European leagues 1213 review

ntรณnio Valente Cardoso

European Leagues 12/13 Review, a comparative study

INTRODUCTION When we go over football magazines, newspapers, it’s common to read about the country’s league, the top clubs, the main leagues, neglecting almost all the other football championships. Even many studies that are published, approved and presented pay a great deal of attention to the more mediatic leagues, another reason for the need of a complete read on the footballing season.

Football is played all around the world, with each league having its own idiosyncrasies.

In some countries it is the premier sport, in others not so much, with attendances ranging from over 80000 to less than 100, all within first footballing leagues, large football cathedrals and small fields, all national players or a mix of nations, under 20 players used to over 40 footballers with minutes for a team in the season, 16 or 17 years old kids and almost 40 years old men. In those leagues you can find clubs that everybody around the world knows and teams that are a strange name even in their own country.

The names and numbers shown here pretend to present almost all that is discarded by the majority of media and helps to explain why football is more followed, has more influences from certain schools, where you have more youth, more foreigners, the differences between the players used and the eleven with more minutes, where are more newcomers, do they make a difference playing more often, what is the degree of importance.

Excluding Andorra and San Marino, over 20000 footballers fielded in the European top leagues during the 2012, 12/13 season, across over 50 leagues ranging from 10 to 20 teams in almost 550 clubs, were analyzed and detailed to reach the numbers that will fill the next pages.

1. Attendances

As the numbers show, German Bundesliga continues to be the European league with the highest average numbers at the stadia, with a significant distance to the English Premier League and a decrease of around 7000 between both of them, also between 2nd and 3rd with a huge gap from the Bundesliga to all the others leagues in Europe.

Ligas

Oc. Rate

Aver. Att.

Scotland

52,32%

10004

England

94,53%

35931

Poland

51,23%

8362

Germany

92,23%

42625

Sweden

50,85%

7206

Netherlands

87,41%

19620

Austria

50,28%

6840

Spain

72,55%

28754

Czech Rep.

46,93%

4838

France

67,46%

19220

Ukraine

42,80%

12602

Belgium

64,22%

11099

Denmark

41,80%

6813

Norway

60,81%

7002

Portugal

40,81%

9802

Turkey

60,60%

13042

Kazakhstan

38,34%

4146

Italy

54,31%

23271

Romania

37,11%

5237

Switzerland

53,07%

12022

Finland

36,61%

2035

Russia

52,41%

13205

Iceland

35,70%

1035

Slovakia

33,18%

2124

Belarus

32,67%

2248

Georgia

20,00%

946

Azerbaijan

30,33%

1726

Armenia

19,84%

691

Greece

30,14%

5003

Macedonia

19,51%

1133

Croatia

28,53%

2457

Montenegro

18,28%

713

Cyprus

27,69%

2924

Albania

18,05%

1600

Hungary

26,10%

2798

Moldova

16,80%

554

Eire

24,15%

1502

Latvia

16,23%

395

Lithuania

22,84%

807

Bosnia

15,86%

1336

Serbia

22,21%

3480

Luxembourg

14,73%

386

Ulster

22,13%

835

Wales

12,64%

279

Slovenia

22,04%

886

Estonia

10,31%

189

Bulgaria

21,61%

2616

When we witness numbers of just hundreds average, it is a reason of concern, especially in countries where football has tradition like Wales and Northern Ireland or is developing and growing like in the Caucasus, places where the numbers could rise with a different approach and some measures to ensure that growth.

The graphics pictured above and below give us an evolution idea of the attendances averages in the European Leagues in the last five years.

Aver. Att.

08-09

Var.

09-10

Var.

10-11

Var.

11-12

Var.

12-13

Germany England Spain Italy Netherlands France Russia Turkey Ukraine Switzerland Belgium Scotland Portugal Poland Sweden Norway Austria Denmark Romania Greece Czech Rep. Kazakhstan Serbia

42526 35624

-0,08 -9,66

42490 32181 27476

25762 19812 21044

-0,68 -4,34

19677 20131

0,39 3,36 1,20 -7,62 -2,19 -1,65

42655 33263 27807 23800 19247 19799 12091

5,75 4,02 1,51 -5,77 1,33 -4,72 6,76

45109 34600 28226 22426 19503 18864 12908

-5,51 3,85 1,87 3,77 0,60 1,89 2,30

8966

23,34

9037 11059

2,19 2,77

10407 6651

4,75 -23,02

9352 8789 6258

-13,30 -6,43 -22,08

13926 10901 5120 7950 8976 8108 8224 4876

3,78 -7,97 73,07 -17,65 -9,64 -0,47 -14,36 3,24

4658

5,95

4935

-10,35

9235 11365 12016 14453 10032 8861 6547 8111 8070 7043 5034 7282 4424

22,33 13,30 5,77 -4,00 9,63 -7,18 10,77 -1,42 -9,78 0,94 -2,96 -32,13 5,85

2455

54,58

11297 12877 12709 13875 10998 8225 7252 7996 7281 7109 4885 4942 4683 3901 3795

11,55 -6,64 -12,67 -27,90 -10,87 1,67 -0,63 -12,43 -6,06 -4,16 7,21 1,23 3,31 6,28 -8,30

42625 35931 28754 23271 19620 19220 13205 13042 12602 12022 11099 10004 9802 8362 7206 7002 6840 6813 5237 5003 4838 4146 3480

Var. 09-13 0,23 0,86 4,65 -9,67 -0,97 -8,67 9,21 39,45 34,08 -7,63 -28,16 -5,81 25,73 -9,36 -21,99 -26,86 -22,48 -16,32 -31,30 3,86 6,28 41,75

Cyprus Hungary Bulgaria Croatia Belarus Slovakia Finland Azerbaijan Albania Eire Bosnia Macedonia Iceland Georgia Slovenia Ulster Lithuania Montenegro Armenia Moldova Latvia Luxembourg Wales Estonia

2924 2998 3059

4,31 -5,14 -38,18

3050 2844 1891

-10,26 -35,06 -0,90

3053

-19,85

2447 1560

-7,32 42,12

1205

-27,80

2361

-33,88

1026

14,33

870

38,51

461

-17,14

189

-14,81

3220 2737 1847 1874 2313 2268 2217 2300 2306

-10,75 27,95 7,36 6,83 2,98 -3,75 -2,93

2874 3502 1983 2002 2382 2183 2152

-24,63

1561 1313 1173 1126 1205

-10,76 -0,76 -11,08 -12,43 13,53

1738 1560 1393 1303 1043 986 1368

1,74 -20,10 31,92 22,73 -5,63 -2,70 -5,44 -24,96 -7,94 -3,72 -4,09 -13,05 -0,77 -4,06 -35,23

722 674 664 566 441 327 203

2,02 -1,25 2,52 -16,57 -30,21 -12,47 -14,68 -6,90

791 606

19,14

780 455 382 339 161

-14,87 24,40 15,45 -3,54 26,09

2924 2798 2616 2457 2248 2124 2035 1726 1600 1502 1336 1133 1035 946 886 835 807 713 691 554 395 386 279 189

-9,19 -4,31 -12,74 -19,68 -2,81 -30,43 30,45 -24,96 -30,62 -3,72 -43,41 -13,71 0,88 -15,99 -26,47 2,02 17,66 2,52 -28,97 -13,19 -16,27 -17,70 0,00

Although the new investments in squads and/or stadia in the Eastern Europe, namely Russia, Ukraine and Poland, also seen in the Swiss league, although contradicted by the reduction in Austria – when linking it with the works done in the football stadia for the Euro 2008, we have witnessed a decrease in the variation of the attendances across Europe, with 29 of the analyzed leagues registering lower numbers of spectators in the gap evaluated.

This can also be confirmed with the occupation rates in the stadia, important to consider together due to promotions and relegations, stadium capacities, etc. When you see a fall of almost 300 percent both in numbers and occupancy rate it should be a reason to pay close attention, naturally understanding that the profound economic crisis is a huge factor to consider.

In many countries the old logic still resists, people thinking sport the same way as it was thought 30 or 40 years ago, that effort wasn’t needed, people would come naturally as there was not much else to do. Clubs need to open themselves to the community, on a regular basis, to create the bond that will make someone prefer to go watch a match in the stadium rather than go to the mall, to the movies or watch some television, for instance.

Av. Oc. Rate

08-09

Var.

09-10

Var.

10-11

Var.

11-12

Var.

12-13

Var. 09-13

England Germany Netherlands Spain France Belgium Norway Turkey Italy Switzerland Russia Scotland Poland Sweden Austria Czech Rep. Ukraine Denmark Portugal Kazakhstan Romania Finland Iceland Slovakia Belarus Azerbaijan Greece Croatia Cyprus Hungary Ulster Eire Macedonia Lithuania Serbia Slovenia Bulgaria Georgia Armenia Montenegro Albania Moldova Latvia Bosnia Luxembourg Wales Estonia

90,73% 90,42% 90,66%

-5,49 1,44 0,28

74,07%

-4,78

85,75% 91,72% 90,91% 70,40% 70,53%

-0,19 3,10 -1,08 0,48 -1,26

65,39%

1,22

85,59% 94,56% 89,93% 70,74% 69,64% 71,18% 66,19%

6,32 -1,48 0,32 0,90 6,65 -8,88 -3,20

91,00% 93,16% 90,22% 71,38% 74,27% 64,86% 64,07%

3,88 -1,00 -3,11 1,64 -9,17 -0,99 -5,09

4,19 2,00 -3,58 3,05 -8,92 -9,78 -7,00

54,86%

-6,47 8,91

57,53% 43,71% 50,73% 52,21% 48,25% 47,90% 48,64% 39,96%

3,62 59,78 -9,15 11,13 -2,69 -14,01 -10,16 -3,88

52,78% 59,75% 58,38% 59,61% 69,84% 46,09% 58,02% 46,95% 41,19% 43,70% 38,41%

2,63 -12,22 -8,29 -7,90 -25,62 5,12 -10,82 10,86 11,70 3,75 16,90

2,13 45,51 8,01 0,75

36,43% 46,20% 47,86% 26,75% 43,23% 34,69% 31,75% 21,46% 27,85% 26,40%

14,22 -8,20 6,75 1,27 -6,36

54,17% 52,45% 53,54% 54,90% 51,95% 48,45% 51,74% 52,05% 46,01% 45,34% 44,90% 33,72% 41,61% 42,41% 51,09% 27,09% 40,48%

-9,48 25,72 -3,05 36,74

28,74% 26,98% 27,00% 36,10%

0,26 1,18 -2,11 -4,70 -1,39 4,95 -2,82 -9,84 -6,98 -7,81 -9,11 13,70 -10,81 -13,68 -30,12 22,48 -19,29 -12,57 4,87 5,74 2,56 -27,70

1,01

30,28% 18,95%

94,53% 92,23% 87,41% 72,55% 67,46% 64,22% 60,81% 60,60% 54,31% 53,07% 52,41% 52,32% 51,23% 50,85% 50,28% 46,93% 42,80% 41,80% 40,81% 38,34% 37,11% 36,61% 35,70% 33,18% 32,67% 30,33% 30,14% 28,53% 27,69% 26,10% 25,76% 24,15% 23,23% 22,84% 22,21% 22,04% 21,61% 20,31% 19,84% 18,28% 18,05% 16,80% 16,23% 15,86% 14,73% 12,64% 10,31%

56,43% 49,89%

9,96

48,08%

-9,09

58,19% 47,48%

-10,28 1,62

53,47% 40,26%

-9,03 -0,75

40,16%

-11,18

31,56%

-15,87

35,67% 31,75% 44,31% 26,55%

25,04%

-23,32

19,20%

11,77

29,01%

3,96

30,16%

-12,47

27,52% 20,94%

-21,11 1,58

21,71% 21,27%

8,57 -31,41

17,16% 27,77% 13,91%

-16,55 -35,29 2,95

19,39%

-32,28

18,76% 25,07% 18,28% 23,57% 14,59% 27,26%

40,59 4,79 34,27 64,71

17,28% 28,57% 21,58% 14,32% 17,97% 14,32% 14,36% 13,13%

-1,16 -12,11 -4,68 22,14 2,00 24,02 2,99 44,71

25,70% 24,70% 19,59% 44,90% 18,77% 17,08% 25,11% 20,57% 17,49% 18,33% 17,76% 14,79% 19,00%

-20,24 22,59 -8,90 -13,58 -10,77 10,31 -54,77 5,70 7,03 -28,12 -18,33 -7,20 -13,48 -17,06 -14,54 -45,74

-3,76 6,37 -10,23 -9,06 6,55 0,24 -13,59 -1,16 -10,65 -21,83 1,37 13,70 -7,59 15,31 -19,43 5,13 -24,43 -12,57 -5,07 13,94 -0,57 -10,03 -20,24 23,83 -8,90 21,50 -19,91 3,20 -25,50 5,70 5,79 -36,82 -22,15 -5,42 -42,89 5,90 -11,98 -46,83

SWE

Med

Ocup

Elfsborg BK Hacken Malmo FF AIK Solna IFK Norrkoping Helsingborgs IFK Gotemburgo Atvidabergs Djurgarden Kalmar FF Gefle Mjallby AIF Syrianska GIF Sundsvall Orebro GAIS Gotemburgo ARM Shirak MIKA Ashtarak Gandzasar Pyunik Impuls Ulysses Ararat Ierevan Banants KZK Shakhter Karagandy Irtysh Pavlodar Aktobe Lokomotiv Astana Taraz Tobol Kostanay Ordabasy Akzhayik Kaisar Kyzylorda Kairat Almaty Atyrau Sunkar Zhetysu Okzhetpes LIT

10513 4348 14737 14311 7470 9384 10493 4579 9183 6208 3387 3892 2453 4032 5522 4783

62,21% 51,28% 61,40% 39,78% 44,73% 54,56% 55,23% 63,60% 63,69% 69,19% 47,05% 51,89% 38,33% 47,44% 38,08% 25,17%

1557 577 1657 532 198 263 212 518

51,90% 8,07% 30,13% 26,58% 8,60% 3,68% 3,85% 25,88%

5077 26,72% 5008 33,38% 6877 50,94% 4515 15,05% 5092 40,66% 4592 55,18% 3538 9,56% 4769 57,32% 3769 51,63% 6577 26,25% 2515 29,05% 1654 66,15% 2292 57,31% 1762 17,62% Med Ocup

As it is possible to see the range of attendances in the European Top Leagues stadia is very wide.

Some have small discrepancies between all participants, which denote a good balance, an evened support that allows those leagues to be more open, more unpredictable.

In the Swedish Allsvenkan we have two teams with an average attendance of over 14000, clearly the most followed clubs in the country, but the gap is not so big, when comparing with leagues like the Portuguese.

Armenia shows the decline of the historical club Ararat, the main local football force in the Soviet Union but losing ground after the independence.

Shirak and Ganzasar are the clubs that present the best stadia performances, with over 1000 people on average in their home matches.

Kazakhstan Premier League presents one of the most balanced numbers, interesting to see in such a big country, with money but still a lot of infrastructures needed and a type of governance that would, theoretically, see a support cleavage favoring the capital team, which is not seen with Aktobe surprising the ‘classic’ Kairat Almaty as the top ‘followed’.

Lithuanian A Lyga also has relatively well balanced numbers, with the classical Zalgiris and Ekranas being challenged nowadays by ‘baby’ Dainava, a team with 10 years existence that bonded with its town, Alytus, averaging more than 1000 persons per match last season.

Ekranas Zalgiris Vilnius Suduva Kruoja Siauliai Banga Dainava Atlantas Tauras FK Vilnius EIR Sligo Rovers Drogheda United St. Patrick's Athletic Shamrock Rovers Derry City Cork City Bohemians Shelbourne Univ. Col. Dublin Bray Wanderers Dundalk Monaghan United EST Kalju Nomme Levadia Tallinn Flora Tallinn Trans Narva Sillamae Kalev Paide FC Kuressaare FC Viljandi Kalev Tallinn Tammeka Tartu ISL FH Hafnarfjordur Breidablik IBV KR Reykjavik Stjarnan Akranes Fylkir Valur Reykjavik Keflavik Fram Reykjavik Selfoss

1127 28,17% 1359 9,04% 950 15,20% 392 39,18% 755 31,06% 917 45,83% 1237 23,34% 350 8,75% 391 24,41% 508 338,00% Med Ocup 3007 21,48% 967 17,91% 1474 27,60% 3147 52,44% 1479 18,03% 2786 40,38% 1519 19,09% 1187 19,78% 506 20,26% 942 13,45% 912 15,19% Med Ocup 337 6,74% 273 5,46% 227 2,44% 118 3,93% 157 7,84% 144 53,69% 105 5,24% 90 3,58% 195 1,62% 251 12,54% Med Ocup 1595 24,97% 1168 23,19% 659 23,26% 1452 52,21% 851 78,82% 1297 21,62% 1012 35,75% 1200 53,95% 851 29,64% 905 9,23% 822 41,10%

The Irish Airtricity League doesn’t live up to the enthusiasm Irish people has for football and their national team, perhaps because the best talents go very early to English clubs.

Regardless of that, numbers have been increasing due to a tremendous effort from the federation and league, giving clubs a guide on how they could boost their attendances and create a more close relation with the supporters.

The fact that most clubs are seeded in the capital, Dublin, also contributes to that situation, possible to confirm with the best numbers in Sligo and Cork.

Contrary to Lithuania, where although basketball is the national sport football attracts thousands to the stadia, in Estonia the panorama is much worst, a league that doesn’t have a support with the best average going little over 300 and the 10th under 100. A lot of work needed in the Meistriliiga.

Iceland must be seen in a peculiar way.

It’s the shortest European league, with only 22 matchdays, due to Arctic extreme weather condition, it is a very big island although little populated in comparison, which makes acceptable the numbers given. The clubs have a very approximate average, between over 600 and less than 1600.

Nowadays, sooner and sooner, the Icelandic footballers tend to go not only to the traditional Nordic neighbors and the English divisions, not growing enough in technique, but opened the Netherlands doors, which brought an increase in quality to the national side, with the learn in some of the best football schools.

Grindavik LAT Daugava Daugavpils FK Ventspils Skonto Riga Metalurgs Liepaja Spartaks Jurmala FC Jurmala Jelgava U. Liepaja/METTA Daugava Riga Gulbene NOR Molde Stromsgodset Rosenborg Tromso Viking Stavanger Brann Bergen Haugesund Valerenga Odd Grenland Lillestrom Aalesund Sogndal Honefoss Sandnes Ulf Fredrikstad Stabaek FIN HJK Helsínquia Inter Turku TPS Turku IFK Mariehamn FC Lahti MyPa Anjalankoski FC Honka VPS Vaasa JJK KuPS FF Jaro Haka Valkeakoski BLR BATE Borisov Shakhtyor Soligorsk Dínamo Minsk

606 Med 288 489 391 604 595 202 647 269 130 327 Med 9362 6101 13394 4210 9894 12321 4532 10768 5178 5693 9184 3659 2885 3842 7110 3905 Med 3744 2332 3043 1370 1470 1374 1635 2263 2566 1575 1492 1392 Med 4598 1432 2509

34,62% Ocup 7,07% 15,85% 4,12% 11,88% 21,26% 7,23% 29,42% 41,44% 2,29% 21,80% Ocup 83,83% 81,34% 63,28% 56,13% 60,70% 71,15% 51,50% 42,11% 39,83% 45,54% 85,25% 67,74% 67,78% 77,30% 53,46% 26,03% Ocup 34,76% 25,91% 33,81% 34,24% 10,14% 33,79% 40,87% 52,63% 51,32% 45,00% 37,30% 39,60% Ocup 85,11% 34,09% 64,24%

Latvia stands in the middle of their Baltic fellows, not able to achieve the Lithuanian averages but clearly better than the Estonian numbers.

You would think that after the Euro 2004 surprise and historical qualifications, football would get more local support in the stadia, which didn’t happen and the attendances in the capital, Riga, are very poor.

Lower than Allsvenskan, the Norwegian top league has been witnessing a little decrease in the attendances, probably directly connected with worst national side performances.

Like in Sweden here also we have the most followed clubs averaging over 10000 people but almost half the teams can’t get up to 5000 people average in the stadium.

Contrary to their Norwegian and Swedish neighbors, Finnish Veikkausliiga is reducing the top league clubs in order to try and strengthen the local football, with an increase in numbers but still in very little fashion merely gaping between little over 1000 and less than 4000, almost laughable numbers for a country with such a close relation with sports.

HJK Helsinki should have an average attendance twice it has at least.

Thinking no one from outside Helsinki comes to the matches, a scenario not very realistic, it is sad to see the most historical club in the country not being able to attract even 1 percent of the capital’s inhabitants.

FK Gomel Neman Grodno FK Minsk Belshina Bobruisk Brest Naftan Novopolotsk Slávia Mozyr Torpedo Zhodino ALB Skenderbeu Kukesi Teuta Durres Flamurtari KF Tirana Vllaznia Shkoder Laci Kastrioti Bylis Besa Shkumbini Tomori Berat Luftetari Apolonia Fier ALE Bayern Munique Borussia Dortmund Bayer Leverkusen Schalke 04 Freiburg Eintracht Frankfurt Hamburger Borussia MGB Hannover Nuremberga VfL Wolfsburg Estugarda Mainz Werder Bremen Augsburg 1899 Hoffenheim Fortuna Dusseldorf Greuther Furth AUT Áustria Viena Red Bull Salzburg Rapid Viena

4364 1863 922 1270 1646 930 1473 1610 Med 3631 2036 1162 2304 1315 2050 782 842 1131 2092 1000 1291 1761 877 Med 71000 80534 28120 61171 23276 48044 52916 49722 44359 41518 26641 50054 31152 40639 29078 26162 46024 16843 Med 9898 8306 14262

30,50% 22,17% 2,71% 34,24% 16,33% 17,55% 27,80% 24,61% Ocup 33,01% 20,36% 9,65% 28,10% 10,34% 14,59% 15,64% 10,03% 21,75% 23,24% 25,00% 15,19% 14,09% 11,69% Ocup 100,00% 99,86% 93,08% 99,19% 96,99% 93,29% 92,83% 92,06% 90,53% 83,04% 88,80% 82,81% 91,62% 96,53% 94,84% 86,77% 84,29% 93,57% Ocup 76,14% 26,79% 81,50%

Belarus is not very different from Finland, reducing the number of teams, not with the expect success in terms of competitiveness and attendances, contrary to the Finnish the averages lowered a litter bit.

Like many other ‘regime’ clubs, also Dinamo Minsk is feeling the weight of their past, losing ground to the ‘independence’ clubs. This is another country that could improve a lot the average attendances but measures are needed.

If Germanys’ Bundesliga remained at 18 since its conception, most leagues had changes through time, increasing and decreasing the club numbers in the football leagues, like Albania, trying to adapt to changes, trying to create more balanced championships, trying to take the game to more places.

The Albanians could also do better, it’s the country’s national sport however it is also connected with extreme behaviors, witnessing on a yearly basis pitch invasions, misbehaviors which the federation and clubs try to deal with but it has the effect of people wandering off.

Germany and the Bundesliga is the role model. The league has full stadiums, good connection between clubs and towns, finances extremely controlled and a successful league.

Expansion is happening but with calm, the German language is a little barrier, compared with the English, but they are overcoming it also.

Sturm Graz Wolfsberger AC SV Ried Magna WN Wacker Innsbruck Admira Wacker Mattersburg AZE Neftchi Baku Qarabag Inter Baku Simurq FK Baku Qabala AZAL Khazar Lenkaran Ravan Sumgayit Turan Kapaz BEL Anderlecht Zulte-Waregem Genk Club Brugge Lokeren Standard Liège Mons Malines KV Kortrijk OH Leuven Charleroi AA Gent Waasland-Beveren Lierse Beerschot AC Cercle Brugge BiH Zeljeznicar FK Sarajevo Borac Banja Luka Celik Zenica Olimpik Sarajevo Siroki Brijeg Slavija Sarajevo Leotar Trebinje

10656 69,20% 5276 65,94% 4228 56,38% 2816 40,02% 5095 29,28% 3215 26,79% 4648 30,78% Med Ocup 2177 54,30% 640 22,86% 875 11,14% 2213 63,21% 1024 3,43% 1224 61,19% 763 9,71% 5400 36,00% 510 51,00% 2109 14,06% 1855 29,22% 1971 7,88% Med Ocup 21552 81,76% 7715 75,63% 20537 83,48% 25325 84,57% 6168 66,90% 20732 69,05% 4264 35,53% 10140 77,27% 8004 85,16% 7923 83,46% 6387 25,55% 10217 79,08% 5548 41,75% 6876 47,29% 7631 62,52% 8559 28,58% Med Ocup 3746 15,61% 3493 9,32% 1660 13,83% 2780 17,82% 860 17,20% 570 5,70% 733 12,22% 687 8,03%

Alpine country per excellence, Austria could benefit, like Switzerland, from a joint league. Far behind are the days of glorious Austria and the invention of the Modern Football, with the Vienna cafes filled with people thinking and discussing the game. Nowadays they are losing spectators, a quarter in the last 3 years, and should evaluate their own league. Extinct clubs, a strong division between the critics and defenders of ‘company’ clubs and continuous loss of ground.

Azerbaijan has money but when you see a league ranging from over 5000 and round 500 you should pay closer attention. It is another league with a great potential of growth, as long as it is thought and conceived as an all and not individually by one or another owner.

Belgium is the league with the biggest changes in its format, although the second phase numbers are a worrying issue, like in almost all leagues with that kind of division.

Four clubs clearly have more followers than the rest, even if the numbers are more even than in the Portuguese league. The crisis hit hard and not even the partnerships, the mergers appear to solve a growing problem. With an amazing generation, grown outside the country, it is time to rethink again the pyramid, but from the bottom, even if the numbers aren’t so bad when comparing the entire UEFA universe.

A country still divided, with a lot of issues in hand, Bosnia-Herzegovina has low numbers however the boost of the World Cup 2014 qualification can finally make the country’s local football step up.

Zrinjski Mostar Rudar Prijedor Zvjezda Gradacac Radnik Bijeljina Velez Mostar NK Travnik GOSK Gabela Gradina Srebrenik BUL Ludogorets Levski Sófia CSKA Sófia Botev Plovdiv Litex Lovech Chern. Burgas Beroe Stara Zagora Slávia Sófia Lokomotiv Plovdiv Cherno More Varna Pirin Gotse Delchev Lokomotiv Sófia Botev Vratsa Minyor Pernik FK Montana Etar Veliko Tarnovo CYP APOEL Nicósia Anorthosis Famagusta AEK Larnaca Omónia Nicósia AEL Limassol Apollon Limassol Doxa EN Paralimni Olympiakos Alki Larnaca Nea Salamis Ethnikos Achnas Paphos Ayia Napa CRO Dínamo Zagreb Lokomotiva Zagreb Rijeka Hajduk Split RNK Split

1533 6,13% 787 39,33% 1307 26,13% 730 12,17% 807 11,52% 827 20,67% 487 24,33% 683 13,67% Med Ocup 2710 45,17% 5510 18,87% 3327 15,11% 8692 48,29% 1423 21,90% 1459 8,09% 3443 15,44% 800 3,13% 3393 24,59% 2663 22,19% 2363 47,27% 767 3,49% 2013 33,56% 1027 10,27% 1503 21,47% 1262 7,01% Med Ocup 11373 49,75% 5288 54,05% 3490 26,78% 7799 34,12% 4331 32,66% 3850 29,03% 885 22,14% 704 15,66% 974 4,26% 1033 10,56% 1334 33,36% 1080 19,92% 917 9,76% 632 31,62% Med Ocup 3061 8,04% 582 58,24% 4000 38,93% 9088 26,57% 1012 12,65%

Bulgaria had in football a strong suit, in Sofia, in Plovdiv, in Varna stadiums used to be filled with public, like the others. However, organized crime took over some teams, massive brawls, assassinations and other less happy scenes draw the people away from the Beautiful Game.

The numbers are a little margin of what they could be, namely with the historical teams, with Botev Plovdiv maintaining most of the spirit with almost 10000 average people.

Federation, police, clubs, supporters all are trying to change but it has been a very difficult battle.

For different reasons, the growing Cyprus suffered a setback in the attendances. Economic crisis led to cuts in what’s superfluous, with the local football feeling heavily the situation too. Nevertheless, APOEL keeps good numbers, averaging over 11000 stadium occupants, well ahead of Omonia, under 8000, but circa half the teams just or less than 1000 persons.

Croatia is another country with a conflict inside, great players, amazing football by the ‘European Brazilians’ and yet the stadiums are not empty but with huge breaches.

If Hajduk, regardless of recent poor seasons keeps almost 10000 average, the other local historical team, Dinamo Zagreb, despite winning titles in a row, doesn’t get the crowds it used to, confined now to a mere 3000, a ridiculous number for such prestigious club.

Istra 1961 Pula Osijek Slaven Koprivnica Zadar Inter Zapresic Cibalia Vinkovci NK Zagreb DNK FC Copenhaga Nordsjaelland Randers Esbjerg Aalborg Midtjylland AGF Aarhus SonderjyskE Brondby OB Odense Horsens Silkeborg SCO Celtic Glasgow Motherwell St. Johnstone Inverness CT Ross County Dundee United Hibernian Aberdeen Kilmarnock Heart of Middlothian Saint Mirren Dundee FC SVK Slovan Bratislava Senica AS Trencin Spartak Myjava Kosice Ruzomberok Zilina ViOn Zlate Moravce FC Nitra Banska Bystrica Spartak Trnava Tatran Presov

2744 1731 1521 1494 1116 1581 1269 Med 15719 5874 5240 6651 6947 5746 8042 3004 10465 7320 3970 3147 Med 46716 5362 3712 4038 4430 7547 10489 9611 4647 13163 4389 5943 Med 2071 2134 2757 2143 2538 1646 2131 1565 1125 1566 4113 1739

78,39% 888,00% 30,09% 25,49% 24,79% 15,94% 14,34% Ocup 41,30% 58,16% 43,66% 33,30% 50,35% 48,66% 40,15% 30,04% 36,09% 46,82% 38,92% 34,21% Ocup 77,40% 39,20% 34,78% 52,11% 70,21% 53,06% 51,80% 44,87% 25,63% 74,83% 54,71% 49,17% Ocup 6,74% 65,38% 65,64% 79,10% 25,63% 32,92% 19,05% 39,13% 14,06% 15,84% 22,29% 12,42%

From 10 to 12 to 16 down to 12, then to 10, the federation and league are trying to reach the right involvement to the top league, however still in search.

Maybe considering the whole local football and not just the number of teams in the top league would be the best solution.

Denmark shows a dominant FC Copenhagen, with Brondby, AGF, also OB and Aalborg as historical teams, with a long line of followers, together with the 21st century teams like Nordsjaelland or Midtjylland, resulting from mergers, understanding the loss of youth, the loss of ground and supporters and the need to reinvent themselves in order to stay ‘open’.

With the administrative demotion of Rangers, Celitc is the attendance leader in Scotland, with no other challenger.

A league with such a huge difference makes difficult to change the domination. The other cities need to look more to their own clubs in order to recover because the Scottish Premier is losing ground each year.

In a time where the rebirth of a Czechoslovakian league is considered and talked, Slovakia should like it more than the Czechs, with a decrease in the average attendances with almost a third loss percentage in stadium crowds.

Although very even numbers, it was expected that, for instance, a club like Slovan Bratislava would have more people in the attendances, another example of a ‘regime’ team feeling the pressure of the new days.

SLO Maribor Branik Olimpija Ljubljana Domzale Koper Celje HIT Gorica Rudar Velenje Triglav Gorenjska Mura Aluminij ESP Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Real Sociedad Valencia Málaga Bétis Sevilha Rayo Vallecano Sevilha Getafe Levante Athletic Bilbao Espanyol Valladolid Granada Osasuna Celta Vigo Mallorca Deportivo Saragoça FRA Paris-SG Marselha Olympique Lyon OGC Nice Saint-Étienne Lille Bordéus Lorient Montpellier Toulouse Valenciennes Bastia Rennes

Med Ocup 2833 22,67% 1225 14,92% 636 20,52% 717 15,93% 592 4,42% 351 11,47% 686 19,60% 489 19,56% 884 16,37% 450 75,00% Med Ocup 72547 73,02% 67267 78,72% 45421 82,81% 24453 76,41% 38719 74,46% 26009 89,80% 36217 68,67% 10422 67,24% 32421 71,26% 8963 52,72% 15531 60,82% 34561 86,95% 21097 52,09% 16887 63,69% 20181 89,60% 16469 83,18% 20124 63,28% 14248 61,57% 29948 86,56% 23589 68,18% Med Ocup 43239 91,17% 33602 55,97% 32086 78,17% 10246 54,80% 22966 64,48% 40593 81,46% 19410 55,95% 15245 84,18% 17079 51,83% 17738 50,01% 15468 61,87% 11573 71,62% 18342 61,59%

Another winter sports country, with a good attention to basket and handball, football is showing difficulties on proving himself in Slovenia. Although with a great independent start, putting the national squad in final stages, the local development hasn’t been what expected, seeing a lot of youngsters moving to Italy. It is another league with a good growth potential.

One of the big leagues, Spain, is keeping the average numbers. It is nonetheless interesting to observe that, contrary to Germany, Netherlands or England, the 2 biggest clubs don’t have a full or around 90 percent occupation rate.

Much more balanced is the French league. Although with some clubs more solid in support, it is interesting to see the those numbers in a country where, contrary to what many think, football isn’t the sports’ king, surpassed by rugby and having to cope with cycling, athletics or tennis in the public attention and audiences.

Stade Reims Ajaccio Sochaux Evian TG Nancy Troyes Brest WAL The New Saints Airbus UK Bangor City Port Talbot Prestatyn Town Carmarthen Town Bala Town Connah's Quay Newtown AFC Aberystwyth Town Llanelli Afan Lido GEO Dínamo Tbilisi Dila Gori Torpedo Kutaisi Chikhura Zestafoni Baia Zugdidi Metalurgi Rustavi Merani Martvili WIT Georgia Sioni Bolnisi Dínamo Batumi Kolkheti Poti GRE Olympiakos PAOK Salónica Asteras Tripolis Atromitos PAS Giannina Panathinaikos Skoda Xanthi Panthrakikos Panionios Platanias Levadiakos Veria

15576 71,83% 6801 65,11% 13497 67,58% 10211 64,81% 14696 73,16% 13836 67,82% 11796 75,70% Med Ocup 324 32,38% 289 13,78% 589 39,25% 200 3,34% 243 9,71% 296 9,86% 215 7,16% 237 15,78% 269 5,37% 331 6,01% 170 4,59% 186 4,42% Med Ocup 1406 5,17% 1956 39,13% 1772 16,11% 831 41,56% 1172 23,44% 813 19,35% 541 11,61% 844 42,19% 234 5,86% 497 14,20% 519 8,65% 763 12,71% Med Ocup 20965 62,89% 11324 39,45% 2102 33,90% 2623 25,71% 3126 40,85% 8045 11,33% 1395 18,95% 1572 25,37% 2037 17,41% 2537 63,42% 1178 18,13% 2090 29,86%

Seeing Wales and the young Welsh league numbers you can’t stop wondering about the absence of the big names of the nation.

The presence of Cardiff, Swansea, Wrexham, Newport would boost tremendously the local league.

Thinking the nonsense of the U21 Premier Championship, observing the bet and regularity of those players in the first teams, it would be better in all senses to put the second squads of those clubs playing in the Welsh League system.

Like the Caucasus neighbors, Georgia suffers for same destiny, the ‘regime’ club falling from grace and the difficulty to motivate the local people to the local leagues. This is a problem that is present in almost all Europe.

The generalization and increased mediatized leagues like the Premiership, Liga BBVA and Bundesliga, many times recipients of the local talents, makes people pay more attention to those leagues, create a bond with those clubs, neglecting the local.

AEK demoted, Panathinaikos with less than 10000 average persons in the stadium and a country in deep crisis help to explain the loss of interest from the Greeks to their teams. Basketball still fills the domes, less than before too, but football doesn’t. All the scandals that surrounded the Superleague in these last years also don’t help the league growth or establishment.

Aris Salónica OFI Creta AEK Atenas Kerkyra NED Ajax Amsterdão PSV Eindhoven Feyenoord Vitesse Arnhem Utrecht Twente Groningen Heerenveen ADO Den Haag AZ Alkmaar Zwolle Heracles NAC Breda RKC Waalwijk NEC Nijmegen Roda JC VVV Venlo Willem II HUN Gyori ETO Videoton Honved Budapeste MTK Budapeste Ferencvaros Debrecen Haladas Kecskemeti TE Ujpest Diosgyor Kaposvar Pecsi Munkas Paks Lombard-Papa Siofok Eger ENG Man. United Manchester City Chelsea Arsenal Tottenham

8558 37,53% 2201 24,22% 9767 13,75% 523 19,49% Med Ocup 50490 96,19% 33259 95,03% 45382 88,68% 18462 73,85% 17513 71,48% 29453 98,18% 21152 93,72% 24732 94,76% 10376 69,17% 16287 95,80% 10783 95,22% 8429 99,16% 17324 91,18% 6320 84,26% 11894 95,15% 13501 71,30% 671 83,87% 11088 76,47% Med Ocup 4573 28,58% 3184 22,26% 2000 21,05% 1360 10,71% 6054 33,45% 4321 42,37% 3291 34,64% 1917 30,43% 3242 24,01% 6400 53,33% 1967 28,10% 2247 31,38% 1415 17,92% 1650 20,63% 837 12,87% 352 5,87% Med Ocup 75530 99,15% 46974 98,45% 41462 99,10% 60079 99,54% 36067 99,53%

The Netherlands are another good example, like the German Bundesliga, high financial control and good attendances, losing ‘European’ ground not because of the followers in the stadiums but due to the lowly income in the broadcast agreements and the rigor in the club management.

Nonetheless, Eredivisie is one of the most spectacular football leagues in the world, always looking to the opponent’s net and with an amazing stadium atmosphere.

Remember the mother of one of the best teams in football’s history and watching their current league is disastrous. It is probably the country where football suffered the most due to politics and regime. Hungary is almost divorced from the game they gave the modern evolution and concepts, forgotten about all the running heroes, men that led the revolution, that presented ‘Total Football’, the modern game in almost all western Europe.

Nowadays, apart from the fighting sports, canoeing, swimming, athletics and handball grab the Magyars attention and local football is very much neglected has we can witness by the average attendances, at best around 6000 and half under 2000.

Speaking about the world’s most known league is pointless. It describes itself. Premiership has the stadiums complete, it is followed across Earth, from Oceania and the Far East to the Arctic and America.

It is a well-oiled machine, with huge investments but massive incomes.

Everton Liverpool West Bromwich Albion Swansea West Ham Norwich Fulham Stoke City Southampton Aston Villa Newcastle Sunderland Wigan Reading Queens Park Rangers ITA Juventus Nápoles Milan AC Fiorentina Udinese AS Roma Lázio Roma Catania Inter Milão Parma Cagliari Chievo Verona Bolonha Sampdória Torino Génova Atalanta Siena Palermo Pescara LUX Fola Esch F91 Dudelange Jeunesse Esch Differdange 03 RM Hamm Benfica Grevenmacher Jeunesse Canach RFC Union Luxembourg Kaerjeng'97

36370 89,65% 44749 98,84% 25327 90,85% 20370 99,21% 34720 98,95% 26672 98,66% 25394 98,90% 26910 94,83% 30874 94,85% 35060 82,22% 50517 96,43% 40544 82,74% 19359 77,02% 23862 98,60% 17779 93,09% Med Ocup 38676 94,33% 39636 65,80% 43651 54,51% 25665 54,28% 15506 37,23% 40406 55,58% 31992 44,01% 13704 58,51% 46551 58,13% 12740 45,65% 9871 42,03% 10553 26,91% 21436 54,35% 23123 63,29% 15615 55,78% 19740 54,03% 15101 61,07% 9520 61,93% 18287 48,61% 12236 50,15% Med Ocup 480 12,55% 467 18,24% 902 21,48% 737 12,29% 367 13,12% 404 10,10% 179 11,90% 251 4,32% 351 35,12%

Italy is facing challenges. After understanding the need to have a more attractive game to bring again the people to the fields, the European setbacks, the new generation of coaches are developing a more interesting, more appealing show.

This new season (13/14) as already established new TV audiences’ records.

A factor explained with a more close fight for the leadership and more entertaining matches.

The extremism is also a factor to consider and that has had a big impact in the stadia, killings, threats prevented lots of fans from going, a scenario that is also changing with all the forces involved fighting this situations.

Luxembourg is a country with little sport tradition. The football league shows that, amateur, not bringing too many people to the grounds, it could be developed, with all the ties to other European regions, namely Portugal and the Balkans, you would expect a stronger league, involving those communities more, which tells us that it is one of the leagues with a very good growth prospect.

Wiltz 71 Etzella Ettelbruck Progrès Niedercorn CS Pétange Union 05 Kayl/Tetange MKD Vardar Skopje Metalurg Skopje FK Turnovo Rabotnicki Skopje Skendija 79 Bregalnica Stip Napredok Kicevo Renova Drita Pelister Bitola Teteks Tetovo Sileks Kratovo MDA Sheriff Tiraspol Dacia Chisinau FC Tiraspol Milsami Orhei CSCA-Rapid Chisinau Zimbru Chisinau Academia Chisinau Costuleni Iskra-Stal Olimpia Balti Speranta CV Nistru Otaci MNE Sutjestka Niksic Buducnost Podgorica Celik Niksic Grbalj Rudar Pljevlja Mladost OFK Petrovac Zeta Golubovci Lovcen Mogren Budva Mornar Bar Jedinstvo POL Légia Varsóvia

235 281 262 295 197 Med 1473 662 771 316 3471 1818 1553 688 784 1000 517 550 Med 1124 681 409 806 316 790 384 231 227 1119 203 259 Med 2065 1492 1122 288 635 326 282 538 369 307 400 900 Med 17679

11,76% 13,89% 9,35% 12,30% 19,75% Ocup 5,89% 22,06% 51,37% 1,26% 28,92% 30,30% 31,06% 5,74% 22,41% 12,50% 4,31% 18,33% Ocup 8,35% 8,43% 4,40% 31,75% 31,65% 7,52% 15,38% 23,13% 5,98% 18,79% 20,31% 25,94% Ocup 19,12% 8,77% 56,09% 19,22% 6,35% 21,76% 28,20% 7,68% 18,44% 7,67% 8,00% 18,00% Ocup 56,84%

FYROM – Macedonia – can be compared with Albania or the former countrymen of Slovenia or Montenegro, a good potential but some problems and not nearly the people they should have in the grounds.

Contrary to Slovenia or Montenegro, in Macedonia there isn’t a ‘big’ local sport to take crowds away, however the local league had faced several setbacks, with demoted clubs, financial problems, administrative issues, things that tend to divorce the fans from the sport.

Moldova is another country that has potential, has money, but isn’t developed accordingly, with a Sheriff Tiraspol with amazing conditions but lacking the support, like the rest of the league. It should be thought together, all the local pyramid and ways to bring the locals to the stadiums.

In a country where football is king you would expect much bigger crowds, another example of a league that could grow.

Montenegro has a love for sport, amazing handball, great basketball, wonderful water polo among other sports stars, which makes it difficult for local football, also with amazing footballers, to get more people in the football grounds, as most are more connected with the local stars premiering in Italy, Germany or England.

