POST PANDEMIC RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE

Post Pandemic Residential Architecture B. ARCH THESIS REPORT | YEAR 2021 ANOUSHKA SHOME

On the New Year’s Eve of 2020, when the World Health Organisation declared SAR-nCOV2, more commonly known as COVID-19 as a global emergency – a PANDEMIC. The world was taken by a storm, and it hasn’t been the same ever since.

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CONTENTS Certificate …………………………………………………………………….……… ii Declaration ……………………………………..……………………...…….……… iii Acknowledgement ……………………………………..…………………….……… iv Synopsis ……………………………………………………………………...…….… v Content …………………………………………………………………….…...….... vii List of Figures ………………………………………………………………….…..…

INTRODUCTION 1. Preface: Pandemic that broke the world …………..……………………….…..… 1 2. Future of Pandemics …………..………………………………..………….…..… 3 2.1. Cities and Pandemics …………..…………………………………….…..….. 4 2.2. Contingencies: Then and Now …………..……………….…………..…..….. 5 2.3. A push to innovate …………..…………………………..………………..….. 7 3. Perspective for Change …………..………………………………..……….……... 8 4. Post Pandemic Architecture …………..………………………………………… 10 5. Addressing the Issue …………..………………………………..………..…..… `10 5.1. Objective of the Thesis …………..…………………………………..…..… 12 5.2. Why Bengaluru? …………..…………………………..………….……...… 12 5.3. Residential Real Estate Trends …………..…………………………..…..… 13 5.4. Sprawl vs Density …………..………………………………..…….….…… 14 5.5. A Case for Affordability …………..……………………..…………..…..… 15 6. Project in a Nutshell …………..………………………………..………....…..… 16 LITERATURE STUDY 7. A Lesson from History …………..………………………………...……….…… 17 7.1. Habitat 67 …………..………………………………..……………….…..… 18 7.2. Nakagin capsule tower …………..………………………..……………...… 22 7.3. Flexibility of the Destilj house …………..…………………………...…..… 26 8. Innovation of New Architecture …………..……………………………….……. 28 8.1. Nemausus One …………..………………………………..………….…..… 29 8.2. Nightinagale Apartments …………..……………………………….…..….. 31 Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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8.3. Chrysanthemum Building ………..……………………………….…..……. 34 8.4. B2 – 461 Dean …………..……………………………….…..……………... 35 CASE STUDY 9. Case study from India …………..…………………………….…..……………... 36 9.1. Future towers …………..……………………………….…..…………….... 37 9.2. Another sky …………..……………………………….…..………………... 39 9.3. Brigade Gateway …………..……………………………….…..…………... 41 PROJECT SITE 10. Introduction to the site …………..…………………………….…..…...………... 44 10.1. Site analysis …………..……………………………….…..……………... 45 10.2. Applicable Bye Laws …………..…………………….……....…………... 52 11. Scoping the competition …………..…………………………….…..…………... 53 11.1. Adarsh Premia …………..……………………………….…..…………... 54 11.2. Sobha Dewflower …………..………………………….…..……...……... 56 12. Existing social infrastructure …………..………………………………………... 58 DESIGN 13. Design concept …………..……………………………………………….……... 60 13.1. Live Work Play …………..………………………………..……………... 60 13.2. 1.5m city …………..……………………………………………………... 62 13.3. Wellness and Architecture …………..………………….………………... 63 14. Programme …………..………………………………………………………...... 66 14.1. Surveying the current needs …………..………………...………………... 66 14.2. Area statement …………..……………………………………...………... 67 15. Prototyping …………..………………………………………………………...... 69 15.1. Site level …………..……………………………………………………... 69 15.2. Prototyping from existing plan …………..……………………..………... 71 16. Site Level …………..……………………………………………………….…... 72 16.1. Zoning Layout …………..……………………………………...………... 73 16.2. Site section …………..……………………………………….…………... 74 17. Design Details 17.1. Flexible walls …………..………………………………………………... 74 17.2. Post Pandemic Additions …………..…………………………………..... 74 Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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17.3. Corridors as streets …………..……………………………………….…... 76 17.4. Waste Collection …………..…………………………………...………... 77 18. Conclusion.….…..……………………………………………………..………... 78

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Structure of SARS-CoV-2 ………………………………………….……… 1 Figure 2: World Tracker of COVID-19 …………………………………….………... 2 Figure 3: Pandemic Phase Descriptions and Main Actions ……………….………..... 3 Figure 4: Deaths from Pandemics ………………………...………………….……..... 4 Figure 5: Tenement block of New York ……………………….…………….…........5 Figure 6: Socio-economic disparity in urban centres ……….………….…………..... 6 Figure 7: Precautions taken for COVID-19 ………………………………………..... 7 Figure 8: Amount of time spent indoors .………………………………………….... 11 Figure 9: Average increase in time spent at home due to the Pandemic …………..... 11 Figure 10: Map showing Bengaluru in India ………………………………….…..... 12 Figure 11: OPOD micro tube housing in Hong Kong ………………………....…..... 13 Figure 12: Urban Sprawl vs High rise density ………………………...............…..... 14 Figure 13: Increasing Density can Increase open space ………………………........... 14 Figure 14: Demand vs Supply for housing based on Sale price ………..……........... 15 Figure 15: Listed of Projects studied ……………………………….…..……........... 17 Figure 16: Construction of Habitat 67 ……..……………………….…..…….......... 18 Figure 17: Exploded view of Habitat 67 …………………………….…..……........... 18 Figure 18: Circulation core of Habitat 67 ……………………………….…..…......... 19 Figure 19: Configuration of Modules in Habitat 67 ……………………………........ 20 Figure 20: Structural component of module ……………………………….…..….... 21 Figure 21: Room configuration in a T module ……………………………….………21 Figure 22: Exterior and Interior of Habitat 67 ……………………………….………21 Figure 23: View of Nakagin Capsule Towers ……………………………….……….22 Figure 24: Capsule space segregation ……………………………….……………….23 Figure 25: Construction assemble of Nakagin Capsule Tower ………………………23 Figure 26: Axonometric and Plan of Nakagin Capsules ……………………………..24 Figure 27: Nakagin Capsule towers configuration ……………………...……………24 Figure 28: Nakagin Capsule interiors and adaption by residents ………………..……25 Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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Figure 29: Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow by Piet Mondrian …..…………26 Figure 30: Schroder House Sectional views …..…………………………………….. 26 Figure 31: Schroder House Analysis diagrams …..………………………………….. 27 Figure 32: Schroder House First floor transformation …..…………………….……..27 Figure 33: New Innovative Architecture ………………………………..…..………..28 Figure 34: Nemausus One, Nimes ………………….…………………..…..………..29 Figure 35: Nemausus One site Plan ………………….…………………..…..……….29 Figure 36: Nemausus One Planning details ………………….…………………..…..30 Figure 37: Nemausus One site building ………………….…………………..………30 Figure 38: Nightingale 1 view from Florence street ………………….………………31 Figure 39: Nightingale Apartments Principles ………………….………………….. 31 Figure 40: Nightingale 1 Typical Floor Plan and interior view ………………….… 32 Figure 41: Key features of Nightingale 1 ………………….……………………….. 33 Figure 42: Nightingale 1 Teilhaus apartments ………………….…………….…….. 33 Figure 43: Chrysanthemum Building logo and façade ………………….…………... 34 Figure 44: Chrysanthemum Building App intergration ………..……….…………... 34 Figure 45: B2 on 461 Dean ………………….…………………………..…..………..35 Figure 46: Installation of module on B2 ………………….…………………..…..… 35 Figure 47: Prefabrication system of B2 – 461 Dean ………………….…………….. 35 Figure 48: A case study of similar projects ………………….…………………..….. 36 Figure 49: Pocket spaces within Future towers ………………….………………….. 37 Figure 50: Mountain like massing of Future towers ………………….…………….. 37 Figure 51: Floor plans of Future tower ………………….…………………………... 38 Figure 52: Street view of Another Sky ………………….………………………….. 39 Figure 53: Form development of Another sky ………………….…………………... 40 Figure 54: Vertical Zoning in Another Sky ………………….……………………… 40 Figure 55: Central Lake care of Brigade Gateway ………………….……………… 41 Figure 56: Masterplan of Brigade Gateway ………………….……………………… 42 Figure 57: Circulation plan of Brigade Gateway ………………….………………… 43 Figure 58: Residential buildings of Brigade Gateway …………….………………… 43

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Figure 59: Site in Larger context …………….……………………………………… 44 Figure 60: Site Location …………….………………………………………….…… 44 Figure 61: Land use map of context …………….…………………………………… 45 Figure 62: View of Site context …………….…………………………………..…… 45 Figure 63: Morphology of the context …………….………………………………… 46 Figure 64: Outer ringroad between the two sites …………….……………………… 46 Figure 65: Connectivity of site …………….…………………………………...…… 47 Figure 66: Physical data of the site …………….………………………...….……… 48 Figure 67: Contour map (not to scale) …………….………………………………… 48 Figure 68: Site Analysis diagrams 1 …………….………………………...………… 49 Figure 69: Site Analysis diagrams 2 …………….………………….……..………… 50 Figure 70: Site sections …………….………………………………….….………… 50 Figure 71: View of Site …………….…………………………………….….……… 51 Figure 72: Site gallery …………….…………………………………….……...…… 51 Figure 73: Floor area and Permissible ground cover …………….……..…………… 52 Figure 74: Overhead pedestrian crossing …………….……………….………..…… 52 Figure 75: Affordable units considered …………….………………………….…… 52 Figure 76: Residential apartment developments around the site …….……….……... 53 Figure 77: Projects in the vicinity …………….…………………….……….……… 53 Figure 78: Artist rendering of Adarsh Premia …………….…………....…………… 54 Figure 79: Site plan of Adarsh Premia …………….……………….…………..…… 54 Figure 80: Zoning and massing analysis of Adarsh Premia ……………...……..…… 55 Figure 81: Artist rendering of Sobha Dewflower …………….………….……..…… 56 Figure 82: Master plan of Sobha Dewflower …………….…….………….……...… 56 Figure 83: Block configurations in Sobha Dewflower …………….…….……….… 57 Figure 84: Green and Blue around the site …………….…………………….....…… 58 Figure 85: Social infrastructure around the site …………….…….…………..…...… 59 Figure 86: Life with respect to travel …………….…….…………………….…...… 60 Figure 87: Horizontal vs vertical zoning …………….…….……………………...… 60 Figure 88: Conceptual zoning: site and building level …………….…….………...… 61

