The World Economist 2014 by Anuka Poladishvili

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redaqtorisgan liderebi Tqveni Sansi, batono obama amerikas isev SeuZlia gaxdes lideri saxifaTo kavSirebi saxifaTo gza iranTan SeTanxmebamde dasavleTis jeri kargi ekonomikuri siaxleebi mdidari samyarodan sandooba riskis zRvarze centraluri bankebisadmi ndoba Seiryeva amboxebuli amomrCeveli demokratia safrTxeSi golebi sakuTar karSi sporti da politika gansxvavebuli sferoebia Tqvens samsaxurSi sasargeblo robotebis gamravleba momavali teqnologiuri Sejaxeba teqnokratiuli elitis demonizacia

24 2014 wlis kalendari britaneTi

mTavari redaqtori deniel franklini mmarTveli redaqtori ivon raiani redaqtoris moadgileebi tom veinvraiTi leo abruJisi `msoflio 2014 wels~ The World In 2014 Targmani: `jorjia Tudei jgufi~ Georgia Today Group © 2013 gazeTi `ekonomisti” The Economist Newspaper Limited yvela ufleba daculia licenzianti `jorjia Tudei jgufi~

Georgia Today Group meliqiSvilis 1 Tbilisi 0179, saqarTvelo tel: +995 32 229 59 19 el.fosta: info@georgiatodaygroup.ge

evropa 35 antievropuli SekiTxva saerToevropuli arCevnebi mniSvnelovania, am jerze 36 karlosi Carlzis pirispir karlos didis qeba 39 merkeli SuaSi germaniis centristuli tendencia

SeerTebuli Statebi

65 46 Sualeduri dapirispireba maRali fsonebi da mdabio politika 48 CineTis sakiTxi roca CineTi pirvelobas moipovebs 49 ekonomikuri qaris mimarTulebis cvlileba struqturuli problemebi kvlavac Rrmaa 50 nu gaflangav da ar gagiWirdeba organuli narCenebis biznesi 51 jandacvis reforma „obamaqeas“ gamosvla 52 moxavedan mTvaremde ser riCard brensoni kosmosuri mogzaurobis Sesaxeb

amerika 53 dae daiwyos TamaSebi brazilia fexburTis saTamaSod emzadeba 54 zigzagiT svlis weliwadi oriode sityviT amerikaze 55 mouxeSavi kanada cxenirems mzis saTvale mosZvra 56 mzis amosvla karibis zRvis qveynebis Tavze portia simpson mileri iamaikis Sesaxeb azia 57 yvelaze didi arCevnebi dedamiwaze indoeTis fragmentuli saarCevno xmebi 58 borkilebis mets arafers kargavT tualetis revolucia 59 supergmiris gamocda Sinzo abes momavali tanjva

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disciplinirebuli bazari park guen hai axalgazrdaTa dasaqmebis Sesaxeb grZeli zamTari civi omi CineTsa da iaponias Soris axali aRmosavluri eqspresi aziis egzotikuri ekonomikuri supervarskvlavebi indoneziis arCevnebi jakartas meri mTavari favoritia „kargi omi“ sruldeba avRaneTi stabilurobisken miemarTeba ebotis aRTqmebi avstraliis liders gamocdis weli moelis axali zelandiis mTavari sakiTxebi qraisTCerCis miwisZvris Semdgomi politikuri biZgebi beibi bumidan beibi kraxamde Sobadobis vardna da aziuri ojaxi CineTi pedalireba aRmarTSi CineTis liderTaTvis Taflobis Tve dasrulebulia ori koSkis zRapari zecas wvdomis ori gansxvavebuli gza dapirispirebuli provinciebis epoqa adgilobriv xazinaTa flangva axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika xalxs kvlav meti uflebebi unda arabuli samyarosTvis namdvilad ukeTesi weli o, Zmebo islamistebi ukan ixeven Txra siRrmeSi afrikis ekonomikuri progresi kvalavac dinebis sawinaaRmdegod kongoSi mSvidobis damyarebis kidev erTi mcdeloba afrikis ganaTeba rogor gardaqmnis eleqtroba kontinents saerTaSoriso molodinebis zRva okeaneebis bedis moqceva axdenili da mcdari winaswarmetyvelebani rogor asrulda gasuli wlis prognozebi? s

25 St James’s Street London sw1a 1hg Telephone: 020 7576 8133 E-mail: worldineditor @economist.com

27 uarmyofelni skotebi „aras“ miscemen xmas 28 signali vikingTan morigi TavdasxmisaTvis orkni da Setlendi sargebels elian 30 ekonomikuri aRmavloba da vardna britanelebi Tavs wnexSi moqceulad igrZnoben 32 xelixelCakidebulni moulodnelad jansaRi koalicia 32 frena moskovis Tavze inglisuri ganaTlebis eqsporti 34 moemzadeT mwvervalisken rbolisTvis ed milibendi zrdasa da Semosavlebze

40 moyirWebuli safrangeTi erovnuli fronti ayvavdeba 41 CaZirva Tu curva? espaneTi zedapirze darCenas cdilobs 41 albaTobis Teoria italiis weli ricxvebSi 42 TineijerTa brazi evros siymawvile 43 erdoRanis dilema umravlesobiT TamaSi TurqeTSi 44 putinis pauza ruseTis gaurkveveli mimarTuleba

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102 gamomcemeli giorgi SaraSiZe mmarTveli redaqtori maia edilaSvili

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Jurnalistebi baia ZagniZe irma kaxuraSvili konsultanti laSa doliZe Tarjimnebi mariam kobalaZe mixeil kobalaZe nino edilaSvili nino SaraSiZe stilisti baCo kvirtia dizaineri ani lolaZe biznes menejeri iva merabiSvili

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finansuri menejeri qeTi ZebisaSvili marketingi mako burduli maiko wereTeli reklama nini donaZe Tekla iordaniSvili elene gvaTua beWdva Sps „favoriti stili“ ISSN 2233-3649 `msoflio 2014 wels~ qarTuli versiis gamomcemlis, gazeT `ekonomistis~ licenziantis, `jorjia Tudei jgufis~ Tanxmobis gareSe am gamocemis an misi romelime nawilis reproduqcia an gavrceleba nebismieri saSualebiT (eleqtronuli, meqanikuri, qsero asli an sxv.) akrZalulia. avtorTa mier gamoTqmul mosazrebebs SesaZloa, ar iziarebdes Jurnalis redaqcia. yvela ufleba daculia©

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globaluri Serifi aRar iqneba aSS-s zesaxelmwifos statusis gamocda ajanyeba momwifda? megzuri globaluri SfoTisas vin varaudobs yvelaze sworad? rogor amovirCioT winaswarmetyveli qvelmoqmedebisa da bazris Sexvedra meT deimoni da gari uaiTi wylis Sesaxeb didi omi mtanjveli saukunis dasasruli rkinis mosavali warsuli flandriaSi cocxldeba msoflio ricxvebSi prognozi 81 qveynisTvis prognozi 15 industriisaTvis biznesi kvlavac samyaros mwvervalze korporatiuli amerika kvlav aRmavlobis gzaze dgas dae, anaTos mzem ukeTesi droeba musikaluri industriisaTvis ufro Wkviani mewarmeobis weli virjinia rometi firmis Sesaxeb monacemTa proteqcionizmi Cloud-isTvis geografia mniSvnelovania sulebi gasayidad startapebi privatulobis koncefcias Secvlian #bigbluebird Twitter-is pirveladi sajaro SeTavazeba konkurentebs Searyevs developerTa bazrebi axali silikon velebi SimSilis Semdgom biznes-ucnaurobaTa zeimi momavlis didi burRebi gvirabTa gayvanis bumi komfortulad sxedxarT? TviTmfrinavebis savarZlebi viwrovdeba Sxefebi haerSi eleqtromobilTa gran pris dasawyisi erToblivi sawarmoebi kanafis biznesi qal mewarmeTa saWiroeba tori berCi startapebis Sesaxeb

finansebi 113 vaWrobis sammagi Sansi liberalizacia savsebiT SesaZlebelia 114 robotreiderTa aRmasvla samyaros axali meufeni 115 Sin yofnas araferi sjobs bankebi regulatorTa axali moTxovnebis gamo ukan ixeven 116 miCveneT fuli evropis centraluri banki evrozonis bankebs afasebs 117 ar daamuxruWoT sabirJo saqonlis supercikli jer ar dasrulebula 117 fuli muTaqebSi aRmasrulebel direqtorTa globaluri gamokiTxva 118 brZola CvilTa borcvisTvis lari finki pensiaze gamsvleli beibi bumerebis Sesaxeb

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mecniereba da teqnologia selias aCrdili gadaSenebuli saxeobebis dabruneba rac cisken midis, isev cisken wava mravaljeradi raketebi caSi iWrebian saCuqrebi kosmosidan mzis sistemis dabadebis kvleva aRaraviTari muri? mikroCipebis epoqis dasasruli margalitebi nagvis grovaSi ribonukleinis mJavam SesaZloa sicocxlis udidesi gamocanebi amoxsnas ufrTxildiT martoobis xanas eduard o. uilsoni biomravalferovnebaze

kultura 125 Tqveni YouTube rogor cvlis interneti televizias 126 Cveni lxini iwyeba Seqspiris 450-e dabadebis dRe 126 sul zeviT da zeviT axali utopiuri literatura 127 piradi cxovreba, sajaro sivrce kerZo muzeumebi kulturas cvlian

128 mSvidobiT, indoeTis patara ostato saCin tendulkaris gamoTxoveba 128 originaluri mister grei markiz de sadi kvlavac Sokismomgvrelia 129 momavlis meniu rene rezepi bostneulis Sesaxeb nekrologi 130 dae iyos lati latviis valutis xanmokle sicocxlis dasasruli

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saqarTvelo 2014* giorgi margvelaSvili postsabWoeTidan Tanamedrove demokratiisaken irakli RaribaSvili Cveni siZliere Cveni inteleqtualuri resursia daviT usufaSvili saqarTvelo 2014 - Zveli da axali gamowvevebi irakli alasania gadaudebeli amocanaa, SevqmnaT profesional samxedroTa birTvi aleqsandra hol holi gardaqmnis weliwadi aleqsi petriaSvili 2014 weli gardamtexi etapi gaxdeba ermuhamet ertisbaevi `axali abreSumis gzis~ perspeqtivebi daviT baqraZe politikuri angariSsworebisa da SerCeviTi samarTlis winaaRmdeg giorgi kvirikaSvili saxeze gvaqvs ekonomikuri situaciis gajansaReba irakli kovzanaZe sapartnioro fondidan suverenul fondamde nodar xaduri saqarTveloSi realurad daiwyo ekonomikuri reformebi koka guncaZe satranzito derefnis strategiuli mimarTulebebi Tamar sanikiZe 2014 weli ganaTlebis sistemisTvis konsolidaciis weli iqneba biznesi

* seqcia momzadebulia

Georgia Today Group-is mier

redaqtorisgan

014 wels Sou daiwyeba. upirvelesad, vladimir putini zamTris olimpiuri TamaSebis xelmZRvaneli iqneba soWSi, romelmac fasis TvalsazrisiT, ukve moxsna olimpiuri rekordi. Semdeg kidev ufro did sanaxaobas vixilavT braziliaSi. rio-de-JaneiroSi, fexburTSi msoflio Cempionatis finalis dRisTvis, 31 ivliss, braziliis prezidenti dilma rusefi bednieri iqneba, Tu turniri `popularuli~ demonstraciebis fonze ar Caivlis, rasac adgili hqonda mosamzadebeli Sexvedris dros, 2013 wels. da ra Tqma unda, igi kidev ufro bednieri iqneba, Tu braziliis gundi moaxerxebs, rekords daamyarebs da Tass... meeqvsed moigebs. iseve, rogorc sportuli Sous TvalsazrisiT, es weli politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebis weliwadi iqneba. Soki arCevnebis periodSi gvelis, romelTagan bevri 2014 wels gaimarTeba. sayovelTao arCevnebi gaimarTeba qveynebSi, sadac msoflio mosaxleobis 40 procenti cxovrobs. amaTgan udidesma, indoeTSi SesaZloa ryevebi gamoiwvios. Tuki narendra modi ‒ winaaRmdegobrivi indusi nacionalisti, romelic axla ZiriTadad ganviTarebaze saubrobs, lideris ampluaSi mogvevlineba. jokovis saxeliT cnobilma kacma SesaZloa indonezia Searyios. Cveu-

iseve, rogorc sportuli Sous TvalsazrisiT, es weli politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebis weliwadi iqneba lebriv, mosawyeni arCevnebic ki evroparlamentSi Zvrebs gamoiwvevs, ramdenadac evroskeptikosi partiebi Zlierdebian. siurprizi iqneba, Tu Sotlandia gaerTianebuli samefodan gamoyofas miscems xmas seqtemberSi daniSnul referendumSi. Tu es moxdeba, Sokuri talRebi Zalze Sors gavrceldeba da kataloniasa da kvebekamdec ki miaRwevs. TvalsaCino gaxdeba sami saxis ekonomikuri cvlileba. erT-erTia dasavleTis mier Zalebis xelaxla mokreba. amerikis, iaponiisa da evropis ekonomika gaizrdeba, maSin roca didi, ganviTarebadi bazrebi naklebad dinamikuri gamoCndeba, vidre aqamde iyo. Sida doneze, energetikuli bumis mier waxalisebuli amerikuli biznesi Zvel didebas da Tavdajerebulobas daibrunebs. transwynarokeanuri da transatlantikuri savaWro xelSekrulebebi dasavleTis mier

liderobis xelaxali aRmoCenis damatebiTi ilustracia iqneba. meore cvlilebis niSans mogvcems centraluri bankebi, gansakuTrebiT ‒ amerikis federaluri sarezervo sistema, romelic obligaciebis SeZenas amcirebs. CineTi moergeba zrdis ufro mokrZalebul temps ‒ Tu swrafi tempi saerTod SesaZlebelia, rac mesame, didi cvlileba iqneba. pirvelad, mas Semdeg, rac 2004 wels msoflios swrafad mzardi ekonomikebis prognozebis gamoqveyneba daviwyeT, CineTi wamyvan 12-s Soris ver moxvdeba. STambeWdavi mSp-is zrdis mqone saxelmwifoebi rom moiZion, uSiSarma investorebma iseTi qveynebi unda SeaTvalieron, rogoricaa: samxreT sudani, monRoleTi da `mTliani Sida bednierebis~ samSoblo ‒ butani. samwuxarod, nacionaluri bedniereba mouxelTebeli darCeba siriaSi, sadac samoqalaqo omi mZvinvarebs. magram, sul mcire, arsebobs diplomatiuri garRvevis Sansi aqac da iranSic. mSvidobis damyarebis alternativis sastiki mosagonaria pirveli msoflio omi, romelic 1914 wels daiwyo. mis 100 wlisTavs Cven sam gverds vuTmobT. Tumca umeteswilad, es gverdebi myarad, momavalzea fokusirebuli. amis ZiebaSi Cveni kontributorebi ikvleven okeaneebs, bedaven Soreuli kometebisken gafrenas, Txrian miwisqveS da ikvleven adamianuri biologiis programuli uzrunvelyofis RNA-is rTul muSaobas. muris kanons, romelmac iafi da uxvi kompiuterizaciis TvalsazrisiT revolucia moaxdina, SesaZloa „orTqli uTavdeba“, magram arsebobs uamravi teqnologiuri gamogoneba, romelsac unda velodoT ‒ patara robotebiT da mravaljeradi raketebiT dawyebuli, eleqtro-sportuli manqanebiT damTavrebuli, romlebsac SeuZliaT 100 km/sT siCqares sam wamSi miaRwion. gamogonebaTa mzardi raodenoba ganviTarebadi samyarodan modis. 2014 wels cvlilebebis tempi gamoiwvevs mRelvarebasac da aRfrTovanebasac. bevri adamiani, edvard o. vilsonis msgavsad, Sewuxdeba gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe mdgari saxeobebis bediT; Tumca erT-erTi gadaSenebuli saxeoba ‒ pirineuli Txa, SesaZloa, principSi aRadginon. wylis resursis simwire mzardi riskia, magram meT deimoni fiqrobs, rom Wkvianur filanTropias daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia. ser riCard brensoni imedovnebs, rom Tavisi `kosmosuri xomaldis~ sainauguracio-komerciuli gafrenis dros isic imogzaurebs. yvela es prognozi ar gamarTldeba. magram erTi garantirebuli fsoni isaa, rom mas Semdeg, rac waikiTxavT rene redzepis odas bostneulze, 2014 wels Tqvenc aucileblad mogindebaT stafilos kerZis momzadeba.

deniel franklini redaqtori, The World in 2014

Tqveni Sansi, batono obama dasavleTs SeuZlia isev gaxdes lideri, Tu amerika qedmaRlobisgan ganikurneba, ‒ msjelobs jon maiqlTveiTi

jon maiqlTveiTi: mTavari redaqtori, The Economist

Semdeg investorebma iswavles, rom `saxelmwifosgan marTva~ SesaZloa sinamdvileSi saxelmwifos mxridan `Carevas~ niSnavdes. 2013 wlisTvis aTi wamyvani firmidan cxra iyo amerikuli da mxolod erTi ‒ PetroChina gaxldaT gamonaklisi. garkveuli tipis sabanko krizisic ki aris mosalodneli CineTSi 2014 wels: metismetad bevri sesxi gaica biurokratiis sxvadasxva ganStoebebze da maTTan daaxloebul kompaniebze, romlebsac isini arCenen. es miuTiTebs sxva mxareze, sadac situacia 2014 wels gaTanabrdeba ‒ mTavroba. Zalian bundovani perspeqtivaa, rom vaSingtoni ufro jansaRad gamoiyurebodes, Tumca kongresSi respublikelebi SesaZloa cota metad dadinjdnen noemberSi dagegmili Sualeduri arCevnebis win. magram is azri, rom CineTs gamWriaxi grZelvadiani dagegmarebis meritokratuli elita marTavs, SesaZloa saTuo gaxdes ‒ gansakuTrebiT, lokalur doneze. ufro braziani, saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli mSoblebi internets mimarTaven ‒ Rarib skolebsa da uvargis jandacvaze sawuwunod. CineTis liderma si Zinpinma kampania daiwyo adgilobrivi servisebis gasaumjobeseblad da korufciis aRmosafxvrelad. magram meqrTameoba mxolod qveda doneze ar aris. batoni sis yofili konkurentis bo silais saCvenebelma sasamarTlom bevr Cinels auxila Tvali qveynis wvrilfexa warCinebulebis simdidreze. amerikelebi SesaZloa Civian politikaSi fulis gabatonebul mdgomareobaze, magram kongresis 50 umdidresi wevris simdidre 1.6 miliardi aSS dolaria, xolo CineTis saxalxo kongresis 50 umdidresi wevrisa ‒ 95 miliardi aSS dolari. ufro meti aseTi mxilebebi aucileblad iqneba. arc erTi am mizezTagani ar niSnavs imas, rom CineTi zrdas Sewyvets. garkveulwilad, yvelaferi is, rac xdeba, warmoadgens amerikis ufro Rrma siZliereTa Sexsenebas, romelTagan bevri arsad wasula. batonebma ‒ bomac da simac Tavisi Svilebi

olo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflio Seegua ideas, rom nel-nela gavlena amerikidan CineTisken inacvlebs. demokratiis `vaSingtonis konsensusma~ da Tavisufalma bazarma gza gaxsna avtoritaruli modernizaciis pekinuri konsensusisken. amerikis Tavdajerebuloba daaknina jer jorj buSis terorizmis winaaRmdeg omma da amiT demokratias cudi saxeli daumkvidra, Semdeg finansurma kraxma, ramac igive problema Seuqmna dasavlur safinanso sistemas, da sabolood, kongresis ufunqciobam, romelmac 2013 wels mTavroba daxura. CineTi gaTamamda aziaSi Tavisi uflebebis ganmtkicebis mxriv, maSin roca baraq obama TavdacviTi strategiis mqone prezidentad Canda. man erayidan da avRaneTidan daixia, survili ar hqonda arabuli gamoRviZebis lideri gamxdariyo da cdilobda, pasuxismgebloba `gadaemisamarTebina~ sxva regionebSi arsebul adgilobriv Zalebze. 2014 wels balansi kvlav aRdgeba: amerika ufro Zlieri gamoCndeba da CineTi ‒ naklebad momxiblavi. sakiTxavi isaa, frTxili obama gamoiyenebs Tu ara amas msoflioze Tavisi kvalis dasatyobad. cvlilebebi ekonomikiT iwyeba: CineTSi ufro swrafi zrda iqneba 2014 wels, magram amerika, romelmac bankebi moawesriga da qarxnebi fiqlis gazze gadaaiaraRa, deficits aRmofxvris. marTlac, sabazro gadacvlis kursis mixedviT, globalur zrdaSi amerikis kontribucia ufro didi iqneba, vidre CineTis ‒ rva wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod meored. aTwleulebi dasWirdeba, vidre CineTis Semosavali erT sulze (mxolod 11 000 aSS dolari 2014 wels, valutis msyidvelunarianobis paritetze gadaangariSebulic ki) amerikisas gautoldeba (55 000 aSS dolari). amasobaSi, korporatiul doneze, amerikuli menejmenti Sarms ibrunebs. jer kidev 2009 wels CineTis saxelmwifo kapitalizmi mimzidvel alternativad gamoiyureboda: msoflios aTi umsxvilesi firmidan oTxi iyo Cinuri da mxolod sami ‒ amerikuli. mas

msoflio 2014

liderebi

Ivy League universitetebSi gagzavnes. Tumca, warmodgenebs aqvs mniSvneloba da ramdenadac amerika xelaxla izrdeba, pekinis konsensusi SesaZloa naklebad mimzidvelad gamoiyurebodes ganviTarebadi msofliosTvis. es baton sis da baton obamas sakmaod rTuli gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs. sisTvis fokusi kidev ufro lokaluri iqneba: man unda gawmindos CineTis mTavroba da momTxovni xalxisTvis keTildReobaze damyarebuli saxelmwifo aaSenos, TumcaRa iseTi, romelic ufro mets sesxulobs singapurisgan, vidre araefeqturi vaSingtonisgan, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT klinikurad mZimewonian evropaze. sagareo politika dabrkolebaa.

