Editorial project - Under Water by Elena Aldrighetti

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U N D E R W A T E R “The creative act is a letting down of the net of human imagination into the ocean of chaos

on which we are suspended, and the attempt to bring out of it ideas.

It is the night sea journey, the lone fisherman on a tropical sea with his nets�

We are all jellyfish, too pitiful and to afraid of being disliked to be honest

creat

8964 Credits to Marta Bevacqua

tures gelatinous about All All creatures

I must down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky, And all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by,And the wheel’s kick and the wind’s song and the white sail’s shaking, And a grey mist on the sea’s face, and a grey dawn breaking.

Planning is not their forte.In place of a brain,jellies have a nerve net.Jellyfish are the free-floating relatives of sea anemones and corals, much older than fish,and not much changed for more than 600 million years.They ruled the ocean,in their passive way, when there was almost nothing but ocean.

Now they drift into their food or their food drifts into them.The pulsing creates a current that pulls prey within reach.

I must down to the seas again, for the call of the running tideIs a wild call and a clear call that may not be denied;And all I ask is a windy day with the white clouds flying.

And the flung spray and theblown spume, and the sea-gulls crying.

Depending on the kind of jellyfish, its sting can be minor,memorable,or,in very rare cases, fatal. (More than 1,000 species of jellyfish have been described Like trees in the Amazon rainforest, there are probably thousands more unfortunately still undiscovered) The stinging cells - called nematocysts - are embedded in the tentacles and the umbrella of the jellyfish.The nematocyst generates a dart; the dart gets fired into prey.

I must down to the seas again, to the vagrant gypsy life,To the gull’s way and the whale’s way where the wind’s like a whetted knife;And all I ask is a merry yarn from a laughing fellow-roverAnd quiet sleep and a sweet dream when the long trick’s”

Even so, the blue button’s sting is venomous enough to keep the creature well-fed. The round, yellowishbrown “button” part of the blue button is usually about an inch wide and has tentacle-like strands hanging off it.(This button is gas-filled, which helps the blue button float in the water, according to the Encyclopedia of Life.)These strands,or hydroid branches, zap free-floating marine animals known as zooplankton.

If there is magic on this planet it is in water

People who watch the sea—lifeguards, surfers, and fishermen—believe that there are more jellyfish than ever. Though this has definitely been the summer of beach closings, marine biologists find it hard to pin down the numbers. It could be, the more cautious say, that we’re seeing more near beaches this year because of changing currents or shifting winds, or we could be at some point in a climatic cycle that causes jelly populations to increase before they wane again. It’s impossible to map the long-term ebbs and flows because we don’t have good data on jellyfish blooms in past decades or centuries. Census and tracking are difficult because it’s very, very hard to put a tag on a jellyfish, they have a short life span, and no one cares to come back and recapture them. (It’s even hard to net them without having them fall to pieces.).It’s easy to assume that global warming must be involved in the apparent jellyfish explosion.

After all, we bump into these scary floaters in the summer. But they’re around in numbers in the summer because there’s plenty to eat then. (There are also jellyfish floating under Arctic and Antarctic ice.) It’s true that jellyfish might make more medusas at higher temperatures, but recent experiments showed that each juvenile medusa has a lower chance of survival in warmed water.We do know

for certain that changes in food supply can cause a population increase. Jellyfish consume tiny fish, shrimp larvae, and plankton. (Some jellyfish specialize in eating other jellies; these cannibals include the extremely useful Aequorea, the source of a luminescent substance—green fluorescent protein—used as a marker by virtually every molecular-biology lab in the world.) Fertilizer and sewage runoff from our coastal cities and towns puts nutrients in the water that fertilize the tiny plants—phytoplankton—red near the coast; we may be inadvertently beckoning more of them closer with our organic waste. And overfishing and pollution have greatly decreased the jellyfish’s main competitors for food—the little 4- to 8-inchers like anchovies, sardines, and menhaden.We don’t know enough now to predict the future of jellyfish populations; we do know we don’t want them at our beach. Still, there’s something captivating about the creatures, even outside an aquarium. E.O. Wilson, an ant expert and the greatest environmental scientist of our time, begins his autobiography with a boyhoodE.O. Wilson, an ant expert and the greatest environmental scientist of our time, begins his autobiography with an amazing and boyhood.