Lech Poznan Slask Wroclaw Piast Gliwice Gornik Zabrze Pol. Varsóvia Lechia Gdansk Wisla Cracóvia Zaglebie Lubin Jagiellonia Bialystok Korona Kielce Pogon Szczecin Widzew Lodz Podbeskidzie BB Ruch Chorzow GKS Belchatow POR FC Porto Benfica Paços Ferreira Sp. Braga Estoril-Praia Sporting CP Rio Ave Nacional Vitória Guimarães Marítimo Académica Vitória Setúbal Olhanense Gil Vicente Moreirense Beira-Mar CZE Viktoria Plzen Sparta Praga Slovan Liberec Jablonec Sigma Olomouc Dukla Praga Slávia Praga Mlada Boleslav FC Slovacko Jihlava Teplice Marila Pribram Zbrojovka Brno

22652 52,35% 14852 34,29% 5872 58,51% 3000 100,00% 4240 59,30% 13219 30,31% 13929 41,80% 7117 44,24% 3302 61,78% 6912 44,45% 6207 34,44% 5107 47,40% 2913 68,08% 4800 48,00% 1983 37,86% Med Ocup 30278 60,08% 42366 65,18% 2055 47,57% 12061 39,82% 1970 39,28% 26521 52,99% 2137 19,76% 2090 40,65% 13116 43,92% 3661 82,57% 4681 15,80% 3169 20,45% 2470 42,17% 4230 35,14% 2083 34,15% 4159 13,37% Med Ocup 10047 85,87% 10137 51,24% 4238 42,80% 2753 43,83% 5429 43,21% 2189 26,86% 6942 33,38% 2983 59,66% 4790 58,99% 3248 79,69% 3536 19,41% 2829 31,09% 4457 35,52%

Poland will try to take advantage of the Euro 2013 organization and stadium modernization. Polish football was once a strong feature in the country, although it’s still it suffered these last decades from the problems that affected most Eastern European leagues, corruption, financial problems, crowds and extremism issues, situations that league and federation keep on battling.

Although having great athletes in several sports, Portugal only sees 3 football clubs, a situation amplified by the local media that tends to create a barrier between fans and all the rest. It is another league with growth potential.

One of the Portuguese league problems, that are extensive to several other leagues and countries, is the lack of openness from the clubs and teams to the fans and cities, creating a bond, making people feel part of the team and so many marketing and publicity ideas that could be used in order to set a familial relation. Clubs tend to think as they did in the 50’s, 60’s or 70’s, when there were no other big distractions but everything evolved and in order to bring people in it is needed to get them at their home.

Ice Hockey is football’s main rival but athletics, tennis, winter sports, floorball, handball, basketball, volleyball and others take the locals attention in a people also sports lover.

With the biggest stars playing in Germany or Italy, the local clubs struggle, many still living in the past glory days, but the increase potential is there, side-by-side with the local talent.

Banik Ostrava Ceske Budejovice Hradec Kralove ROU Steaua Bucareste Pandurii Petrolul Ploiesti Astra Ploiesti FC Vaslui Dínamo Bucareste FC Brasov CFR Cluj Rapid Bucareste Gaz Metan Medias Otelul Galati U. Cluj-Napoca Viitorul Constanta Ceahlaul Piatra-Neamt Concordia Chiajna Turnu Severin CSMS Iasi Gloria Bistrita RUS CSKA Moscovo Zenit S. Petersburg Anzhi Makhachkala Kuban Krasnodar Spartak Moscovo Rubin Kazan Dínamo Moscovo Terek Grozny Lokomotiv Moscovo FK Krasnodar Rostov Amkar Perm Volga NizhnyNovgorod Krylia Sovetov Mordovia Saransk Alania Vladikavkaz SRB Partizan Estrela Vermelha Vojvodina Novi Sad Jagodina Sloboda Point Sevojno

7806 44,93% 2534 37,92% 4082 56,53% Med Ocup 21138 74,52% 5294 57,54% 10851 71,87% 2544 36,34% 3591 32,00% 10484 18,85% 2376 27,96% 4853 20,65% 5552 29,07% 2206 44,12% 4735 33,99% 4308 50,69% 2112 15,16% 2485 13,81% 2213 63,24% 3747 18,44% 3853 33,83% 2018 25,87% Med Ocup 14398 79,99% 19518 89,84% 17273 63,98% 20934 59,47% 17366 22,16% 9421 33,06% 8064 44,80% 20005 65,38% 12862 44,46% 11313 32,14% 9878 62,36% 9623 56,61% 7507 42,04% 13699 41,51% 7051 60,88% 12873 39,65% Med Ocup 8165 24,96% 16221 31,47% 3747 30,45% 2773 27,73% 3129 39,11%

Romania is another example of Eastern issues. The league is trying to grow, bringing in a lot of outside talent but still a lot of problems to handle.

Besides all the problems resulted from the end of the regime, probably the worst in all Eastern Europe, Romania is still trying to overcome labor issues, political problems and the league reflects that. It is one of the European leagues where foreign players complain more about contract problems.

New clubs emerged, started to win, but the crowds are more mobilized by results than the proud of the city or region’s club.

Russia presents itself as a ‘threat’ to the Western football powers. The Russian League, Federation and business companies are investing hugely, both locally and internationally, thinking about a bigger league, involving former Soviet federations, although with crescent internal discrepancies.

It is a fascinating league though, almost a continental one such are the distances covered to face each other’s.

They are growing in numbers, receiving more and more foreign specialists in all areas, filling in the gap between them and the top European leagues.

Serbia is always linked with good footballers, 2 big clubs and a number of sports personalities, ranging from basket to volley, from tennis to water polo, with football having to cope with all those stars. Even so, the numbers are below the expected.

OFK Belgrado Rad Belgrado Hajduk Kula Spartak Subotica Javor Donji Srem Radnicki Nis Radnicki Kragujevac Novi Pazar BSK Borca Smederevo SUI Basileia Grasshopper St. Gallen FC Zurique Thun Sion Young Boys Lucerna Lausanne Sport Servette TUR Galatasaray Fenerbahce Besiktas Bursaspor Kayserispor Kasimpasa Antalyaspor Eskisehirspor Trabzonspor Gaziantepspor Genรงlerbirligi Sivasspor Elazigspor Akhisarspor Karabukspor Istanbul BB Orduspor Mersin 1925 ULS Cliftonville Crusaders Linfield Glentoran

623 4,48% 973 32,24% 1550 14,09% 1547 11,90% 900 30,00% 1113 9,04% 4613 25,42% 3393 17,63% 4727 39,39% 887 6,37% 1833 11,01% Med Ocup 29036 75,42% 8600 34,40% 14310 72,66% 10741 42,96% 5328 57,29% 10150 62,41% 17242 54,25% 12410 73,00% 5733 36,17% 6666 22,16% Med Ocup 41986 79,74% 43103 77,63% 23187 72,26% 15253 59,44% 14833 45,14% 7150 50,23% 4458 62,94% 12333 91,22% 13811 57,14% 10236 60,28% 8263 43,01% 8119 54,13% 12273 88,15% 7946 47,88% 4493 59,18% 3989 4,80% 8779 79,63% 5875 58,01% Med Ocup 1145 45,25% 853 25,21% 1887 15,29% 1087 21,49%

10 clubs compose the Swiss league, another league with big gaps on the grounds supporting averages, ranging from 29000 to less than 6000.

Swiss keeps on changing the football pyramid, trying to make it more appealing, reaching more public, but even if they have increased the attendances average since the Euro 2008 an Alpine League could prove an interesting solution.

Like Russia, Turkey is also betting strongly in the football league, even if some scandals arose. The numbers here are, in a way, similar to the Portuguese ones, 3 or 4 clubs with a huge fan base which dries the others chances to grow, even locally.

Northern Ireland suffers from the same problems the Republic of Ireland or Wales do, loss of young talents to English sides and everybody paying attention to the English Premiership or Championship.

New powers are still growing in Ukraine and the league tends to keep getting stronger and having more people in the stadiums.

The prospect of a united league involving Russia and Ukraine is an interesting future outcome that could boost even further those teams.

Ballinamallard United Coleraine Portadown Ballymena United Glenavon Dungannon Swifts Donegal Celtic Distillery UKR Shakhtar Donetsk Metalist Kharkiv DĂ­namo Kiev Dnepr Metalurg Donetsk Chern. Odessa Krivbas Krivij Rih Arsenal Kiev Ilichevets Mariupol Zoria Lugansk Tavria Simferopol Vorskla Poltava Volyn Lutsk Karpaty Lviv H. Uzhogorod M. Zaporozhye

608 30,39% 947 37,92% 763 19,38% 906 29,71% 770 18,51% 337 6,73% 250 10,72% 350 5,00% Med Ocup 41203 80,00% 30860 79,41% 27689 39,53% 16902 69,32% 2700 10,27% 22238 78,96% 3620 12,15% 2710 16,06% 6693 52,79% 10972 49,87% 5647 28,26% 4934 19,89% 4559 39,39% 11133 31,89% 4247 35,39% 4897 41,65%

Top and low attendances per league League Sweden Armenia Kazakhstan Lithuania Rep. Ireland Estonia Iceland Latvia Norway Finland Belarus Albania Germany Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia-

Clubs 16 8 14 10 12 10 12 10 16 12 11 14 18 10 12 16 16

Club + Malmo FF Gandzasar Aktobe Zalgiris Vilnius Shamrock Rovers Kalju Nomme FH Jelgava Rosenborg HJK Helsinki BATE Borisov Skenderbeu Borussia Dortmund Rapid Vienna Khazar Lenkaran Club Brugge Zeljeznicar

Pos. 3rd 3rd 3rd 2nd 4th 1st 1st 7th 3rd 1st 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 8th 4th 1st

Aver.

14737 1657 6877 1359 3147 337 1595 647 13394 3744 4598 3631 80534 14262 5400 25325 3746

Club Syrianska Impuls Sunkar Atlantas UC Dublin FC Viljandi Grindavik Daugava Riga Honefoss IFK Mariehamn FK Minsk KF Laci Greuther Furth Magna WN Ravan Mons GOSK Gabela

Pos. 13th 5th 12th 8th 9th 8th 12th 9th 13th 4th 6th 7th 18th 7th 9th 7th 15th

Aver.

2453 198 1654 350 506 90 606 130 2885 1370 922 782 16843 2816 510 4264 487

Herzegovina Bulgaria 16 Botev Plovdiv 4th 8692 Lokomotiv Sofia st Cyprus 14 APOEL Nicosia 1 11373 Ayia Napa th Croatia 12 Hajduk Split 4 9088 Lok. Zagreb st Denmark 12 FC Copenhagen 1 15719 SonderjyskE st Scotland 12 Celtic Glasgow 1 46716 St. Johnstone th Slovakia 12 Spartak Trnava 11 4113 FC Nitra st Slovenia 10 Maribor Branik 1 2833 Gorica st Spain 20 Barcelona 1 72547 Getafe st France 20 Paris-SG 1 43239 Ajaccio Wales 12 Bangor City 3rd 589 Llanelli nd Georgia 12 Dila Gori 2 1956 WIT Georgia st Greece 16 Olympiacos 1 20965 Kerkyra st Netherlands 18 Ajax Amsterdam 1 50490 VVV Venlo th Hungary 16 Diosgyor 10 6400 Eger SC st England 20 Man. United 1 75530 QPR th Italy 20 Inter Milan 9 46551 Siena rd Luxembourg 14 Jeunesse Esch 3 902 Jeunesse Canach th Macedonia 12 Skendija 79 5 3471 Teteks Tetovo st Moldova 12 Sheriff Tiraspol 1 1124 Speranta CV st Montenegro 12 Sutjeska Niksic 1 2065 OFK Petrovac nd Poland 16 Lech Poznan 2 22652 GKS Belchatow Portugal 16 Benfica 2nd 42366 Estoril-Praia nd Czech Rep. 16 Sparta Prague 2 10137 Dukla Prague st Romania 18 Steaua Bucuresti 1 21138 Gloria Bistrita th Russia 16 Kuban Krasnodar 4 20934 Mordovia Saransk nd Serbia 16 Red Star Beograd 2 16221 OFK Beograd st Switzerland 10 Basel 1 29036 Thun nd Turkey 18 Fenerbahce 2 43103 Istanbul BB rd Northern 12 Linfield 3 1887 Donegal Celtic Ireland Ukraine 16 Shakhtar Donetsk 1st 41203 Arsenal Kyiv 31 leagues have their top home average attendance below the lowest of the Premier League and the Bundesliga, a reason for concern and an issue that should be well discussed inside the UEFA and the EPFL.

12th 14th 2nd 8th 3rd 9th 6th 10th 15th 11th 9th 16th 18th 16th 20th 18th 7th 11th 11th 7th 16th 5th 6th 18th 15th 6th 5th 16th 11th

767 632 582 3004 3712 1125 351 8963 6801 170 234 523 671 352 17779 9520 179 517 203 282 1983 1970 2189 2018 7051 623 5328 3989 250

8th 2710 English

2. AVERAGE AGES

Ages vary. From football school to football school there are different ways of approaching several issues, which include ages. Some schools and coaches tend not to bet on youth, claiming protection of the players, others look at 30 as an age limit, dismissing players based upon the ID. In the European leagues 12/13 the average ages of each league range from under 24 in Slovenia and Montenegro to over 27 in England, Turkey, Italy and Cyprus, situation that confirms the appreciation commonly known and talked about towards the experimented players in Italy and England. Cyprus has a policy of bringing experienced foreigners, which increases the average ages.

League Slovenia Estonia Croatia Rep. Ireland Faroe Islands Albania Bosnia-Herzegovina Serbia Lithuania Norway Scotland Northern Ireland Malta Israel Wales Azerbaijan Belgium Greece Portugal Sweden Ukraine Poland Kazakhstan England Italy

Aver. Age 23,82 24,02 24,22 24,46 24,70 24,78 24,84 24,92 24,99 25,28 25,35 25,37 25,62 25,68 25,80 25,86 25,97 26,02 26,09 26,20 26,37 26,44 26,87 27,04 27,43

League Montenegro Armenia Latvia Moldova Finland Netherlands Georgia Iceland Slovakia Luxembourg Switzerland Austria Bulgaria Denmark Macedonia Germany Romania Czech Rep. Hungary France Belarus Russia Spain Turkey Cyprus

Aver. Age 23,99 24,04 24,41 24,69 24,71 24,84 24,87 24,96 25,09 25,29 25,36 25,40 25,67 25,74 25,85 25,90 26,01 26,05 26,16 26,36 26,41 26,59 26,96 27,15 27,59

29,58

30

Aver. Age Squad

28

27

26

25

24,27

29

28,71 28,19 28,16 28,13 28,05 28,01 27,68 27,58 27,58 27,49 27,43 27,39 27,35 27,33 27,30 27,20 27,17 27,14 27,07 27,06 27,01 27,00 26,98 26,97 26,89 26,81 26,79 26,78 26,73 26,67 26,64 26,52 26,48 26,48 26,30 26,21 26,09 26,09 26,05 25,98 25,73 25,60 25,58 25,57 25,54 25,47 24,98 24,92

Aver. Age XI

23

Cyprus Turkey Italy Russia Poland Kazakhstan Spain Czech Rep. Sweden England Israel Greece Ukraine Azerbaijan France Bulgaria Northern Ireland Scotland Hungary Faroe Islands Belarus Romania Portugal Belgium Malta Georgia Wales Lithuania Denmark Macedonia Albania Switzerland Slovakia Finland Germany Norway Bosnia-Herzegovina Serbia Austria Luxembourg Latvia Armenia Iceland Moldova Netherlands Rep. Ireland Montenegro Croatia Slovenia Estonia

24

The above graphic shows the cleavage between the squads’ average ages and the eleven most used footballers in each league.

No league presents an eleven most used average lower than the average squads, normal because the youngsters are often launched, grab some minutes, which contributes to decrease the totals; however experience is always a plus and more considered.

Surprisingly, or not, the oldest average squad age’s leagues present the biggest gap between the eleven and the rest, growing them even older in the most used footballers. You would think that the youngest average squads in age leagues would have a bigger difference, considering that the most used footballers are usually more experienced ones.

Aver. Ages Evol.

Latvia/Latvija Estonia/Estii Georgia/Sakartvelo Rep. Ireland Moldova Croatia/Hrvatska Slovenia/Slovenija Montenegro/Crna Gora Lithuania/Lietuva Macedonia/FYROM Armenia Serbia/Srbija Iceland/Island Netherlands/Nederland Faroe Islands Finland/Suomi Slovakia/Slovensko Albania/Shqiperia Scotland Northern Ireland Israel Belgium/Belgique/Belgie Switzerland Sweden/Sverige Bosnia-Herzegovina Luxembourg/Letzebuerg Denmark/Danmark Belarus Austria/Osterreich Wales/Cymru Czech Republic Bulgaria/Balgariya Malta Ukraine/Ukrayina France Norway/Norge Germany/Deutschland Hungary/Magyaroszag Russia/Rossija Kazakhstan Azerbaijan/Azerbaycan Portugal Poland/Polska Spain/Espana Turkey/Turkiye Romania

10-11 23,38 23,94 24,09

var 3.34% 0.46% 1.24%

24,53 24,64 24,71 24,73 24,76 24,76

0.04% 1.83% 3.04% 3.68%

24,79 24,82 24,89

0.44% 1.01% 1.41%

25,03 25,23 25,28 25,32 25,37 25,45 25,46 24,53 25,60 25,63 25,75 25,78 25,80 25,82 25,88 25,88 25,95 26,01 26,03 26,06 26,07 26,11 26,18 26,26

0.80% 1.55% 1.35% 1.11% 0.99% 1.53% 1.10% 4.04% 1.02% 1.99% 0.27% 0.70% 0.78% 0.89% 2.47% 0.15% 0.69% 1.27% 0.85% 0.19% 3.84% 1.61% 0.15% 0.95%

26,42 26,49 26,66 26,71 26,86 26,96

1.10% 0.94% 0.08% 0.82% 0.93% 0.19%

0.69%

11-12 24,16 23,83 24,39 24,10 24,52 24,19 23,96 23,82

var 1.03% 0.80% 1.97%

24,59 24,76 24,68 25,07 24,54 24,98 24,83 25,62 24,94 25,60 25,12 25,06 25,74 25,52 25,86 25,12 25,82 25,60 26,00 25,59 25,24 25,92 26,13 25,68 26,25 26,11 25,07 25,69 26,22 26,51 26,31 26,13 26,24 26,64 26,49 26,61 27,01

5.12%

0.69% 0.12% 0.58% 0.71%

0.97% 0.44% 1.22% 0.48% 2.07% 0.64% 0.98% 1.00% 2.47% 0.89% 0.63% 1.31% 1.11% 2.05% 0.55% 1.58% 0.74% 2.22% 0.50% 1.76% 0.23% 0.46% 0.96% 0.84% 0.82% 0.23% 0.30% 1.03% 0.57% 0.75% 1.77% 2.03% 3.70%

12-13 24,41 24,02 24,87 24,46 24,69 24,22 23,82 23,99 24,99 25,85 24,04 24,92 24,96 24,84 24,70 24,71 25,09 24,78 25,35 25,37 25,68 25,97 25,36 26,20 24,84 25,29 25,74 26,41 25,40 25,80 26,05 25,67 25,62 26,37 26,36 25,28 25,90 26,16 26,59 26,87 25,86 26,09 26,44 26,96 27,15 26,01

10-13 4.41% 0.33% 3.24% 1.49% 0.65% 1.71% 3.60% 2.99% 0.93% 4.40% 2.91% 0.52% 0.56% 0.20% 1.12% 1.28% 0.55% 1.98% 0.12% 0.00% 0.90% 2.00% 3.38% 2.34% 3.08% 1.79% 0.16% 2.36% 1.63% 0.31% 0.66% 1.08% 1.50% 1.31% 1.15% 3.03% 0.80% 0.08% 1.26% 2.13% 2.12% 1.51% 0.83% 0.94% 1.08% 3.52%

England Italy/Italia Greece/Hellas Cyprus/Kypros

27,01 27,37 27,38 27,81

0.11% 1.21% 0.33% 0.25%

27,04 27,70 27,29 27,88

0.00% 0.97% 4.63% 1.04%

27,04 27,43 26,02 27,59

0.11% 0.22% 4.97% 0.79%

The balance is almost even in the evolution of the squads’ average age, with 25 leagues lowering the numbers in this 3 years analysis against the 24 that saw the squads getting older between 10/11 and 12/13, with Northern Ireland Premiership averaging exactly the same.

League by league view SWE Malmo FF Kalmar FF Djurgarden GAIS Goteborg Gefle AIK Solna IFK Norrkoping GIF Sundsvall Orebro IFK Goteborg Syrianska Mjallby AIF Elfsborg Atvidabergs Helsingborgs BK Hacken ARM Pyunik Banants Impuls MIKA Ashtarak Gandzasar Ararat Ierevan Ulysses Shirak

Rep. Ireland

Av Age 24,58 24,61 25,30 25,50 25,50 25,86 25,86 26,01 26,01 26,07 27,07 27,20 27,26 27,38 27,43 27,53 Av Age 21,32 21,85 22,35 23,75 25,13 25,84 25,92 26,14

Age XI 26,08 26,13 27,36 27,45 27,64 26,97 27,46 25,04 26,70 29,44 29,19 29,98 27,44 28,71 27,64 28,09 Age XI 23,63 22,74 23,39 25,99 26,24 29,28 26,49 28,04

Clas s 3 10 9 16 11 4 5 14 15 7 13 12 1 8 6 2 Clas s 4 8 5 2 3 7 6 1

Av Age

Age XI

Clas s

KZK Kairat Almaty Okzhetpes Sunkar Taraz Atyrau Sh. Karagandy Akzhayik Lok. Astana Aktobe Ordabasy Kaisar Kyzylorda Tobol Kostanay Irtysh Pavlodar Zhetysu

LIT Atlantas Banga Dainava FK Vilnius Tauras Siauliai Suduva Zalgiris Vilnius Ekranas Kruoja ISL

Av Age 25,53 25,92 26,20 26,31 26,34 26,40 26,44 26,79 27,14 27,21 27,56 27,97 28,10 28,26

Age XI 27,02 28,36 27,83 28,49 29,19 27,33 26,29 27,79 28,34 28,81 27,81 29,44 28,52 27,45

Clas s 10 14 12 5 11 1 8 4 3 7 9 6 2 13

Av Age 23,48 23,71 23,93 24,21 24,54 25,21 25,35 26,20 26,50 26,78 Av Age

Age XI 25,50 25,49 27,29 25,91 26,08 28,05 27,58 25,73 29,54 26,68 Age XI

Clas s 8 6 7 10 9 5 3 2 1 4 Clas s

UC Dublin Dundalk Bohemians Bray Wanderers Derry City Cork City Monaghan Utd St. Patrick’s Ath Drogheda Utd Sligo Rovers Shamrock Rovers Shelbourne EST FC Viljandi Tammeka Tartu FC Kuressaare Levadia Tallinn Flora Tallinn Kalev Tallinn Kalev Sillamae Paide Trans Narva Kalju Nomme NOR Stabaek Stromsgodset Brann Bergen Molde Aalesund Fredrikstad Sogndal Viking Stavanger Valerenga Odd Grenland Haugesund Rosenborg Sandnes Ulf Honefoss Lillestrom Tromso FIN

21,79 21,95 22,81 23,52 24,58 24,69 25,04 25,29 25,30 25,51 25,84 27,16 Av Age 21,12 22,22 22,57 23,04 23,69 24,10 24,45 25,70 26,45 26,86 Av Age 23,80 24,11 24,56 24,57 24,88 25,12 25,17 25,19 25,19 25,25 25,48 25,57 26,01 26,07 26,71 26,82 Av Age

21,92 23,39 26,15 25,10 25,11 26,04 25,29 25,75 26,25 27,64 26,34 27,55 Age XI 21,52 23,67 22,53 22,93 23,24 24,20 24,89 24,40 28,19 27,08 Age XI 23,43 25,97 25,89 25,60 26,21 25,87 23,94 26,30 27,66 27,16 26,35 26,10 27,76 28,32 27,82 26,42 Age XI

9 11 7 10 5 6 12 3 2 1 4 8 Clas s 8 10 7 2 3 9 5 6 4 1 Clas s 16 2 6 1 11 15 12 5 8 9 7 3 14 13 10 4 Clas s

Selfoss Breidablik Valur Reykjavik Fram Reykjavik IBV Stjarnan Fylkir Akranes Grindavik Keflavik KR Reykjavik FH Hafnarfjordur LAT Daugava Riga Skonto Riga U. Liepaja/METTA Jelgava FK Ventspils Spartaks Jurmala Gulbene FC Jurmala Metalurgs Liepaja Daugava Daugavpils BEL Standard Liège Zulte-Waregem Lierse Beerschot AC Genk Charleroi KV Kortrijk Anderlecht Lokeren Malines Club Brugge Cercle Brugge Waasland-Beveren OH Leuven Mons AA Gent Faroe Islands

23,14 23,76 24,48 24,69 24,73 24,75 24,90 25,05 25,39 25,62 26,33 26,71 Av Age 23,08 23,40 23,58 23,83 23,84 23,89 24,07 24,91 26,25 27,28 Av Age 23,93 23,96 24,71 24,89 25,00 25,07 25,14 26,21 26,25 26,34 26,59 26,59 27,02 27,32 27,88 28,57 Av Age

23,64 23,34 24,99 25,93 23,41 25,32 26,26 27,68 25,88 26,51 28,68 30,08 Age XI 24,35 24,20 23,81 24,29 24,17 24,12 27,33 24,69 28,66 28,18 Age XI 24,96 26,18 25,88 26,80 26,53 26,20 27,02 27,18 27,62 27,03 27,42 27,67 28,52 27,77 29,07 25,83 Age XI

11 2 8 10 3 5 7 6 12 9 4 1 Clas s 9 3 8 7 2 5 10 6 4 1 Clas s 6 2 14 15 3 11 9 1 5 8 4 16 13 10 7 12 Clas s

FC Honka TPS Turku Inter Turku Haka Valkeakoski JJK MyPa Anjalankoski FC Lahti FF Jaro IFK Mariehamn VPS Vaasa HJK Helsinki KuPS BLR Brest Dinamo Minsk FK Minsk Torpedo Zhodino Slavia Mozyr Neman Grodno BATE Borisov FK Gomel Naftan Novopolotsk Belshina Bobruisk Sh. Soligorsk ALB Apolonia Fier Bylis Vllaznia Shkoder Besa Tomori Berat Luftetari Kastrioti Flamurtari Teuta Durres Shkumbini Laci KF Tirana Kukesi Skenderbeu GER

22,92 23,62 23,86 24,31 24,31 24,49 24,93 24,94 25,46 25,77 25,78 26,11 Av Age 24,44 25,16 25,17 25,96 26,46 26,60 26,78 26,81 26,84 27,72 28,62

24,27 25,03 26,94 26,84 27,20 26,81 26,33 25,54 27,37 25,86 27,32 28,22 Age XI 23,50 27,70 26,56 27,99 27,61 25,50 26,51 27,47 27,05 28,23 29,57

7 3 2 12 9 6 5 11 4 8 1 10 Clas s 8 3 6 11 10 5 1 4 9 7 2

Av Age 22,69 23,40 23,50 24,07 24,21 24,21 24,43 24,66 24,81 24,97 25,08 26,08 27,19 27,61 Av Age

Age XI 23,93 25,03 27,98 23,77 25,41 25,93 26,43 26,67 28,69 27,18 26,62 28,55 28,10 29,14 Age XI

Clas s 14 9 6 10 12 13 8 4 3 11 7 5 2 1 Clas s

KI Klaksvik Suduroy NSI Runavik HB Torshavn B36 Torshavn Vikingur B68 Toftir TB 1892 EB/Streymur IF Fuglafjordur

22,84 23,38 23,40 24,42 24,55 25,09 25,22 25,94 26,05 26,14

25,63 26,01 24,31 25,88 28,02 27,47 26,64 29,06 29,24 28,40

4 10 7 3 6 5 9 8 1 2

AZE

Av Age 23,68 24,96 24,97 25,30 25,44 25,80 26,40 26,55 26,56 26,72 26,96 26,97 Av Age 25,40 26,16 26,63 26,67 26,77 26,90 26,95 27,74 27,78 28,18 28,84 28,86 28,98 30,36 Av Age

Age XI 25,75 26,12 26,90 26,48 27,30 27,28 27,94 27,58 27,30 28,23 27,74 29,56 Age XI 28,57 30,13 29,64 29,66 29,92 27,36 30,01 29,52 29,25 28,58 31,01 29,34 31,01 30,18 Age XI

Clas s 10 11 2 9 1 12 4 7 8 3 5 6 Clas s 8 9 11 13 7 14 6 12 5 3 2 4 10 1 Clas s

Sumgayit Turan Qarabag Ravan Neftchi Baku Kapaz Simurq AZAL Khazar Lenkaran Inter Baku FK Baku Qabala CYP EN Paralimni Olympiakos Nicosia Alki Larnaca Paphos Doxa Katokopia Ayia Napa Apollon Limassol Nea Salamis AEL Limassol Omonia Nicosia Anorthosis Famagusta AEK Larnaca Ethnikos Achnas APOEL Nicosia NED

Werder Bremen 1899 Hoffenheim SC Freiburg Bayer Leverkusen Borussia Dortmund Greuther Furth 1.FC Nurnberg Borussia M’Gladbach Hamburger SV Schalke 04 VfB Stuttgart Eintracht Frankfurt Bayern Munchen VfL Wolfsburg FC Augsburg Fortuna Dusseldorf Mainz 05 Hannover 96 AUT SV Ried Rapid Wien Admira Wacker Magna WN Red Bull Salzburg Wacker Innsbruck Austria Wien Sturm Graz Mattersburg Wolfsberger AC BiH GOSK Gabela Gradina Srebrenik Zrinjski Mostar FK Sarajevo NK Travnik Zvjezda Gradacac Leotar Trebinje Rudar Prijedor Velez Mostar Slavija Sarajevo Celik Zenica Zeljeznicar

24,11 24,51 24,54 24,99 25,03 25,08 25,31 25,80 25,88 25,93 25,98 26,28 26,76 27,04 27,08 27,23 27,27 27,29 Av Age 24,59 24,60 24,85 25,03 25,32 25,46 25,59 25,80 26,03 26,76 Av Age 23,24 23,42 23,68 23,85 24,23 24,37 24,38 24,72 24,84 24,86 25,04 25,15

24,97 24,84 25,09 25,26 25,40 25,18 28,13 26,72 25,85 26,44 26,91 25,19 26,32 28,06 26,00 26,80 30,29 29,15 Age XI 24,95 26,81 24,67 24,08 25,52 28,49 26,25 26,24 26,19 27,73 Age XI 24,01 23,99 25,48 26,08 24,37 25,84 28,08 26,95 25,17 26,99 25,33 25,80

14 16 5 3 2 18 10 8 7 4 12 6 1 11 15 17 13 9 Clas s 6 3 9 7 2 8 1 4 10 5 Clas s 15 16 9 2 14 11 8 10 13 7 4 1

Ajax Amsterdam Feyenoord Groningen AZ Alkmaar Utrecht Vitesse Arnhem ADO Den Haag Heerenveen Heracles Twente PEC Zwolle PSV Eindhoven VVV Venlo NAC Breda Willem II Tilburg RKC Waalwijk NEC Nijmegen Roda JC Kerkrade SLO ND Gorica Domzale Celje Olimpija Ljubljana Mura Triglav Gorenjska Maribor Branik Koper Aluminij Rudar Velenje BUL Minyor Pernik Litex Lovech CSKA Sofia Botev Vratsa Chern. Burgas Levski Sofia Cherno More Varna Lokomotiv Plovdiv Etar Veliko Tarnovo Beroe Stara Zagora FK Montana Pirin Gotse Delchev

23,48 23,70 23,71 23,75 24,02 24,03 24,15 24,21 24,59 25,33 25,50 25,55 25,59 25,60 25,62 25,79 25,95 26,54 Av Age 22,53 22,89 22,95 23,65 23,73 23,84 24,06 24,66 24,90 24,94 Av Age 20,51 23,03 24,59 24,66 25,44 25,51 25,84 25,86 25,93 26,05 26,43 26,46

25,04 24,43 25,30 23,95 25,88 24,67 24,19 23,95 25,06 25,33 26,82 27,16 25,91 27,08 26,46 26,14 27,45 25,52 Age XI 23,61 24,21 24,46 24,21 25,42 23,86 26,48 25,45 26,18 25,27 Age XI 26,48 22,92 27,70 25,70 28,07 27,29 26,49 27,97 26,98 28,41 28,32 25,73

1 3 7 10 5 4 9 8 12 6 11 2 17 13 18 14 15 16 Clas s 6 3 5 2 9 8 1 4 10 7 Clas s 14 5 3 13 6 2 10 9 16 7 15 11

Radnik Bijeljina Olimpik Sarajevo Siroki Brijeg Borac Banja Luka CRO Hajduk Split Osijek Lokomotiva Zagreb Inter Zapresic Cibalia Vinkovci NK Zagreb Dinamo Zagreb Zadar Istra 1961 Slaven Koprivnica Rijeka RNK Split SCO Heart of Middlothian Inverness CT Celtic Glasgow Kilmarnock Dundee United Motherwell Aberdeen Saint Mirren Hibernian St. Johnstone Dundee FC Ross County ESP Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Sevilla Real Sociedad Bétis Sevilla Real Madrid Mallorca Zaragoza Rayo Vallecano Valencia

25,35 25,58 27,22 27,52 Av Age 21,75 22,68 22,73 22,82 23,57 23,89 23,98 24,77 25,17 25,38 26,95 26,98 Av Age 23,61 24,03 24,25 24,40 24,70 25,01 25,22 25,23 25,47 26,85 27,09 28,35 Av Age 25,26 25,77 25,91 26,11 26,13 26,24 26,46 26,53 26,70 26,78

27,30 26,29 27,68 30,01 Age XI 23,83 24,46 23,07 23,80 23,98 24,52 25,00 23,98 26,22 24,76 29,28 26,90 Age XI 25,64 26,08 25,70 27,48 26,38 26,66 28,05 27,66 26,23 30,20 28,03 27,88 Age XI 25,84 26,28 28,43 26,12 28,05 28,09 28,81 28,75 27,35 27,40

12 5 6 3 Clas s 4 7 2 10 11 12 1 9 6 8 3 5 Clas s 10 4 1 9 6 2 8 11 7 3 12 5 Clas s 12 3 9 4 7 2 18 20 8 5

Botev Plovdiv Slavia Sofia Lokomotiv Sofia Ludogorets DNK Nordsjaelland Aalborg Midtjylland Brondby Esbjerg FC Copenhagen Silkeborg Horsens OB Odense SonderjyskE AGF Aarhus Randers SVK AS Trencin Ruzomberok FC Nitra Kosice Zilina Slovan Bratislava Banska Bystrica Tatran Presov ViOn Zlate Moravce Senica Spartak Trnava Spartak Myjava FRA OGC Nice Rennes Nancy Toulouse Olympique Lyon Sochaux Brest Saint-Étienne Troyes Lorient

27,33 27,67 27,69 27,70 Av Age 24,25 24,26 24,27 24,45 25,51 26,01 26,05 26,33 26,51 26,84 26,91 27,51 Av Age 22,81 23,25 23,90 23,95 24,30 25,24 25,47 25,87 25,92 26,03 27,11 27,28 Av Age 24,51 24,64 24,67 25,10 25,28 25,46 26,01 26,15 26,15 26,41

27,72 29,65 27,77 29,55 Age XI 26,73 25,88 25,16 27,04 24,51 27,71 28,33 26,40 26,81 28,09 26,80 27,95 Age XI 22,93 24,76 25,78 25,37 27,22 25,28 27,09 27,43 28,65 28,12 26,27 29,31 Age XI 26,23 25,94 27,33 24,28 27,47 25,29 27,83 27,16 28,63 28,01

4 8 12 1 Clas s 2 5 6 9 4 1 12 11 10 8 7 3 Clas s 3 6 9 5 7 1 10 12 8 2 11 4 Clas s 4 13 18 10 3 16 20 5 19 8

Celta Vigo Espanyol Barcelona Valladolid Getafe Granada Målaga Osasuna Levante Deportivo WAL Afan Lido Newtown AFC Connah’s Quay Airbus UK The New Saints Aberystwyth Town Llanelli Bangor City Carmarthen Town Port Talbot Prestatyn Town Bala Town GRE AEK Athens Aris Thessaloniki Panionios Kerkyra OFI Crete Panathinaikos PAS Giannina Skoda Xanthi PAOK Thessaloniki Levadiakos Asteras Tripolis Atromitos Olympiacos Piraeus Platanias Panthrakikos Veroia ENG

26,80 26,91 27,00 27,44 27,48 27,62 27,67 28,27 29,09 29,10 Av Age 23,72 24,75 24,94 25,18 25,58 25,92 26,09 26,10 26,24 26,31 27,07 27,72 Av Age 23,47 23,61 23,68 24,67 24,81 25,71 25,97 25,99 26,10 26,30 26,40 27,41 27,41 27,89 28,38 28,49 Av Age

27,77 27,96 27,83 27,63 28,26 27,70 28,90 28,57 30,18 30,24 Age XI 27,47 24,94 27,25 25,29 25,53 26,64 26,45 27,52 27,92 25,55 29,35 27,78 Age XI 23,99 26,14 23,26 29,31 26,56 26,88 27,06 26,47 27,37 28,52 28,30 28,34 28,80 29,16 30,37 28,40 Age XI

17 13 1 14 10 15 6 16 11 19 Clas s 12 9 8 2 1 10 11 3 6 4 5 7 Clas s 15 13 9 16 14 6 5 7 2 11 3 4 1 10 8 12 Clas s

Valenciennes Stade Reims Olympique Marseille Montpellier Girondins Bordeaux Lilles Bastia Paris-SG Evian TG Ajaccio GEO WIT Georgia Baia Zugdidi Merani Martvili Zestafoni Torpedo Kutaisi Kolkheti Poti Dinamo Batumi Dila Gori Dinamo Tbilisi Chikhura Metalurgi Rustavi Sioni Bolnisi HUN Honved Budapest MTK Budapest Ferencvaros Ujpest Kaposvar Videoton Eger SC Siofok Lombard-Papa Haladas Pecsi Munkas Kecskemeti TE Gyori ETO Diosgyor Debrecen Paks ITA

26,67 26,73 26,75 26,80 27,06 27,34 27,34 27,69 27,95 28,41 Av Age 21,96 23,92 23,93 23,99 24,02 24,33 24,35 26,08 26,11 26,31 26,46 27,01 Av Age 23,40 24,32 25,20 25,41 25,82 26,15 26,21 26,23 26,25 26,42 26,50 26,68 26,88 26,98 27,64 28,44 Av Age

27,89 26,74 27,17 27,67 28,33 27,51 27,96 27,85 28,16 29,11 Age XI 23,38 28,89 24,06 26,64 25,00 26,49 24,39 28,32 28,82 28,10 28,26 30,37 Age XI 24,50 25,77 26,02 28,87 27,46 26,39 27,96 25,76 28,19 27,25 25,86 26,14 28,53 27,80 28,71 29,02 Age XI

11 14 2 9 7 6 12 1 17 15 Clas s 9 6 8 5 3 12 11 2 1 4 7 10 Clas s 3 4 5 9 11 2 16 15 14 7 12 8 1 10 6 13 Clas s

Aston Villa Liverpool Arsenal Newcastle Southampton Wigan Athletic Manchester City Chelsea Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur Norwich Reading Manchester United Swansea West Bromwich Albion Everton West Ham Fulham Stoke City Queens Park Rangers ISR FC Ashdod Beitar Jerusalem Maccabi Haifa Bnei Yehuda Maccabi Netanya Hapoel Beer Sheva Irony Kiryat Shmona Irony Ramat HaSharon Bnei Sakhnin Hapoel Tel Aviv Maccabi Tel Aviv Hapoel Acre Hapoel Haifa Hapoel Ramat Gan MKD Rabotnicki Skopje FK Turnovo Skendija 79 Sileks Kratovo Napredok Kicevo Teteks Tetovo

24,88 25,19 25,88 25,89 26,16 26,52 26,55 26,74 26,76 26,80 27,15 27,35 27,41 27,61 27,83 27,86 28,00 28,58 28,75 28,93 Av Age 23,94 24,50 24,98 25,08 25,13 25,37 25,90 25,92 26,00 26,13 26,26 26,53 26,76 27,03 Av Age 23,68 24,29 24,33 24,90 25,01 25,85

24,29 27,25 26,72 27,23 26,57 28,66 27,32 26,77 26,76 26,81 27,67 27,06 28,15 27,33 27,51 29,18 28,20 32,09 27,70 28,38 Age XI 25,90 26,25 26,82 28,70 26,99 26,55 27,64 29,57 26,62 28,30 27,97 27,67 28,55 27,37 Age XI 24,73 26,85 25,83 24,15 25,21 26,47

15 7 4 16 14 18 2 3 17 5 11 19 1 9 8 6 10 12 13 20 Clas s 7 10 2 3 13 8 4 6 12 5 1 11 9 14 Clas s 4 3 5 12 7 11

Delfino Pescara Udinese Sampdoria Genoa Cagliari AS Roma Fiorentina Catania Torino Inter Milan Parma Bologna Palermo Genoa 1893 Milan AC Atalanta Bergamo Chievo Verona Juventus Siena Napoli Lazio Roma LUX RFCU Luxembourg Grevenmacher Union 05 Kayl/Tetange Differdange 03 CS Petange Kaerjeng’97 Jeunesse Esch Fola Esch Etzella Ettelbruck Progres Niederkorn RM Hamm Benfica Wiltz 71 F91 Dudelange Jeunesse Canach MLT Birkirkara Floriana Melita FC Qormi Sliema Wanderers Rabat Ajax

25,93 25,95 26,42 26,43 26,58 27,00 27,06 27,10 27,12 27,15 27,19 27,31 27,36 27,90 28,27 28,37 28,48 28,49 28,77 29,64 Av Age 23,71 24,10 24,20 24,40 24,48 24,59 24,61 24,73 24,74 25,04 25,28 26,99 27,41 29,82 Av Age 23,33 24,42 24,61 24,78 25,57 25,64

26,63 27,84 24,77 26,54 26,86 27,41 29,07 28,24 29,14 29,76 27,10 27,47 28,68 27,16 29,30 29,30 29,02 29,68 29,60 30,16 Age XI 24,69 25,98 23,96 24,36 26,39 26,32 26,61 26,46 25,17 25,48 27,20 25,39 26,79 29,95 Age XI 26,18 25,13 24,84 26,74 25,97 26,10

20 5 14 11 6 4 8 15 9 10 13 19 16 3 17 12 1 18 2 7 Clas s 8 6 14 4 13 9 3 1 11 12 5 10 2 7 Clas s 1 7 12 8 4 10

Renova Drita Pelister Bitola Metalurg Skopje Vardar Skopje Bregalnica Stip MDA Olimpia Balti Nistru Otaci Sheriff Tiraspol Academia Chisinau Milsami Orhei Costuleni Iskra-Stal FC Tiraspol Dacia Chisinau Zimbru Chisinau CSCA-Rapid Chisinau Speranta CV POL Widzew Lodz Jagiellonia Bialystok Polonia Warsaw Lechia Gdansk GKS Belchatow Zaglebie Lubin Pogon Szczecin Korona Kielce Lech Poznan Wisla Krakow Piast Gliwice Gornik Zabrze Ruch Chorzow Slask Wroclaw Legia Warsaw Podbeskidzie BB CZE Zbrojovka Brno Banik Ostrava Sparta Prague Marila Pribram

26,30 26,45 26,66 26,76 27,89 28,05 Av Age 21,71 22,99 23,12 23,33 25,00 25,28 25,37 25,66 25,77 25,83 25,97 26,27 Av Age 23,84 24,83 25,00 25,52 25,93 26,36 26,49 26,63 26,78 26,87 26,92 27,17 27,34 27,39 27,63 28,40 Av Age 25,10 25,15 25,23 25,40