SesaZleblobebis samyaro

edvard qari wers, rom gza iranis birTvuli programis xelSekrulebamde grZeli da sariskoa

s SesaZloa wynari okeanis qveynebis saukune iyos, magram civilizaciis akvani jiutad ewinaaRmdegeba am mocemulobis aRiarebas. imis miuxedavad, ramdenad unda prezident baraq obamas amerikis sagareo politikis aziaze fokusireba da Tavisi dapirebis Sesruleba, rom mas `gadaabalansebda~, igi kvlav axlo aRmosavleTma CaiTria. 2014 wels es aspeqti ufro metad gaJRerdeba, vidre odesme ‒ savaraudod, dramatuladac ki. es ara imitom, rom sisxliani brZolebia egvipteSi, libiasa da siriaSi (romelic msoflios udidesi ZalisTvisac ki daumorCilebelia). arc imitom, rom obamas saxelmwifo mdivani jon keri TavdadebiT miuZRveba ebraelebsa da palestinelebs mSvidobisaken (samwuxarod, mosalodneli araa, rom isini mas gayvebian). es imitom, rom iranis arc mTlad yovlisSemZle prezidenti hasan rohani ‒ 2013 wlis ivnisSi arCeuli zomieri RvTismsaxuri ‒ mzadaa isaubros Tavisi qveynis atomur programaze, romelic misi mtkicebiT, mSvidobiania, Tumca TiTqmis sxva yvela darwmunebulia, rom atomuri iaraRis sawarmoeblad aris gamiznuli. warmateba elis Tu marcxi, iranisTvis Tavis garTmeva savaraudod gansazRvravs istoriis mier obamas sagareo politikis Sefasebas. igi, aseve, gansazRvravs axlo aRmosavleTis momavalsac.

sifrTxilis mizezebi aravis warmoudgenia, rom es saubrebi advili iqneba. sami mizeziT, isini CrdilSi daiwyeba. pirveli mizezi, iseve rogorc metad mosalodneli, Cans SeTanxmebis miRwevis perspeqtiva, vidre ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. aseve ufro realurad isaxeba iranis atomurbombebiani da raketebiani adgilebis gasanadgureblad samxedro qmedebac. baraq obamam ramdenjerme gasagebad Tqva, rom is ver Seegueba iranul birTvul iaraRs. amerikel senatorebs uWirT daeTanxmon azrs, rom cudi araferia mosalodneli ‒ maT 2012 wels, uzarmazari sxvaobiT ‒ 90-1 winaaRmdeg, xma misces msoflios birTvuli iranis gareSe. obamam

rohani - kaci, romelTanac dasavleTma SeiZleba saqme daiWiros? edvard qari: ucxoeTis redaqtori, The Economist

baraq obama, eWvgareSea, aseve moindomebs amerikuli mTavrobis wmendas. bevri rame sWirdeba amerikis finansuri sistemis gamarTvas. magram obamas ar gamouCenia reformebis Catarebis survili da mas respublikelebi ar endobian. iseve, rogorc bevri meore vadiT arCeuli prezidenti, is ufro da ufro metad fokusirdeba ucxoeTis sakiTxebze. axla, roca amerika cota ufro Zlierad gamoiyureba, SeiZleba obama odnav gabeduli gaxdes? erTi mizezi, ratomac SeiZleba amis imedi gvqondes, isaa, rom `buSis momizezebas~ ukve yvela azriT gauvida vada: obamasTvis sakmarisi ar iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom is Tavis winamorbedze naklebad saSinelia. amasobaSi, umoqmedobis fasi izrdeba. 2012 wels aSS-is prezidents daxmareba rom gaewia da siria arasafren zonad gamocxadebuliyo, maSin baSar asadi albaT daemxoboda da aTasobiT sicocxle gadarCeboda (da vladimir putini `mSvidobismyofelad~ ar mogvevlineboda). sadac ki amerikam ukan daixia ‒ laTinuri amerika, aRmosavleT evropa, axlo aRmosavleTi ‒ iq arajansaRi vakuumi Seqmna. mimoixedeT msoflios irgvliv da naxavT, rom arsebobs gasaocari raodenobis SesaZleblobebi cota ufro ambiciuri prezidentisTvis. zogierTi maTgani `bolo imedis~ kategoriaa, ori nacnobi problemis CaTvliT axlo aRmosavleTSi: irani, romelic arasodes yofila ase axlos atomuri bombis SeZenasTan (ixile momdevno lideri), da israel-palestina, sadac Sansi ori saxelmwifos gamosavlisTvis sul ufro mcirdeba. Tavisufali vaWroba, wynari okeanis da atlantis okeanis gaswvriv, did sargebels moitans ekonomikurad da strategiulad, Tu zemodan, 2014 wels mizanmimarTuli biZgi iqneba. laTinur amerikaSi ugo Cavesis gauCinareba obamas kontinentis gaerTianebis Sanss aZlevs. afrikas jer kidev bevri aqvs mosasmeni amerikis pirveli Savkaniani prezidentisgan. CineTis mier SeSinebulma indoeTma SesaZloa ufro metad mousminos amerikas axla, roca anglosaqsonuri kapitalizmi gacilebiT jansaRad gamoiyureba. es sia grZeldeba. aqedan arc erTi ar moiTxovs erTaderTi superZalisgan imperiuli qedmaRlobis gamoCenas, ramac ase daamaxinja buSis prezidentoba. aravis surs dapyroba an demokratizacia Zaladobrivad. magram 2014 wels msoflios lideri sWirdeba. es misia baraq obamam unda itvirTos. n

saxifaTo kavSirebi

P I N K Y BY T I S S O T VA L E N T I N E â&#x20AC;&#x2122; S D AY c o n v e ys a h e a r t f e lt m e s s ag e w i t h i t s m ot h e r - o f- p e a r l d i a l d e c o r at e d w i t h 3 to p w e s s e lto n d i a m o n d s a n d p rot e c t e d by s c r at c h - r e s i sta n t sa p p h i r e c rysta l . I N N OVAT O r S BY T r A D I T I O N .

T I S S O T. c h

L E G E N D A R Y S W I S S WAT C H E S S I N C E 1 8 5 3

liderebi

msoflio 2014

romc daarRvios sityva, israelma piroba dado, rom mis magivrad daartyams ‒ da Tu irani sastiki SurisZiebiT upasuxebs israelis qalaqebsa da amerikul samizneebze, SeerTebuli Statebi sakmaod CaTreuli aRmoCndeba. ramdenimewliani molaparakebebis dros diplomatia warmodgenili iyo, rogorc ngrevis alternativa. momavali Tveebi naTels mohfens, ramdenad realuri iyo es alternativa. meore sirTule pirdapir aqedan gamomdinareobs. erTi mxriv, SeTanxmeba jildo iqneboda prezidentisTvis, romelic Zalian ecada arabuli gamoRviZebis dros Tavisi politika gamoekveTa. SeTanxmeba ara mxolod uars aTqmevinebs amerikas kidev erT Tavdasxmaze muslimanuri qveynis winaaRmdeg, igi aseve daexmareba axlo aRmosavleTis usafrTxoebis potenciuri CamoSlis Tavidan aridebas. iaraRiT aRWurvilma birTvulma iranma SeiZleba Segulianebulad igrZnos Tavi da liderobaze daiwyos fiqri. sxva regionuli Zalebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, saudis arabeTi, SesaZloa sakuTari bombebis Seqmnas Seudges. atomuri Cixi axlo aRmosavleTSi saSiSi perspeqtivaa. meore mxriv, ramdenadac Zalian surs SeTanxmeba, amerika daRala eWvebma iranis aRiarebebisa da uaryofebis mimarT. mravalwliani molaparakebebis dros am Temaze dialogSi CarTuli iranuli mxare mravalgzis aWianurebda process da mikibul-mokibulad msjelobda. ratom unda daijeros kacma, rom es iniciativa ubralod xriki araa, mraval sxvaTa msgavsad? irans SesaZloa, dro gahyavs bombis dasasruleblad da Sansi, rom mas samxedro qmedebiT SeaCereb, ukve dakargulia. mesame sirTule, romelic molaparakebebs Crdilavs, aris drois momenti. sanqciebi iranis ekonomikis paralizebas iwvevs da reJims Zirs uTxris. navTobis gayidvebi, romelic odesRac samTavrobo Semosavlebis 80%-s Seadgenda, 2011 wlis Semdeg ganaxevrda. ucxouri valutis rezervebi mcirdeba da oficialuri wyaroebic ki acxadeben, rom inflacia 40%-ia. radgan es mTavrobas zians ayenebs, mas saCqaro Sveba esaWiroeba. magram Tavisi bunebiT, birTvuli programa uaRresad teqnikuria. iranma romc iTanamSromlos, dazRveuli xelSekrulebis miRwevas bevri Tve dasWirdeba. ndobis naklebobisa da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogori rTulia sanqciebis xelaxla SemoReba ‒ romlebic unda moixsnas SeTanxmebis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi ‒ qveynebi iyoymaneben iranis misamarTiT, vidre realur progresSi ar darwmundebian. riski is gaxlavT, rom baton rohans, romelmac SedarebiT gaxsnili, dasavleTTan Tanaarsebobis SemoTavazebuli politikiT pozitiuri molodini warmoSva, sakmarisi argumenti ar eqneba imis saCveneblad, ratom uaxlovdeba `did satanas~. es

amerika da irani zogierT sakiTxSi bunebrivi mokavSireebi arian

swrafi reaqtori iranSi

mas mowyvlads tovebs iranel konservatorTa xelSi. sabolood, iranis ganwyoba damokidebulia umaRles lider aiaTola ali hameneize. jerjerobiT hamenei yoymanobs, miesalmeba molaparakebebs da amavdroulad, amerikas akritikebs.

patruqis anTeba undobloba da safrTxe saxezea. aravin axorcielebs molaparakebebs Zalis poziciidan. amdenad, Tu molaparakebebma sadme unda migviyvanos, maT saswrafod unda aRZran imis rwmena, rom is SesaZloa warmatebuli iyos. pirveli impulsi iraneli momlaparakeblebisgan unda modiodes. mxolod maTi saqcielis mixedviT SeiZleba gansazRvros msofliom, ramdenad seriozulebi arian isini. Tu iranelebi imTaviTve gamoavlenen gulwrfelobas, baton rohans sanacvlod rame unda SesTavazon, Tanac ‒ saswrafod. ar aris mosalodneli, rom obama SeZlebs da kongress sanqciebs naadrevad Searbilebinebs. marTlac, endomeba ra, rom aSS-is prezidents xibli moacilos, ‒ an Cauziardes masSi ‒ da mgrZnobiare iqneba ra israelis premier-ministris beniamin neTaniahus SiSis mimarT, SesaZloa am mimarTulebiT kongresi mTavari problema aRmoCndes. erTi idea gayinuli iranuli Tanxebis gaTavisuflebaa, xolo meore ‒ evropuli qveynebis mier sanqciebis Serbilebis sakiTxSi, daxmarebis gaweva. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa amerikasa da irans Soris istoriuli daTboba daiwyos. zogierT sakiTxSi isini bunebrivi mokavSireebi arian. Sahis dros amerika irans ganixilavda, rogorc mSfoTvare regionSi stabilurobis garantors. iranma rom SeZlos da Rrma anti-amerikanizmisgan gaTavisufldes, es isev SesaZlebeli iqneboda. Tumca, ufro savaraudoa, rom nebismieri SeTanxmeba SeiZleba iseTi saboloo ar aRmoCndes, rogoric Cans. zogierTi sanqciis moxsnisa da samxedro qmedebis ufro Soreuli safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, iranma SesaZloa sakuTari TamaSebi ganaaxlos. obama mxolod alagmavda iranul safrTxes, vidre aRmofxvrida, magram Tanamedrove axlo aRmosavleTis oromtrialis fonze, es moulodnel gamarjvebad CaiTvleba. n

msoflio 2014

liderebi

dasavleTis jeri kargi ekonomikuri siaxleebis umetesobas mdidari msofliodan SevityobT, ‒ wers leo abruzese

014 wels amerika globalur ekonomikur zrdas ufro mets Sematebs, vidre CineTi (valutis sabazro gadacvliT kursze gadaangariSebiT), xolo iaponia Sematebs ufro mets, vidre indoeTi. diax, CineTi da indoeTi ufro swrafad gaizrdebian, vidre maTi mdidari kolega-qveynebi, magram ganviTarebadi bazris aRzevebebi is aRaraa, rac iyo. dasavleTi, sam msxvil regionSi ‒ amerikaSi, iaponiasa da evropaSi produqciis erTdrouli zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT, ufro energiulad gamoiyureba, rac iSviaTobaa bolo wlebSi. amerikulma ekonomikam bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi 4.3 milioni samuSao adgili Seqmna da kidev daaxloebiT 2 milions Seqmnis 2014 wels. iafi fiqlis gazi energetikis fasebs agdebs da amiT amerikul warmoebas ufro konkurentunarians xdis. federaluri sarezervo sistema, romelic bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi agrZelebda fulis beWdvas, 2014 wels wnexs Seasustebs ekonomikis gajansaRebis paralelurad; es gaamyarebs amerikaSi saprocento ganakveTebs, dolars da Tavisufal kapitals isev ukan ‒ amerikisken moizidavs. gajansaRebul evropaSi mTavrobis deficitebi ganaxevrda. produqtiuloba umjobesdeba, samuSao Zalis erTeulis fasebi ecema da odesRac didi mimdinare angariSis deficitebi italiaSi, espaneTsa da portugaliaSi uCinardeba. britaneTi aseve xelaxla zrdas ganicdis, xolo iaponia miesalmeba abenomikas ‒ gajansaRebis gegmas, romelic erT sferoze koncentracias iTvaliswinebs da romelsac saxeli daarqves popularuli premier-ministris Sinzo abes mixedviT. arc erTi es qveyana ar dazaraldeba 2014 wels. amerikis saqme kargad iqneba da 3%-iT gaizrdeba, iaponia ‒ 2%-iT da evrozona ‒ 1.2%-iT. ganviTarebadi bazrebis umetesobas amaTze ukeTesi situacia eqnebaT, magram gansxvaveba Semcirdeba. ramdenadac federaluri sarezervo sistemidan momdinare fulis nakadi iklebs, Tanxebi gaedineba bevri ganviTarebadi ekonomikidan, rac gamoaCens im sisustes, rac gadafaruli da ignorirebuli iyo kargi ekonomikuri koniunqturis pirobebSi. indoeTis infrastruqtura isev SemaZrwunebelia, brazilielebi kvlav ar axdenen sakmaris investirebas, xolo TurqeTis mimdinare angariSis deficiti kvlav izrdeba. CineTis bankebi, im gaberili sesxebiT, romlis gadaxdac kompaniebs gauWirdebaT, mogvagonebs iaponiis bankebs 1990 wels da amerikisas ‒ 2000 wels. CineTis `Crdilovani~ bankebi atrialeben trilionobT ufro met iens investorebsa da msesxeblebs Soris imgvarad, rom es metwilad miuwvdomelia regulatorebis TvalTaxedvisTvis. 2014 wels yuradReba mimarTuli iqneba FRS-ze, romelsac axali Tavmjdomare ‒ janet ieleni hyavs (ix. momdevno lideri). igi SeaCerebs fulis beWdvas mxolod maSin, Tu amerikis ekonomika gajansaRdeba, magram rac ufro naklebs dabeWdavs, miT ufro maRali iqneba saprocento ganakveTebi, rac safrTxes Seuqmnis ekonomikas. am maxisgan Tavis daRweva marjve xels iTxovs ‒ nel-nela uari stimulirebis programaze da naTeli, Tanmimdevruli mesiji bazrisTvis gegmebis Sesaxeb. Tu FRS-is gzavnili mkafio ar iqneba da igi waiborZikebs, rac 2013 wels xSirad damarTnia, leo abruzese: globaluri prognozebis direqtori, Economist Intelligence Unit

realuri globaluri mSp-is Back on top

zrdis wili, miliardi Contribution to real global GDP$growth, $bn BRICs RUSSIA 21 ruseTi 21 BRAZIL 23 brazilia 23 indoeTi 69 INDIA 69

BRICs

G4 germania 40 GERMANY 40

brazilia 29 BRAZIL 29 ruseTi 33 RUSSIA 33

britaneTi BRITAIN 43 43 iaponia JAPAN 9191

INDIA 80 indoeTi 80 germania 17 GERMANY 17 britaneTi BRITAIN 33 33 iaponia JAPAN 8282

CineTi 345

CineTi 358

CHINA 345

amerika US 370 370

CHINA 358

amerika 228

US 228

458

360 2013

Sefaseba Estimate

544

500 wyaro: Source: Economist Intelligence Unit

2014

prognozi Forecast

maSin perspeqtiva ufro bundovania. Tumca, rogorc mosalodnelia, amerikis gajansaReba daCqardeba 2014 wels, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom grZelvadiani saprocento ganakveTebi ‒ rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania ipoTekuri da samomxmareblo sesxebisaTvis ‒ ukiduresad ar gaizrdeba. xdeba valis gadaxda, momxmareblebi xarjaven da biznesi investirebas axdens. evrozona, sabednierod, gaizrdeba 2014 wels ‒ miuxedavad imisa, rom bzarebi mis saZirkvelSi jer ar gamqrala. sabanko kavSiri, romelic kritikulia savaluto blokis stabilizaciisaTvis, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi muSa procesSi darCeba, xolo simkacre saSualebas ar miscems zrdas, sasurvel normas gascdes. ufro Rarib qveynebs, periferiaSi, kerZod ‒ saberZneTs, SesaZloa grZelvadiani momavali ar aqvs evros zonaSi, magram Sefasebis dro jer kidev ramdenime wliT Sorsaa. am droisTvis, evrozonaSi ar aris recesia da ndoba Seupovari germaniis liderobiT izrdeba. iaponia aseve aRorZinebiT xarobs. fasebis dacema ekonomikisTvis Savi WiriviT iyo bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi, magram iaponiis bankis fulis beWdvis operaciebma valuta gaaufasura da fasebi aswia ‒ Cveulebriv, savalalo kombinaciaa, magram ara deflaciisken midrekil iaponiaSi. 1980-iani wlebis stilis swrafi zrda mosalodneli ar aris: iaponiis mosaxleoba mcirdeba da qveyana zedmetad regulirebuli rCeba. batonma abem struqturuli reformebi unda ganaxorcielos, Tu zrdis gagrZeleba unda, da is garkveuli xani yoymanobda. iaponia aseve gazrdis gadasaxadebs 2014 wels, raTa gaumklavdes deficits, romelic ekonomikas moulodnelad SeaCerebs.

problemebis gamoCena CineTi globalurad gauTvaliswinebeli faqtoria. axali mTavroba, romelmac Zalaufleba 2013 wels aiRo, aRiarebs, rom 10%-iani zrdis periodi dasrulda. CineTi 7%-ze metad ar gaizrdeba 2014 wels, magram es sakmarisad swrafia 10-triliondolariani, saSualoSemosavliani ekonomikisTvis. miT umetes, rom CineTis bolodroindeli zrda zogierT SemTxvevaSi miraJi iyo, romelic Seqmna advilad xelmisawvdomma sesxebma da amiT gazarda im mrewvelobis moculoba, romelsac es ar sWirdeboda. CineTs sabanko kraxi ar elis 2014 wels, magram sesxebis dabruneba ki Seneldeba. uimedo sesxebi aseve grovdeba indoeTis bankebSic. 2014 wlis erTi saintereso garemoeba isaa, rom odesRac dasustebuli bankebi dasavleTSi gaZlierdebian ‒ maSin, roca ganviTarebadi bazrebis bankebi sesxebis gadaxdisuunaro momxmareblebs dasdeven. ramdenadac globaluri zrda axlovdeba, kargi ambebis umetesobas dasavleTidan unda velodoT. n

liderebi

sandooba riskis zRvarze

msoflio 2014

susti darCeba, inflacia kvlav problema gaxdeba da wlis bolos, FRS-is 2%-iani miznidan, sakmaod Semcirdeba. yvela im wuxilis fonze, rom obligaciebis yidva fasebis gaukontrolebel zrdasTan migviyvans, 2014 wlis mTavari monetaruli tendencia arakomfortulad dabali inflacia iqneba. bevri ifiqrebs, ician Tu ara es Sereuli maCveneblebi warmoSobs debatebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad Zlierad da centralurma bankebma, ras akeTeben, â&#x20AC;&#x2019; swrafad unda moxdes obligaciebis yidvis Seneleba. varaudobs zani minton bedosi FRS-ma SesaZloa, gazardos Tavisi dapireba imaze, rom moklevadiani ganakveTebi ucvleli darCes manam, olo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mdidari vidre umuSevarTa ricxvi sul cota 6.5%-mde mainc msoflios centraluri bankirebi msoflio Semcirdeba da piroba dados, rom ganakveTebi ar ekonomikis mxsnelebad miiCnevian. maTma surgaizrdeba, sanam inflacia dagegmil 2%-ian zRvars vilma, SeemcirebinaT saprocento ganakveTear miaRwevs. bi, SeeZinaT obligaciebi da gaetarebinaT `araordiaxali xalxis kombinacia da gagrZelebuli denaruli~ politika, depresiis gamomwvevi finansuri batebi eqsperimentebs aucilebels xdis. magram amas krizisis Tavidan aridebas Seuwyo xeli. bankirebma samwuxaro gverdiTi movlenebic SeiZleba axldes. sakuTar Tavze aiRes gajansaReba. maSinac ki, roca gaurkvevloba FRS-is gegmebTan dakapolitikosebi TavianTi gauazrebeli vSirebiT gaizrdeba, rac gamoiwvevs fiskaluri simkacriT ekonomikis Zvrebs finansur bazrebze da cenvardnas xels uwyobdnen, kompetentralur bankebs monetarul pirobeturi centraluri bankirebi zrdas bze gavlenis moxdenis TvalsazrisiT zurgs umagrebdnen. naklebad efeqturs datovebs. es, Ta2014 wels reputaciis tabula vis mxriv, eWvebs gaaCens centraluri Seicvleba. qveynebis umetesobaSi gabankebis kompetenciisa da instrujansaRebis procesi gaZlierdeba. mentTa paketis mimarT. politikosebi, gansakuTrebiT ki evam problemis sxvadasxva versiis ropaSi, ufro nakleb TvalsaCino makganxilva mdidari msoflios danarroekonomikur Secdomebs Caidenen. Ceni qveynebis centraluri bankebis Tumca centraluri bankebi Setevis Tavsatexic gaxdeba. inglisis banki obieqtebi gaxdebian. 2014 wlis bolos dakavebuli iqneba sakuTari monetagaZlierdeba debatebi imaze, ician Tu ruli politikis marTviT, romelic ara teqnokratebma, ras akeTeben. es 2013 wlis agvistoSi SemoiRo. aman iqneba rogorc monetarul politibevri verafriT uSvela grZelvadian kaSi, ise maT gafarToebul ampluaSi, ara mxolod ielenis mier saprocento ganakveTebs da am mimarrogoricaa finansuri meTvalyuris TulebiT 2014 wels maCveneblebi ar gaumjobesdeba. rolis Sesruleba. sandooba, rogorc efeqturi cenobligaciebis masobrivi yidvis pirobebSic ki, iatraluri sabanko politikis gatarebis `valuta~, poniis banks gauWirdeba investorebis darwmuneba ufro deficituri gaxdeba. imaSi, rom SeuZlia inflaciis sul mcire 2%-mde daweva 2015 wlis gazafxulisTvis, gansakuTrebiT imis FRS-is liderobiT, gaurkvevlobisken gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iaponiis ekonomikas ufro debatebi monetaruli politikis Sesaxeb koncentrimaRali samomxmareblo gadasaxadebi aviwrovebs. rebuli iqneba amerikis federaluri rezervis sisteTavisTavad, dasustebuli ndoba centraluri maze, imitom, rom mis gadawyvetilebebs didi gavlena bankebis monetaruli politikis mimarT, zedmetad aqvs anarCen msoflioze, da kidev imitom, rom FRS-i mwvave ar aRmoCndeba da es maTi erTaderTi problema gansakuTrebiT rTuli amocanebis winaSe dgas. mas ar iqneba. bankebis regulatoruli pasuxismgebloeyoleba axali xelmZRvaneloba. Tu vivaraudebT, bebi aseve winaaRmdegobebs moitans. rom senati mis kandidaturas daamtkicebs, amJamininglisis banks dasWirdeba gaakontrolos aRmavadeli vice-Tavmjdomare janet ieleni ben bernankes, li fasebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom 2014 wels isini brimTavar postze pirvel Tebervals Secvlis. ielenis taneTis gajansaRebas gaamyarebs. evropis centralprioritetebi cnobilia: is ufro metad wuxs zruri banki (ECB) pasuxismgeblobas aiRebs evrozonis dis dabal tempze, vidre inflaciis zrdaze. ieleni udidesi bankebis zedamxedvelobaze. imedia, rom safrTxilad ekideba FRS-is mier gatarebuli `raodebalanso angariSebis Sefaseba evropis centraluri nobrivi Serbilebis~ politikis metismetad swrafad bankis mier danarCen bankebs aiZulebs, cudi aqtivebi dasrulebas (fulis beWdva obligaciebis SesaZenad) moiSoron da kapitali gazardon, riTac gajansaRebas da surs `winmswrebi liderobis~ funqciis gafarToebiZgis micemiT daexmarebian. magram evropis poliba, riTac imeds FRS-is momaval moqmedebebze daatikosebma ver SeZles SeTanxmeba, ras moimoqmedeben, myarebs. magram ieleni politikas marto ar marTavs. Tuki aRmoCndeba, rom gasamklaveblad kapitalis FRS-is xuTamde gubernatori (Svididan) SesaZloa, `xvrelebi~ metismetad didia bankebisTvis an mTav2014 wels Tanamdebobaze dainiSnos. gansxvavebul, robebisTvis. Tuki evropis centraluri banki mkacri regionuli FRS-is prezidentebis ufro agresiul iqneba, man SeiZleba krizisi xelaxla gaaRvivos; Tu jgufs xmis ufleba eqneba. rbil Sefasebas gaakeTebs, amiT sakuTar sandoobas aseTi didi cvlilebebi FRS-Si gaarTulebs saTuos gaxdis. elodeT ukanasknel cnobebs. centraluri bankis prioritetebis garCevas. kidev centraluri bankebi mxsnelebidan arakompetenufro metad imitom, rom ekonomika gaurkvevel signaturebad ver gadaiqcevian erT weliwadSi. magram lebs gamogzavnis imasTan dakavSirebiT, sWirdeba Tu manZili uzomod did molodinsa da centraluri ara monetaruli stimulireba. zrda mokrZalebulad bankirebis unarebs Soris, rom es molodini gaamarTakrefs temps 2014 wels da umuSevarTa ricxvi Semlon, aSkara gaxdeba. n cirdeba. magram sxva TvalsazrisiT, Sromis bazari