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Figure 89: Corridor standards …………….…….…………..…………………......… 62 Figure 90: Determinants of Health…………….…….………………………..…...… 63 Figure 91: Design concept diagram 1…………….…….…………..……………...… 63 Figure 92: Design concept diagram 2…………….…….…………..……………...… 64 Figure 93: Design concept diagram 3…………….…….…………………….…...… 64 Figure 94: Materials used in Corridor …………….…….…………………….…...… 65 Figure 95: Survey analysis…………….…….…………..………………………...… 66 Figure 96: Area split in percentage…………….…….…………..………………...… 67 Figure 97: Area statement for Site A…………….…….………………………...…... 67 Figure 98: Area statement for Site B…………….…….…………..…………........… 68 Figure 99: Concept zoning option 1…………….…….…………..…………….....… 69 Figure 100: Concept zoning option 2…………….…….……………………..…...… 70 Figure 101: Prototyping form existing plan …………….…….……………...…...… 71 Figure 102: Axonometric view …………….…….…………..…………………...… 72 Figure 103: Exploded axonometric zoning …………….…….……………..…....… 73 Figure 104: Site section through design …………….…….…………..….............… 74 Figure 105: Handwash integrated foyer unit …………….…….…………..…....… 74 Figure 106: Open corridors …………….…….……………………………..…...… 76 Figure 107: Garbage chute system …………….…….…………..……………......… 77

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PREFACE Pandemic that broke the world.

On the eve of the year of 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) was alerted of pneumonia cases in Wuhan City, Hubei province, China, with an unknown cause. What started as a mysterious disease was declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30th of January by WHO.1 SARS-CoV-2 or COVID 19 is now a household term.2

Figure 1: Structure of SARS-CoV-2 (Source: National Institute of Health, NIAH)

The first case in India was confirmed on 30th January in Kerala's Thrissur district in a student who had returned home for a vacation from Wuhan University in China.3 On 17th January the Government of India started thermal screening International travellers in selected Airports. In February, Indian nationals were evacuated from China and consecutively from Japan. By 4th of March there was universal screening at all entry points. The Government of India organised more airlifts from Italy and Iran throughout March. On the 22nd, there was a voluntary 14-hour curfew initiated by PM Modi where the people had to stay indoors as a part of the social distancing exercise to help stop the spread of the Virus.4 This was a precursor to the 4-month Lockdown that was declared on 26th March 2020. All businesses closed, schools and colleges suspended until further notice, streets empty, police surveillance at every junction, students and

1

https://www.who.int/news/item/29-06-2020-covidtimeline https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-thecoronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it 3 Rawat, Mukesh (12 March 2020). "Coronavirus in India: Tracking country's first 50 COVID-19 cases; what numbers tell" India Today. (https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-in-india-tracking-country-s-first-50-covid-19-caseswhat-numbers-tell-1654468-2020-03-12).

4 PTI Agency (22 March 2020). “India observes Janata curfew, millions stay indoors” (https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/diagnostics/india-observes-janata-curfew-millionsstay-indoors/74757440) 2

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migrant employees evacuating the city for their hometowns. Cities became ghost towns and the only life the people knew were within the four walls of their homes.

A lockdown that was meant to protect the people, caused a wave of loss. Day Labourers lost their sources of income, the cities that were full of opportunities where now death traps. The Government of India arranged transport buses for their evacuation, but it was not nearly enough.

Thousands of people, families, children had to traverse across the country on foot, without food or shelter to seek asylum in their villages and farms. Massive lay overs in all corporate companies as the profits dried up and the employed sat unpaid. While some people burned through their saving for four months, some did not last that long. There was a threat from an invisible disease outside, and a more real and immediate threat of starvation inside.

A lot of lives were lost.

With the Government declaring the end of the Lockdown due to the economic crisis and the cities opening stage wise, India stands 2nd in the world after USA in the most no. of COVID cases.

Figure 1: World tracker of COVID 19 (Source: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard; Date: 2020/01/18) It has been a whole year since the Corona Virus was declared as a global pandemic, and the battle is not yet over.

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2. THE FUTURE OF PANDEMICS Understanding the situation.

COVID-19 has touched each and every part of our lives. From our work to our lifestyles and even the way we interact with each other. There has been a drastic change in how we view personal hygiene and how health is a global concern. It has been the most widespread pandemic that the world has witnessed since the 1918 Spanish flu which infected about 500 million people (a third of the world’s population then) with an estimated death toll of 50 million.5 While the mortality rate of COVID is lower than most other diseases, it spreads easily. MERS and SARS, two similar diseases, coronaviruses were not as successful due to their high mortality rates. The disease killed the hosts before it could spread and infect others.

In the last two decades we have witnessed more epidemic outbreaks. And each time the progression of events is the same:

Phase 1 Animal to Animal

Phase 2 Animal to Human

Phase 3 Sporadic or cluster cases in humans

Phase 4 Sustained community outbreaks

Phase 5 Spread to adjacent countries.

Phase 6 Global spread - Pandemic in progress

Figure 3: Pandemic Phase Descriptions and Main Actions by Phase (Source: National Center for Biotechnology Information) The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services released labelled as Escaping an “Era of Pandemics”. Globalisation and pandemics are deeply interlinked. There are hundreds of unidentified viruses and contagion in nature. Land use change, suburbanization, overconsumption, agricultural expansion and wildlife trade increases exposure to animals and their viruses.6 In a chance factor it jumps the species barrier and becomes a zoonotic disease. With the world as connected and interdepended as it, the probability of a disease becoming a pandemic has increased.

While we have medically evolved with better healthcare systems, we are also greatly vulnerable due to our negative interaction with the environment. In a future where such pandemics may become a frequent occurrence, a drastic change in how we view our relationship with the environment is necessary. And in the meantime, resilience of our cities, homes and bodies become key.

5

Rosenwald MS (7 April 2020). "History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April2020.

6 IPBES (2020) Workshop Report on Biodiversity and Pandemics of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4147317 Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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2.1 Cities and Pandemics Urbanization has been perceived as a symbol of progress and prosperity. And urban cities are the measure of a country’s growth.

But this perception is often misleading as the process of urbanisation is primarily driven by socio-economic and political forces. 7 It often overlooks the ecological sphere in which it developed. This creates and imbalance in development creating health risks in the form for zoonotic diseases, polluted air, ambiguous water quality, and unhealthy lifestyles.

Therefore, when a new disease emerges, urban cities are the first to get adversely effected. And each time a there is a pandemic, cities have evolved to build resilience against it.

Figure 4: Deaths from Pandemics (Source: History of Pandemics, Washington Post) The first initiative to better the health of the city was during the third Cholera pandemic in mid19th C when the now acclaimed father of modern medicine John Snow isolated a cluster around a water source which was discovered to pump water from the polluted part of Thames. This led to the establishment of the study of Epidemiology and the development of an improved water supply and sanitation system. Public health Act of 1848 was hence established in the time of British India and the sewage infrastructure which was constructed are used till date.

Tuberculosis, previously known as Consumption, is another such disease that has largely impacted the perspective of health and the built environment. In the turn of the 20 th C when Industrialization was at its peak, hundreds and thousands of people were migrating into factory towns in the search of jobs and opportunities. Housing became an issue, and the solution was seen in the form of tenements. These tenements where narrow multi storey apartments where each family occupied on room. Plumbing was scarce and often shared, one privy per tenement.

To maximise on space these developments where constructed wall to wall with hardly a meter space between the buildings. This resulted in poor indoor environments with no ventilation or sunlight. With increasing air pollution due to factory smoke and the cramped lifestyle shared by 4-6 malnutrition and over worked people per room, these towns became the breeding

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Diego Santiago-Alarcon, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Cities and pandemics: urban areas are ground zero for the transmission of emerging human infectious diseases, Journal of Urban Ecology, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2020, juaa012, https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/juaa012 Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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grounds for disease and depravity. The sanitation and plumbing systems previously devised did elevate the living conditions but was not enough for a healthy environment.

When it was discovered that tuberculosis patients fared better in the cleaner air of the forested mountains, a connection to health and architecture was developed. This led to the formation of new building byelaws that prescribed street widths, increased floor areas, building setbacks and height restrictions to ensure the quality of indoor and outdoor space in relation to light and ventilation. These byelaws shaped the new architecture that evolved and is reflected in the urban fabric of our modern cities.

Figure 5: Tenement block of New York (Source: Rare books and Manuscripts library, Columbia University)

2.2 Contingencies: Then and now Today the world is living in the wake of a new Pandemic, COVID 19. While the disease is new the firefighting methods are not. The contingencies laid in place to contain the disease was first established in 14th C in the time of the Plague, Black Death. Ships where dock away from the main port and the people where to stay in a hospital for 40 days in observance, the Quarantena or the Quaranta giorni. This is where the term quarantine was derived from. The ban on migration and the system of Cordon Sanitaire (a line between the infected and clean parts of a place or continent) was also established during this time.8 Mass quarantine became popular during the 20th C. The quarantine centres where then known as Sanatoriums which were a reaction against Tuberculosis. Due to the nature of the disease the poor were more adversely affected than the Rich and were ushered in bulk in sanatoriums that resembled prisons. On the other hand, the Sanatoriums for the rich were modelled after hotels.