26,79 29,47 27,19 28,14 26,91 29,01 Age XI 24,20 24,55 24,55 24,46 27,01 24,64 26,45 26,72 27,05 25,04 26,91 25,43 Age XI 26,61 27,42 25,83 28,11 26,78 27,97 30,39 28,61 26,80 29,58 26,04 28,81 29,48 28,88 27,93 30,85 Age XI 27,25 26,75 26,93 27,21

8 9 10 2 1 6 Clas s 10 12 1 7 4 8 9 3 2 6 5 11 Clas s 13 10 6 7 16 9 12 11 2 8 4 5 15 3 1 14 Clas s 13 14 2 12

Hibernians Mosta FC Balzan Youths Hamrun Spartans Tarxien Rainbows Valletta FC MNE Lovcen Sutjeska Niksic Zeta Golubovci Buducnost Podgorica Grbalj Mogren Budva Rudar Pljevlja Jedinstvo Mladost Mornar Bar OFK Petrovac Celik Niksic POR Sporting CP Vitória Guimarães Nacional Rio Ave FC Porto Beira-Mar Marítimo Estoril-Praia Benfica Académica Olhanense Moreirense Vitória Setúbal Paços de Ferreira Sporting Braga Gil Vicente RUS Alania Vladikavkaz Spartak Moscow CSKA Moscow FK Krasnodar

25,81 25,84 26,03 26,22 26,91 28,32 Av Age 22,07 22,59 22,79 23,52 23,60 23,80 24,04 24,19 24,63 24,97 25,43 26,30 Av Age 23,74 23,80 24,84 24,90 25,14 25,95 26,02 26,07 26,07 26,34 27,26 27,29 27,33 27,41 27,46 27,86 Av Age 25,11 25,12 25,42 25,78

28,08 27,72 27,78 26,01 28,68 30,46 Age XI 23,42 22,76 24,36 24,00 25,09 26,76 25,82 27,29 25,04 25,95 28,85 26,32 Age XI 24,23 25,27 26,98 25,77 26,16 27,38 26,61 25,86 27,72 27,43 27,80 26,89 28,64 27,78 28,82 28,71 Age XI 26,65 27,41 26,24 27,80

2 9 6 11 5 3 Clas s 9 1 8 2 4 10 5 12 6 11 7 3 Clas s 6 9 8 7 1 16 10 5 2 11 13 15 12 3 4 14 Clas s 16 5 1 10

Sigma Olomouc FC Slovacko Slovan Liberec Hradec Kralove Teplice Ceske Budejovice Jablonec Viktoria Plzen Slavia Prague Dukla Prague Jihlava Mlada Boleslav ROU Viitorul Constanta Concordia Chiajna Astra Ploiesti Pandurii Gloria Bistrita Steaua Bucharest Dinamo Bucharest Turnu Severin Ceahlaul Piatra-Neamt CSMS Iasi Otelul Galati U. Cluj-Napoca FC Vaslui FC Brasov Petrolul Ploiesti Rapid Bucharest Gaz Metan Medias CFR Cluj-Napoca SRB Rad Beograd Red Star Beograd OFK Beograd Partizan Beograd Hajduk Kula Spartak Subotica Javor Vojvodina Novi Sad Donji Srem BSK Borca

25,60 25,85 25,91 26,11 26,14 26,20 26,32 26,38 26,55 26,72 26,78 27,36 Av Age 22,50 23,90 24,73 25,28 25,48 25,59 25,67 25,98 26,20 26,57 26,58 26,75 26,86 26,87 26,90 27,20 27,31 27,73 Av Age 21,38 22,59 22,62 23,73 23,90 24,34 24,52 24,57 25,29 25,77

26,47 27,92 27,78 27,68 27,71 28,60 26,85 28,81 27,19 28,73 29,77 27,19 Age XI 23,79 23,99 24,90 26,89 25,30 26,19 27,56 26,98 27,82 26,86 27,84 27,14 28,14 29,72 26,51 30,46 28,38 27,73 Age XI 23,50 23,73 24,69 24,88 25,15 25,54 26,34 26,49 26,32 26,12

5 9 3 16 11 15 4 1 7 6 10 8 Clas s 13 15 4 2 18 1 6 16 14 17 11 12 5 7 3 9 10 8 Clas s 7 2 6 1 8 9 10 3 11 15

Lokomotiv Moscow Krylia Sovetov Samara Terek Grozny Zenit St. Petersburg Anzhi Makhachkala Dinamo Moscow Kuban Krasnodar Rostov Amkar Perm Mordovia Saransk Rubin Kazan Volga NN TUR Kayserispor Bursaspor Gaziantepspor Genรงlerbirligi Besiktas Orduspor Eskisehirspor Antalyaspor Trabzonspor Kasimpasa Sivasspor Fenerbahce Karabukspor Istanbul BB Galatasaray Elazigspor Mersin 1925 Akhisaspor UKR Karpaty Lviv Ilichevets Mariupol Metalurg Donetsk M. Zaporozhye Dinamo Kiev Vorskla Poltava Dnipro Volyn Lutsk Shakhtar Donetsk Tavriya Simferopol

25,80 26,31 26,32 26,58 26,67 26,78 26,92 27,38 27,45 27,81 27,95 28,08 Av Age 24,83 25,27 25,75 25,77 25,82 26,12 26,57 27,25 27,27 27,44 27,59 27,69 28,23 28,40 28,44 28,56 28,57 29,04 Av Age 24,17 24,96 25,33 25,42 25,57 26,19 26,29 26,31 26,46 26,49

27,80 27,27 28,30 30,52 27,52 27,28 26,94 29,35 29,62 28,60 29,10 30,18 Age XI 26,92 28,59 27,70 26,74 27,48 28,89 29,62 29,23 27,57 29,61 28,42 29,38 29,19 30,46 28,17 29,16 29,81 29,85 Age XI 25,17 24,64 27,70 25,90 25,58 28,12 27,11 27,68 26,88 28,59

9 14 8 2 3 7 4 11 12 15 6 13 Clas s 5 4 10 11 3 17 8 7 9 6 12 2 15 16 1 13 18 14 Clas s 14 9 5 16 3 12 4 13 1 11

Novi Pazar Sloboda Point Sevojno Radnicki Kragujevac Jagodina Smederevo Radnicki Nis SUI FC Zurich Grasshopper Basel Sion Servette Young Boys Lausanne Sport Luzern St. Gallen Thun

26,12 26,24 26,27 26,41 26,84 28,07 Av Age 24,50 24,51 25,18 25,25 25,31 25,33 25,36 25,63 26,21 26,29

27,29 28,29 27,28 27,50 26,23 28,11 Age XI 23,72 24,44 25,77 28,44 25,97 27,65 28,02 27,73 28,16 26,51

14 5 13 4 16 12 Clas s 4 2 1 6 10 7 9 8 3 5

Krivbas Krivij Rih Zoria Lugansk Chern. Odessa Arsenal Kiev H. Uzhgorod Metalist Kharkiv NIR Lisburn Distillery Cliftonville Portadown Ballymena United Glentoran Dungannon Swifts Glenavon Coleraine Crusaders Ballinamallard Utd Linfield Donegal Celtic

26,84 27,05 27,12 27,49 27,50 28,70 Av Age 24,49 24,64 24,93 25,06 25,09 25,29 25,32 25,59 25,68 25,71 26,11 26,54

28,13 30,07 26,98 29,22 27,12 29,41 Age XI 26,32 26,94 26,00 27,03 27,09 25,59 29,12 26,52 27,20 28,03 27,03 29,50

The above table shows the comparison, league-by-league, of the average squad ages and the 11 players more used. There isn’t a pattern strongly defined to assume that younger or older squads prevail in the classifications, however several of the youngest squads were demoted and a number of champions and ‘European’ teams have more mature squads.

Little over 10 percent of the teams have the 11 most used younger than the average squad’s age, being the main focus Estonia with 4 out of 10, Germany with 5 out of 18 and Luxembourg with 4 out of 14.

7 10 6 8 15 2 Clas s 12 1 7 8 4 10 9 6 2 5 3 11

3. Players used If the more known leagues have a restricted number of players that can be enrolled per squad, don’t have the habit of placing youngsters easily on the pitch and the squads are more labored, also protected by laws, in other leagues the selling’s and abandons, some poor sporting and labor laws see teams using over 40 players per season, sometimes firing almost entire squads and hiring new names or having difficulty to cope with the salary needs and fielding youth from the development sides.

On a side note, it would be wise for the FIFpro, together with FIFA, UEFA and the national federations and leagues, to determine, regulate and assert more even laws in regard to contracts, wages. A standard contract in the universal languages adopted by the entities in question should be established as rule and definition (an idea that should be embraced, at least within the EU, by all other sports and even activities).

Naturally, the number of matches played also enters into the account; however the use of players is more related to the football historical schools, the habit of turning to the youth during the season, the habit of working with a restricted number of footballers, etc. The range of average players used stands between little over 23 in the Icelandic Deild and near 40 in Moldova’s Divizia Nationala.

Next, the detailed numbers league by league.

SWE Kalmar FF Elfsborg Gefle GIF Sundsvall IFK Norrkoping Atvidabergs IFK Goteborg BK Hacken Helsingborgs AIK Solna Malmo FF Mjallby AIF GAIS Goteborg Orebro Syrianska Djurgarden ARM Shirak MIKA Ashtarak Impuls Pyunik Banants Ulysses Gandzasar Ararat Ierevan

Rep. Ireland Shelbourne Monaghan Utd UC Dublin Sligo Rovers Drogheda Utd St. Patrick’s Ath Shamrock Rovers Derry City Cork City Bohemians Dundalk Bray Wanderers EST Kalju Nomme Levadia Tallinn

Nr. 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 29 28 30 30 35 35 38 39 44

23 23 25 26 26 26 26 26 28 32 32 36 20 21

Class 10 1 11 14 5 8 7 2 6 4 3 12 16 15 13 9 Class 1 2 5 4 8 6 3 7

Class 8 12 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 Class 1 2

KZK Akzhayik Lok. Astana Ordabasy Sh. Karagandy Irtysh Pavlodar Kaisar Kyzylorda Tobol Kostanay Zhetysu Aktobe Taraz Atyrau Kairat Almaty Sunkar Okzhetpes

LIT Zalgiris Vilnius Suduva Kruoja Banga FK Vilnius Siauliai Ekranas Dainava Tauras Atlantas ISL Fram Reykjavik Stjarnan FH Hafnarfjordur IBV KR Reykjavik Akranes Valur Reykjavik Keflavik Selfoss Breidablik Grindavik Fylkir LAT U. Liepaja/METTA Skonto Riga

Nr. 22 23 24 25 25 25 27 28 30 30 32 33 33 35

24 24 26 26 26 27 29 30 30 47 18 20 22 22 22 23 24 24 25 25 25 27 24 25

Class 8 4 7 1 2 9 6 13 3 5 11 10 12 14

Class 2 3 4 6 10 5 1 7 9 8 Class 10 5 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 2 12 7 Class 8 3

Flora Tallinn FC Viljandi Trans Narva Kalev Sillamae Paide FC Kuressaare Tammeka Tartu Kalev Tallinn NOR Tromso Odd Grenland Viking Stavanger Sogndal Honefoss Haugesund Aalesund Rosenborg Molde Stromsgodset Fredrikstad Stabaek Brann Bergen Lillestrom Sandnes Ulf Valerenga FIN IFK Mariehamn Inter Turku HJK Helsinki MyPa Anjalankoski FC Honka VPS Vaasa JJK KuPS FF Jaro TPS Turku FC Lahti Haka Valkeakoski BLR Sh. Soligorsk Naftan Novopolotsk Neman Grodno BATE Borisov Brest

23 25 26 28 30 30 35 38 21 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 29 29 29 32 21 23 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 29 19 23 24 25 25

3 8 4 5 6 7 10 9 Class 4 9 5 12 13 7 11 3 1 2 15 15 6 10 14 8 Class 4 2 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 5 12 Class 2 9 5 1 8

Daugava Daugavpils FC Jurmala Metalurgs Liepaja Daugava Riga Gulbene FK Ventspils Jelgava Spartaks Jurmala BEL Zulte-Waregem Mons KV Kortrijk OH Leuven Cercle Brugge Lokeren Malines Genk Anderlecht Club Brugge Waasland-Beveren Charleroi Beerschot AC AA Gent Lierse Standard Liège Faroe Islands EB/Streymur KI Klaksvik IF Fuglafjordur Vikingur NSI Runavik HB Torshavn TB 1892 B68 Toftir Suduroy B36 Torshavn

AZE Neftchi Baku Simurq Khazar Lenkaran Qarabag Inter Baku

26 26 28 29 29 31 35 37

21 22 23 23 23 24 26 26 29 30

1 6 4 9 10 2 7 5 Class 2 7 9 10 16 5 8 3 1 4 13 11 15 12 14 6 Class 1 4 2 5 7 3 8 9 10 6

24 26 28 29 29

Class 1 4 8 2 3

26 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 30 30 31 33 33 34 35 36

Belshina Bobruisk Dinamo Minsk FK Gomel Torpedo Zhodino FK Minsk Slavia Mozyr Sumgayit ALB Skenderbeu Kukesi Shkumbini Teuta Durres Flamurtari Laci Bylis Besa KF Tirana Kastrioti Apolonia Fier Tomori Berat Vllaznia Shkoder Luftetari GER Borussia M’Gladbach Borussia Dortmund Bayern Munchen Bayer Leverkusen Werder Bremen Hamburger SV Hannover 96 1.FC Nurnberg Schalke 04 Eintracht Frankfurt VfB Stuttgart SC Freiburg Fortuna Dusseldorf VfL Wolfsburg Mainz 05 FC Augsburg 1899 Hoffenheim Greuther Furth AUT Austria Wien Wolfsberger AC

27 28 28 28 30 31

23 23 26 27 27 29 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 38 22 23 24 24 24 25 25 25 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 33 33 23 23

7 3 4 11 6 10 10 Class 1 2 11 3 4 7 9 10 5 8 14 12 6 13 Class 8 2 1 3 14 7 9 10 4 6 12 5 17 11 13 15 16 18 Class 1 5

AZAL Sumgayit Qabala FK Baku Ravan Turan Kapaz CYP Omonia Nicosia APOEL Nicosia Anorthosis Famagusta AEK Larnaca Doxa Katokopia AEL Limassol Nea Salamis Ethnikos Achnas Olympiakos Nicosia Apollon Limassol Alki Larnaca Ayia Napa Paphos EN Paralimni NED Vitesse Arnhem NAC Breda PSV Eindhoven RKC Waalwijk Roda JC Kerkrade ADO Den Haag AZ Alkmaar VVV Venlo Feyenoord Heracles PEC Zwolle NEC Nijmegen Willem II Tilburg Utrecht Twente Heerenveen Groningen Ajax Amsterdam SLO Rudar Velenje Koper

30 30 34 35 36 42 43 25 27 27 27 27 28 29 29 30 32 32 33 37 40 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 28 29 29 29 30 33 26 28

7 10 6 5 9 11 12 Class 3 1 2 4 7 5 12 10 9 6 11 14 13 8 Class 4 13 2 14 16 9 10 17 3 12 11 15 18 5 6 8 7 1 Class 7 4

SV Ried Mattersburg Wacker Innsbruck Magna WN Rapid Wien Sturm Graz Red Bull Salzburg Admira Wacker BiH Siroki Brijeg Zeljeznicar Radnik Bijeljina Celik Zenica Slavija Sarajevo Borac Banja Luka Leotar Trebinje FK Sarajevo Rudar Prijedor Velez Mostar Zrinjski Mostar Olimpik Sarajevo NK Travnik GOSK Gabela Zvjezda Gradacac Gradina Srebrenik CRO Rijeka Slaven Koprivnica Lokomotiva Zagreb Istra 1961 Cibalia Vinkovci RNK Split NK Zagreb Zadar Inter Zapresic Dinamo Zagreb Osijek Hajduk Split SCO Motherwell Saint Mirren Inverness CT St. Johnstone Dundee United

24 25 26 27 29 29 31 36 25 26 27 28 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 37 40 26 26 27 28 28 29 31 32 32 33 36 37 23 25 26 27 27

6 10 8 7 3 4 2 9 Class 6 1 12 4 7 3 8 2 10 13 9 5 14 15 11 16 Class 3 8 2 6 11 5 12 9 10 1 7 4 Class 2 11 4 3 6

HIT Gorica Celje Olimpija Ljubljana Triglav Gorenjska Maribor Branik Domzale Aluminij Mura BUL Pirin Gotse Delchev Ludogorets Botev Plovdiv Levski Sofia Cherno More Varna Litex Lovech Chern. Burgas Slavia Sofia Beroe Stara Zagora Lokomotiv Sofia FK Montana Lokomotiv Plovdiv CSKA Sofia Minyor Pernik Botev Vratsa Etar Veliko Tarnovo DNK Aalborg Randers Horsens Esbjerg OB Odense AGF Aarhus Brondby Silkeborg FC Copenhagen Midtjylland SonderjyskE Nordsjaelland SVK AS Trencin Kosice ViOn Zlate Moravce Ruzomberok Banska Bystrica

28 29 31 32 33 34 34 35 23 26 26 29 29 30 30 34 35 35 37 38 39 39 43 47 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 29 34 24 24 25 27 29

6 5 2 8 1 3 10 9 Class 11 1 4 2 10 5 6 8 7 12 15 9 3 14 13 16 Class 5 3 11 4 10 7 9 12 1 6 8 2 Class 3 5 8 6 10

Ross County Hibernian Aberdeen Dundee FC Heart of Middlothian Celtic Glasgow Kilmarnock ESP Real Sociedad Valencia Valladolid Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Espanyol Atletico Madrid Getafe Levante Málaga Granada Celta Vigo Deportivo Rayo Vallecano Mallorca Sevilla Osasuna Real Madrid Bétis Sevilla Zaragoza WAL Bala Town The New Saints Newtown AFC Bangor City Connah’s Quay Aberystwyth Town Airbus UK Prestatyn Town Port Talbot Carmarthen Town Llanelli Afan Lido GRE PAS Giannina Atromitos

28 28 29 30 31 35 35 22 23 23 25 25 25 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 33 33 19 22 22 25 25 26 28 28 31 31 32 34 22 24

5 7 8 12 10 1 9 Class 4 5 14 1 12 13 3 10 11 6 15 17 19 8 18 9 16 2 7 20 Class 7 1 9 3 8 10 2 5 4 6 11 12 Class 5 4

Slovan Bratislava Senica Zilina Spartak Myjava Tatran Presov Spartak Trnava FC Nitra FRA Toulouse Olympique Marseille Saint-Étienne Lille Girondins Bordeaux Valenciennes Stade Reims Troyes Sochaux Montpellier Ajaccio Bastia Nancy Lorient Evian TG Paris-SG Olympique Lyon Rennes OGC Nice Brest GEO Torpedo Kutaisi Chikhura WIT Georgia Metalurgi Rustavi Dinamo Tbilisi Merani Martvili Dila Gori Zestafoni Baia Zugdidi Sioni Bolnisi Dinamo Batumi Kolkheti Poti HUN Kaposvar MTK Budapest

30 30 30 32 34 35 40 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 32 33 23 29 30 32 33 33 39 39 39 39 40 41 22 26

1 2 7 4 12 11 9 Class 10 2 5 6 7 11 14 19 16 9 15 12 18 8 17 1 3 13 4 20 Class 3 4 9 7 1 8 2 5 6 10 11 12 Class 11 4

Levadiakos Olympiacos Piraeus Panthrakikos OFI Crete Asteras Tripolis Skoda Xanthi Aris Thessaloniki PAOK Thessaloniki Panathinaikos Panionios Platanias Veroia AEK Athens Kerkyra ENG Everton Stoke City Manchester United Manchester City West Bromwich Albion Swansea Southampton Chelsea Arsenal West Ham Norwich Tottenham Hotspur Liverpool Aston Villa Wigan Athletic Reading Fulham Sunderland Queens Park Rangers Newcastle ISR Hapoel Beer Sheva Hapoel Haifa Hapoel Acre Bnei Sakhnin Bnei Yehuda Beitar Jerusalem Maccabi Tel Aviv Irony Kiryat Shmona

27 28 28 28 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 33 35 23 24 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 30 32 25 25 25 25 26 26 27 29

11 1 8 14 3 7 13 2 6 9 10 12 15 16 Class 6 13 1 2 8 9 14 3 4 10 11 5 7 15 18 19 12 17 20 16 Class 8 9 11 12 3 10 1 4

Diosgyor Paks Videoton Ujpest Haladas Lombard-Papa Ferencvaros Pecsi Munkas Honved Budapest Gyori ETO Kecskemeti TE Debrecen Siofok Eger SC ITA AS Roma Cagliari Napoli Juventus Lazio Roma Milan AC Catania Sampdoria Genoa Torino Fiorentina Udinese Bologna Parma Chievo Verona Atalanta Bergamo Inter Milan Palermo Genoa 1893 Siena Delfino Pescara LUX Jeunesse Esch Differdange 03 RFCU Luxembourg Etzella Ettelbruck Fola Esch RM Hamm Benfica Wiltz 71 Grevenmacher

26 28 29 29 30 30 32 32 33 34 34 34 34 36 24 25 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 31 33 35 35 36 36 37 37 39 22 22 23 23 25 25 25 26

10 13 2 9 7 14 5 12 3 1 8 6 15 16 Class 6 11 2 1 7 3 8 14 15 4 5 13 10 12 17 9 19 16 18 20 Class 3 4 8 11 1 5 10 6

Maccabi Netanya Maccabi Haifa FC Ashdod Hapoel Ramat Gan Hapoel Tel Aviv Irony Ramat HaSharon MKD FK Turnovo Napredok Kicevo Vardar Skopje Renova Metalurg Skopje Skendija 79 Bregalnica Stip Pelister Bitola Sileks Kratovo Drita Rabotnicki Skopje Teteks Tetovo MDA CSCA-Rapid Chisinau Costuleni Iskra-Stal Milsami Orhei FC Tiraspol Dacia Chisinau Academia Chisinau Speranta CV Zimbru Chisinau Sheriff Tiraspol Olimpia Balti Nistru Otaci POL Lech Poznan Legia Warsaw Gornik Zabrze Slask Wroclaw Zaglebie Lubin Pogon Szczecin Ruch Chorzow Piast Gliwice Wisla Krakow Jagiellonia Bialystok Widzew Lodz

30 31 31 31 34 36 25 25 26 26 28 28 28 28 32 33 34 37 28 31 31 32 33 37 37 37 43 46 47 51 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 31 31

13 2 7 14 5 6 Class 3 7 1 8 2 5 6 10 12 9 4 11 Class 5 8 9 4 3 2 7 11 6 1 10 12 Class 2 1 5 3 9 12 15 4 8 10 13

F91 Dudelange Kaerjeng’97 Progres Niederkorn Jeunesse Canach Union 05 Kayl/Tetange CS Pétange MLT Hibernians Valletta FC Birkirkara Tarxien Rainbows Qormi Rabat Ajax Hamrun Spartans Sliema Wanderers Mosta FC Balzan Youths Floriana Melita FC MNE Buducnost Podgorica Rudar Pljevlja OFK Petrovac Zeta Golubovci Sutjeska Niksic Grbalj Celik Niksic Mornar Bar Mogren Budva Mladost Jedinstvo Lovcen POR Paços de Ferreira Académica Rio Ave Vitória Setúbal Benfica Estoril-Praia Moreirense Beira-Mar FC Porto Nacional Marítimo

27 27 28 29 30 32 26 26 27 28 29 29 29 30 31 32 33 35 25 27 27 27 29 30 31 31 32 37 37 45 21 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 29

2 9 12 7 14 13 Class 2 3 1 5 8 10 11 4 9 6 7 12 Class 2 5 7 8 1 4 3 11 10 6 12 9 Class 3 11 7 12 2 5 15 16 1 8 10

Lechia Gdansk Podbeskidzie BB Korona Kielce GKS Belchatow Polonia Warsaw CZE Dukla Prague Jablonec Viktoria Plzen Jihlava FC Slovacko Sparta Prague Sigma Olomouc Teplice Slavia Prague Hradec Kralove Marila Pribram Zbrojovka Brno Mlada Boleslav Banik Ostrava Slovan Liberec Ceske Budejovice ROU Astra Ploiesti CSMS Iasi Pandurii Dinamo Bucharest Steaua Bucharest Viitorul Constanta Petrolul Ploiesti FC Vaslui Ceahlaul Piatra-Neamt FC Brasov CFR Cluj-Napoca Gaz Metan Medias Otelul Galati Concordia Chiajna Rapid Bucharest U. Cluj-Napoca Turnu Severin Gloria Bistria SRB Spartak Subotica Sloboda Point Sevojno

32 32 33 35 40 22 24 25 26 28 29 29 29 30 31 32 32 33 33 34 35 25 27 28 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 35 36 36 41 43 47 49 25 26

7 14 11 16 6 Class 6 4 1 10 9 2 5 11 7 16 12 13 8 14 3 15 Class 4 17 2 6 1 13 3 5 14 7 8 10 11 15 9 12 16 18 Class 9 5

Olhanense Sporting Braga Gil Vicente Vitรณria Guimarรฃes Sporting CP RUS CSKA Moscow Anzhi Makhachkala Rubin Kazan Mordovia Saransk Kuban Krasnodar Lokomotiv Moscow FK Krasnodar Krylia Sovetov Samara Dinamo Moscow Terek Grozny Volga NN Rostov Zenit St. Petersburg Amkar Perm Spartak Moscow Alania Vladikavkaz TUR Akhisaspor Eskisehirspor Istanbul BB Kayserispor Kasimpasa Antalyaspor Sivasspor Galatasaray Besiktas Trabzonspor Fenerbahce Genรงlerbirligi Gaziantepspor Orduspor Karabukspor Bursaspor Elazigspor Mersin 1925 UKR Ilichevets Mariupol Dnipro

29 31 32 34 35 24 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 32 33 35 37 24 25 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 30 31 32 34 36 37 24 27

13 4 14 9 6 Class 1 3 6 15 4 9 10 14 7 8 13 11 2 12 5 16 Class 14 8 16 5 6 7 12 1 3 9 2 11 10 17 15 4 13 18 Class 9 4

Jagodina Javor Radnicki Nis Vojvodina Novi Sad Radnicki Kragujevac OFK Beograd Partizan Red Star Beograd BSK Borca Hajduk Kula Donji Srem Smederevo Rad Beograd Novi Pazar SUI Grasshopper St. Gallen Thun Lausanne Sport Basel Luzern FC Zurich Young Boys Servette Sion

29 31 31 33 33 35 36 36 36 37 38 38 39 42 24 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 31 33

4 10 12 3 13 6 1 2 15 8 11 16 7 14 Class 2 3 5 9 1 8 4 7 10 6

Chern. Odessa Krivbas Krivij Rih Tavriya Simferopol Zoria Lugansk Volyn Lutsk Metalurg Donetsk Shakhtar Donetsk Metalist Kharkiv Karpaty Lviv H. Uzhgorod Vorskla Poltava Dinamo Kiev Arsenal Kiev M. Zaporozhye NIR Portadown Ballinamallard Utd Glentoran Coleraine Linfield Lisburn Distillery Cliftonville Crusaders Ballymena United Dungannon Swifts Glenavon Donegal Celtic

27 27 27 28 28 29 30 32 32 33 34 35 41 42 25 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 33 34

6 7 11 10 13 5 1 2 14 15 12 3 8 16 Class 7 5 4 6 3 12 1 2 8 10 9 11

Another normal factor for a wider number of players used is the classification. Usually a team that stays on top uses less players, keeps a standard, keeps a smaller group, doesn’t have the need for more profound changes, contrary to the teams in the bottom, many times driven to changes by that, new names, from within or not, remodeling the squad, the scheme, the play, bringing new coaches with new ideas and other players in mind.

When all is decided, in several squads, the numbers tend to grow, as it is the best time to watch new players, youngsters from the development squads, helping them to prepare for next seasons and seeing whether they can be a good asset or not.

Evolution of the number of players used in the last 3 seasons

Moldova Romania Armenia Georgia Serbia Bulgaria Montenegro Azerbaijan Italy BosniaHerzegovina Slovenia Ukraine Hungary Croatia Cyprus Russia Poland Belgium Slovakia Albania Greece Malta Czech Rep. FYROM Turkey Latvia Northern Ireland Lithuania Scotland Israel Portugal Switzerland France Kazakhstan Estonia Spain Rep. Ireland Austria Denmark

10/11 1 2 34,07 14 39 34,22 18 34

11/12 35,67 32,89 29,75 34,58 31,31 33,19 32,50 30,33 29,35 33,56

4.70% 3.89%

35,90 32,38 32,38 33,83 33,42 28,55 31,75

10 16 16 12 12 20 16

36 30 30 33 32 38 30

3.68% 3.30% 2.50% 3.93% 9.25% 2.80% 5.70%

32,20 31,50 30,69 29,25 29,57 29,00 28,63 29,88 30,67 31,08 29,13 25,20 29,19 32,67 31,06 28,70 28,58

10 16 16 16 14 16 16 16 12 12 16 10 16 12 18 10 12

36 0.94% 31,90 10 36 2.82% 31,00 10 36 3.73% 30 0.19% 31,44 16 30 1.40% 31,00 16 30 1.59% 30 8.34% 33,25 16 30 8.09% 30,56 16 30 0.42% 30 15.38% 33,75 16 30 9.87% 30,42 12 33 4.00% 32 0.24% 29,50 14 32 2.41% 30,21 14 32 2.16% 30 18.31% 34,31 16 30 12,18% 30,13 16 30 3.90% 30 1.50% 29,06 16 30 3.68% 30,13 16 30 5.24% 40 4.42% 28,56 16 40 5.25% 30,06 16 40 0.60% 33 4.34% 32,00 12 33 6.25% 30,00 12 33 2.18% 33 7.37% 28,79 14 26 3.96% 29,93 14 26 3.70% 30 1.51% 28,69 16 30 4.15% 29,88 16 30 2.57% 28 12.78% 28,42 12 32 4.08% 29,58 12 32 17.38% 30 2.57% 28,44 16 30 3.73% 29,50 16 30 1.06% 33 6.12% 30,67 12 33 4.89% 29,17 12 33 10.71% 34 5.57% 29,33 18 40 0.55% 29,17 18 34 6.08% 27 3.59% 27,67 9 32 4.81% 29,00 10 36 1.05% 38 2.94% 29,42 12 38 1.70% 28,92 12 38 1.19%

28,80 29,92 27,94 27,63 27,10 27,30

10 12 16 16 10 20

27 38 35 30 36 38

1.40% 2.68% 6.08% 7.38% 0.73%

29,10 10 36 27,85 20 38

2.06% 1.08%

27,30 10 36 26,67 12 33

4.76% 1.57%

29,50 28,69 29,31 29,10 27,50 27,42 28,50 27,55 29,20 28,60 26,25

1 12 18 8 12 16 16 12 12 20 16

12 16 16 10 20 12 10 20 10 10 12

2 33 34 28 36 30 30 33 32 38 30

38 37 30 36 38 32 36 38 36 36 33

5.83% 6.08% 0.49% 8.78% 1.69% 0.52% 6.07% 6.81% 6.70%

2.81% 0.17% 3.62% 3.09% 2.18% 3.16% 0.00% 4.55% 3.50%

12/13 37,75 34,89 34,88 34,75 34,06 33,75 32,33 32,17 31,35 31,31

28,90 28,67 28,64 28,25 28,20 28,10 28,00 27,60 27,55 27,42 27,30 27,17

1 12 18 8 12 16 16 12 12 20 16

10 12 14 16 10 20 14 10 20 11 10 12

2 33 10.80% 34 1.96% 42 17.24% 32 3.20% 30 5.19% 30 4.23% 33 4.43% 32 3.74% 38 9.81% 30 1.39%

36 38 36 30 36 38 26 36 38 30 36 33

0.35% 4.36% 2.51% 2.24% 4.06% 2.93% 2.12% 5.15% 1.08% 6.10% 0.00% 1.87%

England Wales Germany Belarus Netherlands Luxembourg Norway Sweden Faroe Islands Finland Iceland

28,15 25,08 26,50 27,75 27,17 26,29 23,63 25,00

20 12 18 12 18 14 16 16

38 32 34 33 34 26 30 30

0.18% 7.34% 2.94% 6.59% 2.87% 5.17% 6.35% 1.52%

23,29 14 26 22,33 12 22

9.49% 8.24%

28,10 26,92 27,28 25,92 26,39 24,93 25,13 25,38 25,00 25,50 24,17

20 12 18 12 18 14 16 16 10 12 12

38 32 34 33 34 26 30 30 27 33 22

3.77% 0.00% 2.05% 1.00% 1.06% 4.29% 1.99% 1.63% 3.41% 4.51%

27,04 26,92 26,72 26,18 26,11 26,00 25,63 24,94 24,70 24,58 23,08

20 12 18 11 18 14 16 16 10 12 12

38 32 34 30 34 26 30 30 27 33 22

3.94% 7.34% 0.83% 5.66% 3.90% 1.10% 8.46% 0.24% 1.20% 5.54% 3.36%

1 League Number of teams 2 Number of matches played

It is possible to find a link between the evolution of the number of clubs and matches in each league and the wider use of players, but there isn’t a direct connection, there is variational growth with more and less matches and the opposite too.

As showed before, northern European countries tend to use fewer players, to restrict the numbers, contrary to the Eastern European ones, that present plenty of above 30 athletes on average and per squad used in each season.

4. Foreign players The Bosman effect opened to football – and to collective sports – a door that the fall of the Berlin Wall also sparkled, the globalization, the easiness to move from one country to another, something done illegally by thousands throughout the 20th century but liberalized after all the commercial, free trade agreements between almost all world countries that enhanced people to pursue a better life.

Talking about foreign players is always a difficult subject. The main point here in this work is the football nationality, the country a player chooses to represent, when nowadays so many more come from distinct ancestry, born or raised in one place with parents often from different nations, a scenario more and more frequent that should be subject to profound and detailed research.

People often mistakes football nationality and school from cultural and genetic provenance. It is the most common mistake on identifying certain players with their backgrounds, even amongst football specialists. There is a tendency to relate a footballer to his or her genetic past rather than explaining his or her roots, both genetically and footballing. Genetics give you a more natural skill but it is the school, club, country football school that can turn someone into a sporting star and that should never be disregarded or diminished.

Like in the number of players used, the calculation was summed and defined considering each player one in each team, this means that during the tranfers window any change, inside or outside the same league, signifies that the footballer will be counted twice because he played for two or three different clubs.

681 teams, 50 top leagues, 681 squads, over 20000 players from which almost 7000 were born or represent a country other than the one they played club football.

Brazil keeps leading the legionnaires’ numbers with 684 footballers, over 10 percent of the total, spread across 43 of the 50 leagues analyzed in representation of 290 of the 681 teams, more than 40 percent of all the clubs scrutinized! Although highly disseminated there is a number that has no other match or comparison, the 125 Brazilian footballers in the Portuguese league, almost a third of all the players (452) used during the 12/13 campaign. Only the French footballers in Luxembourg – 81 in 364 – and the English in Wales – 85 in 323 – come a little closer to that.

Serbia is the second biggest exporter with 440 – 6.52 percent – players representing 224 clubs in 41 distinct leagues. The main Serbian presence is in the Bosnia and Herzegovina (64), Montenegro (39) and Hungary (33) top leagues.

Several countries appear next with over 200 nationals playing abroad. Argentina had 235 footballers representing 122 teams in 29 European top leagues, 62 of which play in

Italy’s Serie A. Croatia saw 221 in 34 top leagues and 134 squads with 50 present in Bosnia and Herzegovina. France possessed 273 footballers in 129 clubs from 30 leagues, with Luxembourg league above described. Nigeria saw 208 players present in 40 leagues and 152 teams. Portugal had 216 footballers defending 105 clubs’ colors in 28 different European top leagues.

Senegal is probably the most disseminated country with 139 players spread across 117 teams!

A word to Spain, one of the leagues that are historically importers – like the English, German and Italian – but have now almost 200 names in other European leagues, 31 to be precise, representing 109 different squads, a situation unimaginable a few years ago.

70%

European Leagues 12/13 - Foreign Players Percentage

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

65,96% 63,50% 55,75% 55,72% 52,63% 52,18% 51,65% 48,55% 44,33% 43,02% 41,64% 40,76% 40,41% 39,02% 37,70% 37,66% 36,61% 36,48% 34,94% 34,39% 31,83% 31,83% 31,60% 30,89% 29,46% 29,31% 29,10% 28,48% 27,78% 27,62% 25,27% 25,08% 24,94% 24,65% 23,18% 22,22% 20,55% 20,29% 20,22% 19,68% 19,57% 16,70% 16,13% 15,72% 14,25% 13,37% 12,55% 11,71% 10,09% 7,91%

Foreign Players

With no changes in the top 3 leagues with the highest foreign percentage values since previous seasons there are more leagues averaging more foreign representatives than national footballers, 7 in 12/13. The gap is huge, from almost 2 out of 3 in Cyprus to less than 10 percent in Georgia.

It is natural to define bonds, cultural, linguistic, of political dependency or liaisons, which explain many of the foreign presences. Some others are ‘sons of war’, from families that sought refuge from conflicts. Of course that, with the Tycoon owners,

there are also no relations in foreign acquisitions, just reinforcements of the squads, situation that always happened, especially when the foreign players limit to 2 or 3 was the rule.

Usually there are preferencial markets, linked or not by the above mentioned. South America still is main supplier, namely Brazil and Argentina, the African connection and the EU. The Nordic leagues, for instance, tend to have foreign players from the neighboring countries, some American, a growing African link, that replaced the South American, and several Balcan ‘sons’. Spain and Italy are still very connected with South America and Portugal with Brazil and the African former colonies, a situation that is seen also in the French league. The Eastern leagues have close ties with their neighbors and, as the years pass, wider connections are settled. The tendency will be for African and Asian players to grow in importance and numbers within the European leagues.

147 different nations had players that were fielded somewhere in the 50 top European tiers evaluated.

League England

1 537

Italy

687

Cyprus

423

Belgium

481

Portugal

452

Germany

481

Russia

482

France

562

Spain

551

Turkey

525

Romania

628

Luxembourg

364

Ukraine

496

Hungary

489

2 34 1 33 0 27 9 26 8 25 2 25 1 23 4 23 4 21 5 21 4 19 4 18 8 18 7 17

3 4 72 21.11%

League Switzerland

49 14.85%

Malta

53 19.00%

Denmark

65 24.25%

Israel

50 19.84%

Czech Rep.

62 24.70%

Wales

65 27.78%

Serbia

50 21.37%

Latvia

48 22,33%

Albania

54 25.23%

Slovakia

52 26.80%

Finland

29 15.43%

Belarus

44 23.53%

Austria

45 25.14%

Lithuania

1 28 2 35 5 32 6 40 1 47 2 32 3 54 5 29 0 41 9 36 0 29 5 28 8 27 3 28

2 12 5 11 3 10 3 10 0 97

3 45

4 36.00%

23

20.35%

35

33.98%

41

41.00%

21

20.62%

94

9

9.57%

91

19

20.89%

85

21

24.71%

82

19

23.17%

80

26

32.50%

74

31

41.89%

71

19

26.76%

69

30

43.48%

67

19

28.36%

9 9 Netherlands 470 17 52 27.68% Slovenia 31 61 18 7 0 Greece 478 16 50 29.94% Montenegro 38 61 15 7 8 Azerbaijan 386 15 42 26.28% Estonia 27 56 18 6 6 Bulgaria 540 15 50 33.33% Iceland 27 56 17 0 7 Scotland 344 14 34 22.97% Croatia 36 52 18 8 5 Kazakhstan 392 14 39 26.57% Armenia 27 45 20 3 9 Poland 482 14 49 33.80% Rep. Ireland 32 44 13 2 9 Norway 410 14 34 24.11% FYROM 35 41 12 1 0 Bosnia-Herzegovina 501 13 11 8.03% Northern Ireland 34 35 8 7 7 Moldova 453 12 31 23.26% Georgia 41 33 18 9 7 Sweden 399 12 40 31.50% Faroe Islands 24 31 11 7 7 1 Players used 2 Foreign Players 3 Different Nationalities 4 Dissemination Rate

29.51% 24.59% 32.14% 30.36% 34.62% 44.44% 29.55% 29.27% 22.86% 54.55% 35.48%

The English Premiership tops the legionnaires’ numbers with 341 (inter)nationals from 72 different nations. The Belgian Jupiler League had footballers from 65 diverse nations, as did the Russian Premier Division and the German Bundesliga saw players from 62 distinct nationalities.

The dissemination formula is simplified, just considering the number of foreign nationals and the distinct nations, situation that allows the leagues with fewer foreigners to present a higher value. However, without a specific exponential factor to introduce, it is the more reasonable way to determine it.

Foreign Players % Cyprus England Portugal Belgium Italy Germany Luxembourg Russia Switzerland

10/11 67.39% 62.70% 57.92% 53.35% 46.60% 51.36% 56.95% 44.83% 52.40%

3.37% 0.96% 3.44% 2.38% 5.28% 0.47% 5.41% 2.07% 9.50%

11/12 12/13 65.12% 1.29% 65.96% 62.10% 2.25% 63.50% 59.91% 6.94% 55.75% 52.08% 6.99% 55.72% 49.06% 7.28% 52.63% 51.12% 2.07% 52.18% 53.87% 4.12% 51.65% 43.90% 10.59% 48.55% 47.42% 5.46% 44.33%

2.12% 1.28% 3.75% 4.44% 12.94% 1.60% 9.31% 8.30% 15.40%

Scotland France Turkey Azerbaijan Spain Ukraine Netherlands Hungary Kazakhstan Greece Norway Sweden Malta Denmark Romania Poland Latvia Wales Moldova Bulgaria Bosnia-Herzegovina Austria Finland Israel Belarus Lithuania Slovakia Czech Rep. Estonia Iceland Slovenia Albania Serbia Armenia Montenegro Croatia Rep. Ireland Faroe Islands FYROM Northern Ireland Georgia

49.30% 0.85% 49.72% 38.83% 3.94% 40.36% 37.92% 3.38% 39.20% 39.15% 5.26% 37.09% 36.80% 2.36% 35.93% 34.92% 7.59% 37.57% 43.97% 11.42% 38.95% 30.96% 9.27% 33.83% 30.34% 57.73% 19.24% 46.62% 34.39% 11.27% 30.48% 30.25% 1.55% 30.72% 28.57% 12.92% 32.26% 28.44% 6.22% 26.67% 31.33% 2.97% 32.26% 34.28% 3.38% 33.12% 21.25% 33.32% 28.33% 29.57% 3.69% 28.48% 31.15% 12.52% 35.05% 21.04% 0.24% 21.09% 25.05% 5.55% 26.44% 29.30% 4.54% 27.97% 25.35% 3.94% 24.35% 23.71% 7.21% 22.00% 23.49% 1.62% 23.87% 14.58% 26.90% 16.17% 31.25% 19.49% 5.28% 18.46% 18.21% 3.90% 18.92% 13.43% 16.90% 15.70% 14.60% 16.23% 12.23% 26.27% 23.49% 20.10% 18.18% 10.89% 20.16% 22.22% 16.05% 21.74% 12.56% 18.38% 22.42% 14.26% 18.21% 13.75% 11.50% 0.78% 11.41% 11.66% 7.72% 10.76% 2.79% 72.76% 4.82%

13.48% 3.17% 3.98% 8.95% 8.60% 0.35% 3.31% 8.22% 25.05% 12.83% 3.61% 1.33% 18.49% 4.25% 11.05% 3.46% 2.18% 18.74% 31.72% 4.46% 9.65% 3.00% 13.36% 3.27% 28.90% 11.32% 7.24% 28.79% 60.92% 2.64% 17.16% 25.16% 0.07%

2.63% 6.23% 64.11%

43.02% 12.74% 41.64% 7.24% 40.76% 7.49% 40.41% 3.22% 39.02% 6.03% 37.70% 7.96% 37.66% 14.35% 36.61% 18.25% 36.48% 20.24% 34.94% 39.48% 34.39% 0.00% 31.83% 5.22% 31.83% 11.41% 31.60% 11.11% 30.89% 1.40% 29.46% 14.06% 29.31% 37.93% 29.10% 1.59% 28.48% 8.57% 27.78% 32.03% 27.62% 10.26% 25.27% 13.75% 25.08% 1.07% 24.94% 5.19% 24.65% 4.94% 23.18% 58.98% 22.22% 17.40% 20.55% 5.44% 20.29% 11.42% 20.22% 50.56% 19.68% 34.79% 19.57% 25.50% 16.70% 8.14% 16.13% 27.41% 15.72% 2.06% 14.25% 22.47% 13.37% 26.58% 12.55% 8.73% 11.71% 1.83% 10.09% 13.46% 7.91% 183.51%

Our 3 years analysis shows several ample changes in the foreign players’ percentages.