zani minton bedosi: ekonomikis redaqtori, The Economist

msoflio 2014

liderebi

amboxebuli amomrCeveli demokratias safrTxe emuqreba, ‒ gvafrTxilebs filip kogani. reformirebis droa

in demokratiis uzarmazari weliwadia: 2014 wels amomrCeveli xmis misacemad ganviTarebadi msoflios zogierT udides qveyanaSi miva ‒ indoeTis, indoneziisa da braziliis, aseve SeerTebuli Statebis CaTvliT (Sualeduri), da evrokavSiris 28 qveyanaSi (evroparlamentis asarCevad). Tumca, amomrCevelTa aqtivoba mdidar msoflioSi 1970 wlis Semdeg nel-nela daeca ‒ 80%-ze metidan, 70%-ze qvemoT, 2011 wlisTvis (ix. grafa). msoflioSi politikosebisa da arCevnebis mimarT Rrma gulgatexilobaa. damdeg wels amomrCevelTa sagangaSo raodenoba politikur ukiduresobebze ifiqrebs. finansurma krizisma safuZveli gamoacala SeTanxmebas, rac zurgs umagrebda demokratias ‒ rom amomrCeveli politikosebs uWers mxars, ufro meti keTildReobis misaRebad. es pirvelad ar xdeba. evropuli demokratia 1930 wels didi depresiis fonze Seirya. samxreT amerika kvlav ukan, avtokratiaSi CaiZira ‒ 1930 da 1980 wlebSi. partiebi, romlebic krizisis dros iyvnen marTvis sadaveebTan, ZiriTadad politikuri arenidan gaaZeves da isini meinstrimulma opoziciam Caanacvla. magram politika TiTqmis ar Secvlila: amomrCeveli kvlav „mkacr dietaze“ rCeba, isev maRali umuSevroba stanjavs da seriozuli gaumjobesebis perspeqtivas ver xedavs. politikosebs „tkbileuli“ ar aqvT, rom amomrCevelTa `gulebi moigon~. marTlac, politikosebi kvecen servisebsa da Semweobebs, romlebzec es xalxia damokidebuli. ise rom, amomrCeveli meinstrims zurgs aqcevs da miiltvis ‒ partia „sirizisken“ (Syriza) da „golden daunisken“ (Golden Dawn) saberZneTSi, „bepe grilosken“ (Beppe Grillo) italiaSi da „gaerTianebuli samefos damoukideblobis partiisken“ britaneTSi. amerikaSic ki, sadac ori didi partiaa kvlav dominanti, orpartiuloba sustdeba da politikuri debatebi ufro da ufro mwvave xdeba, rac ufro arTulebs im SeTanxmebebis miRwevas, rasac demokratia efuZneba. am guliswyromas noemberSi Sualeduri arCevnebi daemateba. Tuki es demokratiis `qvemodan-zemoT~ problemaa, arsebobs `zemodan-qvemoT~ sakiTxebic. upirvelesad, demokratia Soreuli gaxda. rodesac aTenSi demokratia daiwyo, igi emyareboda yvela (mamrobiTi sqesis) moqalaqis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs agoraSi anu forumze. Tanamedrove demokratia, rogorc is amerikasa da britaneTSi Camoyalibda, efuZneba warmomadgenlobiT princips: amomrCeveli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas andobs pirebs, romlebsac irCeven da SeuZliaT maTi Secvla. magram ufro da ufro xSirad, warmomadgenlebi gadawyvetilebebis miRebas andoben teqnokratebs. monetaruli politika araarCeviTi centraluri bankiris xelSia, visi TiToeuli sityvac, rogorc Cans, mTel bazars amoZravebs da es adamianebi ufro mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri figurebi arian, vidre bevri premier-ministria. evrozonaSi SeiZleba saWiro iyos, rom fiskaluri politika jer briuselidan damtkicdes, vidre nacionalur doneze

85 85

amomrCevelTa aqtivobis maCvenebeli mdidar qveynebSi

80 80

70 70

65 65

*gamonaklisia qveynebi, sadac arCevnebi savaldebuloa

wyaro: International IDEA

1949 19491955 19551960 19601965 19651970 19701975 19751980 19801985 19851990 19901995 19952000 20002005 20052011 2011

gaatareben mas. nacionaluri kanonebi axla miiCneva, rom daqvemdebarebulia saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebze ‒ es iqneba evropuli sasamarTlo Tu adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo. saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds da msoflio savaWro organizacias SeuZlia ekonomikuri politikis gansazRvra. bevri amomrCeveli albaT ifiqrebs, rom maT xmas yvela am gare kontrolis fonze mniSvneloba arc ki aqvs; es xels uwyobs anti-evrokavSiruli ganwyobis zrdas mTel evropaSi, romelic maisSi evropis arCevnebis dros evro-skeptikosi partiebis mxardaWeris zrdaSi povebs asaxvas. meore ‒ bevri Tanamedrove problema, rogoricaa gadasaxadisTvis Tavis arideba da klimaturi cvlileba, globaluria da Zneli aRmoCnda demokratiis SeTavseba saerTaSoriso gadawyvetilebebTan. evrokavSiri cdilobs gaaerTianos efeqtianoba calkeuli qveynebis uflebebTan. gaeros post-1945 wlis warmomavlobas xazs usvams is faqti, rom misi zogierTi gadawyvetileba eqvemdebareba uSiSroebis sabWos xuTi mudmivmoqmedi wevris vetos. mesamec ‒ xmis micemis ufleba liberaluri demokratiis mxolod mcire nawilia: moqalaqeebs aseve aqvT sityvis Tavisufleba, Tavisufali sasamarTlos da sakuTari cxovrebis warmarTvis ufleba, mTavrobis mxridan minimaluri Carevis fonze. magram `terorizmis winaaRmdeg omma~ es uflebebi Seamcira, radgan mTavrobebma daapatimres adamianebi sasamarTlos gareSe, ganaxorcieles moqalaqeTa satelefono zarebisa da eleqtronuli fostis ukanono monitoringi da wamebis xerxebsac ki mimarTes.

Cveni simarTle TavisTavad cxadia ra aRgvidgens ndobas demokratiis mimarT? partiebis dafinansebis reformam, romelic yvela donors sajaros gaxdis, SesaZloa Seamciros specialuri interesebis gavlena. amerikaSi eqstremizmisken Sebrunebas SesaZloa daupirispirdes saarCevno olqebis sazRvrebiT manipulaciis dasruleba ‒ ise, rom politikosebma mimarTon centrs da ara ZiriTad amomrCevels. mesame palatebs, rogoricaa britaneTis lordTa palata, SesaZloa mieces ufleba, xalxs gadaawyvetinos sakiTxebi referendumiT, roca isini CaTvlian, rom ufro qveda palatebi an araarCeviTi uwyebebi Zalauflebas gadaaWarbeben. samwuxarod, aqedan arc erTi ar moxdeba 2014 wels. saukeTeso uswrafesi wamali demokratiis gankurnebisTvis sakmarisad swrafi zrda iqneba umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad da realuri Semosavlis gasazrdelad, rac amomrCevels ufro daakmayofilebs. jer molodini naadrevia da sunTqvas nu SeikravT. n

filip kogani: Buttonwood rubrikis mesvete, The Economist, da avtori `ukanaskneli arCevnebi: safrTxeebi dasavluri demokratiisTvis~ (alen leini)

liderebi

msoflio 2014

golebi sakuTar karSi didi sportuli RonisZiebebis gamarTva Seixebis da oligarqebis TamaSia, ‒ miaCnia maikl reids `aariiis! neimaaar!~ ‒ es is Zaxilia, romlis gagonebac 198 milion braziliels endomeba 31 ivlisis saRamos, roca msoflio Tasis finali Catardeba rio de Janeiros `marakanas~ stadionze. maT imedi eqnebaT, rom sakuTar moedanze TamaSis upiratesoba da axalgazrda varskvlavi Tavdamsxmeli neimar de silva santos Juniori brazilias msoflio Cempionis Tasis rekordul, meeqvsed mogebaSi daexmareba, Tumca maT germaniasTan, an kidev uaresi, mTavar mowinaaRmdege ‒ argentinasTan marcxis unda eSinodeT (Wkviani xalxis fsonebi belgiis niWier gundzec daideba, romelic ver gauZlebs zemoqmedebas, turniris masStabidan gamomdinare). `marakanaze~, 79 000 fanidan erT-erTi gulSi miesalmeba meore Sedegs ‒ braziliis prezidents dilma rusefs turniris ise dasrulebis imedi eqneba, rom sasayveduro aravis hqondes. 2007 wels, rodesac braziliam 1950 wlis Semdeg pirvelad gaakeTa ganacxadi Cempionatis gamarTvaze (im wels, roca finalSi urugvaisTan damarcxda da erovnuli sircxvili Wama), ekonomika samomxmareblo bums ganicdida. axla ekonomika stagnaciaSia da qveyanaSi ganwyoba Seicvala. msoflio fexburTis diskreditirebuli mmarTveli uwyebis ‒ `fifas~ ZviradRirebul standartebze morgebuli 12 stadionis aSenebaze an rekonstruqciaze daxarjuli 2 miliardi dolari provokaciis STabeWdilebas tovebda. germaniam amis naxevar fasad Seasrula misia 2006 wels. konfederaciaTa Tasi ‒ sarepeticio turniri 2013 wels, gaxda braziliis bolo Taobis manZilze udidesi saprotesto gamosvlis samizne, sadac demonstrantebi iTxovdnen `fifas standartebis~ saavadmyofoebs da sazogado transports, xolo anarqistebsa da specdaniSnulebis policias Soris Setakebebi xdeboda. rusefma ukmayofilebis Cacxroba aTasobiT kubeli eqimis daqiravebiT da avtobusiT mgzavrobis fasis daweviT scada. unariani da moqnili menejeris filipe skolaris meTaurobiT, erovnuli gundis Zlierma gamosvlam SesaZloa xalxis ganwyoba gamoakeTos, magram gasakviri iqneba, turnirma protestis gareSe rom Caiaros. braziliurma gamarjvebamac ki SeiZleba mcire gavlena moaxdinos saprezidento arCevnebze, romlis drosac rusefi meore vadiT arCevas Seecdeba. mas Semdeg, rac 1964 wels tokio miesalma iaponiis omis Semdgom gajansaRebas, liderebi didi sportuli RonisZiebebis mowyobas uyureben, rogorc msoflioSi sakuTari Zalauflebis deklarirebas. es Tvalsazrisi gaamyara warmatebulma Cempionatma seulSi (1988 wels), barselonaSi (1992 wels) da pekinSi, 2008 wels (CineTis `qaming auT RonisZieba~). magram rogorc braziliis gamocdilebam dagvanaxa, mkacri ekonomikuri politikisa da socialuri mediis xanaSi sportuli RonisZiebebis maspinZloba sarisko saqme gaxda, radgan igi iseve moicavs reputaciis gafuWebis risks, rogorc misi gazrdisas.

prezidenti vladimir putini amas ianvarSi Seityobs ‒ soWSi zamTris olimpiadis dros, romlis 50 miliarddolariani fasis iarliyis mixedviT igi uZviresia istoriis manZilze. vankuverma mxolod 6 miliardi dolari daxarja 2010 wels. soWi, romelic Zalian Sorsaa imisgan, rom ruseTis renesansis niSani gaxdes, aRqmuli iqneba, rogorc korufciisTvis dadgmuli Zegli. mediaSi dominanti gaxdeba saprotesto gamosvlebi ruseTis mier geebis Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg (putini Tavidan Tu ar aicilebs kritikas siriaze naklebad mosalodneli samSvidobo SeTanxmebis miRwevis daxmarebiT). aziuri TamaSebi, romelic seqtemberSi iwyeba inCxonSi, platformas Seqmnis cxovelTa uflebebis damcvelebisTvis, raTa koreelebis siyvaruli ZaRlis xorcisadmi gaaproteston. bolodroindeli Tanamegobrobis TamaSebi, romlebic 2010 wels deliSi gaimarTa, dasamaxsovrebeli iyo mxolod dausrulebeli infrastruqturiT, gabrazebuli sportsmenebiT da nawlavuri infeqciebis simravliT. amis miuxedavad, Sotlandiis premier-ministrs aleqs salmonds imedi eqneba, rom lurj-TeTr wminda andrias saxelobis droSaSi gaxveuli gamarjvebuli sportsmenebis danaxva Tanamegobrobis TamaSebze, romlebic glazgoSi 23 ivliss iwyeba, Sotlandielebs enTuziazms Sematebs, raTa maT gaerTianebuli samefodan gamoyofas miscen xma ori Tvis Semdeg dagegmil referendumze. eWvgareSea, rom es TamaSebi unaklod Caivlis ‒ britaneTma 2012 wlis warmatebuli londonis olimpiadisgan bevri ram iswavla. asec rom iyos, es ver daexmareba salmonds. Sotlandielma sportsmenebma ician, rom gaerTianebuli samefo ufro didi bazaria brendis Sesaqmnelad.

ufro swrafad, ufro maRla... nuRa SegvawuxebT simarTle ki, romelic demokrat politikosebs yurSi unda CavCurCuloT, sanam isini Tanamedrove cirkis mowyobaze fiqroben, isaa, rom sportuli warmateba TiTqmis arasodes axdens raime gavlenas saarCevno yuTze. amomrCevelma icis ‒ isini irCeven adamianebs imisTvis, rom matareblebi ganrigis mixedviT moZraobdnen da ara imitom, rom oqros medlebi moigon an golebi gaitanon. civi realoba ukve mkvidrdeba: 2020 wels olimpiadis gamarTvis sami pretendenti (romelic sabolood tokios gadaeca), yvelaze mcire ricxvia 1980 wlis Semdeg. vena ganacxads ar akeTebs 2028 wlisTvis ‒ 2013 wlis martis referendumSi 72%-ma mxari ar dauWira. am situaciiT, Seixebi, diqtatorebi da oligarqebi rCebian yvelaze imedismomcem kandidatebad am mxiarulebaTa mosawyobad. magram maSin Tavad sporti aris riskis winaSe. `fifam~ sulelurad gadasca 2020 wlis msoflio Tasis maspinZlobis ufleba yatars ‒ urbanuli udabnos naglejs, sadac zafxulSi temperatura +50 gradus celsiuss utoldeba. es turniris gamarTvas zamTris Sua ricxvebisken gadaswevs, rasac mohyveba adgilobrivi ligebisa da satelevizio kompaniebis mier kompensaciebis moTxovna. bolos da bolos, 2014 wels, fexburTi fexburTis qveyanaSi gaimarTeba. n

maikl reidi: amerikis redaqtori, The Economist, da avtori wignisa `brazilia: axali Zalis dabrkolebuli zrda~/ `Brazil: The Troubled Rise of a New Power~ (ielis universitetis presa gamoscems 2014 wels)

msoflio 2014

liderebi

Tqvens samsaxurSi robotebi, romlebic adamianebs exmarebian, momravldebian, ‒ fiqrobs tom steindeiji

obotebi gviaxlovdebian. maTi umravlesoba asawyob konveierebze, manqanebis mSeneblobaze, eleqtronuli mowyobilobebis Seqmnaze, sakvebis, wamlebisa da sasuqebis warmoebaze muSaobs. es giganturi manqanebi xSirad galiebSi moqmedeben, radgan arsebobs riski, rom isini safrTxes Seuqmnian nebismiers, vinc gzaze gadaeRobebaT. magram robotebi ukve qarxnebs miRma vrceldebian ‒ es tendenciaa, romelic 2014 wels daCqardeba. mocemuli situacia pirveli Taobis kompiuterebidan personalur kompiuterebze gadasvlas waagavs. pirveli Taobis kompiuteri Zviri da centralizebuli sistemaa ‒ swored iseTi, rogoric axla industriuli robotia. isini asawyobad rTulia da axal amocanebs Znelad egueba. magram sxva tipis robotebis gayidvebi starts aiRebs. es `momsaxurebis~ robotebi personaluri kompiuterebis msgavsia: iseTi ZlierebiT ar gamoirCevian, rogorc industriuli robotebi, magram gacilebiT moqnilebi arian da centralizebuli sistema aqvT, rac individebs ufro produqtiuls xdis. industriuli uwyebis, robotebis saerTaSoriso federaciis informaciis mixedviT, 2011 wels 30-miliardian robotebis bazarze industriulma robotebma Seadgines 86%, xolo momsaxurebis robotebma ‒ mxolod 14%. magram industriuli robotebis zrdis tempi daeca weliwadSi 5%-mde, maSin roca momsaxurebis robotebis gayidvebi mosalodnelia, rom 25-30%-iT moimatebs momdevno ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. es kategoria ufro msubuq davalebebs asrulebs, rogoricaa nivTebis aReba da Cawyoba, gasufTaveba da qirurgiuli operaciis dros daxmareba. momsaxurebis robotebi swraf progress ganicdian, radgan principSi isini kompiuteruli industriis STamomavlebi arian da ara industriuli meqanizaciis nawili. am robotebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon iafi smartfonebi an `tableti~ kompiuterebi (xSirad makontroleblis funqciiT rom gamoiyenebian) da aseve, `ofen-sors~ platformebis gamoCena, rac mkvlevrebs saSualebas aZlevs robotebis modificireba moaxdinon konkretuli amocanisTvis. mravldeba venCeruli kapitalis firmebi, romlebic robotebis ganviTarebaze fokusirebul startapebs exmarebian. rogorc `silikon velze~ amboben, aparatura axali programuli uzrunvelyofaa, robotebis am saxeobis Svilobili „beqsteria“ (ix. foto), romelic bostonurma startapma, Rethink Robotics-ma Seqmna. „beqsters“ ori wiTeli xeli da karikaturuli stilis, STambeWdavad fotogenuri sensorulekraniani `saxe~ aqvs, saidanac programireba xdeba. Wkviani programuli uzrunvelyofis

tom steindeiji: cifruli redaqtori, The Economist, da avtori wignisa `kedlebze wera: socialuri media pirveli 2000 weli~, Bloomsbury

wyalobiT, axalbedebisTvis „beqsteris“ konfiguracia ufro martivia; mas gacilebiT didi goneba aqvs, vidre saSualo robots. magaliTad, Tu konveiers moaqvs nivTebi, romlebic „beqsterma“ yuTebSi unda gaanawilos, da konveieris moZraobis tempi neldeba, muSaobis ritms anelebs „beqsteric“. roboti 22 000 dolari Rirs, rac tipuri industriuli robotis Rirebulebis mxolod mcire nawilia. daniuri firma Universal Robots robotebis am axali saxeobis kidev erTi mwarmoebelia. igi qmnis 27 000-dolarian robotis xelebs, romelTac SeuZliaT swrafad iswavlon rutinuli samuSaos Sesruleba laboratoriasa da saxelosnoebSi. sxva servisis tipis robotebi gamoiyenebian specifikuri samuSaosTvis da ara yvela tipis saqmis Sesasruleblad. milionobiT roboti mtversasrutebi, saxelad Roomba gayida masaCusetsurma kompania `ai-robotma~. Aethon-is mier damzadebul TUG robots wamlebi da sakvebi saavadmyofoebSi miaqvs. `distanciuri~ roboti SesaZleblobas iZleva virtualurad, Soreuli ofisis daxmarebiT ixetialo ise, rom distanciurad akontrolo kameriT, mikrofoniT, laudspikeriT da ekraniT aRWurvili borblebiani roboti. robotis ekranze naCvenebi iqneba pilotis saxis myisieri video. zogierTi distanciuri roboti, rogoricaa kaliforniuli Double Robotics, aris motoriani cradles `aipadisTvis~, rac naTeli magaliTia, rogori sargebeli SeiZleba naxos robotulma teqnikam mobiluri kompiuterizaciis ganviTarebisgan.

