TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description 1.0 Company Profile
Page 1
1.1 Mission Statement
1
1.2 Product Range
1
1.3 DOVETM Group of Companies
2
1.4 Core Companies
2
1.5 DOVETM Group Overview Chart
4
1.6 Technical Services
5
2.0 Introduction to Mining and Mineral Analysis
6
2.1 Mineral Prospecting
6
2.2 Mineral Exploration & Sampling
6
2.3 Mine Evaluation & Investment Analysis
8
2.4 Mine Development
8
2.5 Mine Exploitation
9
3.0 Description of Analysis Methods
10
3.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
10
3.2 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
11
3.3 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
12
3.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
13
3.5 Aqua Regia
14
3.6 Fire Assay / Cupellation
14
4.0 Precious Metal Analysis
15
4.1 Fire Assay-AA-ICP-Gravimetric Analysis
15
4.2 Metallic Procedure for Coarse Gold Analysis
15
4.3 Bullion Analysis
15
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description 5.0 Geochemical Analysis
Page 16
5.1 Neutron Activation Analysis
16
5.2 Tungsten (W) by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Analysis
16
5.3 ICP Analysis - Aqua Regia Leach
17
5.4 ICP Analysis - Total Digestion
18
6.0 Whole Rock Analysis by XRF - Exploration Package
19
6.1 Whole Rock Analysis by ICP - Exploration Package
19
6.2 Base Metal Package - Aqua Regia Leach / AAS
19
7.0 Individual Assay Determinations
20
8.0 Coal Analysis
21
9.0 Mineral Processing Analysis
21
10.0 Sample Preparation Charge
22
11.0 Recommended Service Packages
22
MANUFACTURER / SUPPLIER OF EQUIPMENTS & EXPERTISE FOR MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING WWW.DOVEMINING.COM
DOVETM EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY Co. Ltd., a member of DOVETM Group of Companies, is a major manufacturer and supplier of Technology, packaged in a wide range of Products and Technical Services, all under one roof for the Planning, Exploration, Development and Exploitation of Non Fuel Mineral Resources, covering the total Life Cycle of your Mining Project. DOVETM supplies Machinery equipments and accessories for Surface Mining of Base Metals, Precious Metals, Light Metals, Ferrous Metals, Diamonds, Color Gemstones, Sand Gravel/Aggregate, and Coal. DOVETM is a Major Manufacturer and Supplier of a lage range of Surface Mining Equipments and Accessories. With over 45 years of manufacturing experience, DOVETM Mining Equipment has established a proven history of reliability and performance around the Globe. Our equipments are designed and built for highest yield of mineral recovery, with the highest Quality and Value. With the Manufacturing and Supply of the Top Quality Machineries and Equipments, packaged with a wide range of Technical Services, Competitively Priced, DOVETM is the most Effective Partner to supply your operational requirements.
1.1 OUR MISSION: DOVETM shall expand Global Leadership in Surface Mining Technology, through an unrelenting focus on Customer Satisfaction and Technical Excellence, as our clients are the most crucial element of our enterprise. A strong desire to meet our clients need continues to provide us with the impetus to challenge traditional mineral recovery methods and capitalize on new technologies to improve your Mining Project Performance, there by making you more competitive in the market place. We are dedicated to give you the ultimate in service and support. 1.2 PRODUCT RANGE: DOVETM Manufacture and Supply a complete range of Integrated Processing Plants and Accessories with ore throughput capacities ranging from three tons/ hour to over 1,000 tons/hour. These processing plants are configured in Various Ranges from Portable Mobile Processing Plants, to Semi Permanent Processing Plants Designed for surface mining of minerals, for either Mechanical Extraction Methods or Aqueous Extraction Methods. DOVETM also Manufacture and Supply a full range of Classifiers, Concentrators, Separators, Concentrating Tables, Hoppers and Feeders, Conveyors, Crushers, Breakers, Hammers, Centrifugal Pumps, Flood Lifters and Slurry Pumps, Pipes and Steel Structures, and Power Plants. DOVETM is a major supplier of Compressors and a full range of Earth Moving and Construction Equipments. All Equipments Manufactured by DOVETM carry a one-year limited Manufacturer Warranty. Besides the above mentioned, DOVETM supply a large range of Laboratory Equipments, Instruments and Accessories for Identification, Testing and Analysis of Various Minerals.
