with criticism and people looked for alternative ways of living. Following the student and squatter movements starting in West Berlin in the 1960s, the Berlin house Senate normalised the house occupations in the early 1980s. The state now officially supported the existence of an ‘alternative culture’, with the exception of radical student protests, violent activities and ‘Marxist and Maoist circles’. With this agreement, the new ways of working and living aimed to find a balance between productivity and consumption with regard to the rest of the Federal Republic.
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IN HOW FAR DOES CULTURAL LIFE IMPACT THE GROWTH OF THE URBAN FABRIC?
INTERBAU CONCEPT IMPORT AND EXPORT OF HUMAN LABOUR + CULTURAL ARTIFACTS
Interbau 1953-57
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Europe during the Internationale Bauausstellung 1953-57
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West Berlin
Berlin as an Urban Laboratory ‘Critical Reconstruction’ In response to the socio-economic shifts and the emergence of the Green Party, architects, urban planners and citizen developed new approaches to urban planning and housing renewal. In this ‘critical reconstruction’ project, they favoured a ‘cautious urban renewal’ over the modernist ‘tabula rasa’ approach in order reemphasis more traditional plot structure, courtyards and residential densities. In the 1980s the Senate used rent control mechanisms and tenant participation to achieve renewal without displacement. Considering that industrial decline led to the unemployment of 100 000 jobs between 1970 and 1983, only a few would directly benefit from the new urban development.
Shrinking City and the International Building Exhibition Over the next years, the Senate Department for Economics and Technology and a dedicated economic promotion company (private-public partnership with the Land of Berlin) would develop ‘social and economic marketing strategies’ to attract young labour force as well as capital investment in the city.
Interbau I Showcase Village From all the sites, the Interbau Masterplan stood out in that the plan operates on a more permeable and less rigid underlying grid than the ‘Plattenbauten’ prefabricated housing in the Karl-MarxAllee. The low- and high-rise buildings were designed by forty-eight architects from ca. 15 different locations in the United States and Europe, making split Berlin the centre of attention and the Hansaviertel a showcase village.
Interbau II Critical and Cautious Project About 30 Years after the Interbau 1957 (initiated 1979), the International Building Exhibition Berlin was part of the ‘critical reconstruction‘, which split into the ‘IBA Neubau’ (Josef Paul Kleihues) and ‘IBA Altbau’ (Hardt Waltherr Hämer). In this ‘critical reconstruction’ project, they favoured a ‘cautious urban renewal’ over the modernist ‘tabula rasa’ approach in order reemphasis more traditional plot structure, courtyards and residential densities.
“Alternative Urbanism” The Interbau 1984-87 includes works by Peter Eisenman, Vittorio Gregotti, Herman Hertzberger, Hans Hollein, Arata Isozaki, Rob Krier, Aldo Rossi and James Stirling. IBA 1987 featured in an article titled “Design: Rebuilding Berlin - Yet Again For its birthday, the city showcases world architects” by Kurt Andersen in Time Magazine on 15 June 1987.
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Berlin Culture
“Design: Rebuilding Berlin - Yet again For its Birthday...”
Conclusion ‘Urban Stoppages’ The study of the architecture and housing projectsleads to discover a cross-section of a city which had undergone destruction and sectoral splitting, mass reconstruction, modernisation, ‘critical reconstruction’, post-modernist projects and eco-friendly neighbourhood planning. Through its polycentric planning and fragmentary urbanism, the projects on Berlin suggests the notion of the ‘archipelago’, both as a spatial concept and social theory. This notion of the archipelago resonates with the networks constructed by Situationist Constant Nieuwenhuys’ in New Babylon from 1959-74. It creates tensions between the visible and invisible implications of the endless isotopic field of Archizoom’s No-Stop City 1969. I conceive my project on Berlin and other cities in terms of “urban stoppages”, not in terms of stopping or not stopping the culture of production and consumption. The notion of stoppages is refering to the chance factor explored by Marcel Duchamp’s 3 Standard Stoppages 1913-1914. The project neither claims to be falling entirely within the visionary nor disciplinary contexts of architecture and urbanism!
The architect is no longer a visionary but a facilitator.