8

Frith, John. "The history of plague-part 1: The three great pandemics." Journal of Military and Veterans Health 20.2 (2012): 11.

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Figure 6: Socio-economic disparity in urban centres Living conditions of the working class in tenements (left), New Sanatorium in Daves, 1902 (right) The socio-economic disparity in urban centres gets blaringly highlighted during crisis. The contingencies laid for containing COVID-19 in the initial months was social distancing, increasing hand hygiene and self-quarantine. This later become a nation-wide imposed lockdown. Those who could afford, burnt through their saving while businesses shut down and jobs were lost. The lockdown was commended as for its success in limiting case rates and containing the spread. But it also exposed the wide divide between socio-economic classes of the urban cities. The slums were the worse hit, and due to the nature of living within then, it was next to impossible to avoid human contact or follow hygiene protocols. This was nearly impossible for pavement dwellers that did not have even a roof over their head or daily necessities. Day labourers, migrant workers and students lost their place in the city. the lockdown that was meant to reduce movement to contain the spread of the virus instead witnessed a mass migration of people out of the city. with lot jobs, colleges shut down indefinitely, and no scope of livelihood; living in the city became a threat.

Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, face masks are the primary Personal Protective equipment. The ritual of wearing masks and militarizing public welfare was initially a result of the miasma theory from the time of the first cholera pandemics which declared the cause of diseases to be bad noxious air emanating from rotting organic matter. 9 While the theory has been disproven it has now evolved into the theory of droplet spread for airborne diseases. 10 While there have been cross arguments with respect to the effectiveness of masks in conjunction to proper usage and storage methods, it is undeniable that they have now become a part of our lifestyles; either for protection or as fashion statements.

Thermal screening like metal detectors after 9/11 are one of the other changes that are here to stay. Contact tracing devised by South Korea after MERS became the key to controlling and tracking the spread of the virus in real time. Other countries soon followed their example to establish similar surveillance software. In India the Arogya Setu app was developed which adhered to the privacy laws and instead choose a self-assessment mention with Bluetooth and

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John M. Last, ed. (2007). "miasma theory". A Dictionary of Public Health. Westminster College, Pennsylvania: Oxford University Press 10 World Health Organization. (2020). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions: scientific brief, 9 July 2020, World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2implications-for-infection-prevention-precautionsexternal icon Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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GPS tracking to notify the users on level of risk with respect no. of positive or unknown cases around them.

The most important combat plan was the involvement of the public. With everything on lockdown, hospitals overworked and police on guard, local government bodies were called to action to take responsibility of their sectors. Close monitoring of each household was to be done to ensure that the host can be quarantined at the first sign of any symptoms. This required a large manpower. Community leaders, youth leaders, NGOs and volunteers came forward to help regulate such work. Apartment complexes began self-governing and monitoring the welfare of the residents. Volunteers came forwards to contribute to food packages and survival kit for the needy. Those that could not volunteer contributed through donations. People came together to help each other to ensure the safety of the people as well as their survival through those tough and often desperate times.

Figure 7: Precautions taken for COVID-19 Thermal scanning and masks (left), Social distancing markers (right)

2.3 A Push to Innovate It has been a year since the virus was declared as a pandemic and there have already been significant changes around us. The Lockdown provided the opportunity to reboot systems and create new digital platforms. What took India years to implement, was established within a few months. With the need to work, learn and communicate remotely; schools, offices and people quickly adapted to the digital platform. Small business created online portals and identified logistic chains to restart their supply remotely. With the barriers of distance removed communities became closer with international collaborations between professionals, information sharing across communities and brainstorming against one crisis.

While the world was in lockdown there have been several innovations that have helped combat the situation. Modular construction became key as the demand for health care infrastructure rose in emergency. China saw the first large scale development with the construction of a 1,000bed temporary pandemic hospital in just 10 days. Studio 10by10 developed a modular unit called the isopod, which have been mass produced and immediately put in use within the popup pandemic hospitals and retrofitted convention halls. No touch door opening, and sanitizer stands have now become a common sight in public and commercial spaces. Visual cues in the forming of pavement markings to ensure social distancing have been added to the list of must know signs and symbols. Business and restaurants have opened with the ensuring safety by following social distancing norms and/or contact free services. Contactless delivery and cashless transactions have facilitated interactions without the threat of infection. Several Covid speciality items have now appeared in the market, either using Covid to brand their products or innovating their designs to facilitate user safety.

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3. PERSPECTIVE FOR CHANGE A vision of the world post pandemic In the face of an invisible treat, the outside seems like dangerous place. With the world on lockdown streets and parks lay empty. Office buildings, schools, colleges, entire business, and commercial districts lay empty. Only exceptions to the lockdown were the essential services which included health care, law and governing authorities, sanitation and water supply, maintenance of communication infrastructure, supply of food and essential goods, banking, and road transportation.11 Time during lockdown seen warped out of reality. Weeks merged into days and months flew by. The uncertainty of things going back to normal rose as more time passed. When life gets paused, we cannot help by question our surroundings. The urbanisation so sought after, crumbles in the first sign of disaster.

The great divide in cities that has been blind sighted for years now glares us in our face as we sit behind our screens and watch the plight of hundreds of migrant workers, speechless.

The drastic improvement in the environment within weeks of ceasing human activity, ecologies thriving and animals reclaiming their territory while the air cleans itself and the rivers revive.

Trapped within the four walls of our house, which became the entirety of our world for months, we have retrospect the way we have lived our lives and introspected on how we want to continue to spend it. With a disaster that attacks our bodies, and the chances of survival depends solely on how strong your immunity is. It puts our lifestyles into perspective. The city life so revered suffocates in box apartments and polluted air where we spend hours in transit and the rest of the day in front of a desktop. Where living is reserved for the weekends and overtime is obligatory. Where work comes above sustenance and health. A lifestyle of excess that has skewed our perception of what is truly important.

In the age of globalisation, while GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is necessary for the prosperity of a country, so is the Health index of its citizens. Growth of cities is often driven by socioeconomic and political factors. Environmental and health factor take a back seat to profit and market. Resilience for a 21st C city is a battle inwards where we must make the better choice towards an active lifestyle instead of letting things be as they are. During the lockdown when the cars where off the roads, there was a visible increase in the no. of cyclists and pedestrians.

There has always been a demand for a more pedestrian and cycling infrastructure and now the city must also evolve to meet the need of its residents. Better designed homes, neighbourhoods and cities would provide a better lifestyle.

The coronavirus Pandemic has brought with it a great loss, of lives and live hood. But it has taught us that things cannot continue the way they are.

Cities have always evolved after pandemics. It was the Sanitation infrastructure after Cholera and the Building byelaws after Tuberculosis. And now it must evolve to provide its residents a better environment and healthier lifestyle.

After all, the first line of defence is from within.

Ankita Sharma, 29th March 2020. “What constitutes Essential Services during Lockdown?” Invest India. (https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/what-constitutes-essential-services-duringlockdown) 11

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Architecture is a Safe Haven for Survival Archigram

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4. POST PANDEMIC ARCHITECTURE Defining the term Post Pandemic Architecture is a response to the growing concerns of the unhealthy lifestyle practices and environments that we have been living in. There has been a constant struggle within communities whether going back to pre-Covid situation is really the solution or should there be a mend in our lifestyle and built environment to make it more resilient against such biothreats?

Architecture has evolved through the ages to adapt to the times and become better at serving its users. When a disaster at the scale of a pandemic occurs, there are often lasting effects on the built environment.

While we cannot reset the world to a time before covid, through actively tackling the reality of the situation and designing for resilience in a holistic manner, a new form of architecture can be developed with revised spacing standards, increased technology integration and elevating living standards. A type of architecture that puts the health of its users and creates resilience for post pandemic world.

5. ADDRESSING THE ISSUE The elephant in the room When a crisis hits, the first and foremost action is to seek shelter.

During Lockdown, there was a total restriction on movement. Office building and commercial complexes abandoned, Schools and colleges deserted. The only spaces that saw heavy use where the hospitals, Convention hall turned hospitals, medical research facilities, and our homes.

The entire world was forced indoors with only the four walls of their home as their living space, workspace, and recreational space. Home spaces have been put into spotlight as people become creative into modelling and adjusted their spaces to perform multiple functions that were otherwise satisfied by their offices, schools, and parks.

Residential architecture is always evolving to suit the needs of our changing lifestyle. Covid 19 has impacted our lives and left lasting changes. With the ‘new normal’ of work from home, social distancing, and heavy cleaning routines; there has been a significant change in how we use indoor and outdoor spaces.

Hence, it is time for architecture to also evolve to adapt to the needs of a post pandemic era.

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On an average, a person spends 87% of their time indoors. Previously this time that was divided between different indoor spaces for different function. Now with after the Lockdown, there has been a significant behaviour change as people have limited their travels and excursions choosing to spend more time at home.

Figure 8: Amount of time spent indoors.

(Source: The National Human Activity Pattern Survey, NHAPS)

Figure 9: Average increase in time spent at home due to the Pandemic (Source: Our World in Data website)

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5.1 Objective of the Thesis This Thesis aims at exploring residential design in the light of the new normal. With Work from Home becoming a long-term possibility, and the threat of Pandemics reoccurring, our homes need to resilient against the situation be equipped to enable us the comfort we need.

The project will embody design details that can be retrofitted within exiting residential architecture and new project plans to carter to social distancing, minimising foreign contact and enabling self sufficiency in a compact space.