Georgia, although still the league with the fewest non-nationals, had a growth of almost 200 percent, followed by Lithuania and Iceland with increases of over 50 percent. With Norway unchanged in variation, 22 leagues saw the numbers decreasing which means that 27 have higher numbers since 2010. Football, like all other areas, suffered hard by the Greek crisis, being the league with the biggest decrease with almost 40 percent less foreign footballers. Armenia, Republic of Ireland and Albania got over 25 percent cut in the foreign presence.

Although Brazil still dominates as foreign nation by far, the numbers from the South American country have been decreasing a little, 727 in 42 leagues during the 10/11, 714 in 44 leagues across 11/12 and 684 present in 43 tiers in 12/13. Serbia had 410 in 37 leagues during the 10/11 season, 438 in 38 leagues in 11/12 and 440 in 41 leagues.

France had 273 footballers in 37 leagues in 10/11, 256 in 31 during 11/12 season and 273 in 30 leagues in 12/13. Argentina saw 267 in 29 leagues in 10/11, 241 in 29 during 11/12 and last season 253 in 29. Croatia had 204 spread across 36 leagues in 10/11, 202 in 34 in 11/12 and 221 in 34 leagues last season. Nigeria passed Bosnia as the 6th foreign presence in 11/12, after 182 in 38 leagues (Bosnia had the same number of legionnaires in 33), Nigerians grew to 214 in 40 leagues in the 11/12 campaign and the 12/13 saw 208 in 40 different championships. Portugal passed the 200 mark in 12/13 after having 178 in 28 leagues during 10/11 season, 198 in 27 the following season and 216 in 29 top European tiers in 12/13.

SWE Syrianska Djurgarden Kalmar FF Helsingborgs IFK Norrkoping Atvidabergs AIK Solna Orebro GAIS Goteborg GIF Sundsvall BK Hacken Mjallby AIF Malmo FF Elfsborg IFK Goteborg Gefle ARM Gandzasar Shirak Gyumri Impuls Ulysses Banants MIKA Ashtarak Pyunik Ararat Erevan KZK FK Aktobe

PU 28 29 21 26 23 23 26 27 27 22 25 27 27 22 24 22

FP 13 13 9 11 8 8 9 9 9 7 7 7 6 4 4 3

FP% 46.43% 44.83% 42.86% 42.31% 34.78% 34.78% 34.62% 33.33% 33.33% 31.82% 28.00% 25.93% 22.22% 18.18% 16.67% 13.64%

For. XI 6 7 5 6 4 2 3 3 5 1 4 2 2 2 4 1

XI % 46.15% 63.64% 55.56% 54.55% 50.00% 25.00% 33.33% 33.33% 55.56% 14.29% 57.14% 28.57% 33.33% 50.00% 100.00% 33.33%

Class.

13 9 10 6 5 8 4 15 16 14 2 12 3 1 7 11

39 28 30 38 35 30 35 44

13 7 7 7 4 3 2 2

33.33% 25.00% 23.33% 18.42% 11.43% 10.00% 5.71% 4.55%

6 3 2 3 0 0 0 0

46.15% 42.86% 28.57% 42.86% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

3 1 5 6 8 2 4 7

30

14

46.67%

4

28.57%

3

Kaisar Kyzylorda Sunkar Lok. Astana Tobol Kostanay Akzhayik Shakhter Karagandy Irtysh Pavlodar Zhetysu Atyrau Okzhetpes Taraz Ordabasy Kairat Almaty LIT Tauras Banga Kruoja Zalgiris Vilnius Atlantas Klaipeda Siauliai Suduva Ekranas FK Vilnius Dainava IRE Derry City Sligo Rovers Shamrock Rovers Dundalk Cork City Bray Wanderers Shelbourne Monaghan United Drogheda United St. Patrick’s Athletic Bohemians Dublin Univ. Col. Dublin EST Trans Narva Kalev Sillamae Kalju Nomme Kalev Tallinn Tammeka Tartu Flora Tallinn

25 33 23 27 22 25 25 28 32 35 30 24 33

11 13 9 10 8 9 9 10 11 12 10 8 9

44.00% 39.39% 39.13% 37.04% 36.36% 36.00% 36.00% 35.71% 34.38% 34.29% 33.33% 33.33% 27.27%

3 6 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 6 5 5 5

27.27% 46.15% 44.44% 50.00% 50.00% 55.56% 55.56% 40.00% 36.36% 50.00% 50.00% 62.50% 55.56%

9 12 4 6 8 1 2 13 11 14 5 7 10

30 26 26 24 47 27 24 29 26 30

14 9 9 8 11 6 4 4 1 1

46.67% 34.62% 34.62% 33.33% 23.40% 22.22% 16.67% 13.79% 3.85% 3.33%

2 4 3 5 3 4 3 2 1 0

14.29% 44.44% 33.33% 62.50% 27.27% 66.67% 75.00% 50.00% 100.00% 0.00%

9 6 4 2 8 5 3 1 10 7

26 26 26 36 28 32 23 23 26 26 32 25

14 9 7 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0

53.85% 34.62% 26.92% 13.89% 7.14% 6.25% 4.35% 4.35% 3.85% 3.85% 3.13% 0.00%

5 3 4 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

35.71% 33.33% 57.14% 60.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00%

5 1 4 11 6 10 8 12 2 3 7 9

26 28 20 38 35 23

15 16 7 8 4 2

57.69% 57.14% 35.00% 21.05% 11.43% 8.70%

7 7 1 4 1 2

46.67% 43.75% 14.29% 50.00% 25.00% 100.00%

4 5 1 9 10 3

Paide Levadia Tallinn FC Viljandi FC Kuressaare ICE Selfoss IBV Grindavik Fram Reykjavik IA Akranes Stjarnan Breidablik Valur Reykjavik Keflavik KR Reykjavik FH Hafnarfjordur Fylkir LAT Spartaks Jurmala Daugava Daugavpils Gulbene Skonto Riga FK Ventspils Daugava Riga Jelgava FC Jurmala Metalurgs Liepaja METTA/U. Liepaja NOR Rosenborg Honefoss Tromso Haugesund Sandnes Ulf Aalesunds Stabaek Sogndal Viking Stavanger Molde Brann Bergen Lillestrom Valerenga Stromsgodset Fredrikstad

30 21 25 30

2 1 1 0

6.67% 4.76% 4.00% 0.00%

1 1 0 0

50.00% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00%

6 2 8 7

25 22 25 18 23 20 25 24 24 22 22 27

11 9 9 4 5 4 4 3 3 2 1 1

44.00% 40.91% 36.00% 22.22% 21.74% 20.00% 16.00% 12.50% 12.50% 9.09% 4.55% 3.70%

5 6 4 4 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 1

45.45% 66.67% 44.44% 100.00% 40.00% 50.00% 50.00% 33.33% 0.00% 50.00% 100.00% 100.00%

11 3 12 10 6 5 2 8 9 4 1 7

37 26 29 25 31 29 35 26 28 24

16 11 12 9 11 9 7 5 5 0

43.24% 42.31% 41.38% 36.00% 35.48% 31.03% 20.00% 19.23% 17.86% 0.00%

5 5 2 3 5 3 1 0 2 0

31.25% 45.45% 16.67% 33.33% 45.45% 33.33% 14.29% 0.00% 40.00% 0.00%

5 1 10 3 2 9 7 6 4 8

25 23 21 24 29 24 27 23 23 26 29 29 32 26 27

11 10 9 10 11 9 10 8 8 9 10 10 11 6 6

44.00% 43.48% 42.86% 41.67% 37.93% 37.50% 37.04% 34.78% 34.78% 34.62% 34.48% 34.48% 34.38% 23.08% 22.22%

5 6 6 4 4 6 5 5 2 3 7 5 2 3 2

45.45% 60.00% 66.67% 40.00% 36.36% 66.67% 50.00% 62.50% 25.00% 33.33% 70.00% 50.00% 18.18% 50.00% 33.33%

3 13 4 7 14 11 16 12 5 1 6 10 8 2 15

Odd Grenland FIN FF Jaro IFK Mariehamn KuPS Inter Turku Haka Valkeakoski VPS Vaasa FC Lahti MyPa Anjalankoski JJK TPS Turku HJK Helsinki FC Honka FAR TB 1892 IF Fuglafjordur Vikingur B68 Toftir Suduroy B36 Torshavn KI Klaksvik EB/Streymur HB Torshavn NSI Runavik BLR FK Brest FK Gomel Dínamo Minsk FK Minsk Belshina Bobruisk Shakhtyor Soligorsk Neman Grodno Slavia Mozyr Naftan Novopolotsk BATE Borisov Torpedo Zhodino ALB Skenderbeu Kukesi Bylis Flamurtari Vlore Besa Kavaje Teuta Durres

22

3

13.64%

0

0.00%

9

25 21 25 23 29 24 26 24 24 26 24 24

11 9 9 8 9 6 6 5 4 4 2 1

44.00% 42.86% 36.00% 34.78% 31.03% 25.00% 23.08% 20.83% 16.67% 15.38% 8.33% 4.17%

7 5 3 3 4 5 2 3 3 1 1 0

63.64% 55.56% 33.33% 37.50% 44.44% 83.33% 33.33% 60.00% 75.00% 25.00% 50.00% 0.00%

11 4 10 2 12 8 5 6 9 3 1 7

26 23 23 26 29 30 22 21 24 23

6 5 5 5 3 3 2 1 1 0

23.08% 21.74% 21.74% 19.23% 10.34% 10.00% 9.09% 4.76% 4.17% 0.00%

3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 0

50.00% 60.00% 40.00% 20.00% 100.00% 66.67% 50.00% 100.00% 100.00% 0.00%

8 2 5 9 10 6 4 1 3 7

25 28 28 30 27 19 24 31 23 25 28

9 10 9 9 8 5 6 7 4 3 1

36.00% 35.71% 32.14% 30.00% 29.63% 26.32% 25.00% 22.58% 17.39% 12.00% 3.57%

5 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1

55.56% 20.00% 33.33% 33.33% 37.50% 40.00% 33.33% 14.29% 50.00% 33.33% 100.00%

8 4 3 6 7 2 5 10 9 1 11

23 23 29 27 30 27

8 8 10 8 7 5

34.78% 34.78% 34.48% 29.63% 23.33% 18.52%

4 3 4 5 4 2

50.00% 37.50% 40.00% 62.50% 57.14% 40.00%

1 2 9 4 10 3

Apolonia Fier Tomori Berat Vllaznia Shkoder Luftetari Kastrioti KF Tirana Laci Shkumbini GER VfL Wolfsburg Hannover 96 Hamburger SV VfB Stuttgart Schalke 04 Bor. Monchengladbach Werder Bremen 1.FC Nurnberg Mainz 05 FC Augsburg Bayern Munchen TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Eintracht Frankfurt Greuther Furth SC Freiburg Fortuna Dusseldorf Borussia Dortmund Bayer Leverkusen AUT Red Bull Salzburg Austria Wien Rapid Wien Sturm Graz Mattersburg Wolfsberger AC SV Ried Wacker Innsbruck Admira Wacker Magna WN AZE Inter Baku FK Baku Khazar Lenkaran Neftchi Baku Qabala

33 35 36 38 32 31 29 26

6 6 6 6 5 4 3 0

18.18% 17.14% 16.67% 15.79% 15.63% 12.90% 10.34% 0.00%

3 3 4 1 1 0 3 0

50.00% 50.00% 66.67% 16.67% 20.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00%

14 12 6 13 8 5 7 11

29 25 25 27 26 22 24 25 29 29 24 33 27 33 28 28 23 24

22 16 16 17 15 12 13 13 15 15 12 16 13 15 12 12 9 8

75.86% 64.00% 64.00% 62.96% 57.69% 54.55% 54.17% 52.00% 51.72% 51.72% 50.00% 48.48% 48.15% 45.45% 42.86% 42.86% 39.13% 33.33%

10 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 8 5 5 6 5 4 4 2 4 3

45.45% 43.75% 31.25% 41.18% 40.00% 58.33% 53.85% 53.85% 53.33% 33.33% 41.67% 37.50% 38.46% 26.67% 33.33% 16.67% 44.44% 37.50%

11 9 7 12 4 8 14 10 13 15 1 16 6 18 5 17 2 3

31 23 29 29 25 23 24 26 36 27

19 6 7 7 6 5 5 5 6 3

61.29% 26.09% 24.14% 24.14% 24.00% 21.74% 20.83% 19.23% 16.67% 11.11%

6 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 1 0

31.58% 50.00% 57.14% 42.86% 50.00% 60.00% 20.00% 60.00% 16.67% 0.00%

2 1 3 4 10 5 6 8 7 5

29 35 28 24 34

16 18 14 11 15

55.17% 51.43% 50.00% 45.83% 44.12%

6 8 7 7 6

37.50% 44.44% 50.00% 63.64% 40.00%

3 5 8 1 6

Turan AZAL Simurq Ravan Qarabag Kapaz Sumgayit BEL Anderlecht Charleroi Standard Liège AA Gent Lokeren Club Brugge Genk KV Kortrijk Mons Lierse Beerschot AC Malines Waasland-Beveren Zulte-Waregem Cercle Brugge OH Leuven BiH Leotar Trebinje GOSK Gabela Zrinjski Mostar Siroki Brijeg Radnik Bijeljina FK Sarajevo Rudar Prijedor Zvjezda Gradacac Celik Zenica Slavija Sarajevo NK Travnik Olimpik Sarajevo Zeljeznicar Sarajevo Borac Banja Luka Velez Mostar Gradina Srebrenik BUL Ludogorets Etar Veliko Tarnovo

42 30 26 36 29 43 30

18 12 10 13 9 13 7

42.86% 40.00% 38.46% 36.11% 31.03% 30.23% 23.33%

5 7 6 6 4 5 3

27.78% 58.33% 60.00% 46.15% 44.44% 38.46% 42.86%

11 7 4 9 2 12 10

30 33 36 34 28 30 29 27 27 35 33 28 31 26 27 27

21 23 24 22 18 19 18 16 15 19 17 13 14 10 10 9

70.00% 69.70% 66.67% 64.71% 64.29% 63.33% 62.07% 59.26% 55.56% 54.29% 51.52% 46.43% 45.16% 38.46% 37.04% 33.33%

6 9 6 8 6 7 7 7 6 6 4 5 5 3 5 5

28.57% 39.13% 25.00% 36.36% 33.33% 36.84% 38.89% 43.75% 40.00% 31.58% 23.53% 38.46% 35.71% 30.00% 50.00% 55.56%

1 11 6 12 5 4 3 9 7 14 15 8 13 2 16 10

30 35 33 25 27 31 31 37 23 28 35 34 26 29 32 40

15 17 15 11 11 11 11 11 6 6 7 5 3 3 3 2

50.00% 48.57% 45.45% 44.00% 40.74% 35.48% 35.48% 29.73% 26.09% 21.43% 20.00% 14.71% 11.54% 10.34% 9.38% 5.00%

7 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 1 3 1 1 2 0 0

46.67% 29.41% 33.33% 45.45% 36.36% 36.36% 36.36% 36.36% 50.00% 16.67% 42.86% 20.00% 33.33% 66.67% 0.00% 0.00%

8 15 9 6 12 2 10 11 4 7 14 5 1 3 13 16

26 47

15 26

57.69% 55.32%

4 4

26.67% 15.38%

1 16

CSKA Sofia Botev Plovdiv Levski Sofia Beroe Stara Zagora Botev Vratsa Chernomorets Burga Cherno More Varna Slavia Sofia Minyor Pernik Litex Lovech FK Montana Pirin Gotse Delchev Lokomotiv Sofia Lokomotiv Plovdiv CYP Doxa Katokopia AEK Larnaca Alki Larnaca AEL Limassol Nea Salamis Ethnikos Achnas Omonia Nicosia APOEL Nicosia Anorthosis Famagusta Olympiakos Nicosia Ayia Napa Apollon Limassol Paphos EN Paralimni CRO DĂ­namo Zagreb Rijeka Inter Zapresic RNK Split NK Zagreb Hajduk Split Zadar Lokomotiva Zagreb Istra 1961 Pula Osijek Slaven Koprivnica Cibalia Vinkovci DNK Midtjylland

39 26 29 35 43 30 29 34 39 30 37 23 35 38

17 11 11 12 13 8 7 7 8 6 4 2 2 1

43.59% 42.31% 37.93% 34.29% 30.23% 26.67% 24.14% 20.59% 20.51% 20.00% 10.81% 8.70% 5.71% 2.63%

6 6 6 5 3 3 2 1 2 1 0 1 0 0

35.29% 54.55% 54.55% 41.67% 23.08% 37.50% 28.57% 14.29% 25.00% 16.67% 0.00% 50.00% 0.00% 0.00%

3 4 2 7 13 6 10 8 14 5 15 11 12 9

27 27 32 28 29 29 25 27 27 30 33 32 37 40

22 21 24 21 21 21 18 19 18 18 19 18 19 20

81.48% 77.78% 75.00% 75.00% 72.41% 72.41% 72.00% 70.37% 66.67% 60.00% 57.58% 56.25% 51.35% 50.00%

11 9 10 9 11 9 9 8 11 7 6 10 8 7

50.00% 42.86% 41.67% 42.86% 52.38% 42.86% 50.00% 42.11% 61.11% 38.89% 31.58% 55.56% 42.11% 35.00%

7 4 11 5 12 10 3 1 2 7 14 6 13 8

33 26 32 29 31 37 32 27 28 36 26 28

8 6 7 6 6 6 4 3 2 2 1 1

24.24% 23.08% 21.88% 20.69% 19.35% 16.22% 12.50% 11.11% 7.14% 5.56% 3.85% 3.57%

2 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 1

25.00% 0.00% 0.00% 33.33% 50.00% 50.00% 0.00% 0.00% 50.00% 50.00% 0.00% 100.00%

1 3 10 5 12 4 9 2 6 7 8 11

28

13

46.43%

4

30.77%

6

OB Odense FC Copenhagen SonderjyskE AGF Aarhus Nordsjaelland Randers Silkeborg AC Horsens Esbjerg Brondby Aalborg SCO Inverness CT Celtic Glasgow Motherwell Kilmarnock Hibernian Dundee United Saint Mirren Heart of Middlothian Aberdeen St. Johnstone Ross County Dundee FC SVK Senica Tatran Presov Slovan Bratislava Zilina Spartak Trnava Kosice AS Trencin FC Nitra Banska Bystrica Ruzomberok ViOn Zlate Moravce Spartak Myjava SLO Koper Maribor Branik ND Mura Rudar Velenje Celje Domzale

26 28 29 27 34 25 27 25 26 27 24

12 12 12 10 11 7 7 6 6 5 2

46.15% 42.86% 41.38% 37.04% 32.35% 28.00% 25.93% 24.00% 23.08% 18.52% 8.33%

3 6 4 3 3 2 1 0 2 2 0

25.00% 50.00% 33.33% 30.00% 27.27% 28.57% 14.29% 0.00% 33.33% 40.00% 0.00%

10 1 8 7 2 3 12 11 4 9 5

26 35 23 35 28 27 25 31 29 27 28 30

18 23 14 17 13 12 9 11 9 8 8 6

69.23% 65.71% 60.87% 48.57% 46.43% 44.44% 36.00% 35.48% 31.03% 29.63% 28.57% 20.00%

9 9 8 7 6 6 4 4 5 3 2 1

50.00% 39.13% 57.14% 41.18% 46.15% 50.00% 44.44% 36.36% 55.56% 37.50% 25.00% 16.67%

4 1 2 9 7 6 11 10 8 3 5 12

30 34 30 30 35 24 24 40 29 27 25 32

15 10 8 8 9 6 6 7 5 4 1 1

50.00% 29.41% 26.67% 26.67% 25.71% 25.00% 25.00% 17.50% 17.24% 14.81% 4.00% 3.13%

7 1 4 3 1 4 3 3 1 1 0 0

46.67% 10.00% 50.00% 37.50% 11.11% 66.67% 50.00% 42.86% 20.00% 25.00% 0.00% 0.00%

2 12 1 7 11 5 3 9 10 6 8 4

28 33 35 26 29 34

11 9 9 6 6 6

39.29% 27.27% 25.71% 23.08% 20.69% 17.65%

2 3 1 1 1 2

18.18% 33.33% 11.11% 16.67% 16.67% 33.33%

4 1 9 7 5 3

Olimpija Ljubljana ND Gorica Triglav Gorenjska Aluminij ESP Málaga Valencia Real Madrid Deportivo A Coruña Atlético Madrid Granada Levante Espanyol Sevilla Mallorca Zaragoza Valladolid Celta Vigo Barcelona Real Sociedad Bétis Sevilla Rayo Vallecano Osasuna Pamplona Getafe Athletic Bilbao FRA Stade Reims Olympique Marseille Evian Thonon Gaillard Paris-SG Rennes Sochaux Ajaccio Girondins Bordeaux Nancy Lille OSC OGC Nice Brest Valenciennes Toulouse Montpellier Troyes Lorient Saint-Étienne

31 28 32 34

5 3 3 3

16.13% 10.71% 9.38% 8.82%

1 2 1 0

20.00% 66.67% 33.33% 0.00%

2 6 8 10

28 23 31 28 27 28 27 25 30 29 33 23 28 25 22 33 29 30 27 25

19 14 18 15 14 14 13 12 13 12 12 8 9 8 6 8 7 6 5 2

67.86% 60.87% 58.06% 53.57% 51.85% 50.00% 48.15% 48.00% 43.33% 41.38% 36.36% 34.78% 32.14% 32.00% 27.27% 24.24% 24.14% 20.00% 18.52% 8.00%

6 9 7 3 7 7 4 5 6 7 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0

31.58% 64.29% 38.89% 20.00% 50.00% 50.00% 30.77% 41.67% 46.15% 58.33% 25.00% 50.00% 44.44% 37.50% 50.00% 25.00% 28.57% 16.67% 20.00% 0.00%

6 5 2 19 3 15 11 13 9 18 20 14 17 1 4 7 8 16 10 12

26 25 30 31 31 27 28 26 29 25 32 33 26 24 28 26 30 25

14 13 15 15 15 13 13 12 13 11 13 13 10 9 10 9 10 8

53.85% 52.00% 50.00% 48.39% 48.39% 48.15% 46.43% 46.15% 44.83% 44.00% 40.63% 39.39% 38.46% 37.50% 35.71% 34.62% 33.33% 32.00%

6 5 6 7 5 2 7 5 1 4 6 4 4 4 7 2 2 2

42.86% 38.46% 40.00% 46.67% 33.33% 15.38% 53.85% 41.67% 7.69% 36.36% 46.15% 30.77% 40.00% 44.44% 70.00% 22.22% 20.00% 25.00%

14 2 17 1 13 16 15 7 18 6 4 20 11 10 9 19 8 5

Bastia Olympique Lyon WAL Airbus UK Bala Town Newtown AFC The New Saints Bangor City Connah’s Quay Carmarthen Town Prestatyn Town Llanelli AFC Aberystwyth Town Afan Lido Port Talbot Town GEO Dínamo Tbilisi Zestafoni Dila Gori Sioni Bolnisi Dínamo Batumi Merani Martvili Metalurgi Rustavi Kolkheti Poti Baia Zugdidi WIT Georgia Chikura Torpedo Kutaisi GRE Asteras Tripolis Olympiacos Piraeus Platanias Atromitos Skoda Xanthi Veria PAOK Thessaloniki Panathinaikos Levadiakos Panthrakikos PAS Giannina OFI Crete Aris Thessaloniki AEK Athens Kerkyra

29 31

9 9

31.03% 29.03%

3 2

33.33% 22.22%

12 9

28 19 22 22 25 25 31 28 32 26 34 31

20 12 11 9 9 7 6 5 5 4 4 2

71.43% 63.16% 50.00% 40.91% 36.00% 28.00% 19.35% 17.86% 15.63% 15.38% 11.76% 6.45%

10 8 4 4 5 3 1 1 2 1 0 1

50.00% 66.67% 36.36% 44.44% 55.56% 42.86% 16.67% 20.00% 40.00% 25.00% 0.00% 50.00%

2 7 9 1 3 8 6 5 11 10 12 4

33 39 39 39 40 33 32 41 39 30 29 23

11 7 5 3 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0

33.33% 17.95% 12.82% 7.69% 7.50% 6.06% 3.13% 2.44% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

18.18% 28.57% 40.00% 33.33% 33.33% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

1 5 2 10 11 8 7 12 6 9 4 3

31 28 32 24 31 32 32 32 27 28 22 28 31 33 35

19 15 16 12 15 15 15 15 12 9 6 5 4 4 3

61.29% 53.57% 50.00% 50.00% 48.39% 46.88% 46.88% 46.88% 44.44% 32.14% 27.27% 17.86% 12.90% 12.12% 8.57%

10 7 3 5 3 6 5 5 4 6 4 3 3 2 2

52.63% 46.67% 18.75% 41.67% 20.00% 40.00% 33.33% 33.33% 33.33% 66.67% 66.67% 60.00% 75.00% 50.00% 66.67%

3 1 10 4 7 12 2 6 11 8 5 14 13 15 16

Panionios NED Roda JC Kerkrade Vitesse Arnhem AZ Alkmaar Heerenveen PSV Eindhoven Utrecht Groningen Twente Ajax Amsterdam Heracles Almelo VVV Venlo NEC Nijmegen NAC Breda RKC Waalwijk Willem II Tilburg Feyenoord Rotterdam PEC Zwolle ADO Den Haag HUN Videoton Gyori ETO Honved Budapest Eger FC Ferencvaros Kaposvar Ujpest Lombard-Papa Diosgyor Kecskemeti TE Pecsi Munkas Debrecen Siofok MTK Budapest Haladas Szombathely Paks ENG Wigan Athletic Fulham Arsenal Everton Chelsea Manchester City

32

2

6.25%

0

0.00%

9

23 22 24 29 23 29 30 29 33 26 25 27 22 23 28 26 27 24

15 12 13 14 11 13 13 12 13 10 9 9 7 7 8 6 3 2

62.22% 54.55% 54.17% 48.28% 47.83% 44.83% 43.33% 41.38% 39.39% 38.46% 36.00% 33.33% 31.82% 30.43% 28.57% 23.08% 11.11% 8.33%

5 6 5 5 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 5 4 3 4 1 2 1

33.33% 50.00% 38.46% 35.71% 36.36% 46.15% 15.39% 33.33% 46.15% 40.00% 44.44% 55.56% 57.14% 42.86% 50.00% 16.67% 66.67% 50.00%

16 4 10 8 2 5 7 6 1 12 17 15 13 14 18 3 11 9

29 34 33 36 32 22 29 30 26 34 32 34 34 26 30 28

19 20 18 19 16 11 12 12 10 12 11 11 5 3 0 0

65.52% 58.82% 54.55% 52.78% 50.00% 50.00% 41.38% 40.00% 38.46% 35.29% 34.38% 32.35% 14.71% 11.54% 0.00% 0.00%

7 5 5 3 6 5 4 4 4 4 6 3 1 2 0 0

36.84% 25.00% 27.78% 15.79% 37.50% 45.45% 33.33% 33.33% 40.00% 33.33% 54.55% 27.27% 20.00% 66.67% 0.00% 0.00%

2 1 3 16 5 11 9 14 10 8 12 6 15 4 7 13

28 29 26 23 26 25

25 24 21 17 19 18

89.29% 82.76% 80.77% 73.91% 73.08% 72.00%

11 10 9 8 9 9

44.00% 41.67% 42.86% 47.06% 47.37% 50.00%

18 12 4 6 3 2

West Bromwich Albion Reading Queens Park Rangers Swansea Manchester United Newcastle Sunderland West Ham Aston Villa Stoke City Tottenham Hotspur Liverpool Norwich Southampton ISR Hapoel Acre Maccabi Tel Aviv Hapoel Beer Sheva Bnei Sakhnin Hapoel Haifa Hapoel Ramat Gan Irony Kiryat Shmona Hapoel Tel Aviv Macabi Netanya Beitar Jerusalem Maccabi Haifa FC Ashdod Irony Ramat HaSharon Bnei Yehuda ITA Inter Milan Fiorentina Lรกzio Roma AS Roma Catania Udinese Palermo Sampdรณria Genoa Chievo Verona Napoli Milan AC Torino Cagliari Genoa 1892

25 28 30 25 25 32 29 26 28 24 28 28 27 25

18 18 18 15 15 19 17 15 16 13 15 14 13 11

72.00% 64.29% 60.00% 60.00% 60.00% 59.38% 58.62% 57.69% 57.14% 54.17% 53.57% 50.00% 48.15% 44.00%

8 9 9 8 7 8 7 6 5 7 7 7 6 4

44.44% 50.00% 50.00% 53.33% 46.67% 42.11% 41.18% 40.00% 31.25% 53.85% 46.67% 50.00% 46.15% 36.36%

8 19 20 9 1 16 17 10 15 13 5 7 11 14

25 27 25 25 25 31 29 34 30 26 31 31 36 26

8 8 7 7 7 8 7 8 7 6 7 7 8 5

32.00% 29.63% 28.00% 28.00% 28.00% 25.81% 24.14% 23.53% 23.33% 23.08% 22.58% 22.58% 22.22% 19.23%

1 3 5 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 2 5

12.50% 37.50% 71.43% 28.57% 42.86% 37.50% 42.86% 25.00% 42.86% 33.33% 57.14% 42.86% 25.00% 100.00%

11 1 8 12 9 14 4 5 13 10 2 7 6 3

36 30 28 24 29 30 36 29 35 27 29 29 25 37

27 22 20 16 19 19 22 17 20 14 15 14 12 17

75.00% 73.33% 71.43% 66.67% 65.52% 63.33% 61.11% 58.62% 57.14% 51.85% 51.72% 48.28% 48.00% 45.95%

9 8 8 7 7 7 9 7 6 8 4 4 4 5

33.33% 36.36% 40.00% 43.75% 36.84% 36.84% 40.91% 41.18% 30.00% 57.14% 26.67% 28.57% 33.33% 29.41%

9 4 7 6 8 5 19 14 12 2 3 15 11 16

Bologna Parma Juventus Delfino Pescara Siena Atalanta Bergamo LUX Jeunesse Canach F91 Dudelange Wiltz 71 Progrès Niederkorn Fola Esch Jeunesse Esch CS Pétange Grevenmacher RFCU Luxembourg Union 05 Kayl/Tétange RM Hamm Benfica Kaerjeng’97 Differdange 03 Etzella Ettelbruck MKD Sileks Kratovo Vardar Skopje Rabotnicki Skopje Bregalnica Stip Metalurg Skopje Drita Bogovinje Skendija 79 Teteks Tetovo Pelister Bitola Renova FK Turnovo Napredok Kicevo MLT Mosta FC Hibernians Hamrun Spartans Sliema Wanderers Floriana Valletta FC Tarxien Rainbows Birkirkara Balzan Youths

31 33 28 39 37 35

14 14 11 14 13 10

45.16% 42.42% 39.29% 35.90% 35.14% 28.57%

5 4 4 4 3 3

35.71% 28.57% 36.36% 28.57% 23.08% 30.00%

13 10 1 20 18 17

29 27 25 28 25 22 32 26 23 30 25 27 22 23

20 18 16 17 15 13 17 13 11 14 11 10 8 5

68.97% 66.67% 64.00% 60.71% 60.00% 59.09% 53.13% 50.00% 47.83% 46.67% 44.00% 37.04% 36.36% 21.74%

9 6 7 6 6 7 6 5 5 8 5 6 4 1

45.00% 33.33% 43.75% 35.29% 40.00% 53.85% 35.29% 38.46% 45.45% 57.14% 20.00% 60.00% 50.00% 20.00%

7 2 10 12 1 3 13 6 8 14 5 9 4 11

32 26 34 28 28 33 28 37 28 26 25 25

10 8 7 5 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0

31.25% 30.77% 20.59% 17.86% 10.71% 9.09% 7.14% 5.41% 3.57% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

3 2 3 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

30.00% 25.00% 42.86% 40.00% 66.67% 0.00% 50.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

12 1 4 6 2 9 5 11 10 8 3 7

31 26 29 30 33 26 28 27 32

12 10 11 11 12 9 9 8 9

38.71% 38.46% 37.93% 36.67% 36.36% 34.62% 32.14% 29.63% 28.13%

3 4 1 4 3 3 3 3 4

25.00% 40.00% 9.09% 36.36% 25.00% 33.33% 33.33% 37.50% 44.44%

9 2 11 4 7 3 5 1 6

Melita FC Qormi Rabat Ajax MDA Milsami Orhei FC Tiraspol Sheriff Tiraspol Zimbru Chisinau Dacia Chisinau Olimpia Balti CSCA-Rapid Chisinau Nistru Otaci Iskra-Stal Ribnita Costuleni Speranta CV Academia Chisinau MNE Celik Niksic Grbalj Mladost Jedinstvo OFK Petrovac Sutjeska Niksic Mornar Bar Buducnost Podgorica Rudar Pljevlja Zeta Golubovci FK Lovcen Mogren Budva POL Zaglebie Lubin Wisla Krakow Lech Poznan Piast Gliwice Legia Warsaw Widzew Lodz Pogon Szczecin Polonia Warsaw Slask Wroclaw Jagiellonia Bialystok Podbeskidzie BB Lechia Gdansk Korona Kielce Ruch Chorzow

35 29 29

9 7 6

25.71% 24.14% 20.69%

3 3 3

33.33% 42.86% 50.00%

12 8 10

32 33 46 43 37 47 28 51 31 31 37 37

17 15 20 18 15 16 6 9 5 4 3 1

53.13% 45.45% 43.48% 41.86% 40.54% 34.04% 21.43% 17.65% 16.13% 12.90% 8.11% 2.70%

6 7 7 6 3 3 0 3 2 1 1 0

35.29% 46.67% 35.00% 33.33% 20.00% 18.75% 0.00% 33.33% 40.00% 25.00% 33.33% 0.00%

4 3 1 6 2 10 5 12 9 8 11 7

31 30 37 37 27 29 31 25 27 37 45 32

8 7 7 7 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 1

25.81% 23.33% 18.92% 18.92% 18.52% 17.24% 16.13% 16.00% 14.81% 10.81% 8.89% 3.13%

3 2 3 0 1 3 3 3 2 0 1 0

37.50% 28.57% 42.86% 0.00% 20.00% 60.00% 60.00% 75.00% 50.00% 0.00% 25.00% 0.00%

3 4 6 12 7 1 11 2 5 8 9 10

28 30 24 30 25 31 29 40 27 31 32 32 33 29

14 13 9 11 9 11 9 12 8 8 8 8 7 6

50.00% 43.33% 37.50% 36.67% 36.00% 35.48% 31.03% 30.00% 29.63% 25.81% 25.00% 25.00% 21.21% 20.69%

6 5 5 4 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 3

42.86% 38.46% 56.56% 36.36% 20.00% 27.27% 44.44% 25.00% 37.50% 37.50% 37.50% 25.00% 42.86% 50.00%

9 8 2 4 1 13 12 6 3 10 14 7 11 15

GKS Belchatow Gornik Zabrze POR Benfica FC Porto Sporting CP Marítimo Nacional Sporting Braga Académica Coimbra Vitória SC Guimarães Moreirense Rio Ave Gil Vicente Estoril-Praia Olhanense Paços de Ferreira Vitória FC Setúbal Beira-Mar CZE Slovan Liberec Teplice Slavia Prague Sparta Prague Viktoria Plzen Jihlava Dukla Prague Banik Ostrava Hradec Kralove Mlada Boleslav Ceske Budejovice Zbrojovka Brno Marila Pribram FC Slovacko Jablonec Sigma Olomouc ROU CFR Cluj Petrolul Ploiesti Astra Ploiesti FC Vaslui Gaz Metan Medias Otelul Galati Turnu Severin

35 26

6 3

17.14% 11.54%

2 2

33.33% 66.67%

16 5

27 28 35 29 28 31 25 34 27 26 32 27 29 21 26 27

21 21 22 18 17 18 14 19 15 14 17 14 15 9 9 9

77.78% 75.00% 62.86% 62.07% 60.17% 58.06% 56.00% 55.88% 55.56% 53.85% 53.13% 51.85% 51.72% 42.86% 34.62% 33.33%

11 9 6 8 7 6 4 5 4 8 6 6 4 5 5 4

52.38% 42.86% 27.27% 44.44% 41.18% 33.33% 28.57% 26.32% 26.67% 57.14% 35.29% 42.86% 26.67% 55.56% 55.56% 44.44%

2 1 6 10 8 4 11 9 15 7 14 5 13 3 12 16

34 29 30 29 25 26 22 33 31 33 35 32 32 28 24 29

12 9 9 7 6 6 5 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 2 2

35.29% 31.03% 30.00% 24.14% 24.00% 23.08% 22.73% 21.21% 19.35% 18.18% 17.14% 15.63% 15.63% 14.29% 8.33% 6.90%

3 4 4 1 4 2 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 0 0 0

25.00% 44.44% 44.44% 14.29% 66.67% 33.33% 60.00% 42.86% 50.00% 33.33% 16.67% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

3 11 7 1 2 10 6 14 16 8 15 13 12 9 4 5

35 32 25 33 35 36 47

24 19 13 14 14 13 14

68.57% 59.38% 52.00% 42.42% 40.00% 36.11% 29.79%

7 6 6 5 6 3 4

29.17% 31.58% 46.15% 35.71% 42.86% 23.08% 28.57%

8 3 4 5 10 11 16

Ceahlaul Piatra-Neamt Pandurii Rapid Bucuresti FC Brasov Gloria Bistrita CSMS Iasi Univ. Cluj-Napoca Dínamo Bucuresti Steaua Bucuresti Concordia Chiajna Viitorul Constanta RUS FK Krasnodar Rubin Kazan Terez Grozny Kuban Krasnodar Rostov Spartak Moscow Alania Vladikavkaz Dínamo Moscow CSKA Moscow Amkar Perm Anzhi Makhachkala Krylia Sovetov Samara Lokomotiv Moscow Zenit St. Petersburg Volga Nizhny-Novgorod Mordovia Saransk SRB Vojvodina Novi Sad Red Star Beograd Sloboda Point Sevojno OFK Beograd Jagodina Javor Partizan Beograd BSK Borca Smederevo Novi Pazar Radnicki Nis Hajduk Kula Spartak Subotica Donji Srem Radnicki Kragujevac

34 28 41 35 49 27 43 30 31 36 31

10 8 11 9 11 6 9 6 6 6 1

29.41% 28.57% 26.83% 25.71% 22.45% 22.22% 20.93% 20.00% 19.35% 16.67% 3.23%

3 5 3 5 2 0 3 1 1 2 0

30.00% 62.50% 27.27% 55.56% 18.18% 0.00% 33.33% 16.67% 16.67% 33.33% 0.00%

14 2 9 7 18 17 12 6 1 15 13

29 28 30 29 31 35 37 30 24 33 28 29 29 32 30 28

19 18 17 16 16 18 19 15 12 15 12 12 12 13 11 9

65.52% 64.29% 56.67% 55.17% 51.61% 51.43% 51.35% 50.00% 50.00% 45.45% 42.86% 41.38% 41.38% 40.63% 36.67% 32.14%

8 8 7 6 8 8 5 7 7 5 6 6 5 3 1 4

42.11% 44.44% 41.18% 37.50% 50.00% 44.44% 26.32% 46.67% 58.33% 33.33% 50.00% 50.00% 41.67% 23.08% 9.09% 44.44%

10 6 8 4 11 5 16 7 1 12 3 14 9 2 13 15

33 36 26 35 29 31 36 36 38 42 31 37 25 38 33

12 10 7 9 7 7 7 6 6 6 4 3 2 3 1

36.36% 27.78% 26.92% 25.71% 24.14% 22.58% 19.44% 16.67% 15.79% 14.29% 12.90% 8.11% 8.00% 7.89% 3.03%

4 2 3 4 1 3 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0

33.33% 20.00% 42.86% 44.44% 14.29% 42.86% 28.57% 33.33% 16.67% 33.33% 0.00% 33.33% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

3 2 5 6 4 10 1 15 16 14 12 8 9 11 13

Rad Beograd SUI Sion Saint Gallen Lausanne Sport Young Boys Basel Thun Luzern FC Zurich Servette Grasshopper Zurich TUR Kayserispor Trabzonspor Mersin 1925 Sivasspor Kasimpasa Bursaspor Eskisehirspor Gaziantepspor Istanbul BB Orduspor Genรงlerbirligi Galatasaray Fenerbahce Elazigspor Besiktas Karabukspor Antalyaspor Akhisarspor NIR Ballinamallard United Ballymena United Glenavon Portadown Donegal Celtic Coleraine Crusaders Lisburn Distillery Cliftonville Dungannon Swifts Linfield Glentoran

39

1

2.56%

0

0.00%

7

33 26 27 29 28 27 28 29 31 24

19 14 14 14 12 11 11 11 11 8

57.58% 53.85% 51.85% 48.28% 42.86% 40.74% 39.29% 37.93% 35.48% 33.33%

7 8 7 3 4 4 3 2 5 2

36.84% 57.14% 50.00% 21.43% 33.33% 36.36% 27.27% 18.18% 45.45% 25.00%

6 3 9 7 1 5 8 4 10 2

27 28 37 27 27 34 25 30 26 31 29 28 29 36 28 32 27 24

14 14 17 12 12 15 11 13 11 13 12 11 11 13 10 10 8 7

51.85% 50.00% 45.95% 44.44% 44.44% 44.12% 44.00% 43.33% 42.31% 41.94% 41.38% 39.29% 37.93% 36.11% 35.71% 31.25% 29.63% 29.17%

6 4 7 7 5 7 6 6 6 6 7 6 5 5 6 5 4 2

42.86% 28.57% 41.18% 58.33% 41.67% 46.67% 54.55% 46.15% 54.55% 46.15% 58.33% 54.55% 45.45% 38.46% 60.00% 50.00% 50.00% 28.57%

5 9 18 12 6 4 8 10 16 17 11 1 2 13 3 15 7 14

26 30 33 25 34 27 29 28 29 31 28 27

7 4 4 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 0

26.92% 13.33% 12.12% 12.00% 11.76% 11.11% 10.34% 7.14% 6.90% 6.45% 3.57% 0.00%

4 1 3 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0

57.14% 25.00% 75.00% 66.67% 50.00% 33.33% 66.67% 0.00% 50.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

5 8 9 7 11 6 2 12 1 10 3 4

UKR Shakhtar Donetsk 30 16 53.33% 7 43.75% 1 Metalist Kharkiv 32 16 50.00% 7 43.75% 2 Metalurg Donetsk 29 14 48.28% 7 50.00% 5 Chornomorets Odessa 27 13 48.15% 8 61.54% 6 Dinamo Kiev 35 16 45.71% 5 31.25% 3 Dnipro 27 12 44.44% 5 41.67% 4 Volyn Lutsk 28 12 42.86% 6 50.00% 13 Tavria Simferopol 27 11 40.74% 6 54.55% 11 H. Uzhgorod 33 12 36.36% 5 41.67% 15 Zoria Lugansk 28 10 35.71% 4 40.00% 10 Karpaty Lviv 32 11 34.38% 6 54.55% 14 Arsenal Kiev 41 14 34.15% 4 28.57% 8 Krivbas Krivij Rih 27 9 33.33% 3 33.33% 7 M. Zaporozhye 42 13 30.95% 3 23.08% 16 Vorksla Poltava 34 5 14.71% 2 40.00% 12 Ilichivets Mariupol 24 3 12.50% 3 100.00% 9 PU – Players Used; FP – Foreign Players; FP % - Foreign Players percentage; For. XI – Foreign Players in the 11 most used; XI % - Percentage of Foreigners in the 11 most used; Class. – Classification The listed numbers above don’t permit a strong conclusion, or any other for that matter. We can assume that foreign players are a plus in most teams; the usage is also varied, with some clubs taking more advantage of the non-nationals than others. Naturally, we must also consider the foreign limitation rules speficic to several of the leagues, situation that diminishes the liberal use of non-nationals.