daeyrdeniT da modundiT bevr qveyanaSi aviTareben humanoidur robotebs, romlebic momvleli asistentebis rols Seasruleben moxucebisTvis. es jer kidev Soreuli mizania. Tumca, robotebis ori sxva saxeoba swraf progress ganicdis. pirveli maTgania upiloto safreni mowyobiloba an upiloto TviTmfrinavi, romelic arsebiTad mfrinavi robotia. sxvadasxva zomis samxedro upiloto TviTmfrinavebi Tanamedrove omis ganmsazRvreli komponentia. amerikelma kanonmdeblebma gza unda gauxsnan 2014 wels mfrinavi robotebis samoqalaqo seqtorSi gamoyenebas, rogoricaa: soflis meurneoba, kanonis aRsruleba da navTobis da gazis montaJis monitoringi. saWiroa axali kanonebi da ara mxolod amerikaSi (upiloto samxedro TviTmfrinavi moulodnelad gamoCnda angela merkelis erT-erTi kampaniis Sexvedris dros, 2013 wels), Tuki mfrinavi robotebi Tavis potencials gamoiyeneben da aCveneben, rom maT ufro metis gakeTeba SeuZliaT, vidre cocxali arsebebis ganadgureba zecidan. robotebis meore tipi, romelsac yuradReba unda movaqcioT, aris roboti borblebze, romelic cnobilia rogorc TviTmavali avtomobili. 2014 wlis zogierTi modeli SeZlebs imoZraos gaCerebadaZvris reJimSi, marTos saWe da SeinarCunos distancia wina avtomobilisgan. `guglma~ Seqmna avtomobilebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT Tavi gaarTvan marTvis TiTqmis yvela aspeqts. Tumca, sruliad avtonomiur, borblebian robotebze gadasvla TandaTanobiT moxdeba. n

humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebi

liderebi

momavali teqnologiuri Sejaxeba teqnoelita bankirebs da menavTobeebs sazogadoebriv demonologiaSi SeuerTdeba, ‒ prognozirebs adrian vuldriji

akuTari qorwilis dRes yvelas epatieba garkveuli doziT egoizmi, magram sin parkeris mravalmiliondolarianma qorwilma, SarSan, ivlisSi, kaliforniis big-surze, mitevebis zRvars miaRwia. 364 stumari gamowyobili iyo TolqieniT STagonebul kostiumebSi (Seqmnili da morgebuli im qalbatonebis mier, vinc Seqmna kostiumebi `beWdebis mbrZaneblisTvis~), stingma wyvilis erTerTi sayvareli simRera Seasrula. parkerma, romelmac daafuZna `napsteri~ da feisbuqis pirveli prezidenti iyo, TiToeul stumars gadasca tyavis garekaniani tomeuli, romelic wyvilis romantikis `zRaprul istorias~ ukavSirdeba. Hello xvdeba, rom The Hobbit-s Sou SesaZloa teqnikuri revoluciis sferoSi umniSvnelovanesi momenti aRmoCndes. am dromde, teqnikuri elita gamonaklisi iyo plutokratiis winaaRmdeg dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiT. `daipyari uol sTriTis~ protestantebma gamonaklisi dauSves, roca saqme midga im xalxze, vinc isini àifonebiT~ da àipadebiT~ moamaraga. magram 2014 wlis erT-erTi seriozuli movlena iqneba dabali fenebis amboxeba kiber-sivrcis monarqebis winaaRmdeg. `silikon velis~ elitas aRar Sexedaven, rogorc idiotebs, romlebic momxveWelobis WaobSi Caeflnen, aramed idiotebad moiazrebian isini, vinc momxveWelobis WaobSi idiotebad iqcnen. jerjerobiT maT warmatebiT SeZles sakuTari Tavis dacva rogorc sagadasaxado xelisuflebisgan, ise aqcionerebisgan. mark cukerbergi Facebookis 29.3 procents flobs. lari elisoni ‒ Oracle-is 24 procents. amisgan gansxvavebiT, udidesi individualuri investori Exxon Mobil-Si ‒ flobs mxolod aqciebis 0.04 procents. ìdiotebi~ yvelaze ufro Seubralebeli kapitalistebi aRmoCndnen. ramdenime wlis win axali ekonomika farTod gaxsnili sazRvari iyo. dRes aq gabatonebulia erTi muWa mWidrod Sekruli oligopoliebi. Google da Apple smartfonebis saoperacio sistemis 90%-s amarageben. Facebook-i CrdiloeT amerikis da evropis naxevars iTvlis, rogorc sakuTar momxmarebels. kibersivrcis batonebma yvela SesaZlebloba gamoiyenes, rom miwieri xarjebi SeemcirebinaT. isini STambeWdavad cota adamians iyeneben: Tavisi 290-miliardiani bazris kapitalizaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, Google daaxloebiT eqvsjer ufro

adrian vuldriji: `menejmentis~ redaqtori da rubrika Schumpeter-is mesvete, The Economist

msoflio 2014

didia, vidre General Motors, magram daqiravebuli hyavs misi TanamSromlebis raodenobis mxolod meeqvsedi. amavdroulad, teqnikosma magnatebma bankirebis msgavsi enTuziazmi gamoavlines sajaro subsidiebis Sesrutvisa da gadasaxadebis aridebis mimarT. amerikulma mTavrobam safuZveli Cauyara teqnikur revolucias imiT, rom intensiuri investireba moaxdina yvelaferSi ‒ dawyebuli internetiT, damTavrebuli cifruli personaluri asistentebiT. magram teqnikurma gigantebma biznesebis struqtura ise aages, rom rac SeiZleba naklebi daabrunon ukan. isini ufro da ufro xSirad amboben uars TavianT „spartanul“ warsulze da amis nacvlad, Zalian did yuradRebas iqceven sakuTari fuliT. izrdeba eqstravaganturi drostarebisken midrekileba: erTma teqnologiurma gurum 300 kilogrami wonis vefxvi da maimuni galiaSi daatyveva, romlebic Instagram-is fotoebisTvis pozirebdnen. `gugls~ aqvs kerZo TviTmfrinavebis da vertmfrenebis patara floti da adgilobrivi aeroporti. oligarqebi uzarmazari fulis kulturaze sxedan: `silikon veli~ ara marto milionerebs da miliarderebs inaxavs, aramed aTasobiT axalgazrda adamians, romlebsac weliwadSi $100 000-iani Semosavali aqvT. oligarqebi aseve xarjaven fuls samecniero fantastikis stilis proeqtebze, kerZo raketebis CaTvliT, raTa milionerebi orbitaze gagzavnon. aseve, samedicino kvlevebze, rom SeaCeron an Seabrunon dabereba. top-teqnikosebi politikaSic zrdian sakuTar profils. nawilobriv, es mizanmimarTulad xdeba: isini vaSingtonel lobistebs qiraoben, rom TavianTi interesebi gaatarebinon. teqnikosebma media gamocemebis yidvac ki daiwyes, magaliTad Washington Post (jef bezosi) da New Republic (kris hiuzi). didebac SemTxveviT movida ‒ amerikis gigantebma, Google-is, Microsoft-is, Yahoo-s da Facebook-is CaTvliT, sixaruliT gadasces informacia uSiSroebis erovnul saagentos da axla imas imkian, rac daTeses.

skdeba kidev erTi teqnikuri buSti mzardi politikuri CarTuloba am plutokratebs aucileblad aqcevs Zlier mtrebad. emigraciaze memarjveneebis pozicia agresiulia. sxvebi ki maTze arian gabrazebuli, radgan isini saxelmwifos erovnul usafrTxoebas `loginSi Cauwvnen~. yvela, visac Wkua aqvs, ukve maTken iSvers TiTs da farisevlebs eZaxis. bednierad iwoneben `progresul politikas~, rogoricaa ufro mkacri SromiTi da garemosdacviTi kanonebi (da amis Sedegebis Tavze moxveva mcire biznesisTvis), imdenad, ramdenadac maT SeuZliaT cotaodeni samrewvelo samuSao adgilebis CineTSi eqsportireba. `Cven vcxovrobT buStSi, ‒ ambobs Google-is Tavmjdomare erik Smidti, ‒ da me ar vgulisxmob teqnikur buSts an Sefasebis buSts. me vgulisxmob buSts, rogorc Cvens patara samyaros~. es patara samyaro daculia uTanasworobis Temaze popularuli agresiisgan. buStis gaskdoma iqneba erT-erTi udidesi cvlileba kapitalizmis politikur ekonomiaSi, damdeg wlebSi. n

msoflio 2014

kalendari msoflios masStabiT Cven mier SerCeuli movlenebi ianvari evrokavSirSi saberZneTi klubis gardamavali Tavmjdomare xdeba, latvia uerTdeba evrozonas, xolo bulgarelebsa da ruminelebze Sromis bazris SezRudvebs vada gasdis. politikosebi, biznes-bosebi da cnobili adamianebi planetas gadaarCenen msoflio ekonomikur forumze, davosSi. Cinuri kalendriT, cxenis weli iwyeba. amboben, rom cxenis welSi dabadebulni iqnebian komunikabelurebi da energiulebi, magram amave dros, mouTmenlebi. gaero iwyebs kristalografiis, saojaxo meurneobisa da mcirekunZulovani saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso wels. Tebervali soWi ‒ ruseTis SavizRvispireTi saSinlad ZviradRirebul zamTris olimpiadas maspinZlobs. Tovlsac daakvirdiT Ria Cempionatis dros super beisbolSi XLVIII niu jersiSi. senatis nebarTviT, janet ieleni amerikis federaluri rezervebis sistemaSi pirveli qali-Tavmjdomare xdeba. `4 Tebervlis fanebi~, amerikaSi `biTlzis~ nomeri pirveli hitis ‒ `minda Seni xeli meWiros~ 50 wlis iubiles aRniSnaven. marti karnavali rio de JaneiroSi ‒ `dedamiwis udidesi Sou~ kulminacias aRwevs. holivudi wiTel xaliCas Slis, raTa akademiis 86-e dajildoebas (rogorc Cans, yvelaze grZel Sous dedamiwaze) umaspinZlos. kometa `holmsi~ ‒ yvelaze grZeli kometa mzis sistemaSi 2007 wlis oqtomberSi perigeas ‒ Tavis orbitaSi mzesTan yvelaze axlos myof wertils aRwevs. aprili avRaneTSi saprezidento arCevnebi imarTeba, samxreT afrikelebi ki albaT axla midian xmis misacemad. mTvaris sruli dabnelebis xilva SesaZlebelia avstraliaSi, wynar okeanesa da amerikis kontinentze. 36 000-mde morbenali erTmaneTs bostonis maraTonSi ejibreba ‒ 2013 wlis afeTqebis Sedegad daRupulTa gasaxseneblad. maisi evrokavSiris 28 wevr qveyanaSi evroparlamentis arCevnebi tardeba. rva yofili komunisturi qveyana, aseve kviprosi da malta, evrokavSiris wevrobis 10 wlisTavs aRniSnaven. kolumbia da malavi prezidents irCeven. indoeTi axla albaT parlaments irCevs. idiotebi msoflios garSemo `eqscentrulTa siamayis dRis~ zeimze ucnaurobebs Cadian, raTa eqscentriuloba idResaswaulon. ivnisi kvlav soWi: ruseTi `didi rvianis samits~ maspinZlobs. fexburTis yvela moyvarulis mzera braziliiskenaa mipyrobili, romelic `fifas~ msoflio Cempionats marTavs. Sotlandielebi `banokbernis brZolaSi~ ingliselebze gamarjvebis 700 wlisTavs aRniSnaven. erchercogi franc ferdinandi 100 wlis winaT saraevoSi mokles, rac pirveli msoflio omis safuZveli gaxda.

ivlisi italia evrokavSiris Tavmjdomare qveyana xdeba. `tur de fransi~ yvelaze ucnaur wertilSi ‒ iorkSiris inglisSi iwyeba. glazgo Tanamegobrobis samefos me-20 TamaSebs maspinZlobs. indonezielebi saprezidento arCevnebSi xmas aZleven. agvisto bavSvebi da sakvamuris mwmendavebi disneis `meri popinsis~ 50 wlis iubiles zeimoben. 15-dan 18-wlamde asakis 3500 sportsmeni erTmaneTs zafxulis olimpiur TamaSebSi, nankinSi, CineTSi Seejibreba. britaneTis mier germaniisTvis omis gamocxadebidan 100 wlisTavze, ixsneba omis memoriali duvris TeTr kldeebze, romelic ori msoflio omis dros (1914 ‒ 1918 da 1 939 ‒ 1945 ww.) gaerTianebuli samefodan gardacvlil 1.7 mln adamianis xsovnas eZRvneba. panamis arxi asi wlisTavs zeimobs. seqtemberi Sotlandia referendums marTavs, darCes Tu ara gaerTianebuli samefos SemadgenlobaSi. amerikelebi mRerian simReras `The Star-Spangled Banner~, romlis sityvebic 200 wlis winaT frensis skot qeim fort makhenriSi britanelebis damarcxebis Semdeg dawera. msoflio liderebi niu iorkisken mieSurebian, gaeros generalur asambleaze dasaswrebad. `aq gansxvavebuloba brwyinavs~ ‒ aziuri TamaSebis slogania, romelic samxreT koreis qalaq inCxonSi imarTeba. evropis da amerikis golfis saukeTeso moTamaSeebi pirvel nabijebs dgamen gleniglSi ‒ SotlandiaSi, raider klubSi. oqtomberi saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki yovelwliur Sexvedrebs marTaven vaSingtonSi. braziliaSi yuradReba fexburTidan politikaze gadadis, radgan qveyana saprezidento arCevnebs marTavs. poeziis moyvarulebi aRniSnaven dilan tomasis dabadebis 100 wlisTavs. suonsi `sityvaTa zRvaSi~ CaiZireba. `brijis msoflio seria~ CineTSi tardeba ‒ Cempionati, romelic pirvelad imarTeba evropis an amerikis qveynebs miRma. noemberi amerika Sualedur arCevnebs marTavs. aRiniSneba komunizmis simbolos ‒ berlinis kedlis dangrevis 25 wlisTavi. avstraliis qalaqi brisbeni `didi oceulis samits~ maspinZlobs. pirvelad 22 wlis manZilze, Tuki meqsikis trasas moiwoneben, igi `formula erTis~ gran-pris umaspinZlebs. dekemberi amerikuli jarebi Sinisken gasweven, radgan avRaneTSi saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis Zalebis misia sruldeba. mogzaur ernest Sekltonis Tayvanismcemlebi asi wlis winaT mis samxreT jorjiidan gamgzavrebas ixseneben, roca Sekltoni xomald Endurance-iT saimperatoro trans-antarqtikul eqspediciaSi gaemgzavra. garemos dacvis ministrebi peruSi gaeros klimaturi cvlilebebis yovelwliur samitze ikribebian. gamodis tolkienis nawarmoebebis mixedviT gadaRebuli filmis mesame trilogia `hobiti: iq da isev ukan~.

2014 wlis kalendris ilustraciis avtoria The Economist-is saredaqcio karikaturisti kevin ("KAL") keloeri, romelmac gamoiyena karikaturebi www.foresightnews.co.uk-dan

msoflio 2014

kalendari

msoflio 2014 aseve seqciaSi: signali vikingTa morigi TavdasxmisaTvis 28 aRmavloba da vardna 30 xelixelCakidebulni 32

frena moskovis Tavze 32 ed milibendi: moemzadeT mwvervalisken rbolisTvis 34

uarmyofelni joel badi

Sotlandielebi damoukideblobas xmas ar miscemen

gareSe? gaizrdeba Tu ara qveynis mier moziduli valebis Rirebuleba? SeZlebs aseTi mcire zomis qveyana, gadaurCes kidev erT sabanko kraxs? ra moxdeba, roca CrdiloeTis zRvaSi navTobi da gazi amoiwureba? nacionalistebs TavdacviT poziciebze mouwevT ukandaxeva da mtkiceba, rom qveyana damoukideblobis mopovebis SemTxvevaSic didad ar Seicvleboda. maT Tanamoqalaqeebi daamarcxeben. Sotlandieli nacionalistebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT sargeblobdnen imiT, rom konservatorebi, leiboristebi da liberal-demokratebi adrianes kedlis CrdiloeTiT politikas ugulebelyofdnen da saukeTeso Sotlandiel politikosebs gegmazomierad gzavnidnen vestminsterSi. am partiebis holirudSi ganlagebul Sotlandiis parlamentSi darCenil arcTu saukeTeso kontingents nacionaluri partia iolad uswordeboda. magram roca saqme qveynis erTianobas exeba, xsenebuli saukeTeso `gadasaxlebuli~ politikosebi salmonds Seerkinebian da daamarcxeben. es, gansakuTrebiT, erT maTgans exeba. politikosi, romelic 2014 wels damoukideblobis ideis marcxiT ixeirebs, devid kameroni ar iqneba. inglisur kilos srulfasovnad dauflebul sxva Sotlandiel politikosTa msgavsad, premierministri qveynis erTobis SenarCunebis mxardamWer kampaniaSi umniSvnelo rols iTamaSebs. sanacvlod, yvelaze didi beneficiari leiboristi parlamentari alister darlingi gaxdeba. batoni darlingi finansuri krizisis dros ukiduresobamde rTul da umadur â&#x20AC;&#x2019; xazinis kancleris Tanamdebobas ikavebda. igi Tavis politikur karieras axal sicocxles STaberavs da qveynis erTianobis mxardamWer politikur kampanias (`ukeT erTad~) gamarjvebisken gauZRveba. batoni darlingi namdvilad ar aris STamagonebeli adamiani, magram kompetenturi politikosia, da rac umniSvnelovanesia, TiTqmis genetikur do-

2014 mokled 2012 wlis olimpiuri TamaSebis dasrulebidan ori wlis Tavze, zaha hadidis akva-centri sazogadoebisaTvis gaixsneba

u Sotlandieli xarT, 2014 wlis zafxuli TqvenTvis mxiaruli iqneba. ivnisSi 700 wlis winandeli banokbernis brZolis istoriuli inscenireba Sedgeba, romelSic robert briusma ingliselebi mosra. ivlisSi glazgoSi Tanamegobrobis TamaSebi gaixsneba. agvistoSi edinburgis festivalze gamomsvleli eqsperimentuli Teatrebis mudmivad mzardi `urdo~ qveynis dedaqalaqs Seeseva. SemdgomSi, seqtemberSi Sotlandieli amomrCeveli gadawyvets, gaxdes Tu ara damoukidebeli. aRimarTeba erovnuli droSebi, aJRerdeba gudastvirebi, TumcaRa Sotlandielebis komfortuli umravlesoba gaerTianebul samefoSi darCenas miscems xmas. nacionalistebi marcxs amayad Seeguebian. Sotlandiis erovnuli partiis (SNP) lideri aleqs salmondi ganacxadebs, rom Sotlandielebs maTi bed-iRblis gadawyvetis SesaZlebloba Seuqmna â&#x20AC;&#x2019; pirvelad, 1707 wels gaerTianebis aqtis miRebis Semdeg. misi partia Sotlandiuri politikuri cxovrebis dominant Zalad darCeba. brZola damoukideblobisaTvis kvlavac gagrZeldeba. miuxedavad amisa, batoni salmondi politikur manevrebSi aSkarad Seaviwroves. kampaniis mimdinareobisas mas unionistebis SekiTxvebis niaRvarTan mouwevs gamklaveba. SeZlebs ki damoukidebeli Sotlandia sterlingis SenarCunebas londonis mier dawesebuli fiskaluri regulaciebis damorCilebis

britaneTi

joel badi: britaneTis redaqtori, The Economist

britaneTi

msoflio 2014

signali vikingTa morigi TavdasxmisaTvis jon grimondi

miuxedavad imisa, Sotlandia damoukideblobas mxars dauWers Tu ara, orknisa da Setlendis kunZulebi mainc ixeireben

momrCevelTa fardobiTi ricxovnobis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2014 wels damoukideblobis referendumis Sedegebs qveynis mosaxleobis ori mesamediT dasaxlebuli Sotlandiis Sua sartyeli gadawyvets. magram 18 seqtembris referendumamde bevrad ufro adre, gamocdili Tvali mzeras CrdiloeTisken miapyrobs. amis mizezi isaa, rom Sotlandiis navTobis ori mesamedi, romlis meSveobiTac nacionalistebi damoukidebeli qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReobis uzrunvelyofas imedovneben, swored CrdiloeTis kunZulebs miRma moipoveba. miuxedavad imisa, rom orknisa da Setlendis mosaxleoba sul raRac 45 000 kacs Seadgens, maTi poziciis gauTvaliswinebloba windauxedaoba iqneba. miT ufro, rom am ukanasknelT sulac ar surT edinburgeli advokatebis, glazgoeli profkavSirebis warmomadgenlebisa da centralizaciis momxre nacionalistebis miTiTebebiT imarTebodnen. kunZulelebi referendums sakuTari avtonomiis gasamtkiceblad gamoiyeneben. sakuTari xangrZlivi istoriuli

maT arasdros scmiaT `tartani~

gazeTi The Sun skandaluri arsebobis 50wlian iubiles aRniSnavs

2014 mokled

warsulis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic arqeologiuri Zeglebis naSTebis saxiT kunZulebis landSaftzea mimobneuli orkni da Setlendi Sotlandiis saxelmwifosaTvis axali SenaZenia. kunZulebi Sotlandiis nawilad mxolod 1468 wels iqca, roca norvegiisa da daniis mefe kristian pirvelma Sotlandiis mefe jeims mesames qaliSvili miaTxova da isini mziTvis nawilad, `xurdad~ gaayola. dRemde kunZulelebi Tavs norvegielebad miiCneven. yovel SemTxvevaSi maSin, roca maTTvis es momgebiania. isini referendums avtonomiis gasamtkiceblad gamoiyeneben. isini ar metyveleben gelurad, ar icvamen kilts, aqvT TavianTi droSa da dialeqti. maT SeinarCunes damoukidebeli suliskveTeba da Sotlandiis xarbi parlamentis mmarTvelobas Soreuli londonis wes-kanonebs amjobineben. wlebis manZilze kunZulebi Soreuli mmarTvelebisgan daTmobebis mopovebaSi daxelovndnen. TevzWeris uflebebSi (1970-ian wlebSi dawesebuli 12-milioniani limiti), TviTmmarTvelobis (1975 wels, yvela jgufma avtonomiuri sabWo SeinarCuna) da saparlamento olqebis sazRvrebis dadgenisas (eleqtoratis geografiuli areali kanonis unikaluri muxliT ganisazRvreba), orknim da Setlendma specialuri uflebebi moipoves. yvelaze aRsaniSnavi isaa, rom maT arqipelagebidan qveynis ZiriTadi nawilisken navTobis transportirebisaTvis roialtebis miReba daibeves. es sikeTe, romelmac kunZulebis sabWoebis xazina milionobiT girvanqa sterlingiT Seavso, gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi moipoves ‒ swored maSin, roca kunZulebis britaneTidan SesaZlo gasvliT ganpirobebuli politikuri isteria piks aRwevda. am procesis kulminacia 1978 wels daemTxva, roca vestminsterSi SemuSavebuli decentraliza-

neze aqvs gamjdari zomierebis grZnoba. unionistebi xSirad ahyolian gangaSis ritorikas, roca saqme Sotlandiis SesaZlo damoukideblobas exeboda, rac maT politikur intonacias paranoidul da Wirveul elfers sZens. aseT viTarebaSi, gawonasworebuli darlingi upiratesobas moipovebs da debatebs yoveldRiuri rutinis relsebze gadaiyvans. nacionalistebi msuye, damamSvidebel prizs dasjerdebian. 2014 wels, rogorc konservatorebi, ise leiboristebi da liberal-demokratebi, londonidan Sotlandias met avtonomias dahpirdebian. es, umeteswilad, Sotlandiis nacionalisturi partiis xmlebis qarqaSSi Casagebad gakeTdeba, Tumca sazogadoebis moTxovnac iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, radganac SotlandielTa umravlesobas ara damoukidebloba da `status kvos~ SenarCuneba, aramed maTi qveynisaTvis meti uflebebis mopoveba surs. ase Tu ise, Sotlandia sakmaod mSvidad iZens fiskalur

ciis kanonproeqtis mixedviT, Setlendsa da orknis danarCeni SotlandiisaTvis SemoTavazebul instituciur mowyobaze uaris Tqmis SesaZlebloba eZleodaT. sabolood, es reforma Cavarda. 2014 wels Sotlandiidan CrdiloelTa SesaZlo gasvlis Sesaxeb kvlavac alaparakdebian, Tumca axla kunZulebi damoukidebel Sotlandias da ara did britaneTs Tu datoveben. kunZulelebi damoukideblobaze fsonebs ar dadeben, TumcaRa meti uflebebis mopovebas ueWvelad Seecdebian. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, isini Zal-Rones ar daiSureben, gaakontrolon zRvis fskeri, qarisa da zRvis energiis mopovebisa da distribuciis sistema da adgilobrivi resursebis, magaliTad, ‒ TevzWeris fiskaluri komponenti. Sotlandiis nacionalisturma partiam, romelic Sotlandiis parlaments akontrolebs, namdvilad ver SeZlo bevri mokavSiris SeZena tradiciulad liberalur kunZulebze, rac saborne mimosvlis uxarisxo marTvam da policiaze kontrolis centralizebam gamoiwvia. amJamad Sotlandiis parlamentis pozicia Serbilebulia, magram kunZulelebic grZnoben axal SesaZleblobebs. modave mxareTa kamaTSi Carevis gareSe, kunZulelebi xmamaRla fiqroben imaze, Tu ra moimoqmedon Sotlandiis damoukideblobis SemTxvevaSi ‒ miaRwion met avtonomias da darCnen Sotlandiis SemadgenlobaSi, darCnen didi britaneTis SemadgenlobaSi, fareris kunZulebsa da danias, an kunZul mensa da did britaneTs Soris arsebuli mowyobis msgavsad Tu sulac, norvegias daubrundnen? am SesaZleblobebidan arc erTi gulisxmobs `status kvos~ SenarCunebas. ra moxdeba, Tu Sotlandielebi damoukideblobas ar dauWeren mxars? swored ise, rogorc nacionalistebi, aiCeCaven mxrebs da met uflebebs moiTxoven, kunZulelebic imaves moimoqmedeben. am uflebaTa mopovebis Sansebi namdvilad arsebobs. n jon grimondi: mwerali, redaqtori, The Economist

avtonomias. 2015 wels qveyana uZravi qonebis gayidvaze dawesebul saerTobritanul mosakrebels sakuTari gadasaxadiT Caanacvlebs. 2016 wels Sotlandia saSemosavlo gadasaxadis didi nawilis Segrovebas Seudgeba. sxva ganwyobis unionistebi mimdinare movlenebs interesiT daakvirdebian. Sotlandiis didi britaneTis farglebSi SenarCunebis kampaniisgan gansxvavebiT, evrokavSirSi britaneTis darCenis kampania mouwesrigebelia, ar hyavs lideri da evrokavSiris datovebis Semdgomi Sedegebis Sesaxeb isteriuli gafrTxilebebiTaa gadatvirTuli. referendumi evrokavSirSi darCenis Sesaxeb albaT 2017 wels Catardeba. amasobaSi, Sotlandiis damoukideblobis momxre Zalebma ukve saTanado handikapi moipoves. batoni salmondi politikur manevrebSi aSkarad Seaviwroves. n

britaneTi

aRmavloba da vardna riCard devisi

2014 mokled la-manSis srutis gvirabis gaxsnis me-20 wlisTavi aRiniSneba

riCard devisi: `britaneTis ekonomikis~ redaqtori, The Economist

ekonomika ise moZlierdeba, rogorc arasdros, Tumca britanelTa umravlesoba Svebas ver igrZnobs