5.2 Why Bengaluru?

Bengaluru, formerly known as Bangalore, is the Capital of the state of Karnataka. It is the 2nd fastest growing major metropolis.

The 3rd most populous city and 5th most populous urban agglomeration in India.

It is the 5th largest city in the country with an area of 709m2 approx.

Figure 10: Map showing Bengaluru in India

According to Knight Franks 2020 report on India’s real Estate: Bengaluru residential market gained prominence in the country’s residential landscape over this past decade.

From being the fourth largest market in terms of sales in 2010, with sales of 48,076 units in 2019, it stood at second place in the country featuring just behind Mumbai. The Bengaluru residential market had shown resilience in the overall weak residential market in the country over the past few years by recording the fastest sales growth of 27% in 2018 and 10% in 2019 in a group of top 8 cities in the country.

The year 2020 started on a positive note with strong sales momentum in January and February.

However, as the COVID-19 pandemic became a primary societal concern in early March 2020, the adverse impact on homebuyer sentiment became palpable.

With pandemic induced market disruptions, pricing environment has become weak now.

However, instead of a headline price reduction, customers are being offered a variety of indirect price benefit schemes. The schemes, which include pre-EMI reimbursements, stamp duty and registration waivers, and developer subvention schemes, translate to an indirect discount of around 10%.

Therefore, schemes like flexible payment terms, price protection in case of price fall until possession and free cancellation (which earlier cost as much as 5%) are now being offered to convert the worried homebuyer. 12

12

India Real Estate Report: Residential and Office. Knight Frank. Issue January – June 2020

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Last but certainly not the least, the Government has been instrumental and supportive to ensure that the residential segment emerges stronger post-pandemic. In addition to lowering interest rates and infusing liquidity in the system the Government is also providing load moratorium, loan restructuring and Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs). 13

5.3 Residential Real Estate Trends 5.3.1 PRE COVID TREND Before the world view about architecture was put to question, residential architecture was inclining towards modular single unit spaces, Tiny House, 3D printing in construction, Smart Homes, Co-living, mixed use townships etc. Pod architecture style as a solution for low-cost housing was commended for its flexibility in manufacturing and cost aiming at single occupancy rental accommodation. Recycling building materials and “best out of waste” approach towards composite infill materials brought several new innovations.

While the construction technologies and innovative methods are still applicable now, the view towards living space has shifted minimal to maximum living.

Figure 11: OPOD micro tube housing in Hong Kong

5.3.2 POST COVID TREND According to FICCI ANAROCK Report 2020 (released on September 18, 2020) The unprecedented crisis created by COVID-19 outbreak has proven to be yet another turning point for the Indian residential RE sector and emerge in a new avatar. The importance of possessing a physical asset has been felt much more during these challenging times when ‘stay at home’ and ‘stay safe’ seem to be the mantras for avoiding infection. Also, with homes now being utilized as workplaces and for online education, the definite need for owning a home has been established.

A few key emerging trends that are likely to shape the future of the Indian residential RE sector

include: 13

FICCI and ANAROCK Report on “Indian Housing Sector: Disrupted, Transformed & Recovering”

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5.4 Sprawl vs Density

Figure 12: Urban Sprawl vs High rise Density Urban sprawl defines the type of urban development that sees continuous low rise, often single use (residential) development of single-family homes for large expanse of land. Such urban forms tend to be low density and rely heavily on the use of personal vehicles.

On the other hand, high density developments seen in the form of high-rise residential apartments. These may be mixed used and cater to a larger demographics.

In recent years there has been a shift towards single family homes and low-rise townships in the fringe areas of the city. This provides the buyer with more square footage, but it leads to higher emissions from road transport and loss of open space and environmental amenities. It also increases the cost of providing key public services, exerting pressure on local public finance. Finally, it reduces housing affordability as its main drivers limit the supply of housing in key areas.14 High rise apartments enable affordability in city centres or area with high land value, while also providing the convenience of existing social and transport infrastructure that provides a wider range of options and opportunities for making a more sustainable choice.

What’s left is incorporate the comfort provided by townships within apartments to provide for a better lifestyle.

Figure 13: Increasing Density can Increase open space.

(Source: Hassel Studio)

14

OECD Policy Highlights.“Rethinking Urban Sprawl: Moving Towards Sustainable Cities”June 2018

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5.5 A Case for Affordability Housing has always been an issue in the Urban centres of India. The supply and demand ratio suffers for affordable housing where the supply is in great deficient compared to its critical demand.

According to the Union Budget of 2019 Affordable housing in India is defined as a house or a flat with carpet area up to 90 square meters in non-metropolitan cities and towns, and 60 square meters in metropolitan cities and having value up to INR 45 lakh, or both.

Figure 14: Demand vs Supply for housing based on Sale price Affordable housing is always viewed as utilitarian and devoid of aesthetic pleasures. Any innovation or trend in housing is labelled premium and adds to its cost.

With the pandemic, losses were suffered in the housing market but also opportunities to profit.

Campaigns promoting developments to have “COVID combating characteristics” emerged.

While profit is key in a business it is important to remember that Housing is a basic need for human life.

Post pandemic style of architecture, which is designed for resilience against future emergencies, hence should not be considered as a luxury but a necessity and must be available to all.

Hence a project for Post pandemic residential architecture should include affordability achieved by cross-subsidisation from its luxury units to make the design scheme accessible to all.

STRATEGIES FOR AFFORDABILITY: 1. Cross Subsidisation between Luxury/Premium units and Affordable units of varied ticket sizes.

2. Provide amenities that can act as revenue generators.

3. Space efficient design 4. Maximise per core usage 5. Open planning reduces masonry walls 6. Reduce operational cost by harvest natural light and ventilation 7. Avoid underground parking.

8. Offsite Prefabrication of walls, columns, and beams to be assembled on site 9. Phase-wise vertical expansion that allows occupation before completion of final phase.

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6. PROJECT IN A NUTSHELL Defining the scope The key to building communities is the meeting of people.

Apartment living tends to focus on housing people in boxes stacked one upon the other. Then the choice is not to live within community, but more of a cost of affordability.

In the Post pandemic era apartment living will focus more on the amenities and lifestyle it can provide as co-living is increasing in trend and Work from Home provides flexibility to people to live remotely.

Hence the project will be broadly divided in two parts: 1. Affordable housing 2. Luxury lifestyle apartments PROJECT SCOPE • • • • • • •

Applying the township concept in vertical stacking to be implementable in city centres where site areas are smaller.

Breaking the vertical monotony of a high rise and reducing the sense discomfort and isolation the residences have from being disconnected from the ground.

Promoting mixed use residential as an ideal module for development especial in affordable projects.

Providing increased green/open space available for mental and physical well being and nurturing of children.

Building operating system based on Minimal contact policy by technology integration and App based usage to reduce exposure and crowding in public spaces.

Treating urban edges to improve the quality of space in its context and creating a positive impact.

Incorporating amenities not available in the neighbourhood as a part of the project for the overall development of the area.

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7. A LESSON FROM HISTORY Residential Architecture has gone through evolution time and again. In the era of technology where designs get outdated every year there have been notable masterpieces throughout history that have retained their relevance even today.

Figure 15: LIST OF PROJECTS STUDIED 1. Habitat 67

2. Nakagin Capsule Towers

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3. De Stilj House

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7.1 Habitat 67

Figure 16: Construction of Habitat 67 (Source: Safdie Architects)

Experimental architecture Architect: Moshe Safdie Location: Canada Units: 158 in 12 floors Concept: Prefabrication Habitat 67 was built as a pavilion for 1967 Canadian expo. It was Moshe Safdie thesis project for his master’s degree aimed to promote a different type of affordable living that combines apartment living and country house style homes.

Original scheme of 1000 units with a school and shopping centres was reduced to 158 units that caused the cost of the project to rise.

Figure 17: Exploded view of Habitat 67 (Source: Thesis Prep of Alicia Reyes) Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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Figure 18: Circulation core of Habitat 67 (Source: Case study by Iris Yee)

7.1.1 ZONING • • • • • • • •

North-South axis with building facing west Masses are clustered around the vertical cores Winding circulation corridor between three main vertical cores Openness created in the building by the organisation pattern.

Due to double storeyed houses, pedestrian walkways on every fourth floor Country house style living in high rise.

Two directional houses that provide a 360 deg view Apart from studio apartments all typologies have a terrace.

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Figure 19: Configuration of Modules in Habitat 67 (Source: Case study by Iris Yee)

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7.1.2 STRUCTURES • • • • •

•

Each prefab module is a structural component.

Exposed Concrete structure Used precast prestressed modules which were loaded on top of each other.

The beams are at the bottom that accommodated the bottom module.

The Beams are thicker than the walls and that is hidden by using the beam depth to provide concealed conduiting in the flooring.

There can be no changes (demolitions) done in any interior walls or slab are everything is structural.

Figure 20: Structural component of module (Source: Safdie Architects)

7.1.3 INTERIORS • • • •

• •

Exposed concrete brutalist exteriors White with warm wood minimalist interiors Floor concealed electricals achieved due to floor beam depths Built in cupboards have a shelf light which lights the inside the cupboards and indirectly lights the corridors.

Bathroom interiors are fiberglass moulded – built in Window Openings are bounded by slab and floor beams avoiding extra lintels

Figure 21: Room configuration in a T module

Figure 22: Exterior and Interior of Habitat 67 (Source: Safdie Architects) Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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7.2 Nakagin capsule tower

Figure 23: View of Nakagin Capsule Towers (Source: Archdaily © Arcspace)

Experimental architecture Architect: Kisho Kurokawa Location: Ginza, Tokyo Units: 140 in 14 floors Concept: Metabolism The Nakagin Capsule Tower is a mixed-use residential and office tower designed based on the concept of Japanese Metabolism. It was the world's first example of capsule architecture built for permanent and practical use and was completed in just 30 days in 1972.15 While the building still exists it has fallen into disrepair. Around thirty of the 140 capsules remain in use as apartments, while others are used for storage or office space, or simply abandoned and allowed to deteriorate.16 The word metabolism describes the process of maintaining living cells. Metabolist architects and designers believed that cities and buildings are not static entities, but are ever-changing and organic.