An in-depth analysis to this subject must be done on a league-by-league basis and having prior data to understand the evolution and impact because these compiled stats can’t offer an answer, just a couple of clues. Although looking to foreign players as a whole, the origins, the connection and relation with the club and league are factors to consider in a more detailed look into the impact of foreign national footballers in each squad, in each club, in each league.

5. Average Goals Leagues are often linked and credited with their offensive or defensive schools. Goals are one of the measurements of the degree of spectacularity that each league presents. Regardless of the tactical defence of the minimal advantage result, the truth is that goals bring people to the stadia. Asking or watching anyone leaving a stadium after a boring 0-0 or 1-0 or a frenetic 5-3 or 3-2 and it is easy to see the different faces, the way people discuss the result with more goals like leaving a good movie and talking about the characters, the plot, contrary to the gloomy face often seen leaving the stadium early during a null result.

Of course, some leagues and football schools pay more attention to that, think public, attendance and audience, remember the spectacle football should always be. It is a common saying that offence wins matches but defence wins leagues, which is proven not accurate as the champions with best defence are leveled with the ones that haven’t, proving you can win without being the best defence, a balance also shown in the attack.

Nine leagues averaged 3 or above goals per match in 12/13, Wales, Luxembourg, Iceland, Netherlands, Malta, Lithuania, Austria, Faroe Islands and Northern Ireland. On the other side Greece and Kazakhstan ended the season under 2.20 goals per match.

The primacy of the collective, the science, ‘machine-footballers’ developed in Eastern Europe is one of the reasons that justify the fact that those leagues present themselves in the below part of this chart.

Wales Netherlands Austria Estonia Rep. Ireland Denmark Latvia Finland Romania Moldova Ukraine Cyprus Belarus Israel FYROM Albania Greece

3,48 3,.15 3,06 2,98 2,91 2,83 2,74 2,70 2,67 2,63 2,59 2,57 2,54 2,48 2,45 2,38 2,13

Luxembourg Malta Faroe Islands Germany Norway England Scotland Sweden Hungary Russia Czech Rep. France Bulgaria Croatia Azerbaijan Slovakia Kazakhstan

3,36 3,13 3,05 2,93 2,89 2,80 2,73 2,70 2,66 2,61 2,58 2,55 2,50 2,47 2,44 2,35 2,12

Iceland Lithuania Northern Ireland Belgium Spain Portugal Slovenia Turkey Italy Georgia Switzerland Montenegro Poland Armenia Serbia Bosnia-Herzegovina

3,22 3,08 3,00 2,93 2,87 2,78 2,71 2,67 2,64 2,59 2,57 2,54 2,49 2,46 2,38 2,33

European Leagues - Goals per Match Evolution 10/11 - 12/13

2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Wales Luxembourg Iceland Netherlands Malta Lithuania Austria Faroe Islands Northern Ireland Estonia Germany Belgium Rep. Ireland Norway Spain Denmark England Portugal Latvia Scotland Slovenia Finland Sweden Turkey Romania Hungria Italy Moldova Russia Georgia Ukraine Czech Rep. Switzerland Cyprus France Montenegro Belarus Bulgaria Poland Israel Croatia Armenia FYROM Azerbaijan Serbia Albania Slovakia Bosnia Greece Kazakhstan

3,70 3,65 3,60 3,55 3,50 3,45 3,40 3,35 3,30 3,25 3,20 3,15 3,10 3,05 3,00 2,95 2,90 2,85 2,80 2,75 2,70 2,65 2,60 2,55 2,50 2,45 2,40 2,35 2,30 2,25 2,20 2,15 2,10 2,05 2,00 1,95 1,90 1,85 1,80

Gls/Match

10-11

Var.

11-12

Var.

12-13

11-13

Wales Luxembourg Iceland Netherlands Malta Lithuania Austria Faroe Islands Northern Ireland Estonia Germany Belgium Rep. Ireland Norway Spain

3,19 3,36 3,33 3,23 3,11 3,43 2,59 3,24 3,09 3,20 2,92 2,66 2,66 3,05 2,74

0.94% 3.27% 8.71% 0.93% 0.96% 17.49% 6.18% 9.26% 5.50% 6.88% 2.05% 17.67% 5.26% 3.61% 0.73%

3,16 3,25 3,04 3,26 3,14 2,83 2,43 3,54 3,26 3,42 2,86 3,13 2,80 2,94 2,76

9.18% 3.38% 5.92% 3.37% 0.32% 8.83% 25.93% 13.84% 7.92% 12.87% 2.45% 6.39% 3.93% 1.70% 3.99%

3,45 3,36 3,22 3,15 3,13 3,08 3,06 3,05 3,00 2,98 2,93 2,93 2,91 2,89 2,87

8.15% 0.00% 3.30% 2.48% 0.64% 10.20% 18.15% 5.86% 2.91% 6.87% 0.34% 10.15% 9.40% 5.25% 4.74%

Denmark England Portugal Latvia Scotland Slovenia Finland Sweden Turkey Romania Hungria Italy Moldova Russia Georgia Ukraine Czech Rep. Switzerland Cyprus France Montenegro Belarus Bulgaria Poland Israel Croatia Armenia FYROM Azerbaijan Serbia Albania Slovakia Bosnia Greece Kazakhstan

2,69 2,80 2,43 3,08 2,53 2,80 2,82 2,50 2,74 2,48 2,88 2,51 2,51 2,33 2,18 2,53 2,64 2,98 2,63 2,34 2,17 2,52 2,40 2,41 2,58 2,21 2,82 2,42 1,98 2,10 2,61 2,20 2,50 2,20 2,29

1.49% 0.36% 8.64% 14.94% 4.35% 2.50% 7.45% 4.80% 5.84% 1.21% 6.25% 1.99% 8.76% 2.15% 10.55% 0.79% 0.38% 16.11% 21.67% 7.69% 15.67% 7.54% 11.67% 8.71% 2.71% 9.05% 18.79% 4.55% 17.68% 4.76% 3.07% 4.09% 0.00% 1.36% 10.04%

2,73 2,81 2,64 3,54 2,64 2,73 3,03 2,62 2,58 2,45 2,70 2,56 2,29 2,38 2,41 2,55 2,65 2,50 2,06 2,52 2,51 2,33 2,68 2,20 2,51 2,41 2,29 2,53 2,33 2,20 2,53 2,29 2,50 2,23 2,52

3.66% 0.36% 5.30% 22.60% 3.41% 0.73% 10.89% 3.05% 3.49% 8.98% 1.48% 3.13% 14.85% 9.66% 7.47% 1.57% 2.64% 2.80% 24.76% 1.19% 1.20% 8.58% 6.72% 13.18% 1.20% 2.49% 7.42% 3.16% 4.72% 8.18% 5.93% 2.62% 6.80% 4.48% 15.87%

2,83 2,80 2,78 2,74 2,73 2,71 2,70 2,70 2,67 2,67 2,66 2,64 2,63 2,61 2,59 2,59 2,58 2,57 2,57 2,55 2,54 2,53 2,50 2,49 2,48 2,47 2,46 2,45 2,44 2,38 2,38 2,35 2,33 2,13 2,12

5.20% 0.00% 14.40% 11.04% 7.91% 3.21% 4.26% 8.00% 2.55% 7.66% 7.64% 5.18% 4.78% 12.02% 18.81% 2.37% 2.27% 13.76% 2.28% 8.97% 17.05% 0.40% 4.17% 3.32% 3.88% 11.76% 12.77% 1.24% 23.23% 13.33% 8.81% 6.82% 6.80% 3.18% 7.42%

The variation on goal scoring in the last 3 years sees 27 leagues growing in average goals and 21 with lowering numbers, with 2 keeping the exact same. Georgia, Austria and Montenegro presented the biggest increases reaching almost 20 percent plus, behind Azerbaijan that augmented in almost a quarter the average goals per match.

On the decreasing end Switzerland, Armenia, Latvia and Lithuania had a negative variation little superior to 10 percent.

SWE Elfsborg BK Hacken Malmo FF AIK Solna IFK Norrkoping Helsingborgs IFK Goteborg Atvidabergs Djurgarden Kalmar FF Gefle Mjallby AIF

GFM GAM 1,60 0,97 2,23 1,20 1,63 1,10 1,37 0,90 1,67 1,43 1,73 1,10 1,20 1,37 1,60 1,60 1,23 1,33 1,20 1,50 0,87 1,23 1,10 1,30

HGF 1,60 2,93 1,73 1,53 1,93 2,13 1,40 1,80 1,27 1,53 0,87 1,20

HGA 0,33 1,27 0,40 0,80 1,40 0,87 1,00 1,07 1,27 1,27 1,07 1,20

AGF 1,60 1,53 1,53 1,20 1,40 1,33 1,00 1,40 1,20 0,87 0,87 1,00

AGA 1,60 1,13 1,80 1,00 1,47 1,33 1,73 2,13 1,40 1,73 1,40 1,40

Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Syrianska GIF Sundsvall Orebro GAIS Goteborg ARM Shirak Gyumri MIKA Ashtarak Gandzasar Pyunik Impuls Ulysses Ararat Erevan Banants KZK Shakhter Karagandy Irtysh Pavlodar Aktobe Lok. Astana Taraz Tobol Kostanay Ordabasy Akzhayik Kaisar Kyzylorda Kairat Almaty Atyrau Sunkar Zhetysu Okzhetpes LIT Ekranas Zalgiris Vilnius Suduva Kruoja Siauliai Banga Dainava Atlantas Klaipeda Tauras FK Vilnius IRE Sligo Rovers Drogheda United St. Patrick’s Athletic Shamrock Rovers

1,17 1,17 1,07 0,80 GFM 1,67 1,36 1,14 1,60 1,57 0,98 0,67 0,88 GFM 1,85 1,77 1,69 1,31 1,23 1,62 1,12 1,31 0,81 0,88 0,62 0,62 1,04 0,77 GFM 2,31 2,22 2,14 1,56 2,19 1,19 1,17 0,92 0,97 0,72 GFM 1,77 1,70 1,47 1,87

1,50 1,53 1,53 2,03 GAM 0,90 0,95 0,88 1,21 1,55 1,19 1,64 1,52 GAM 0,58 0,77 0,85 0,92 1,15 1,04 0,92 1,50 1,27 1,31 1,23 1,19 1,73 2,15 GAM 0,69 0,61 1,03 0,86 1,58 1,14 1,97 2,56 2,69 2,25 GAM 0,77 1,20 0,73 1,23

1,33 1,47 1,20 1,07 HGF 2,05 1,67 1,29 2,00 1,52 1,14 0,90 1,14 HGF 2,46 2,15 2,00 1,54 1,46 2,54 1,38 1,23 1,08 1,00 0,77 0,46 1,38 0,85 HGF 2,83 2,61 2,22 1,78 2,89 1,28 1,11 1,17 0,94 0,89 HGF 2,31 1,38 1,64 2,20

1,47 1,67 1,47 1,73 HGA 0,86 0,71 0,67 1,05 1,10 0,81 1,43 1,38 HGA 0,46 0,46 0,85 0,85 0,92 0,77 0,69 0,92 0,92 1,08 1,00 0,69 1,31 2,00 HGA 0,50 0,50 0,78 0,83 1,61 0,78 1,56 2,11 2,28 2,11 HGA 0,81 0,94 0,57 0,93

1,00 0,87 0,93 0,53 AGF 1,29 1,05 1,00 1,19 1,62 0,81 0,43 0,62 AGF 1,23 1,38 1,38 1,08 1,00 0,69 0,85 1,38 0,54 0,77 0,46 0,77 0,69 0,69 AGF 1,78 1,83 2,06 1,33 1,50 1,11 1,22 0,67 1,00 0,56 AGF 1,14 2,07 1,31 1,53

1,53 1,40 1,60 2,33 AGA 0,95 1,19 1,10 1,38 2,00 1,57 1,86 1,67 AGA 0,69 1,08 0,85 1,00 1,38 1,31 1,15 2,08 1,62 1,54 1,46 1,69 2,15 2,31 AGA 0,89 0,72 1,28 0,89 1,56 1,50 2,39 3,00 3,11 2,39 AGA 0,71 1,50 0,88 1,53

13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Class 1 2 3 4

Derry City Cork City Bohemians Dublin Shelbourne Univ. Col. Dublin Bray Wanderers Dundalk Monaghan United EST Kalju Nomme Levadia Tallinn Flora Tallinn Trans Narva Kalev Sillamae Paide FC Kuressaare FC Viljandi Kalev Tallinn Tammeka Tartu ICE FH Hafnarfjordur Breidablik IBV KR Reykjavik Stjarnan Akranes Fylkir Valur Reykjavik Keflavik Fram Reykjavik Selfoss Grindavik LAT Daugava Daugavpils FK Ventspils Skonto Riga Metalurgs Liepaja Spartaks Jurmala FC Jurmala Jelgava METTA/U. Liepaja Daugava Riga Gulbene NOR

1,20 1,27 1,17 1,17 1,07 1,10 0,77

1,20 1,20 1,27 1,43 1,60 1,80 2,10

1,13 1,53 1,14 1,27 1,20 1,27 0,80

1,13 1,20 1,14 1,53 1,20 2,27 1,40

1,27 1,00 1,19 1,07 0,93 0,93 0,73

1,27 1,20 1,38 1,33 2,00 1,33 2,80

GFM 2,94 2,36 2,42 1,44 1,42 0,94 0,86 0,92 0,75 0,83 GFM 2,32 1,45 1,64 1,77 2,00 1,45 1,36 1,55 1,59 1,41 1,36 1,41 GFM 1,78 1,75 1,61 1,67 1,69 1,31 0,89 1,08 1,17 0,78 GFM

GAM 0,47 0,61 0,67 1,22 1,19 1,44 2,22 2,44 2,42 2,19 GAM 1,05 1,23 0,95 1,45 1,73 1,64 1,77 1,55 1,73 1,64 2,00 2,59 GAM 0,69 0,61 0,61 0,92 1,56 1,36 1,56 2,28 2,19 1,94 GAM

HGF 2,94 2,28 2,50 1,42 1,29 1,00 0,94 1,00 0,72 0,94 HGF 2,73 0,91 1,55 2,18 2,09 1,73 1,45 1,82 1,55 1,55 1,36 1,27 HGF 1,50 1,72 1,89 1,72 1,67 1,50 0,89 1,17 1,06 0,78 HGF

HGA 0,50 0,78 0,44 1,32 1,18 1,83 2,06 2,61 2,22 1,78 HGA 0,91 1,00 0,73 1,36 1,91 2,00 1,36 1,64 1,91 1,36 1,73 2,55 HGA 0,22 0,56 0,44 0,83 1,72 1,44 2,00 2,17 2,28 1,89 HGA

AGF 2,94 2,44 2,33 1,47 1,53 0,89 0,78 0,83 0,78 0,72 AGF 1,91 2,00 1,73 1,36 1,91 1,18 1,27 1,27 1,64 1,27 1,36 1,55 AGF 2,06 1,78 1,33 1,61 1,72 1,11 0,89 1,00 1,28 0,78 AGF

AGA 0,44 0,44 0,89 1,12 1,21 1,06 2,39 2,28 2,61 2,61 AGA 1,18 1,45 1,18 1,55 1,55 1,27 2,18 1,45 1,55 1,91 2,27 2,64 AGA 1,17 0,67 0,78 1,00 1,39 1,28 1,11 2,39 2,11 2,00 AGA

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Class

Molde Stromsgodset Rosenborg Tromso Viking Stavanger Brann Bergen Haugesund Valerenga Odd Grenland Lillestrom Aalesund Sogndal Honefoss Sandnes Ulf Fredrikstad Stabaek FIN HJK Helsinki Inter Turku TPS Turku IFK Mariehamn FC Lahti MyPa Anjalankoski FC Honka VPS Vaasa JJK KuPS FF Jaro Haka Valkeakoski FAR EB/Streymur IF Fuglafjordur HB Torshavn KI Klaksvik Vikingur B36 Torshavn NSI Runavik TB 1892 B68 Toftir Suduroy BLR BATE Borisov Shakhtyor Soligorsk Dínamo Minsk

1,70 1,03 2,07 1,33 1,77 0,87 1,50 1,07 1,37 1,20 1,90 1,67 1,53 1,33 1,40 1,47 1,33 1,43 1,53 1,57 1,33 1,37 0,97 1,23 1,00 1,40 1,47 1,87 1,40 1,97 0,83 2,30 GFM GAM 1,91 1,00 1,73 1,27 1,67 1,00 1,52 1,30 1,36 1,48 1,18 1,00 1,12 1,15 1,09 1,15 1,64 1,97 1,18 1,61 0,85 1,55 0,97 1,73 GFM GAM 1,85 1,00 2,04 0,85 2,07 1,26 2,19 1,63 1,59 1,30 1,56 1,33 1,41 1,56 1,11 1,85 0,85 1,59 0,59 2,89 GFM GAM 1,70 0,53 1,97 0,80 1,23 0,63

2,20 2,60 1,87 2,13 1,67 2,40 1,73 1,47 1,53 1,53 1,93 1,00 1,13 1,67 2,00 0,67 HGF 2,12 1,82 2,24 1,44 1,63 1,44 1,53 1,19 1,82 1,18 0,75 1,13 HGF 1,79 1,85 2,62 2,21 1,93 1,64 1,21 1,38 0,92 0,54 HGF 2,07 2,07 1,40

1,07 0,80 0,73 0,53 1,07 1,33 1,07 1,07 1,40 1,27 1,00 0,93 1,27 1,27 2,00 1,87 HGA 0,59 1,12 1,00 0,69 1,06 0,75 1,06 1,38 2,12 1,71 1,31 1,25 HGA 1,14 1,00 1,00 1,50 1,50 1,36 1,07 2,23 1,38 2,23 HGA 0,67 0,87 0,80

1,20 1,53 1,67 0,87 1,07 1,40 1,33 1,33 1,13 1,53 0,73 0,93 0,87 1,27 0,80 1,00 AGF 1,69 1,63 1,06 1,59 1,12 0,94 0,69 1,00 1,44 1,19 0,94 0,82 AGF 1,92 2,21 1,57 2,15 1,23 1,46 1,62 0,86 0,79 0,64 AGF 1,33 1,87 1,07

1,00 1,87 1,00 1,60 1,33 2,00 1,60 1,87 1,47 1,87 1,73 1,53 1,53 2,47 1,93 2,73 AGA 1,44 1,44 1,00 1,88 1,88 1,24 1,25 0,94 1,81 1,50 1,76 2,18 AGA 0,85 0,71 1,50 1,77 1,08 1,31 2,08 1,50 1,79 3,50 AGA 0,40 0,73 0,47

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Class 1 2 3

FK Gomel Neman Grodno FK Minsk Belshina Bobruisk Brest Naftan Novopolotsk Slavia Mozyr Torpedo Zhodino ALB Skenderbeu Kukesi Teuta Durres Flamurtari Vlore KF Tirana Vllaznia Shkoder Laci Kastrioti Bylis Besa Kavaje Shkumbini Tomori Berat Luftetari Apolonia Fier GER Bayern Munchen Borussia Dortmund Bayer Leverkusen Schalke 04 SC Freiburg Eintracht Frankfurt Hamburger SV Bor. Monchengladbach Hannover 96 1.FC Nurnberg VfL Wolfsburg VfB Stuttgart Mainz 05 Werder Bremen FC Augsburg TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Fortuna Dusseldorf Greuther Furth AUT Austria Wien

1,30 0,80 1,43 1,20 1,20 1,53 0,87 1,33 0,90 1,27 0,77 1,33 0,73 1,93 0,57 1,30 GFM GAM 1,65 0,54 1,88 0,96 1,23 0,92 1,88 1,27 1,15 0,88 1,15 1,00 1,23 1,19 0,96 1,35 1,23 1,12 0,88 1,00 0,69 1,27 1,15 1,92 0,92 1,69 0,62 1,54 GFM GAM 2,88 0,53 2,38 1,24 1,91 1,15 1,71 1,47 1,32 1,18 1,44 1,35 1,24 1,56 1,32 1,44 1,76 1,82 1,15 1,38 1,38 1,53 1,09 1,62 1,24 1,29 1,47 1,94 0,97 1,50 1,24 1,97 1,15 1,68 0,76 1,76 GFM GAM 2,33 0,86

1,47 1,53 1,47 1,13 1,20 0,87 0,87 0,67 HGF 2,00 2,38 1,62 2,00 1,54 1,38 1,62 1,54 1,77 1,23 0,92 1,08 1,38 0,69 HGF 3,29 2,35 2,12 2,06 1,47 1,88 1,06 1,59 2,00 1,41 1,24 1,18 1,29 1,35 1,12 1,24 1,41 0,59 HGF 2,33

0,60 1,00 1,20 0,87 1,00 1,20 1,13 1,27 HGA 0,31 0,77 0,54 0,62 1,00 0,77 0,85 1,08 0,54 0,85 0,85 1,08 1,69 1,23 HGA 0,65 1,12 0,88 1,29 1,06 1,35 1,06 1,18 1,35 1,12 1,76 1,65 1,12 1,76 1,29 1,76 1,65 2,12 HGA 0,83

1,13 1,33 0,93 0,60 0,60 0,67 0,60 0,47 AGF 1,31 1,38 0,85 1,77 0,77 0,92 0,85 0,38 0,69 0,54 0,46 1,23 0,46 0,54 AGF 2,47 2,41 1,71 1,35 1,18 1,00 1,41 1,06 1,53 0,88 1,53 1,00 1,18 1,59 0,82 1,24 0,88 0,94 AGF 2,33

1,00 1,40 1,87 1,80 1,53 1,47 2,73 1,33 AGA 0,77 1,15 1,31 1,92 0,77 1,23 1,54 1,62 1,69 1,15 1,69 2,77 1,69 1,85 AGA 0,41 1,35 1,41 1,65 1,29 1,35 2,06 1,71 2,29 1,65 1,29 1,59 1,41 2,12 1,71 2,18 1,71 1,41 AGA 0,89

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Class 1

Red Bull Salzburg Rapid Wien Sturm Graz Wolfsberger AC SV Ried Magna WN Wacker Innsbruck Admira Wacker Mattersburg AZE Neftchi Baku Qarabag Inter Baku Simurq FK Baku Qabala AZAL Khazar Lenkaran Ravan Sumgayit Turan Kapaz BEL Anderlecht Zulte-Waregem Genk Club Brugge Lokeren Standard Liège Mons Malines KV Kortrijk OH Leuven Charleroi AA Gent Waasland-Beveren Lierse Beerschot AC Cercle Brugge BiH Zeljeznicar Sarajevo FK Sarajevo Borac Banja Luka Celik Zenica

2,53 1,08 1,58 1,08 1,36 1,56 1,47 1,56 1,67 1,64 0,89 1,67 1,14 2,08 1,31 1,89 1,00 1,86 GFM GAM 1,84 1,00 1,34 0,81 1,19 0,69 1,00 0,81 1,03 0,84 1,00 1,25 1,78 1,00 1,25 1,16 1,44 1,69 0,97 1,53 1,06 1,84 0,72 2,00 GFM GAM 2,13 0,95 1,73 1,23 1,85 1,33 2,18 1,50 1,70 1,55 1,90 1,33 1,53 1,69 1,44 1,36 0,97 1,00 1,53 1,64 0,97 1,44 1,17 1,19 0,86 1,56 0,92 1,69 1,00 1,94 1,03 2,00 GFM GAM 1,60 067 1,73 0,63 1,43 0,83 1,47 1,00

2,83 1,67 1,78 1,50 1,83 0,89 1,17 1,83 1,33 HGF 2,25 1,44 1,38 1,13 1,06 1,06 2,19 1,69 1,50 1,25 1,50 0,56 HGF 2,33 1,80 2,40 1,93 1,60 1,87 1,67 1,60 1,60 1,73 1,13 1,07 1,00 0,87 1,33 1,07 HGF 1,60 2,27 2,06 2,07

1,06 1,06 1,50 1,56 1,28 1,17 1,72 1,83 1,39 HGA 0,88 0,69 0,38 0,56 0,81 1,06 0,81 1,06 1,38 1,19 2,19 1,25 HGA 0,67 1,27 1,20 0,87 1,33 1,00 2,00 1,53 1,00 1,80 1,40 1,07 1,33 1,33 2,27 1,80 HGA 0,27 0,33 0,47 1,07

2,22 1,90 0,94 1,44 1,50 0,89 1,11 0,78 0,67 AGF 1,44 1,25 1,00 0,88 1,00 0,94 1,38 0,81 1,38 0,69 0,63 0,88 AGF 2,27 1,47 1,80 2,47 1,93 1,73 1,53 1,33 0,47 1,33 0,87 1,13 0,87 1,00 0,73 0,93 AGF 1,60 1,20 0,80 0,87

1,11 1,11 1,61 1,56 2,00 2,17 2,44 1,94 2,33 AGA 1,13 0,94 1,00 1,06 0,88 1,44 1,19 1,25 2,00 1,88 1,50 2,75 AGA 1,13 0,67 1,47 2,00 1,20 1,20 1,53 1,27 1,00 1,60 1,87 1,60 1,93 2,20 1,80 2,53 AGA 1,07 0,93 1,20 0,93

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4

Olimpik Sarajevo Siroki Brijeg Slavija Sarajevo Leotar Trebinje Zrinjski Mostar Rudar Prijedor Zvjezda Gradacac Radnik Bijeljina Velez Mostar NK Travnik GOSK Gabela Gradina Srebrenik BUL Ludogorets Levski Sofia CSKA Sofia Botev Plovdiv Litex Lovech Chernomorets Burgas Beroe Stara Zagora Slavia Sofia Lokomotiv Plovdiv Cherno More Varna Pirin Gotse Delchev Lokomotiv Sofia Botev Vratsa Minyor Pernik FK Montana Etar Veliko Tarnovo CYP APOEL Nicosia Anorthosis Famagusta Omonia Nicosia AEK Larnaca AEL Limassol Apollon Limassol Doxa Katokopia EN Paralimni Olympiakos Nicosia Ethnikos Achnas Alki Larnaca Nea Salamis Paphos Ayia Napa

1,13 0,87 1,60 1,03 0,97 0,93 0,93 1,33 0,87 1,40 1,23 1,40 1,27 1,47 0,90 1,17 1,03 1,13 0,97 1,50 0,97 1,40 0,57 1,90 GFM GAM 1,93 0,43 1,97 0,67 1,80 0,67 1,70 0,70 1,87 0,80 1,07 0,97 1,20 1,27 1,33 1,17 1,23 1,13 1,10 1,30 0,90 1,90 0,90 1,27 0,77 1,70 0,67 1,63 0,90 1,90 0,67 2,50 GFM GAM 1,94 0,59 1,88 0,91 2,06 0,84 1,72 0,88 1,84 0,97 1,25 0,97 1,03 1,47 0,88 1,53 1,44 1,75 1,28 1,56 1,34 1,81 0,84 1,38 0,65 2,46 0,58 2,27

1,07 2,20 1,13 1,33 1,20 1,73 1,73 1,27 1,27 1,07 1,00 0,67 HGF 2,20 2,20 1,67 2,20 2,27 1,33 1,27 1,80 1,67 1,33 1,20 1,00 0,93 0,93 1,13 0,60 HGF 1,93 1,69 2,50 1,63 2,00 1,50 0,88 0,81 1,69 1,31 1,25 0,94 0,54 0,46

0,73 0,40 0,73 1,20 1,27 1,20 1,13 0,67 0,87 0,87 1,00 1,47 HGA 0,40 0,53 0,47 0,40 0,93 0,87 0,93 0,80 1,00 0,67 1,60 0,93 1,20 1,60 1,73 2,20 HGA 0,69 0,94 0,56 1,00 0,94 0,94 1,38 1,63 1,75 1,19 2,19 1,19 2,08 2,00

1,20 1,00 0,80 0,53 0,53 0,73 0,80 0,53 0,80 0,87 0,93 0,47 AGF 1,67 1,73 1,93 1,20 1,47 0,80 1,13 0,87 0,80 0,87 0,60 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,67 0,73 AGF 1,94 1,69 1,63 1,81 1,69 1,00 1,19 0,94 1,19 1,25 1,44 0,75 0,77 0,69

1,00 1,67 1,13 1,47 1,53 1,60 1,80 1,67 1,40 2,13 1,80 2,33 AGA 0,47 0,80 0,87 1,00 0,67 1,07 1,60 1,53 1,27 1,93 2,20 1,60 2,20 1,67 2,07 2,80 AGA 0,50 0,88 1,13 0,75 1,00 1,00 1,56 1,44 1,75 1,94 1,44 1,56 2,85 2,54

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 13 14

CRO Dínamo Zagreb Lokomotiva Zagreb Rijeka Hajduk Split RNK Split Istra 1961 Pula Osijek Slaven Koprivnica Zadar Inter Zapresic Cibalia Vinkovci NK Zagreb DNK FC Copenhagen Nordsjaelland Randers Esbjerg Aalborg Midtjylland AGF Aarhus SonderjyskE Brondby OB Odense Horsens Silkeborg SCO Celtic Glasgow Motherwell St. Johnstone Inverness CT Ross County Dundee United Hibernian Aberdeen Kilmarnock Heart of Middlothian Saint Mirren Dundee FC SVK Slovan Bratislava Senica AS Trencin Spartak Myjava

GFM 2,06 1,64 1,39 1,36 1,48 1,06 0,76 1,06 1,18 1,09 0,88 0,85 GFM 1,88 1,82 1,09 1,15 1,55 1,55 1,52 1,61 1,18 1,58 0,94 1,15 GFM 2,42 1,76 1,18 1,68 1,24 1,34 1,29 1,08 1,37 1,05 1,24 0,74 GFM 1,70 1,21 1,58 1,30

GAM 0,61 1,15 1,27 0,94 1,12 0,97 1,00 1,52 1,85 1,24 1,33 1,82 GAM 0,97 1,12 1,27 0,97 1,39 1,42 1,48 1,73 1,36 1,79 1,48 2,00 GAM 0,92 1,34 1,16 1,58 1,26 1,63 1,37 1,13 1,39 1,29 1,58 1,74 GAM 1,00 1,03 1,03 1,12

HGF 2,65 1,88 1,41 1,65 1,88 1,00 0,94 1,24 1,63 0,81 1,13 0,94 HGF 2,24 2,41 1,25 1,69 1,38 1,71 1,24 1,53 1,25 1,81 1,06 0,94 HGF 2,74 1,84 1,32 1,84 1,16 1,58 1,37 0,95 1,32 1,42 1,32 0,89 HGF 2,41 1,24 2,12 1,25

HGA 0,47 1,06 0,94 0,82 0,71 0,69 0,94 1,35 1,63 1,06 1,13 1,63 HGA 0,71 0,88 0,81 0,94 1,13 1,29 1,29 1,88 1,50 1,69 1,59 1,75 HGA 0,74 1,26 0,89 1,42 0,79 1,74 1,16 0,79 1,53 1,32 1,63 1,79 HGA 0,94 1,00 0,82 1,06

AGF 1,44 1,38 1,38 1,06 1,06 1,12 0,59 0,88 0,76 1,35 0,65 0,76 AGF 1,50 1,19 0,94 0,65 1,71 1,38 1,81 1,69 1,12 1,35 0,81 1,35 AGF 2,11 1,68 1,05 1,53 1,32 1,11 1,21 1,21 1,42 0,68 1,16 0,58 AGF 0,94 1,19 1,00 1,35

AGA 0,75 1,25 1,63 1,06 1,56 1,24 1,06 1,69 2,00 1,41 1,53 2,00 AGA 1,25 1,38 1,71 1,00 1,65 1,56 1,69 1,56 1,24 1,88 1,38 2,24 AGA 1,11 1,42 1,42 1,74 1,74 1,53 1,58 1,47 1,26 1,26 1,53 1,68 AGA 1,06 1,06 1,25 1,18

Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4

Kosice Ruzomberok Zilina ViOn Zlate Moravce FC Nitra Banska Bystrica Spartak Trnava Tatran Presov SLO Maribor Branik Olimpija Ljubljana Domzale Koper Celje ND Gorica Rudar Velenje Triglav Gorenjska Mura Aluminij ESP Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Real Sociedad Valencia Málaga Bétis Sevilla Rayo Vallecano Sevilla Getafe Levante Athletic Bilbao Espanyol Valladolid Granada Osasuna Pamplona Celta Vigo Mallorca Deportivo A Coruña Zaragoza FRA Paris-SG Olympique Marseille Olympique Lyon

1,15 1,00 1,09 1,39 1,12 0,85 1,27 1,30 1,18 1,64 0,85 0,97 1,03 1,55 0,64 1,24 GFM GAM 2,22 0,97 2,03 0,97 1,17 0,94 1,44 1,17 1,08 1,08 1,25 1,67 1,17 1,64 0,97 1,39 1,19 1,83 1,00 1,86 GFM GAM 3,03 1,05 2,71 1,11 1,71 0,82 1,84 1,29 1,76 1,42 1,39 1,32 1,50 1,47 1,32 1,74 1,53 1,42 1,13 1,50 1,05 1,50 1,16 1,71 1,13 1,37 1,29 1,53 0,97 1,42 0,87 1,32 0,97 1,37 1,13 1,89 1,24 1,84 0,97 1,63 GFM GAM 1,82 0,64 1,11 0,95 1,61 1,00

1,63 1,59 1,18 1,38 1,56 0,94 0,94 0,94 HGF 2,33 2,17 1,06 1,72 1,11 1,33 1,22 1,17 1,50 1,33 HGF 3,32 3,53 2,21 2,16 2,21 1,74 1,47 1,42 2,16 1,32 1,32 1,16 1,32 1,53 1,11 0,79 1,21 1,37 1,21 1,21 HGF 1,79 1,32 1,79

0,69 1,24 0,65 0,81 1,31 0,63 1,29 0,56 HGA 0,78 1,11 1,17 0,83 1,00 1,44 1,22 0,94 1,56 2,06 HGA 0,79 1,11 0,63 1,16 1,32 0,95 0,95 1,53 1,11 1,21 1,37 1,42 1,47 1,37 1,11 0,74 1,11 1,58 1,37 1,42 HGA 0,53 0,95 0,89

0,71 0,56 1,06 1,18 0,82 0,76 1,13 0,35 AGF 2,11 1,89 1,28 1,17 1,06 1,17 1,11 0,78 0,89 0,67 AGF 2,74 1,89 1,21 1,53 1,32 1,05 1,53 1,21 0,89 0,95 0,79 1,16 0,95 1,05 0,84 0,95 0,74 0,89 1,26 0,74 AGF 1,84 0,89 1,42

1,29 1,56 1,06 1,76 1,94 1,29 1,81 1,88 AGA 1,17 0,83 0,72 1,50 1,17 1,89 2,06 1,83 2,11 1,67 AGA 1,32 1,11 1,00 1,42 1,53 1,68 2,00 1,95 1,74 1,79 1,63 2,00 1,26 1,68 1,74 1,89 1,63 2,21 2,32 1,84 AGA 0,68 0,95 1,11

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Class 1 2 3

OGC Nice Saint-Étienne Lille OSC Girondins Bordeaux Lorient Montpellier Toulouse Valenciennes Bastia Rennes Stade Reims Ajaccio Sochaux Evian Thonon Gaillard Nancy Troyes Brest WAL The New Saints Airbus UK Bangor City Port Talbot Town Prestatyn Town Carmarthen Town Bala Town Connah’s Quay Newtown AFC Aberystwyth Town Llanelli Afan Lido GEO Dínamo Tbilisi Dila Gori Torpedo Kutaisi Chikura Zestafoni Baia Zugdidi Metalurgi Rustavi Merani Martvili WIT Georgia Sioni Bolnisi Dínamo Batumi Kolkheti Poti GRE

1,53 1,21 1,58 0,84 1,55 1,08 1,05 0,89 1,50 1,53 1,42 1,34 1,29 1,24 1,29 1,39 1,32 1,74 1,26 1,55 0,87 1,11 1,03 1,34 1,08 1,50 1,21 1,39 1,00 1,53 1,13 1,61 0,84 1,63 GFM GAM 2,69 0,69 2,38 1,31 2,03 1,66 1,59 1,63 1,94 2,47 1,13 1,56 1,94 1,28 1,94 2,16 1,38 1,69 1,25 1,84 1,28 2,13 1,34 2,47 GFM GAM 2,75 0,72 1,88 0,81 1,78 0,94 1,53 1,19 1,09 1,19 0,97 1,63 0,91 1,09 0,97 1,59 0,78 1,31 0,97 1,59 1,22 1,72 0,69 1,75 GFM GAM

1,84 1,89 1,68 1,16 2,00 1,74 1,58 1,68 1,58 1,21 1,05 1,00 1,32 1,63 0,89 1,32 0,89 HGF 2,81 2,50 2,63 2,06 2,13 1,25 2,31 2,06 1,06 1,44 1,25 1,13 HGF 3,69 1,94 2,13 1,56 0,88 1,38 0,94 1,25 0,75 1,00 1,38 0,75 HGF

0,89 0,68 0,89 1,00 1,32 0,74 1,37 1,11 1,37 1,42 0,68 1,05 1,37 1,32 1,37 1,26 1,37 HGA 0,56 0,94 1,44 1,41 2,20 1,00 1,50 2,06 1,81 1,56 2,75 1,94 HGA 0,75 0,81 0,75 0,81 0,94 1,31 1,13 1,06 1,19 1,69 1,56 1,44 HGA

1,21 1,26 1,42 0,95 1,00 1,11 1,00 0,89 1,05 1,32 0,68 1,05 0,84 0,79 1,11 0,95 0,79 AGF 2,56 2,25 1,44 1,07 1,76 1,00 1,56 1,81 1,69 1,06 1,31 1,56 AGF 1,81 1,81 1,44 1,50 1,31 0,56 0,88 0,69 0,81 0,94 1,06 0,63 AGF

1,53 1,00 1,26 0,79 1,74 1,95 1,11 1,68 2,11 1,68 1,53 1,63 1,63 1,47 1,68 1,95 1,89 AGA 0,81 1,69 1,88 1,87 2,71 2,13 1,06 2,25 1,56 2,13 1,50 3,00 AGA 0,69 0,81 1,13 1,56 1,44 1,94 1,06 2,13 1,44 1,50 1,88 2,06 AGA

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class

Olympiacos Piraeus PAOK Thessaloniki Asteras Tripolis Atromitos PAS Giannina Panathinaikos Skoda Xanthi Panthrakikos Panionios Platanias Levadiakos Veria Aris Thessaloniki OFI Crete AEK Athens Kerkyra NED Ajax Amsterdam PSV Eindhoven Feyenoord Rotterdam Vitesse Arnhem Utrecht Twente Groningen Heerenveen ADO Den Haag AZ Alkmaar PEC Zwolle Heracles Almelo NAC Breda RKC Waalwijk NEC Nijmegen Roda JC Kerkrade VVV Venlo Willem II Tilburg HUN Gyori ETO Videoton Honved Budapest MTK Budapest Ferencvaros Debrecen Haladas Szombathely Kecskemeti TE

2,13 0,53 1,53 0,63 1,37 0,83 0,87 0,73 0,93 0,80 1,07 1,00 0,93 0,87 1,00 1,10 1,17 1,40 0,97 1,40 0,70 1,17 1,00 1,17 1,07 1,33 1,10 1,53 0,70 1,20 0,53 1,37 GFM GAM 2,44 0,91 3,03 1,26 1,88 1,12 2,00 1,24 1,62 1,21 1,76 0,97 1,06 1,56 1,47 1,85 1,44 1,85 1,65 1,59 1,24 1,62 1,71 2,09 1,18 1,65 1,15 1,41 1,29 1,94 1,50 2,03 0,97 1,82 0,97 2,24 GFM GAM 1,90 1,10 1,73 0,80 1,67 1,20 1,43 1,00 1,70 1,20 1,57 1,20 1,20 0,90 1,40 1,40

2,27 1,87 1,73 0,87 0,93 1,13 0,87 1,20 1,47 1,27 0,73 1,40 1,47 1,40 0,80 0,73 HGF 2,35 3,41 2,47 2,00 1,59 1,94 1,18 1,71 1,47 1,71 1,35 2,24 1,47 1,41 1,12 1,71 1,29 1,35 HGF 2,13 1,67 1,73 1,93 2,07 2,13 1,27 1,60

0,53 0,53 0,60 0,60 0,60 0,87 0,73 1,13 1,00 1,20 0,87 0,93 0,87 1,20 1,13 1,20 HGA 0,59 1,00 0,71 1,06 0,71 1,00 1,47 1,76 1,65 1,35 1,71 1,88 1,59 1,12 1,76 1,06 2,47 2,06 HGA 0,80 0,80 1,27 0,87 1,13 0,93 0,73 1,47

2,00 1,20 1,00 0,87 0,93 1,00 1,00 0,80 0,87 0,67 0,67 0,60 0,67 0,80 0,60 0,33 AGF 2,53 2,65 1,29 2,00 1,65 1,59 0,94 1,24 1,41 1,59 1,12 1,18 0,88 0,88 1,47 1,29 0,65 0,59 AGF 1,67 1,80 1,60 0,93 1,33 1,00 1,13 1,20

0,53 0,73 1,07 0,87 1,00 1,13 1,00 1,07 1,80 1,60 1,47 1,40 1,80 1,87 1,27 1,53 AGA 1,24 1,53 1,53 1,41 1,71 0,94 1,65 1,94 2,06 1,82 1,53 2,29 1,71 1,71 2,12 3,00 1,18 2,41 AGA 1,40 0,80 1,13 1,13 1,27 1,47 1,07 1,33

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ujpest Diosgyor Kaposvar Pecsi Munkas Paks Lombard Papa Siofok Eger ENG Manchester United Manchester City Chelsea Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur Everton Liverpool West Bromwich Albion Swansea West Ham Norwich Fulham Stoke City Southampton Aston Villa Newcastle Sunderland Wigan Athletic Reading Queens Park Rangers ISR Maccabi Tel Aviv Maccabi Haifa Bnei Yehuda Irony Kiryat Shmona Hapoel Tel Aviv Irony Ramat HaSharon FC Ashdod Hapoel Beer Sheva Hapoel Haifa Beitar Jerusalem Hapoel Acre Bnei Sakhnin Macccabi Netanya Hapoel Ramat Gan

