Issue no. 4 | MAY 2013
Villaggio “The Making Off” / Lebanon’s Offshore Petroleum Activities / Facility Management / LED Lighting Solutions / Real Estate Investment Companies / Hazardous Chemicals in Construction / Setting Up A Baked Floor / Towards A Better Future
Bu il din g & Co | M AY 2013
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Love for materi al s, ri gi d control s. LED lig hting meets the elega nce.
NEXO LUCE
NEXO LUCE MIDDLE EAST
Contrada Selvole 54
Khazen Tower Blvd Mirna Chalouhi
46042 Castel Goffredo MN - Italy T +39 0376 771513 • F +39 0376 772235 sales@nexoluce.com
Greater Beirut - Lebanon nexoluce.com
T +961 1 480609 • F +961 1 512341 sales.me@nexoluce.com
Cover. The tree and its wood have played a prominent role in human life throughout history. Wood has been one of our most important building materials from early Paleolithic times, both for building and for the manufacture of tools.
Photo © Michel El Esta
Issue no. 4 | MAY 2013
Contents
Villaggio “The Making Off” P. 6 Lebanon’s Offshore Petroleum Activities P. 14 Facility Management P. 18 LED Lighting Solutions P. 20 Real Estate Investment Companies P. 30 Hazardous Chemicals in Construction P. 34 Setting Up A Baked Floor P. 38 Construction Materials P. 46 Towards A Better Future P. 50
Bu il din g & Co | M AY 2013
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Editorial APAVE Liban’s new magazine Building & Co. is already in its fourth iteration, on its quest to inform the professional world about all pertinent subjects relevant to the construction sector, particularly those relating to innovation. Innovation today is essential for the development of the sector, as well as the world’s quest for technologies and machineries that are more reliable and friendly to the environment. Building engineers are also increasingly required to take into consideration security, comfort and the environmental impact of their designs. Founded in 1957 by a consortium of professional federations, CHEC has, since its inception, strived to provide the formation needed by specialists in the civil engineering field. Its mission logically places it at the crossroads between the professional and academic worlds; natural loci for innovation. Its international reach contributes to enriching professional formation, in itself a facilitator for the development of innovation. As such, it is my pleasure to remind the readers that among CHEC’s alumni are 150 Lebanese nationals, the oldest of whom graduated in 1959! I therefore would like to thank Nassib Nasr who continues to keep this cooperative endeavor alive.
Dominique Vié
Director of CHEC
“Centre des Hautes Etudes de la Construction”
General Manager Nassib Nasr
Layout & Design Echo s.a.r.l.
Managing Editor Daniella Mazraani Aizarani
Copy-Editor & Translator Kamal Fayad
Photographer Michel El Esta
Consultant Alec Ibrahim
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B u i l di n g & Co | M AY 2 0 1 3
Printing Haroun Printing Tel / Fax: 01-898745 / 6 www.harounprinting.com Edition Apave Published quarterly
Special thanks APAVE team Distributed by MEDIAREP Tel/Fax: 961 1 495395 www.mediarep.ws
We appreciate your comments: Please CONTACT US. we need your input with any suggestions or comments at: buildingco@apaveliban.com Tel: +961-1-283072 Fax: +961-1-295010
Bu il din g & Co | M AY 2013
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B u i l di n g & Co | M AY 2 0 1 3
Rasha Bohsali Operations and Business Development Manager – ALAMCO Group
Villaggio
“The Making Off”
Bu il din g & Co | M AY 2013
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Erection of the 250sqm roof structure.
A first in Lebanon! The Villaggio Piccolo Italian dining garden and Limoncello coffee shop, comprised of a timber frame two story structure with kitchens, storage areas and office space, was erected in only 6 weeks in Mina el Hosn, Beirut. The construction of this 750sqm wood structure effectively marries two techniques: timber frame drywall technology and glulam timber. The main pavilions (restaurant and coffee shop) were assembled roof first and lifted by crane to position the glulam carrying columns. The roof structures include a thermal insulation layer and are covered by bitumen shingles sheet. The timber frame two-story structure was produced and assembled on site and is composed of insulated and larch cladded external walls, internal partitions, an intermediary glulam ceiling element and a one-sloped insulated roof also covered in shingles. This innovative and intelligent construction process was possible by translating the company’s European know-how and bridging it to the Lebanese market. All the material including the wood structure, insulation, cladding and covering, including fixations and accessories, was tailor ordered from Germany and shipped to Lebanon to satisfy the specific needs of the project. The assembly team also travelled to Beirut to guarantee the proper assembly and erection of the project, and that in record time! Why Wood? While wood is a versatile resource, it is also a living material with endless variations. It requires knowledge and expertise, careful handling and a different creative approach than other building materials. The tree is a recycling factory. It endlessly transforms the same materials, water, carbon dioxide, again and again, into water and oxygen. Wood is a simple but not simplistic material. It has sensuousness and toughness. It responds to insight as well as intellect. It can be poetic and pragmatic. It has unity with diversity. But it needs knowledge and respect and an architectural and engineering culture to grow it in. The natural appeal, versatility and strength of timber make it the superior choice for external cladding.
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B u i l di n g & Co | M AY 2 0 1 3
STEP 1: Translation of architectural design into execution drawings Static studies and calculations following the implementation of EUROCODE 5: Scope of EN 1995 EN 1995 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in timber (solid timber, sawn, planed or in pole form, glued laminated timber or wood-based structural products, e.g. LVL) or wood-based panels jointed together with adhesives or mechanical fasteners. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of structures and the basis of design and verification given in EN 1990:2002. EN 1995 is concerned with requirements for mechanical resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of timber structures.
STEP 2: Choice of materials and delivery What is Glulam timber? Definition of Glulam: Glulam or Glued-laminated timber consists of a minimum of four timber laminates of 35mm (min) thickness glued together. Glulam with no theoretical limits on section size, length or shape is ideally suited for use in structural systems, especially medium to large span roof structures. It is commonly used as roof beams, portal frames, arches, floor beams and columns. Other possible uses are for beam grillages, include shell structures and domes. EXTERNAL Cladding in LARCH European wood While the structure could have been dressed with any material such as stone, paint or composite materials, the choice of LARCH was retained for its natural durability to withstand exposure to the sun, heat and humidity and its light caramelized color which will naturally go grey with UV exposure. Through specification, planning, design and finishing processes, timber cladding not only creates a building of superior strength, acoustic and thermal performance but also creates a place of beauty, style and natural appeal. No other cladding material can offer the design freedom, ease of handling, range and natural beauty of timber.
STEP 3: Execution
Open kitchen bar area.
WEEK 1: Mobilization of European execution teams on site and material delivery WEEK 2-3: Production and assembly of the timber frame 2 floor structures composed of the kitchens, storage areas, guest bathrooms and a complete floor of offices (approximately 400sqm construction) WEEK 4: Assembly and erection of the coffee shop roof structure. (approximately 100sqm construction) WEEK 5: Assembly and erection of the main pavilion roof structure (approximately 250sqm construction) WEEK 6: External larch wood cladding, waterproofing and shingle roofing the complete project. At a later stage: Installation of the glulam larch wood pergolas in the gardens. ADVANTAGES • Time • Precision • Clean Site • Delivery of a finished product • Respect of the latest European norms and performances Closing word For centuries, wood has been known as the most noble material. ALAMCO’s carpenters and technicians give wood its just value and the respect it deserves when creating super structures. We are proud of our expertise in wood works and innovative solutions to erect super structures in the fastest timeframes. www.alamco.eu
Bu il din g & Co | M AY 2013
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General Specifications
External wall element
A
TYP
B
TYP
A
TYP
B
External Larch wood cladding
60
100
100
40
40
100
20
140
60
20
TYP
Shingles roof covering
60
100
60
Ceiling element
Glulam beam design
kw-holz
MaĂ&#x;stab: Bauherr
Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH
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B u i l di n g & Co | M AY 2013
Wächtersbacher Weg 10, D-63619 Bad Orb Tel. / Fax +49 (0)6052-7685 / 900954
Bauort Datum Bearb. Gepr.
16.03.2012
Name
T. Brand
Glulam timber beam roof structure (essence: Spruce)
1:10
Alamco Beirut
Benennung
Italian Restaurante
Norm
Auftrag
Zeichnung
Blatt :
Limoncello Coffee Shop 132
105
103 101
106
101
101
132
127
131
128
127
131
128
Holzliste C24
103 129
129 130 NH/BSH-Bauteile (Brutto)
2´ 110
3230
3230
3350
3350
10080
102
3500
126 122
122
120
116 114
A´
B`
NH/BSH-Bauteile (Brutto)
3230
C`
D´
Pos.
Benennung
109
Sparren
Stk. Nr. 1
2 109 KH80/200Sparren C24
Pos. Profil
Benennung Material
Stk.
2 KH80/200 0.080
125
Höhe Material Länge
Breite
[m]
[m] C24 0.200
5.693
2
110
Sparren
2
2 110 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
[m]
5.632
3
111
Sparren
3
2 111 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
4.565
4
112
Sparren
4
2 112 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
4.504
5
113
Sparren
5
2 113 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
4.234
6
114
Sparren
6
2 114 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
4.234
7
115
Sparren
7
2 115 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
3.620
8
116
Sparren
8
2 116 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
3.620
9
117
Sparren
9
2 117 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
3.429
10
118
Sparren
10
2 118 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
3.369
11
119
Sparren
11
2 119 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
3.007
12
120
Sparren
12
2 120 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
3.007
13
121
Sparren
13
2 121 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
2.394
14
122
Sparren
14
2 122 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
2.394
15
123
Sparren
15
2 123 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
2.263
16
124
Sparren
16
2 124 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
2.233
17
125
Sparren
17
2 125 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
1.780
18
126
Sparren
18
2 126 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
1.780
19
127
Sparren
19
2 127 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
20
128
Sparren
20
2 128 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
1.167
[m]
1.167
21
129
Sparren
21
2 129 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
1.158
22
130
Sparren
22
2 130 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
1.097
23
131
Sparren
23
2 131 KH80/200Sparren C24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
0.559
129 24
132
Sparren
24
2 KH80/200 0.080
C24 0.200
0.554
2 132 KH80/200Sparren C24 48
127
132
BreiteProfil
48
132
3350
3230
3500
3350
3500
10080
D´ A´
A´
B`
B`
C`
C`
D´
D´
Abbunddaten: 00001.bvn; Abbunddaten: Pos. 100 00001.bvn; ff. Pos. 100 ff.
Holzliste GL24 und GL24h
NH/BSH-Bauteile (Brutto)
Nr.
Pos.
Benennung
Nr. Stk. Pos.
1
100
Unterzug
1
1001 KH160/480 Unterzug
GL24h
1 KH160/480 0.160
GL24h 0.480
7.0000.160
7.00.480
0.54
7.000 0.54
7.0
0.54
0.54
2
101
Stütze
2
1016 KH200/300 Stütze
GL24
6 KH200/300 0.200
ProfilBenennung
Material Stk.