Metabolically designed architecture is built around a spine-like infrastructure with prefabricated, replaceable cell-like parts—easily attached and readily removable when their lifespan is over.17

15

Koolhaas & Obrist (2011), p. 388 Nicolai Ouroussoff, Architecture: Future Vision Banished to the Past, The New York Times, July 7, 2009 17 Kisho Kurokawa, Metabolism in Architecture, 1977 16

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The Nakagin tower was designed for working men who would use it during weekdays and return to their home in the suburbia during weekends. The units were hence fully furnished with built in furniture just sufficient one person.

7.2.1 ZONING • • • •

There are in total 140 capsules plugged into two cores that are 11 and 13 stories in height.

The two towers A and B are connected by a bridge at the higher level The ground and podium level are for administration and parking The upper floor plan consists of the central core to which a maximum of 6 capsules would be attached per level

7.2.2 STRUCTURE • • • • • •

Each capsule is prefabricated offsite The Capsules are constructed of light steel welded trusses covered with steel sheeting The onsite core and podium construction is of precast reinforced concrete Capsule is 2.5m wide and 4m long with a 1.3m diameter window at one end Each capsule is attached to the main core with 4 main bolts with no two capsule touching each other The capsules can be detached and replaced for updating or renovation

Figure 24: Capsule space segregation

Figure 25: Construction assembly of Nakagin Capsule Tower (Source: Structural Systems – Nakagin Capsule Tower)

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Figure 26: Axonometric and Plan of Nakagin Capsules (Source: Kisho Kurokawa Architect & Associates) 7.2.3 INTERIOR • • • • • •

The Capsules contained the latest gadgets of the day and were built to house small offices Each unit originally contained a bed, storage cabinets, a bathroom, a colour television set, clock, refrigerator and air conditioner Extras such as stereo, basin and colour options for interiors was available Interiors where designed to be sleek, efficient and durable Bathrooms where compact and utilitarian designed based on aircraft toilets No air circulation due to double layered sealed windows

Figure 27: Nakagin Capsule towers configuration (Source: Kisho Kurokawa Architect & Associates) Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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Figure 28: Nakagin Capsule interiors and adaption by residents (Source: Archeyes © Noritaka Minami)

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7.3 Flexibility of the Destilj style

Figure 29: Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow by Piet Mondrian

Rietveld Schroder House Experimental architecture Architect: Gerrit Rietveld Location: Utrecht, Netherlands Units: 2 storey single family house Concept: Destijl style The Schroder House is the only building that was designed in complete accordance with the De Stijl style, which was marked by primary colors and pure ideas. The two-story house contains a transformable kitchen/dining/living area, studio space and reading room on the bottom, and the second floor contained bedrooms and storage space, only separated by portable partitions.

The flexibility of space meant that there was no hierarchical arrangement of rooms in the floor plan. The collapsible walls upstairs positioned around a central staircase were designed to provide the children with an option of pushing the partitions in during the day for an open play space and closing them at night for private bedrooms.

This kind of detail was well planned by Rietveld and was prominent in other areas of the design, like specific paint colors to distinguish different spaces or functions. An interesting example of this is the front door, where black paint is used because Rietveld anticipated it would be accessed the most and would therefore be easily soiled. 18

Figure 30: Schroder House Sectional views 18

Megan Sveiven. "AD Classics: Rietveld Schroder House / Gerrit Rietveld" 29 Dec 2010. ArchDaily.

Accessed 20 Jan 2021. <https://www.archdaily.com/99698/ad-classics-rietveld-schroder-house-gerritrietveld> ISSN 0719-8884

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Figure 31: Schroder House Analysis diagrams (Source: Reitveld – Schroder house Case study)

Figure 32: Schroder House First floor transformation (Source: 1924. Gerrit Th. Rietveld: Rietveld – Schröder House) Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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8. INNOVATION OF NEW ARCHITECTURE Residential architecture is always evolving. In the past decade there have been many new ideas and development towards community living and fast constructions. There has been an increase in technology integration in the home space and notable sensitivity towards sustainability.

Figure 33: NEW INNOVATIVE ARCHITECTURE 1. Nemausus One

2. Nightingale Apartments

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3. Chrysanthemum

4. B2 – Dean Street

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8.1 Nemausus one

Figure 34: Nemausus One, Nimes

Low-rise high-density Social Housing Scheme Location: Nimes, France Area: 10,300 m2 Architect: Jean Nouvel Nemausus One is a complex housing challenge that was much greater than solving for whole.

The objective was to meet the needs of a society in constant transformation and build houses at low cost.

In Nemausus, the architect tries to enhance the area, providing as much light, take the flow of air, and issues for the time seemed discredited, or neglected. Nouvel planned houses from the inside out, to prolong the interior and providing more living space.19 8.1.1 ZONING • • • • •

Two buildings, elongated ship like with parking on ground floor semi-buried, and three upper floors of apartments.

In total there are 114 housing units distributed in the set, with simple types of duplex and triplex (studios, one bedroom house with double height, etc).

Between the buildings is a projected park and public space that gives ownership to the residents.

Building access is via stairs located on the common area of the half Horizontal circulations are located throughout the length of each volume, covering three floors. These movements are made to methods of “high street”, with a considerable width to travel on foot or by bicycle, to serve as common space for interaction among neighbours and expansion of housing.

Figure 35: Nemausus One site Plan (Source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century) 19

Nemausus One. https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/nemausus-housing/

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8.1.2 STRUCTURE Cost reduction by using prefabrication and standardisation of aluminium fixtures.

Two volumes are based on a series of columns placed every five meters, which surround the parking space.

Resting on these columns load-bearing walls that divide each apartment.

The only exception to the modulation of the walls is in the center of the nave, where it is severely broken with two walls at a shorter distance for the elevators.

The stairs are off from each building and have an independent steel structure. His connection with the horizontal flow is through bridges.

Figure 36: Nemausus One planning details Building section (left), Triplex floor plans (middle), Sectional model (right) (Source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century) 8.1.3 INTERIORS The typologies have double heighted volumes with a rectangular core in the center, where the toilet, kitchen and storage space along with the vertical movement inside (stairs) is located.

The double-heighted wall is an openable interface, so each person can break the stigma of homelessness among four walls and open her apartment as if it were a simple curtain.

Figure 37: Nemausus One building View of home from inside (left), Open interface of home (middle), High street (right) Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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Figure 38: Nightingale 1 view from Florence street

8.2 Nightingale apartments Community housing Location: Brunswick, Australia Architect: Breathe Architects Year: 2017 “The vision is to create a world in which housing in contemporary urban environments is built to support wellbeing, community and liveability.”

Figure 39: Nightingale Apartments Principles (Source: Breathe Architects, nightingalehousing.org) Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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Build Less, Give More: Nightingale is based on the idea of living simply. Reducing the cost of construction and ongoing maintenance by taking out things like second bathrooms, individual laundries and basement carparks.

Carbon Neutral: Every Nightingale building is 100% electric powered by certified Green Power at lower prices than many households. Green Power supply is supplemented with rooftop solar collection.

Sustainable transport: Nightingale Housing believes in making homes that put sustainable lifestyles within reach. We only locate buildings in well-appointed urban areas, accessible by public transport, cycling routes, car share and other local amenities.

Reduced cost of living: Rooftop solar collection, eliminating gas supply and bill, designed to be comfortable without air conditioning or heating, Shared amenities reduces individual living cost.

Communal spaces: To further enable community to grow there are high-use communal spaces, like communal laundries, productive gardens, short-term rentals for visitors, bath houses, multipurpose rooms and commercial tenancies.

Urban Community Contribution: To contribute to the local urban community there has been creation of connected communities, active street frontages, fine grain and tactile pedestrian experience for passers-by and commercial spaces for values-aligned businesses.

Figure 40: Nightingale 1 Typical Floor Plan and interior view (Source: Breathe Architects, nightingalehousing.org) Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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Figure 41: Key features of Nightingale 1 Rooftop community space (left), Cycle garage (middle), exposed services (right) TEILHAUS APARTMENTS Teilhaus means “part of house” in German.

Nightingale apartments have Teilhaus apartment units that are space efficient, small-footprint homes that maintain functionality through joinery and flexible spaces. They are crosssubsidised by the larger two- and three- bedroom apartments and are only sold to first-home buyers and those with limited financial means, to give them the opportunity to access home ownership. It is a starting point to help them get out of the rental cycle and establish themself financially.

Figure 42: Nightingale 1 Teilhaus apartment (Source: Breathe Architects, nightingalehousing.org)

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8.3 Chrysanthemum Building

Figure 43: Chrysanthemum Building logo and facade

Community Housing Location: North End, Boston, MA Architect: Kennedy & Violich Architecture, Ltd Units: 10 units in 5 floors Date: 2014 The Chrysanthemum Building creates an affordable, sustainable new model for residential development in a dense urban infill site. The project includes 4 micro-units and 6 adaptable family lofts. The project promotes a “common sense” culture of building-related communication networks, domestic farm-to-table slow-food production, and embraces a carfree lifestyle that mines alternative forms of transportation such as subway, bus, and ferry. Each Unit is provided with a bicycle, storage, and Bike Share Mobile App. The Chrysanthemum Building creates a model for environmentally responsible urban development.

MOBILE APP INTEGRATION The building uses mobile app and social media networks integrated with efficient building systems to create a user culture that supports local sustainable services.