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1.3 DOVETM GROUP OF COMPANIES Today, the name of DOVETM represents a substantial number of divisional companies that led in 1990 to the formation of the DOVETM GROUP of Companies. DOVE TM portfolio mirrors global representation in over 30 countries with over 45 years in Research, Product development and Manufacturing expertise. DOVETM brand signifies a business concept, which amounts to technological excellence incorporated in unique range of products, manufactured with highest quality of standards, combined with exceptional service and yet with competitive pricing structure. Over the years this business philosophy became the main driving force behind the exceptional growth of the DOVETM Group of Companies. While the specific discipline and the area of the expertise of each core company within the DOVETM Group of companies is different, however combining the knowledge and expertise of the core companies give DOVETM Group a unique range of capabilities, which intern supports each core company to provide better products, and higher quality of service to the related industries. These capabilities have allowed DOVETM Group to cross the technological frontiers, challenge the traditional methods, and achieve technical excellence.
1.4 CORE COMPANIES DOVETM Group of companies consists of the following main independent core companies: DOVETM Equipment & Machinery Co. Ltd. With over 45 years of manufacturing expertise, is a major manufacturer and supplier of a wide range of surface mining equipments, minerals processing plants, rock reduction, aggregate and construction machineries, as well as the group’s manufacturing arm for Bioenergy (Biodiesel and Ethanol), and water treatment plants. The Bioenergy and water treatment plants are manufactured exclusively and under license for DOVETM BIOTECH Ltd. The company is privately owned and registered in Thailand, with number of manufacturing facilities in Thailand. (www.dovemining.com) DOVETM BIOTECH LIMITED A hundred percent foreign owned company registered in Thailand, with head office and other facilities in Thailand. DOVETM BIOTECH is a major supplier of advanced technology solutions for production of Biofuels (Biodiesel, Ethanol and Biogas), Organic disinfectants, Organic and nature solutions to waste water treatment, Organic & natural solutions for Aquaculture and Oil-spills. (www.dovebiotech.com)
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DOVETM OIL Ltd. The latest addition to DOVETM Group of companies is a manufacturer and supplier of Biodiesel (B100) and value added products and derivatives of organic oils (i.e., Glycerine, Waxes and Carotenoids), for the Thai and international market. DOVETM OIL intends to become a sustainable producer of competitively priced Biodiesel and to meet the growing demand for green transport fuel in Thailand and international market. DOVETM OIL is registered in Thailand, with production facilities located just west of Bangkok. (www.dove-oil.com) DOVETM Holding Inc. A US based company, involved in Exploration and Exploitation of mineral deposits in Africa. DOVETM GLOBAL - TECH SDN. BHD. (779768-P) A member of DOVETM Group of Companies based at Malaysia, a Manufacturer and Supplier of a wide range of surface mining equipments, minerals processing plants, rock reduction, aggregate and construction machineries. (www.doveglobaltech.com)
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1.5
DOVE GROUP OVERVIEW (CHART)
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DOVE TM Technical Services, a division of DOVE TM EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY Co. Ltd., provides Timely & Superior Technical and Operational Services, to support the successful implementation of your Mining Project. DOVETM Engineers and Technicians are readily available to address your project requirements and assist you in your Mining Project from the day one. We will support your project from the initial step of Project Planning, through Prospecting, Exploration, Development and the Exploitation. We also provide on site Training services and Plant Performance Optimization Services. The QUALITY and the COST of our services are unparalleled in the industry. Our technical staffs are ready to serve your needs internationally, whether you require one small unit or a complete Turnkey Project. Services includes:
Exploration Prospecting (Conventional) Geologic Geochemical Three-dimensional Sampling & Evaluation
Mine Development
Project Assessment
Equipment Configuration & Planning
Conceptual Studies
Turn Key Projects
Equipment Supply & Selection Maintenance Planning
Technical Due Diligence
Infrastructure Requirements and Utilities
Pre-feasibility Study
Project Management
Capital & Operating Cost Estimates Financial Projections
Plant Site Selection Site Design & Construction Plant Assembly, Installation and Test Run Environmental Consideration
Mine Evaluation & Investment Analysis Project Operating Strategy
Impounds & Dams
Mine Exploitation Mining Method Selection Systems Engineering Training Mine Survey Production Operations
Surface Mining Open Pit Strip (Open Cast) Aqueous (Placer)