“Most likely, they will all die off when the water temperature drops, so they may hang around for

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Barcelona Acquarium The Barcelona Aquarium is Europe’s most important recreational and educational marine center, but also the richest in the world for Mediterranean fish species.Imagine 21 large aquariums, 11,000 animals of 450 different species, an underwater tunnel 80 meters long, six million liters of water and an immense Oceanarium, the only one in Europe.

8965 Credits to Ian Schneider

IT’S IT’S RA RAINBO RA 8966 Credits to Hailey Schives Antony Tedja

A OW

Planning is not their forte. In place of a brain,jellies have a nerve net.

Jellyfish are the free-floating relatives of sea anemones and corals, much older than fish

Chry s in th aora hy e Pa sosc ci e in th e Ad fic Ocea lla is a ra spec n bu ther riatic t w i jellyfi es is com Sea an sighting idespre s d ad sh c ar m i n th only brow omp e Gu e regula jellyfish k n a n o s rly w lf o n umb bands s, bec ause as the b f Triest made rella t h a e. T t ad rown . It c its t of th his or w a e in le enty-fo n reach n the w sixteen jellyfish ur te or h ngth V-sh up t ole n unm , istak charac tacles o forty in surface aped can in w able teris diam of the a e t eter dista ter. If en coloring ics that xceed and o , , c caus nce: co ountere make it togethe ne mete e n d e r urtic derma tact wit , it is go asily rec with th r ating titis, h th e o o d gni to e a is a spec species lthough tentac stay at zable les c a sa in ab som ies t it is n fe h e s a in G examp at is ofte olute. C ot amon n in fa ct enoa les a hrys g the n gr ao o re fo . r exa wn in lar ra hyso most sce ge a mple visib quariu lla m le in the o s; ne

Fossil Record Reveals Elusive Jellyfish More Than 500 Million Years Old Archived 7 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. ScienceDaily (2 November 2007).

Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 9 June 2018.

CHRYSAORA COLORATA

The purple-striped jelly (Chrysaora colorata) is a species of jellyfish that exists primarily off the coast of California in Monterey Bay. The bell (body) of the jellyfish is up to 70 cm (27.6 inches or 2.3 feet) in diameter, typically with a radial pattern of stripes. The tentacles vary with the age of the individual, consisting typically of eight marginal long dark arms, and four central frilly oral arms.

It is closely studied by scientists due to not much being known about their eating habits.

Often young Cancer crabs make home in the jellyfish and eat the parasitic amphipods that feed on and damage the jellyfish.

Coulombe, Deborah A. (14 February 1990). Sea side Naturalist: A Guide to Study at the Seashore.

Simon & Schuster. p. 60.

ISBN 9780671765033.

8967 Credits to Eric Aiden

Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species:

Animalia Cnidaria Scyphozoa Semaeostomeae Pelagiidae Chrysaora C.colorata

“Jellyfish”.Merriam-Web ster.1 September 2018.

Retrieved 11 September 2018.

Daley, Jason (1 March 2017).“Take a Peek at the Mesmerizing ‘Cosmic Jellyfish”.Smithsonian.

Retrieved 28 August 2018.

Marques, A.C.; A.G. Collins (2004).“Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution”.

Invertebrate Biology.123: 23–42.

1964

RUSSEL

Purple Striped Jellyfish is usually in light pink to white colour until they grow to the size of 10cm, then they will start developing the purple stripes on their bell.Relatively easy to breed and grow.They grow well on feeding moon jellyfish but feed well on other types of food such as baby/adult brine shrimp, mysids and sea food shakes. Jellyfish or sea jellies are the informal common names given.