Rmavlobis kvalobaze, 2014 wels, britanuli ekonomika gamoSvebis uwindel, 2008 wlis piks miaRwevs da 2014-is bolosaTvis gadaaWarbebs kidec mas. sabanko seqtoris pozitiuri axali ambebi ganamtkicebs rwmenas, rom qveynis ekonomikisTvis saukeTeso weliwadia mosalodneli. amave dros, koaliciuri mTavrobis saarCevno samzadisis fonze, britanelTa umravlesoba Tavs warsulSi darCenilad igrZnobs. britaneTis sabiujeto deficiti, mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi, didi oceulis qveynebSi sididiT meore iqneba (mxolod iaponiis sabiujeto deficitia ufro didi). wlis bolosaTvis, saxelmwifos vali pirvelad istoriaSi 1.5 trilion girvanqas (2.4 trilioni dolari) gautoldeba. ase rom, mTavroba gaberili saxelmwifo seqtoris Sekvecas ganagrZobs. amasTan, sistemis udides nawilebs, pensiebsa da jandacvas, aravin Seexeba da xarjebis Semcireba sxvagan ufro mkveTri iqneba. dafinansebis SemcirebiT gamowveul tkivils yvelaze metad adgilobrivi xelisufleba, transporti da xelovneba SeigrZnobs. konservatorTa mTavar taqtikossa da kanclers, jorj ozborns namdvilad sWirdeba pozitiuri siaxleebi am problemaTa gadasafarad. erTi aseTi pozitiuri siaxle sabanko seqtorSi iqneba, romelic gasuli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikis yvelaze problemuri rgoli iyo. safondo birJaze Zveli ‒ TSB bankis ganaxlebuli versiis debiuti Sedgeba. sxva msesxeblebis mier uxarisxo aqtivebis moSorebis kvalobaze, mogeba da kapitaluri rezervebis moculoba gaizrdeba. Tu inglisis banki ganacxadebs, rom isini mzad arian ufro maRali dividendebis gacemis dasawyebad, maTi aqciebis fasebi aiwevs. wlis bolosaTvis saxelmwifos ukve gayiduli eqneba wilebis didi nawilebi im oTx banksa da samSeneblo kooperativSi, romlebic krizisidan gamoixsna. `iafi fuli~ ekonomikas mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi waeSveleba. ipoTeka iafi da xelmisawvdomi iqneba. britanelebis mier meti sacxovrebeli farTis Sesyidvisa da ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebis fonze, uZravi qonebis fasi gaizrdeba. `finansuri buStis~ gabervis SiSiT, inglisis banks saprocento ganakveTis gazrdisken mouwodeben. bankis axali mmarTveli mark qerni aasrulebs dapirebas da ganakveTebs dabal niSnulze datovebs ‒ manam, sanam umuSevroba 7%-ze qvemoT ar daeSveba (rac 2015 wlamde mosalodneli ar aris). dabali ganakveTebi girvanqis siiafes ganapirobebs. britaneTis saeqsporto Sedegebi saSualo iqneba. savaWro firmebi interess aziisken mimarTaven da CineTsa da samxreT koreaSi eqsporti 10%-iT an metad gaizrdeba, magram krizisiT dazaralebul evrozonaSi eqsporti Semcirdeba, xolo germaniasa da safrangeTSi kvlavac sust poziciebze darCeba. 2000-iani wlebis Sua periodSi britanuli eqsportis 60% evrozonaze iyo ganawilebuli. 2014 wlis bolosaTvis es maCvenebeli naxevars Camoscdeba, rac britaneTis evrokavSiridan gamosvlis momxreebs kidev erT arguments Sematebs. ekonomikis zogadi gajansaRebis miuxedavad, britanelTa umetesoba ukmayofilo darCeba. or milionze meti adamiani kvlavac umuSevari iqneba

msoflio 2014 da umuSevroba xelfasebis dabal doneze SenarCunebas ganapirobebs. amave dros, 2008 welTan SedarebiT, 2%-iT gazrdil, Sromisunarian asakSi myofi mosaxleobis ricxovnoba kvlavac ganagrZobs zrdas rumineli da bulgareli SromiTi migrantebis qveyanaSi Semosvlaze, SezRudvebis gauqmebis meSveobiT. mravali dasaqmebuli ufro Raribi gaxdeba, vinaidan xelfasebis zrdis tempi inflacias CamorCeba. `saerToerovnuli namcxvris~ zoma 2014-Si istoriulad yvelaze didi gaxdeba, magram aseve gaizrdeba mosaxleobis ricxvi da TiToeuli moqalaqisTvis gankuTvnili `naWeri~ zomaSi mniSvnelovnad moiklebs (ix. diagrama). 2014 wels, koaliciuri Zalis warmomadgenel politikosebs, romlebic britaneTis mezoblebTan SedarebiT Tavs ukeTesi SedegebiT iwonebdnen, ufro rTuli droeba moeliT. evrokavSiris qveynebi mSp-s aRricxvis axal meTodologiaze gadavlen, rac gaangariSebebSi mSp-s sainvesticio komponentisTvis samecniero da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro saqmianobaze gaweuli xarjebis damatebas gulisxmobs. imis gamo, rom britanelebi farmacevtul produqcias, maRali klasis avtomobilebsa da kompiuterul programebs warmatebiT yidian, maTi pretenziebi msoflio liderobaze usafuZvlo sulac araa. amave dros, britaneTis xarjebi samecniero da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro saqmianobaze bevrad CamorCeba safrangeTisa da germaniisas. statistikuri meTodologiis Secvlis Semdeg, CamorCena kidev ufro aSkara gaxdeba. mSp-s sididis mixedviT, qveyanaTa globalur CamonaTvalSi ukve meSvide adgilze gadasuli braziliis ukan, britaneTis poziciebs ruseTic utevs. amgvarad, britaneTi, kanadisa da italiis msgavsad, didi Svideulis wevrad istoriuli inerciis da ara ekonomikuri gavlenis gamo darCeba.

saSualo moqalaqisTvis gankuTvnili `namcxvris naWeri~ bevrad mcire iqneba, vidre 2008 wels

ukeTesi da uaresi droeba zemoaRniSnuli, savaraudod, mxolod da mxolod aRmavlobis gzaze gaCenili dabrkolebebi aRmoCndeba. axali kreditebiT inspirirebulma xarjvam SesaZloa gamoafxizlos saqmiani wreebi da didi firmebi ‒ naRdi fulis dasawyobebis sanacvlod, investirebis aucileblobaSi daarwmunos. zrdis molodinSi, bankebma SesaZloa gaamartivon mcire firmebis dakreditebis pirobebi ‒ pirvelad, 2009 wlis Semdeg. xelfasebisa da dasaqmebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi, 2015 wels mTavroba maRal notaze Sexvdeboda, magram es ase advili ar iqneba. firmebi muSaxelis rotaciisgan Tavs ikaveben ‒ gaTavisuflebasTan da axali kadrebis ayvanasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis Tavidan asarideblad. did, auTvisebel simZlavreTa fonze, gayidvebis aRmavali dinamika axal dasaqmebulTa ayvanis stimuli ver gaxdeba. es imas niSnavs, rom 2014 weli ucnauri „koqteili“ iqneba: erTi mxriv, damajerebeli zrda maRali umuSevrobiT; meore mxriv, fasebis swrafi da xelfasebis neli zrda. mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi ilaparakeben, rom britaneTi saukeTeso periods daubrunda, xolo opoziciis liderebi momuSaveTa mZime xvedrze moTqmiT dakavdebian. saqme imaSia, rom orive mxare marTali iqneba. n

britaneTi

msoflio 2014

xelixelCakidebulni jeims astili

2014 mokled 2.5 miliard girvanqiani saremonto samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg, gaixsneba `hiTrous~ aeroportis meore terminali, romelic wliurad 20 milion mgzavrs moemsaxureba

jeims astili: politikuri redaqtori, `bejetis~ mesvete, The Economist

liderebis problemebis miuxedavad, koalicia karg formas SeinarCunebs

ravalTa azriT, koalicia weliwadze mets ver gaZlebda, magram meore msoflio omis Semdeg, pirveli britanuli koaliciuri mTavroba TanamSromlobis meoTxe wlis dasasruls ‒ 2014 wels, karg mdgomareobaSi Sexvdeba. konservatori devid kameroni da misi liberal-demokrati moadgile maikl klegi SeTanxmdnen samTavrobo prioritetebze, biujetis deficitis Semcirebasa da sajaro servisebis xarisxis gaumjobesebaze. Tanaarsebobis sicocxlisunarianobaze sakuTari karieris fsonad dadebis Semdeg, es politikosebi Tavs imedianad unda grZnobdnen, ekonomikis gajansaRebis kvalobaze da 2015 wels saerToerovnuli arCevnebis molodinSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ekonomikis gajansaReba prognozirebulze swrafi iqneba, 2014 wels vestminsterSi guneba-ganwyobileba didad ver gaumjobsesdeba. batoni kameroni amjobinebs kidev erTxel gaiazros ekonomikaSi arsebuli didi riskebi. kerZod ‒ fiskaluri deficiti. socialuri xarjebis Semcireba kidev erTi wamyvani politikuri Tema iqneba. es orive sakiTxi konservatorTa Zlier mxareebs warmoadgens, romlebmac rTul periodSi ekonomikis kargi mmarTvelebis reputacia Seiqmnes. amave dros, es sakiTxebi gaufrTxilebeli mflangvelebis reputaciis mqone leiboristTa susti wertilia. rogorc yovelTvis, evropuli sakiTxebi kameronis didi Tavsatexi iqneba. maisSi evropis parlamentSi

frena moskovis Tavze jeremi klifi

`gaxamebuli~ inglisuri ganaTleba mzardi saeqsporto dargi xdeba

014 wels holivudi jadoqari ZiZis Sesaxeb sabavSvo wignis adaptaciis Sedegad gadaRebuli filmis ‒ `meri popinsis~ ekranebze gamosvlis 50-e wlisTavs aRniSnavs. wignis mosaxele filmi ekranebze 1964 wlis 27 agvistos gamovida, Tavankara inglisuriT molaparake msaxiobiT ‒ juli endriusiT, mTavar rolSi. mfrinavi qolgiT londonSi Camosuli meri popinsi misi damqiravebeli, bankirTa gaucxoebuli ojaxis gardaqmnas Seudgeba. filmis prodiuseri uolt disnei kidev ufro bednieri dasasruliT datkba ‒ `meri popinsma~ Semqmnelebs 640 milioni dolaris Semosavali moutana (inflaciaze koreqtirebiT). naxevari saukunis Semdeg ingliselma axalgazrdebma „gaxamebuli“ inglisuri ganaTlebis meSveobiT fulis Sovnis axal gzas miagnes. qveynis saukeTeso universitetebis kursdamTavrebulTaTvis iuridiul firmaSi an bankSi samuSao adgilis dabeveba ase rTuli arasodes yofila. britaneTis ekonomika inertulia

mis partias xmauriani arCevnebi elis. konservatorebi mesame adgils daikaveben, xolo memarjvene-saprotesto, didi pritaneTis damoukideblobis partia (UKIP), romelmac torebs xmebis mniSvnelovani nawili waarTva, gamarjvebas moipovebs. es kvlav ganaaxlebs mis partiaSi erT dros mimdinare evroskeptikur dapirispirebas, romelic partias energiisgan fitavda da romlis moTokvasac kameroni ase Zalumad cdilobda. amave dros, movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam SesaZloa torebs UKIP-Tan SesaZlo aliansze fiqrisken ubiZgos. batoni kameroni, savaraudod, uaryofs, rom warsulSi UKIP-is partias `ucnaur adamianTa, mTvareulTa da farul rasistTa erTobas~ uwodebda, magram misi poziciebi aSkarad Sesustdeba.

maisSi kameronis partias xmauriani arCevnebi elis marcxis aRiareba baton klegsac mouwevs, vinaidan liberal-demokratebi mxolod mcire upiratesobiT ajobeben mwvaneebs da meoTxe adgils daikaveben. magram batoni klegi, sul mcire, SeCveulia im faqts, rom igi maincdamainc ar uyvarT. misi partiis wevrebis daaxloebiT mesamedi leiboristebis banakSi gadabargda. am yvelafris gamo, igi Tavs uadgilod igrZnobs. partia mis ukan dgas, umeteswilad imitom, rom miuxedavad 2015 wels saerToerovnul arCevnebze parlamentSi adgilebis dakargvisa, ZalTa balansis SenarCunebis kargi Sansi mainc aqvs. es yvelaferi imas asaxavs, Tu ramdenad Tanabaria britanuli politikuri brZola. amomrCevelTa xmebis „daxleCvis“ fonze, arc torebs da arc leiboristebs umravlesobis mopovebis Sansi ar gaaCniaT. amas am ori partiis liderTa araCveulebrivi Sedegebi da iRbali dasWirdeba, Tumca 2014 wels amaze fsonis dadeba namdvilad ar Rirs. n

da londonSi umaRlesi klasis profesionalebi mzis qveS kuTvnili adgilis mosapoveblad gaafTrebiT ibrZvian. xelovnebaTmcodneebi Civian, rom saukeTeso samuSao adgilebze dReisaTvis mxolod maTematikosebs, mecnierebsa da ekonomistebs elian. isini sul ufro metad mimarTaven londonis SedarebiT naklebad prestiJul ubnebSi gabneul aRmzrdelTa da repetitorTa saagentoebs. aq samuSaos deficiti namdvilad ar aris da `meri popinsebis~ momsaxureba qveynis eqsportis erT-erTi yvelaze mzardi seqtoria. procesi interviuTi iwyeba. mfrinavi qolgebi aucilebeli ar aris. samagierod, niWierTa maZieblebi saubris daxvewil maneras, uZvelesi universitetebis diplomebs (sasurvelia, kembrijis da oqsfordis), inglisuri eqscentrikulobis Strixebs eZeben. warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, kandidats samuSaoze ganacxadis wardgenis saSualeba eZleva. bazris eqskluziur segments egzotikuri qveynebi da kolorituli damkveTebi ikaveben. sami Tvis dazogva gsurT? SeuerTdiT yazax mozards mamamisis iaxtaze, antibSi. istoriis gakveTilebi diliT da wylis TxilamurebiT sriali SuadRisas. gsurT msoflios naxva? emiris qaliSvils erTwliani Tavisufali drois Sesavsebad, kompanioni sWirdeba. doqtoris xarisx-

is mosapoveblad fuli gWirdebaT? ambiciuri msaxiobi qali olga TveSi erTxel moskovSi TviTmfrinaviT gagamgzavrebT, inglisuri etiketis gakveTilis Casatareblad. amave dros, samuSao SesaZloa mZimec aRmoCndes. marTalia, ganviTarebadi samyaros mdidar moqalaqeebs TavianTi Svilebis inglisuri, daxvewili manerebis mixedviT aRzrda surT, magram Svilebs, da maTac, xandaxan dasaqmebulebisadmi cudi mopyrobac axasiaTebT. samuSaos pirvel dRes, erTi aRmzrdeli msaxurTuxucesma mdidruli sasaxlis mTavari Sesasvlelidan gaaZeva da sxva dros msaxurTa karis gamoyeneba ubrZana. amave dros, autaneli klientebic ver axerxeben moxetiale axalgazrda `meri popinsebis~ enTuziazmis dacxromas. moTxovna maT momsaxurebaze, miwodebas aRemateba. `meri popinsebis~ nawili trabaxobs, rom Cveulebriv samsaxurebSi dasaqmebul megobrebTan SedarebiT, bevrad met gasamrjelos, calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki, kviraSi 1000 girvanqas (1650 dolari) iRebs. magram amave dros, mware abis miRebas, oriode kovzi Saqari namdvilad waadgeba. n jeremi klifi: britaneTis politikuri korespondenti, The Economist

ეკოლოგიურად სუფთა პარკეტის ლაქი კაპაროლისგა ნ

britaneTi

msoflio 2014

moemzadeT mwvervalisken rbolisTvis

d britaneTi konkurenciaSi treningiTa da investiciebiT unda Caebas, Tuki mas ufro samarTlian da produqtiul qveynad gadaqceva surs, - acxadebs leiboristuli partiis lideri ed milibendi

kavSiri ekonomikur zrdasa da rigiTi ojaxebis Semosavlebs Soris darRveulia

Revandeli msoflio uwindelisgan, romelSic Cven vizrdebodiT, bevrad gansxvavdeba, da teqnologiuri, politikuri da kulturuli cvlilebebi axali SesaZleblobebisa da riskebis veeberTela simravles qmnis. magram 2014 wels cvlilebaTa erTi aspeqti debatebis epicentrSi moeqceva. es aspeqti gaxlavT mzardi sxvaoba qveyanaTa simdidresa da mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis Semosavlebs Soris. xangrZlivi drois manZilze politikosebs miaCndaT, rom mzardi keTildReoba yovelTvis ganawildeboda da ekonomikuri zrdis SedegebiT yvela isargeblebda, vinc bevrs muSaobda. ojaxebs ukve SeuZliaT iqonion saxlebi, avtomobilebi da Svebuleba dasvenebisaTvis gamoiyenon, razec wina Taobebi verc ki iocnebebdnen. Cveni ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis wiaRSi arsebobda rwmena, rom Tu Svilebic aseve bevrs iSromebdnen, isini Cvenze ukeTesi cxovrebis pirobebiT isargeblebdnen. es rwmena safuZvlianad Seirya da axla bevri acxadebs, rom momavali Taoba wina Taobaze uaresad icxovrebs. mokled rom vTqvaT, kavSiri ekonomikur zrdasa da rigiTi ojaxebis Semosavlebs Soris darRveulia. 2014 wels politikosTaTvis dasmuli yvelaze mwvave SekiTxva iqneba is, Tu rogor unda aRdges es kavSiri. mraval mdidar qveyanaSi xelfasebis zrdis tempi bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi inflacias CamorCeboda. ase rom, cxovrebis standarti araTu ar izrdeba, mcirdeba kidec. aSS-sa da britaneTSi mosaxleobis sul raRac 1%-iani umciresobis wili mTlian SemosavlebSi bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi orjer da metad gaizarda da Sesabamisad, 14% da 17% Seadgina. 2010 wlis bolos, saerToerovnuli arCevnebis Semdeg, did britaneTSi realuri xelfasebi Tvidan Tvemde mcirdeboda. 2014 wels, cxovrebis xarjebis yvelaze mZafri krizisis pirobebSi, adamianebi ufro mets imuSaveben saimisod, rom naklebi miiRon. 2014 wels, imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor gaumjobesdes mosaxleobis umetesobis cxovrebis standartebi, gadamwyveti debatebi gaimarTeba. magram es ara mxolod imitom moxdeba, rom qveynis simdidris ganawileba ufro samarTliania. es imasac ukavSirdeba, Tu ramdenad warmatebulni viqnebiT, rogorc eri da ramden xans gastans ekonomikuri aRmavloba, vinaidan mxolod maSin, roca momuSaveni Tavs komfortulad grZnoben, qveyanac myarad dgas fexze. vacnobiereb, rom qmedebaTa areali didad SezRuda 2007 wels dawyebulma finansurma krizisma. britaneTis mTavrobam, rogorc bevrma sxvam msoflioSi, unda Seamciros sabiujeto deficiti, da me vici, rom dReisaTvis saxarjavad bevrad naklebi resursia xelmisawvdomi. amis sapirispirod, debatebis mTavari Tema unda gaxdes is, Tu rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas da gadavWraT cxovrebis standartis krizisi samuSao adgilebis SeqmniT, biznesis mxardaWeriT, unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebiTa

da privilegirebuli interesebis daZleviT. 2014 wels sul ufro mets gavigebT globaluri Sejibris Sesaxeb, magram iseT qveynebSi, rogoric, magaliTad, britaneTia, unda gadawydes, aris Tu ara es Sejibri mwvervalisken, an fskerisken. Cemi azriT, ar unda CavebaT SejibrSi, sadac qveynebis mizani yvelaze dabali xarisxis unar-Cvevebis umciresi xelfasebiT anazRaurebaa, vinaidan ukve varT im eraSi, sadac treningi da investicia yvelaze mets niSnavs. mimaCnia, rom Cven da Cveni msgavsi qveynebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gaimarjveben, Tu mwvervalisken rbolaSi Caebmebian. es niSnavs Sejibrs maRali donis unar-CvevebSi da grZelvadian investiciebSi. aseve, mTeli msofliodan saukeTeso biznesebis mozidvaSi, vinaidan isini aq msoflio klasis samuSao Zalisa da kargi infrastruqturis gamosayeneblad modian. am rbolaSi gamarjveba britaneTis mcire da saSualo biznesis energiis gamoTavisuflebas da ara mxolod did kompaniebze dayrdnobas niSnavs. amave dros, sabanko reforma ise unda warimarTos, rom grZelvadiani dafinanseba xelmisawvdomi gaxdes ara mxolod axali kompaniebisaTvis, aramed regionuli da globaluri ekonomikisaTvis. aseve, unda wavaxalisoT grZelvadiani ganviTareba, kompaniaTa Serwymisa da korporaciuli marTvis kanonmdeblobis gadasinjviT. es ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli dabrkolebebis moxsnasac niSnavs. maT Soris â&#x20AC;&#x2019; gazisa da eleqtroenergiis bazarze, sadac eqvsiode msxvili kompania milionobiT britanul biznessa da aTeulobiT milion momxmarebels produqts metismetad Zvirad awvdis. dawinaurebuli qveynebi globalur SejibrSi axali tipis iseTi ekonomikis SeqmniT Caebmebian, romelic mTeli mosaxleobis, da ara mxolod misi, 10%-is interesebs emsaxureba.

maRali miznebi da maRali fsonebi 2014 wlis ganmavlobaSi britaneTSi unda gadawydes, ra tipis rbolaSi vapirebT gamarjvebas, vinaidan fskerisken rbolaSi mxolod mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis marcxis SemTxvevaSi gavimarjvebT. es gadaudebeli kamaTis sagania, vinaidan fsonebi Cemi qveynisa da misi milionobiT moqalaqisaTvis uaRresad maRalia. mjera, rom SevZlebT iseTi ekonomikis aSenebas, romelic aRadgens kavSirs qveynis simdidresa da am simdidris Semqmnel milionobiT moqalaqes Soris. es mTeli msoflios progresuli mTavrobebis sazrunavi unda gaxdes. aseve im mTavrobisac, romlis xelmZRvanelobas me vimedovneb. es swored isaa, Tu rogor unda ganviTardes britaneTi da miaRwios ukeTes momavals, rac qveynis gacilebiT samarTlian mowyobas da met produqtiulobas niSnavs. igi unda gaxdes qveyana, sadac keTildReoba moqalaqeTa Soris nawildeba da romlis axali mowyobac didxans gastans. n

msoflio 2014 aseve seqciaSi: karl mexuTe Carlzis pirispir 36 merkeli SuaSi 39 mxolod SesaZlebelia... 39

evropa

safrangeTis siurprizi 40 CaZirva Tu curva? 41 TineijerTa brazi 42 erdoRanis dilema 43 putinis pauza 44

ufro naklebi enTuziazmiT Caring less xmis amomrCevelTa ricxvi, registrirebul amomrCevelTa % evroparlamentis arCevnebSi Turnoutmimcem at European Parliament elections, % of registered voters