Breite Profil
GL24 0.300
4.1420.200
24.80.300
0.25
4.142 1.49
24.8
0.25
1.49
3
102
Stütze
3
1022 KH200/300 Stütze
GL24
2 KH200/300 0.200
GL24 0.300
4.1420.200
8.30.300
0.25
4.142 0.50
8.3
0.25
0.50
4
103
Stütze
4
1032 KH200/300 Stütze
GL24
2 KH200/300 0.200
GL24 0.300
4.1420.200
8.30.300
0.25
4.142 0.50
8.3
0.25
0.50
5
104
Gratsparren
5
1042 KH180/280 Gratsparren
GL24h
2 KH180/280 0.180
GL24h 0.280
7.6110.180
15.20.280
0.38
7.611 0.77
15.2
0.38
0.77
6
105
Gratsparren
6
1052 KH180/280 Gratsparren
GL24h
2 KH180/280 0.180
GL24h 0.280
7.6110.180
15.20.280
0.38
7.611 0.77
15.2
0.38
0.77
7
106
Pfette
7
1062 KH160/240 Pfette
GL24
2 KH160/240 0.160
GL24 0.240
10.0800.160
20.20.240
0.39
10.080 0.77
20.2
0.39
0.77
8
107
Pfette
8
1072 KH160/240 Pfette
GL24
2 KH160/240 0.160
GL24 0.240
7.0000.160
14.00.240
0.27
7.000 0.54
14.0
0.27
0.54
9
108
Firstpfosten
9
1081 KH160/240 Firstpfosten
GL24h
1 KH160/240 0.160
GL24h 0.240
1.3670.160
1.40.240
0.05
1.367 0.05
1.4
0.05
0.05
5.92
114.4
[m]
20
Höhe Material
Länge Breite
lfdmHöhe
[m]
[m]
[m] [m]
[m]
20
E-VolLänge Volumen
lfdm
[cbm] [m]
[m]
[cbm]
114.4
E-Vol
Volumen
[cbm]
[cbm]
5.92
Listen Ständerwände
1´
Listen Ständerwände
1´
129
127
Nr. 1
3500
C`
Abbunddaten: 00002.bvn; Abbunddaten: Pos. 100 00002.bvn; ff. Pos. 100 ff. Holzliste GL24 und GL24h
123
119
128
131
10080
B`
115 125
113 121
114 119
116 115
120 113
130
128
131
122 114
130
10080
A´
117
123
120
0
102
3´
0
104
3´
104
122
106
117
124
126
101
111
121
124
101
111
118
107
101
107
101
3´
106
118
100
100
103
107
107
112
109
112
3500
3500
3500
3500
103
3´
118
101 112
NH/BSH-Bauteile (Brutto)
124
110
109
110
116 126
101
110
109 7000
105
2´
105
109
112
114
104
7000
2´
7000
2´
7000
104
120 115 116
119
111
118
113
108
115
3500 111
113
108
101
119
121 117
3500
3500
3500
117 101
124
123 121
123
102
126
125
125
130 102
Holzliste C24
101
1´
1´
1´
106
1´
105
HP13
HP13
HP12
Holzwerkstoffplatten-Netto-Fläche Pos.
Benennung
Stk. Nr.
Pos.Profil Benennung
Material Stk.
133
Beplankung
1
1133KH12.5/5170 Beplankung
Fermacell
3500
HP11
2
134
Beplankung
2
1134KH15/5142 Beplankung
3
135
Beplankung
3
1135KH12.5/5142 Beplankung
4
136
Beplankung
4
1136KH12.5/5133 Beplankung
5
137
Beplankung
5
2137KH15/3892 Beplankung
Fermacell-HD2 KH15/3892
6
138
Beplankung
6
2138KH12.5/3892 Beplankung
Fermacell
7
139
Beplankung
7
2139KH15/3892 Beplankung
Fermacell-HD2 KH15/3892
8
140
Beplankung
8
2140KH12.5/3892 Beplankung
Fermacell
2´
7000
2´
7000
HP14
3´
HP14
HP10
HP10
3500
3500
Länge
[m]
[m]
Breite E-Flä
Höhe Fläche
[m][qm]
Länge
[m] [qm]
[m]
E-Flä
3´
Fläche
[qm]
[qm]
Fermacell5.2
6.6
0.0 31.7
5.231.7
6.6
31.7
31.7
Fermacell-HD1 KH15/5142
0.0
Fermacell-HD 5.1
3.0
0.0 14.0
5.114.0
3.0
14.0
14.0
Fermacell
1 KH12.5/5142
0.0
Fermacell5.1
3.0
0.0 14.0
5.114.0
3.0
14.0
14.0
Fermacell
1 KH12.5/5133
0.0
Fermacell5.1
6.6
0.0 31.6
5.131.6
6.6
31.6
31.6
0.0
Fermacell-HD 3.9
3.1
0.0 12.2
3.924.4
3.1
12.2
24.4
0.0
Fermacell3.9
3.1
0.0 12.2
3.924.4
3.1
12.2
0.0
Fermacell-HD 3.9
2.8
0.0 10.7
3.921.5
2.8
10.7
0.0
Fermacell3.9
2.8
0.0 10.7
3.921.5
2.8
10.7
2 KH12.5/3892 2 KH12.5/3892 12
2´
2´
24.4
1´
21.5
1´
21.5
183.0
C` D´
183.0
3230
3230
3350
3350
10080
A´
A´
B`
3500
3500
10080
B`
C`
C`
D´
NH/BSH-Bauteile (Brutto)
Nr.
Pos.
Benennung
1
142
Schwelle
1
1 142 KH80/100SchwelleC24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
6.6
0.05 0.1
0.10.05
6.6
0.05
0.05
2
143
Ständer
2
1 143 KH60/100Ständer C24
1 KH60/100 0.1
0.1 C24
5.1
0.03 0.1
0.10.03
5.1
0.03
0.03
3
144
Ständer
3
1 144 KH80/100Ständer C24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
5.0
0.04 0.1
0.10.04
5.0
0.04
0.04
4
145
Ständer
4
3 145 KH60/100Ständer C24
3 KH60/100 0.1
0.1 C24
5.0
0.03 0.1
0.10.09
5.0
0.03
0.09
5
146
Ständer
5
1 146 KH60/100Ständer C24
1 KH60/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.9
0.03 0.1
0.10.03
4.9
0.03
0.03
6
147
Ständer
6
1 147 KH80/100Ständer C24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.9
0.04 0.1
0.10.04
4.9
0.04
0.04
7
148
Ständer
7
1 148 KH60/100Ständer C24
1 KH60/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.8
0.03 0.1
0.10.03
4.8
0.03
0.03
8
149
Ständer
8
1 149 KH80/100Ständer C24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.7
0.04 0.1
0.10.04
4.7
0.04
0.04
9
150
Ständer
9
1 150 KH60/100Ständer C24
1 KH60/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.6
0.03 0.1
0.10.03
4.6
0.03
0.03
10
155
Ständer
10
1 155 KH80/100Ständer C24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.5
0.04 0.1
0.10.04
4.5
0.04
0.04
11
156
Ständer
11
1 156 KH60/100Ständer C24
1 KH60/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.5
0.03 0.1
0.10.03
4.5
0.03
0.03
12
157
Ständer
12
1 157 KH60/100Ständer C24
1 KH60/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.4
0.03 0.1
0.10.03
4.4
0.03
0.03
13
158
Ständer
13
1 158 KH80/100Ständer C24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.3
0.03 0.1
0.10.03
4.3
0.03
0.03
14
159
Ständer
14
1 159 KH60/100Ständer C24
1 KH60/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.2
0.03 0.1
0.10.03
4.2
0.03
0.03
15
160
Ständer
15
1 160 KH80/100Ständer C24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.1
0.03 0.1
0.10.03
4.1
0.03
0.03
16
161
Ständer
16
2 161 KH60/100Ständer C24
2 KH60/100 0.1
0.1 C24
4.1
0.02 0.1
0.10.05
4.1
0.02
0.05
17
162
Ständer
17 24 162 KH80/100Ständer C24
24 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
3.7
0.03 0.1
0.10.72
3.7
0.03
0.72
18
163
Rähm
18
1 163 KH80/100Rähm
C24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
3.2
0.03 0.1
0.10.03
3.2
0.03
0.03
164
Schwelle
19
2 164 KH80/100SchwelleC24
2 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
3.1
0.03 0.1
0.10.05
3.1
0.03
0.05
20
165
Rähm
20
2 165 KH80/100Rähm
C24
2 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
3.1
0.03 0.1
0.10.05
3.1
0.03
0.05
21
166
Schwelle
21
1 166 KH80/100SchwelleC24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
3.0
0.02 0.1
0.10.02
3.0
0.02
0.02
19
D´
Stk. Nr.
Pos. Profil
Benennung Material
Stk.
BreiteProfil
Höhe Material Länge
[m]
[m]
Breite E-Vol
[m]
[m] [cbm]
Volumen Höhe
Länge
[cbm] [m]
[m]
E-Vol
Volumen
[cbm]
[cbm]
kw-holz
kw-holz
Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH
Datum
167
Schwelle
22
2 167 KH80/100SchwelleC24
2 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
2.8
0.02 0.1
0.10.04
2.8
0.02
0.04
23
168
Rähm
23
2 168 KH80/100Rähm
C24
2 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
2.8
0.02 0.1
0.10.04
2.8
0.02
0.04
Gepr.
24
169
Schwelle
24
1 169 KH80/100SchwelleC24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
2.4
0.02 0.1
0.10.02
2.4
0.02
0.02
25
170
Rähm
25
1 170 KH80/100Rähm
C24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
2.2
0.02 0.1
0.10.02
2.2
0.02
0.02
26
174
Rähm
26
1 174 KH80/100Rähm
C24
1 KH80/100 0.1
0.1 C24
2.2
0.02 0.1
0.10.02
2.2
0.02
0.02
1.62
1.62 Änderung
Datum
HP13
6950 6754 6822
1465
HP12 HP11 3500
4042
128
4442
3129
Unterzug, KH160/480
68
128
21
200
1´
021 221
3802
5161
5289
HP12
150
3050
3230
20
3030
150
300 9760
150 150
6430 6580 6730
0
7000
2760
320
20
3500
3080 3230 3380
300 20
3500
196 128 0
3350
3500
10080
2´
1´
A´
B`
C`
10080 10060
68
200
3´
C`
6779 6979 7000
21
HP14
0
128
HP10
3129
3500
4965
150
150
3350 3500 3650
7000
2´
3015
D´
kw-holz
Maßstab: Bauherr
Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH
Wächtersbacher Weg 10, D-63619 Bad Orb Tel. / Fax +49 (0)6052-7685 / 900954
Bauort Bearb. Gepr.