1,33 1,40 1,03 1,30 1,17 1,27 1,10 1,47 1,33 1,27 0,87 1,53 1,03 2,03 0,83 2,23 GFM GAM 2,26 1,13 1,74 0,89 1,97 1,03 1,89 0,97 1,74 1,21 1,45 1,05 1,87 1,13 1,39 1,50 1,24 1,34 1,18 1,39 1,08 1,53 1,32 1,58 0,89 1,18 1,29 1,58 1,24 1,82 1,18 1,79 1,08 1,42 1,24 1,92 1,13 1,92 0,79 1,58 GFM GAM 2,14 0,92 1,78 0,92 1,47 1,08 1,28 1,03 1,33 1,33 0,81 1,39 1,15 1,21 0,97 1,18 1,09 1,36 1,33 1,64 1,18 1,45 0,94 1,48 1,15 1,52 1,12 1,42

1,47 1,53 1,20 0,80 1,00 1,20 1,13 1,00 HGF 2,37 2,16 2,16 2,47 1,53 1,74 1,74 1,68 1,47 1,79 1,32 1,47 1,11 1,37 1,21 1,26 1,05 1,37 1,21 0,68 HGF 2,50 2,16 1,53 1,33 1,39 1,11 1,35 1,18 1,53 1,06 1,38 0,88 1,00 1,31

1,53 1,20 0,87 1,47 1,27 1,07 1,40 1,93 HGA 1,00 0,79 0,84 1,21 0,95 0,89 0,84 1,32 1,37 1,16 1,05 1,58 1,16 1,26 1,47 1,63 1,00 2,05 1,74 1,47 HGA 0,72 0,84 1,24 1,06 1,28 1,28 0,88 0,53 1,47 1,06 1,06 1,63 1,25 1,63

1,20 0,53 1,13 1,40 1,67 0,53 0,93 0,67 AGF 2,16 1,32 1,79 1,32 1,95 1,16 2,00 1,11 1,00 0,58 0,84 1,16 0,68 1,21 1,26 1,11 1,11 1,11 1,05 0,89 AGF 1,78 1,35 1,47 1,28 1,00 0,61 1,13 1,44 0,88 0,81 0,94 1,00 1,29 0,76

1,27 1,40 1,67 1,47 1,27 2,00 2,67 2,53 AGA 1,26 1,00 1,21 0,74 1,47 1,21 1,42 1,68 1,32 1,63 2,00 1,58 1,21 1,89 2,16 1,95 1,84 1,79 2,11 1,68 AGA 1,11 1,00 1,53 1,33 1,44 1,50 1,50 1,25 1,19 1,81 1,71 1,35 1,76 1,41

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

ITA Juventus Napoli Milan AC Fiorentina Udinese AS Roma Lázio Roma Catania Inter Milan Parma Cagliari Chievo Verona Bologna Sampdória Genoa Torino Genoa 1892 Atalanta Bergamo Siena Palermo Delfino Pescara LUX Fola Esch F91 Dudelange Jeunesse Esch Differdange 03 RM Hamm Benfica Grevenmacher Jeunesse Canach RFCU Luxembourg Kaerjeng’97 Wiltz 71 Etzella Ettelbruck Progrès Niederkorn CS Pétange Union 05 Kayl/Tétange MKD Vardar Skopje Metalurg Skopje FK Turnovo Rabotnicki Skopje Skendija 79 Bregalnica Stip Napredok Kicevo

GFM GAM 1,87 0,63 1,92 0,95 1,76 1,03 1,89 1,16 1,55 1,18 1,87 1,47 1,34 1,11 1,32 1,21 1,45 1,50 1,18 1,21 1,13 1,45 0,97 1,37 1,21 1,37 1,13 1,34 1,21 1,45 1,00 1,37 1,03 1,47 0,95 1,50 0,89 1,42 0,71 2,21 GFM GAM 2,58 0,88 2,04 0,77 2,04 1,19 2,08 1,31 2,04 1,46 1,65 1,23 1,54 1,35 1,65 1,69 1,69 2,04 1,62 2,54 1,58 2,35 1,12 1,73 0,81 2,19 1,12 2,81 GFM GAM 2,15 0,64 1,45 0,85 1,48 0,94 1,42 1,27 1,58 1,48 1,12 1,06 0,88 1,18

HGF 1,89 2,32 1,74 2,11 1,63 2,11 1,84 1,63 1,58 1,47 1,26 0,95 1,58 1,32 1,21 1,37 1,00 0,84 1,26 0,79 HGF 2,38 2,15 2,00 2,08 2,15 2,08 1,69 1,23 2,31 1,38 1,38 1,08 0,54 0,77 HGF 3,12 1,65 2,00 1,69 1,65 1,38 1,00

HGA 0,53 0,95 0,79 1,00 0,84 1,26 0,84 0,79 1,63 0,95 1,26 0,84 1,26 1,16 1,37 1,58 1,26 1,00 1,37 2,21 HGA 1,00 0,77 1,85 1,15 1,46 1,38 1,46 1,46 1,92 2,69 2,15 1,69 1,77 3,08 HGA 0,65 0,76 0,71 0,75 1,06 0,69 0,94

AGF 1,84 1,53 1,79 1,68 1,47 1,63 0,84 1,00 1,32 0,89 1,00 1,00 0,84 0,95 1,21 0,63 1,05 1,05 0,53 0,63 AGF 2,77 1,92 2,08 2,08 1,92 1,23 1,38 2,08 1,08 1,85 1,77 1,15 1,08 1,46 AGF 1,13 1,25 0,94 1,18 1,50 0,88 0,75

AGA 0,74 0,95 1,26 1,32 1,53 1,68 1,37 1,63 1,37 1,47 1,63 1,89 1,47 1,53 1,53 1,16 1,68 2,00 1,47 2,21 AGA 0,77 0,77 0,54 1,46 1,46 1,08 1,23 1,92 2,15 2,38 2,54 1,77 2,62 2,54 AGA 0,63 0,94 1,19 1,76 1,94 1,41 1,44

Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Renova Drita Bogovinje Pelister Bitola Teteks Tetovo Sileks Kratovo MLT Birkirkara Hibernians Valletta FC Sliema Wanderers Tarxien Rainbows Balzan Youths Floriana Qormi Mosta FC Rabat Ajax Hamrun Spartans Melita FC MDA Sheriff Tiraspol Dacia Chisinau FC Tiraspol Milsami Orhei CSCA-Rapid Chisinau Zimbru Chisinau Academia Chisinau Costuleni Iskra-Stal Ribnita Olimpia Balti Speranta CV Nistru Otaci MNE Sutjeska Niksic Buducnost Podgorica Celik Niksic Grbalj Rudar Pljevlja Mladost OFK Petrovac Zeta Golubovci FK Lovcen Mogren Budva Mornar Bar Jedinstvo

1,06 1,39 1,06 1,52 0,82 1,09 0,67 1,42 1,00 1,85 GFM GAM 1,97 0,70 2,21 1,12 2,19 0,91 1,50 1,00 1,66 1,59 1,50 1,91 1,50 1,19 1,91 1,56 1,41 2,25 1,19 1,88 1,22 2,75 0,97 2,44 GFM GAM 1,97 0,52 1,42 0,58 1,64 0,61 1,45 0,91 1,09 1,15 1,61 1,15 1,67 1,58 1,15 1,45 1,12 1,67 0,94 1,52 1,06 2,12 0,64 2,52 GFM GAM 1,52 0,94 1,70 1,18 1,24 1,06 1,24 0,64 1,27 1,21 1,18 1,45 1,09 1,27 1,30 1,36 1,15 1,55 1,00 1,27 1,09 1,42 0,94 1,36

1,18 1,31 1,19 1,06 1,31 HGF 2,41 2,06 2,00 1,63 1,81 1,50 1,44 2,38 1,31 1,19 0,94 0,94 HGF 1,76 1,71 2,41 1,71 1,00 1,69 2,12 1,06 1,38 1,00 0,75 0,69 HGF 1,76 1,41 1,41 1,76 1,41 1,47 0,94 1,38 1,13 1,00 1,06 0,94

0,88 1,13 0,88 1,00 1,38 HGA 0,82 0,75 0,81 1,06 1,69 1,88 1,25 1,44 1,69 1,75 2,75 3,00 HGA 0,35 0,59 0,65 0,41 1,18 1,06 1,76 1,13 1,81 1,38 1,94 2,00 HGA 0,88 1,41 1,00 0,65 1,29 1,29 1,06 1,06 1,44 1,38 1,00 1,25

0,94 0,82 0,47 0,29 0,71 AGF 1,50 2,35 2,38 1,38 1,50 1,50 1,56 1,44 1,50 1,19 1,50 1,00 AGF 2,19 1,13 0,81 1,19 1,19 1,53 1,19 1,24 0,88 0,88 1,35 0,59 AGF 1,25 2,00 1,06 0,69 1,13 0,88 1,24 1,24 1,18 1,00 1,12 0,94

1,94 1,88 1,29 1,82 2,29 AGA 0,56 1,47 1,00 0,94 1,50 1,94 1,13 1,69 2,81 2,00 2,75 1,88 AGA 0,69 0,56 0,56 1,44 1,13 1,24 1,38 1,76 1,53 1,65 2,29 3,00 AGA 1,00 0,94 1,13 0,63 1,13 1,63 1,47 1,65 1,65 1,18 1,82 1,47

8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

POL Legia Warsaw Lech Poznan Slask Wroclaw Piast Gliwice Gornik Zabrze Polonia Warsaw Lechia Gdansk Wisla Krakow Zaglebie Lubin Jagiellonia Bialystok Korona Kielce Pogon Szczecin Widzew Lodz Podbeskidzie BB Ruch Chorzow GKS Belchatow POR FC Porto Benfica Paços de Ferreira Sporting Braga Estoril-Praia Sporting CP Rio Ave Nacional Vitória SC Guimarães Marítimo Académica Coimbra Vitória FC Setúbal Olhanense Gil Vicente Moreirense Beira-Mar CZE Viktoria Plzen Sparta Prague Slovan Liberec Jablonec Sigma Olomouc Dukla Prague Slavia Prague Mlada Boleslav FC Slovacko

GFM GAM 1,97 0,73 1,53 0,73 1,47 1,40 1,37 1,37 1,17 1,03 1,50 1,13 1,40 1,43 0,93 1,17 1,27 1,23 1,03 1,50 1,07 1,23 0,97 1,30 1,00 1,37 1,30 1,43 1,17 1,60 0,80 1,27 GFM GAM 2,33 0,47 2,57 0,67 1,40 0,97 2,00 1,47 1,57 1,23 1,20 1,20 1,17 1,40 1,50 1,70 1,20 1,57 1,13 1,50 1,10 1,50 1,00 1,83 0,87 1,40 1,03 1,80 1,00 1,70 1,17 1,83 GFM GAM 1,80 0,70 1,83 0,77 1,53 1,13 1,63 1,37 1,27 0,97 1,60 1,23 1,37 1,10 1,13 1,43 1,23 1,37

HGF 2,20 1,60 1,53 1,20 1,27 1,33 1,53 1,00 1,60 0,87 1,60 1,13 1,27 1,40 1,13 0,80 HGF 2,53 2,80 1,33 2,27 2,07 1,07 0,93 1,73 1,20 0,93 1,47 1,20 0,87 1,20 1,07 1,40 HGF 1,80 2,20 1,73 1,67 1,60 2,07 2,00 1,27 1,20

HGA 0,53 1,00 1,00 1,27 1,00 1,13 1,80 0,93 1,20 1,27 0,67 1,13 1,07 1,60 1,40 1,40 HGA 0,33 0,60 0,87 1,53 1,20 0,93 1,13 1,67 1,47 0,93 1,80 1,67 1,33 1,60 1,60 1,73 HGA 0,80 0,67 0,80 1,20 0,93 0,87 0,73 1,13 1,07

AGF 1,73 1,47 1,40 1,53 1,07 1,67 1,27 0,87 0,93 1,20 0,53 0,80 0,73 1,20 1,20 0,80 AGF 2,13 2,33 1,47 1,73 1,07 1,33 1,40 1,27 1,20 1,33 0,73 0,80 0,87 0,87 0,93 0,93 AGF 1,80 1,47 1,33 1,60 0,93 1,13 0,73 1,00 1,27

AGA 0,93 0,47 1,80 1,47 1,07 1,13 1,07 1,40 1,27 1,73 1,80 1,47 1,67 1,27 1,80 1,13 AGA 0,60 0,73 1,07 1,40 1,27 1,47 1,67 1,73 1,67 2,07 1,20 2,00 1,47 2,00 1,80 1,93 AGA 0,60 0,87 1,47 1,53 1,00 1,60 1,47 1,73 1,67

Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Jihlava Teplice Marila Pribram Zbrojovka Brno Banik Ostrava Ceske Budejovice Hradec Kralové ROU Steaua Bucuresti Pandurii Petrolul Ploiesti Astra Ploiesti FC Vaslui Dínamo Bucuresti FC Brasov CFR Cluj Rapid Bucuresti Gaz Metan Medias Otelul Galati Univ. Cluj-Napoca Viitorul Constanta Ceahlaul Piatra-Neamt Concordia Chiajna Turnu Severin CSMS Iasi Gloria Bistrita RUS CSKA Moscow Zenit St. Petersburg Anzhi Makhachkala Kuban Krasnodar Spartak Moscow Rubin Kazan Dínamo Moscow Terek Grozny Lokomotiv Moscow FK Krasnodar Rostov Amkar Perm Volga Nizhny-Novgorod Krylya Sovetov Samara Mordovia Saransk Alania Vladikavkaz SRB

1,20 1,40 1,20 1,57 0,90 1,30 1,13 1,77 1,13 1,47 0,80 1,63 0,90 1,47 GFM GAM 2,18 0,85 1,68 1,26 1,76 1,00 1,88 1,09 1,47 1,00 1,41 1,18 1,47 1,50 1,65 1,15 1,03 1,03 1,24 1,35 1,12 1,24 1,15 1,62 1,32 1,68 1,21 1,74 0,85 1,44 1,06 1,38 0,91 1,47 0,62 2,03 GFM GAM 1,63 0,83 1,77 0,83 1,50 1,13 1,60 0,93 1,70 1,30 1,30 0,90 1,37 1,13 1,27 1,33 1,30 1,20 1,50 1,30 1,00 1,37 1,13 1,70 0,93 1,53 1,03 1,73 1,00 1,90 0,87 1,77 GFM GAM

1,20 1,33 1,20 1,67 1,33 0,93 1,20 HGF 2,41 2,35 2,06 2,47 1,94 1,76 1,76 1,65 1,35 1,53 1,12 1,18 1,12 1,47 0,71 1,18 0,94 0,65 HGF 1,53 1,73 2,00 1,80 1,73 1,40 1,33 1,40 1,40 1,87 1,33 1,47 0,80 0,93 1,13 1,27 HGF

0,73 1,33 1,13 1,67 1,20 1,07 1,60 HGA 0,71 1,18 0,71 1,18 0,71 1,12 0,94 1,24 1,18 1,06 1,00 1,47 1,41 1,18 1,29 1,18 1,35 1,47 HGA 0,60 0,60 1,00 0,87 1,20 0,53 0,93 1,13 1,40 0,80 1,33 1,67 1,47 1,80 1,80 1,53 HGA

1,20 1,07 0,60 0,60 0,93 0,67 0,60 AGF 1,94 1,00 1,47 1,29 1,00 1,06 1,18 1,65 0,71 0,94 1,12 1,12 1,53 0,94 1,00 0,94 0,88 0,59 AGF 1,73 1,80 1,00 1,40 1,67 1,20 1,40 1,13 1,20 1,13 0,67 0,80 1,07 1,13 0,87 0,47 AGF

2,07 1,80 1,47 1,87 1,73 2,20 1,33 AGA 1,00 1,35 1,29 1,00 1,29 1,24 2,06 1,06 0,88 1,65 1,47 1,76 1,94 2,29 1,59 1,59 1,59 2,59 AGA 1,07 1,07 1,27 1,00 1,40 1,27 1,33 1,53 1,00 1,80 1,40 1,73 1,60 1,67 2,00 2,00 AGA

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class

Partizan Beograd Red Star Beograd Vojvodina Novi Sad Jagodina Sloboda Point Sevojno OFK Beograd Rad Beograd Hajduk Kula Spartak Subotica Javor Donji Srem Radnicki Nis Radnicki Kragujevac Novi Pazar BSK Borca Smederevo SUI Basel Grasshopper Zurich St. Gallen FC Zurich Thun Sion Young Boys Luzern Lausanne Sport Servette TUR Galatasaray Fenerbahce Besiktas Bursaspor Kayserispor Kasimpasa Antalyaspor Eskisehirspor Trabzonspor Gaziantepspor Genรงlerbirligi Sivasspor Elazigspor Akhisarspor Karabukspor Istanbul BB

2,37 0,53 1,83 1,17 1,33 0,67 1,17 0,87 1,30 1,23 1,13 1,07 1,07 1,00 1,20 1,07 1,20 1,30 1,27 1,33 0,87 1,13 1,00 1,47 0,83 1,17 0,97 1,33 0,87 1,90 0,60 1,77 GFM GAM 1,69 0,86 1,33 0,89 1,50 1,00 1,72 1,33 1,22 1,28 1,11 1,50 1,36 1,39 1,14 1,47 0,89 1,42 0,89 1,72 GFM GAM 1,94 1,03 1,65 1,15 1,85 1,44 1,53 1,21 1,41 1,32 1,41 1,09 1,47 1,53 1,41 1,18 1,15 1,18 1,24 1,44 1,35 1,38 1,24 1,35 0,91 1,35 1,06 1,29 1,21 1,56 1,26 1,47

3,00 2,40 1,27 1,33 1,53 1,27 1,47 1,53 1,67 1,40 1,07 1,07 1,07 1,40 1,07 0,53 HGF 2,00 1,39 1,94 1,78 1,67 1,11 1,89 1,00 1,33 1,00 HGF 2,24 2,06 2,12 1,41 1,47 1,35 2,18 1,65 1,35 1,35 1,53 1,76 0,82 0,94 0,82 1,41

0,47 1,20 0,73 0,60 1,00 0,87 0,40 0,80 1,13 1,13 0,73 0,87 1,07 0,87 1,60 1,47 HGA 0,56 0,72 0,94 1,22 1,28 1,22 1,06 1,11 1,28 1,22 HGA 1,00 1,06 1,29 0,71 0,82 1,06 1,65 1,18 1,00 1,18 1,24 1,18 1,00 1,24 1,24 1,41

1,73 1,27 1,40 1,00 1,07 1,00 0,67 0,87 0,73 1,13 0,67 0,93 0,60 0,53 0,67 0,67 AGF 1,39 1,28 1,06 1,67 0,78 1,11 0,83 1,28 0,44 0,78 AGF 1,65 1,24 1,59 1,65 1,35 1,47 0,76 1,18 0,94 1,12 1,18 0,71 1,00 1,18 1,59 1,12

0,60 1,13 0,60 1,13 1,47 1,27 1,60 1,33 1,47 1,53 1,53 2,07 1,27 1,80 2,20 2,07 AGA 1,17 1,06 1,06 1,44 1,28 1,78 1,72 1,83 1,56 2,22 AGA 1,06 1,24 1,59 1,71 1,82 1,12 1,41 1,18 1,35 1,71 1,53 1,53 1,71 1,35 1,88 1,53

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Orduspor Mersin 1925 NIR Cliftonville Crusaders Linfield Glentoran Ballinamallard United Coleraine Portadown Ballymena United Glenavon Dungannon Swifts Donegal Celtic Lisburn Distillery UKR Shakhtar Donetsk Metalist Kharkiv Dinamo Kiev Dnipro Metalurg Donetsk Chornomorets Odessa Krivbas Krivij Rih Arsenal Kiev Ilichivets Mariupol Zoria Lugansk Tavria Simferopol Vorksla Poltava Volyn Lutsk Karpaty Lviv H. Uzhgorod M. Zaporozhye

1,03 1,50 0,91 1,56 GFM GAM 2,50 1,00 2,16 1,08 1,82 1,26 1,66 1,16 1,29 1,13 1,32 1,50 1,45 1,45 1,42 1,79 1,68 1,63 1,11 1,53 0,84 2,11 0,76 2,37 GFM GAM 2,73 0,60 1,97 0,83 1,83 0,77 1,80 0,90 1,50 1,17 1,07 1,20 1,20 1,37 1,13 1,37 1,00 1,07 1,07 1,43 0,90 1,53 1,03 1,20 0,87 1,50 1,23 1,73 0,97 1,90 0,40 2,13

1,53 1,00 HGF 2,80 2,37 1,79 1,95 1,11 1,44 1,68 1,58 2,20 1,17 0,84 0,63 HGF 3,20 2,07 2,00 2,33 1,87 1,20 1,67 1,33 0,80 1,47 1,20 1,27 0,93 1,60 1,13 0,60

1,65 1,18 HGA 0,75 0,74 1,05 1,11 1,16 1,50 1,42 1,63 1,50 1,28 2,05 2,16 HGA 0,47 0,67 0,60 0,67 0,80 1,20 0,80 0,93 0,67 1,60 1,13 0,93 1,40 1,27 1,53 2,07

0,53 0,82 AGF 2,17 1,95 1,84 1,37 1,47 1,20 1,21 1,26 1,11 1,05 0,84 0,89 AGF 2,27 1,87 1,67 1,27 1,13 0,93 0,73 0,93 1,20 0,67 0,60 0,80 0,80 0,87 0,80 0,20

1,35 1,94 AGA 1,28 1,42 1,47 1,21 1,11 1,50 1,47 1,95 1,78 1,75 2,16 2,58 AGA 0,73 1,00 0,93 1,13 1,53 1,20 1,93 1,80 1,47 1,27 1,93 1,47 1,60 2,20 2,27 2,20

17 18 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

GFM – Average Goals For; GAM – Average Goals Against; HGF – Average Home Goals For; HGA – Average Home Goals Against; AGF – Average Away Goals For; AGA – Average Away Goals Against; Class – Classification

The performance of each team shows a balance between best offences and defences, noting that 20 champions had the best overall attack and defence. In the comparison, the best defence wins 15 to 14 in the overall best classification. On the bottom it is shown that it is more common for a poorly scoring team to stand below a bad defence, 18 to 14 of the leagues evaluated. 16 of the last placed teams in each league had the worst overall attack and defence.

Comparing with last season, the balance was even tighter with an equal 13 to better attack or defence, 22 champions having best offence and defence and equal 15 in the worst attack and defence.

6. Average Cards The cautions are a complex subject. Although with the same rules, the ruling of a football match varies from league to league, from country to country, either because of the understanding of the game, the more or less respect towards the game itself and the referees in each league, the interpretation of the law strict and strictly by the book and the ‘commonsense rule’ tend to make it difficult to analyze this particular theme. However, numbers are numbers and that is what we are showing and presenting in this document.

Not by accident, the Latin leagues average more cards than the rest, with the Austrian exception in the middle and the French league outside. Spain, Romania, Greece, Portugal and Italy – 5 out of 6 – present themselves as the leagues with more cards shown, more fouls, more whistling, more protests, more deceiving and less patience and pedagogy from the referees explain partly these numbers. On the opposite end it is also normal to see the British leagues and the Nordic ones also, with some Eastern also there. Northern Ireland, Scotland, England and the Netherlands together with Norway, Sweden, Estonia and Finland fill the top 10, where Armenia and Belarus also make a point.

Below the table with the average cards per match in the last 3 seasons League Northern Ireland Norway Scotland Armenia Sweden Netherlands England Estonia Belarus Finland

10-11 1,46

Var. 28.77%

1,78

6.18%

1,75 1,68

6.29% 5.95%

11-12 1,88 1,29 1,67 1,33 1,66 1,64 1,58 1,48 1,92 1,72

Var. 32.98% 5.99%

2.44% 1.90%

12-13 1,26 1,32 1,57 1,59 1,59 1,60 1,61 1,67 1,69 1,71

10-13 13.70% 2.33% 11.80% 19.55% 4.22% 8.57% 4.17% 12.84% 11.98% 0.58%

France Denmark Wales Lithuania Kazakhstan Georgia Germany Rep. Ireland Slovakia Faroe Islands Belgium Iceland Luxembourg Poland Moldova Latvia Switzerland Czech Rep. Israel Malta Croatia FYROM Russia Serbia Cyprus Slovenia Montenegro Albania Bulgaria Turkey Azerbaijan Ukraine Hungary Bosnia-Herzegovina Italy Portugal Greece Romania Austria Spain

1,77 1,26 1,71

10.73% 27.78% 7.02%

1,63 1,78

52.76% 1.69%

1,98

9.60%

2,09

4.31%

2,00 1,92 1,76

2.00% 11.46% 20.45%

2,32 1,89 2,23 2,12 2,08 2,11

2.16% 8.47% 7.62% 0.94% 0.00% 1.90%

2,37 2,58 2,16 2,19 2,22 2,42 2,39

3.38% 10.47% 12.96% 0.00% 4.50% 2.89% 9.62%

2,20 2,19 2,77 2,09 2,80 2,68 2,51 2,20 2,74

26.82% 10.05% 13.36% 9.57% 3.21% 4.85% 14.74% 13.64% 8.39%

1,96 1,61 1,83 2,07 2,49 1,81 1,65 2,17 1,86 2,00 1,99 2,04 2,14 2,12 1,81 2,27 2,05 2,06 2,14 2,08 2,15 2,35 2,45 2,31 2,44 2,19 2,32 2,35 2,62 2,20 2,79 2,41 2,40 2,29 2,89 2,81 2,88 2,50 2,97

9.18% 13.04% 1.09%

23.29% 5.52% 11.52% 2.00% 1.96% 0.93% 0.47% 4.41% 5.85% 8.25% 4.67% 8.65% 5.12% 5.31% 3.46% 0.82% 10.96% 4.74% 4.26% 6.49% 10.39% 4.56% 5.42% 10.92% 11.76% 3.91% 5.56% 10.00% 3.03%

1,78 1,82 1,85 1,86 1,87 1,91 1,91 1,92 1,92 2,02 2,04 2,05 2,08 2,12 2,13 2,14 2,17 2,17 2,23 2,24 2,26 2,26 2,26 2,32 2,39 2,42 2,43 2,43 2,45 2,45 2,48 2,50 2,52 2,53 2,54 2,55 2,70 2,72 2,75 2,88

0.56% 44.44% 8.19% 9.66% 17.18% 7.30% 16.36% 3.03% 8.60% 2.39% 3.02% 4.00% 10.42% 21.02% 18.23% 6.47% 14.81% 0.00% 5.66% 8.65% 7.11% 3.83% 2.11% 7.36% 12.04% 10.96% 9.46% 1.24% 2.51% 12.73% 13.64% 15.07% 8.66% 21.53% 8.93% 0.75% 8.37% 25.00% 5.11%

As seen above, the increase in the cautions is evident with more than half the leagues witnessing more cards shown between the seasons examined.

7. Youth Players relevance Utilizing youth players, taking advantage of the homegrown youngsters or hiring young promises is also an important part of the football process, of the build up of a squad. The use of these youngsters also varies from league to league, from Footballing School to Footballing School, from coach to coach.

The need for selling, to make some money in order to maintain the club going is another reason for youth betting and development. If you create, develop and display the local talents – or you have the scouting and financial skills to recruit youngsters ‘cheap’ and selling them after some years displaying with a considerable profit (many times not to the club but to those ‘grey’ funds) – you can ensure nice incomes with them, with the will of financially stronger clubs and the desire to play in the biggest leagues and earn more money from the players. This has the virtue or curse of mandatory renewal, especially to the breeding centers, the Balcans, Portugal, Netherlands, Belgium, South America, etc., bringing new faces to the first teams recurringly.

League

U23

U21

U19

U17

Aver

Armenia Moldova Slovenia Montenegro Georgia Croatia Serbia Bosnia Estonia Rep. Ireland Albania Slovakia Lithuania Faroe Islands Scotland Latvia Netherlands Czech Rep. Switzerland Malta Northern Ireland Azerbaijan Denmark Austria Greece FYROM Luxembourg Romania Belgium

5,13 7,58 6,10 4,58 6,00 5,33 6,56 6,00 6,50 5,92 4,64 5,83 5,40 4,60 3,75 4.90 6,22 5,56 5,50 3,92 4,17 3,58 4,25 5,40 4,63 5,08 3,57 4,72 4,38

7,00 5,08 6,70 5,42 6,42 5,67 4,38 5,25 5,90 5,42 4,00 4,08 4,50 3,60 5,08 5.60 3,83 4,63 4,10 3,92 3,83 5,58 4,17 3,70 4,06 2,75 3,79 3,06 3,63

5,00 3,92 3,40 5,33 2,50 3,50 3,00 2,50 1,10 1,50 3,50 2,25 2,10 3,00 2,50 1.10 1,28 1,06 1,40 2,50 2,75 1,42 2,17 1,30 1,56 2,33 2,64 1,83 1,56

1,13 0,75 0,20 0,75 0,25 0,50 0,56 0,50 0,20 0,00 0,50 0,25 0,00 0,60 0,42 0.10 0,06 0,00 0,10 0,75 0,33 0,17 0,08 0,10 0,00 0,08 0,14 0,22 0,25

18,26 17,33 16,40 16,08 15,17 15,00 14,50 14,25 13,70 12,84 12,64 12,41 12,00 11,80 11,75 11.70 11,39 11,25 11,10 11,09 11,08 10,75 10,67 10,50 10,25 10,24 10,14 9,83 9,82

Squad Perc 52.35% 45.91% 52.90% 49.74% 43.65% 49.31% 42.57% 45.51% 49.64% 46.83% 42.23% 41.37% 41.52% 47.77% 40.98% 40.34% 43.62% 38.14% 39.36% 37.49% 38.31% 33.42% 39.27% 38.46% 34.30% 35.10% 39.00% 28.17% 32.67%

U23 For 19.51% 30.77% 16.39% 20.00% 6.94% 15.63% 19.05% 31.25% 15.38% 5.63% 15.38% 24.29% 20.37% 4.35% 46.67% 36.73% 40.18% 25.84% 40.00% 34.04% 14.00% 20.93% 29.41% 14.81% 17.57% 9.84% 52.00% 22.35% 51.43%

U21 For 19.64% 34.43% 7.46% 9.23% 7.79% 16.18% 18.57% 25.00% 8.47% 10.77% 14.29% 18.37% 20.00% 2.78% 34.43% 28.57% 30.43% 9.46% 26.83% 12.77% 8.70% 4.48% 18.00% 16.22% 9.23% 3.03% 33.96% 14.55% 31.03%

U19 For 2.50% 4.26% 2.94% 3.13% 0.00% 4.76% 8.33% 2.50% 18.18% 5.56% 12.24% 0.00% 0.00% 6.67% 10.00% 18.18% 30.43% 23.53% 21.43% 3.33% 12.12% 0.00% 19.23% 15.38% 0.00% 0.00% 10.81% 6.06% 24.00%

U17 For 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 50.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Norway Hungary Israel Iceland Poland Wales Bulgaria Finland Germany France Portugal Sweden Cyprus Russia Italy Belarus Ukraine Kazakhstan Turkey England Spain

4,06 5,31 4,00 4,42 3,88 3,67 4,81 3,42 4,67 4,00 4,69 3,69 1,50 3,75 2,85 3,55 5,00 3,57 2,94 3,05 2,80

4,06 2,94 4,07 3,83 3,31 3,17 2,13 3,50 2,78 3,15 3,06 3,50 3,21 2,25 2,20 2,09 0,25 1,71 1,78 1,90 2,10

1,50 1,25 1,43 1,17 2,06 2,33 2,13 2,08 0,94 1,05 0,50 0,63 1,86 0,81 1,25 0,64 0,88 0,50 0,94 0,75 0,75

0,06 0,06 0,00 0,00 0,13 0,17 0,19 0,17 0,00 0,15 0,00 0,00 0,71 0,06 0,10 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,11 0,05 0,05

9,68 9,56 9,50 9,42 9,38 9,34 9,26 9,17 8,39 8,35 8,25 7,82 7,28 6,87 6,40 6,28 6,13 5,78 5,77 5,75 5,70

37.77% 31.28% 33.17% 40.81% 31.13% 34.70% 27.44% 37.31% 31.40% 29.72% 29.20% 31.36% 24.10% 22.80% 20.41% 23.99% 19.77% 20.64% 19.78% 21.26% 20.69%

33.85% 25.88% 14.29$ 18.87% 12.90% 27.27% 35.06% 21.95% 46.43% 37.50% 56.00% 1.44% 28.57% 35.00% 64.91% 20.51% 22.50% 12.00% 33.96% 52.46% 23.21%

18.46% 23.40% 3.51% 19.57% 7.55% 21.05% 11.76% 4.76% 28.00% 31.75% 53.06% 69.00% 26.67% 22.22% 75.00% 8.70% 17.50% 4.17% 15.63% 55.26% 28.57%

12.50% 0.00% 10.00% 0.00% 5.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 6.06% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.94% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 17.65% 0.00% 14.29% 0.00% 37.50% 0.00% 6.00% 0.00% 7.69% 0.00% 7.69% 0.00% 40.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 7.14% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 53.33% 0.00% 20.00% 100.00%

U17 – Average U17 players per squad; U19 – Average U19 players per squad; U21 Average U21 players per squad; U23 – Average U23 players per squad; Aver – Average ‘Under’ players per squad; Squad Perc – Percentage of ‘Under’ players in the squad average used footballers; U17 For – Percentage of U17 Foreign Players; U19 For – Percentage of U19 Foreign Players; U21 For – Percentage of U21 Foreign Players; U23 For – Percentage of U23 Foreign Players.

Eastern leagues have the biggest youth average numbers with round a third of the entire leagues averaging over 40 percent of the total squads ‘under’. The numbers shrivel in the top and growing leagues, Spain, England, Italy, France and Germany, the Big 5, appear in the lowest quarter, as well as growing, developing and big spenders Russia, Ukraine and Turkey.

The presence of ‘under’ foreign footballers is more and more common with Scotland, Netherlands, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, Italy, England being the best examples of that strong presence.

The use of players still able to play in the youth system – u19 or u17 – give the lead to Armenian league with over 6 on average, number also passed in Montenegro. Moldova, Croatia and Albania had around 4 average youth footballers utilized. 9 leagues didn’t manage to field 1 or more on average, Germany, Ukraine, Russia, Spain, England, Belarus, Sweden, Portugal and Kazakhstan.

Below a table comparing the average players ‘under’ per squad with their own number and percentage in the XI most used footballers per squad per league.

League Armenia Croatia Estonia Moldova Faroe Islands

Aver ‘Under’ 18,26 15,00 13,70 17,33 11,80

Squad XI XI ‘U’ Perc ‘Under’ Perc 52.35% 4,51 41.00% 49.31% 4,50 40.91% 49.64% 3,90 35.45% 45.91% 3,75 34.09% 47.77% 3,50 31.82%

League

Aver ‘Under’ Slovenia 16,40 Montenegro 16,08 Netherlands 11,39 Rep. Ireland 12,84 Denmark 10,67

Squad XI XI ‘U’ Perc ‘Under’ Perc 52.90% 4,50 40.91% 49.74% 4,00 36.36% 43.62% 3,89 35.36% 46.83% 3,58 32.55% 39.27% 3,41 31.00%

Bosnia Luxembourg Serbia FYROM Malta Finland Switzerland Hungary Germany Scotland Azerbaijan Sweden Greece Northern Ireland Poland Ukraine Israel Kazakhstan Spain Turkey

14,25 10,14 14,50 10,24 11,09 9,17 11,10 9,56 8,39 11,75 10,75 7,82 10,25 11,08 9,38 6,13 9,50 5,78 5,70 5,77

45.51% 39.00% 42.57% 35.10% 37.49% 37.31% 39.36% 31.28% 31.40% 40.98% 33.42% 31.36% 34.30% 38.31% 31.13% 19.77% 33.17% 20.64% 20.69% 19.78%

3,39 3,35 3,26 3,00 2,76 2,63 2,50 2,50 2,34 2,25 2,25 2,19 2,07 2,00 1,88 1,76 1,57 1,14 1,05 0,62

30.82% 30.45% 29.64% 27.27% 25.09% 23.91% 22.73% 22.73% 21.27% 20.45% 20.45% 19.91% 18.82% 18.18% 17.09% 16.00% 14.27% 10.36% 9.55% 5.64%

Iceland Austria Latvia Norway Slovakia Georgia Czech Rep. Wales Albania Belgium Lithuania Portugal France Romania Bulgaria Belarus Italy England Russia Cyprus

9,42 10,50 11.70 9,68 12,41 15,17 11,25 9,34 12,64 9,82 12,00 8,25 8,35 9,83 9,26 6,28 6,40 5,75 6,87 7,28

40.81% 38.46% 40.34% 37.77% 41.37% 43.65% 38.14% 34.70% 42.23% 32.67% 41.52% 29.20% 29.72% 28.17% 27.44% 23.99% 20.41% 21.26% 22.80% 24.10%

3,37 3,30 3,17 2,82 2,67 2,58 2,50 2,42 2,28 2,25 2,20 2,19 2,05 2,00 1,87 1,72 1,25 1,10 0,81 0,50

Armenia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Estonia, Netherlands and Moldova have over a third of the most utilized footballers under 23 years old in the 12/13 season.

England, Spain, Russia, Turkey and Cyprus had 10 percent or less of under23 players in the 11 most used.

30.64% 30.00% 28.82% 25.64% 24.27% 23.45% 22.73% 22.00% 20.73% 20.45% 20.00% 19.91% 18.64% 18.18% 17.00% 15.64% 11.36% 10.00% 7.36% 4.55%

8. Comparison 1st vs. 2nd leagues In the next tables some numbers will be shown from both 1st and 2nd tiers – the ones we gathered information from – to explain and understand, to assess the discrepancies noting that regarding average attendances and foreign presence it is normal the lower numbers.

Attendances Leagues England Germany France Spain Italy Netherlands Russia Sweden Ukraine Poland Scotland Belgium Austria Switzerland Norway Denmark Portugal Serbia Finland Belarus Latvia Estonia

Av. Att. 35931 42625 19220 28754 23271 19620 13205 7206 12602 8362 10004 11099 6840 12022 7002 6813 9802 3480 2035 2248 395 189

Oc. Rate 94.53% 92.23% 67.46% 72.55% 54.31% 87.41% 52.41% 50.85% 42.80% 51.23% 52.32% 64.22% 50.28% 53.07% 60.81% 41.80% 40.81% 22.21% 36.61% 32.67% 16.23% 10.31%

2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier

Av. Att. 17492 17240 7025 6747 4839 3704 3592 2456 2078 2069 1967 1792 1722 1454 1402 1255 827 774 752 589 94 80

Oc. Rate 63.77% 60.51% 35.45% 45.21% 29.04% 52.84% 30.17% 29.16% 34.33% 26.39% 23.98% 23.89% 26.57% 19.63% 28.71% 15.72% 15.61% 16.20% 18.73% 18.41% 11.12% 17.06%

Perc. Att 2nd to 1st 48.68% 40.45% 36.55% 23.46% 20.79% 18.88% 27.20% 34.08% 16.49% 24.74% 19.66% 16.15% 25.18% 12.09% 20.02% 18.42% 8.44% 22.24% 36.95% 26.20% 23.79% 42.33%

Perc. Oc 2nd to 1st 67.46% 65.61% 52.55% 62.32% 53.47% 60.45% 57.57% 57.35% 80.21% 51.51% 45.83% 37.20% 52.84% 36.99% 47.21% 37.61% 38.25% 72.94% 51.16% 56.35% 68.52% 165.47%

This comparison proves the strong implementation of the football phenomena in two so distinct sporting countries like England and Germany, with the gap between their respective 2nd tiers and all the rest being so significant that it should be profounded and more reviewed in more detail, especially because the development of both Championship and 2. Bundesliga is different; however they achieve very interesting attendances. One thing they have in common is the interest they gather on tv and, in a certain way, in the newspapers, proving that what is more seen is more followed, you can’t go to what you don’t know, to what people, mass leaders don’t talk about.

Whether developed inside The League – the Continental model – or an autonomous league – the British model – or even within the National Federation, all parts involved – federations, leagues, clubs, players, coaches, etc. need to understand the importance of mediatizing the second tier, by all means, because it is the feeder of the top tier in all aspects, promotions and

relegations, development of talents, players or coaches, possibility of experimenting new ideas, mediatic and marketing approaches.

Average Ages Leagues Latvia Estonia Scotland Iceland Netherlands Belgium Finland Austria Norway Serbia Denmark Sweden Portugal Poland Belarus France Italy Ukraine Turkey Greece Germany England Russia Spain

Av. Age Squads 24,41 24,02 25,35 24,96 24,84 25,97 24,71 25,40 25,28 24,92 25,74 26,20 26,09 26,44 26,41 26,36 27,43 26,37 27,15 26,02 25,90 27,04 26,59 26,96

Av. Age XI 25,98 24,27 27,17 25,60 25,57 26,98 26,48 26,09 26,30 26,09 26,78 27,58 27,00 28,13 27,06 27,33 28,19 27,39 28,71 27,43 26,48 27,58 28,16 28,01

2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier

Av. Age Squads 21,33 22,41 23,78 23,90 24,15 24,24 24,51 24,55 24,66 24,67 24,98 25,05 25,31 25,48 25,56 25,64 25,77 25,78 25,88 26,25 26,27 26,34 26,43 26,89

Av. Age XI 21,11 22,58 25,62 25,10 24,94 26,45 26,46 26,05 25,81 25,36 26,15 26,20 26,22 27,29 26,72 27,80 26,88 26,61 26,64 27,51 27,22 27,19 28,00 28,24

Av. Age Dif. 3,08 1,61 2,07 1.06 0,69 1,73 0,20 0,85 0,62 0,25 0,76 1,15 0,78 0,96 0,85 0,72 1,66 0,59 1,27 -0,23 -0,37 0,70 0,16 0,07

Av. Age XI Dif. 4,87 1,69 1,55 0,50 0,63 0,53 0,02 0,04 0,49 0,73 0,63 1,38 0,28 0,84 0,34 -0,47 1,31 0,78 2,07 -0,08 -0,74 0,39 0,16 -0,23

The 24 leagues compared show that most 2nd leagues field younger players, only Greece and Germany had older average squad ages in the second football leagues. The number doubles, 4 in 24, when we compare the most used 11, older in France, Greece, Germany and Spain.

Interestingly, even if Latvia had the sixth overall youngest average squad age number, the gap between first and second is the biggest, over 3 years in the squad average and almost 5 years in the comparison between the 11 more utilized. Another interesting fact is the exact variance in Russia, both squad and eleven have a .16 gap.

Foreign Players Average Leagues Belarus Ukraine Estonia Latvia Serbia Poland Turkey Scotland Iceland Spain Norway Denmark Sweden Netherlands Russia Finland Austria Greece Italy France Belgium Germany Portugal England

For. Perc.

24.65% 37.70% 20.29% 29.31% 16.70% 29.46% 40.76% 43.02% 20.22% 39.02% 34.39% 31.60% 31.83% 37.66% 48.55% 25.08% 25.27% 34.94% 52.63% 41.64% 55.72% 52.18% 55.75% 63.50%

For. XI 2,27 5,06 2,40 2,50 1,56 3,50 5,56 5,33 2,64 4,20 4,06 2,50 3,56 3,94 5,88 3,08 2,70 4,25 5,80 4,40 5,94 5,67 6,13 7,70

Nation.

19 44 18 21 19 48 54 34 17 48 34 35 40 49 65 31 28 50 49 50 65 62 50 72

2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier

For. Perc.

2.13% 3.62% 6.99% 8.52% 8.60% 9.28% 13.62% 14.73% 15.36% 16.06% 16.20% 16.41% 18.37% 19.86% 21.31% 21.99% 23.51% 24.44% 25.04% 32.19% 33.90% 35.26% 36.70% 47.54%

1st to 2nd 8.64% 9.60% 34.45% 29.07% 51.50% 31.50% 33.42% 34.24% 75.96% 41.16% 47.11% 51.93% 57.71% 52.73% 43.89% 87.68% 93.04% 69.95% 47.58% 77.31% 60.84% 67.57% 65.83% 74.87%

For. XI 0,14 0,56 0,50 0,64 0,50 0,94 1,56 1,70 1,83 1,91 1,94 1,08 1,94 2,22 2,24 2,80 2,40 2,52 2,45 3,40 3,78 3,50 3,50 5,33

1st to 2nd 6.17% 11.07% 20.83% 25.60% 32.05% 26.86% 28.06% 31.89% 69.32% 45.48% 47.78% 43.20% 54.49% 56.35% 38.10% 90.91% 88.89% 59.29% 42.24% 77.27% 63.64% 61.73% 57.10% 69.22%

Nation .