EU 12 EU

1984

1989

1994

1999

1979

50%

57%

58%

59%

62%

45%

2004

43%

2009

2014

Source: European Parliament *Number ofricxvi member states wyaro: evroparlamenti *wevri qveynebis

antievropuli SekiTxva anton la guardia briuseli

am erTxel, maisis evropis arCevnebi mniSvnelovani iqneba rogorc evrokavSirisTvis, ise misi wevri qveynebisTvis

evropa aRniSnavs napoleonis pirveli datyvevebis 200 wlis iubiles (erTi wlis Semdeg is meored daatyveves, elbadan gamoqcevis mere)

veulebriv, saerToevropuli arCevnebi mosawyenia xolme da moklebulia erovnuli politikis dramas an adgilobrivi arCevnebis gadaudeblobas. evrokavSirSi politikuri saqmianoba imdenad rTulia, rom saparlamento balansi mxolod umniSvnelo gansxvavebiT iqmneba. cota adamians Tu SeuZlia evroparlamentis deputatis dasaxeleba Tavisi qveynidan da parlamenti metwilad mogzaurobs Tavis or mSobliur qalaqs ‒ briuselsa da strasburgs Soris, „moxetiale cirkis“ yvela „atributiT“. am SemTxvevaSi, gasakviri araa, rom arCevnebSi monawileobis maCvenebeli yovel jerze ecema 1979 wlis Semdeg, rodesac evropuli arCevnebi pirvelad gaimarTa (ix. grafa). konkurencia 2014 wlis maisSi gansxvavebuli iqneba. evrozonis kriziss amomrCevlisTvis mniSvneloba aqvs ‒ es iqneba movale qveynebi, rogoricaa saberZneTi an kreditori saxelmwifoebi, rogoricaa fineTi, an evrozonis arawevri qveynebi. magaliTad, britaneTi. evrokratebi seriozulad erevian evrozonis ekonomikebSi, rac demokratiasTan mimarTebaSi seriozul SekiTxvebs badebs. ise rom, arCevnebi evropuli proeqtisadmi, ndobis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani testi iqneba. evrofilebs ori koSmari aqvT: erTi, rom aqtivoba kidev ufro daecema (aqtivoba wina arCevnebSi mxolod 43% iyo); meore ‒ evrokavSiris winaaRmdeg Zlier dapirispirebas eqneba adgili. gaCndeba ten-

dencia, rom umciresobaSi myofi partiebi ufro warmatebulebi aRmoCndnen evropul arCevnebSi, radgan xalxi met Tavisuflebas igrZnobs, rom gulis karnaxiT misces xma. populistebi, antiemigrantebi da yvela juris radikali partiebi, romlebic xSirad mxolod evrokavSiris siZulviliT arian gaerTianebuli, sargebels naxaven. realuri SekiTxvaa, Tu ramdenad Zlierebi iqnebian isini. parlamentis erTi-mexuTedi? meoTxedi? iqneb mesamedi? geert vilderis „Tavisuflebis partiam“ holandiaSi, marine le penis „erovnulma frontma“ safrangeTSi da naijel farajis „damoukideblobis partiam“ did britaneTSi SesaZloa yvelaze meti xma miiRon arCevnebSi TavianT qveynebSi. finelebis partia da alternativa germaniisTvis aseve warmatebuli iqneba. strasburgsa da briuselSi radikalebi ecdebian Signidan Ziris gamoTxras ara marto evropuli sistemisTvis, aramed daupirispirdebian garedanac – erovnul meinstrim partiebs. sasowarkveTil evroskeptikosebs mcire gavlena hqondaT kanonmdeblobaze, magram isini moxerxebulad iyeneben evropis asambleas, rogorc tribunas. ise rom, evroskeptikosebis yvelaze didi gavlena iqneba arapirdapiri, Tumca erovnuli politikis doneze. savaraudod, susti mTavrobebi ufro metad SeeewinaaRmdegebian evrointegracias. magaliTad, waaxaliseben muSaTa Tavisufal gadaadgilebas, gaaZliereben erTian bazars, moaxdenen sagareo vaWrobis liberalizacias da gaiziareben finansur riskebs evros stabilizaciisTvis. Sengenis uvizo sivrce gansakuTrebiT mowylvadi iqneba. britaneTis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb referendumis gamarTvaze zemoqmedeba gaizrdeba. es yvelaferi zrdis imis mniSvnelobas, Tu vin

2014 mokled

anton la guadia: korespodenti evrokavSirSi da `karlos didis~ rubrikis mesvete, The Economist

evropa

2014 mokled

SeirCeva maRal postebze, briuselSi arCevnebis Semdgom: evrokomisiis prezidentebi (evrokavSiris samoqalaqo servisi) da evrosabWo (liderebiT warmodgenili), aseve ‒ sagareo politikis xelmZRvaneli (romelsac moixsenieben, rogorc umaRles warmomadgenels). Sereulad iqnebian warmodgenili monetarul saqmeTa komisari da savaraudod, mogvianebiT, evrojgufis finansTa ministrebis prezidenti. NATO-s momavali generaluri mdivnis postic aseve vaWrobis Tema iqneba.

somxeTi da azerbaijani aRniSnaven mTian yarabaRSi cecxlis Sewyvetis 20 wlisTavs

msoflio 2014

briuseli saxelebiT TamaSobs evrofilebs surT, rom procesi ufro Ria politikuri iyos. komisiis prezidenti xose manuel barozo wamoayenebs winadadebebs evrokavSiris xelSekrulebebis Secvlis Sesaxeb, im mizniT, rom sabolood Seiqmnas `erovnuli saxelmwifoebis federacia. mTavari evropuli politikuri `ojaxebi~ ‒ erovnuli partiebis koaliciebi, romlebic saparlamento muSaobis procesSi dominantur rols asruleben, gegmaven, rom misi mowodeba aitacon da `saprezidento~ barozos Sesacvlelad, kandidatebisTvis kampania gaaCaRon. erovnuli arCevnebis imitaciis mizania sazogado interesisa da evrokavSiris demokratiulobis mandatis gazrda da erovnuli mTavrobebidan Zalauflebis gadatana zeerovnul doneze. Tumca es migviyvans mwvave dapirispirebamde parlamentsa da mTavrobebs Soris, imis Taobaze, Tu vin unda airCios da vin unda akontrolos komisiis xelmZRvaneli (xelSekruleba bundovania). kandidatebis raodenoba wesiT unda SeizRudos briuselelebamde; amJamindelma premierministrebma SesaZloa TavianT samuSaoze uari ar Tqvan sarisko evropuli arCevnebis imedze. martin Sulci, evroparlamentis agresiuli prezidenti, favoritia da gaxdeba centristul-me-

karl mexuTe Carlzis pirispir frederik Studemani

rogor aRvniSnoT karlos didis dRe

vropis mama~ erT-erTia im saxelebs Soris, rasac uwodeben karlos pirvels an karl diads an mis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul saxels ‒ Sarlemans. dasavleT romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg gamefebuli mravalsaukunovani qaosisa da daqucmacebulobis Semdeg, frankTa mefis saxels ukavSirdeba politikuri gaerTianeba, stabilurobis aRdgena da inteleqtualuri da kulturuli renesansi. papis mier kurTxeuli imperatoris teritoriebi dasavleT evropis did nawils moicavda. dRes mas isakuTreben frangebica da germanelebic, xolo misi saxeli rCeba didebuli kontinenturi ambiciis sinonimad. ise rom, arsebobs mizezi, 2014 wlis 28 ianvars misi gardacvalebidan 1200 wlisTavi aRiniSnos. germanuli qalaqi aaxeni, romelic karlos didis imperiis dedaqalaqi da misi saboloo gansasvenebeli adgilia, umaspinZlebs gamofenebis

marcxene qolgis, evropeli socialistebis partiis kandidati. mosalodnelia, rom „memarjvene-centristuli“ evropis saxalxo partia (esp) SeinarCunebs udides dajgufebas, Tumca mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. 2009 wels „evropis saxalxo partiam“ batoni barozo airCia liderad (roca movaleobas asrulebda). amjerad, partiis warmomadgenlebi naklebad mimzidvelni arian: vivien redingi ‒ TviTreklamirebuli iusticiis komisari da maikl bernieri ‒ erTiani bazris komisari. ase rom, evropis sabWo, sadac „esp“ dominanti Zalaa, ueWvelad ecdeba, sakuTari kadri daniSnos: SesaZloa, es iyos poloneli donald tuski, irlandieli enda keni, fineli iurki keteineni an latvieli valdis dombrovskisi. evropeli socialistebis partiis warmomadgenel premier-ministrebs Soris maT SesaZloa airCion danieli hele torning-Smidti an italieli enriko leta. iseve, rogorc bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi, germaniis kancleris angela merkelis azri gadamwyveti iqneba. premier-ministri SesaZloa daarwmunon, rom Riad awarmoos kampania da ara daxurul kars miRma, Tuki mas garantia eqneba, rom marcxis SemTxvevaSi is evrosabWos prezidenti gaxdeba. darCenili postebi SesaZloa gadawydes rTuli da xSirad usiamovno politikuri balansis TamaSiT: politikur ojaxebs Soris, CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs, Zvel da axali wevr qveynebs da gansxvavebul sqesebs Soris. Tuki evrozonis figurebi or did saprezidento posts miiReben, maSin sagareo politikis posti SesaZloa ergos araevropel aRmosavleTels, rogoricaa poloneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri radek sikorski. am vaWrobis miRma mTavrobebma da politikurma partiebma SesaZloa momgebiani poziciebi Seiqmnan imaze ukeTesi komisrebisa da parlamentis wevrebis SerCeviT, vidre arafriT gamorCeuli biurokratebi arian. n

trios, saxelwodebiT `Zalaufleba, xelovneba da saganZuri~. mTavar eqsponatebs Sorisaa lorSis saxarebebi, daxvewili, sxivmosili xelnaweri spilos Zvlis ydiT. saxarebebi dayofili iyo sam nawilad da inaxeboda vatikanSi, viqtoriasa da albertas muzeumSi da beTianeumis biblioTekaSi, rumineTSi. amjerad isini dResaswaulis aRniSvnis faqtis gamo Tavs moiyris aaxenSi. organizatorebi aRniSnaven, rom es aris gansakuTrebuli magaliTi kulturuli gamoxatulebisa da eZRvneba imis gaanalizebas, ris popularizaciasac karlosi eweoda. pirvelad ar xdeba, rodesac karloss uxmoben evropelebis axali Taobis STagonebisTvis. yovel axal aTwleuls axali SesaZleblobebi moaqvs didebuli kacis gasaxseneblad da dRevandelobisTvis gakveTilebis misaRebad. dRes, rodesac evropa ebrZvis evrokriziss da enTuziazmi kontinenturi gaerTianebis `proeqtis~ mimarT dasustebulia, evrofilebi amis saWiroebas yvelaze metad axla xedaven. erT-erTi istorikosis, aaxenis gamofenebis sulisCamdgmelis maqs kernerisTvis, saswavli kidev bevria mogzauri imperatoris `moZravi Zalauflebis~ sistemidan, romlis drosac

Sens ocnebebSi, briuseli

igi iseve gadaadgildeboda mis teritoriebze, rogorc dRevandeli liderebi dafrinaven briuselsa da erovnul dedaqalaqebs Soris. evropelebma aseve SesaZloa iswavlon karlosisgan saerTo damwerlobis da valutis warmoCena da aseve unarebi, rogor SemoierTon sxvadasxva tomebi da xalxebi iseT sistemaSi, sadac maT ufleba eqnebaT SeinarCunon zogierTi gavlena imis Sesaqmnelad, rasac batoni kerneri uwodebs `erTianobas gansxvavebulobaSi~. STamagonebeli da ucnauria, rom aaxenis RonisZiebebi iseTi germanuli movlenebia, romelSic franguli wvlili ar aris. rogorc kerneri ambobs, frangebma gadawyvites, `fokusi gaekeTebinaT~ pirveli msoflio omis asi wlisTavis aRniSvnaze. roca saqme exeba didi istoriuli momentebis aRniSvnas, karlos didis Svilebi rCebian ufro gansxvavebulebi, vidre gaerTianebulebi. n frederik Studemani: komentarebisa da analizis redaqtori, Financial Times

Robert Bosch LTD Power Tools Lermontov #18, Tbilisi Tel: +995 32 251 00 73

merkeli SuaSi andreas kluti berlini

germaniis dominanti centristebi populizmis zrdas gadaawydebian

ermaniis gareT gabatonebuli azria, rom angela merkeli, romelic 2005 wlidan germaniis kancleria da savaraudod, 2017 wlamde an mis merec iqneba, qveyanas ise marTavs, TiTqos amerikis an safrangeTis prezidenti iyos. is, rom gamoicno germaniis da Tundac, mTeli evrozonis momavali, gulisxmobs gamoicno, saiT surs wasvla merkels. Tumca, es aris germanuli politikis araswori aRqma, rasac naTeli 2014 wels moefineba. ramdenadac merkeli warmatebulia zustad imitom, rom is ki ar winamZRolobs, aramed xels uwyobs konsensusis formirebas, romelsac germaniaSi yovelTvis centrSi aqvs adgili. stabiluri Sualedis Zieba omisSemdgomi germanuli politikuri kulturis gamorCeuli maxasiaTebelia. ramdenadac amerikuli politika xSirad centridanuli daZabulobiT xasiaTdeba, romlis drosac respublikelebi da demokratebi sxvadasxva mxares miiweven, germanuli politika aris centralizaciis maZiebeli Zalebis nazavi, sadac yvela ZiriTadi partia centris dasakaveblad ibrZvis. germaniis 2013 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Semdgomi areulobis periodi, romlis Sedegebic jer kidev ar iyo cnobili, da maSin, roca `msoflio 2014 wels~ daibeWda, namdvili gakveTili gaxldaT. erTi mxriv, germanelebis mcire umravlesobam xma misca centristul-memarjvene partiebs. meore mxriv, germaniis specifikuri saarCevno kanonis wyalobiT, adgilebis mcire umravlesoba sam memarcxene partias Sexvda. angela merkelis sakuTari partia iyo yvelaze Zlieri, Tumca mis bunebriv koaliciis partniors, patara probiznes partias parlamentis datoveba mouwia. Sedegad, memarcxeneebi da memarjveneebi CixSi aRmoCndnen da merkels dasWirda eTanamSromla romelime memarcxene-centristul partiasTan. ise rom, tradiciuli pozis Semdeg, yvela isev SuaSi xvdeba erTmaneTs. es ki is adgilia, sadac merkeli brwyinavs. mas metwilad ar aqvs ideologia, SeuZlia gadaixaros rogorc marjvniv, ise marcxniv ‒ rogorc mosaxerxebelia. misi pirveli ori vadis dros is memarcxeneebisken ixreboda, teqnikuri mizezebis gamo, da warmatebuladac. memarcxene partiebi droebiT centrs miRma darCnen, maT sazianod. 2014 wels mwvaneTa partia xelaxal formirebas ganicdis da Camoyalibdeba, rogorc centristuli, da ara memarcxene partia, romelic fokusirebulia ekologiaze, magram mtrulad ar uyurebs bizness.

merkelis genialuroba is gaxlavT, rom yvela es `Sef-mzareuli~ `samzareuloSi~ daakavos, iqaurobis usafrTxoeba daicvas, da `kulinaria~ cotaTi saxalisoc ki gaxados. amis Tanmdevi centristuli kompromisis upiratesobaa isaa, rom politikas zomierebis tendencia aqvs. erTi uaryofiTi mxare germaniis politikis provincializmia. erTaderTi fundamenturi cvlileba, rac 2014 wels moxdeba, daiZreba partiidan `alternativa germaniisTvis~, romelic sul axlaxan, 2013 wels dafuZnda. is Riad evrocentristulia da iTxovs evrozonis `mowesrigebul~ daSlas, rac amsxvrevs omisSemdgom germanul tabus. mkafiod gamoxatuli populistebis meTaurobiT, igi 2013 wels parlamentSi `gaZvra~. 2014 wels, `alternativa~, savaraudod, evropul parlamentSi aRmoCndeba, rac SemdgomSi, partias qveynis arCevnebSi ufro did gamarjvebebamde miiyvans da albaT, 2017 wels, federalur parlamentSi adgilebs moapovebinebs.

2014 mokled ramdenjerme gadadebis Semdeg, berlinis 2.5 miliardevroiani (3.4 miliardi dolari) brandenburgis aeroporti ixsneba

yuradRebis centri

marjvniv am axali Zalis arseboba, rogorc aracentristuli alternativisa, rasac misi saxelic gulisxmobs, gaivlis Sualedis Zebnis germanuli politikuri kulturis gamocdas. sabednierod, merkeli idealurad Seefereba TavdacviTi tipis liderobas. misi gamowveva 2014 wels is gaxlavT, rom ganamtkicos centri, raTa mas daSlis safrTxe ar daemuqros. n

kompromisis momzadeba germaniis pasuxebi evros krizisze da mis problemebze (romelTa Sorisaa gadaberebuli mosaxleoba da garTulebuli gadasvla ganaxlebad energiebze) politikur centrSi gamocxveba. bevri `Sef-mzareuli~ `qvabs mourevs~. erT-erTi iqneba horst Siihoferi ‒ merkelis centristul-memarjvene banakis bavariuli ganStoebis popularuli lideri. sxvebi iqnebian social-demokratebi an mwvaneebi. kidev iqneba henelor krafti ‒ social-demokrati premieri CrdiloeT-reinis vestfaliidan, romelsac gavlena aqvs germaniis 16 miwis sabWoebSi. maT Soris kidev bevrni arian. „samzareulo“ gadaWedili iqneba maSinac ki, Tu merkeli klientebs karTan Seegebeba.

evropa

msoflio 2014

mxolod SesaZlebelia… katalonielebi oficialurad konsultaciebs gadian damoukideblobaze da kenWs uyrian espaneTisgan gaTavisuflebas. skeptikosebisa da uaxloesi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, ambiciuri saprivatizacio programa saberZneTSi faqtobrivad iwyeba. Raribuli da `ucxvirpiro~ servisis gamo gakritikebuli `reineari~ ufro Tavaziani xdeba momxmareblebis mimarT.

andreas kluti: berlinis biuros ufrosi, The Economist

evropa

2014 mokled

safrangeTis siurprizi

bosniis, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos, pirveli aRweris Sedegebi qveyndeba

sofia pederi: parizis biuros ufrosi, The Economist

sofia pederi parizi

uRimRamo wels erovnuli fronti ayvavdeba

omavali weli safrangeTSi politikur Soks moitans, romelic RirebulebaTa gadafasebisken ubiZgebs memarcxeneebsac da memarjveneebsac. martSi, qveynis 36 000 komunaSi eleqtorati airCevs merebs da adgilobriv sabWoebs, xolo Semdeg, maisSi ‒ moadgileebs evropul parlamentSi. socialisti prezidentis fransua olandis am pirveli saarCevno testis dros, marin le penis ultramemarjvene nacionalisturi fronti mediis yuradRebis epicentrSi moxvdeba, radganac Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenebs sayovelTao imedgacruebas da gulgatexilobas. safrangeTSi sirTuleebis uaryofa gzas gauxsnis olandis mier am sirTuleebis marTvasTan dakavSirebiT iluziebis gaqrobas. saarCevno kampaniis dros misi mTavari dapirebebi iyo mkacri ekonomikuri politikis dasruleba, umuSevrobis Semcireba, mdidrebis dabegvra da `franguli ocnebis xelaxali STagoneba~. mimdinare fiskaluri konsolidaciis, 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi umuSevrobis udidesi maCveneblisa da uRimRamo ekonomikuri zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT, frangebi Tavs imedgacruebulad igrZnoben. mdidrebisTvis dawesebuli 75-procentiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ZalaSi Seva, romelsac kompaniebi gadaixdian xelfasebze daricxuli damatebiTi dabegvris saxiT. Tumca, 3 miliardi evros (oTxi miliardi dolari) Rirebulebis axali gadasaxadebis SemoRebis wyalobiT, rac daemata ufro maRal dRg-s da axal wesebs (romlebic ufro met ojaxs gadaiyvans saSemosavlo gadasaxadis sistemaze), yvelas eqneba gancda, rom mis safuleSi iqeqebian. gamokiTxvebSi olandis reitingi axal rekordul maCveneblamde daecema. es ukmayofileba socialistebs didi qalaqebis meriebSi monopoliebs daakargvinebs da memarjveneebs warmatebis Sanss miscems. erT-erTi rTuli brZola iqneba parizis meris postze arCevnebis bolo turi, sadac mxolod mdedrobiTi sqesi iqneba warmodgenili. arCevnebi erTmaneTs daupirispirebs socialist municipalitetis TanamSromel ana idalgos da axalgazrda memarjvene-centrist natali kosiuskomorizets, romelic yofili prezidentis nikola sarkozis dros ministrad msaxurobda. qalaqSi, romelic marcxniv ixreba, Sansebi idalgos mxaresaa. Tumca, saarCevno miRwevebi memarjveneebis sasargeblod, ver gadaWris dapirispirebis problemas or savaraudo liders ‒ memarjvene-centristuli `popularuli moZraobis kavSiris~ (UMP) bosis Jan-fransua kopesa da yofil premier-ministrs fransua filons Soris. batoni sarkozica da batoni alen Jupec ‒ kidev erTi yofili premier-ministri ‒ am pirquS speqtakls yuradRebiT miadevneben Tvals da sakuTar arCevans Riad ganacxadeben. Tumca, yvelaze did Secbunebas nacionaluri fronti gamoiwvevs. man SeiZleba did qalaqebSi ver gaimarjvos, magram garantirebuli eqneba adgilebi adgilobriv sabWoebSi, Tavisi axalgazrda kandidatebisTvis soflebsa da dabebSi, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeT safrangeTsa da samxreT nawilSi da aseve, ramdenime mersac gaiyvans. evropul arCevnebSi nacionalurma frontma SesaZloa pirveli adgilic daikavos qveynis masStabiT wilis mixedviT. es simboluri Sedegi safrangeTs Searyevs. erovnuli frontis gauvnebelyofis qalbaton le peniseuli

msoflio 2014 strategia amomrCevels moizidavs rogorc memarjvene, ise yofili memarcxene komunistebis flangidan. fronti apelirebas gaakeTebs parizis ganyenebuli elitis mimarT sayovelTao undoblobaze, gaaqtiurebul evroskepticizmze da ekonomikur problemebze, aseve SiSebze kriminogenuli situaciis, migraciis, boSebisa da islamis gamo. Tavisi telegenurobisa da satelevizio xmaliviT Zlieri? gamosvlebis gamo, aseve gaazrebuli Txrobis maneriT, qalbatoni le peni aRibeWdeba gonebaSic da saarCevno biuletenebSic 2014 wels. Tavs datexilma saarCevno imedgacruebam SesaZloa olandi mTavrobis daTxovnaze acdunos. amJamindeli premier-ministris Jan mark oros alternativaa manuel valsi ‒ popularuli da ambiciuri Sinagan saqmeTa ministri. Tumca batoni oro ar warmoadgens safrTxes olandisTvis ‒ ise rom, igi SesaZloa mis politikur matarebels gamoebas. is aseve ecdeba, SeinarCunos arnod monteburi ‒ gamomwvevad cnobili mrewvelobis ministri mTavrobaSi, sadac misi provokaciebi baton olands nakleb zians miayenebs. pier moskovicma ‒ finansTa ministrma, SesaZloa uxelmZRvanelos evrokomisias briuselSi, xolo biujetis ministri bernard sezenevi SesaZloa daawinauron.