Datum
Name
11.06.2012
L.Blum
1:50
Alamco Beirut
Benennung
Italian Restaurante
Norm
Bu il din g &Übersicht Co | M AY 2013 12al002_libanon Auftrag
11.06.2012
kw-holz
Maßstab: Bauherr
Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH
Wächtersbacher Weg 10, D-63619 Bad Orb Tel. / Fax +49 (0)6052-7685 / 900954
Bauort Datum Bearb.
06.06.2012
Name
T.Brand
Benennung
1:50
Alamco Beirut
Italian Restaurante
Zust Änderung
Datum
Name
Zeichnung
11
Blatt :
-
Bl.
Bau Name
Ben
It
T. Brand
Bea
Gep
Norm
Nor
Auftrag
Zeic Auf
ZustName Änderung
First 5900
5858
28.03.2012
12al002_libanon
28.03.2012 Zust
Bau
Wächtersbacher Weg 10, D-63619 Bad Orb Tel. / Fax +49 (0)6052-7685 / 900954
22
56
Maß
Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH
Wächtersbacher Weg 10, D-63619 Bad Orb Tel. / Fax +49 (0)6052-7685 / 900954
Bearb.
56
3´
C`
D´
HP12 NH/BSH-Bauteile (Brutto)
3´
1 KH12.5/5170
Höhe Material 0.0
12
HP12
Profil Breite [m]
HP11 3500
Nr. 1
HP12
3´
Holzwerkstoffplatten-Netto-Fläche
C 12
28.03.2012 Datum
Name
3*Spax-S_VG_SKØ8*160--GV Z-9.1-519 ø8
227
Grundplatte, BL10*290-S235
Holzliste C24 228
4 4
3*D9
NH/BSH-Bauteile (Brutto)
228
Nr.
Pos.
Benennung
Stk.
Profil
Material
Breite
Höhe
[m]
228
232
233
229
224
226
4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
0.240
7.601
30.4
0.22
0.88
4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
0.240
7.600
30.4
0.22
0.88
210 211
220 218
0.120
0.240
0.120
6.753
0.240
27.0
6.753
0.19
27.0
0.78
C24
0.120
0.240
5.906
23.6
0.17
0.68
C24
0.120
0.240
5.905
23.6
0.17
0.68
214 215
Sparren Sparren
4 KH120/240 4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
C24
0.240
0.120
5.058
0.240
20.2
5.057
0.15
20.2
0.58
0.15
216
Sparren
4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
0.240
4.210
16.8
0.12
0.49
217
Sparren
4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
0.240
4.209
16.8
0.12
0.48
218
Sparren Sparren
4 KH120/240 4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
C24
0.240
0.120
3.364
0.240
13.5
3.363
0.10
13.5
0.39
0.10
220
Sparren
4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
0.240
2.517
10.1
0.07
0.29
221
Sparren
4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
0.240
2.515
10.1
0.07
0.29
15
222
Sparren
4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
0.240
1.668
6.7
0.05
0.19
Sparren
4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
0.240
1.667
6.7
0.05
224
Sparren
4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
0.240
0.820
3.3
0.02
0.09
225
Sparren
4 KH120/240
C24
0.120
0.240
0.819
3.3
0.02
0.09
19
226
Stellbrett
4 KH19/214
C24
0.019
0.214
13.939
55.8
0.06
0.23
20
227
Sparren
2 KH80/200
C24
0.080
0.200
6.615
13.2
0.11
0.21
Sparren
10 KH80/200
6.615
66.1
229
Sparren
1 KH80/200
C24
0.080
C24
0.200
0.080
0.200
6.615
0.11
6.6
Steife, BL5*90.37-S235
0.11
230
Sparren
1 KH80/200
C24
0.080
0.200
6.615
6.6
0.11
0.11
233
Füllholz
2 KH80/120
C24
0.080
0.120
0.724
1.4
0.01
0.01
25
234
Pfosten
1 KH140/120
C24
0.140
0.120
0.514
0.5
0.01
215
3 3
1.06
0.11
23 24
93
3 3
4*D9
0.19
17 18
228
Auflagerplatte, BL10*140-S235
0.39
13 14
223
4*Spax-S_VG_SKØ8*260--1-GV Z-9.1-519
0.58
9 10
219
4 4
0.78
0.19
4 KH120/240 4 KH120/240
22
217
C24 C24
Sparren Sparren
21
219
4 KH120/240 4 KH120/240
212 213
16
216
Sparren Sparren
5 6
11
221
[cbm]
Sparren Sparren
12
223
[cbm]
208
7
204
[m]
Volumen
209
8
225
222
[m]
E-Vol
1 3
228
[m]
lfdm
2 4
228
Länge
0.01
453.5
10.46
213
214
212 211
205
209
202 210
Nr.
Pos.
Benennung
Profil
1
200
Unterzug
1 KH140/320
GL24
0.140
0.320
13.540
13.5
0.61
0.61
2
201
Gratsparren
4 KH200/320
Material
GL24h
Breite
0.200
Höhe
0.320
11.213
44.9
0.72
2.87
3
202
Stütze
2 KH200/300
GL24
0.200
0.300
6.721
13.4
0.40
0.81
4
203
Stütze
2 KH200/300
GL24
0.200
0.300
6.721
13.4
0.40
0.81
5
204
Stütze
1 KH200/300
GL24
0.200
0.300
5.077
5.1
0.30
0.30
6
205
Stütze
6 KH200/300
GL24
0.200
0.300
5.077
30.5
0.30
1.83
7
206
Pfette
4 KH100/300
GL24h
0.100
0.300
3.100
12.4
0.09
0.37
8
207
Pfette
4 KH160/240
GL24
0.160
0.240
14.100
56.4
0.54
2.17
9
231
Firstpfette
1 KH140/200
GL24h
0.140
0.200
4.967
5.0
0.14
0.14
10
232
Fusspfette
2 KH140/180
GL24h
0.140
0.180
4.827
9.7
0.12
203 213
215
Länge
[m]
lfdm
[m]
Volumen
[cbm]
[cbm] 4 4
Villaggio Piccolo main pavillion
27
217
E-Vol
[m]
204.2
0.24 10.14
HP Liste Stahlstütze
Stahlteile-Nettogew. - Hauptposition Benennung
HP1 ... 2 x ausführen
Nr.
Pos.
Stk.
Profil
1
141
Stütze
1 QRR200*8
Material S235
Breite 200.0
200.0
4827.3
226.8
2
151
Grundplatte
1 BL10*290
S235
10.0
290.0
290.0
6.6
[mm]
Höhe
Länge
E-Gew
[mm]
[mm]
[kg]
Gewicht [kg] 226.8 6.6
2
218
233.4
Stahlteile-Nettogew. - Hauptposition Pos.
Benennung
Stk.
Profil
Material
Breite
230
2
Nr.
HP2 ... 1 x ausführen
220
Stütze
1 QRR200*8
S235
Grundplatte
1 BL10*290
S235
1 BL10*140
S235
153
Auflagerplatte
1 BL10*100
S235
154
Steife
1 BL5*100
S235
Nr.
Pos.
Benennung
Stk.
Profil
141
Stütze
1 QRR200*8
S235
151
Grundplatte
1 BL10*290
S235
Auflagerplatte
5
154
Steife
3
153
223 232
1 BL10*140
228
224
1
100
Auflagerplatte
4
[kg]
227
[kg]
200.0
4827.3
226.8
226.8
10.0
290.0
290.0
6.6
6.6
10.0
140.0
430.0
4.7
10.0
100.0
140.0
1.1
5.0
100.0
100.0
0.2
228 Breite
Material
1 2
152
[mm]
Gewicht
228
4.7
NH/BSH-Bauteile (Brutto)
228
1.1 0.2 239.4
228
228
HP3 ... 1 x ausführen
20
5650
[mm]
E-Gew
200.0
[mm]
224
S235 225
207
Höhe
Länge
[mm]
[mm]
228
Gewicht
[kg]
[kg]
200.0
4827.3
226.8
226.8
10.0
290.0
290.0
6.6
6.6
140.0
200 430.0
10.0
227
E-Gew
200.0
4.7
4.7234
1 BL10*100
S235
10.0
100.0
140.0
1.1
1.1
1 BL5*100
S235
5.0
100.0
100.0
0.2
0.2
222
233
229
224
226
204 223
239.4 220
E
221
219 217
216
218 5650
200 ff.
218
219
220
F
216
4
2800
5
5
5650
Änderung
Datum
211 206
213
215
4 KH120/240 4 KH120/240
Sparren
4 KH120/240
214
Sparren
4 KH120/240
215
Sparren
4 KH120/240
9
216
Sparren
4 KH120/240
10
217
Sparren
4 KH120/240
11
218
Sparren
4 KH120/240
12
219
Sparren
4 KH120/240
13
220
Sparren
4 KH120/240
14
221
Sparren
4 KH120/240
15
222
Sparren
4 KH120/240
16
223
Sparren
4 KH120/240
17
224
Sparren
4 KH120/240
18
225
Sparren
19
226
Stellbrett
20
227
Sparren
2 KH80/200
21
228
Sparren
10 KH80/200
4 KH120/240 4 KH19/214
22
229
Sparren
1 KH80/200
23
230
Sparren
1 KH80/200
24
233
Füllholz
2 KH80/120
25
234
Pfosten
1 KH140/120
Nr.
Pos.
Benennung
1
200
Unterzug
1 KH140/320
2
201
Gratsparren
4 KH200/320
3
202
Stütze
2 KH200/300
4
203
Stütze
2 KH200/300
5
204
Stütze
1 KH200/300
6
205
Stütze
7
206
Pfette
8
207
Pfette
9
231
Firstpfette
10
232
Fusspfette
Profil
6 KH200/300 4 KH100/300 4 KH160/240 1 KH140/200 2 KH140/180
Blatt :
Main Restaurant
219
Stk.
27
217 Zeichnung
12al002_libanon
28.03.2012 Zust
203
216
Auftrag
6
Sparren Sparren
213
7 8
NH/BSH-Bauteile (Brutto)
205
211
Benennung
226
Norm
212
6
205
Italian Restaurante
T. Brand 214
Gepr.
4
211
5
Profil
202 210
209
202 206
Alamco Beirut
Bauherr Bauort
Name
28.03.2012
206
1 20
212 Datum Bearb.
1:50
Maßstab:
205
A 3
4 KH120/240
4
Stk.
208
1
20
210
Wächtersbacher Weg 10, D-63619 Bad Orb Tel. / Fax +49 (0)6052-7685 / 900954
2
4 KH120/240
Sparren
209
210
203
209
kw-holz
4 KH120/240
Sparren
210
212 206
208
Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH
Sparren
209
213
212 18800
213
211
C
1
Benennung
208
3
214
205
B
Pos.