4 15 11 16 13 24 34 12 17 35 33 25 34 27 32 27 23 50 48 47 48 57 50 61

1st to 2nd 21.05% 34.09% 61.11% 76.19% 68.42% 50.00% 62.96% 35.29% 100.00% 72.92% 97.06% 71.43% 85.00% 55.10% 49.23% 87.10% 82.14% 100.00% 97.96% 94.00% 73.85% 91.94% 100.00% 84.72%

For. Perc. – Foreign Footballers Average Percentage per squads; For. XI – Average Foreign players in the XI most used; Nation. – Number of Nationalities present in the league; 1st to 2nd – Percentage variation between the 1st and 2nd tiers.

It is normal to observe the inferior foreign presence in the 2nd leagues. A third of the leagues compared have a third lower average foreign players in the squads, with an approximate number concerning the foreign presence in the eleven most utilized.

Noting the growth of Ukrainian, Russian and Turkish first leagues, it is normal to consider that the foreign presence in the second ones will tend to increase a little, especially in Ukraine, if the development of the football pyramid is done on a balanced way and the clubs supported into having a professional structure also.

If England, Germany or even France can justify their foreign numbers with the attendances, Portugal should consider and rethink the high numbers with fewer than 1000 average persons per match. On the opposite side are several of the Eastern and Northern leagues. Talking about foreign players – or other elements – is to think of persons that will strengthen the squad, the club, the structure, the football in the country, that should always be present and many – or most – times it isn’t.

Bear in mind that – in several of the countries reviewed – there are foreign limitation rules.

Players Used

Leagues Serbia Estonia Latvia Ukraine Greece England Portugal Turkey Russia Italy Scotland Belgium Spain Poland Austria France Germany Denmark Iceland Belarus Sweden Norway Finland Netherlands

PU 34,06 27,60 29,00 31,00 29,88 27,04 28,25 29,17 30,13 31,35 28,67 30,06 27,55 30,13 27,30 28,10 26,72 27,17 23,08 26,18 24,94 25,63 24,58 26,11

‘Under’ Players 14,50 13,70 11,70 6,13 10,25 5,75 8,25 5,77 6,87 6,40 11,75 9,82 5,70 9,38 10,50 8,35 8,39 10,67 9,42 6,28 7,82 9,68 9,17 11,39

Youth Players 3,56 1,30 1,20 0,88 1,56 0,80 0,50 1,05 0,87 1,35 2,92 1,81 0,80 2,19 1,40 1,20 0,94 2,25 1,17 0,64 0,63 1,56 2,25 1,34

PU 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier

34,89 32,90 32,71 32,22 31,95 31,38 31,09 31,00 30,65 30,32 29,20 29,17 28,86 28,72 28,50 27,80 26,94 26,92 25,50 25,07 24,50 24,31 24,10 24,06

1st to 2nd 0,83 5,30 3,71 1,22 2,07 4,34 2,84 1,83 0,52 1,03 0,53 0,89 1,31 1,41 1,20 0,30 0,22 0,25 2,42 1,11 0,44 1,32 0,48 2,05

‘Under’ Players 16,67 22,00 23,79 10,50 11,00 9,34 14,18 9,62 8,12 10,73 17,30 14,56 7,96 12,01 14,10 10,45 8,17 11,41 12,75 9,01 9,38 10,38 9,80 12,61

1st to 2nd 2,17 8,30 12,09 4,37 0,75 3,59 5,93 3,85 1,25 4,33 5,55 4,74 2,26 2,63 3,60 2,10 0,22 0,74 3,33 2,73 1,56 0,70 0,63 1,22

Youth Players 4,23 8,50 11,08 1,11 1,52 0,88 1,82 1,78 0,53 1,55 5,60 4,95 1,14 1,95 2,10 1,45 0,61 0,83 3,00 0,87 1,32 1,44 2,50 0,89

In terms of the number of players used on average per squad is relatively even, with 13 second leagues averaging more players utilized than the respective countries’ first ones. Nonetheless, the gaps are more relevant towards more players with Estonia, Latvia and England having an over 3 difference.

The use of ‘under’ players shows a very distinct result. With the French exception, all the second leagues reviewed fielded more under 23 footballers, again with the Baltic countries having the biggest gap, even if their numbers in the top tiers are high, Estonia (over 13 to over 22) and Latvia (over 11 to over 23) and another 9 second tiers having a 3 plus footballers under 23 fielded in comparison with the first leagues.

Players still with age to play in the youth teams were also more common in the second leagues, although in 7 of them in lower numbers than the countries’ top tiers. Estonia and Latvia lead these numbers also, naturally, being of notice the Belgian and Scottish numbers.

1st to 2nd 0,67 7,20 9,88 0,23 0,04 0,08 1,32 0,73 0,34 0,20 2,68 3,14 0,34 0,24 0,70 0,25 0,33 1,42 1,83 0,23 0,69 0,12 0,25 0,45

Leagues

‘Under’ XI Latvia 3,17 Estonia 3,90 Serbia 3,26 Scotland 2,25 Netherlands 3,89 Iceland 3,37 Austria 3,30 Portugal 2,19 Denmark 3,41 Norway 2,82 Belgium 2,25 Ukraine 1,76 Turkey 0,62 Italy 1,25 Sweden 2,19 Poland 1,88 Belarus 1,72 France 2,05 Greece 2,07 Germany 2,34 Finland 2,63 England 1,10 Spain 1,05 Russia 0,81

Youth XI 0,00 0,00 0,13 0,08 0,22 0,00 0,20 0,00 0,08 0,13 0,06 0,00 0,00 0,05 0,06 0,13 0,09 0,00 0,25 0,11 0,36 0,05 0,05 0,00

2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier

‘Under’ XI 8,50 7,70 4,56 4,50 4,44 4,25 4,10 3,78 3,33 3,19 2,83 2,78 2,78 2,77 2,69 2,61 2,60 2,55 2,48 2,23 2,20 1,84 1,41 1,12

1st to 2nd 5,33 3,80 1,30 2,25 0,55 0,88 0,80 1,59 0,08 0,37 0,58 1,02 2,16 1,52 0,50 0,73 0,88 0,50 0,41 0,11 0,43 0,74 0,36 0,31

Youth XI 3,93 2,60 0,17 0,50 0,06 0,67 0,00 0,18 0,17 0,13 0,33 0,22 0,00 0,09 0,06 0,11 0,07 0,20 0,10 0,06 0,50 0,21 0,09 0,00

1st to 2nd 3,93 2,60 0,04 0,42 0,16 0,67 0,20 0,18 0,09 0,00 0,27 0,22 0,00 0,04 0,00 0,02 0,02 0,20 0,15 0,05 0,14 0,16 0,04 0,00

As described above, the presence of more young players in the second leagues reflects also in the 11 most used. Only in 3 of the 24 compared we have an inferior average of under23 footballers in the ‘11’. Turkey and Russia had no single player – neither in the first nor in the second leagues – still in youth age, U19 or less, in the 11 with more minutes on average.

The presence of ‘B’ squads in the Latvian and Estonian second tiers help explain the high numbers in the ‘unders’, with the youth aged footballers almost averaging 4 in 11 in Latvia and 2.6 in Estonia’s Esiliiga. The same is not reflected in the Spanish, Portuguese and Ukrainian second tiers; with ‘B’ squads but not that many ‘under’ players and even less youth aged footballers in the 11 most utilized.

Goals and Cards Balance Leagues Latvia Estonia Norway Netherlands Scotland

Goals Match 2,74 2,98 2,89 3,15 2,73

Cards Match 2,14 1,67 1,32 1,60 1,57

2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier

Goals Match 3,93 3,55 3,27 3,24 3,16

1st to 2nd 143.43% 119.13% 113.15% 102.86% 115.75%

Cards Match 1,87 1,93 1,42 1,65 1,67

1st to 2nd 87.38% 115.57% 107.58% 103.13% 106.37%

Sweden Belarus Iceland Austria Finland England Belgium Spain Denmark Germany Italy Poland Portugal France Ukraine Turkey Serbia Russia Greece

2,70 2,53 3,22 3,06 2,70 2,80 2,93 2,87 2,83 2,93 2,64 2,49 2,78 2,55 2,59 2,67 2,38 2,61 2,13

1,59 1,69 2,05 2,75 1,71 1,61 2,04 2,88 1,82 1,91 2,54 2,12 2,55 1,78 2,50 2,45 2,32 2,26 2,70

2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier 2nd Tier

3,01 2,95 2,93 2,91 2,72 2,71 2,62 2,60 2,60 2,58 2,54 2,53 2,44 2,41 2,40 2,38 2,25 2,21 1,99

111.48% 116.60% 90.99% 95.10% 100.74% 96.79% 89.42% 90.59% 91.87% 88.05% 96.21% 101.61% 87.77% 94.51% 92.66% 89.14% 94.54% 84.67% 93.43%

1,86 1,67 2,05 2,58 1,67 1,51 1,92 2,97 1,74 1,94 2,45 2,14 2,76 1,81 2,10 2,47 2,34 2,14 2,20

116.98% 98.82% 0.00% 93.82% 97.66% 93.79% 94.12% 103.13% 95.60% 101.57% 96.46% 100.94% 108.24% 101.69% 84.00% 100.82% 100.86% 94.69% 81.48%

When looking at the average goals scored and cards shown, the balance is more even and favors the top leagues. The goals show 15 top leagues with more scored on average against 9.

What is more interesting – reflecting and proving the relevance of the footballing schools – is that most of the second tiers with more goals than the first ones have top leagues with some of the biggest goal scoring averages. Also, low scoring leagues like Greece or Serbia have even lower numbers in the second tiers.

The numbers concerning average cards are almost even, 12 to 11, with some of the same proof, lower carded top leagues have even lower second tiers card shown and countries like Portugal or Spain, with some of the higher average cards per match, have even bigger numbers in the second leagues.

9. Most used players average ages and foreign presence by sectors The tables below present numbers concerning the 11 players with more minutes per squad, divided by positions and with a view also towards the foreign influence.

League Position Finland Ukraine Faroe Islands Kazakhstan Spain Italy Cyprus Sweden Scotland Greece Russia Norway Romania England Portugal Czech Rep. Hungary Belarus FYROM Turkey Northern Ireland Poland Malta Israel Albania Netherlands Azerbaijan Rep. Ireland Austria Belgium Denmark Switzerland Slovakia Iceland Georgia Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Serbia Bosnia-Herzegovina Slovenia Germany Moldova Croatia

Av Age GK 32,31 31,08 30,96 30,40 30,37 30,22 30,16 30,16 30,04 29,66 29,60 29,54 29,46 29,35 29,31 29,20 29,17 29,08 29,06 28,88 28,86 28,83 28,81 28,65 28,44 28,20 28,02 28,01 27,90 27,86 27,79 27,79 27,61 27,52 27,49 27,47 27,42 27,23 27,14 27,09 26,93 26,39 26,30 26,26

Goalkeepers It is normal for the ‘last man standing’ to be one of the most experienced on the field. Naturally there are exceptions but this side table proves this situation. Of all the leagues reviewed only in 3 the average first choice goalies don’t present the older average ages in comparison with the other positions on the pitch.

Armenia and surprising Wales are two of the exception leagues, sharing the ‘young’ goaltenders trend with Germany who probably has, currently, the best group of goalkeepers in the football world.

The gap ranges from over 32 in Finland, over 31 in Ukraine and over 30 in Faroe, Kazakhstan, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Sweden and Scotland to less than 26 in Estonia and Armenia with Wales,

Montenegro,

Croatia,

Moldova and Germany are little above those 26 on average.

Montenegro Wales Estonia Armenia

League Position Estonia Croatia Latvia Montenegro Moldova Luxembourg Armenia Finland Romania Austria Rep. Ireland Slovenia Serbia Scotland Netherlands Hungary FYROM Malta Wales Slovakia Portugal Faroe Islands Iceland Northern Ireland Belarus Denmark Sweden Germany Israel Ukraine Bosnia-Herzegovina Norway Albania Belgium Switzerland Georgia Poland Italy Czech Rep. Spain Azerbaijan Greece Russia

26,16 26,04 25,66 25,29

Av Age RB 23,69 25,42 23,57 DEF DEF DEF DEF 26,14 26,62 26,87 26,02 22,65 25,94 27,52 24,51 27,86 23,86 DEF DEF 28,09 27,91 DEF 23,60 DEF 25,42 25,99 27,09 26,45 27,04 27,03 24,50 25,71 26,75 27,33 26,66 25,60 28,08 27,33 26,69 29,00 26,35 25,16 27,46

Av Age LB 23,43 24,25 27,13

27,53 27,26 26,28 23,23 25,15 24,61 25,94 25,05 26,77 27,83

26,35 25,02 28,34 27,28 26,46 29,49 26,40 29,59 26,89 27,06 24,86 26,74 26,96 25,89 26,40 26,71 27,86 28,27 28,02 27,96 26,81 28,24

Av Age CB 24,94 25,03 25,22 25,70 25,72 25,85 25,87 26,02 26,21 26,34 26,44 26,47 26,49 26,60 26,61 26,67 26,75 26,78 26,79 26,81 26,92 26,99 27,12 27,14 27,15 27,19 27,20 27,41 27,51 27,52 27,69 27,85 27,87 27,92 27,97 28,28 28,38 28,43 28,47 28,49 28,51 28,52 28,58

Defenders Like in the goalkeeping place, central defenders are usually the more experienced elements of a defensive line, fact proven by 23 of the presented leagues averaging the oldest defensive elements in the middle, 7 have the oldest average element on the right back and 9 in the left.

The side ‘runners’ are normally younger and it is no surprise to see 19 of the average youngest defense elements in those leagues on the left and 17 on the right. Only in 3 leagues (Finland, Romania and Hungary) have we the least aged elements playing in the middle.

Estonia is the only league with central defenders averaging ages under 25 years old while Cyprus and Turkey have an average central defenders age of over 29 years old.

Slovenia had the younger right side with 22, 65

on

average,

with

Estonia,

Latvia,

Macedonia and Iceland all under 24. Turkey and Spain had an average of 29 or plus with Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Poland and Slovakia averaging over 28 on the right side of the defense.

Estonia and Rep. Ireland have the youngest left sides, under 24, with Cyprus and Turkey over 30, and Sweden, Israel on the opposite side, over 29.

England Kazakhstan Lithuania Cyprus Turkey

27,27 28,45 27,86 28,73 29,08

27,14 25,83 26,50 30,76 30,50

28,67 28,91 28,94 29,32 29,54

Midfielders Defining the midfield by age is more difficult, as there are reasons to justify and explain both experience and youthfulness.

Contrary to the defending average ages, these numbers are much more even, especially inside each league.

It is normal to expect the defensive midfielder more experienced, especially in leagues and with coaches that want an anchor in the position and therefore 16 of the reviewed

leagues

having

their

oldest

averages in midfield being at the back is no surprise. The central midfield occupies the oldest spot in 13 leagues and 10 have the offensive midfield oldest average ages.

The offensive midfielders are the youngest in 17 of the leagues, with 15 central midfields and 7 defensive ones. This is a bet in pure creativity, lack of fear, sense of invincibility; the features of the wannabe stars.

The global average ages are older and younger within, which justifies these close differences.

Apart

from

the

schools

themselves, you tend to use an older midfield to control, to think more, and to be patient, to suffer and endure more pressure, to be able to handle the match phases better, theoretically speaking.

League Position Finland Netherlands Bosnia-Herzegovina Norway Switzerland Slovakia Estonia Albania Austria Lithuania Georgia Rep. Ireland Faroe Islands Montenegro Armenia Slovenia Romania Serbia Moldova Iceland Croatia Latvia Luxembourg FYROM Scotland Wales Germany Northern Ireland Malta Azerbaijan Ukraine England Greece Israel Belarus Belgium Czech Rep. Italy Portugal Turkey Spain Russia Denmark Poland Cyprus Sweden Kazakhstan Hungary

Av Age DM 26,56 27,04 25,50 27,90 26,98 26,25 22,94 25,10 27,69 25,32 28,65 23,96 MF MF MF 25,16 27,14 26,44 MF 26,40 25,21 23,03 MF 25,60 28,38 MF 27,59 MF MF 28,02 27,31 26,82 26,39 27,94 27,59 26,80 27,87 30,27 27,72 28,53 25,89 27,89 27,85 29,34 29,62 25,99 29,09 26,64

Av Age CM 22,68 24,00 24,25 24,25 24,31 24,59 24,78 24,85 24,94 25,01 25,34 25,53 25,57 25,57 25,59 25,62 25,72 25,77 25,88 26,00 26,02 26,03 26,11 26,35 26,37 26,54 26,57 26,80 26,82 26,86 26,99 27,04 27,36 27,39 27,43 27,59 27,59 27,64 27,78 27,92 28,20 28,22 28,25 28,38 28,91 29,09 29,17 29,69

Av Age OM 27,05 25,77 26,76 26,18 28,32 25,50 24,61 26,31 25,97 27,14 26,44 26,20

22,23 26,91 26,69 22,28 23,08 21,30 27,11 26,42 24,43

26,44 26,93 26,99 27,37 26,20 25,44 25,36 29,45 25,52 26,80 27,68 27,92 28,09 26,63 27,32 31,94 28,97 26,21 25,66

League Position Montenegro Croatia Netherlands Slovenia Estonia Rep. Ireland Denmark Iceland Norway Luxembourg Belgium Finland Portugal Germany Armenia Serbia Georgia Latvia Azerbaijan Moldova Slovakia Austria Czech Rep. Belarus Sweden Bosnia-Herzegovina Switzerland Malta Ukraine Russia Northern Ireland Israel Faroe Islands Kazakhstan Albania Hungary Scotland England Spain Wales Romania Poland Lithuania Italy Turkey Greece FYROM Cyprus

Av Age LRW FW 24,85 24,63 22,96 22,89 24,70 26,09 24,65 25,55 FW 26,54 26,14 26,12 25,93 FW 25,02 26,91 25,26 27,07 FW 27,11 23,37 26,29 26,88 26,00 25,99 25,28 FW 26,31 28,15 FW 26,10 FW 25,76 25,99 26,40 26,46 26,38 26,27 FW 26,67 27,88 25,80 27,41 27,41 25,82 25,44 28,73

Av Age FW 24,39 24,61 24,97 25,09 25,16 25,17 25,38 25,68 25,70 25,77 25,80 25,87 25,92 25,99 26,12 26,17 26,19 26,20 26,26 26,27 26,34 26,40 26,40 26,40 26,47 26,56 26,58 26,76 27,02 27,21 27,29 27,39 27,47 27,54 27,54 27,56 27,64 27,65 27,83 27,77 27,84 28,00 28,05 28,42 28,65 29,03 29,15 29,51

Forwards Attacking skills, youth versus experience, goal capability versus individual skills, so many variants can determine the choice for the front men in each football team.

Naturally, also here we can relate the average ages to the football school, to the need to sell or the will to bring experience.

In the center attack we range from under 25, in Montenegro, Croatia and Netherlands, to over 29, in Greece, Macedonia and Cyprus.

Slovenia and Estonia present even younger numbers in the wingers, under 23 on average.

Observing these average ages it is interesting to note the more experienced offense in the Southern European countries, most of the Latin nations, the British with Lithuania and Poland in that middle.

On the youngster side we have the leagues with a bigger youth investment, with global younger average ages.

Average most used ages by positions comparing 1st and 2nd leagues reviewed League

Av Age

Av Age

Av Age

Position Austria I

GK 27,90 94.84% 26,46 29,08 95.63% 27,81 27,86 97.81% 27,25 27,79 99.50% 27,65 29,35 97.31% 28,56 25,66 91.54% 23,49 32,31 86.20% 27,85 29,79 95.70% 28,51 26,39 105.49% 27,84 29,66 99.06% 29,38 27,52 105.12% 28,93 30,22 86.60% 26,17 27,23 77.12% 21,00 28,20 94.50% 26,65

RB 26,87 101.34% 27,23 25,42

LB 26,28 87.02% 22,87 27,28

Austria II Belarus I Belarus II Belgium I Belgium II Denmark I Denmark II England I England II Estonia I Estonia II Finland I Finland II France I France II Germany I Germany II Greece I Greece II Iceland I Iceland II Italy I Italy II Latvia Latvia II Netherlands I Netherlands II

DF 27,33 26,96 98.50% 95.77% 26,92 25,82 25,99 26,46 96.92% 100.98% 25,19 26,72 27,27 27,14 98.72% 99.01% 26,92 26,87 23,69 23,43 102.07% 105.25% 24,18 24,66 26,14 27,53 DF 27,22 25,59 99.12% 105.16% 26,98 26,91 26,45 26,40 105.60% 102.16% 27,93 26,97 25,16 26,81 101.95% 101.34% 25,65 27,17 23,60 28,34

27,33 88.69% 24,24 23,57

DF 27,86 94.51% 26,33 27,13

24,51 102.53% 25,13

DF 25,05 94.41% 23,65

Av Age

Av Age

Av Age

CB DM CM 26,34 27,69 24,94 102.54% 99.57% 99.88% 27,01 27,57 24,91 27,15 27,59 27,43 100.44% 97.99% 27,27 MF 26,88 27,92 26,80 27,59 95.88% 99.33% 94.20% 26,77 26,62 25,99 27,19 27,85 28,25 98.20% 88.26% 94.44% 26,70 24,58 26,68 28,67 26,82 27,04 97.49% 97.87% 97.26% 27,95 26,25 26,30 24,94 22,94 24,78 93.99% 93.68% 23,44 21,49 26,02 26,56 22,68 100.46% 117.81% 26,14 MF 26,72 27,62 27,15 28,14 94.57% 95.58% 100.60% 26,12 25,95 28,31 27,41 27,59 26,57 101.09% 93.98% 102.45% 27,71 25,93 27,22 28,52 26,39 27,36 101.09% 102.54% 87.35% 28,83 27,06 23,90 27,12 26,40 26,00 94.73% 94.31% 25,69 MF 24,52 28,43 30,27 27,64 98.87% 83.12% 101.56% 28,11 25,16 28,07 25,22 23,03 26,03 84.14% 79.60% 21,22 MF 20,72 26,61 27,04 24,00 92.33% 92.20% 107.54% 24,57 24,93 25,81

Av Age OM 25,97 99.27% 25,78 25,44

Av Age LRW 23,37 108.69% 25,40 26,88

Av Age

FW 26,40 98.98% 26,13 26,40 94.92% FW 25,06 25,36 26,54 25,80 103.67% 98.04% 99.69% 26,29 26,02 25,72 26,63 26,09 25,38 97.39% 97.44% 25,41 24,73 26,99 26,38 27,65 109.34% 100.11% 98.41% 29,51 26,41 27,21 24,61 22,89 25,16 87.85% 91.96% 89.98% 21,62 21,05 22,64 27,05 26,14 25,87 99.50% FW 25,74 26,37 27,32 26,59 97.80% 95.02% 101.54% 25,79 25,96 27,00 24,43 25,93 25,99 107.12% 102.97% 105.96% 26,17 26,70 27,54 27,37 25,82 29,03 102.37% 106.70% 93.32% 28,02 27,55 27,09 22,28 24,65 25,68 92.25% FW 23,69 25,52 27,41 28,42 102.90% 98.76% 94.55% 26,26 27,07 26,87 21,30 25,26 26,20 82.40% FW 21,59 25,77 24,63 24,97 97.98% 98.34% 101.32% 25,25 24,22 25,30

Norway I Norway II Poland I Poland II Portugal I Portugal II Russia I Russia II Scotland I Scotland II Serbia I Serbia II Spain I Spain II Sweden I Sweden II Turkey I Turkey II Ukraine I Ukraine II

29,54 25,71 24,86 27,85 27,90 24,25 26,18 25,55 93.70% 101.28% 101.85% 95.94% 102.35% 98.12% 27,68 26,04 25,32 26,72 24,82 25,07 28,83 28,08 26,71 28,38 29,34 28,38 27,32 27,88 97.75% 91.45% 103.89% 98.10% 93.80% 95.74% 99.05% 93.97% 28,18 25,68 27,75 27,84 27,52 27,17 27,06 26,20 29,31 27,91 25,02 26,92 27,72 27,78 26,80 26,12 93.24% 93.41% 103.27% 102.56% 92.78% 93.05% 91.23% 97.09% 27,33 26,07 25,84 27,61 25,72 25,85 24,45 25,36 29,60 27,46 28,24 28,58 27,89 28,22 28,09 28,15 100.51% 101.06% 100.85% 100.56% 100.75% 93.83% 93.31% 97.51% 29,75 27,75 28,48 28,74 28,10 26,48 26,21 27,45 30,04 27,52 25,94 26,60 28,38 26,37 26,42 26,46 97.47% 85.86% 90.13% 102.78% 86.05% 97.08% 94.47% 91.99% 29,28 23,63 23,38 27,34 24,42 25,60 24,96 24,34 27,14 25,94 24,61 26,49 26,44 25,77 26,69 25,02 99.19% 96.07% 104.66% 26,92 DF 25,45 MF 26,97 FW 30,37 29,00 28,02 28,49 25,89 28,20 27,92 26,27 95.09% 97.69% 99.21% 101.68% 115.10% 99.43% 102.04% 103.31% 28,88 28,33 27,80 28,97 29,80 28,04 28,49 27,14 30,16 27,09 29,49 27,20 25,99 29,09 28,97 26,00 89.09% 97.05% 83.96% 98.27% 105.69% 87.62% 84.95% 100.00% 26,87 26,29 24,76 26,73 27,47 25,49 24,61 26,00 28,88 29,08 30,50 29,54 28,53 27,92 27,68 27,41 98.51% 91.09% 83.41% 90.25% 96.35% 89.68% 98.88% 94.35% 28,45 26,49 25,44 26,66 27,49 25,04 27,37 25,86 31,08 27,03 26,89 27,52 27,31 26,99 26,93 26,31 85.84% 100.26% 98.44% 96.66% 102.42% 97.41% 99.52% 97.26% 26,68 27,10 26,47 26,60 27,97 26,29 26,80 25,59

Overall, the second leagues have the most utilized players younger than the first ones.

Germany, Russia, Greece are the exceptions and Norway and Spain have relatively divided results.

Germany, Iceland and Russia are the only 3, out of the 24 compared, to have the most used goalkeepers’ average ages older in the second tiers.

In the right back position the relation is 8 second leagues with older average ages against 11 top ones, a result almost similar in the left back side, 9 to 10 and 9 to 15 in the central defenders.

The defensive midfielders present younger average ages in the second leagues also in a relation of 13 to 5. The central midfielders are also younger in even more second tiers, 16 to 7, and the offensive midfielders have an 11 to 6 relation of the same caliber as the other midfield positions.

25,70 106.65% 27,41 28,00 99.50% 27,86 25,92 100.23% 25,98 27,21 105.55% 28,72 27,64 93.13% 25,74 26,17 96.60% 25,28 27,83 98.89% 27,52 26,47 100.60% 26,63 28,65 95.67% 27,41 27,02 99.37% 26,85

The more utilized wingers are also younger in the second tiers, 13 to 5, and centre forwards have a 17 to 7 relation in favor of the younger averages in the second leagues.

Foreign players’ relevance in the most used footballers by position

League Position Croatia Latvia Slovenia Serbia Moldova Belarus Czech Rep. Armenia Albania Kazakhstan FYROM Georgia Germany Iceland Northern Ireland Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Ukraine Estonia France Switzerland Denmark Hungary Malta Montenegro Romania Austria Greece Russia Slovakia Wales Spain Sweden Faroe Islands Italy Lithuania Azerbaijan Finland Luxembourg Poland Netherlands

Foreign Perc GK 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 6.25% 8.33% 9.09% 12.50% 13.33% 14.29% 14.29% 16.67% 16.67% 16.67% 16.67% 16.67% 18.75% 18.75% 18.75% 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 27.78% 30.00% 31.25% 31.25% 33.00% 33.00% 35.00% 37.50% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 41.67% 41.67% 42.86% 43.75% 44.44%

Goalkeepers The presence of foreign first choice goalies is only absent in the Croatian, Latvian and Slovenian leagues.

England and Cyprus have over 80 percent

of

foreign

presence

under

the

common goalposts.

Followed by the circa two thirds in the Portuguese and Turkish top leagues.

Half the top tiers reviewed have 3 out of each 4 or more national first choice goalkeepers.

Belgium Israel Rep. Ireland Scotland Norway Turkey Portugal England Cyprus

50.00% 50.00% 50.00% 50.00% 56.25% 66.67% 68.75% 85.00% 85.71%

DEFENDERS Georgia is the overall ‘national’ leader; therefore it is with no surprise that the Umaglesi Liga appears in the first place of more used national defenders.

Like in the overall scenario and the goaltenders Cyprus

one,

top

England

the

first

and choice

defenders from foreign countries.

Azerbaijan,

Luxembourg,

Kazakhstan, Russia and Portugal present around 60 percent in the central

defending

more

used

varying in the back sides. Germany and Belgium are even a little beyond that, with around 2 out of 3 central

defenders

of

foreign

nationalities.

With

the

exceptions,

above

mentioned

Eastern

European

countries have the lowest average foreign defensive more used.

The right back position is the one that has more ‘local’ talent as first choice, prevailing in 23 of the leagues studied.

League Position Georgia Croatia Faroe Islands Slovenia FYROM Armenia Serbia Estonia Northern Ireland Bulgaria Rep. Ireland Finland Montenegro Latvia Denmark Malta Albania Belarus Lithuania Czech Rep. Iceland Wales Austria Bosnia-Herzegovina Sweden Slovakia Hungary Netherlands Norway Israel Moldova Romania Scotland Poland Greece Turkey Spain Ukraine Switzerland Italy France Azerbaijan Luxembourg Kazakhstan Russia Portugal Belgium Germany

Foreign Perc RB 0.00% 25.00% DEF 0.00% 0.00% DEF 11.76% 10.00% DEF 25.00% 0.00% 8.33% DEF 20.00% 25.00% DEF 14.29% 9.09% 10.00% 12.50% 33.33% DEF 9.09% 50.00% 12.50% 16.67% 29.41% 33.33% 31.25% 0.00% DEF 27.78% 66.67% 50.00% 0.00% 27.78% 35.00% 43.75% 41.67% 55.00% 30.00% 50.00% DEF 14.29% 47.06% 41.18% 56.25% 61.11%

Foreign Perc LB 9.33% 25.00% 9.09% 8.33% 12.50% 10.00% 25.00% 8.33% 25.00% 10.00% 25.00% 35.71% 18.18% 20.00% 25.00% 41.67% 0.00% 37.50% 50.00% 16.67% 18.75% 22.22% 37.50% 14.29% 31.25% 50.00% 18.75% 18.75% 50.00% 22.22% 37.50% 27.27% 40.00% 45.00% 66.67% 42.86% 56.25% 58.82% 43.75% 54.55%

Foreign Perc CB 0.00% 4.17% 11.76% 12.00% 12.50% 13.33% 13.89% 14.29% 15.22% 15.38% 16.67% 16.67% 19.57% 20.00% 20.83% 22.22% 22.22% 24.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 26.09% 26.09% 28.12% 28.57% 29.63% 30.30% 31.25% 31.25% 32.00% 33.33% 35.29% 39.29% 40.00% 41.67% 44.74% 46.67% 47.06% 54.55% 55.10% 55.32% 58.33% 59.26% 60.00% 60.61% 61.29% 65.62% 66.67%

England Cyprus League Position Croatia Georgia Iceland Northern Ireland FYROM Montenegro Serbia Czech Rep. Slovakia Rep. Ireland Slovenia Denmark Armenia Faroe Islands Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Poland Austria Norway Israel Spain Latvia Netherlands Scotland Lithuania Albania Sweden Malta Finland Belgium Belarus France Romania Azerbaijan Wales Estonia Switzerland Portugal Moldova Ukraine Kazakhstan Turkey Germany Russia Italy Luxembourg

Foreign Perc DM 0.00% 0.00% 16.67% MF 9.09% MF 15.00% 12.50% 10.00% 22.22% 10.00% 36.36% MF MF 28.57% 33.33% 25.00% 36.36% 37.50% 20.00% 30.77% 42.86% 50.00% 63.64% 18.18% 20.00% 42.86% MF 38.46% 59.09% 53.85% 38.89% 29.41% 30.77% MF 28.57% 41.67% 56.25% MF 42.86% 75.00% 36.36% 39.13% 52.94% 76.92% MF

Foreign Perc CM 0.00% 4.35% 5.56% 8.00% 9.52% 9.62% 10.53% 11.11% 11.11% 11.76% 12.50% 14.29% 17.95% 17.95% 19.05% 21.43% 22.22% 22.22% 22.73% 23.81% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 27.27% 27.27% 27.27% 27.45% 28.57% 29.41% 30.77% 30.77% 31.58% 34.78% 36.00% 36.36% 36.36% 39.13% 40.00% 41.67% 42.86% 44.44% 46.67% 47.37% 47.37% 52.08%

Foreign Perc OM 0.00% 0.00% 16.67%

75.00% 85.71%

55.56% 78.57%

75.00% 83.33%

MIDFIELDERS Croatia presented an all national most used midfield, either in the more defensive ones, the transition

16.67% 13.33% 8.33% 20.00% 22.22% 16.67% 14.29%

or the attacking midfield first choices, all were Croatians, an almost similar situation in Georgia.

Cyprus, England, Italy, Luxembourg, part of the Hungarian choices, Greece and Russia appear on the

33.33% 30.77% 23.08% 50.00% 25.00% 36.36% 28.57% 25.00% 25.00% 0.00% 50.00% 33.33% 33.33% 20.00% 33.33% 0.00% 42.11% 23.81% 77.78% 42.86% 66.67% 41.67% 61.11% 8.33% 60.00% 46.67% 54.55% 70.00%

other end of this table.

Almost half the leagues scrutinized have a more national presence in the centre midfield, 23 out of the 50 top leagues reviewed show that, not counting the 8 not divided by sector,

which

means

that

it’s

actually more than half the leagues.

Greece England Hungary Cyprus

35.00% 75.00% 34.62% 83.33%

55.00% 60.00% 66.67% 66.67%

Forwards No ‘nationals-only’ in the attacking positions, with the Airtricity League first choice wingers’ exception.

A normal scenario as it is the front that usually gathers more foreign talent. The goal scorers make the headlines, the wingers too, and they are the ones that generally capture the scouts’ eyes first.

For those reasons it is also natural to observe here more average foreigners positions.

than

in

the

back

63.64% 90.00% 31.25% 91.67%

League Position Faroe Islands FYROM Rep. Ireland Northern Ireland Bosnia-Herzegovina Georgia Croatia Albania Montenegro Slovakia Czech Rep. Belarus Moldova Serbia Lithuania Wales Latvia Armenia Denmark Bulgaria Slovenia Iceland Switzerland Italy Estonia Hungary Greece Austria Israel Malta Poland Luxembourg Finland Romania Sweden Norway Spain France Ukraine Scotland Netherlands Germany Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Russia Belgium Turkey England

Foreign Foreign Perc Perc LRW CF FW 7.41% 6.25% 8.33% 0.00% 11.11% FW 12.50% 33.33% 12.50% 13.33% 14.29% 14.29% 16.67% 36.84% 17.39% FW 18.18% 25.00% 18.18% 30.43% 18.52% 22.22% 20.00% FW 21.74% 20.00% 22.73% 21.05% 23.08% FW 25.00% 36.36% 26.22% FW 27.27% 17.39% 29.41% 33.33% 29.41% 17.65% 30.67% 16.67% 33.33% 40.00% 36.36% 72.73% 39.29% 10.53% 40.00% 37.50% 42.11% 42.11% 42.11% 12.50% 42.86% 15.00% 45.00% FW 45.83% 17.24% 47.06% FW 47.37% 22.73% 50.00% 20.00% 52.00% 28.57% 52.17% 37.50% 52.38% 41.18% 53.12% 24.00% 56.00% 47.83% 57.69% 50.00% 58.82% 36.67% 59.09% 54.17% 59.26% 31.25% 61.90% 72.73% 62.50% 54.17% 65.22% 52.38% 66.67% 57.58% 69.57% 58.06% 73.33%

Portugal Cyprus

52.17% 78.26%

76.19% 82.35%

Foreign players’ first choices by positions 1st vs. 2nd tiers League Position Austria I

Foreign Perc GK 30.00%

Foreign Perc RB 9.09%

Foreign Perc LB 0.00%

Foreign Perc CB 26.09%

Foreign Perc DM 36.36%

Foreign Perc CM 22.22%

Foreign Perc OM 50.00%

Foreign Perc LRW 12.50%

Foreign Perc CF 42.86%

Austria II Belarus I

20.00% 9.09%

0.00% 9.09%

30.00% 18.18%

20.00% 24.00%

25.00% 53.85%

9.09% 30.77%

33.33% 0.00%

21.43% 22.22%

38.46% 20.00%

Belarus II Belgium I

0.00% 50.00%

56.25%

DF 43.75%

1.79% 65.62%

MF 59.09%

0.00% 29.41%

33.33%

FW 52.38%

2.94% 66.67%

Belgium II Denmark I

27.78% 25.00%

38.89% 25.00%

33.33% 25.00%

40.54% 20.83%

30.00% 36.36%

12.50% 14.29%

33.33% 14.29%

37.93% 17.39%

43.75% 29.41%

Denmark II England I

8.33% 85.00%

0.00% 75.00%

0.00% 55.56%

14.81% 75.00%

28.57% 75.00%

8.00% 60.00%

90.00%

0.00% 58.06%

0.00% 73.33%

England II Estonia I

50.00% 20.00%

50.00% 10.00%

50.00% 10.00%

42.00% 14.29%

55.56% 28.57%

41.03% 36.36%

50.00% 42.86%

64.10% 10.53%

42.11% 40.00%

Estonia II Finland I

20.00% 41.67%

0.00% 8.33%

0.00% 25.00%

0.00% 16.67%

38.46%

10.53% 28.57%

0.00% 20.00%

0.00% 22.73%

5.88% 50.00%

Finland II France I

20.00% 20.00%

30.00%

DF 45.00%

24.24% 55.32%

MF 38.89%

18.75% 30.77%

42.11%

FW 24.00%

34.29% 56.00%

France II Germany I

15.00% 16.67%

10.00% 61.11%

50.00% 54.55%

35.71% 66.67%

22.22% 39.13%

38.46% 46.67%

52.94% 46.67%

13.29% 54.17%

41.94% 59.26%

Germany II Greece I

16.67% 31.25%

27.78% 0.00%

16.67% 18.75%

29.27% 41.67%

28.00% 35.00%

20.00% 55.00%

33.33% 63.64%

31.82% 54.55%

58.82% 42.11%

Greece II Iceland I

9.52% 16.67%

4.76% 33.33%

23.81% 41.67%

13.04% 25.00%

19.05% 16.67%

27.27% 5.56%

57.89% 16.67%

20.00% 16.67%

38.89% 33.33%

Iceland II Italy I

33.33% 40.00%

55.00%

DF 40.00%

20.59% 55.10%

MF 72.92%

13.67% 47.37%

70.00%

FW 72.73%

10.00% 39.29%

Italy II Latvia

9.09% 0.00%

13.67% 20.00%

18.18% 10.00%

23.53% 20.00%

41.67% 42.86%

17.65% 25.00%

12.50% 25.00%

30.00% 36.36%

25.81% 26.32%

Latvia II

0.00%

DF

1.92%

MF

6.15%

FW

14.29%

Netherlands I

44.44%

33.33%

22.22%

31.25%

50.00%

25.00%

25.00%

36.67%

59.09%

Netherlands II Norway I

22.22% 56.25%

22.22% 31.25%

25.00% 37.50%

13.89% 31.25%

20.00% 37.50%

13.33% 22.73%

27.78% 25.00%

21.87% 37.50%

28.00% 52.38%

Norway II Poland I

37.50% 43.75%

14.29% 50.00%

14.29% 18.75%

19.35% 40.00%

MF 25.00%

23.26% 22.22%

23.08%

11.43% 17.24%

5.88% 47.06%

Poland II Portugal I

0.00% 68.75%

0.00% 41.18%

0.00% 58.82%

13.89% 61.29%

12.50% 56.25%

16.67% 39.13%

7.69% 41.67%

7.14% 52.17%

12.00% 76.19%

Portugal II Russia I

27.27% 31.25%

21.74% 47.06%

27.27% 56.25%

44.68% 60.61%

57.89% 52.94%

20.93% 47.37%

13.33% 54.55%

12.50% 54.17%

51.85% 65.22%

Russia II Scotland I

23.53% 50.00%

11.76% 66.67%

23.53% 50.00%

28.95% 39.29%

38.46% 63.64%

9.52% 25.00%

11.11% 0.00%

8.33% 50.00%

31.58% 58.82%

Scotland II Serbia I

20.00% 16.25%

10.00% 11.76%

20.00% 12.50%

30.00% 13.89%

0.00% 15.00%

12.50% 10.53%

33.33% 13.33%

5.88% 20.00%

5.88% 22.73%

Serbia II Spain I

0.00% 35.00%

35.00%

DF 22.22%

5.88% 46.67%

MF 30.77%

3.03% 25.00%

28.57%

FW 41.18%

6.52% 53.12%

Spain II Sweden I

9.09% 37.50%

13.64% 12.50%

13.64% 50.00%

22.73% 28.57%

11.11% 42.86%

11.11% 27.27%

21.43% 33.33%

14.63% 28.57%

39.13% 52.17%

Sweden II Turkey I

25.00% 66.67%

6.25% 27.78%

0.00% 50.00%

15.15% 44.74%

30.77% 36.36%

23.08% 44.44%

33.33% 60.00%

14.81% 57.58%

30.43% 69.57%

Turkey II Ukraine I

5.56% 18.75%

5.56% 43.75%

0.00% 37.50%

10.26% 47.06%

5.88% 42.86%

5.56% 41.67%

33.33% 61.11%

17.65% 47.83%

45.00% 57.69%

Ukraine II

0.00%

0.00%

5.56%

2.70%

18.75%

4.76%

26.67%

0.00%

0.00%

As expected and is normal, the 2nd tiers have less foreign players also in the more elected players. However, it is interesting to see that in some positions they overtake the top leagues of the country. Goalkeepers in Iceland, right backs in Greece, which also has more used foreigners in the left back side, there accompanied by the Netherlands, France and Austria.

Central defenders have the foreign edge in Finland, Defensive Midfielders in Portugal, central midfielders in France, Iceland and Norway, offensive midfielders in Scotland, the Netherlands and France, wingers in England and Austria. Centre forwards are the only position where no second league surpasses the countrys’ first in the foreign more utilized topic.

Another fact worth mentioning relates with several positions where some leagues presented more than half first choices as foreigners. The defensive midfield and centre forward in the Portuguese second tier, the attacking midfield in Greece and France, Germany’s centre forwards, defensive midfield and wings in England.

10. Kings of the Castle vs. Conquerors

Observing the leagues, globally, team-by-team, player-by-player, match-by-match, it is possible to extrapolate several different data. Throughout this review several of them were presented and compared. In this chapter it will be presented the best teams at home and away, not in the goals concern, already scrutinized earlier in this essay, but in the final results, teams that didn’t lose in their ground or at their oponents’ ones.