dafiqrebis droa erovnuli dasustebis Jams erovnuli frontis triumfi daemateba frangul TviTanalizs. germaniis da angela merkelis aRorZinebis pirobebSi, safrangeTi Seecdeba Seeguos umcrosi partnioris rols aliansSi, romelic odesRac Tanasworebs aerTianebda. 2014 wels safrangeTs gauWirdeba biujetis deficitis Semcireba, Tundac umartives, 3.6-procentian gegmamde. saxelmwifo vali mSp-s 95 procentamde gaizrdeba. aseTi daZabuloba gverdze gadaideba sul mcire cota xniT, rodesac germania SeuerTdeba safrangeTis mier pirveli msoflio omis (romelSic safrangeTma 1.3 milionze meti jariskaci dakarga) dawyebis 100 wlisTavis aRniSvnas. maTi xsovnisadmi miZRvnili seriozuli RonisZiebebi, maT Soris, marnis brZolis inscenireba, wlis mTavari movlenebi iqneba. socialistebi aseve gaixseneben partiis damfuZnebels da pacifists Jin Joress, romelic msoflio omis dasawyisSi mokles. mokavSire msoflio liderebis TandaswrebiT, safrangeTi svord biCze normandiaSi gadmosxmis 70 wlis iubiles izeimebs, romelmac saTave daudo faSistebisagan qveynis gaTavisuflebas. safrangeTi aRiarebs amerikis mimarT am vals im dros, rodesac baton olands Sin dascinian, radgan man amerikas neba darTo siriis mimarT franguli sagareo politika Seeviwrovebina. safrangeTis damoukideblobis ganmtkicebis mZafrma survilma SesaZloa baton olands ubiZgos agresiuli poziciis dakavebisken rTul wertilebSi, rogoricaa centraluri afrikis respublika ‒ zustad ise, rogorc igi moiqca maliSi 2013 wels. sazRvargareT aseTi gambedaoba, savaraudod momentalurad gazrdis safrangeTis sidiades. Tumca es ver ixsnis olandis reitings gamokiTxvebSi, da mxolod xazs gausvams mis daJinebul da gamanadgurebel sifrTxiles, Sin reformebi gaataros. n

CaZirva Tu curva? giles tremleti madridi

espaneTi cdilobs, gadarCes da ar daiSalos

oias cnobili tilos ‒ `naxevraddamxrCvali ZaRlis~ msgavsad, espaneTic mxolod Tavs daiWers wylis zedapirze 2014 wels. xuTwliani ormagi recesia dasrulda. Tumca, SeZlebs ki espaneTi sruli gajansaRebis napiramde micuros Tu isev wyalSi CaeSveba? fasiani qaRaldebis bazrebs espaneTis mimarT ndoba ubrundebaT da evrokavSiri nel-nela arbilebs Tavisi simkacris marwuxebs. Tumca mTavrobis deficitis mSp-is 5.8 procentamde Semcirebis Zalisxmeva 2014 wels mcire ekonomikur zrdas niSnavs. es, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs cota (Tu saerTod iqna) damatebiT samuSao adgilebs iseT qveyanaSi, sadac yoveli meoTxe Sromisunariani usaqmodaa. xolo dasaqmebis gareSe yvelaferi, Sida moTxovnidan dawyebuli, socialur simSvidemde, myifea. ori SemaSfoTebeli tendencia gaizrdeba: emigracia da espaneTis ganaxlebuli statusi ‒ rogorc qveynisa, romelic ufro met fuls iRebs sazRvargareT mcxovrebi espanelebisgan, vidre espaneTSi mcxovrebi emigrantebi ugzavnian ojaxebs. Tumca, sul mcire, espaneTs SeuZlia axla koncentrireba moaxdinos ekonomikis mSeneblobaze, vidre, ubralod, ekonomikis vardna SeaCeros. es moiTxovs

albaTobis Teoria jon huperi romi

italiis weli ricxvebSi

amomdinare iqidan, rom italiasTan dakavSirebiT raimes gamocnoba SeuZlebelia, Cven gadavwyviteT es statistikuri albaTobis moSveliebiT vcadoT. fexburTis msoflio Cempionati kargi adgilia dakvirvebis dasawyebad. dRemde 19 Cempionati Catarda da italiam oTxi maTgani moigo. ise rom, lurjebs xuTidan erTze cota meti Sansi aqvT Tasis maRla asawevad. da aseve, isini rvajer mividnen naxevarfinalamde da eqvsjer ‒ finalSi. ise rom, maT aqvT TiTqmis Tanabari Sansi, moxvdnen bolo oTxeulSi da Tuki es ase iqneba, maSin mosalodnelia, rom SeZleben finalSic aRmoCndnen. aq maT SesaZloa moigon kidec (rac SeZles eqvsidan oTx SemTxvevaSi). Tumca, moiTmineT ‒ msoflio Cempionati braziliaSi tardeba, xolo brazilia sakmaod kargad TamaSobs fexburTs. sabednierod, ekonomika ufro martivia. italiam gauZlo meore msoflio omis Semdeg yvelaze grZel recesias. vardnam fskers miaRwia da zrda daiwyo 2013 wlis SuaSi, ise rom, is albaT 2014 wels dasruldeba, savaraudod 0.2%-iani zrdiT. Tumca italielebs mainc siRaribis gancda gahyvebaT. italiis ekonomikam 2011 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi daiwyo Semcireba ‒ mxolod ori wlis Semdeg mas mere, rode-

evropa

msoflio 2014

`Sida devalvacias~, rac gulisxmobs xelfasebis, pensiebisa da sabinao fasebis Semdgom vardnas. eqsporti zrdis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala iqneba. Tuki samuSao adgilebisa da ojaxebis Semosavlebis gaumjobeseba ar moxdeba, maSin centristulmemarjvene saxalxo partiis lideri, premier-ministri mariano raxoi problemebis winaSe aRmoCndeba. sayovelTao arCevnebi espaneTSi 2015 wlis bolos aris dagegmili. gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs, rom partiis mxardaWera mcirdeba. Tumca socialisturi opoziciis saqmec aseve cudadaa. maisSi, evropuli parlamentis arCevnebi iqneba signali imisa, Tu rogori qaoturi panorama elis momaval parlaments, ramdenadac umciresobis partiebi warmatebas aRweven. 2014 wlis seqtemberSi mdidari katalonia xmamaRla aRniSnavs 300 wlisTavs im faqtidan, rodesac centralizebul monarqs TviTmmarTvelobis didi nawili waarTves. regionulma premierma artur masim piroba dado, rom 2014 wlis ganmavlobaSi konsultaciebs moawyobs damoukideblobis Temaze. batoni raxoi uars ambobs amisTvis uflebis micemaze (Tumca yvelas mzera Sotlandiisken iqneba mimarTuli, sadac seqtemberSi, damoukideblobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, arCevnebi imarTeba). mcdelobebi, rom regionuli arCevnebi, romelic SeiZleba 2 wliT adre gadmoiwios da 2014 wels gaimarTos, gadaiqces plebiscitSi damoukideblobis Temaze, daRdasmuli iqneba potenciuri winaaRmdegobebiT. gamokiTxvebi axla aCveneben, rom 50 procentze meti katalonieli gamoyofas uWers mxars. raxois kategoriuli uari saqmes kidev ufro gaarTulebs. n

sac qveyanam gadalaxa kidev erTi rTuli recesia 2008-2009 wlebSi. aqamde, TiTqmis mTeli erTi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mSp-s zrda saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi mdore iyo. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis SefasebiT, italielebis realuri mSp erT sulze 2014 wels iseTive dabali iqneba, rogorc is iyo 1998 wels. mas Semdeg italia ganicdis konkurentunarianobis mzard problemas. amaSi mas verc evrokrizisma uSvela. maSin, roca evrozonis periferiis sxva qveynebSi konkurentunarianoba gaumjobesda, italiaSi igi ufro gauaresda. italiis konkurentunarianobis deficitis fesvebi unda veZeboT xangrZliv marcxSi, gaetarebina struqturuli ekonomikuri reformebi. amisTvis qveyanas sWirdeba mTavroba, romelic iqneba stabiluri da gabeduli. sawyisi wertilisTvis statistika damaimedebeli ar gaxlavT. 2013 wlis aprilSi, enriko letas ofisSi mosvlis droisTvis, omgamovlil italias ukve 63 mTavroba hyavda gamocvlili, romlebmac, saSualod, 393 dRe gastanes. ase rom, Tu misi koalicia 2014 wlis 26 mai-

giles tremleti: madridis korespondenti, The Economist

sisTvis isev xelisuflebaSi iqneba, is winaaRmdegobebs daamarcxebs. batonma letam kargad icis, ra gaakeTos. Tumca, sul mcire, ori mizezi arsebobs imis gasafiqreblad, rom misi mTavrobis ekonomikuri miRwevebi mokrZalebuli iqneba. pirveli mizezi isaa, rom misi prioriteti politikuri reformaa, gansakuTrebiT ‒ axali saarCevno kanoni, imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom momaval sayovelTao arCevnebSi italielebi sufTa Sedegs miiReben. 2013 wlis TebervalSi maT xmebis meoTxedi misces individualistTa xuTi varskvlavis moZraobas, romlis saTaveSic komikosi bepe griloa. batonma grilom uari Tqva nebismieri saxis aliansze, ise rom centristul-memarcxene demokratiul partias, romelsac leta miekuTvneba, mxolod is arCevani hqonda, rom Camoeyalibebina mTavroba silvio berluskonis konservatul `xalxis Tavisufal moZraobasTan~. yofili premier-ministri asaCivrebs or braldebas (erT-erTia konfidencialuri samxilis ararseboba gamoZiebis mxridan, meorea ‒ Tanxis gadaxda mcirewlovan meZavTan seqsisTvis, xolo Semdeg Tanamdebobis gamoyeneba amis misaCqmalad). is aseve aris riskis winaSe, daematos mesame ‒ amomrCevlis mosyidvis braldeba. yvelaze myari prognozi, rac SeiZleba 2014 wels italiis mimarT gakeTdes, SeiZleba iyos is, rom berluskonis samarTlebrivi problemebi kvlav negatiurad aisaxeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze (amis 99 procentiani Sansi arsebobs). n jon huperi: korespondenti italiaSi, The Economist

evropa

msoflio 2014

samxreTuli diskomforti

mSp erT sul mosaxleze, % cvlileba, 1999-2014 * 21.3

germania

20.9

fineTi 17.3

britaneTi

16.7

aSS iaponia

15.0

evrozona 12

10.7

holandia

10.0

safrangeTi

9.3

espaneTi

8.7

2.7 saberZ.

16,400

34,050

37,100

31,450

43,000

30,250

29,950

36,500

33,150

22,500 SeuerTda evrokavSirs 1999 wels mSp erT sul mosaxleze, 2014 * evro

0.8 portug. -3.0

italia

26,050

15,850

wyaro: Economist Intelligence Unit, IMF, The Economist

TineijerTa brazi pol uolesi

15 wlis asakSi, evro kvlav `Znelad aRsazrdeli ymawvili~ iqneba

2014 mokled riga latviaSi da umea SvedeTSi, evropis kulturis dedaqalaqebi arian

pol uolesi: evropis ekonomikis redaqtori, The Economist

Tavidan iqnas acilebuli imis SiSiT, rom sxva gadarCenili qveynebic moiTxoven aseTive mopyrobas. portugalia, Tavis mxriv, dotaciis mimRebTa meore siis saTaveSia. Rrma recesiam 2013 wels politikuri krizisi gamoiwvia, ramac investorTa ndoba Searyia da 2014 wlis Sua periodisTvis sabazro dafinansebaze dabrunebis imedebi Seasusta. magram qveyana, romelic yvelaze metad dazaraldeba, kviprosia. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis Tanaxmad, 2013 da 2014 wlebSi produqtiuloba, etapobrivad, 12 procentze metad ecema. savaluto fondi aRniSnavs, rom vardnam SesaZloa 20 procents gadaaWarbos `araxelsayrel~ pirobebSi. mTavari sadardebeli isaa, rom dauzRveveli depozitebis gamoyenebiT, kviprosis bankis rekapitalizacia araadekvaturi RonisZieba aRmoCndeba uimedo valebis zrdis pirobebSi.

rizisTan oTxwliani brZolis Semdeg, 2014 wels, evropel liderebs Sansi aqvT, ufro soliduri saZirkveli Seuqmnan TavianT aramyar savaluto zonas arastabiluri bankebis problemebis mogvarebiT.ufro mosalodnelia, rom isini zereled mohkideben amas xels da ara mTeli guliT CaeWidebian am SesaZleblobas. rogorc adre, isini yvelafers gaakeTeben, rom erTiani valuta xeluxlebeli SeinarCunon, magram ara imdenad sakmarisad, rom man gamarTulad imuSaos. weli maRal notaze daiwyeba, ramdenadac latvia gaxdeba me-18 saxelmwifo, romelic SeuerTdeba erTian savaluto gaerTianebas, romelic 1999 wels Seiqmna mxolod 11 wevriT (ixileT Cveni `nekrologi~ am ukanasknelze). baltiispireTis am patara qveynis gadawyvetileba rogorc politikuri, ise ekonomikuri mniSvnelobisaa, radgan igi cdilobs Seamciros rusuli gavlena evropasTan mWidro urTierTobis damyarebis xarjze, magram saberZneTis mier evros zonidan gasvlis SiSis gaqrobis mere, evrokratebi mxars dauWeren gafarToebas, rogorc evrosadmi ndobis tests. es moxdeba zrdis mere, 2013 wlis bolos, roca irlandia gaxdeba pirveli ekonomika, romelic asrulebs dotaciis programas da sabazro dafinansebas ubrundeba (Tumca, SesaZloa isev saWiroebdes daxmarebas sakredito xazis saSualebiT). am `CrdiloeTis cialis~ sapirispirod, saberZneTis, portugaliisa da kviprosis dotaciaze myof ekonomikaTa perspeqtivebi darCeba, romelic `samxreTis jvris~ asociacias warmoqmnis. saberZneTs gaumarTlebs da recesiis meSvide wels gadaurCeba. mas dasWirdeba damatebiTi sesxebi finansuri moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad 2014 da 2015 wlebSi ‒ anu mesame dotacia. da miuxedavad imisa, rom saberZneTma rekorduli moculobis saxelmwifo valis defolti ganicada, misi saxelmwifo vali uimedod maRali, mSp-s 175 procenti iqneba. valis Semdegi gadavadeba 2014 wels dadgeba dRis wesrigSi. ramdenadac valis ZiriTadi nawili evrozonis sxva qveynebze modis, es rTul SekiTxvebs dasvams. gansakuTrebiT, udidesi kreditorisTvis ‒ germaniisTvis. germania yvelafers gaakeTebs, rom metismeti mimtevebloba

zrdis Sansi dabrkolebebi patara samxreTul qveynebSi marTvadi iqneba, Tuki evrozona SeZlebs SeinarCunos da gaaZlieros gajansaReba, romelic 2013 wlis gazafxulze daiwyo, ise rom starti iyo germaniaSi da moicva xmelTaSuazRvis iseTi didi ekonomikebi, rogoricaa italia da espaneTi. erTi sazrunavi isaa, rom germaniis eqsportis manqana SesaZloa Seneldes, Tuki CineTis zrda waiborZikebs. meore dabrkoleba isaa, rom kreditebis nakleboba Seakavebs italiur da espanur firmebs. maSinac ki, Tuki es riskebi aridebuli iqneba, evrozonis mSp savaraudod, 2014 wels mxolod mokrZalebulad ‒ 1 procentiT gaizrdeba, ris gamoc produqtiulobis maCvenebeli 2008 wlis piks qvemoT darCeba. es sruli cifrebi niRbavs im faqts, 1999 wlis Semdeg anu evros SemoRebis mere, Tu rogori cudi Sedegebi aCvena zogierTma iseTma ekonomikam, rogoricaa italia da portugalia (ix. grafa). miuxedavad amisa, evropel liderebs aqvT SesaZlebloba Zlier, mdgrad zrdas Cauyaron safuZveli. 2014 wlis bolosTvis evropis centraluri banki evrozonis udidesi bankebis zedamxedveli gaxdeba. iqamde, wlis pirvel naxevarSi, is Caatarebs maTi angariSebis kvleviT gamoZiebas. sabanko aqtivebis xarisxis aseTi Seswavla Sansia, rom erTxel da samudamod mogvardes is sabanko problemebi, romlebic Seewyvila aramdgrad saxelmwifo valebs da evrokrizisi mougvarebeli gaxada. am mimoxilvam SesaZloa aRadginos investorebis ndoba evrozonis bankebis mimarT da dawios maTi dafinansebis ganakveTebi, rac bankebs saSualebas miscems, kompaniebze ufro Tavisuflad gascen sesxebi. magram Tu mimoxilva damajerebeli iqneba (ix.`maCveneT fuli~, finansur seqciaSi), igi rTul da potenciurad ZviradRirebul gadawyvetilebebs gamoiwvevs: im bankebis daxurvas, romlebic sicocxlisunarianebi aRar arian da Tanxebis ineqcia kapitalis `xvrelebis~ Sesavsebad sWirdebaT. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, es iTxovs dasaxmareblad gadasaxadis gadamxdelebisTvis mimarTvas. magram Zalisxmeva, rom es evrozonaSi gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli, germaniam dabloka. amis nacvlad, bankebs mouwevT daeyrdnon sajaro finansebs sakuTar qveynebSi. Tumca yvelaze susti sabanko sistemebi gvxvdeba iseT qveynebSi, sadac yvelaze susti sajaro finansebia. rogoricaa, magaliTad, italia. Tu evropa Tavisi bankebis mowesrigebis Sanss xelidan gauSvebs, maSin is samwuxaro ‒ Tumca nacnob gzas gahyveba. evrozonas daSlis sasikvdilo safrTxe aRar daemuqreba, magram is ufro da ufro daemsgavseba sevdian kavSirs, romlis wevrebi erTad mxolod imis gamo rCebian, rom ufro mtkivneuli daSorebis eSiniaT. n

evropa

Serbilebis politika, wnexSi moaqcia is qveynebi, romlebsac kapitalis Semodineba sWirdebaT. erT-erTi yvelaze mowyvladi iqneba TurqeTi, romelsac aqvs dabali rezervebi, maRali mimdinare angariSis deficiti - mSp-is saSualod 6-8 procenti da ZiriTadad, damokidebulia portfeluri investiciebis arastabilur Semodinebaze. Sokebisadmi mowyvladobisa da kapitalis SezRudvis indikatorebma TurqeTi siis saTaveSi moaqcia. gasakviri ar aris, rom lira ufasurdeba, is aucileblad ufro metad gaufasurdeba 2014 wels da mTavrobas ufro Zlieri wnexis qveS moaqcevs. TiTqos es yvelaferi sakmarisi ar iyo ‒ 2014 wels, TurqeTs meoTxe uzarmazari problemac eqneba: misi problemuri samezoblo, gansakuTrebiT, samoqalaqo omi siriaSi. erdoRanma swrafad dauWira mxari maT, visac despoti prezidentis baSar asadis Camogdeba surdaT. rac ufro didxans CaebRauWa asadi Zalauflebas, miT metad tlanqi gaxda TurqeTis pozicia. ara mxolod Zaladoba da ltolvilebi moawydnen TurqeTis sazRvars, sirielebma aseve Turqebi wakides sakuTar qurTebs. sxva axlomdebare qveynebi, romlebic TurqeTs simSvides akargvineben, arian somxeTi, kviprosi, egvipte da israeli. erdoRanis politika, `nulovani problemebi mezoblebTan~ gadaizarda politikaSi ‒ `nulovani mezoblebi problemebis gareSe~.

2014 mokled

msoflio 2014

erdoRanis dilema jon piti

TurqeTis premier-ministri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas Seecdeba

asuli weli TurqeTisTvis TiTqos mSvidi unda yofiliyo: weliwadi arCevnebis gareSe, soliduri ekonomikuri progresi, SesaZlo axali konstitucia. veravin warmoidgenda protests, romelmac maisis bolos gezis parkSi, stambolis taqsimis moedanze amoxeTqa. policiis Semdgomma mkacrma zomebma sayovelTao protesti gamoiwvia, ramac msoflios yuradReba swrafad miipyro. aman gamousworebeli ziani miayena TurqeTis premier-ministris rejep taip erdoRanis imijs. stambolis marcxi, moepovebina ufleba 2020 wlis olimpiadis maspinZlobaze, amis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo. erdoRani albaT imedovnebs, rom 2014 weli ufro martivi iqneba. misi survili savaraudod ar axdeba oTxi mizezis gamo. pirveli mizezia TurqeTis Sida politika. martSi dagegmili TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi farTod ganixileba, rogorc ndobis testi mis, zomierad islamisturi `samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiis (AK) mimarT. opoziciuri partiebi sustebi da daqsaqsulebi rCebian. Tumca, Sedegebis mxriv, SesaZloa AK susti aRmoCndes, xolo qurTuli partia ‒ Zlieri. aman SesaZloa swrafad gamoacocxlos warmodgena, rom amomrCevlebs mobezrdaT erdoRanis aTwliani sul ufro metad avtokratiuli mmarTveloba da swyuriaT cvlileba, rac AK-is mier Zalauflebis kontrols Seasustebs. ramac SeiZleba es yvelaferi moamwifos, aris meore mizezi erdoRanis savaraudo imedgacruebisa: TurqeTis prezidentoba. es metwilad ceremonialuri posti amJamad abdula giuls ekuTvnis, romlis vadac 2014 wlis agvistoSi iwureba. 2007 wels konstitucia Seicvala, raTa saprezidento posti pirdapiri wesiT arCeviTi gamxdariyo. erdoRans es posti surs. AK partiis Sida wesebi gamoricxavs mis xelaxla arCevas premier-ministrad 2015 wels. ise rom, igi imedovnebs, gaxdes TurqeTis pirveli pirdapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidenti axali sistemis saSualebiT, rac prezidents gacilebiT met Zalauflebas aniWebs. misi mizani iyo, emsaxura ori vadiT, rac gulisxmobda, rom igi 2023 wlamde Cankaias sasaxleSi darCeboda, roca TurqeTis respublikis daarsebidan 100 weli sruldeba. 2013 wlis protestma da gazrdilma wuxilma AK partiis SigniTac ki, erdoRanis avtoritaruli gadaxris gamo namdvilad daamsxvria es gegma. ise rom, erdoRani mtkivneuli dilemis winaSea ‒ Tu mas surs Zalauflebis SenarCuneba, mouwevs Secvalos AK partiis wesebi, rac saSualebas miscems, meoTxe vadiT gaxdes premier-ministri. es Turqebs mxolod SeaSfoTebs mis sulTnis msgavs gandidebis maniaze. meore mxriv, Tu mas mainc surs prezidentoba, mouwevs Seurigdes imas, rom vinme sxvas gadasces Zalaufleba, savaraudod baton giuls, romelic bevrad ufro popularuli figuraa. da rac xelisuflebis aseT gadacemas kidev ufro mouqnels xdis, mesame problemaa: ekonomikisTvis 2014 weli rTuli iqneba. eiforia, romelmac gadauara meore rangis ganviTarebad bazrebs, rogoricaa: TurqeTi, indonezia da brazilia, CineTis da indoeTis Semdeg, Sesustda. 2013 wels TurqeTis ekonomikis zrda Semcirda da mxolod odnav ascda 3 procents. amasobaSi, amerikaSi federaluri rezervebis sistemis gegmam, TandaTan gauqmebuliyo raodenobrivi

evrokavSiris aeroportebSi moixsna SezRudva xelbargSi siTxis tarebaze

lira metad gaufasurdeba 2014 wels

gza mieciT giuls ra aris saukeTeso gza am siZneleebis dasaZlevad? pasuxi namdvilad isaa, rom erdoRanma Tavisi ambiciebi moTokos, miiRos prezidentis ceremonialuri posti da premieroba gadasces baton giuls. es ori adamiani aris damfuZnebeli AK partiisa 2001 wels da giulma imsaxura premier-ministris postze mokle xniT, 2002-2003 wlebSi ‒ maSin, rodesac erdoRans droebiT ekrZaleboda marTva. anglofon, rbil giuls ufro meti Sansi eqneba daibrunos amomrCevlis ndoba da daalagos urTierToba mezoblebTan da evrokavSirTan. marTlac, is iqneba bolo imedi, rom gamoacocxlos momakvdavi saubrebi TurqeTis evrokavSiris wevrobaze, im mizniT, rom isini 2023 wels dasruldeba. n

giuli da erdoRani, aTaTurqis simaRleze?