8968 Credits to Samuel Zeller

JELLLYFISH POETRY

The jellyfish in the sky The Jellyfish in the Sky A harbinger of life and death He walks the sky Carried by her breath From above his many arms reach the earth They beat rocks down Carve waterways And raise earthly pillars From the sun he brings color Captured in his work Down, Down in the leaves His gift to her When her lungs are deep and shouts coarse His shadow is dark The land lost in premature night Interrupted by angry light On these dull nights with sullen color Life is ruptured And the blood of torched nature Swallows her When her voice is gentle and breath still His works are thoughtful and cautious Gifts numerous and precious And she’s alive Lost words capture the light Of the ancient giant Making the beautiful Visible to the earthly soul His touch like the heart Strong and warped by passion Imperfect and earnest And dictated by cyclic motion Wild and Eternal The Heart of Nature

8969 Credits to Marta Bevacqua Neo World

UNDER SPACE

A group of dolphins is ca a group of fish is called a a group of crows is called and a group of jellyfish is

alled a pod, a school, d a murder s called a ÂŤsmackÂť

8970 Credits to Arno Smith

All about their natural habitat

Ancient myth says that Atlantis was a powerful undersea city whose warriors conquered many parts of Europe. There is little proof that such a city existed, but human fascination with the world under the oceans certainly has existed for centuries. Not much was known about the aphotic zone of the ocean until scientists developed a system modeled In the late 1950s, after the way that bats and dolphins use echothe bathyscaphe location to navigate in (deep boat) the dark (Figure 14.19).

Prompted by the need Trieste was the to find submarines durfirst manned ing World War II, scientists learned to bounce vehicle to sound waves through venture to the the ocean to detect underwater objects. The deepest parts of sound waves bounce back like an echo off of whatever object may be in the ocean. The distance of the object can be calculated based on the time that it takes for the sound waves to return. Finally, scientists were able to map the ocean floor. Dolphins and whales use echolocation, a natural sonar system, to navigate the ocean.Three main obstacles have kept us from studying the depths of the ocean: absence of light, very cold temperatures, and high pressure. As you know, light only penetrates the top of a 200 meters.

In the ocean, for every 10 meters of depth, the pressure increases by nearly 1 atmosphere! Imagine the pressure at 10,000 meters; that would be 1,000 kilograms per square centimeter (14,700 lbs/sq in). Today’s submarines usually dive to only about 500 meters; to go deeper than this they must be specially designed for greater depth (Figure 14.20).

In the 19th century, ex-In the late 1950s, plorers mapped ocean floors by painstakinglythe bathyscaphe dropping a line over the(deep boat) side of a ship to measure ocean depths, oneTrieste was the tiny spot at a time. SO-first manned NAR, which stands for Sound Navigation Andvehicle to Ranging, has enabledventure to the modern researchers to map the ocean floordeepest parts of much more quickly and easily. Researchers send a pulse of sound down to the ocean floor and calculate the depth based on how long it takes the sound to return. Of course, some scientific research requires actually traveling to the bottom of the ocean to collect samples or directly observe the ocean floor, but this is more expensive and can be dangerous.

8971 Sea floor Yucatan, Mexico Scott Web

8972 Credits to Havard Holme

They are even found in some freshwater lakes and ponds.Jellyfish range from the size of a thimble or the eraser tip of pencil to

1 Jellyfish are found in every ocean of the world.

3 STINGING FACTS ABOUT JELLYFISH of cells called cnidoblasts. Inside the cnidoblasts are nematocysts, each of which contains a coiled stinging thread. When a fish

2 Each jellyfish tentacle is armed with thousands

from its body. The tube acts as both its mouth and its digestive tube. In some jellyfish, the central tube is surrounded by frilly pieces that

3 Jellyfish have a short tube that hangs down

THE SEA ONCE IT HAS ITS SPELL HOLDS

ONE IN ITS NET OF WONDER FOREVER 8973 Credits to Shifaaz Shaamon Severinus Sevantara

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8975 Credits to Joel Filipe

When life is loud find peace underwater

SEA FEVER SEA FEVER

John Masefield,

John Masefield, Isak Dinesen 8976 Credits to Raya Ann Miller Tavis Beck Andrew Clifton

T H E C U R E F O R AN Y T H I N G

I S

SAL T W A T E R

S

W E A T T E A R S OR THE SEA

8977 Credits to Iance Anderson Adrien Auxen

8978 Credits to Eric Eiden

Life below water: Saving Africa’s fishery resources The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)14 aims to promote the conservation and the sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources for development. One of the most important water-dependent sectors isthe fishery sector, which makes an important contribution to food security globally.