2
93
215
D
Nr. 1
215
214
217
E
225
222
221
5
D
228
Länge
228
Stahlteile-Nettogew. - Hauptposition
3
00
Auflagerplatte
4 5
4700
225
0
223
152
228
5
207 226
221
219
216
214
200
218 Bl.
Name
220
221
222
6
1
20
225
205
222
5650
207 226
221
219
216
214
210
212
205
208
211
213
215
207 226
217
207
224
218
223
220
212
210
208
205
141 151
3
222
[mm]
1 2
Höhe
208
206
[m]
205
211
232
Stk.
209
1
20
Stütze, QRR200*8-S235
Holzliste GL24 und GL24h NH/BSH-Bauteile (Brutto)
209
231
208
1
20
2800
225
0
223
224
5650
14100
B
C
D
E
Abbunddaten: 00003.bvn; Pos. 200 ff.
1
2
3 4
12
B u i l di n g & Co | M AY 2013
5 6
Execution plans & 3D structural drawings 1
1
4320 3390
2
0
2
F
4700
8430
E
4700
5650
2800 0 3111
C
5650
3
3
0
D
0
1
1
B 8580
5650
2800 31110
8580
A
5650
B
8430
5650
C
2800
D
A
5650
31110
E
B
2
8580
4700
8430
2
D
3
E
Beams position
F
A
excerpt
8580
4700
F
C
3 A
excerpt
Beams position
Spax-S_VG_SKØ8*300--1-GV DIN10519
60
Spax-S_VG_SKØ8*300--1-GV DIN10519
160 20
7450 6850
6 E
60 160
0 First 590
50 74 50 68
4320 3390
20
7450 6850
20
43
90
2 00 47 0 35 10
3 4
3500
50 56
0 First 590
0
1´
4320
excerpt
D´
10080
3230
3390
0
14100
E
D
C
B
C`
B`
A´
5650
2800
5650
excerpt
3500 3350
2´
33
0
F 30
84
320
4
0
2
0
00
47
339
E
56
0
35
3
10
st
50
0
4
Fir
1´
3500
2´
3350
00
t 59
Firs
3230
excerpt
10080
D´
3500
C`
00
t 59
Firs
8580
B
31110
C
2800
0 1880
2800 5650
5
5650
D
0 745 0 685
D
1
4700
3
E
3230
A´
F
B`
Bauherr
Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH
Wächtersbacher Weg 10, D-63619 Bad Orb Tel. / Fax +49 (0)6052-7685 / 900954
Bauort Datum Bearb.
7000
33500 3500
0
1´
12al002_libanon
22.03.2012 Zust
Änderung
Datum
Name
1:50
4
Alamco Beirut
Italian Restaurante
dimetry Zeichnung
Blatt :
depiction
1 Bl.
Name
3500
800
B
31110
C
3
5650
5650
2´
2
4700 8580
dimetry
7000
1´
A 2800
18
2800 5650
4 5
5650
D
8430
6
E
7450 6850
6
F
E
subtraction
50 74 50 68
4320 3390
20
43
90
33
0
5650
rpt
5650
2800
0
14100
B
E
D
C
F 30
84
E st
Fir
50
56
00
59
0 80
2
D
10
1
31
C
50
56
B
0 745 0 685
80
85
1 4700
A
5650
0
432
2
0
0
2800
18800
3
339
5650
4
35
6
50
33
32
7000
1´
2´
B`
A´
3500
1
C`
0
08
10
30
0
D´
00
5
dimetry 3500
3´
2
4700
3
5650 0
2800
1880
4
5
5650 8430
Bu il din g & Co | M AY 2013
6 F
subtraction
kw-holz
Maßstab: Bauherr
Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH
Wächtersbacher Weg 10, D-63619 Bad Orb Tel. / Fax +49 (0)6052-7685 / 900954
Bauort Datum Bearb.
22.03.2012
Gepr.
Name
B.Karnelka
1:50
Alamco Beirut
Benennung
Italian Restaurante
Norm
Auftrag
22.03.2012
12al002_libanon
Zeichnung
depiction
Blatt :
1 Bl.
5
Benennung
B.Karnelka
A
D´
2800
18800
3
1
2´
3´ excerpt
C`
22.03.2012
Gepr. Norm
Auftrag
3500
10080
Maßstab:
8580
4700
3350
kw-holz
subtraction
B
0
5650
2
390
F
2
1
0
432
6
E
8430
3´
C
5650
8430
2´
3
2800 0 3111 4
5650
5650
B`
3500
7000
1´
2
4700
A
C`
0
08
10
A´
3500
1
dimetry
50
33
E
D´
00
35
6 30
5650
D´
5650
5
32
2´ 3´
0
5650
4
0
1´
7000
3500
3350 10080
0
2800
18800
F
3
dimetry
3500 3230
A
8430
0
B`
80
5650
2
C
85
4700
4320
D
0
11
31
B
E
D
C
1B
3390
A´
00
28
50
56
14100
0
7450 6850
C`
B`
A´
5650
excerpt
3500
50
56
00
59
5650
2800
13
3500
3´
LAW REGULATION
Fa d i M o gh a izel
S en i o r Pa r tn er - M o g h a i zel L aw O ffi c e
Lebanon’s Offshore Petroleum Activities and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
Lebanon’s Offshore Petroleum Activities Petroleum activities, whether onshore or offshore, are those activities that aim to find oil and natural gas; extract it, process it, transport it, refine it, and deliver it to consumers. Petroleum activities include drilling, construction, installation and operation of a facility, followed by the decommissioning, dismantling and removal of a pipeline. Lebanon is moving steadily towards starting exploration activities in the waters located within its maritime boundaries, and has made significant progress both on the regulatory and the operational fronts with respect to the launching of its offshore petroleum activities. On 24 August 2010, Lebanon enacted the Offshore Petroleum Resources Law no. 132 (“Law 132”) to regulate Lebanon’s offshore petroleum activities. On 7 November 2012, the Lebanese Cabinet named the Petroleum Sector Administration Agency (Petroleum Administration). The six-member Petroleum Administration has a wide range of prerogatives and powers with respect to the administration of various aspects of the oil and gas sector. The Petroleum Administration includes the following six units: • The Strategic Planning Unit • The Technical and Engineering Unit • The Geological and Geophysical Unit • The Legal Affairs Unit • The Economic and Financial Affairs Unit • The Quality, Health, Safety and Environment Unit
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Law 132 is implemented through decrees issued by the Council of Ministers. The government and the Petroleum Administration are actively working on the timely enactment of comprehensive regulations that will pave the way for the launching of tendering, exploration, development, and exploitation activities. On the operational side, the pre-qualification process for the 1st Offshore Lebanon Licensing Round opened in mid-February 2013. Later in the year, there will be a shortlisting of consortiums that will be authorized to submit formal applications for licenses and proposals to Lebanon’s Petroleum Administration. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Maritime boundaries are governed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which was signed in Montego Bay (Jamaica), and came into effect on November 16, 1994. UNCLOS is an international treaty that provides a regulatory framework for the use of the world’s seas and oceans, inter alia, to ensure the conservation and equitable usage of resources and the marine environment and to ensure the protection and preservation of the living resources of the sea. UNCLOS also addresses such other matters as sovereignty, rights of usage in maritime zones, and navigational rights. As of 23 January 2013, 165 states ratified and acceded to UNCLOS. Lebanon and Cyprus are parties to UNCLOS, but not Syria and Israel. UNCLOS divides maritime areas as follows: Internal
Photo © Michel El Esta
LAW REGULATION
Refineries in the Middle East.
waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. The other areas are part of the high seas. Territorial sea and contiguous zone The sovereignty of a coastal state such as Lebanon extends beyond its land territory and internal waters to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea. This sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as to its bed and subsoil. Every state has the right to define the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with UNCLOS which are the low-water line along the coast. A state is entitled to exercise full sovereignty over its territorial sea, including rights to natural resources and rights to exploit hydrocarbon resources. Adjacent the territorial sea ‘contiguous zones’ which may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. In such zones, the coastal state may exercise the control necessary to (a) prevent infringement upon its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea; and (b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea.
Exclusive economic zone and continental shelf The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea. It extends to an area not exceeding 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. In the exclusive economic zone, the coastal state enjoys sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water. Such rights extend to oil and gas activities, including constructing and operating artificial islands, installations and structures, drilling, and laying pipelines. The continental shelf of a coastal state comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance. The continental margin comprises the submerged prolongation of the land mass of the coastal state, and
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LAW REGULATION
consists of the seabed and subsoil of the shelf, the slope and the rise. It does not include the deep ocean floor with its oceanic ridges or the subsoil thereof. Maritime delimitation between opposite and adjacent states There are three areas that require delimitation between opposite states (e.g. Lebanon-Cyprus) and adjacent states (e.g. Lebanon-Syria and Lebanon-Israel): • The territorial sea; • the exclusive economic zone; and • the continental shelf. Where the coasts of two states are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither of the two states is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its territorial sea beyond the median line, every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two states is measured. The above provision does not apply, however, where it is necessary by reason of historic title or other special circumstances to delimit the territorial seas of the two states in a way which is at variance therewith. This
Photo © Michel El Esta
Refineries in the Middle East.
means that areas of overlapping territorial sea are to be divided by the median or equidistance line method, unless variation is required by historic title or special circumstances. The delimitation rule laid down by Article 15 of UNCLOS means that opposing or adjacent states must draw the boundary of their territorial waters at a median line, unless historic title or special circumstances prescribes otherwise. Special circumstances can be the proportionality of relevant coasts (length of fronting coastlines), navigational and security considerations. The delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between states with opposite or adjacent coasts is effected by agreement on the basis of international law in order to achieve an equitable solution. If no agreement is reached specific settlement of disputes procedures apply. The same rule applies to the delimitation of the continental shelf between states with opposite or adjacent coasts. The methodology to delimit the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf is first to determine the median or equidistance line and then to consider whether there are any relevant factors required to be taken into account in order to achieve an equitable result. The equidistance line is the line every point of which is equidistant to the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two states is measured. Once the equidistance line is identified, the second step is to examine whether there are circumstances to depart from that line to reach an equitable solution. This approach has recognized that equidistance can be applied to territorial sea and to delimit the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf with provision for special circumstances in accordance with Articles 74 and 83 of UNCLOS. Such circumstances include the geography of the coastal situation and the geological structures.