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2.0 Introduction to Mining and Mineral Analysis The overall sequence of activities involved in modern mining is “stages in the life of a mine”. There are mainly five stages in the life cycle of a mine, which follows: 2.1 Mineral Prospecting Prospecting is the first step in any mining activity, which consist of direct search for surface indications of ore mineralization. Mineral prospecting is mainly composed of various activities aimed to search for metallic ores or other valuable minerals, including Coal and other nonmetallic minerals. Since mineral deposits are found either on the surface and or beneath the surface of the earth, therefore direct and indirect techniques are employed, as well as the utilization of Geologic information, to discover the minerals trace and subsequently mineral deposits. Pits, trenches, and shallow drillholes are common activities in conventional prospecting. Deeper drillholes are ordinarily associated with the testing of showed mineralization in the target investigation stage of Exploration. 2.2 Mineral Exploration & Sampling Mineral Exploration aimed to determine as accurately as possible the size and value of mineral deposit, with objective of finding ore with commercially viable concentration of minerals to mine. Various methods and techniques are used to accomplish this task. Some of the methods are similar to the methods used in Prospecting stage, but more refined. Generally the two stages of Prospecting and Exploration are combined, as there is not an exact line separating the two activities. In Exploration stage Geologic and Geophysics information is mainly used to aid in locating the mineral deposits. In addition, more specific and accurate information of the deposit is obtained, by representative and systematic sampling, where subjecting mineral specimens (samples) to Chemical, X-Ray, Spectrographic, or Radiometric analysis. Samples are obtained systematically by Chipping or Trenching outcrops and by Drilling and Excavating below the surface. Additionally, borehole logs may be taken by Geophysics. There are several common drillings methods, Diamond drills provide core samples and Rotary or Percussion drills produce chips or cuttings. Coring is the most useful, but most expensive as well. (a) Area selection is a crucial step in professional mineral exploration activity. Selection of the best, most prospective, area in a mineral field, geological region or terrain will help in making it not only possible to find ore deposits, but to make the process easier, cheaper and quicker. Area selection is based on applying the theories behind ore genesis, the knowledge of known ore occurrences and the method of their formation, to known geological regions via the study of geological maps, to determine potential areas where the particular class of ore deposit being sought may exist. This process applies the disciplines of modeling, structural geology, geochronology, petrology and a host of geophysical and geochemical disciplines to make predictions and draw parallels between the known ore deposits and their physical form and the unknown potential of finding a ‘look alike’ within the area selected.
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(b) The target generation phase involves investigations of the geology via mapping, geophysics and conducting geochemical or intensive geophysical testing of the surface and subsurface geology. Sometimes, for instance in areas covered by soil, alluvium and platform cover, drilling may be performed directly as a mechanism for generating targets. (c) Resource evaluation is undertaken to quantify the grade and tonnage of a mineral occurrence. This is achieved primarily by drilling to sample the prospective horizon, lode or strata where the minerals of interest occur. Resource estimation may require pattern drilling on a set grid, and for sulfide minerals, will usually require some form of geophysics such as down-hole probing of drillholes, to geophysically delineate ore body continuity within the ground. The aim of resource evaluation is to expand the known size of the deposit and mineralization. A scooping study is often carried out on the ore deposit during this stage to determine if there may be enough ore at a sufficient grade to warrant extraction; if there is not, further resource evaluation drilling may be necessary. In other cases, several smaller individually uneconomic deposits may be socialized into a ‘mining camp’ and extracted in tandem. Further exploration and testing of anomalies may be required to find or define these other satellite deposits. (d) Reserve definition is undertaken to convert a mineral resource into an ore reserve, which is an economic asset. The process is similar to resource evaluation, except more intensive and technical, aimed at statistically quantifying the grade continuity and mass of ore. Reserve definition also takes into account the milling and extractability characteristics of the ore, and generates bulk samples for metallurgical test work, involving crushability, floatability and other ore recovery guidelines. Reserve definition includes geotechnical assessment and engineering studies of the rocks within and surrounding the deposit to determine the potential instabilities of proposed open pit or underground mining methods. This process may involve drilling diamond core samples to derive structural information on weaknesses within the rock mass such as faults, foliations, joints and shearing. At the end of this process, a feasibility study is published, and the ore deposit may be either deemed uneconomic or economic. (e) Sampling is the process of taking a small representative portion of a larger mass. By analyzing the sample to determine the concentration of metal and minerals it contains, whereby the potential value of a larger mass can be determined. The first samples taken from a mineral showing are called grab samples. Prospectors and geological field crews grab samples from outcrops, road cuts, trenches or river beds. These rocks are selected specifically because they appear to contain a significant amount of metal, so they are not considered representative of the outcrop or road cut from which they come. In the field, grab samples are gathered, their original location is recorded, each rock is labeled and the most promising ones are sent to a lab for metal analysis.
