Globalization magazine - by Anna Benini

JANUARY 2019 _ NO. 1 _ $3.95

GLOBALIZATION MAGAZINE

SUMMARY 2

Folklor and culture

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Modern lifestyle

Colonizations and mass migrations

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The Western culture influence

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Consumism’s consequences

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20

Resources exploitation

Intensive farming

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Pollution

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Urbanisation

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Consumism

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Industrialization and technology

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Global warming

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Economic inequality

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Multinational Corporations

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Multiculturalism

Migration

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the GREAT

COLONIZATIONS MIGRATION

Popperfoto/Getty Images

from “Corriere d’Italia”

from “Ellisisland”

and MASS

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GLOBALIZATION - 2019 JANUARY

Colonialism is the policy of a foreign polity seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of opening trade opportunities. The colonizing country seeks to benefit from the colonized country or land mass. Many of the colonized countries were not countries at all prior to colonization. In the process, colonizers imposed their religion, economics, and medicinal practices on the natives. Some argue this was a positive move toward

COLONIZATIONS AND MASS MIGRATION

Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily in a new location. The movement is often over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally, family units or in large groups. photo: from “viaggi e miraggi�

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FOLKLOR and CULTURE

Traditions represent a critical piece of our culture. They help form the structure and founda-

tion of our families and our society. They remind us that we are part of a history that defines our past, shapes who we are today and who we are likely to become. Once we ignore the meaning of our traditions, we’re in danger of damaging the underpinning of our identity. As leaders, role models, and parents, we must strive to utilize every opportunity available to us to reinforce the values and beliefs that we hold dear. The alternative to action is taking these values for granted. The result is that our beliefs will get so diluThe question of ted, over time, that our way of life will become foreign to us. It’s globalization and like good health. You may take it for granted until you lose it. If its impact on we disregard our values, we’ll open our eyes one day and won’t cultural minorities 3

1: Jeon Heon Kyun / EPA

FOLKLOR AND CULTURE

2: Stephen Jaffe / FMI Reuters

3: From “Marco Polo TV”

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the

WESTERN CULTURE

Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, and European civilization, is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe. The term also applies beyond Europe to countries and cultures whose histories are strongly connected to Europe by immigration, colonization, or influence. For example, Western culture includes countries in the Americas and Australasia, whose language and demographic ethnicity majorities are European.

Photo: Sofia Cangiano / Unsplash

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LIFESTYLE

MODERN The modern lifestyle has a number of advantages which includes easing peoples life, saving hundreds of peoples lives by the new development of medicine and vaccines. On the other hand different modern life style patterns have negative effects on health physically, psychologically, and socially. One of these modern ways of living is the high intake of fast foods.

This is due to specific reasons such as the short time specified for eating and choosing healthy food. Lack of physical activity combination with fast foods leads to bad effects on the heart’s health. Use of high technology machines is another way of modernity.

LIFE STYLE

LIFESTYLE

Although use of these machines has helped in saving the time to do a lot of tasks, the wrong use of them will indirectly affect health.

Another point is the advanced transportation which reduces the time needed to travel and made travelling an enjoyable time. Last, is the use of computers and internet in the communication, transfer of information, and entertainment as well. Altogether will constitute the elements of a sedentary life style.

That means, high fatty foods intake and lack of physical activity. Which both are caused by fast foods, depending on high technology machines and transportation, and sitting long hours in front of the computer.

Photo: Sheri mandel / National Geographic

LIFESTYLE

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― Samuel P. Huntington

“Multiculturalism is in its essence anti-European civilization. It is basically an anti-Western ideology.”

“The deal with multiculturalism is that the only culture you're allowed to disapprove of is your own.”

― Martin Amis

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The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, of political philosophy, and of colloquial use.

In sociology and in everyday usage, it is a synonym for “ethnic pluralism”, with the two terms often used interchangeably, for example, a cultural pluralism in which various ethnic groups collaborate and enter into a dialogue with one another without having to sacrifice their particular identities. It can describe a mixed ethnic community area where multiple cultural tradi tions exist (such as New York City) or a single country within which they do.

GLOBALIZATION - 2019 JANUARY

we are living in a

photo: Jason Leung / Unsplash

MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY MULTICULTURALISM

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MULTICULTURALISM and the

NEW UNDERSTANDING

DIVERSITY

of

Culture is not viewed as synonymous with ethnicity but rather as a larger category that includes ethnicity, as well as other sociocultural contexts for example race, gender, education and economics, are some of the sociocultural contexts of membership. From the multicultural perspectives assumed here there is a multiplicity of sociocultural contexts which influence values over time. These values influence all levels individuals, families, communities and institutions. From the multicultural perspective, diversity is a valuable resource for growth and enrichment of all societies.This perspective is multidimensional because it incorporates the many contextual dimensions that contribute to cultural values. To clarify the difference between this multicultural perspective and the evolution of views of multiculturalism in the United States, I briefly summarize how multiculturalism has been understood over time.