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Photo © Michel El Esta
LAW REGULATION
Oil and gas discoveries prompt governments to accelerate the finalisation of their maritime boundaries and to settle their disputes. This has not always been successful and numerous maritime boundaries between states remain unresolved. Pending agreement on delimitation, the states must make efforts to enter into provisional arrangements. This can include joint development agreements for hydrocarbons exploitation in contested maritime boundary areas. Oil and gas companies will look for legal certainty by committing their resources in areas confirmed by way of an undisputed treaty, a judgement or an arbitral award. Operating in disputed water will necessarily involve economic and commercial risks and companies will have to mitigate such risks by undertaking a systematic and comprehensive assessment of the legal configuration of the host state’s maritime boundaries and seeking contractual assurances from the host state. Lebanon’s Maritime Boundaries Lebanon has delimited its maritime boundaries under UNCLOS by enacting law no. 163 of 18 August 2011 entitled ‘Determination and Declaration of the Maritime Areas of the Republic of Lebanon’ (‘Law 163’). Under Law 163, Lebanon’s (i) baseline, (ii) internal waters, (iii) territorial waters (12 nautical miles from the baseline), (iii) contiguous zone (as of the limit of the territorial waters and up to 24 nautical miles from the baseline), (iv) exclusive economic zone (200 nautical miles from the baseline) and (v) continental shelf (200 nautical miles from the baseline) have all been delimited. On 1 October 2011, Lebanon enacted Decree no. 6433 delimiting the Lebanese exclusive economic zone in accordance with lists of geographical coordinates leading to the determination of the western median line with Cyprus, the northern median line with Syria and the southern media line with Palestine. This is a unilateral delimitation under UNCLOS that becomes final
only when it is officially recognized by neighbouring countries.
Refineries in the Middle East.
Lebanon and Cyprus have reached an agreement on the determination of their respective maritime borders in 2007, but such agreement is yet to be ratified by the Lebanese parliament. In December 2010, Israel and Cyprus reached an agreement on their maritime boundaries. Lebanon protested against the Israel-Cyprus Maritime Agreement because the zone defined in the IsraelCyprus 2010 Agreement absorbs parts of Lebanon’s exclusive economic zone. The disputed area extends over approximately 850 square kilometres. Reaching an agreement with Syria has not been possible so far due to the circumstances prevailing in that country since March 2011. As for Israel, reaching an agreement or applying for a ruling is not an option since Lebanon does not recognize Israel. Diplomatic mediation by a third party could be an appropriate solution mechanism, but visible concrete steps have yet to be made in this regard. Despite the uncertainty that lingers over the delimitation of the maritime borders between Lebanon and Syria, and between Lebanon and Israel, oil and gas companies are expected to show sustained interest in Lebanon’s hydrocarbons’ prospects in the months and years to come.
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Yo u ssef Abilla ma CEO M ainte nanc e M anage me nt G ro u p s .a.l.
Facility Management Facility Management (FM) is a massive industry globally, worth many billions of dollars. Yet it remains a rather mysterious concept for many people, who do not really know or understand it. The things that we take for granted when walking through any shopping mall, bank, educational institution, office block or hospital - the clean floors, direction signs, the right temperature and the smart security guards – are all the result of effective FM. The industry is already well developed in North America and Europe, and the Middle East is now beginning, slowly, to catch up. A report last year by the international research and consultancy firm Frost & Sullivan estimated that the GCC facility management market is worth some US$ 4.2 billion and is expected to rise to US$ 9 billion by 2014. The global market is expected to reach US$ 395 billion by 2017. Total Facility Management
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TOTAL FACILITIES MANAGEMENT
There are many formal definitions of Facility Management, but perhaps one of the simplest is the one adopted by CEN, the European Committee for Standardisation, and ratified by BSI British Standards, which states: “Facilities management is the integration of multidisciplinary activities within the built environment and the management of their impact upon people and the workplace”. It is the responsibility of facility managers to provide and maintain a host of services – their work begins at the concept and design stages right through to the operational and maintenance aspects of a project, followed by management and of course energy efficiency. A total FM company can provide a whole range of services, including maintenance, building repairs, catering, cleaning, security, landscaping, energy savings and monitoring, support staff outsourcing, building services procurement and even parking management. See the Total Facility Management Mind Map for a visual display of the possible service scenarios. FM is an essential, but often unseen, service. Many people only tend to think about facility management when something goes wrong – the bins aren’t cleared, the grass hasn’t been cut, or the AC stops working. FM optimises the best functionality of the facility under management in the most cost effective way, and is carried out via established procedures and the appropriate use of technology with the right human and material resources.
Used effectively, FM combines a variety of services: preventive maintenance services, designed to increase the life of the assets through regular and systematic inspection and maintenance of all equipments; corrective maintenance, often through a 24-hour integrated CAFM helpdesk; managing and/or providing all hard or soft property related services; as well as value added engineering or IT consultancy facility management aimed at design, handing over, operation or renovation. The word facility in FM is a generic term used to describe any given ‘space’. The list of facilities is huge it could be an educational institution, a shopping mall, a residential compound, a restaurant, a hospital requiring the most specialist services, a bank or an office tower. Pretty much every facility needs managing in some way or another. The FM company is there to provide a service which betters the occupants’ lives – in terms of safety, cleanliness, security, reliability, efficiency, and economy. It also enhances the environmental-friendliness of the facility and makes it healthier, more enjoyable, creative, and innovative. Traditionally, most FM responsibilities were handled inhouse – but as the services required grew in complexity, companies came to realize the huge advantages of outsourcing. A total FM provider will optimize the facility’s functionality in the most cost effective way, thus lowering the client’s operating costs from 10% to 30%. These savings grow exponentially when further combined with energy reduction measures. The savings are only part of the added value. A proper Total FM contract includes numerous non-financial benefits including: • long standing expertise – the client doesn’t need to spend time making mistakes in order to get the perfect solution, the FM company has all the tried and tested basic procedures already in place; • access to experts - the FM company already has access to trusted “experts” such as engineers, technicians endowed with many specialties (low current, electrical, heating and ventilation, sanitary, carpenters, civil works), service supervisors (cleaning, security, landscaping etc), HR managers and contract administrators, health and safety auditors, etc.
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• Increased health, safety and environment compliance - businesses that need to run at zero percent downtime have an added safety net when dealing with a good FM company which will manage fire drills and evacuation exercises and ensure the adoption of the most effective measures; • Crisis management and disaster recovery plans – the FM company will draw up detailed continuity and recovery plans so that the client is ready for any unforeseen disasters; • Asset registry – the FM company’s Computerised Maintenance Management System (CMMS) allows for accurate asset registry (through bar coding of every piece of equipment), data logging and history thus giving client all the information needed to analyze all aspects of the performed activities; • Saved time - underpinning all of this is that outsourced FM allows the clients to focus on their own business, rather than the running of the facility they work in.
etc.
Electromechanical maintenance
Facility Requirements.
The FM industry is there, basically, to make any facility a better place. FM touches us all in every part of our daily lives, even those we are not aware of of. Now is a very exciting time for the FM industry in the Middle East, and its importance is only set to increase.
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Photo Š Michel El Esta
S a la m L t eif
Ele ct r i c a l E n g i n eer - A p ave
LED Lighting Solutions A General Overview
There have been great leaps in lighting techniques in the past decades, from the traditional incandescent to halogen to fluorescents lights, the next technology being Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Driven by booming energy prices, more stringent building regulations, and the need to provide more efficient lighting solutions, LED technology is currently on the edge of a future market revolution. The McKinsey 2012 edition of “Lighting the way Perspectives on the global lighting market “ indicates that the market is on a clear transition path from traditional lighting technologies to LED; LED’s share of the lighting market is estimated to rise to 45 percent in 2016 and close to 70 percent in 2020. The aim of this article is to present a general overview of the advantages of LED lighting, describe LED lights and luminaires, and outline possible applications of LED lighting. Advantages of LED lighting
compared with 10 % for traditional incandescent lighting. This represents significant cost advantages to consumers and reduced greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Other advantages include: • Longer lifetime, some LEDs can operate for up to 100 000 hours (depending on the quality of the diode and the application), in comparison with an approximate 25 000 hours for fluorescent tubes, 10000 hours for compact fluorescent lamps and 1000 hours for incandescent lights. • Reduced maintenance costs by avoiding additional material and labor costs related to the periodic luminaires replacement. • The possibility of light integration into various luminaire shapes and designs, especially through the application of organic LED technologies with homogenous surface light panels providing diffused lighting output. • LED lights are much more robust and resistant to vibration than other light bulbs available on the market.
Typical lifetime of several lighting technologies
110% 100% Lumen Outup(%)
Lighting significantly affects how we feel. Light plays a very important role in creating a healthy environment, a well-lit space being essential for living. Daylight could be one of the most desirable lighting sources for indoor spaces, but daylight alone is not sufficient, hence artificial light is needed to produce the desirable amount of light.
100 W Incandescent 5mm LED 42W CFL 50 W Tungsten Halide 400 W Metal Halide 25 W T8 Florescent Lighting-class LED
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There are many advantages to LED lighting over traditional lighting technologies, the most important being efficiency. LED lights offer 90 % efficiency,
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Left A light emitting diode (LED) Right Example of a LED lamp spectral flux output
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• LEDs are compact in size, which facilitates their use in a variety of indoor and outdoor decorative applications. • LEDs produce a variety of colors, thus providing increased lighting efficiency. • LED light sources do not color-shift when dimmed; hence a user can vary the brightness of a lighting fixture while maintaining a consistent color temperature. There are also disadvantages associated with the use of LEDs; for example, some studies have indicated that fluorescent lights, especially T5 tubes, perform better than LED lights in terms of lumen output per Watt. A T5 lamp could provide a maximum initial output of 100 lumen/W, while LED lights for indoor applications provide an average of 80 lumen/W approximately. However looking over the industry technology improvement, it is expected that LED lights will achieve an efficiency of around 220 lumen/W by the year 2020, thus overtaking all other available lighting technologies. Furthermore other drawbacks such as voltage sensitivity or temperature dependence are being overcome due to technology improvements. LED lamps The purpose of this article is neither to describe the LED technology and operation nor the LED manufacturing process; however we will present an overview of the current state of the art in LED manufacturing and try to understand the color output of a LED lamp. 22
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IR
A typical LED lamp is a solid-state semiconductor material that uses light-emitting diodes as the source of light. LEDs, as with all semiconductor devices, have different materials and manufacturing processes which result in products with varying levels of performance and light output. When an LED is switched on, electrons recombine with electron holes within the semiconductor releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light that corresponds to the energy of the photon, is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. The figure above is an example of a InGaN (Indium Gallium Nitride) semiconductor material LED spectral flux output which has absence of UV and has minimal IR wavelengths. Researchers in LED manufacturing are striving to provide products that ensure LED color uniformity with a tight chromaticity specification in order to obtain a consistent light output over the useful life of the lamp. Latest technologies in LED lamps manufacturing employs specified techniques of LED color binning process based on a LED mixing technique. LEDs can be characterized in various parameters; the two most important relate to visual perception, and are color and flux. These parameters are collected as part of the LED component manufacturing process and are the basis for the component binning technique. In order to understand the luminous flux color output we should refer to the following figure that presents
a version of the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram, that is a mathematical model for color perception. Pure or saturated colors are located around the perimeter of the paraboloid and white light is located at its center. The binning technique is based on mixing LED with certain color bins related to defined chromaticity coordinates. This binning technique offers consistent characterization of the manufactured LED product which allows excellent color consistency and manufacturing repeatability. Similarly, other technologies, such as phosphor based LEDs, are available on the market, where LEDs are covered with phosphor coating of a different color in order to obtain a white color output. Or even organic light - emitting diodes (OLEDs) where the electroluminescent material is made up of an emissive organic compound layer. Furthermore available LED lamps on the market are produced in various sizes, shapes and wattages that range from miniature, mid-range to high power LED lamps, depending on the required application. Thus the LED’s efficiency, color output, lifetime could vary based on specific criteria and requirements.