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If worthwhile or significant amounts of metal and other minerals are present in such grab samples, channel sampling may be warranted. In this sampling technique, bedrock where the sample was taken is exposed as fully as possible, typically by using a backhoe or some such piece of earth-moving equipment. Next, the outcrop is hosed down with water and, if a zone of mineralization is revealed, representative surface samples are taken at regular intervals across the exposed zone. These samples are usually cut with a portable circular saw equipped with a diamond-studded blade, leaving a linear channel across the outcrop. The surface channel is the most desirable type of sample. It is normally cut about ten cm (4 inches) wide and two cm (3/4 inch) deep across the supposed ore zone. The chips of rock removed are carefully collected, marked and bagged for analysis. Chip samples are sometimes taken by the geologist or engineer for a quick approximation of contained value. Random pieces are quickly knocked off the outcrop with a hammer and chisel, with an effort made to take representative amounts. Chip samples cannot be relied on fully, so they generally do not enter final mathematical calculations of possible reserves. It is highly desirable, but not often practical, to space surface channels at regular intervals along the mineralized zone. This prevents one mathematical calculation in the interpretation process. 2.3 Mine Evaluation & Investment Analysis On the completion of the Exploration phase, the mineral deposit data gathered are used to develop a Feasibility–Study, which aim to determine the potential of developing the mineral deposit into a production mine. The outcome of this study shall aid the project management in the decision to abandon or proceed with the project. The Feasibility-Study report is primarily an economic evaluation, however the legal aspects of the project, as well as the technological, geologic, environmental, and sociopolitical considerations shall be covered. The formal feasibility study includes an economic analysis of the rate of return that can be expected from the mine evaluation at a certain production rate. 2.4 Mine Development On the conclusion of the feasibility stage and the final decision of the management to proceed with the project, Mine development work will begin to open a mineral deposit for Exploitation and mining. During this stage, access to the deposit is gained either by stripping the Overburden, to expose the near surface ore for surface mining, or by excavating openings from the surface, to gain access more deeply buried deposit (Overburden is the earth and or rock covering the mineral deposit, which either contain no mineral or so little mineral, which will not be feasible to process). During the development phase enough development is done, before the Exploitation phase, to insure that production once started, can continue without interruption, throughout the life of the mine.
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2.5 Mine Exploitation Mine Exploitation is composed of a range of activities aimed in actual recovery (in quantity) of mineral from the deposit. The main emphasis during this stage is on production. The method of mining chosen during the exploitation is based mainly on the ore characteristic and the mineral deposit. However there are other issues, which also influence the mining method, technology required for the exploitation stage, as well as the economics, geologic conditions, and safety issues are among the factors, which influence the decision. Exploitation methods are mainly composed of two general categories: (a) Surface mining methods, which includes Mechanical extraction methods, such as Open-Pit, Open cast, Aqueous extraction methods, such as Placer and Solution mining. (b) Underground mining methods are classified into three groups, including Unsupported (e.g., Room and Pillar mining, Sublevel stopping), Supported (e.g., Cut and Fill stopping, Square set stopping), and Caving (e.g., Long wall, and Block caving). Besides the above traditional mining methods, Novel or Innovative exploitation methods are continually evolving. These novel exploitation methods are applicable to unusual deposits, whereby unusual techniques and technologies are employed.