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1: Clem Onojeguo / Unsplash

2: David Macdonald / Wordpress 3: Dan Freeman / Jumbo

4: Simon Launay / Unsplash

MULTICULTURALISM

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URBANISAT 1: Jonas off / Unsplash

2: Alexandr Bormotin / Unsplash

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“The City was the acme of efficiency, but it made demands of its inhabitants. It asked them to live in a tight routine and order their lives under a strict and scientific control.”

― Isaac Asimov, The Caves of Steel

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ION

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INDUSTRIALIZATION & TECHNOLOGY

2 As of 2018 the "international development community" (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), many United Nations departments, and some[which?] other organisations)[citation needed] endorses development policies like water purification or primary education and co-operation amongst third world communities. Some members of the economic communities do not consider contemporary industrialisation policies as being adequate to the global south (Third World countries) or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that they may only create inefficient local industries unable to compete in the free-trade dominated political order which industrialisation has fostered.[citation needed] Environmentalism and Green politics may represent more visceral reactions to industrial growth. Nevertheless, repeated examples in history of apparently successful industrialisation (Britain, Soviet Union, South Korea, China, etc).

1: Joakim Honkasalo / Unsplash

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY

2: Franck V. / Unsplash

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1: Ray Tang / REX

2: Christopher Jue / Getty Images

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CONSUMERISM “The things you own end up owning you” -Tyler Durden, Fight Club

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Consumerism is a social and economic order that encourages the purchase of goods and services in ever-greater amounts. Early criticisms of consumerism are

present in the works of Thorstein Veblen (1899). Veblen’s subject of examination, the newly emergent middle class arising at the turn of the twentieth century, comes to fruition by the end of the twentieth century through the process of globalization. In this sense, consumerism is usually considered a part of media culture. The term “consumerism� has also been used to refer to something quite different called the consumerists movement, consumer protection or consumer activism, which seeks to protect and inform consumers by requiring such practices as honest packaging and advertising, product guarantees, and improved safety standards. In this sense it is a movement or a set of

CONSUMERISM

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industrialization

photo: from “l’Oraquotidiano”

William Rees, an urban planner at the University of British Columbia, measure of the success of a consumer society, obviously, to consume. estimated that it requires four to six hectares of land to maintain the However, the production, processing, and consumption, of commoconsumption level of the average person from dities requires the extraction and use of As well as obvious social a high-consumption country. The problem is natural resources (wood, ore, fossil fuels, and and economic problems, that in 1990, worldwide there were only 1.7 water); it requires the creation of factories consumerism is destroying and factory complexes whose operation creates hectares of ecologically productive land for our environment. each person. He concluded that the deficit is toxic byproducts, while the use of commoAs the demand for goods made up in core countries by drawing down dities themselves (e.g. automobiles) creates increases, the need to the natural resources of their own countries pollutants and waste. Yet of the three factors produce these goods also environmentalists often point to as responsiand expropriating the resources, through trade, increases. of peripheral countries. In other words, someble for environmental pollution — population, one has to pay for our consumption levels. technology, and consumption — consumption [Emphasis Added] Our consumption of goods obviously is a function seems to get the least attention. One reason, no doubt, is that it may be of our culture. Only by producing and selling things and services does the most difficult to change; our consumption patterns are so much a capitalism in its present form work, and the more that is produced and part of our lives that to change them would require a cultural overhaul.

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A MASSIVE CONSUME WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES?

CONSUMISM CONSEQUENCES

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RESOURCES EXPLOITATION

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The exploitation of natural resources is the use of natural resources for economic growth, sometimes with a negative connotation of accompanying environmental degradation. It started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) developed much further than it had in preindustrial areas. During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased.

Today, about 80% of the world’s energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and gas.

Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans is subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem.

1: Matthias Klum / National Geographic 2: from “NASA Earth Observatory”

3: from “Dailymail”

4: Matt Benson / Unsplash

RESOURCES EXPLOITATION

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INTENSIVE

Intensive farming involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area. It is characterized by a low fallow ratio, higher use of inputs such as capital and labour, and higher crop yields per cubic unit land area.This contrasts with traditional agriculture, in which the inputs per unit land are lower. The term “intensive� involves various meanings, some of which refer to organic farming methods (such as biointensive agriculture and French intensive gardening), and others that refer to nonorganic methods.

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Photos: Mishka Henner / National Geographic

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FARMING

Most commercial agriculture is intensive in one or more ways. Forms that rely heavily on industrial methods are often called industrial agriculture, which is characterised by innovations designed to increase yield. Techniques include planting multiple crops per year, reducing the frequency of fallow years, and improving cultivars. It also involves increased use of fertilizers, plant growth regulators, and pesticides and mechanised agriculture, controlled by increased and more detailed analysis of growing conditions, including weather, soil, water, weeds, and pests.