For instance, in Africa, fish provides a lot of people with most of their daily animal protein. The sector also employs many people and provides income opportunities.Despite the importance of the sector, Africa’s marine and inland fisheries are reaching their limits. For example, in Ghana, just like in many other African countries, marine and some inland fisheries have been overfished, resulting inreduced fish stocks.In response to the challenges, the United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa (UNU-INRA)supported a study that investigated the potential of the fishery sector to mitigate poverty and unemployment in ten African countries namelyChad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Seychelles, São Tomé and Príncipe.The findings of the research indicated that the ability of the fishery sector in these countries to mitigate poverty and reduce unemployment was unattainable, mainly due to over-exploitation of the fishery stock,underutilization of the fishery resourcesin some countries and high employment pressure. To help address these challenges, the research proposed aquaculture prioritization in Africa, particularly in the countries with high employment pressure (Chad, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Morocco and Mauritania); and those with over exploitation of the fishery stock (Egypt, Chad, Ethiopia, and São Tomé and Príncipe). This is to help reduce the existing pressure on the fishery

In addition, the research foundhigh border rejection rates onfish exports from the study countries. This was attributed to quality deterioration as a result of non-compliance with export regulations relating to hygienic conditions, adulteration (missing documents), bacterial contaminations, use of food and feed additives, packaging andlabelling issues among others. Perhaps the study’s suggestion to strengthen quality control systems across the fish supply chains in Africa to ensure adherence to standards, could help increase exports of fish products for more economic benefits.MitikuTebeka,the researcher noted that “the findings of the research confirmed thatwild-catch fishing in many African countries is under intense fishing pressure and there is the need for strict adherence to regulations to restore the destroyed fisheries resources”.

“These findings provide empirical evidence that the fishery sector in Africa is confronted with various challenges and that there is an urgency to design and proposepolicy options for various stakeholders to facilitate the adoptionof best approaches towards the development of the sector”, observed Dr Elias T. Ayuk, Director of UNU-INRA, in his comment on the research supported by the Institute.It is clear that the challenges in the fishery sector are similar in many African countries. For a sector that provides food, jobs and income for many people, perhapsincreased awareness on best practices onthe part of policy actors and all key stakeholders in Africa, could help conserve and sustainably use water resources such as oceans, seas and marine towards sustainable development. This article, written by Praise Nutakor, Communications and PR Associate of UNU-INRA, is based on the USA.

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CREDITS Free University of Bolzano - Bozen Faculty of Design and Art Bachelor in Design and Art - Major in Design WUP 18/19 | 1st semester foundation course Project Modul: Editorial Design Design by: Elena Aldrighetti Magazine | Jellyfish Supervision: Project leader Prof. Antonino Benincasa Project assistants Maximilian Boiger, Gian Marco Favretto Photography: 8964-Marta Bevacqua 8965-Ian Schneider 8966-Hailey Schives, Antony Tedja 8967-Eric Eiden 8968-Samuel Zeller 8969-Marta Bevacqua, Neo World 8970-Amo Smith 8971-Scott Weber 8972-Havard Holme 8973-Schifaaz Shaamon, Severinus Sevantara 8974-Matt Helbig 8975-Joel Filipe 8976-Raya Ann Miller,Tavis Beck,Andrew Clifton 8977-Iance Anderson, Adrien Auxen 8978-Eric Eiden 8979-Sasha Stories Paper: Fonts: Helvetica Avenir

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