LED luminaires An LED luminaire consists of LED modules, ballast or driver where applicable, heat-sink for thermal management, fixture and optical reflectors. A lamp or luminaire with integrated ballast can be connected to the supply mains directly, whereas a non-integrated ballast lamp is to be connected to the supply mains via a separate driver. LED luminaires provided with separate drivers could have several benefits related to power supply quality, placement of the LED drivers and power distribution units in inaccessible spaces or other dimming requirements. On the other hand the integrated ballast type luminaire lamp provides remarkable advantages specially related to typical households incandescent bulbs replacement. LED drivers are integrated into different types of electronic circuits. These generally consist of a full wave rectifier stage followed by a DC to DC switching converter that provides a regulated constant output current. In fact the brightness of LEDs is a function of the current flow, and LEDs have a typical threshold voltage of 3.4V, with a variation from 2.8 to 4.2V. Left CIE chromaticity diagram Right High power LEDs can have an efficiency of 140 lumen/w Down LED driver
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Left Ceiling mounted LED luminaire Middle Ambient and task lighting in an office space Right LED lights in cove lighting applications
The LED modules are usually connected in series, presenting the power supply with a CC (constantcurrent)-drive requirement across a potentially wide application of voltage range based on the manufacturer’s design parameters. Selecting an LED driver is generally related to the specified electrical parameters, such as values of input and output voltage range, output current, total harmonic distortion (THD), power factor, efficiency… Another criterion for selecting an LED luminaire is to check the integration of the LED modules within the luminaire. Integral LED modules are not replaceable after integration into the LED luminaire whereas built-in LED modules could be exchanged in future without affecting the luminaire itself, thus providing an enhanced improvement for integration of future technologies with better properties into the luminaires itself, such luminaires are commonly described as “future proof”.
Applications of LED lighting LEDs are used in various applications such as aviation lighting, automotive lighting, street lighting, advertising, traffic signals, and general lighting. LEDs are also used in backlighting for TVs and laptop displays and many other electronic applications. The following is an overview of main LED applications in building design and construction. Indoor applications: The quality of light in any design application requires a constant balance of many factors, including lighting
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levels and lighting uniformity, color rendering, color temperature (warm or cool light) etc... In order to provide sufficient illumination for creating a comfortable visual environment and increased occupant comfort, many lighting designers recommend a layered approach to lighting design such as ambient, task, focal, and decorative. This approach could be easily satisfied using LED lighting solutions; in fact LED systems provide a wide variety of indoor lighting solutions ranging for direct and indirect lighting, cove lighting, accent and decorative lighting, to task lighting. In addition many LED lighting solutions combine channels of cool, neutral, and warm white LEDs to offer a range of adjustable color temperature outputs with a simple control device. By adjusting the lighting color temperature the user can easily alter the lighting effect of a space, and dramatically affect the appearance of objects on display in stores, galleries, and museums for example. Façade, Outdoor Lighting and Street Lighting Façade lighting is generally related to the permanent illumination of a structure by night in order to outline the building’s architectural features, and improve the overall aesthetic without affecting the building’s general appearance. In addition façade designers have to contend with energy efficiency requirements to ensure that light is not wasted by over-illumination, either by illuminating vacant spaces unnecessarily or by
providing more light than needed for aesthetics. LED use in faรงade lighting constitutes a major improvement over traditional floodlighting solutions such as metal halide luminaires. In fact LED solutions that are available in flexible LED strips, or dynamically colored LED modules, could be used in specific locations for accent lighting or even for building contour lighting which results in a unique lighting effect and creates a 3D impression for the building. Furthermore LED solutions provide high efficiency lighting with a longer lifetime thus less operational and maintenance costs. This is why LED technology is gaining appeal in building faรงade lighting, and is currently overtaking other traditional lighting approaches. On another hand, when speaking about outdoor and street lighting, LED lighting solutions prove to be extremely interesting, especially when used with photovoltaic panels in rural areas. Street lighting and outdoor parking area LED luminaires are available at light output levels that could reach 40 000 lumens, equivalent to or exceeding lighting levels produces by typical high pressure sodium and metal halide lighting systems, with an expected lifetime of around 100 000 hours.
constant flux program and a dimming system makes it possible to achieve energy savings that can reach 75% compared with HID luminaires.
YAS hotel LED faรงade lighting, Abu Dhabi
Finally it is necessary to note that future technology improvements and the expected decrease in price will play a major role in LEDs penetration into the general lighting market, from households to offices and retail space, LED lights will be changing the way we look at lighting solutions.
Street lighting using LED luminaires
A typical high-pressure sodium lamp only loses - on average - 5% of its flux during its whole lifetime which can be estimated at 16,000 hours, that is to say 4 years of use. A standard metal halide lamp loses 30 to 40% of its flux during its estimated 2 year lifetime. Thus we can clearly understand the advantages of LED lighting, which, when provided with drivers working with a Bu il din g & Co | M AY 2013
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Photo Š Michel El Esta
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The Case for the Establishment of
Real Estate Investment Companies The current state of the Real Estate markets Lebanon’s real estate markets have been in a state of crisis for almost three years now, with no signs of the improving anytime soon.. Supply is still very large in almost every segment of the residential market, which constitutes the bulk of the Lebanon’s real estate markets. What’s more, the general economic environment still seems unable to spur a healthy recovery based on fundamentals. The obvious lack of confidence of both operators and investors (whether institutional or private) is considerably limiting demand. The government seems aware of the need to revive what has traditionally been one of the most dynamic sectors of the Lebanese economy. However, no coherent set of measures destined to encourage real estate investment has been devised yet. There has been talk of introducing a new capital appreciation tax on real estate transactions but so far no laws have been passed. However, it is our feeling that one cannot solidly shore up the real estate markets without helping the emergence of a real rental market. This is particularly true for commercial real estate, which is traditionally a rental market in major markets all over the world. Also, if one judges by the roughly 20% rental rate in the housing sector, a real need arises for a similar solution in the residential sector. Law 159 of 1992, released the rental contracts from their previous constraining bounds and it was in our
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opinion a major step towards the revival of rental markets. Unfortunately, it is obviously insufficient on its own, and nothing has been done since to modernize the fiscal policy related to the sector.. Current fiscal policy At the present time, real estate fiscal policy in Lebanon is limited to the following taxation: • The stamp duties: ( )رسوم التسجيلthe buyer pays them on acquisition. • The built property tax: ()الضريبة على األمالك المبنية. The owners of built properties pay it. It is calculated as a proportion of rental value. • The municipal tax ()الضريبة البلدية: it is compounded with the sewer and sidewalk tax. It is normally paid by the occupant, whether owner or tenant. • The Value Added Tax (VAT) for non residential rentals. It is calculated on the value of the rent. Although most business recuperate the VAT, some tenants such as Banks cannot do so. We are not taking construction taxes into account. This fiscal policy clearly favors speculation, which is not taxed, against long-term investment. Indeed, as rental operations are heavily taxed, this encourages the quick transfer of built property. That situation is made even worse by the fact that many operators on the market rely on the transfer of “power of attorney” (Wakeleh) deeds, which exempts them from paying stamp duties.
The possible remedies Fiscal reform: It is our opinion that the real estate fiscal framework has to be drastically altered. This is necessary if one aims to correct market excesses and tip the balance in favor of long term investment in a market that has been focused on short term investments for years. These goals can be achieved by implementing the following measures: • Considerably reducing the rate of the built property tax. This would improve rental yields and increase rental investments. Obviously, the increase of rented space will partially and maybe even totally compensate for the decrease in tax collection provoked by the rate decrease (this is also compounded by the fact that new rent levels are higher than older rents). • Maintaining the current rates for stamp duties. • Instituting a land tax on non-built property. This measure should facilitate land transactions. This will induce the sale of a larger number of land properties and therefore higher collections of stamp duties. Preferential rates can then be applied to agricultural land or non-developable land depending on policy choices. • Instituting a tax on real estate capital gains. This measure could more than compensate for the reduction in tax collection due to the reductions outlined above. Furthermore, this tax which can be
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progressive, should reduce uncontrolled speculation during market upswings. In this case also, rates can be modulated according to owner status or land characteristics. This possibility allows for more policy options on the part of the legislator. These actions are currently more or less considered by the government. However, no precise schedule has been suggested yet. Active support to income producing (rental) real estate investment: As important as the preceding measures will be if implemented, we believe in the need of going further and setting up a program of active support to long term rental real estate investing. The beneficial effects of such an action will be numerous. Among them: • This policy should improve housing conditions for a large number of families who, for various reasons, are not yet ready to buy their own homes. These families should hence find housing options that suit their needs. • This action should also encourage real estate operators to build housing intended for a less stable clientele than families (Students, young singles, 32
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foreign executives passing through, etc.) that currently has difficulty in finding suitable housing. • Currently, Lebanese companies are forced to mobilize a large part of their capital in real estate because they cannot find suitable rental space. These companies could hence use the freed capital to develop their core activities, thus making them more efficient. • Finally, if private investors find a financial interest in rental investment, they will be tempted to do so in order to diversify their portfolios thus bringing fresh capital to a sector that badly needs it. It will be advisable to extend the benefits of such a policy to all types of potential investors in order to attract the largest amount of capital possible to the market. In order to achieve that, it is necessary to keep the door of rental real estate investment open to small investors. That is why we recommend the creation of collective investment vehicles, that will combine the advantages of both institutional investment and private investment. Real Estate Investment Companies: These collective investment vehicles could take the form of companies that would invest their capital in income producing real estate, and after having deducted their operating expenses, transfer all the profits to the shareholders.
In the current state of the legislation, the type of company most adapted to real estate collective investment is the SAL. It has however a few drawbacks, most specifically its fiscal framework. Indeed, the revenues of such a company would be taxed three times. First, the company would have to pay the tax on built property. Second, it would have to pay income tax on capital gains in case of asset sales, and third, all distributed dividends are subject to a deduction at the source.
their investment and on capital gains. The tax rates applied would be the same as those applied to direct real estate investment. Practically the ownership of PIC shares would be equivalent to the ownership of a material real estate asset. It is obviously necessary that the PICs area of expertise be scrupulously respected, that these companies function properly and also that investors be protected from abuse. The following measures should therefore also be implemented:
In comparison to direct real estate investment, it is quite clear that this latter form is unattractive. In direct investment, revenues are only taxed once, through the built property tax.