Figure 44: Chrysanthemum Building App integration (Source: Kennedy Gallery, Berkeley Rupp-Architecture) Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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8.4 B2 – 461 Dean

Figure 45: B2 on 461 Dean

Modular mixed-use tower Location: Berkey Centre, NY Architect: SHoP Architects Units: 363 rental units in 32 floors Date: 2016 461 Dean is the first residential building to open at pacific park Brooklyn, a 22-acre mixed-use community laid out by Frank Gehry. The structure contains 149 studios, 166 onebedroom apartments, and 48 two-bedroom apartments. 181 affordable residences units are set aside for low and middleincome. A range of on-site amenities, including a fitness center, a yoga and dance studio, and a games room with table tennis and billiards.

Figure 46: Installation of module on B2

STRUCTURE AND PREFABRICATION The construction process meant that each modular unit had to be of certain proportions to fit on a truck.

Figure 47: Prefabrication system of B2 – 461 Dean Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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9. CASE STUDY FROM INDIA

Studying similar residential and mixed-use projects around India provides a practical perspective towards the project. The projects studied below are all high rise, mixed use residential projects across various scale.

Figure 48: A CASE STUDY OF SIMILAR PROJECTS 1. Future Towers (left)

2. Another Sky (middle)

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3. Brigade Gateway (right)

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9.1 Future towers

Figure 49: Pockets spaces within Future Towers

Mixed use housing Location: Pune Architect: MVRDV Units: 1068 (45-450m2), 17 to 30 storeys Future Towers is a part of Amanora Park Town, a residential “townships” development. In just 11 years, Amanora Park Town has grown to over 25,000 residents by focusing on a diverse, high-quality mixture of towers alongside low-density villas.

Instead of a cluster of freestanding buildings, it is a singular mountainous structure with peaks and valleys, under which 1,068 apartments are unified in one building.

It has 9 housing wings ranging from 17 to 30 storeys arranged around just 4 circulation cores.

Reducing number of lift cores combined with corridors makes it more economical. The slabs form a hexagonal grid, which allows for wide views from the apartments and leaves large open public courtyards at ground level. The ‘peaks’ allow for optimized daylight conditions and the resulting inclined roofs allow for a number of exterior terraces, both private and communal.

Figure 50: Mountain like massing of Future towers Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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Typical Floor Plan

Upper Floor Plan

Figure 51: Floor plans of Future Tower Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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Figure 52: Street view of Another Sky

9.2 Another sky High density Luxury apartments Location: Kalyan Nagar, Bangalore Architects: Designhaaus Solutions Area: 39,019m2 built up on 2.22 Acre site Units: 117 – 3BHK, 4BHK Lifestyle apartments Floors: 19 floors Amenities: Sky deck (16 flr), 2 level Basement Parking Cost: 1.87-2.78 Cr DESIGN FEATURES 1. 3 towers though attached to each other are placed in a staggered fashion to have openings on all 4 directions.

2. Alignment of units along true N-S direction follows vastu principles and lines up perfectly with the natural wind direction in Bangalore which is generally from the South / South West towards North/North East.

3. The windows and balconies are planned to make use of this draft and cross ventilate the apartment.

4. The 45º orientation of the apartments yields an unconventional structure with several extruded surfaces that cast shadows on the building across the day 5. This self-shadowing dramatically reduces the heat absorption of the structure during sunlit hours.

6. Heat absorption is reduced further by terrace level gardens on the penthouses and the green cover in the double height sky lounge.

7. Sustainable process and material adopted like fly ash for plastering, dry fix of masonry instead of mortar, solar powered lighting for common areas and electric car charging points.

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Figure 53: Form development of Another sky (Source: Another Sky / Designhaaus Solutions, Archdaily)

Figure 54: Vertical Zoning in Another sky (Source: Another Sky / Designhaaus Solutions, Archdaily)

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Figure 55: Central Lake area of Brigade Gateway

9.3 Brigade gateway Mixed use Location: Malleshwaram, Bengaluru Architects: H.O.K, New York Area: Spread over 40 acres Project includes: 1. 1,200+ Luxury Apartments 2. 30-storey Office Tower 3. Multi-level Car Park 4. Orion Mall and Multiplex 5. 5-star Hotel 6. Columbia Asia Hospital 7. The Brigade School 8. The Galaxy Club 9. Convenience Stores Brigade Gateway, covering 40 acres that stretch from Malleshwaram to Rajajinagar, will be the first Lifestyle Enclave in Bangalore.

A Lifestyle Enclave is the perfect, self-contained, integrated urban neighbourhood, servicing residential, commercial, business, and leisure and entertainment needs. Typically, a Lifestyle Enclave contains all the infrastructure and facilities that are required to make it truly selfcontained. Security and civic maintenance are of the highest order.

PROGRAM SEGREGATION • • • • • •

The site includes commercial, business, educational, healthcare, hotel and residential zones Great care has been taken to provide maximum privacy and security, and to facilitate easy access to the various zones.

The hotel is connected to the office tower and the mall by sky bridges The master plan has six gates (plus a mall drop-off and dedicated entrances to parking areas) that provide access from the Malleshwaram, Rajajinagar and Yeshwantapura sides.

Two of the gates are for the residential area and one each for the school, commercial zone, hospital and parking.

The Integrated Building Management System (IBMS) will facilitate modern maintenance of the enclave and controlled access to the various zones.

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Figure 56: Masterplan of Brigade Gateway (Source: Brigade Gateway Brochure)

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Figure 57: Circulation plan of Brigade Gateway (Source: Archinet, Brigade Gateway) RESIDENTIAL ZONE • • • • •

•

Over 1,200 apartments are laid out in 16- to 19-storey high buildings, constructed on an elevated podium.

This allows two levels of parking, exclusively for the residents.

The apartment wings are built around extensively landscaped, spacious courtyards.

The courtyards range from 70' to 180' in width, spanning the entire length of the residential zone.

The residential zone has two exclusive entry / exit points from the public roads—one from Malleshwaram and the other from Rajajinagar.

There are well laid out private streets surrounding the residential zone.

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Figure 58: Residential buildings of Brigade Gateway

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10. INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE Residential is a function that can be introduced in any part of a city, town or village. For the purpose of this project, I have chosen Bengaluru as my location.

SELECTION CRITERIA • • • •

Must be between 1-5 Acres (for a sizable apartment complex) Must be within city limits in an existing neighbourhood (for access to social infrastructure and to become an urban insert) Must be well connected to public transport, Metros and bus routes (to provide sustainable choices) Must have lower land cost (to keep sale prices affordable)

SITE SELECTED The site selected is in the Southern part Bengaluru between the Banashankari and Kumara Swamy Layout wards.

Figure 59: Site in the Larger context (Source: Google Earth)

Location: Kumarswamy Layout Area: 1.41 (A) +1.56 (B) Acres Access roads: 1 major road, 2 minor roads Metro: 1.2km Bus Stop: along Site B From City Centre: 10 km FAR: 3.25 (according to zone) Existing Indira Canteen on site B in the North corner Figure 60: Site location (Source: Google Earth)

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10.1 Site analysis 10.1.1 CONTEXT The site is in the southern part of Bengaluru between the Banashankari Temple and Kumara Swamy layout wards. It is in the centre of a diverse neighbourhood with a predominant Muslin settle in its north and Hindu settle around the temple in its south.

It is a residential area with large parts of the area occupied by the Geological department of India, National Institute of Rock Mechanics and Dayananda Sagar Institutions.

Figure 61: Land use map of context (Source: BDA Revised Masterplan 2031, Opencity.in) Site is in a residential neighbourhood, unoccupied. The urban pattern has commercial spaces along the road.

All unoccupied land has been categorised as residential. The is a proposed Phase III metro along the outer ring road is under discussion and may not be constructed due to budget concerns.

Figure 62: View of Site context (Source: Google earth images)

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Figure 63: Morphology of the context (Source: Google earth images) While there have been additions in the public realm, such as the Banashankari Bus station, the underpass in the Outer Ring Road, and the new department building in the Government institutes.

The major urban resident built up has remained largely unchanged and only densified along the years.

The site itself has been left untouched by development or vegetation for more two decades. It sits as an urban island and has attracted undesirable groups of people and became the base for undesirable activities.

10.1.2 CONNECTIVITY The Site is hence well connected at city level by the Outer Ring road and Kanakapura road.

Being in the intersection of the outer ring road and Subramanya Main road makes the site a node and collector for different activities.

Phase I and II metro lines are approx. 1.2km and 3km from the site. A Phase III line along the Outer ring road is proposed and considered in the RMP 2031 masterplan. But due to budgetary concerns this segment of Phase II is still undecided.

Figure 64: Outer Ring road between the two sites (Service lane 1 (left), Underpass (middle), Service lane 2 (right)) Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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Figure 65: Connectivity of Site (Distance from site (top), Major road networks (middle), Metro connection (bottom)) Even without the Phase III line, the site is well connected at the city level with its road and public transport network. This gives the residents an opportunity to make a greener choice by cycling or using public services.

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10.1.3 PHYSICAL DATA Two sites of total 2.97 Acres Site A: 1.46 Acres Site B: 1.51 Acres The site is on two sides of the Outer Ring road. There is an Underpass in the road along the stretch of the site.

The region has an undulating topography with very less tree coverage.

The site is on the higher point of the Outer ring road.

Surrounding buildings are of a maximum height of G+5.

The climate here is tropical. The summers are much rainier than the winters in Bengaluru.

Temperature: min 14.3 °C | max 33.7 °C. Rainfall: average 831 mm Wind: West to South west (April to Sep.) East to North (Oct to March) Figure 66: Physical data of site

Figure 67: Contour map (not to scale) Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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10.1.4 ANALYSIS OF SITE

Continuous built of varied footprints are observed.