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3.0 Description of Analysis Methods 3.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) The technique makes use of absorption spectrometry to assess the concentration of an analyzed in a sample. It relies therefore heavily on Beer-Lambert law. In short, the electrons of the atoms in the atomizer can be promoted to higher orbital for a short amount of time by absorbing a set quantity of energy (i.e. light of a given wavelength). This amount of energy (or wavelength) is specific to a particular electron transition in a particular element, and in general, each wavelength corresponds to only one element. This gives the technique its elemental selectivity.
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3.2 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) A nuclear process used for determining a certain concentrations of elements in a vast amount of materials. The particular advantage of this technique is that it does not destroy the sample. The sample is introduced into the intense radiation field of a nuclear reactor. The sample is thus bombarded with neutrons, causing the elements to form radioactive isotopes. The radioactive emissions and radioactive decay paths for each elements are well known. Using this information it is possible to study spectra of the emissions of the radioactive sample, and determine the concentrations of the elements within it. Prompt Gamma ray
Beta Particle
Target Nucleus Incident Neutron
Radioactive Nucleus Compound Nucleus
Product Nucleus Delayed Gamma ray
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3.3 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) The use of emission of characteristic “secondary” (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays. The phenomenon is widely used for elemental analysis and chemical analysis, particularly in the investigation of metals, glass, ceramics and building materials, and for research in geochemistry, forensic science and archaeology.
X- ray Source
Detector
Electronics
Computer
Sample
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3.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) An Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) is a type of plasma source in which the energy is supplied by electrical currents which are produced by electromagnetic induction, that is, by time-varying magnetic fields. A high precision technique used to measure combinations of metals to millionth levels of accuracy. Alloys and Platinum Group metals can also analyzed using the ICP technique.
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3.5 Aqua Regia Aqua Regia is a highly corrosive, fuming yellow or red solution. The mixture is formed by freshly mixing concentrated nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid, usually in a volumetric ratio of 1:3 respectively. It was so named because it can dissolve the so-called royal, or noble metals gold and platinum, although tantalum, iridium, osmium, titanium and a few other metals are able to withstand it.
3.6 Fire Assay / Cupellation The most elaborately accurate, but totally destructive, precious metal assay is fire-assay. (It may also be called by the critical cupellation step that separates precious metal from lead.) If performed on bullion (high purity precious metal alloy) to international standards, the method can be accurate on gold metal to one part in 10,000. If performed on ore materials using fusion followed by cupellation separation, detection may be in parts per billion, the method is the accepted standard applied for valuing gold ore as well as gold and silver bullion at major refineries and gold mining companies.
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4.0 PRECIOUS METAL ANALYSIS Approximate Time for all Precious Metal Analysis
14 Days
4.1 FIRE ASSAY- AA- ICP-GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
Gold
Platinum Palladium
150 grams sample / AAS 150 grams sample / ICP-ES 150 grams sample / Gravimetric 150 grams sample / ICP-ES 150 grams sample / ICP-ES
D.L. = 0.01 g/t D.L. = 3 ppb -1000 ppb D.L. = 0.01 g/t D.L. = 0.01 g/t D.L. = 0.01 g/t
*D.L. = Detection Limit
4.2 METALLIC PROCEDURE FOR COARSE GOLD ANALYSIS
4.2.1
BULLION ANALYSIS
METHOD: Fire Assay - Gravimetric Fire Assay - Gravimetric
for Gold for Silver
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5.0 GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Approximate Time for All Geochemical Analysis Sample
20 Days 100 grams/sample
5.1 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (Au + 34 Elements)
This method, using a 100 grams sample provides a more representative sample than most other geochemical method for gold. The assays include the most useful elements of pathfinder and alteration studied in the search for gold, platinum group elements and base metals.