• A minimum of 75% of company assets would have to be invested in actual income producing real estate. • The company would be required to distribute all of its profits. • The proportion of assets sold in any fiscal year would be limited to 20% of assets. • The presidency of the PIC would have to be occupied by a professional Management Company, certified by the authorities. This company would have to meet a number of conditions: • It will present enough guaranties regarding the efficiency of its structure, the scope of its technical and financial abilities, the honorability, respectability and professionalism of its managers. (It could be required to be the subsidiary of a bank operating in Lebanon). • Moreover, it will have the charge of keeping a registry where all share sale and purchase offers can be counted. This will enable it to put together all parties interested in making a transaction. • The Management Company will have to commission every year an independent appraiser with the task of carrying out a valuation of all real estate assets in the PIC it is managing.
This situation creates a major hurdle to small investor access to real estate markets by submitting them to a different, much stiffer tax treatment than direct investors. In order to guarantee equal tax treatment to all investors and promote capital flow to a major sector of the Lebanese economy, we urge the creation of a specialized type of collective real estate investment company. This type of company is already common in most major markets. (SCPI in France, REITs or Limited partnerships in the USA for example). This new type of company, that we shall call Property Investment Company (PIC) could have the following characteristics: • Its legal and regulatory framework would essentially be that of the current SAL. • Its exclusive expertise would be the acquisition and management of an income producing real estate portfolio using money raised from the public. • The company would benefit from fiscal transparency. In other words, it would not be subjected to any taxation related to property ownership, and would be exonerated from income tax. Its shareholders (the investors) would then be taxed on revenues from
This form of investment has successfully proven itself in many international markets and is increasingly popular there. It is generally considered as the future of real estate investments and represents in our opinion an essential step in the revitalization of of Lebanon’s real estate markets.
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MEDICAL
C a mille Aiza ra n i M .D.
Hazardous Chemicals in Construction The construction site is dynamic and continuously changing; and with these changes new challenges emerge, especially in dealing with modern hazardous chemicals. If you were to ask a construction worker who’s long been in the business about hazardous chemicals on the construction site, the first substances that are likely to come to mind would be asbestos, lead, or silica… However, modern hazardous chemicals may not all be known, and the risks associated with these substances can be life threatening. What is a hazardous chemical? A hazardous chemical is any harmful substance that can put the health and safety of both construction workers and end users (such as residents of a building) at risk. They can exist in any form - liquid, solid, dust or gas. Substances such as asbestos, synthetic mineral fibers, fiberglass, paint, solvents, glue, cement dust and exhaust fumes are critical in the construction industry and are present everywhere. These substances are necessary and unavoidable in the construction business; however they can become potentially hazardous if they were improperly handled. Asbestos, one of the most traditional and well known hazardous chemical is still found in older buildings; but its use has been banned in more recent construction sites. How do hazardous chemicals enter your body? Substances on the construction site are most easily inhaled. Signs of inhaling a hazardous gas or vapor 34
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When does a chemical become hazardous? Usually, common substances on the construction site are not potentially harmful, unless these substances: • • • •
Get under your skin Are eaten or drunk Are breathed in Are mixed with other substance and can become lethal • Are mistaken for other substance
usually manifest themselves as irritation in the nose or throat, however there may be no warning signs and these toxic substances may enter directly into the lungs or blood stream. It is also possible that chemicals may be ingested or swallowed when a worker eats or smokes without washing his hands which have been contaminated with material containing chemicals such as lead-based paints. Eating on site can be dangerous because toxic vapors that workers may not be aware of are always present and may contaminate meals or drinks. The skin is another point of entry for toxic chemicals as these substances can be absorbed through the skin upon contact or even through the eyes’ mucous membranes.
MEDICAL
How can hazardous chemicals affect your health? Hazardous chemicals are characterized as being corrosive, irritant, sensitizing, carcinogenic (cause cancer), mutagenic (causing genetic damage) and teratogenic (causing abnormalities of the fetus). These chemicals are extremely dangerous if not properly controlled and handled, leading to severe health problems such as poisoning, occupational asthma, suffocation, respiratory problems, internal organ damage, cancer and injuries such as severe burns, skin irritation, disfigurement, neurological injury, and birth defects. Health problems resulting from contact with toxic substances can be acute (short-term) or chronic (lasting for years or a lifetime) and can affect the construction worker’s quality of life, or lead to lifetime disability.
In many cases, workers may not realize that they have been dealing with a hazardous chemical until they begin to manifest some of these signs: • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Stomach pain • Inflammation • Rashes • Headaches • Burns
Rusty fuel and chemical drums.
If workers exhibit any of these signs, they should see a doctor immediately.
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MEDICAL
Some hazardous chemicals and their potential health effects
Exposure can lead to
Zinc • metal fume fever Is used in the manufacture of brass, galvanized metals. Fumes are produced when metals coated with zinc are cut or welded.
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Cadmium Is used as a coating for steel to prevent rusting and as an alloying element
Short-term exposure: • severe lung irritation, • pulmonary edema • death Long-term exposure: • emphysema • damage to the kidneys
Beryllium
Short-term exposure:
Is used as an alloying element.
• chemical pneumonia Long-term exposure: • shortness of breath • chronic cough • weight loss • fatigue and • general weakness
Iron Oxide Iron is used as an alloying element in manufacturing steel. Iron oxide toxic fumes are produced during welding.
• irritation of nasal passages, throat, and lungs
Mercury Is used to coat metals to prevent rust or prevent growth of marine paints. Mercury vapors are produced under intense heat.
• stomach pain • diarrhea • kidney damage or • respiratory failure Long-term exposure: • tremors • emotional instability and • hearing damage.
Lead Upon welding or cutting of alloys or metals painted with lead-based paint lead oxide fumes are produced.
• lead poisoning. Lead affects the brain, central nervous system, circulatory system, reproductive system, kidneys, and muscles.
MEDICAL Important signs to pay attention to on containers and construction material
How to manage hazardous substances on a construction site? Employers, self-employed workers and contractors are liable to conduct a risk assessment for all hazardous chemicals on site. A brief self-inspection guideline has been issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). However, these guidelines only provide a preliminary assessment, and if uncontrolled exposure to hazardous chemicals is indicated, a more extensive risk assessment would be needed.
Furthermore, workers are urged to always read the labels of containers they use and be cautious of containers that do not have any labels; it is suggested that such containers not be used at all. Two containers that look identical may not contain the same substance. Danger symbols on the labels of containers are especially important and indicate the possible hazards and properties of the chemicals within them; these may be poisonous, flammable, explosive, corrosive or irritant. Smoking is prohibited when handling flammable chemicals
Man in a protective outerwear suit.
Eliminating the presence of hazardous substances is not possible in the construction sector; therefore the risks should be reduced and controlled to the highest extent possible by other means such as personal protective equipment (PPE), air monitoring procedures, housekeeping procedures, hygiene practices and training. Workers should be trained and informed about the health risks of toxic substances, control measures, use of PPE, and the importance of continuous health surveillance. PPEs such as: • • • • •
gloves eye protection protective clothing rubber boots or respirators
may be needed prior to handling any potentially harmful chemicals.
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J essic a B o u Ta n io s Jo u rnalist
Setting Up A Baked Floor
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Photo Š Michel El Esta
Uniform heat distribution, efficiency, low operation cost and freedom in interior decoration. With these qualities in mind, Mr. Jean-Pierre Melki, general-manager at Cotrac sarl, introduced us to the Under-Floor Heating (UFH)
System. This technique which was first used by Romans has now evolved into modern systems applied all over the world, and increasingly in Lebanon as well.
LOOP No.
5
LOOP No.
4
ROOM No.
6
ROOM No.
6
COLLECTOR
B
COLLECTOR
B
AXIS
CM
10
AXIS
CM
10
LENGTH
M
110
LENGTH
M
100
Dressing
Bath
Bedroom
Planning is the first and initial step during which are indicated the number of loops in each room, the length of pipes, the collector needed, etc..
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1 Phases of pipes installation 1 On the field, the first condition is to have a concrete floor, leveled and clean. - A thermal insulation layer is then applied to the floor. It consists of extruded polystyrene with a thickness of 2.5 cm. - The usage of a vapor barrier and reflector (Aluminum foil) is also needed in order to reflect the heat upwards. - Lined Clips are fixed into the floor. - Pipes are then ready to be installed. The types usually used are Polypropylene, Pex and Pex/Al/Pex, with a diameter of 16 or 18 mm. Polypropylene is reparable, while Pex/Al/Pex is not. Despite that, some people choose it because they believe it has more heat dissipation, according to Melki. - Next, peripheral insulation and expansion joints on the sides are installed, in order to avoid the expansion of the floor when temperature rises.
2
2 The floor is then leveled using a laser technique. 3 Screed is applied, including plasticizer and fiber mech. 4 Finally, the floor is left to dry ready for tile installation.
3
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c d
e
f
g
h
a b
i
Thermal regulation
1
1
Three methods are used to regulate the temperature in a floor heating system: c
1 Zone regulation: consisting of one room thermostat connected to one zone thermostat which will control all the distributor.
Picture captions: a- Supply Pipe Fusiotechnik b- Return Pipe Fusiotechnik c- Zone Thermostat d- Electric Zone Valve Art. 94202 e- Manual Command Valve f- Air Vent g- Regulation Valve h- Fixation Brackets i- Pipe Valutechnik
d
e g
f a h
b
2
Hydraulic & electrical connections to the mixing group UM3 - Climatic regulation 4
5
2 Room regulation: consisting of one thermostat for each room controlling each circuit by itself.
Picture captions: a- Supply Pipe Fusiotechnik b- Return Pipe Fusiotechnik c- Room Thermostat (for each room) d- Thermo-Electric head Art. 94150 e- Air Vent f- Regulation Valve g- Fixation Brackets h- Pipe Valutechnik
3 Appliance VTC, to which you should connect 1- 3-way valve with servomotor 2- Circulation pump 3- Immersion delivery probe 4- External probe at m 2,50 Northern side 5- Safety thermostat (suggested)
Differential by-pass
2
3 Automatic heat control which consists of sensors inside and outside set to a specific temperature. 1
Electrical line for power supply
Radiators or bathroom radiators
Collector for heater high/low temperature
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3
Water leakage What if a water leak is discovered in one of the heating loops under the flooring? This is a frequently asked question in the floor heating field, the answer and solution to which are simple: In order to detect the leakage, a thermal imaging inspection is performed. Since every loop covers about 17 square meters, all other loops are closed and water with a temperature of 80 degrees is diffused in the damaged one. A thermal camera is used to precisely locate the heat source and repair the pipe. 28.8oC 28
Sp1. Temperature 23.0oC Sp2. Temperature 29.0oC Dt1 -5.9
26
24
22 21oC
Under-floor heating systems reduce diesel expenses because the temperature required for floor heating is less than the one required for radiator (50 degrees instead of 80).