Open areas are with private realm.

Main road infrastructure present in the context is the 30 m road that has an underpass along the stretch of our site.

Hence, our sites may be accessed from the service lanes or its other edges.

Figure 68: Site analysis diagrams 1

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Figure 69: Site analysis diagram 2

Figure 70: Site Sections Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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SITE A

SITE B

Figure 71: View of the site

Figure 72: Site Gallery Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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10.2 Applicable Bye Laws SITE

AREA

FAR* (3.25)

GROUND COVER (55%)

SITE A

1.41 Acres | 5,700 m2

18,526 m2

3,135 m2

SITE B

1.56 Acres | 6,316 m2

20,528 m2

3,474 m2

* FAR – Floor Area Ratio Figure 73: Floor Area and Permissible Ground cover Area for each site to considered separately.

Minimum Setback on all sides: 10 m PARKING REGULATION • • •

1 parking every 2 houses if Area ≤ 50m2 1 parking for every house if Area > 50m2 10% extra parking for visitors

OVERHEAD BRIDGE CLEAR HEIGHT

Figure 74: Overhead pedestrian crossing FIRE SAFETY Fire escape at provided ever 22 m interval.

Fire Driveway of minimum 6m AFFORDABILITY Maximum floor area: 60m2 Maximum cost: 45 Lakhs In Banashankari Capital investment: ₹6500/sqft Rental rate: ₹18/sqft 20 (Consider 1m2 = 10 ft2) Figure 75: Affordable units considered.

20

99acres.com ‘Bangalore Real Estate Report’. April June 2020

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11 SCOPING THE COMPETITION

Figure 76: Residential apartment developments around the site Within 500m – 1km there are several residential developments of repute. All of these are catering to the Middle income and Luxury sector.

All the developments are observed to be along the major roads in the locality. Hence connectivity is key to the salability of a project.

The rest of the residential development is plot based which are low rise (max 5 floor) small scale development. This results to a horizontal spread with a continuous urban fabric.

Due to the high ground coverage, the amount of green or open public space is minimal in the area. Urban spaces are seen only within campus grounds of the government and private institutes nearby.

Figure 77: Projects in the vicinity

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Figure 78: Artist rendering of Adarsh Premia

11.1 Adarsh Premia

By Adarsh Group 3.5 Arce site Phase I: G+15 Phase II: G+24 Status: Under construction Block A, B, C: 3BHK Block B: 4BHK Ticket sizes range from 2050sqft - 3720sqft.

Prices range from 2.2Cr-3.9Cr.

Figure 79: Site plan of Adarsh Premia

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PLANNING • • • • • • •

There are 14 unique plans. On each floor All blocks combined creates one large wall like mass.

These sort for massing can be seen in SNS Spiritua as well as other developments.

Common walls and structural grid save construction cost.

Results in a bulky mass that cuts the view of the city.

Castes large and deep shadows on neighbouring plots.

Vertical Phasing of construction

Figure 80: Zoning and massing analysis of Adarsh Premia

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Figure 81: Artist rendering of Sobha Dewflower

11.2 Sobha Dewflower

By Sobha ltd 7 Arce site Super Luxury Height: G+4 Total 231 Units Ticket sizes range from 2123sqft-2400sqft for 3bhk And 3124sqft-3467sqft for 4bhk Prices range from 2.8Cr-4.18Cr.

Figure 82: Master plan of Sobha Dewflower Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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PLANNING • • • • • • • • • • • •

Minimal surface vehicular circulation Building offsets creates entrance bays Continuous built but low height, hence less impact on surroundings All duplex start from ground floor Upper floors mostly apartments Density of 33 units per acre Each circulation core served four flats per floor All flats are designed for luxury Ground floor flats have private green spaces Duplex have smaller footprint and are hence clubbed with 3BHK of larger sqft Block 1 has 3BHK in along the entrance to create the bay as a part of the design.

Objective to create a country house feel in a multifamily vertically stacked configuration.

Figure 83: Block Configurations in Sobha Dewflower

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CONCLUSION All the developments have been designed to be purely residential.

The mixed-use typology can be seen in small scale plotted developments where the owners provide a commercial space at the street level as an income generator.

Due to predominance of public institutes and singular ownership, the locality has marginal commercial (business) sites. Hence there are no large commercial buildings like supermarkets or offices.

In the Luxury sector developments studied, common amenities such as club house, pool, sports courts and play areas, indoor as well as outdoors are always provided.

Luxury has been prescribed in two methods: either by providing additional facilities or by having low density spacious development by using the scarcity vs value concept.

The Middle-income sector may have similar facilities in small carpet areas and more density.

Open spaces while provided are compact and grouped together while the site is uses to its maximum in ground coverage and built up.

12 EXISTING SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Figure 84: Green and Blue around the Site The green cover of the neighborhood is predominately within the government institutes of Geology and Meteorology. Hence while there is an existence of green cover is non accessible by the public and does not cater to the peoples need of open green public spaces that is required for a healthy living.

There are sufficient Schools and higher education institutes in the locality. Due the city level connectivity, all services provided by the city are accessible by the site.

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Figure 85: Social Infrastructure around the Site (Schools (top), Institutions (middle), Healthcare (bottom)) On the other hand, the site had well collected hospitals in its context, but in the light of the present medical emergency, it is advisable to have a smaller first healthcare which would serve as first contact to determine the need to go to a hospital and avoid unnecessary exposure.

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13 Design concept The foundation of any design is its core idea or concept. For residential it is key to look at where we live and how we live there.

13.1 Live Work Play

LIVE

LIVE

TRAVEL

WORK

WORK

PLAY

PLAY

Figure 86: Life with respect to travel According to the ANAROCK report, townships are a growing trend due to the space they provide and the “Live-Work-Play” concept they are built upon.

Townships, due to the viability to space, implement the concept horizontally. This provided different Live-residential, Work-office and Play-recreation zones.

Figure 87: Horizontal vs vertical zoning

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While townships may be self-sustaining, they usually are located at the outskirts of the city which results in long commutes to the city.

To make this concept more implementable, it is necessary to reduce its scale to parcel sizes that can be developed upon within the city. The key to LIVE-Work-Play concept is connectivity.

Hence, mixed-use developments with 'live-work-play' facilities and amenities in a single development become more attractive. Individuals and families can choose housing options for short- and long-term accommodation; commercial establishments are available for shopping or working; and services and amenities are accessible for recreation and entertainment.

There are numerous benefits for mixed-use: it minimises the need for transport and infrastructure is optimised; it increases walkability as daily activities are brought closer together; and it enhances social networks when opportunities for chance face-to-face meetings are increased.

PARKING

Figure 88: Conceptual zoning: site and building level

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13.2 1.5m city With social distancing norms, each person should now maintain 11.5m.

This translates in increased space standards. The 1m2 per person previously prescribed is not 2.25m2 per person.

While designing public spaces such as corridors, footpaths, waiting areas, this rule must be kept in mind.

Incorporating distancing ques in the physical environment by floor markers and strategic placement of furniture also helps.

Care must be taken at the same time that all spaces must be universally accessible by persons in wheelchairs and disabilities.

Corridor: 1.7m → 2m Footpath: 1.5m → 3m Staircase width: 1m → 1.2/1.5m Lift occupancy: 6 persons → 4 persons

Figure 89: Corridor standards

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13.3 Wellness and Architecture In an average day we spent about 80% of our time indoors, be it at our home, workplace, in commute etc. During the lockdown the 80% that was previously distributed among different places and spaces became concentrated within our homes.

Hence it is important that the environment we surround ourselves in be conducive to our wellbeing.

The pandemic has put health and wellbeing into perspective as we see the glaring shortcomings of our fast-paced urban lifestyles. There will be several more such diseases to come, and to combat it we must build our first layer of defence, our immunity system.

Wellness Architecture – the practice of architecture that relies on the art and science of designing built environments with socially conscious systems and materials to promote the harmonious balance between physical, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual wellbeing while regenerating the natural environment.21

Figure 90: Determinants of Health STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE HEALTH 1. Active design: By designing spaces that requires people to walk more and introducing elements that make the walk enjoyable encourages a more active lifestyle. Since the metro station and bus stops are available close by, it gives an opportunity for people to walk/cycle to the metro for their commute instead of using their vehicles.

Figure 91: Design concept diagram 1

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Terminologies and definitions. Wellness Architecture Initiative resources. Global Wellness Institute

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Figure 92: Design concept diagram 2

2. Light + Ventilation: The key to good indoor environments is good light and ventilation.

By creating larger openings and openable spaces there is a mix of indoor air and good daylighting.

Figure 93: Design concept diagram 3

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3. Additional Green spaces: Apartment living usually fall short in play areas as the amount of open space may not be sufficient for the number of people it must cater to. By introducing a mind level garden space, it increases the open space available and distributes the density across two level, adhering to the distancing principle.

4. Material Selection: with the pandemic came the obsessive need to cleaning. All public spaces such corridors, staircases, lifts and lobbies will be subjected to cleaning everyday.

Since these have heavy use spaces it is necessary it use materials that can withstanding the usage and also be low maintenance and easy to clean.

Criteria for material selection - Hardwearing - Low maintenance - Easy to clean - Low cost For such purpose, the materials to be used are –

Figure 94: Materials used in Corridor

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14. Programme 14.1 Surveying the current needs A short preliminary survey was conducted during the to understand how people are using their home spaces and what is the impact of the Lockdown on their daily lives.

No. of participants: 58 Age range of participants: 21 – 69 yrs RESULTS OF THE SURVEY

Figure 95: Survey analysis Therefore, after the Lockdown there has been an increase in the work hours, especial if it’s a Work from Home scene. There is a significant need for a study room/area with the home space, must be noted that bedrooms have often substituted as workspaces. Balconies or private outdoor areas are the next top requirement.