Element Analysis and Detection Limits Elements Minerals
Detection
Elements
Minerals Detection
Elements Minerals
Limit
Limit
Detection Limit
Au
Gold
2 ppb
Hf
Hafnium
1 ppm
Se
Selenium
3 ppm
Ag
Silver
5 ppm
Hg
Mercury
1 ppm
Sm
Samarium
0.1 ppm
5 ppb
0.01%
As
Arsenic
0.5 ppm
Ir
Iridium
Sn
Tin
Ba
Barium
50 ppm
La
Lanthanum
0.5 ppm
Sr
Strontium
0.05%
Br
Bromine
0.5 ppm
Lu
Lutetium
0.05 ppm
Ta
Tantalum
0.5 ppm
Ca
Calcium
1%
Mo
Molybdenum
1 ppm
Th
Thorium
0.2 ppm
0.01%
Tb
Terbium
0.5 ppm
Ce
Cesium
3 ppm
Na
Sodium
Co
Cobalt
1 ppm
Nd
Neodymium
5 ppm
U
Uranium
0.5 ppm
Cr
Chromium
5 ppm
Ni
Nickel
20 ppm
W
Tungsten
1 ppm
Cs
Cesium
1 ppm
Rb
Rubidium
15 ppm
Yb
Ytterbium
0.2 ppm
0.1 ppm
Zn
Zinc
50 ppm
0.1 ppm
Eu
Europium
0.2 ppm
Sb
Antimony
Fe
Iron
0.01%
Sc
Scandium
5.2 TUNGSTEN (W) by INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA (ICP) ANALYSIS
(a) (b)
Phosphoric Acid Digestion Analysis Sodium Peroxide Fusion Analysis Element W
Mineral Tungsten
Detection Limit 0.01%
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5.3 ICP ANALYSIS - AQUA REGIA LEACH Economical packages offer well to excellent detection limits for a wide variety of base metals and pathfinder elements. Aqua regia leach followed by ICP determination. (a) (b) (c)
23 Elements Package 29 Elements Package 33 Elements Package
*Please refer to below table for Elements include in each package and its detection limit
Element Analysis and Detection Limits Elements
Ag Al* As B* Ba* Bi Ca* Cd Co Cr* Cu Fe* Ga* Hg K* La* Mg* Mn* Mo Na* Ni P* Pb Sb Sc Sr* Th* Ti* Tl U* V* W* Zn
Minerals
23 Elements Packages Lower Detection Limit
29 Elements Packages Lower Detection Limit
33 Elements Packages Lower Detection Limit
0.3 ppm 0.01% 2 ppm N/A 1 ppm 1 ppm 0.01% 0.5 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppm 0.01% N/A 2 ppm 0.01% N/A 0.01% 2 ppm 0.5 ppm 0.01% 1 ppm N/A 3 ppm 1 ppm N/A N/A N/A 0.01% N/A N/A 1 ppm N/A
0.3 ppm 0.01% 2 ppm 3 ppm 1 ppm 3 ppm 0.01% 0.5 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppm 0.01% N/A N/A 0.01% 1 ppm 0.01% 2 ppm 1 ppm 0.01% 1 ppm 0.001 % 3 ppm 3 ppm N/A 1 ppm 2 ppm 0.01% N/A 8 ppm 1 ppm 2 ppm
1 ppm
1 ppm
0.1 ppm 0.01% 0.5 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.01% 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.01% 1 ppm 0.01 ppm 0.01% 1 ppm 0.01% 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.001% 0.1 ppm 0.001% 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.001% 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm
Silver Aluminum Arsenic Boron Barium Bismuth Calcium Cadmium Cobalt Chromium Copper Iron Gallium Mercury Potassium Lanthanum Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Sodium Nickel Phosphorous Lead Antimony Scandium Srontium Thorium Titanium Thallium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Zinc
Upper Detection Limit
100 ppm 10% 10000 ppm 2000 ppm 1000 ppm 2000 ppm 40% 2000 ppm 2000 ppm 10000 ppm 10000 ppm 40% 1000 ppm 100 ppm 10% 10000 ppm 30.00% 10000 ppm 2000 ppm 10% 10000 ppm 10% 10000 ppm 2000 ppm 100 ppm 10000 ppm 2000 ppm 10% 1000 ppm 2000 ppm 10000 ppm 100 ppm 10000 ppm
*Some elements are partially leached
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5.4 ICP ANALYSIS - TOTAL DIGESTION A very strong four - acid digestion (HNO3 - HCIO4 - HF - HCl) that effectively dissolves most mineral followed by ICP determination (a) (b)