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EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE 1988
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Berlin European City of Culture 1988
diagram showing the designation process for Berlin 1988
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BERLIN STOPPAGES: Berlin Culture
Berlin European City of Culture 1988
Volker Hassemer, programme director, Berlin, 1988
Cultural Oversaturation Between 1981 and 1989, the Christian Democratic party leading West Berlin sought to improve the quality of life through the implementation of a sequence cultural events. The largest events were the ‘Berlin Midsummer’s Dream’ (1984), 750th Jubilee of the city (1987) and the ‘European Capital of Culture’ (1988). Simultaneously to this series of events, the GDR also organised celebrations for the 750th Jubilee of the city (1987)
‘European City of Culture 1988’ Designation and Directorship In 1985, the year of the first edition of the ECOC in Athens, the ministers of Culture of the European Communities (EG), representing ten member states, appointed Berlin as the ‘European Capital of Culture 1988’. The Federal Government provided a budget of 20 million (53 mio. DM), Berlin contributed 20 million and the other 13 million were from tickets and sponsorships. The programme directorship was attributed to Volker Hassemer, a liberal reformist within the German Christian Democratic Party and the Senator for Cultural Affairs, and his assistant Lorenz Tomerius, who was a lawyer, theatre producer and journalist. The organisers deliberately chose to name the event ‘City of Culture’ rather than ‘Capital of Culture’ in order to encourage participation from people all over the world.
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programme magazine of Berlin European City of Culture 1988
Programmatic Urbanism Culture was presented in contemporary and ploycentric ways across forty-eight addresses throughout the Berlin. Venues included: Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berliner Philharmonischen Orchesters, Open-Air concerts, Hebbel-Theater, Freien Volksbühne, Wannsee, UFA- Fabrik, Literarischen Colloquium, Hamburger Bahnhof. (Kulturstadt-Besucher können beim Verkehrsamt (Europa Center, 1000 Berlin 30, Tel. 030/2 12 34) eine Broschüre anfordern, in der rund 60 Pauschalarrangements aufgelistet sind. Eine Übersicht über weitere Programmpunkte ist in einer Extraausgabe der „Berlin tut gut“-Illustrierten zu finden, die es ebenfalls beim Verkehrsamt gibt.)
Themes The events were programmed over the course of one year and promoted the city according to three themes: the ‘venue of the new’ (in the sense of cultural and scientific innovation), ‘workshop Berlin’ (for artistic creation), and ‘Berlin in the centre of Europe’; these labels were reused in promotional materials after the Fall of the Wall in the 1990s. Institutional Legacy The ECOC entailed the establishment of the European Film Academy in Berlin in November 1988, with Ingmar Bergman as president and Wim Wenders as second president. Notable artists were Joseph Beuys (retrospective in Martin-Gropius Bau), Robert Wilson and David Byrne (theatre project).¨
BERLIN STOPPAGES: Berlin European City of Culture 1988
selection of event locations
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BERLIN STOPPAGES: Berlin Culture
Berlin European City of Culture 1988 Cultural Impact By inviting East Berliners to visit West Berlin’s and vice versa, the West triggered the opening up the mental borders and consequently contributed to the breaking down of the physical wall which split their national identity. Just before the Fall of the Wall, in the autumn of 1989, a report by the House of Representatives of West Berlin, reveals a visible fragmentation of promotional activities between different departments and organisations. In order to maintain and reinforce public relations, Berlin pushed its media programme to include exhibitions, films, radio and TV and the press. The collapse of the wall, a system of opposites, still shapes our view of the victory of the West over the East. The ECOC wasn’t only part of the events which preceeded the fall of the Berlin Wall, it also helped shape the dialogue which would set up a vision for ‘Europe’ or ‘Europeanness’ as a united cultural and political sphere. Between 2007 and 2019 multiple cities are named European Capital of Culture. source: http://www.zeit.de/1988/03/berlin-kulturstadt-des-jahres source: Staging the New Berlin: Place Marketing and the Politics of Urban Reinvention Post-1989, Claire Colomb, 2012 source: The Cultural Politics of Europe: European Capitals of Culture and European Union Since the 1980s, Kieran Klaus Patel, 2013
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THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE PROGRAMME
BERLIN STOPPAGES: European Capital of Culture 1985-2016
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HOW CAN CULTURAL INSTITUTES TAKE AN URBANIST APPROACH?