Cotrac is working on a Smartphone application where the user would be able to see the temperature inside the house and decide whether to turn the heater on or not and to control the temperature (especially for cold places which need more time for heating, such as Faqra, Aayoun el Siman,‌)
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Photo © Michel El Esta
PHOTO MICHEL
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Photo © Michel El Esta
PHOTO MICHEL
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
A
O
C
F
African Mahogany
Oak
Cherry
Fraké
French name : Acajou d’Afrique Other names : Bassam Mahogany – White Mahogany
French Name: Chêne
French Name: Merisier d’Amérique Other Name: Black Cherry
French Name: Limba Other Names: Limbo – Limba
Mechanical properties Axial compression rupture point (MPa): 48 Axial traction rupture point (MPa): 60 Shock Resistance (Nm/cm2): 3.8 Preservation Fungus: Moderately resistant Termites: Sensitive Treatability of heartwood: Not permeable Implementation and processing Sawing: No particular difficulty Physical Properties Density average 12% (kg/m3): 530 Volumetric shrinkage: 9.6% Special Observations Its dust is sometimes irritating Principal Usage High-end interior millwork • Layouts • Decorative veneers • Shipbuilding Market Availability: Limited Price: High
Mechanical properties Axial compression rupture point (MPa): 58 Axial traction rupture point (MPa): 100 Shock Resistance (Nm/cm2): 6.2 Preservation Fungus: Resistant Termites: Moderately resistant Treatability of heartwood: Not permeable Implementation and processing Sawing: Force necessary to cut these hardwoods Physical Properties Density Volumetric shrinkage: 15.3% Special Observations Metal corrosion risk if in a humid environment Principal Usage Exterior millwork • Interior millwork • Furniture • Hardwood floors • Stairs. • Framing • Railing Market Availability: Readily available Price: Moderate (depending on quality)
Mechanical properties Axial compression rupture point (MPa): 49 Axial traction rupture point (MPa): N/A Shock Resistance (Nm/cm2): N/A Preservation Fungus: Moderately resistant Termites: Sensitive Treatability of heartwood: N/A Implementation and processing Sawing: No particular difficulty Physical Properties Density average 12% (kg/m3): 570 Volumetric shrinkage: 10.8% Special Observations More homogenous look than European Cherry wood Principal Usage Furniture • Layouts Market Availability: Readily available Price: High
Mechanical properties Axial compression rupture point (MPa): 47 Axial traction rupture point (MPa): 105 Shock Resistance (Nm/cm2): 4 Preservation Fungus: Somewhat resistant Beetles: Resistant Woodworms: Sensitive Termites: Sensitive Treatability of heartwood: Moderately permeable Implementation and processing Sawing: No particular difficulty Physical Properties Density average 12% (kg/m3): 540 Volumetric shrinkage: 11.1% Principal Usage Exterior carpentry • Interior carpentry • Interior trim • Plywood • Decorative veneer Market Availability: Readily available Price: Moderate
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
B
I
M
T
Beech
Iroko
Maritime Pine
Teak
French Name: Hêtre Latin Name: Fagus sylvatica L.
French Name: Iroko Other Name: Abang
French Name: Pin maritime Latin Name: Pinus pinaster
French Name: Teck Latin Name: Tectona grandis L. F.
Mechanical properties Axial compression rupture point (MPa): 58 Axial traction rupture point (MPa): 17 Shock Resistance (Nm/cm2): 10 Preservation Fungus: Not resistant Treatability of heartwood: Permeable, except for the red variety Implementation and processing Sawing: Force necessary to cut these hardwoods Physical Properties Density average 12% (kg/m3): 680 Volumetric shrinkage: 18.3% Special Observations The red variety is not permeable • Can be used as a substitute for Cherry, Mahogany or Walnut (when tinted) Principal Usage Interior millwork • Durniture • Hardwood Floors • Carvings • Plywood material • Transversal beams Market Availability: Readily available Price: Moderate
Mechanical properties Axial compression rupture point (MPa): 57 Axial traction rupture point (MPa): 80 Shock Resistance (Nm/cm2): 3.8 Preservation Fungus: Resistant to very resistant Termites: Resistant Treatability of heartwood: Not permeable Implementation and processing Sawing: No particular difficulty Physical Properties Density average 12% (kg/m3): 650 Volumetric shrinkage: 9.0% Special Observations Irritating dust Market Availability: Readily available Price: Moderate
Mechanical properties Axial compression rupture point (MPa): 39 Axial traction rupture point (MPa): 86 Shock Resistance (Nm/cm2): N/A Preservation Fungus: Moderate to weak Termites: Sensitive Treatability of heartwood: Not permeable Implementation and processing Sawing: Resin may cause fouling of the saw blades Physical Properties Density average 12% (kg/m3): 510 Volumetric shrinkage: 13.5% Special Observations Hard knots and poorly adherent Principal Usage Exterior millwork • Interior millwork • Molding • Hardwood Floors • Plywood paneling • Beams • Glulam trusses • Light trusses Market Availability: Readily available Price: Moderate
Mechanical properties Axial compression rupture point (MPa): 70 Axial traction rupture point (MPa): 117 Shock Resistance (Nm/cm2): 4 Preservation Fungus: Very resistant Termites: Moderately resistant Treatability of heartwood: Moderately permeable Implementation and processing Sawing: Siliceous. Stellite blades recommended Physical Properties Teak from other sources is less resistant • very irritating dust • odor characteristic of old leather. Principal Usage Furniture • cabinetry • flooring • decorative veneer • shipbuilding Market Availability: Available Price: High
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Apave Liban 2013 Training Calendar Course ID
Theme
Course Title
Duration
Month
From
To
Fees in US$
TP 09/13
Engineering
Elevator Systems- Core of Buildings Planning
1 Day
May
10
10
$350.00
TP 10/13
Engineering
Diagnosis and Repair of Existing Buildings
1 Day
May
17
17
$350.00
TP 11/13
Engineering
BMS-Building Management System & CCTV
2 Days
May
30
31
$450.00
TP 12/13
Management
Strategic Business Plans
2 Days
June
6
7
$450.00
TP 13/13
QSE
ISO 9000 Series Auditor/ Lead Auditor Course-IRCA Certified
5 Days
June
10
14
$1,200.00
TP 14/13
Management
Time Management
1 Day
June
21
21
$350.00
TP 15/13
Engineering
Euro Code 8
1 Day
June
28
28
$350.00
TP 16/13
QSE
Introduction to ISO Generic Standards
2 Days
September
5
6
$450.00
TP 17/13
QSE
Food Safety Management Systems
2 Days
September
12
13
$450.00
TP 19/13
Engineering
Inspection of Existing Concrete Structures
2 Days
September
26
27
$450.00
TP 20/13
Engineering
Lifting and Hoisting
2 Days
October
3
4
$450.00
TP 21/13
Engineering
Authorization Certificate for Electrical Safety of Personnel
2 Days
October
10
11
$450.00
TP 22/13
QSE
Internal Audit for Quality Management Systems
2 Days/ 2 Times per year
October
17
18
$450.00
TP 23/13
Engineering
Atmosphere Explosif - ATEX(French Document)
2 Days
October
24
25
$450.00
TP 24/13
Management
Customer Relationship Management-CRM
2 Days
November
7
8
$450.00
TP 25/13
QSE
Energy Management System ISO 50001:2011
2 Days
November
20
21
$450.00
TP 26/13
Engineering
Lightning Protection Systems
1 Day
November
29
29
$350.00
Join us on Linked In “Apave Liban trainings” group & Don’t miss the chance to register in our Trainings. Places are limited! With Apave, you can now build your annual training plan and benefit from up to 30% discount on your participations to our open training sessions throughout the coming year 2013
Apave Liban (Subsidiary of Apave Group) is in need of the following profile: Inspector for Third Party Inspection activity This position concern mainly Lifting inspection (Overhead cranes, Tower cranes, Elevators, etc.). Successful candidate will be trained for lifting inspection and works at height; he will be assigned to inspection missions in Lebanon and abroad, onshore and offshore sites. We would appreciate receiving application of interested Technicians, that have the physical and intellectual abilities for this job.
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WE HAVE RESERVED THIS PAGE JUST FOR YOUR AD
To advertise, please send an email at : buildingco@apaveliban.com
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TRIBUNE LIBRE G eo rges Na sr Engine e r - Caric atu rist
Towards A Better Future Engineers are problem solvers. They apply scientific and practical knowledge to design economic solutions for existing problems. This skill is ever more needed in an age where the earth’s finite resources are under pressure from a growing human population that is increasingly increasingly affluent and demanding. To sustain this demand for more development, engineers have excelled at marshalling more of the Earth’s finite resources. Engineers now have to contend with the differences between project needs and environmental necessities. On one hand, project requirements are essentially “linear”, defined by timesensitive objectives and specific outputs achieved at a predetermined cost. On the other hand, a sustainable environmental management is “circular”, and often imposes requirements that extend beyond the life of a project. Reconciling those two needs is becoming ever more difficult in this new era of development. This then engenders the need for new paradigms of development to a civilization that has essentially been build on humanity’s ability to “harvest the sun” indirectly, through the harvesting of crops, and the domestication of livestock. Agriculture developed
as early engineers first developed irrigation systems to grow more crops, then build storage systems to house and protect harvests. Growing food surpluses facilitated the rise of ever more complex societal “super-organisms” that needed to harvest even more of the sun’s energy. Engineers devised newer ways to “import” increased amounts of energy into the “system”, first from work animals and water power, and then through buried hydrocarbons stores . However, each one of these solutions exacted a price, often in the form of increased pollution and damaged ecosystems, and many civilizations did not survive their early successes. Today, society faces the unprecedented challenge of resource limitation, and it needs the skills of engineers more than ever before in order to help it reach sustainable patterns of development. Engineers are now faced with an unprecedented challenge; for all their ingenuity, their solutions were merely “static” adaptations. Yet the Earth remains a dynamic system made up of many interdependent subsystems; one for which we have yet to develop the necessary scientific and practical knowledge needed to solve the new challenges that we face.
Bell, S., Morse, S.; 2005: Delivering Sustainability Therapy in Sustainable Development Projects, Journal of Environmental Management, 75 Tainter, J.A.; 1990: The Collapse of Complex Societies, Cambridge University Press, UK. Bar Yam, Y.; 1997: Complexity rising: From human beings to human civilization, a complexity profile”, Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), UNESCO, EOLSS Publishers, Oxford, UK. A system in which one physical state develops into another one over the course of time, often under the effect of extraneous influences (“forcings”).
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