34 Elements Package 40 Elements Package
Element Analysis and Detection Limits Elements Ag Al** As*** Ba** Be** Bi Ca Ce Cd Co Cr*** Cu Fe** Hf** K** La** Li Mg** Mn** Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb S Sb*** Sc Sn** Sr Ta** Th Ti U V W** Y Zn Zr**
Minerals Silver Aluminum Arsenic Barium Berrylium Bismuth Calcium Cerium Cadmium Cobalt Chromium Copper Iron Hafnium Potassium Lanthanum Lithium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Sodium Niobium Nickel Phosphorous Lead Rubidium Sulphur Antimony Scandium Tin Strontium Tantalum Thorium Titanium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Yttrium Zinc Zirconium
34 Elements Package 40 Elements Package Lower Detection Limit Lower Detection Limit 0.5 ppm 0.01% 5 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppm 5 ppm 0.01% N/A 0.4 ppm 2 ppm 2 ppm 2 ppm 0.01% N/A 0.01% 2 ppm N/A 0.01% 1 ppm 2 ppm 0.01% 2 ppm 2 ppm 0.002 % 5 ppm N/A N/A 5 ppm 1 ppm 2 ppm 2 ppm N/A 2 ppm 0.01% 10 ppm 2 ppm 4 ppm 2 ppm 2 ppm 2 ppm
0.1 ppm 0.01% 1 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.01% 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.01% 0.1 ppm 0.01% 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.01% 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.001 % 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.001 % 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.1% 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.01% 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 0.1 ppm
Upper Detection Limit 200 ppm 20% 10000 ppm 10000 ppm 1000 ppm 4000 ppm 40% 2000 ppm 4000 ppm 4000 ppm 10000 ppm 10000 ppm 60% 1000 ppm 10% 10000 ppm 2000 ppm 30% 10000 ppm 4000 ppm 10% 2000 ppm 10000 ppm 5% 10000 ppm 2000 ppm 10% 4000 ppm 2000 ppm 2000 ppm 10000 ppm 4000 ppm 4000 ppm 10% 4000 ppm 10000 ppm 200 ppm 2000 ppm 10000 ppm 2000 ppm
**The digestion is only partial for some Cr and Ba minerals, some oxides of AI, Hf, Mn, Sn, Ta and Zr ***Volatilization during fuming may result in some loss of As, Cr and Sb.
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6.0 WHOLE ROCK ANALYSIS by XRF - EXPLORATION PACKAGE Whole Rock Analysis gives composition of the sample expresses as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2, P2O5, MnO, Cr2O3, V2O5 and LOl
6.1 WHOLE ROCK ANALYSIS by ICP - EXPLORATION PACKAGE Ideal Package for characterizing rock and drill core sample. Complete digestion using LiBO2 fusion and nitric acid follow by ICP analysis. C and S by Leco. (a) (b)
20 Elements Package 26 Elements Extended Package
Extra Element include in 26 Elements Package* Detection
Detection Elements
Minerals
Limit
Elements
Minerals
SiO2
Silicon Doixide
Ba
Barium
Al2O3
Aluminum Oxide
Fe2O3
Iron Oxide
P2O5
Phosphorous Oxide
Cr2O3
Chromium Oxide
LOI
Limiting Oxygen Index
C
Carbon
0.02% 0.03% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.001% 0.1% 0.01%
S
Sulphur
0.01%
CaO
Calcium Oxide
MgO
Magnesium Oxide
Na2O
Sodium Oxide
K2O
Potassium Oxide
MnO
Manganese Oxide
TiO2
Titanium Dioxide
Nb
Niobium
Ta
Tantalum
Limit 5 ppm 20 ppm 1 ppm 10 ppm 10 ppm 10 ppm 20 ppm 20 ppm 20 ppm 20 ppm 20 ppm
Zn
Zinc
20 ppm
Ni
Nickel
Sc
Scandium
Sr
Strontium
Y
Yttrium
Zr
Zirconium
Ce
Cerium