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14.2 Area statement With respect to the Liv-WorkPlay concept the program is split between commercial and residential functions.

Site A: Affordable housing Site B: Luxury housing Figure 96: Area split in percentage

SITE A SL.

Total Area (m2)

DESCRIPTION 1 2 3 4 5 6

Supermarket Day care Multipurpose hall Sky Garden Lobby Marketing department

RESIDENTIAL UNITS 7 STUDIO UNIT 8 1BHK 9 10 11 12 2BHK 13 14

TYPE A TYPE B TYPE C TYPE A TYPE B TYPE C TYPE D

666 280 405 637 74 21 2083 No. of units per floor 9 1 6 1 5 1 1 1

Total no. of Units 25 81 41 7 50 42 58.5 9 70 39 77.75 9 90 9 94 9

Area (m2)

(plus 10% for circulation)

205 15 PARKING 1 parking every 2 houses if Area ≤ 50m2 1 parking for every house if Area > 50m2

Total Area (m2) 2025 287 2100 526.5 2730 699.75 810 846 10024.25 11026.675

Residential Parking

Guest Parking

Total

Area (m2)

140

14

154

3412

10% extra parking for visitors

TOTAL BUILT UP AREA

16521.675 (Built up area is within permissible built up)

Figure 97: Area statement for Site A Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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SITE B Total Area (m2)

SL. DESCRIPTION 1 Retail #1 #2 2 Restaurants #1 #2 3 Office space #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 4 Coworking space 5 Healthcare 6 Clubhouse 7 Sky Garden 8 Mini Theatre 9 Multipurpose hall 10 Lobby 11 Marketing department

RESIDENTIAL UNITS BLOCK A DUPLEX 4.5 BHK FLAT +servants’ quarter 4.5 BHK

No. of units per floor

Area (m2)

Total no. of Units

80 82 97 111 216 183 283 183 253 353 1183 276 986 122 244 197 118 4967 Total Area (m2)

1 2

247.5 212

4 10

990 2120

1 1

213 125

4 8

852 1000

1 2 1 1

152 122 125 214

8 16 8 8

1216 1952 1000 1712

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10842 11926.2

4.5 BHK +servants’ quarter

APARTMENT 3BHK BLOCK B 3BHK TYPE A TYPE B TYPE C + servants’ quarter 4BHK

(plus 10% for circulation)

PARKING

Residential Parking

Guest Parking

Total

Area (m2)

66

7

73

2336

1 parking every 2 houses if Area ≤ 50m2 1 parking for every house if Area > 50m2 10% extra parking for visitors

TOTAL BUILT UP AREA

19229.2 (Built up area is within permissible built up)

Figure 98: Area statement for Site B

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15. Prototyping Preliminary iteration of design.

15.1 Site level

Figure 99: Concept zoning option 1 - The concept of having public park will not be feasible due to security reasons and the policy of “Undivided Share of Land” - Focus should be creating vibrant edges by maintaining functional streetscapes - Mid level Garden spaces provide extra open space as well as a break in building mass - Overhead bridge may or may not be feasible due to government regulations - Care must be taken for vehicular access as all adjacent roads are one way

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Figure 100: Concept zoning option 2

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15.2 Prototyping from existing plan By taking two exiting apartment plans and studying its drawbacks with respect to current needs, we can understand what changes are required in future planning.

For the purpose of this exercise, I have taken 1.5 bhk and 2 bhk floor plans of Brigade Meadows for development.

Figure 102: Prototyping from existing plan Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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16. Site Level design

Figure 102: Axonometric view

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16.1 Zoning Layout

Figure 103: Exploded axonometric zoning

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16.4 Site Section

Figure 104: Site Section through design

17. Design Details 17.1 Flexible walls When the space inside is limited, there is a need for the same space to be multifunctional and be able to cater to different requirements at different times. We have seen this concept in Studio apartments where one room serves all purpose. So why can’t our normal standard homes also be designed to be multi-functional? Using movable walls or partitions to rooms, more open planning to provide seamless spaces which can at times be all added to create a single larger space. Creating nooks and corners that can be converted to workspaces with privacy. Creating study or work areas instead of rooms so that that space as well can be used for something else when no one is working.

17.2 Post Pandemic Additions With new requirements come new additions.

17.2.1 MUD ROOM CONCEPT Entry to our homes can no longer be direct. There has become a need for a foyer space where we can remove shoes and leave all unessential artifacts that do not need to be taken inside the house. The Japanese Genkan areas can be a good example for such a space. This will help limit bringing outside dirt and dust inside. The space requirement for this is low and can be easily integrated in the apartment style living as well.

In smaller units a compact cabinet with hand wash can suffice for this function.

Figure 105: Handwash integrated foyer unit

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17.2.2 ATTACHED BATHROOMS Previously, attached bathrooms seemed a luxury for most apartment flats with only one or two rooms with them. Now in a situation where a family member due to some reason is suspected to have a disease, or is ill, or has been advised to be quarantined; it is imperative that there are rooms available with attached bathrooms within the house where he/she could be isolated for the designated period. This ensures that the contact with that person is limited while also providing with sufficient space to live without becoming caged or claustrophobic.

17.2.3 INTEGRATED STUDY ROOM With the schools, colleges, and offices going online and Work from Home becoming widely implemented where possible, the need for office rooms or study rooms may become a new mandate in the coming future. Such spaces seemed like luxury once will now have to be considered while planning a house. Here there has to be innovative designing involved as the number of people who may require such a space may differ from family to family. So how can we cater to it in an apartment living situation where space is constrained, and square footage is expensive? One way to go about it would be to provide one office room big enough for at least two occupants or create a planning layout for flexible spaces.

17.2.4 BALCONIES When the world forces you to stay inside, look outwards. During this quarantine, people have found solace in their tiny 1.5x2m balconies which have given them the freedom to simply step outside. This is a luxury not many have and must be thought of a mandatory element, especially in the tiniest apartment. Designing bigger and larger balconies or just providing french windows along the balcony can substantially open up a cramped apartment and provide respite to those within.

17.2.5 OPENINGS Doorways and openings like windows have to be reconsidered. Door handles easily become fomites as they are the sole means to access the space beyond it. And while there have been talks to using automatic doors that do not need to be touched at all, what are the other more passive alternatives? If the problem lies in our hands touching various surfaces and transferring the virus or bacteria, what if we remove our hands from that equation? We have all opened a door once in our lifetime by kicking it. So, thinking along those lines if we use interfaces such as sliding doors with handles not for our hands but a niche at the bottom for our feet, we could eliminate one surface of contact as well as create more flexible interfaces within our homes.

Similarly, windows would play an important role as the connection to the outside. By providing clear opening from sill to beam bottom we can eliminate the need of a lintel and achieve large openings.

Delivery hatches can also be used for no contact delivery.

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17.3 Corridors as streets Taking inspiration from the sprawl layout where every house has their individual approach and a front yard

Traditional apartment building cores are closed with the bare minimum space required.

Opening the core creates a street/balcony approach to arch house.

This facilitates interpersonal relations and social connections.

In case of floor quarantining, it provides the residents the freedom of escape from their houses.

Figure 106: Open corridors

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17.4 Waste Collection By providing a chute system for waste collection there is no need for conservancy workers (garbage pickers), and it automates the garbage collection.

Figure 108: Garbage chute syste Post Pandemic Residential Architecture Anoushka Shome | 1DT16AT005 | SOA DSTAM

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18. Conclusion During the Lockdown, the world went online, and so did the architects, urban planners, and new thinkers. With Work from home becoming the new norm and school and colleges adapting to teaching online, there is a significant lifestyle shift. Campus’ sit empty and unused and leases on office and commercial spaces unrenewed. Home spaces have been put into spotlight as people become creative into modelling and adjusted their spaces as per the many needs of the family, a study room, a work room, a play area, or a home theatre. In the time when people couldn’t leave their apartments, balconies were seen as an essential breathing space. The compact space efficient planning of urban homes and apartments have been reducing the square footage of the houses and often view balconies as luxury spaces. The heart of the problem lies in the older parts of the cities, where the streets are narrow and buildings old. Maintaining a 6ft distance is often difficult and the smaller homes with no possibility of quarantining the sick. A disease that targets our respiratory system, in a city that is already causing respiratory issues with its pollution. The drastic improvement in air quality in the city and the environment as a whole during the lock put the impact of human action, or in this case, inaction, in perspective.

This has driven the thinkers into coming up with solutions and innovations to the problems that have been made prevalent. Planners are now looking into the developing a regional level planning instead on focusing solely on the cities. Developing the rural sector would generate more jobs and a livelihood that may reduce the need for mass migration into the city. The need for neighbourhood planning within the city has also been brought into focus as travelling for one to two hours per day is finally realised as not to be a sustainable or healthy lifestyle. Green spaces and Urban spaces which were previously considered as luxury may now be incorporated as an essential in the urban fabric. The need for healthier cities and healthier lifestyles has become the main focus of the current scenario. Due to the unreliability of the future, people are more open towards accepting changes to improve their life.

Pandemics and epidemics have always been changing our built environment, from laying our first service infrastructure after Cholera and Plague epidemics to the modernist revolution during the times when war and disease was prevalent with tuberculosis in the lead, the change from heavily ornamented and decorative interiors to smooth, uncluttered surfaces that would be easier to clean and keep hygienic. HIV and AIDs saw the need for large scale isolation and the recent Ebola outbreak brought portable and adaptable quarantine facilities and provision of emergency procedures to places like Airports.

The built environment has always evolved to accommodate the need of the hour.

Now, we as designers need to rethink the present to accommodate the need of the future.

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Thesis report compiled for the completion of bachelor’s in architecture Year 2016-221

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