INTENSIVE FARMING

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POLLUTION Society derives some indirect utility from pollution,

otherwise there would be no incentive to pollute.

This utility comes from the consumption of goods and services that create pollution. Therefore, it is important that policymakers attempt to balance these indirect benefits with the costs of pollution in order to achieve an efficient outcome.

A visual comparison of the free market and socially optimal outcomes. It is possible to use environmental economics to determine which level of pollution is deemed the social optimum. For economists, pollution is an “external cost and occurs only when one or more individuals suffer a loss of welfare,” however, there exists a socially optimal level of pollution at which welfare is maximized. This is because consumers derive utility from the good or service manufactured, which will outweigh the social cost of pollution until a certain point. At this point the damage of one extra unit of pollution to society, the marginal cost of pollution, is exactly equal to the marginal benefit of consuming one more unit of the good or service.

1: Mike Wilson / Unsplash

POLLUTION

2: from “Repubblica”

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GLOBAL

WARMING

Global warming is a long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s climate system, an aspect of climate change shown by temperature measurements and by multiple effects of the warming. The term commonly refers to the mainly human-caused observed warming since pre-industrial times and its projected continuation, though there were also much earlier periods of global warming. In the modern context the terms are commonly used interchangeably, but global warming more specifically relates to worldwide surface temperature increases; while climate change is any regional or global statistically identifiable persistent change in the state of climate which lasts for decades or longer, including warming or cooling. Many of the observed warming changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental temperature record.

photo: Manipadma Jena / Focus

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1: from “National Geographic” 2: from “Pixabay”

3: Ashley Cooper / Getty Images

GLOBAL WARMING

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MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS A multinational corporation (MNC) or worldwide enterprise is a corporate organization which owns or controls production of gods or services in at least one country other than its home country.

The actions of multinational corporations are strongly supported by economic liberalism and free market system in a globalized international society. The history of multinational corporations is closely intertwined with the history of colonialism, the first multinational corporations being founded to undertake colonial expeditions at the behest of their European monarchical patrons. Anti-corporate advocates criticize multinational corporations for their ways of operating as they enter into contracts with countries that have low human rights or environmental standards. In other words, increased mobility of multinational corporations benefit capital while workers and communities lose. Some negative outcomes generated by multinational corporations include increased inequality, unemployment, and wage stagnation.

1: from eltoper.com

2: from cocacolaitalia.it

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MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION

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The gap between rich and poor has increased in almost every region of the world over the last four decades.

ECONOMIC

INEQUALITY A global perception that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poor has triggered calls for a crackdown on offshore tax havens and moved the issue of inequality up the political agenda. Overseen by French economist Thomas Piketty, the report drew on the work of more than 100 researchers in over 70 different countries. It found that since 1980, the top 0.1 percent of wealth owners, about 7 million people, captured as much of the world’s growth as the bottom half of the adult population, around 3.8 billion people.

“Conversely, income growth has been sluggish or even nil for the population between the global bottom 50 percent and top 1 percent,” the report said.

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1: from “China Uncensored” 2: from “ Business Insider”

3: Paradise City (San Paulo) 4: Karthy Keyan / Unsplash

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IMMIGRATION

EMIGRATION

MIGRATION

Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily in a new location. The movement is often over

long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally. People may migrate as individuals, in family units or in large groups. A person who moves from their home to another place because of natural disaster or civil disturbance may be described as a refugee or, especially within the same country, a displaced person.

A person seeking refuge from political, religious, or other forms of persecution is usually described as an asylum seeker.Nomadic movements are normally not regarded as migrations as there is no intention to settle in the new place.

Photo: Mitch Lesink / Unsplash

CREDITS Free University of Bolzano - Bozen Faculty of Design and Art

Bachelor in Design and Art - Major in Design WUP 18/19 | 1st semester foundation course Project Modul: Editorial Design

Design by: Anna Benini Magazine | Globalization

Supervision: Project leader Prof. Antonino Benincasa Project assistants Maximilian Boiger, Gian Marco Favretto Photography:

Matt Benson, Alexander Bormotin, Sofia Cangiano, Ashley Cooper, Dan Freeman, MIshka Henner, Joakim Honkasalo, Stephen Jaffe, Manipadma Jena, Christopher Jue, Karthy Keyan, Matthias Klum, Jeon Heon Kyun, Simon Launay, Mitch Lesink, Jason Leung, David Macdonald, Sheri Mandel, Jonas Off, Clem Onojeguo, Ray Tang, Mike Wilson Paper: Gardamatt Art 100 gr.

Modigliani 250 gr.

Fonts: Amiri, Montserrat

Printed: Bozen-Bolzano, January 2019 Inside pages – Digital Print | Canon Cover – Digital Print | Canon

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