Co
Cobalt
Cu
Copper
6.2 BASE METAL PACKAGE - AQUA REGIA LEACH / AAS
Elements
Minerals
Lower Detective
Ag
Silver
0.5 ppm
5 ppm
Cu
Copper
5 ppm
1%
Pb
Lead
10 ppm
1%
Zn
Zinc
5 ppm
1%
Limit
Upper Detective Limit
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7.0 INDIVIDUAL ASSAY DETERMINATIONS Individual elements may be analyzed by AAS, XRF, ICP, INAA or wet chemical methods. The choices will depend on the expected concentration as well as matrix effects and detection limits. Approximate Time for Geochemical Analysis Sample Elements Al Sb As Ba Be Bi B Cd Ca C Cs Cl Cr Co Cu F Ga Ge Fe Pb Li LOI Mg Mn
Mineral Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Cadmium Calcium Carbon Cesium Chloride Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluoride Gallium Germanium Iron Lead Lithium Loss on Ignition Magnesium Manganese
Elements Hg Mo Ni Nb P K Rb Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Te Th Sn Ti W U V Y Zn Zr
20 Days 100 grams/sample Minerals Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Niobium Phosphorus Potassium Rubidium Selenium Silica Silver Sodium Strontium Sulphur Tantalum Tellurium Thorium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium
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8.0 COAL ANALYSIS Approximate Time for Geochemical Analysis Sample Weight:
25 - 45 Days 20 Kgs./sample
Value Moisture Ash Volatile Matter Heat Value Sulphur
9.0 MINERAL PROCESSING ANALYSIS Method: Crushing, Grinding, Classification and Gravity Separation. Approximate Time Analysis: Sample Weight:
25- 45 Days 20 Kgs./sample
No.
Applications
9.1 9.2
Roughly Mineral Type identify Ore Crushing 9.2.1 Reduces size from six inch to 1/2 inch, Hardness less than five 9.2.2. Reduces size from six inch to 1/2 inch, Hardness more than five Ore Grinding 9.3.1. Grinding by HAMMER MILL 9.3.2. Grinding by ROD MILL 9.3.3. Grinding by BALL MILL 9.3.4. Grinding by PULVERIZER Classifying 9.4.1. Smaller than 1/2 inch to larger than 10 mesh 9.4.2. Smaller than 10 mesh to larger than 60 mesh Processing Analysis 9.5.1. By Using GRAVITY CONCENTRATION Method 9.5.2. By Using MAGNETIC SEPARATOR Method 9.5.3. By Using HIGH TENSION SEPARATOR Method 9.5.4. By Using FLOTATION Method
9.3
9.4
9.5
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10.0 SAMPLE PREPARATION
11.0
10.1
Dry, crush of entire sample to nominal 10 mesh Split 250 g. sub-sample and pulverize 250 g. subsample to minimum 90% passing 150 mesh
10.2
Extra crushing over 1 kg add
RECOMMENDED PACKAGES
11.1 For Gold Mine or other Precious Metals Neutron Activation Analysis, Refer to Section 5.1 (page 16) Precious Metal Analysis (Fire Assay), Refer to Section 4.1 (page 15) Geochemical Analysis (23, 29, 33 or 34 Elements) Mineral Processing Analysis 11.2 For Tungsten Mine Geochemical Analysis (W by ICP), Refer to Section 5.2 (page 16) Geochemical Analysis (23, 29, 33 or 34 Elements), Refer to Section 5.3 (page 17) Mineral Processing Analysis 11.3 For Coal Mine Coal Analysis, Refer to Section 8.0 (page 21) Mineral Processing Analysis, Refer to Section 9.0 (page 21)
11.4 For Base Metal (Lead, Tin, Zinc etc.) Geochemical Analysis (Base Metal) Geochemical Analysis (23, 29, 33 or 34 Elements) Mineral Processing Analysis
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