CSKA Sofia 13-2-0 Ludogorets

Dinamo Zagreb 14-3-0

Barcelona 18-1-0

FC Porto 14-1-0

Feyenoord 14-3-0

Kukesi 10-3-0

Real Madrid 17-2-0

Benfica 12-3-0

Crusaders 12-4-0

Zeljeznicar 11-4-0

Anzhi 10-5-0

FK Sarajevo 13-2-0

Dinamo Tbilisi 15-1-0

Shakhtar Donetsk 14-1-0

HJK Helsinki 12-5-0

Stromsgodset 12-3-0

IFK Mariehamn 8-8-0

Daugava Daugavpils 12-6-0

Ekranas 15-3-0

FC Vaslui 12-5-0

Kalju Nomme 14-4-0 Elfsborg 12-3-0

Conquerors

Bayern Munchen 15-2-0

FC Porto 10-5-0

Olympiakos 12-3-0

Levadia 14-4-0

Out of the 50 top leagues reviewed, 23 of the teams played an entire domestic league season without knowing any home defeat in over 500 clubs that entered those tiers. The ‘conquerors’ were only 4, Bayern, FC Porto, Olympiakos and Levadia, didn’t lose a match in the rivals’ fields.

During the season 11/12 the numbers were not so different, 21 remained unbeaten at home, Hannover (10-7-0), Zeljeznicar (13-2-0), Siroki Brijec (11-4-0), Dinamo Zagreb (13-2-0), Slovan Bratislava (11-6-0), AZ Alkmaar (13-4-0), Debrecen (10-5-0), Manchester City (18-1-0), Juventus (13-6-0), Vardar Skopje (13-4-0), Metalurg Skopje (12-5-0), Sheriff Tiraspol (13-4-0), FC Porto (13-2-0), Fenerbahce (14-3-0), Dinamo Kiev (12-3-0), Helsingborgs (10-5-0), KR Reykjavik (6-50), FH (8-3-0), HJK Helsinki (16-1-0), Inter Turku (11-6-0), EB/Streymur (12-2-0), and the away record highlighted 5 teams – with the particular Maltese situation included - Debrecen (10-50), Juventus (10-9-0), Valletta FC (14-2-0), Buducnost Podgorica (14-2-0), Shakhtar Donetsk (12-3-0).

II DIVISIONS 12/13

KV Oostende 15-2-0 Hertha Berlin 12-5-0

Ural 11-5-0

Tom Tomsk 12-4-0

Sevastopol 13-4-0

Dnepr Mogilev 13-1-0

Metalurgs Liepaja II 11-2-0

Gorodeya 12-2-0

Even if the second tiers have a biggest home advantage, comparing the average wins in each leagues, the sides that completed an entire season without knowing a defeat are much fewer, 8 in the leagues viewed and only 1 as a visitor, the second team from the Latvian side Metalurgs Liepaja.

CONQUERORS

Metalurgs Liepaja II 11-2-0

11. All league men It is always worth mentioning and enhancing the players that took part in each and every minute of a team’s season. Normally this space is more commonly occupied by goalkeepers but there are field players that are like iron or steel, playing all the time in all the league matches.

Naturally, the leagues’ matches varie from 22 to over 40 in several second tiers, situation that may allow, together with the football and coaching schools, very different numbers, added by cards suspensions, the last matches with all more or less settled, etc. But here are the numbers.

ALBANIA KF Tirana – Gilman Lika – started all 26 matches, replaced in 4.

Skenderbeu – Orges Shehi – goalie, started all 26 games, replaced in 1.

Apolonia Fier – Andi Ribaj – 26 matches started, 2 substituted.

AUSTRIA Wolfsberger AC – Michael Liendl – started 35 matches, replaced in 5, and came in from the bench in 1.

Austria Vienna – Heinz Lindner – goalie, totalist; Manuel Ortlechner – central back, totalist.

AZERBAIJAN AZAL – Nildo – started 30 matches, was replaced in 4 and substitute on in 2.

BELARUS Naftan Novopolotsk – Fiodor Cernis – started 29 matches, was replaced in 9 and came in in 1.

FK Gomel – Igor Voronkov – 28 starts, 4 substituted off, 2 substitute on.

Slavia Mozyr – Vladimir Khilkevich – started 26 matches, was replaced in 1, substitute on in 4; Pavel Chelyadko – 28 starts, 5 times substituted and twice on as a substitute.

Shakhtyor Soligorsk – Evgeniy Postnikov – totalist; Yuri Kolomyts – 30 starts, once substituted; Dmitri Komarovski – 30 starts, 13 times substituted; Dmitriy Osipenko – first choice in 18 matches, replaced in 11, substitute on in 2.

BATE Borisov – Vitali Rodionov – starter in 19 matches, replaced in 7, substitute on in 11.

Neman Grodno – Pavel Savitski – started 25 matches, replaced in 20, substitute on in 5.

Belshina Bobruisk – Maksim Skavysh – 18 starts, was substituted in 14, substitute on in 12.

BELGIUM

Mons – Mustapha Jarju – the Gambian started 35 matches, was replaced in 8 and came in in 1.

Lokeren – Mijat Maric – 40 matches from beginning to end.

Zulte-Waregem – Davy de Fauw – started all 40 matches, was replaced in 1; Franck Berrier – 38 matches first choice, 2 as a substitute and was replaced in 10; Karel D’Haene – totalist.

Lierse – Rachid Bourabia – started 35 matches, replaced in 5 and substitute on in 1.

OH Leuven – Logan Bailly – goalie, 36 matches started, replaced in 1.

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Zeljeznicar Sarajevo – Marijan Antolovic – goalie, all minutes played.

Olimpik Sarajevo – Ognjen Djelmic – started 23 matches, substituted off in 11, substitute on in 7.

BULGARIA Chernomorec Burgas – Venetin Filipov – took part in all the matches played, started 26 times, was substituted in one and came in as substitute for 3 times.

Cherno More Varna – Aleksandar D. Aleksandrov– played 29 total matches and was replaced in the 9th matchday.

Pirin Gotse Delchev – Dimitar Pirgov – started all 30 matches, was replaced in 3 of them; Lyubomir Gutsev – started all 30 matches, was replaced in one; Petar Lazarov – started all 30 matches, was replaced in 6 of them.

Botev Plovdiv – Todor Nedelev – replaced 18 times, started 23 matches and entered as a substitute in 6; Ivan Tsvetkov – started all 29 matches played, was replaced in 7 of them.

Litex Lovech – Armando Vajushi – the Albanian was first choice in 28 matches, replaced in 11 of them and came in from the bench in the other 2.

CROATIA Cibalia Vinkovci – Matej Mitrovic – started 32 matches, was replaced in 2 and came in as a substitute in 1.

Dinamo Zagreb – Ivan Kelava – goalie, totalist.

CYPRUS APOEL Nicosia – Manduca – started all 32 matches, substituted in 17.

Alki Larnaca – Sidnei – started 26 matches, replaced in 9 and came in as a substitute in 6.

Omonia Nicosia – Demetris Christofi – first choice in 31 matches substituted in 10 and used substitute in 1.

CZECH REPUBLIC Dukla Prague – Filip Rada – goalkeeper, totalist.

Jihlava – Petr Tlusty – started 29 matches, replaced in 1 and came in 1.

FK Jablonec – Lubos Loucka – first choice in all 30 matches and was substituted in 1.

Sparta Prague – Tomas Vaclik – goalkeeper, totalist.

DENMARK FC Nordsjaelland – Jesper Hansen – goalkeeper, played all the minutes.

Esbjerg – Lucas Hradecky – goalie, all minutes played.

SonderjyskE – Lasse Vibe – first choice in 31 matches, substituted in 6, player on in 2.

AGF Aarhus – Steffen Rasmussen – goalkeeper, started all the matches, replaced in 1; Osama Akharraz – starter in 29 matches, replaced in 6, substitute on in 4.

OB Odense – Bashkim Kadrii – started all 33 matches, was substituted in 2.

AC Horsens – Frederik Ronnow – goalie, totalist.

Randers – Johny Thomsen – first choice in all 33 matches was substituted in 2.

Aab Aalborg – Nicolai Larsen – goalkeeper, totalist; Nicklas Hellenius Jensen – started all 33 matches, was replaced in 6; Kasper Kusk – started 32 matches, was replaced in 16 and was a substitute in 1.

ENGLAND Wigan – James McCarthy – started all 38 matches, substituted in 2.

West Ham – Jussi Jaaskelainen – goalie, totalist.

Manchester City – Joe Hart – goalie, totalist.

Reading – Jobi McAnuff – starter in all 38 matches, replaced in 8.

Stoke City – Asmir Begovic – goalkeeper, played all minutes; Jon Walters – started all 38 matches, replaced in 7.

Southampton – Rickie Lambert – started 35 matches, replaced in 8 and came in on 3.

Sunderland – Sebastian Larsson – first choice in 36 matches, substituted in 17 and used substitute in 2; Simon Mignolet – goalie, all minutes on the pitch.

Everton – Leighton Baines – totalist.

Manchester United – Robin van Persie – started 35 matches, substituted in 4, and came in as substitute in 3.

ESTONIA Kalev Sillamae – Mihhail Starodubtsev – goalie, totalist.

Kalju Nomme – Vitali Teles – goalie, all minutes on the pitch; Ken Kallaste – totalist.

FAROE ISLANDS EB/Streymur – Rene Torgard – goalie, totalist; Leift Niclasen – 23 starts, 8 times replaced, 4 in as a substitute; Johnard Frederiksberg – 27 starts once substituted.

Vikingur – Tomas Geza Turi – goalie, all minutes played.

NSI Runavik – Klaemint A. Olsen – 27 starts, 3 times replaced.

TB 1892 – Ivan Stojkovic – goalie, totalist; Dan Mortensen – 27 starts, 17 times substituted.

Suduroy – Stanislav Kuzma – goalie, 27 starts, 3 times replaced; Palli Augustinussen – first choice 27 times, 4 replaced.

KI Klaksvik – Andras Gango – goalie, totalist; Andy Olavur Olsen – 27 starts, 7 times substituted; Pall Klettskard – 24 starts, 10 times replaced, 3 times substitute on.

IF Fuglafjordur – Clayton Soares – 23 times starter, 7 times replaced, 4 times substitute on.

FINLAND FC Honka – Tapio Heikkila – totalist.

Inter Turku – Irakli Sirbiladze – started all 33 matches, replaced in 1; Joni Aho – first choice in 32 matches, came in in 1.

FRANCE Girondins Bordeaux – Cédric Carrasso – goalie, totalist.

AC Ajaccio – Guillermo Ochoa – goalie, 38 starts, 1 replaced.

Troyes – Yohan Thuram-Ulien – goalie, totalist.

Lille – Dimitri Payet – started 37 matches, was replaced 12 times and came off the bench 1.

Marseille – Julio Nkoulou – started all 38 matches, was replaced in 1; Steve Mandanda – goalie, totalist.

Saint-Étienne – Renaud Cohade – first choice in 28 matches, replaced in 7, on as a substitute in 10; Stéphane Ruffier – goalie, totalist; Joshua Guilavogui – started 27 matches, replaced in 5, in as a substitute in 11.

Valenciennes – Nicolas Penneteau – goalie, totalist.

FYROM

Sileks Kratovo – Daniel Bozinovski – goalie, totalist.

Vardar Skopje – Filip Petrov – started 15 matches, was replaced in 8, and came in as substitute in 18.

GEORGIA Merani Martvili – Saba Lomia – started 26 matches, was replaced in 12, and came in as substitute in 6.

WIT Georgia – Nika Daushvili – goalie, totalist.

Dinamo Tbilisi – Giorgi Merebashvili – started 31 matches, was replaced in 17, substitute on in 1.

Torpedo Kutaisi – Giorgi Guruli – started all 32 matches, was replaced in 1; Omar Migineishvili – goalie, totalist.

GERMANY VfL Wolfsburg – Diego Benaglio – the Swiss goalie played all 34 matches.

VfB Stuttgart – Sven Ulreich – goalkeeper, all minutes played; Christian Gentner – started all 34 matches, was substituted in 2.

Eintracht Frankfurt – Stefan Aigner – started all 34 games, was replaced in 24.

1.FC Nurnberg – Timmy Simons – the Belgian started the 34 matches and was substituted in 2.

Werder Bremen – Sebastian Mielitz – goalie, all minutes played; Nils Petersen – first choice in 30 matches, was replaced in 8, came in as a substitute in 4.

Hannover 96 – Ron-Robert Zieler – another goalkeeper, all minutes on the pitch.

Bayer Leverkusen – Andre Schurrle – started all the 34 matches, was replaced in 19; Stefan Kiessling – first choice in all the matches, substituted in 8.

1899 Hoffenheim – Kevin Volland – started 31 matches, replaced in 9, entered from the bench in 3.

Fortuna Dusseldorf – Fabian Giefer – goalkeeper, 34 matches started, replaced in 1.

Borussia Monchengladbach – Marc-Andre ter Stegen – goalie, 34 matched in the first line-up, replaced in 1.

Freiburg – Oliver Baumann – goalkeeper, totalist; Max Kruse – started 33 matches, replaced in 7, and came in from the bench in 1.

Hamburger SV – Heiko Westermann – started all 34 matches, was substituted in 1; Artjoms Rudnevs – the Latvian was first choice in 26 matches, replaced in 7, and entered from the bench in 8.

GREECE PAS Giannina – Brana Ilic – started all 30 matches, was replaced in 15; Fotis Georgiou – first choice in 29 matches, replaced in 18 and came in in 1.

Levadiakos – Georgios Zisopoulos – started all 30 matches, was substituted in 1.

HUNGARY Ferencvaros – Levente Jova – goalie, all minutes played.

Lombard-Papa – Lajos Szucs – goalie played all matches from start to end.

Kaposvar – Lubos Hajduch – goalie, totalist.

Ujpest – Szabolcs Balajcza – goalie, totalist.

MTK Budapest – Sandor Hidvegi – started all 30 matches, replaced in 2; Dragan Vukmir – totalist.

ICELAND IA Akranes – Armann Smari Bjornsson – 22 starts, once substituted; Einar Logi Einarsson – 21 starts, 5 times substituted, once substitute on.

Fram Reykjavik – Ogmundur Kristinsson – goalie, totalist; Aimarr Ormarsson – 22 starts, 3 times substituted.

IBV – Abbey Dhaira – goalie, totalist.

Valur Reykjavik – Runar Mar Sigurjonsson – 22 starts, once substituted.

Stjarnan – Ingvar Jonsson – goalie, totalist; Halldor Orri Bjornsson – 20 starts, once substituted, twice substitute on; Kennie Chopart – 21 starts, 10 times substituted, once substitute on.

UMF Grindavik – Oskar Petursson – goalie, 22 starts once substituted.

Selfoss – Ismet Duracak – goalie, totalist; Jon Dadi Bodvarsson – 22 starts, once substituted; Jon Andre Royrane – 21 first choices, 15 times substituted and once substitute on.

Kelfavik – Omar Johannsson – goalie, 22 starts once substituted; Gudmundur Steinarsson – 22 starts, 14 times substituted.

FH – Gudjon Arni Antoniusson – totalist; Atli Gudnason – 22 starts, twice substituted.

ISRAEL Bnei Yehuda – Dele Aiyenugba – goalie, totalist; Gal Cohen – started all 36 matches, replaced in 2.

Hapoel Acre – David Goresh – played the entire 33 matches.

Bnei Sakhnin – Mahmod Kannadli – goalie, entered from start to end in all 33 matches.

Maccabi Netanya – Yossi Shivhon – started 27 matches, replaced in 13 and came in from the bench in 6.

Maccabi Haifa – Hen Ezra – started 32 matches, substituted in 7 and was a substitute in 4.

Hapoel Beer Sheva – Tomer Suissa – starter in 25 matches, replaced in 12 and substitute in 8.

ITALY Siena – Gianluca Pegolo – goalie, played the entire minutes.

Napoli – Marek Hamsik – first choice in 37 matches, was replaced in 12 and in 1 game entered as substitute.

KAZAKHSTAN Lokomotiv Astana – Mikhail Rozhkov – totalist; Dimitrija Lazarevski – 26 starts, twice substituted; Sergey Ostapenko – 22 starts, 5 substituted off, 4 times substitute on.

Zhetysu – Aleksey Shchetkin – 18 starts, 10 substituted off, 8 times substitute on.

Ordabasy Shymkent – Mansour Gueye – 16 starts, 11 times substituted off, 10 times substitute on.

Tobol Kostanay – Nurbol Zhumaskaliev – 26 starts, 5 substituted off.

Sunkar – Stanislav Nohynek – 26 starts, once substituted.

Taraz – Ersin Mehmedovic – 25 starts, once substituted, once substitute on.

Irtysh Pavlodar – Stepan Kucera – 26 times first choice, once substituted.

FK Aktobe – Andrei Sidelnikov – goalie – 25 starts, once substitute on.

Shakhter Karagandy – Roger Cañas – starter in 21 matches, replaced in 4, 5 times substitute on.

Akhzhayik – Jakub Chleboun – 26 starts, once substituted; Igor Zenkovich – 25 starts, 5 times substituted, once substitute on.

LATVIA Gulbene – Igor Korablovs – 35 starts, once substitute on.

LITHUANIA FK Vilnius – Andrius Lipskis – 23 starts, 4 times substituted.

Dainava – Vaidotas Rutkauskas – 34 starts, once substituted, once substitute on.

FK Banga – Vitalii Myrnyi – 35 stars, once substituted.

Siauliai – Santiago Casanelli – 34 starts, 15 times substituted, once substitute on.

LUXEMBOURG Fola Esch – Ronny Souto – the Capeverdian started 25 matches, replaced in 2, and was a substitute in the other one.

F91 Dudelange – Jonathan Joubert – the goalkeeper started and played all the minutes of the 26 league matches.

FC Jeunesse Canach – Jailson Moreira (Calabra) – another goalie that started all 26 matches, was substituted in one.

Jeunesse Esch – Marc Oberweis – also a goalkeeper occupying the goalposts in each and every minute of the league; Eric Hoffmann – accompanied the goalie, played the entire league time.

Differdange – Gilles Bettmer – started 18 matches, replaced in 7, was a substitute in the other 8; Omar er Rafik – was a first choice in 23 matches, substituted in 4, and came in from the bench in 3.

Progrès Niederkorn – Thomas Gilgemann – the French took part in all the minutes of the league; Sébastien Thill – started in 22 games, replaced in 7, and was a used substitute in the other 4.

Grevenmacher – Arnaud Schaab – goalie, 26 matches started and completed.

MONTENEGRO Mornar Bar – Milos Radanovic – goalie, totalist.

Celik Niksic – Zoran Banovic – goalie, totalist.

OFK Petrovac – Nemanja Popovic – goalie, totalist.

NETHERLANDS PEC Zwolle – Wiljon Pluim – starter in the 34 matches, was replaced in 5.

AZ Alkmaar – Esteban Alvarado – goalie, totalist; Roy Beerens – started all 34 matches and was substituted in 21.

Willem II Tilburg – Virgil Misidjan – first choice in 28 matches, was replaced in 12 and came in as substitute in 6.

Twente – Luc Castaignos – 25 times starter, replaced in 7, came in as substitute in 9.

RKC Waalwijk – Henrico Drost – started all 34 matches, was replaced in 3; Florian Jozefzoon – first choice in 32 matches, replaced in 9, was a substitute in; Cuco Martina – the Curaçao international played all minutes in all 34 matches.

Vitesse Arnhem – Tomas Kalas – started 33 matches, was substituted in 3 and came in from the bench in 1; Piet Velthuizen – goalie, first choice in all 34 matches, replaced in 2.

NEC Nijmegen – Rens van Eijden – started all 34 matches, was replaced in 4.

NAC Breda – Jelle ten Rouwelaar – goalie, totalist; Kees Luijckx – started 33 matches, was substitute in 1 and replaced in 2.

VVV Venlo – Bryan Linssen – started 30 matches, was replaced in 16 and came in from the bench in 4.

Ajax Amsterdam – Siem de Jong – first choice in all 34 matches, substituted in 2; Daley Blind – started 32 matches, replaced in 4 and substitute on in 2.

NORTHERN IRELAND Ballinamallard United – Christopher Curran – started 36 matches, replaced in 2, substitute on in 2.

NORWAY Brann Bergen – Birkir Mar Saevarsson – totalist.

Haugesund – Per Morten Kristiansen – goalie, totalist.

Odd Grenland – Steffen Hagen – totalist.

Stabaek – Christer Kleiven – started all 30 matches, was replaced in 5.

Honefoss – Frode Lafton – totalist; Steve Clark – goalie, totalist.

Stromsgodset – Ola Kamara – first choice in 19 matches, replaced in 4, substitute on in 11; Lars Christopher Vilsvik – goalie, totalist.

Tromso – Fredrik Bjorck – totalist; Thomas Drage – 29 starts, 11 substituted off, 4 substitute on; Magnus Andersen – first choice in 23 matches, replaced in 10, substitute on in 7.

Sogndal – Nils Kenneth Udjus – 30 starts, 2 times substituted; Malick Mane – first choice 30 times, replaced in 10.

Aalesunds – Sten Grytebust – goalie, totalist.

Molde – Vegard Forren – 30 starts, once substituted.

Viking Stavanger – Rune Jarstein – goalie, all minutes played; Yann Erik de Lanlay – first choice in 28 matches, off in 10, substituted on in 2.

POLAND Piast Gliwice – Tomasz Podgorski – Started all 30 matches and was replaced in 4.

Podbeskidzie BB – Robert Demjan – all matches first choice, replaced in 7.

Jagiellonia Bialystok – Rafal Grzyb – started 29 matches, replaced in 3, and came in from the bench in 1.

Legia Warsaw – Dusan Kuciak – the Slovak keeper played all the minutes.

PORTUGAL Beira-Mar – Rui Rego – goalie, totalist.

Nacional – Claudemir – starter in 28 matches, replaced in 3, substitute on in 2.

Sporting CP – Rui Patrício – goalie, totalist; Ricky van Wolfswinkel – completed all 30 matches.

Académica Coimbra – Ricardo – goalie, totalist.

Moreirense – Nabil Ghilas – started all 30 matches, replaced in 6.

Estoril-Praia – Licá – first choice in all 30 matches, substituted in 4.

Paços de Ferreira – Cássio – goalie, totalist.

FC Porto – Helton – goalkeeper, started 30 matches, replaced in 1; Jackson Martinez – first choice in all 30 matches, substituted in 1.

Benfica – Artur – goalie, totalist.

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND Dundalk – Peter Cherrie – goalie, 31 stars once substitute on.

Derry City – Gerard Doherty – goalie, played all the minutes.

Univ. Col. Dublin – Paul O’Connor – started 31 matches, replaced in 1; Robbie Benson – 28 starts, 8 times replaced, 3 times in as a substitute.

ROMANIA Steaua Bucuresti – Raul Rusescu – first choice in 29 matches, replaced in 16, substitute on in 5.

RUSSIA FK Krasnodar – Joãozinho – started all 30 matches, replaced in 1.

Rostov – Stipe Pletikosa – goalie, first choice in all matches, was replaced in one.

Kuban Krasnodar – Alexei Ionov – started 29 matches, replaced in 14, entered in 1; Aleksandr Belenov – goalie, all minutes played.

Mordovia Saransk – Ruslan Mukhametsin – first choice in 27 matches, substituted off in 8, substitute on in 3.

Rubin Kazan – Bibras Natkho – started all 30 matches and was replaced in 1.

SCOTLAND Saint Mirren – Craig Samson – goalkeeper, totalist.

Inverness CT – Billy McKay – started in 33 matches, replaced in 11, substitute on in 5.

Dundee FC – Jim McAllister – started all 38 matches, was replaced in 1.

Dundee United – Radoslaw Cierzniak – goalie, totalist.

Heart of Middlothian – Jamie MacDonald – goalie, first choice in all the matches, replaced in 1.

St. Johnstone – Alan Mannus – goalkeeper, played all the minutes.

Motherwell – Nicky Law – started all 38 matches, was replaced in 12.

SERBIA Jagodina – Milos Stojanovic – first choice in 29 matches, substituted in 12, substitute on in 1.

SLOVAKIA ViOn Zlate Moravce – Martin Kuciak – goalkeeper, totalist.

Ruzomberok – Lukas Zich – goalie, started all 33 matches, replaced in 2; Lukas Gressak – started all 33 matches, substituted in 1.

AS Trencin – Milos Volesak – goalkeeper, started the 33 games, replaced in 1; Samuel Stefanik – first choice in 29 matches, replaced in 8, substitute in 4.

Spartak Myjava – Marcin Cernacek – started all 33 matches, replaced in 1.

Zilina – Robert Pich – started 31 matches, substituted in 6, and came in from the bench in 2.

SLOVENIA NK Celje – Matic Kotnik – goalie, played from start to end.

SPAIN Granada – Mikel Rico – started all 38 matches, was replaced in 2.

Zaragoza – Paco Montañes – started all 38 matches, replaced in 13.

Deportivo – Bruno Gama – first choice in all 38 matches, substituted in 13.

SWEDEN Atvidabergs – Kristian Bergstrom – 30 starts, once replaced.

Kalmar FF – Etrit Berisha – goalie, totalist.

IFK Norrkoping – Martin Smedberg Dalence – 29 starts, 4 times substituted once substitute on.

Gefle IF – Mattias Hugosson – goalie, totalist.

Malmo FF – Pontus Jansson – started all matches, replaced in one; Daniel Larsson – 26 starts, 18 times replaced, 4 times in as a substitute; Jiloan Hamad – first choice 30 times, 3 times replaced.

Mjallby AIF – Mattias Asper – goalie, totalist; Par Eriksson – 24 starts, 15 times replaced, 6 times substitute on.

Helsingborgs – May Mahlangu – 28 starts, once substituted, twice substitute on.

IFK Goteborg – Tobias Hysen – 30 stars, 5 times replaced.

Elfsborg – Johan Larsson – 28 starts, 5 times replaced, twice substitute on.

BK Hacken – Christoffer Kallqvist – goalie, totalist.

Djurgarden – Joona Toivio – totalist; Kasper Hamalainen – 30 starts, 5 times replaced.

AIK Solna – Nils-Eric Johansson - totalist SWITZERLAND St. Gallen – Ezequiel Oscar Scarione – started all 36 matches, replaced in 7.

Basel – Yann Sommer – goalie, all minutes on the pitch.

Young Boys – Marco Wolffi – goalie; played all the matches.

FC Sion – Andris Vanins – goalie; was on the pitch all the 36 games.

TURKEY Elazigspor – Vanja Ivesa – goalie, started all matches, was replaced in 1; Koksal Yedek – started all 34 matches, replaced in 12.

Besiktas – Olcay Sahan – starter in 33 matches, replaced in 12 and substitute on in 1.

Kasimpasa – Kalu Uche – first choice in all 34 matches, was substituted in 6; Andreas Isaksson – goalie, totalist.

Akhisar Belediyespor – Olguz Daglaroglu – goalie, totalist; Emrah Eren – started all 34 matches, replaced in 2.

UKRAINE Ilichevets Mariupol – Rustam Khudzhamov – goalie, totalist; Vitaliy Fedotov – started 26 matches, was replaced in 9, substitute on in 4.

WALES The New Saints – Paul Harrison – goalie, totalist; Chris Marriott – totalist.

Aberystwyth Town – Stuart Jones – totalist; Jordan Follows – started 29 matches, was replaced in 6, substitute on in 3.

Bangor City – Lee Idzi – goalie, totalist.

Connah’s Quay – John Rushton – goalkeeper, totalist; Mark McGregor started 31 matches, substitute on in 1; Jamie Petrie – started all 32 matches, was replaced in 2.

Afan Lido – Kieran Howard – first choice in 32 matches, replaced in 8; Dean Hudson – started in 29 matches, substituted in 5, on in 3; Luke Borrelli – starter in 27 games, replaced in 9, on in 5.

Newtown AFC – Dave Roberts – goalkeeper, totalist, Shane Sutton – totalist; Craig Williams – 30 starts, 6 off, 2 on.

Bala Town – Ashley Morris – goalie, totalist; Ian Sheridan – started 30 matches, 12 substituted off, came in in 2.

II DIVISIONS AUSTRIA SCR Altach – Martin Kobras – goalie, totalist.

SKN St. Polten – Stephen Zwierschitz – 36 starts, 3 times replaced; Mirnel Sadovic – first choice in 33 matches, replaced in 13, 3 times substitute on; Jano – 36 starts.

SV Scholz Grodig – Kevin Fend – goalie, totalist.

BELARUS Bereza 2010 – Andrey Zaleski – totalist; Sergei Gerasimenko – started 18 games, replaced in 14, sub on in 10.

Smorgon – Vladislav Dukso – started all 28 matches, replaced in 2; Alexander Gerasimovich – goalie, started all 28 matches.

Vedrich-97 – Egor Khatkevich – goalkeeper and totalist.

Rudensk – Egor Bogushevich – started 23 matches, 13 times replaced, came in as a sub in 5.

Granit – Pavel Lyutko – totalist; Igor Khomlyak – goalie, started all 28 matches, was replaced in 1.

Polotsk – Alexei Plyasunov – started 27 matches, was replaced in 13, once sub.

Dnepr Mogilev – Anton Matveenko – started all 28 matches, was replaced in 8.

Slutsk Slutsksakhar – Igor Makarov – first choice in 26 matches, replaced in 15, sub on in 2.

FK Vitebsk – Yuri Vasyutin – goalkeeper, started all 28 matches, replaced in 2.

Lida – Evgeni Vaskan – started in 23 matches, was replaced in 8, sub on in 4.

BELGIUM Heist – Bart Webers – played all 34 matches.

Eendracht Aalst – Predrag Filipovic – started 34 matches, was replaced in 1; Jonas Bogaerts – totalist.

Boussu – Christophe Préseaux – 34 starts once replaced.

Dessel Sport – Ratko Vansimpsen – started 30 matches, replaced in 15, came in from the bench in 4.

Royal Antwerp – Bjorn Sengier – goalie and totalist.

KV Oostende – Laurent Depoitre – started 29 matches, replaced in 3, substitute on in 5.

DENMARK FC Fyn – Lasse Sommergaard – goalkeeper, played all the matches; Michael Praest – played all the matches; Jens Maartensen – played all the matches.

Viborg FF – Martin Hansen – started all 32 matches, was replaced in 1; Thomas Dalgaard – first choice in all 32 matches, replaced in 3.

FC Fredericia – Nikolaj Hagelskjaer – started all 32 matches, replaced in 1.

FC Vestjaelland – Thomas Mikkelsen – goalkeeper, played all minutes.

Hobro IK – Jesper Rask – goalie and totalist; Rasmus Ingemann – started all 31 matches, replaced in 4; Mads Justesen – totalist.

Akademisk AB – Kevin Bechmann Timm – first choice in 27 matches, replaced in 11, came in as a substitute in 4.

FC Hjorring – Christian Overby – started all 32 matches, replaced in 3.

Skive IK – Morten Beck Andersen – started all 32 matches, replaced in 1; Jonas Jensen – goalie, started all 32 matches and was replaced in 1.

ENGLAND Birmingham City – Jack Butland – goalkeeper, totalist.

Burnley – Lee Grant – goalie started all 46 matches and was replaced in 1; Sam Vokes – first choice in 13 matches, replaced in 4, substitute on in 33!

Cardiff City – David Marshall, goalkeeper, played all minutes.

Huddersfield Town – Alex Smithies – goalkeeper, started all 46 matches, replaced in 1.

Crystal Palace – Julian Speroni – goalie and totalist.

Derby County – Richard Keogh – played all minutes.

Ipswich Town – Aaron Cresswell – 46 matches from beginning to end.

Leicester – Kasper Schmeichel – goalie and totalist.

Leeds United – Paddy Kenny – goalkeeper and totalist.

Middlesbrough – Jason Steele – goalkeeper, played all minutes.

Peterborough United – Robert Olejnik – goalie, played all minutes.

Sheffield Wednesday – Chris Kirkland – goalkeeper and totalist.

Blackburn Rovers – Scott Dann – started all 46 matches, was replaced in 1.

ESTONIA Kivioli Tamme Auto – Marek Satov – started 28 matches, was replaced in 14, sub on in 8.

Parnu Linnameeskond – Tonis Vihmoja – totalist.

Tartu SK 10 – Andrei Borissov – started all 36 matches and was replaced in 1.

FINLAND PK-35 Vantaa – Mikka Hakkinen – goalie and totalist; Tomi Nyman – started all 27 matches, was replaced in 1.

RoPS Rovaniemi – Ndukaku Alison – totalist.

AC Oulu – Hugo magalhães, goalie and totalist; Dritan Stafsula – started 22 matches, replaced in 8, sub on in 5.

FRANCE Dijon – Baptiste Reynet – goalkeeper, played all minutes.

EA Guingamp – François Bellugou – started all 38 matches, was replaced in 4.

FC Istres – Fouad Chafik – 37 stars once from the bench.

Le Mans – Joffrey Cuffaut – totalist.

FC Nantes – Rémy Riou – goalie and totalist.

Tours – Benjamin Leroy – goalie and totalist.

SM Caen – Damien Perquis – goalkeeper and totalist; Raphael Guerreiro – started 37 matches, was replaced in 1, substitute on in 1.

GERMANY Kaiserslautern – Tobias Sippel – goalie, totalist.

1.FC Koln – Miso Brecko – totalist.

Energie Cottbus – Uwe Mohrle – totalist.

TSV 1860 Munchen – Gabor Kiraly – goalie, totalist.

VfR Aalen – Robert Lechleiter – started 31 matches, replaced in 8, substitute on in 3.

FSV Frankfurt – Michael Gorlitz – starter in 30 matches, was replaced in 18, and came in as a substitute in 4.

ICELAND Leiknir – Kristjan Pall Jonsson – started all 22 matches, was replaced in 8; Hilmar Andri Halldorsson – started all 22 matches, replaced in 4.

KA Akureyri – Gunnar Valur Gunnarsson – started all 22 matches, replaced in 3; Haukur Hinriksson – started 20 matches, replaced in 1, sub on in 2; Sanodr Matus – goalkeeper, totalist.

Hottur – Birkir Palsson – totalist; Eivar Thor Aegisson – starter in 20 matches, substituted in 3, sub on in 2; Hogni Helgason – started 19 matches, replaced in 2, sub on in 3.

Throttur – Ogmundur Olafsson – goalie, totalist; Vilhjalmur Palmason – started 19 matches, 9 substituted, sub on in 3.

Tindastoll – Atli Arnarson – starter in all 22 matches was replaced in 7.

Fjolnir – Pablo Punyed – starter in all 22 matches was replaced in 1.

IR Reykjavik – Halldor Arnarsson – totalist.

Vikingur O. – Einar Hjorleifsson – goalie and totalist; Edin Beslija – started 21 matches, was replaced in 3, sub on in 1; Eldar Masic – started all 22 matches, was replaced in 1; Bjorn Palsson – first choice in all 22 matches, was replaced in 3.

LATVIA Jelgava 2 – Vitalijs Abramovs – started 25 matches, was replaced in 13, sub on in 1.

Valmieras FK/BSS – Marcis Erglis – started all 26 games, was substituted in 3.

FK Tukums 2000 – Arvis Sveders – goalie, started all matches, was replaced in 1; Robert Balodis – started all matches, was replaced in 1; Sandijs Joksts – 24 starts, sub on in 1.

Daugava Daugavpils 2 – Aleksandrs Macuks – 20 starts, 13 times replaced, sub on in 6; Georgijs Cizovs – goalie, started all 26 matches, was replaced in 3.

SFK Varaviksne – Janis Reguzovs – started all 26 matches, was replaced in 1.

FK Ventspils 2 – Artrjoms Solomatovs – started 24 matches, 2 times substituted, 2 sub on.

NETHERLANDS FC Eindhoven – Brahim Zaari – goalkeeper, played all minutes.

FC Oss – Marc Koot – started 24 matches, was replaced in 12 and came in as a substitute in 8.

SC Veendam – Lars Lambooij – started 22 matches, was replaced in 3; Sidney Schmeltz – started 20 matches, was replaced in 8, came in from the bench in 2; Lars Hutten – started 22 matches, was replaced in 8.

De Graafschap – Joost Terol – goalkeeper, played all minutes.

Go Ahead Eagles – Nick Marsman – goalie, played all minutes; Khalid Karami – started 30 matches, replaced in 5 and came in as substitute in 1; Quincy Promes – first choice in 29 matches, replaced in 3, substitute on in 2; Sjoerd Overgoor – started all 31 matches, was replaced in 7.

Telstar – Cor Varkevisser – goalie, played all minutes.

MVV Maastricht – Kjell Knops – started all 33 matches, was replaced in 4; Bram Castro – goalie and totalist.

Volendam – Nick Coster – 31 starts, 7 times replaced; Robert Muhren – 18 starts, 11 times substituted, 13 times substitute on.

Sparta Rotterdam – Nico Pellatz – goalie and totalist; Steef Nieuwendaal – started 33 matches and was replaced in 2; Iliass Bel Hassani – 31 starts, 10 times replaced, 2 times substitute on.

NORWAY Tromsdalen – Hakon Kjaeve – 23 starts, 13 times replaced, 7 times sub on.

Bryne – Anders Kristiansen – goalie and totalist; Vegar Landro – started all 30 matches, was replaced in 1.

HamKam – Thomas Lehne Olsen – started all 30 matches, 5 times substituted.

Kongsvinger – Christian Aas – 29 starts, 5 times replaced, once sub on.

Mjondalen – Morten Sundli – totalist.

Start Kristiansand – Solomon James Owello – 30 starts, once replaced; Matthias Vilhjalmsson – 30 starts and once substituted.

Strommen – Kristoffer Tokstad – 30 starts, 3 times replaced.

Ranheim – Eirik Malmo – 30 starts, twice substituted; Bendik Bye – 28 starts, 11 times substituted, 2 times sub on.

Sarpsborg 08 – Nicolay Solberg – 19 starts, 11 times replaced, 11 times in from the bench.

Sandefjord – Panajotis Dimitriadis – 30 starts and 4 times replaced; Jo Sondre Aas – 27 starts, 5 times substituted, 3 times sub on; Eirik Andre Lamoy – started 25 mtaches, replaced in 7, 5 times sub on.

Baerum – Mounir El Masrouri – totalista; Andres Aalbu – totalist.

POLAND

Miedz Legnica – Piotr Madejski – started all 33 matches, was replaced in 8.

Dolcan Zabki – Damian Swierblewski – started 26 matches, replaced in 12 and came in as a substitute in 7.

Flota Swinoujscie – Grzegorz Kasprzik – goalie and totalist.

GKS Tychy – Piotr Misztal – goalkeeper and totalist.

Kolejarz Stroze – Krzysztof Markowski – played all minutes.

LKS Lodz – Konrad Kaczmarek – 16 starts, replaced 11 times, 4 times substitute on.

Cracovia Krakow – Krzysztof Pilarz – goalie and totalist.

Nieciecza KS – Sebastian Nowak – goalkeeper, played all minutes.

PORTUGAL Naval – Steven Thicot – played all 42 matches Oliveirense – Avto Ebralidze – started 38 matches, was replaced in 28, and came in from the bench in 4.

RUSSIA Petrotrest – Nikita Surkov – started all 32 matches, replaced in 2; Maksim Andreev – started 28 matches, replaced in 13, was substituted in 4; Stanislav Tarasyuk – started 30 matches, replaced in 4, substitute on in 2.

Spartak Nalchik – Anton Kochenkov – goalie and totalist; Mikhail Bagaev – started 31 matches, substitute on in 1.

Rotor Volgograd – Denis Pchelinstsev – goalkeeper and totalist.

Metalurg Novokuznetsk – Ivan Shpakov – started 16 matches, was replaced in 14, and came in from the bench in 16.

Neftekhimik – Georgi Nurov – started 12 matches, was replaced in 9, substitute on in 20.

SCOTLAND Dumbarton – Scott Agnew – started 33 matches, replaced in 1, substitute on in 3.

Hamilton Academical – Kevin Cuthbert – goalie and totalist.

SERBIA Vozdovac – Bojan Ostojic – totalist.

SPAIN Real Madrid Castilla – Juanfran – started 40 matches, was replaced in 16, substitute on in 2.

Almeria – Esteban – goalie and totalist.

Elche – Coro – started 40 matches, replaced in 19, substitute on in 2.

Lugo – Manu – totalist.

SWEDEN Falkenbergs FF – Stojan Lukic – goalie, totalist; Daniel Johansson – totalist; Stefan Rodevag – started 25 matches, replaced in 5, and came in from the bench in 5.

Hammarby – Johannes Hopf – goalie, totalist.

Jonkopings Sodra IF – Tommy Thelin – starter in all 30 matches, replaced in 9.

Halmstadst – Karl-Johan Johnsson – goalie, totalist; Ryan Paul Miller – totalist; Mikael Dorman – started all 30 matches, replaced in 10.

Osters IF – Stefan Karlsson – starter in 30 matches, was replaced in 2; Freddy Soderberg – first choice in 27 matches, replaced in 20, came in from the bench in 3; Albert Nadj – goalie, totalist.

TURKEY Adana Demirspor – Erman Ozgur – starter in 32 matches, replaced in 19, substitute on in 2.

Torku Konyaspor – Kaya Tarakci – goalkeeper and totalist.

Bucaspor – Omer Kahveci – started all 34 matches, was replaced in 1.

Caykur Rizespor – Orhan Ovacikli – started 33 matches, was replaced in 4, and came in as a sub in 1.

Denizlispor – Ismail Sahmali – goalkeeper, started all 34 matches, replaced in 1.

Manisaspor – Volkan Babacan – goalie started all 34 matches and was replaced in 1.

UKRAINE Krymteplitsia – Vasil Palahniuk – started 19 matches, was replaced in 9 and came in as a sub in 14.

Avangard Kramatorsk – Dmitry Kozban started 32 matches and was replaced in 11, came in as a sub in 1.

Bukovyna – Bogdan Kohut – goalie, totalist.

All data presented was retrieved and compiled by the author based in several sites, namely the National Federations and Leagues, Media and others identified below. www.1fnl.ru www.2omnitel.net www.airtricityleague.ie www.albaniasoccer.com www.alyga.smscredit.lt www.betsafeliga.dk www.bff.by www.bt.dk www.bundesliga.at www.bundesliga.de www.cfa.com.cy www.ekstraklasa.net www.ekstraklasa.org www.eredivisie.nl www.extratime.ie www.fanatik.com.tr www.ffk.kz www.fmf.md www.football.by www.football.ch www.football.org.il www.football-league.co.uk www.fotbal.idnes.cz www.fotball.no www.fpl.ua www.fsf.fo www.fussball-lux.lu www.futbalsfz.sk

www.gazzetta.it www.hrsport.net www.ifapremiership.com www.jalgpall.ee www.kicker.de www.ksi.is www.legaseriea.it www.lff.lv www.lfp.es www.lfp.fr www.liga1.ro www.ligafodbold.dk www.ligapolska.pl www.ligaportal.at www.lpfp.pt www.macedonianfootball.com www.maltafootball.com www.marca.es www.mfa.com.mt www.mlsz.hu www.nemzetisport.hu www.nfsbih.net www.nifs.no www.nogometni-magazin.com www.nr10.be www.nzs.si www.palloverkko.palloliitto.fi www.pfl.az www.pfl.bg www.pfl.ua

www.profutbal.sk www.prvaliga.si www.prvaligasrbije.com www.rfpl.org www.romaniansoccer.ro www.rtbf.be www.scotprem.com www.scottishfootballleague.com www.seriebwin.it www.soccerway.com www.spfl.co.uk www.sporten.dk www.stadiapostcards.com www.superleaguegreece.net www.superliga.dk www.superliga.rs www.svenskfotboll.se www.tff.org www.transfermartk.co.uk/www.transfermarkt.de www.veikkausliiga.com www.vi.nl www.welshpremier.com www.weltfussball.de