jon piti: evropis redaqtori, The Economist

evropa

msoflio 2014

putinis pauza arkadi ostrovski, moskovi

ruseTis orientaciis bundovani gancda

rT-erTi sayvareli politikuri sporti ruseTSi istoriis ciklSi qveynis adgilis gansazRvraa. aris ki ruseTi axla imave situaciaSi, rogorSic is iyo 1983 wels, iuri andropovis xanmokle eraSi, romlis drosac urTierToba amerikasTan gauaresda, xolo qveyanaSi wesrigisa da disciplinis damyarebis mcdelobebs hqonda adgili. Tu is ukve gviani 1980-iani wlebis xanaSia, roca mixail gorbaCovis perestroikam „kudi moiqnia“, komunisturi partia swrafad kargavda kontrols qveyanaze da bevri misi lideri „gemidan garboda“. politelitaSi dominanturi sentimenti imas hgavs, rac gorbaCovsa da mis garemocvas stagnaciis aTwleulis Semdeg hqonda: qveynis uwindeburi marTva aRar SeiZleba. pasuxi gulisxmobs davadginoT, ramdeni xani SeiZleba gagrZeldes prezident vladimir putinis

aranairi Sesveneba xarjvaze

mmarTveloba. Tumca SekiTxva TavisTavad ukve niSania mzardi bundovanebisa. imedgacrueba aSkaraa ministrTa ofisebSi da samsaxurebidan anazRaurebul restornebis sufrebTan, sadac biurokratebi da biznesmenebi mSvidad lanZRaven putins im situaciisTvis, romelSic axla qveyana imyofeba. gabatonebuli emocia elitas Soris iseTivea, rac gorbaCovsa da mis elitas tanjavda aTwliani stagnaciis mere: saqme ase veRar gagrZeldeba. qveyana aris gzaze, romelic arsad midis. SekiTxva aseTia: ra sigrZisaa es gza?.. Tavad vladimir putinma, rogorc Cans, ar icis pasuxi. zogjer, 2013 wels, ruseTi Riad idga represiis gzaze. samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli jgufebi da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi Tavdasxmebs umklavdebodnen: wamyvan opoziciur figuras aleqsei navalnis xuTwliani patimroba daemuqra xe-tyis moparvasTan dakavSirebul SeTiTxnil braldebaze; qveynis erT-erTi brwyinvale ekonomisti sergei gurievi, prokuraturisgan daSinebuli, qveynidan gaiqca. Tumca Semdeg putini SeCerda. navalnis ufleba misces moskovis meris arCevnebSi monawileobisTvis da man xmebis daaxloebiT 30% miiRo. arasamTavrobo organizaciebze zemoqmedeba Semsubuqda. prokuraturis `myefare meZebrebi~ isev daabes. kremlis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis specialistebma daiwyes saubari politikuri konkurenciis daSvebaze, romelsac warmoaCenen, rogorc putinis politikuri simarjvis triumfs. gareSe mayureblis umetesobisT-

2014 mokled ruseTi, msoflioSi Tambaqos erT-erTi yvelaze didi momxmarebeli, akrZalvas avrcelebs restornebze, barebze, matareblebsa da sastumroebze

arkadi ostrovski: korespondenti moskovSi, The Economist

vis es Secbunebas hgavda. erTi mizezi cvlilebisTvis meryevi ekonomikaa. miuxedavad navTobze maRali fasebisa, yovelwliuri ekonomikuri zrda 1.5%-mde Semcirda, rac ufro dabalia, vidre msoflio ekonomikis zrdis tempi. premier-ministr dmitri medvedevis Tanaxmad, 2014 wels mTavrobas mouwevs xarjebi 5%–iT Sekvecos. axali investiciebi TiTqmis aRar aris, xolo kapitalis gadineba SeuCereblad grZeldeba. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis mere arsebuli auTvisebeli potenciali amoiwura, xolo zrdis axali, aSkara wyaroebi horizontze ar Cans. 2000-iani wlebis dros, putinis mxardaWeris erT-erTi mTavari sayrdeni Semosavlebis orcifriani zrda iyo. es sayrdeni axla ukve aRar arsebobs. rogorc Semcvlels, kremli cdilobs daeyrdnos nacionalizms, qsenofobias da antiamerikanizms. Tumca, es naklebad mimzidvelia rusuli mmarTveli klasisTvis, romlis strategiaa daxarjos navTobidan miRebuli ijara uZrav qonebaze qveyanaSi da mdidrul cxovrebaze sazRvargareT. axla es yvelaferi safrTxis winaSea. e.w. `magnickis siam~, romelic amerikis kongresma SeimuSava, raTa daesaja korumpirebuli da kanondamrRvevi rusi oficiozi, panika gamoiwvia. xolo kremlis pasuxma amaze, maT Soris, saxelmwifo oficialuri pirebisTvis aqtivebis flobisa da sazRvargareT sabanko angariSebis akrZalvam, guliswyroma gamoiwvia. yvelaze naTeli gza putinisTvis sakuTari poziciebis gansamtkiceblad xalxisTvis pirdapir mimarTva da mmarTveli elitis gawmendaa. man am mimarTulebiT ramdenime nabiji ukve gadadga. Tumca, is aSkarad frTxilobs ar daarRvios dauwereli kanoni, romelic stalinis sikvdilidan dRemde arsebobs da romlis Tanaxmadac, umaRlesi rangis biurokratebi arasodes iweren qulebs Zaladobis gziT. pauzis sxva mizezi SesaZloa zamTris olimpiada gaxdes, romelsac ruseTi soWSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze, 2014 wlis TebervalSi maspinZlobs. putini mas personalur proeqtad ganixilavs, romelic gaaZlierebs mis saerTaSoriso pozicias. saboloo jamSi, TamaSebi 50 miliardi dolari (dagegmilze oTxjer ufro Zviri) dajdeba da istoriaSi yvelaze ZviradRirebuli olimpiada gaxdeba. isini ukve Caeflnen korufciis skandalebisa da anti-gei kanonebis WaobSi. kremls TamaSebis daiwyebamde kidev ufro meti davidaraba elis.

win turbulenturi ryevebia ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda midiodes ruseTi Sin, advili ar iqneba gaumklavdes saerTaSoriso gamowvevebs. kremlis moulodneli diplomatiuri gadatrialeba siriis sakiTxSi 2013 wlis seqtemberSi nakleb savaraudoa, rom daZabulobas ganmuxtavs ruseTsa da dasavleTs Soris, samagierod is ufro gaamkacrebs ruseTis poziciebs mis `samezobloSi~ (rogorc is uwodebs yofil sabWoTa teritoriebs). mTavari brZola 2014 wels ukrainis garSemo gaiSleba, romelic miemarTeboda asocirebis xelSekrulebisa da Tavisufali savaWro SeTanxmebis xelmowerisken evropis kavSirTan. ruseTi yvela SesaZleblobas mimarTavs mis SesaCereblad. ruseTis winaaRmdegobis gamklaveba iTxovs xedvas dasavleTis mxridan, iseT Carevas, romelic man bolos 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamoavlina. n

msoflio 2014

SeerTebuli Statebi

aseve seqciaSi: CineTis sakiTxi 48 qaris mimarTuleba icvleba 49 nu gaflangav da ar

gagiWirdeba 50 ukve droa 51 ser riCard brensoni: moxavedan mTvaremde 52

Sualeduri dapirispireba 2014 mokled 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmebidan 13 wlis Semdeg, niu iorki erT msoflio savaWro centrs xsnis

The Economist

maRalis riskebisa da mdabio politikis istoria

anonis mixedviT, baraq obama saprezidento Zalauflebas 2017 wlis 20 ianvramde SeinarCunebs ‒ im dRemde, roca misi memkvidris inauguracia moxdeba, xolo Tavad obama zamTris caSi sazRvao korpusis vertmfreniT aiWreba. mis respublikel oponentebs imedi aqvT, rom principSi, 2014 wels obamas meore vadas daasruleben. konservatorebi imedovneben, rom prezidentis popularobis `sisxlnakluli~ reitingi, uferuli ekonomikuri gajansaReba, amomrCevlis undobloba `obamaqeas~ saxeliT cnobili jandacvis reformis mimarT da saarCevno ruka, romelic respublikelebis mimarT mxardaWeris ilustraciaa ‒ yvela erTad upiratesobas mianiWebs maT 2014 wlis noemberSi, kongresis Sualedur arCevnebSi. maTi mizania warmomadgenelTa palatisa da senatis aReba, rac kongresis orive nawilze kontrolis saSualebas miscemT, 2006 wlis Semdeg pirvelad. Tu isini amas moaxerxeben, am momentidan obamas gauWirdeba warmatebis miRweva Sida politikaSi ‒ dawyebuli saemigracio sistemis reformiT, damTavrebuli klimaturi cvlilebebis marTviT, an ganaTlebisa da infrastruqturisTvis dafinansebis aRdgeniT. respublikelebs mizezi aqvT, rom warmomadgenelTa palatis dakavebis sjerodeT. upirvelesad, partia, romelic akontrolebs TeTr saxls, rogorc wesi, Sualeduri konkurenciis dros adgilebs kargavs. meore - Sualeduri brZolebi dabali aqtivo-

bis RonisZiebebia, romelic ufro TeTrkanian, asakovan da konservator amomrCevels izidavs, vidre zogadad, Tavad qveyana. dabolos, konservatiulma talRam, romelmac qveyanas 2010 wels gadauara, respublikelebi kongresis olqebSi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze dominantur poziciaSi datova, xolo aman maT partias warmomadgenelTa palataSi didi raodenobiT garantirebuli adgilebi misca. demokratebisTvis senatis wasarTmevad, respublikelebs sul mcire eqvsi adgilis mopoveba dasWirdebaT. es mizani ambiciuria, magram ara ‒ SeuZlebeli. 2014 wels eqvs yvelaze konkurentul brZolas adgili eqneba im StatebSi, romlebmac 2012 wels xma misces respublikeli miT romnis TeTr saxlSi gagzavnas. zogierTi demokratis mier dakavebul adgils ganwiruli saxe aqvs. magaliTad, qviSiani, qvanaxSiris mompovebeli dasavleT virjinia, sadac umetesobas ar moswons baraq obama. Tumca, Tavdajerebuloba yovelTvis respublikelebis megobari ar aris. partiam sakuTar pozicias mZime dartyma 2013 wlis oqtombris arCevnebSi miayena, roca xma federaluri mTavrobis daxurvas misca da amerikis saxelmwifo valze defoltiT daimuqra, rac `obamaqeas~ ganadgurebis ganwiruli mcdeloba iyo. konfrontacia SesaniSnavi gakveTili gamodga imisa, Tu ultrausafrTxo warmomadgenelTa adgilebma rogor Seqmna aTobiT wevrisgan Semdgari birTvi, romelTac naklebad adardebdaT erovnuli azri, ramdenadac postebze maTi darCena damokidebuli ar aris amomrCevelze. isini damokidebulni arian partiul aqtivistebze, romlebic kandidatebis SesarCev praimerebSi aZleven xmas. amaswinandel arCevnebSi respublikurma partiam

devid renie: vaSingtonis biuros ufrosi da Lexingtonis rubrikis mesvete,

devid renie vaSingtoni

Greyhound Bus Company gzebze yofnis 100 wlisTavs zeimobs

2014 mokled

SeerTebuli Statebi iseTi kandidatebi SearCia, romlebmac SeaZrwunes partiuli aqtivistebi da sazogadoeba ukiduresi an yvelaferze mcdarad informirebuli SexedulebebiT daafrTxes ‒ dawyebuli abortiT da damTavrebuli SariaTis kanoniT. yovelive aman maT imedismomcemi senatis adgilebi daakargvina. 2014 wels, kidev erTxel, respublikuri partiis gamarjvebisTvis yvelaze didi safrTxe respublikelebis mierve dagebuli maxeebi iqneba. agresiulad anti-istebliSmenturi, mTavrobis moZule `Cais partiis~ momxreebi respublikuri partiis mxardamWerebs Soris umciresobas warmoadgenen. magram sruliad mosalodnelia, rom isini kandidatebis SesarCev praimerebSi xmas miscemen, rac maT uprecedentod did gavlenas mianiWebs.

fiqrebi karolinaze gviani gazafxulidan zafxulis CaTvliT, saxelmwifo praimerebis seria senatis asarCevad gamoavlens, Tu respublikuri partiis romel frTas ‒ puritanebs Tu pragmatikosebs aqvT Zalaufleba. xmauriani konkurencia iqneba alaskaze, luizianaSi, misisipize da jorjiaSi ‒ yvela im StatSi, sadac politika fizikuri sportia. kentukiSi senatis mTavari respublikeli mitC makqoneli Tveebs, did drosa da fuls daxarjavs `Cais partiis~ mier zurggamagrebul mTavar konkurentTan sabrZolvelad. noemberSi, sayovelTao arCevnebisas, dakvirvebisTvis kargi Stati CrdiloeT karolina iqneba, sadac naklebad cnobili moqmedi demokrati senatori kei hagani sakuTar skams daicavs da mis StatSi ukiduresad kritikuli ZalTa balansis gamo, senatisTvis brZolaSi SeiZleba Tavisi partiis Tavdacvis bolo xazic ki aRmoCndes. CrdiloeT karolina magaliTia sabrZolo ve-

CineTis sakiTxi jonaTan fridlandi

rogori iqneba cxovreba, roca CineTi pirvelobas moipovebs?

014 wels amerika mxolod ramdenime wliT iqneba daSorebuli msofliosgan, romelsac sagareo politikis eqspertebi didi xania winaswarmetyveleben: anu msoflio, sadac CineTi dawinaurdeba, gaxdeba udidesi ekonomikis mflobeli da sabolood, planetis yvelaze Zlier Zalad mogvevlineba. rac ufro didxans miiwevs CineTi (TumcaRa, ukve ara orniSna zrdis tempiT), xolo uZravad myofi vaSingtoni sakuTar problemebs ver wyvets, sxvisaze rom araferi vTqvaT, ufro meti amerikeli da sxva qveynis warmomadgeneli umTavres sakiTxze fiqrobs: rogori iqneba cxovreba, roca CineTi pirvelobas moipovebs? cotas sjera, rom CineTis dominantoba amerikis globaluri uzenaesobis identuri iqneba, rac gasuli naxevari saukunis manZilze xdeboda. Cai da `dim sami~ myisierad ver Caanacvlebs `kokakolas~ da `big maks~. ufro SesaZlebelia, rom nacnobi dasavluri brendebi kvlavac iarsebeben, magram Cinelebis sakuTreba gaxdebian. amis TvalsaCino mod-

msoflio 2014 lad qceuli Statisa, sadac obama orjer CaerTo (da erTxel moigo, 2008 wels), roca STagonebiT aanTo axalgazrda amomrCevlis, Savkanianebis, kolejSi ganaTlebamiRebuli qalebisa da espanelebis koalicia. demokratebi did Zalisxmevas daxarjaven, rom es koalicia kvlav gareT gamoiyvanon 2014 wels. isini xazs gausvamen respublikelebis mier dakavebul ukompromiso pozicias. espanelebis aRsagznebad demokratebi TiTs gaiSveren respublikelebis fexis aTrevisken emigraciis kanonTan dakavSirebiT, rac milionobiT aralegalur migrants amerikuli sazogadoebis samalavidan gamoiyvanda da moqalaqeobisken gzas gaukvalavda. demokratebisTvis safrTxe mxolod is ki ar aris, rom obamas koalicia Sin aqtiuri ar iqneba, aramed is, rom 2014 wels dominanti ufro farTod damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebi iqneba, vidre politikuri argumentebi, ramdenadac bevri amomrCevlis daskvniT, obama keTili zraxvebis mqone, magram araefeqturia. safrTxe respublikelebisTvis isaa, rom amomrCeveli Tavis partias aRiqvams, rogorc refleqsuri opoziciisa da wregadasuli eqstremizmis xmas. 2014 wels politika gaqanebasa da masStabebs gazrdis, xolo saerToerovnul sakiTxebs mcireoden yuradRebasac dauTmobs (Tumca, oficialuri vaSingtoni agvistoSi SesaZloa `mcired gamoZravdes~ maradiori britaneli jarebis mier kapitoliumis borcvisa da TeTri saxlis gadawvis 200 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT). orive partias Sualeduri kampaniebis dros mokrZalebuli miznebi eqnebaT, riTac ecdebian konkurencia meore mxaris `sasikvdilo codvaTa gamosavlen~ referendumad gadaaqcion. obamas darCenili saprezidento vadisTvis es kargi niSani ar gaxlavT. n

elia `lenovos~ mier IBM-is personaluri kompiuteruli ganyofilebis SeZena an Geely-s mier Sveduri `volvos~ yidva. kulturuli gavlena iseTi TvalsaCino ar iqneba, rogorc `koka-kolas~ imperializmis wlebSi iyo, magram msgavsi realuroba sruliad mosalodnelia. gaxdiT mowme, rogor SeiZens Cinuri kompania gasarTobi industriis gigant AMC-s. pekinma SesaZloa iseTi filmebi ver gadaiRos, rogoris naxvac msoflios ar surs, magram igi gadawyvets, romeli filmebi gadaiRos da aseve mis mflobelobaSi iqneba kinoTeatrebi, sadac am filmebs aCveneben. CineTis „rbili Zala“ dasavluri cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi sagrZnobi gaxdeba. biznesis majiscema SesaZloa ianvris bolos, Cinuri axali wlis gamo, Seneldes. xis totebze farnebis Camokidebis sezonuri tradicia savaraudod wynar okeanes gadmokveTs ‒ iseve, rogorc helouinis niRbebma gadalaxes atlantis okeane. olimpiurma TamaSebma da fexburTSi msoflio Cempionatma ganrigebi erTmaneTs unda SeuTavson, raTa msoflios udides satelevizio audiencias moergon. uZvirfasesi sastumroebis warwerebi inglisur da Cinur enebze iqneba da `axal mdidrebs~ umaspinZleben. dasavleli politikosebi yvelafers gaakeTeben, garda imisa, rom Cinur investiciebs

moiTxoven, xolo amerikeli lord granTemsebi ‒ cnobili, magram ufulo mamakacebi, iqorwineben Cinel korebze ‒ qalebze, romlebsac ar aqvT warmomavloba, magram aqvT bevri fuli.

amerikuli da evropuli elita iamayebs Cinuri politikis amomavali varskvlavebis saxelebis codniT ‒ iseve, rogorc aiovas da niu hempSiris adreuli periodis dros xdeboda. isini imave mizeziT aikviateben CineTs, ra mizeziTac vili siutoni bankebs Zarcvavda: `radgan es is adgilia, sadac fulia~. n jonaTan fridlendi: svetis avtori The Guardian-Si, da avtori novelisa `amerikuli zamTari,~ romelic sem bournis fsevdonimiT daibeWdeba (HarperCollins)

qaris mimarTuleba icvleba

SeerTebuli Statebi

msoflio 2014

varskvlavebiT moWedili damuxruWeba Star-spangled drag

ekonomikur ciklze koreqtirebuli centraluri mTavrobis fiskaluri Cyclically adjusted fiscalwina deficit as %SedarebiT of GDP, deficiti (mSp-s %)general-government procentuli cvlileba welTan

percentage-point change on previous year

1.8

greg aipi vaSingtoni

magram ufro Rrma ekonomikur `wuxils~ Sors ver waiRebs

1 0.8

0.7

0 -0.4

-0.5

-1

-2 -2.3

-3

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: IMF saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi wyaro:

2012

2013 Est. Sef.

2014 F’cast prog.

amasobaSi, vaSingtonSi... am sakmaod imedian suraTs udides risks politikosebi uqmnian. rCeba ideologiuri bzarebi, ramac mTavrobis didi nawili daxura da 2013 wels kinaRam valis zeda zRvars miaRwia. SeTanxmebas, romelmac es dapirispireba daasrula, 2014 wels vada gauva, ramac ndobisTvis ZirgamomTxreli kidev erTi Cixis moaxloebis SiSi warmoSva. magram es ar aris yvelaze metad mosalodneli Sedegi ‒ politikuri marcxi, romelic respublikelebma kongresSi oqtombris fiaskos gamo ganicades, Seasustebs maT enTuziazms ganmeorebis cdis mimarT. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini da baraq obama gadasaxadebis Temaze Sors arian erTmaneTisgan, mainc SeZles SeTanxmebis miRweva. es mcirediT Seamcirebs jandacvisa da sxva socialuri programebis xarjebis grZelvadian zrdas, ufro maRali moklevadiani xarjvis sanacvlod, rac gamkacrebis ganmeorebiTi dozebidan misasalmebeli gadasvlaa. federaluri rezervebis sistema 2008 wlis Semdeg yovelTvis Zalismier da kreatiul gzebs mimarTavda ekonomikis dasaxmareblad, magram 2014 wels es gaWirdeba. jenet ieleni, romelic ben bernankesgan Tavmjdomareobas TebervalSi gadaibarebs, Tavidanve rbilad Seecdeba raodenobrivi Serbilebis politikis TandaTanobiT Canacvlebas, romlis farglebSic frs TveSi 85 miliardi dolaris aqciebs axla emisiebis saSualebiT yidulobs. ieleni am gegmebs daumatebs mravalgzis Sexsenebebs, rom moklevadiani saprocento ganakveTebi nulovan doneze darCeba sul mcire 2015 wlis CaTvliT, da albaT ufro didxansac. fedma ukve piroba dado, rom ganakveTebs ar gazrdis manam, sanam umuSevroba sul mcire 6.5 procentze qvemoT ar Camova. ieleni amas axal pirobas daumatebs: aranairi gamkacreba, Tu inflacia 2 procentze dabla ivaraudeba.

2014 mokled sidneiSi tardeba beisbolis mTavari ligis gaxsnis seriebi, xolo fexburTis erovnuli liga da kalaTburTis erovnuli asociacia matCebs londonSi marTaven

merikis ekonomika bolos da bolos damdeg wels solidur ciklur gajansaRebas ganicdis. magram am procesSi qveyana aseve aRmoaCens, Tu ramdenad Rrmaa struqturuli problemebi. recesiis dasrulebis Semdeg wliuri zrda saSualod 2.2 procenti iyo, xolo 2013 weli ‒ yvelaze susti. amaSi damnaSave zogierTi nacnobi `pirqaria~: valebSi Cafluli ojaxebi da bankebi; federaluri rezervebis sistemis uunaroba, saprocento ganakveTebi 0-s qvemoT; evropis mougvarebeli suverenuli valis problemebi; da saSinao fiskaluri politika, romelic naadrevad Seicvala stimulirebidan `qamrebis SemoWerisken~. 2014 wels es gamamarTlebeli sabuTebi aRar gamodgeba da ramdenadac `pirqari~ sustdeba, zrda 2.5 procentidan 3 procents miaRwevs. bankebi, romlebmac kapitalis sidide krizisamdeli periodis doneze daabrunes, mondomebulebi iqnebian, rom sesxebi gascen. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom moqalaqeTa ojaxebis mxridan moTxovna iqneba, radgan maTi sabalanso angariSebi kvlav wesrigSia. moqalaqeebis valebi, romlebmac xelze asaRebi Semosavlis 135-procentian piks miaRwies 2007-Si, 109 procentamde daeca 2013 wlis Sua periodSi, rac axlosaa saSualovadian tendenciasTan. carieli binebis mozRvaveba warsuls Cabarda. 2013 wlis bolos mSenebloba 40 procentiT dabali iyo saSualovadian tendenciasTan SedarebiT da amdenad, zrdisTvis uamravi sivrcea darCenili. sabinao fasebma fskers miaRwia 2012 wlis dasawyisSi da mas Semdeg stabilurad izrdeba. aqciebis ufro maRal fasebTan erTad, igi zrdis ojaxebis simdidres, romelic Tavis mxriv, gaaZlierebs samomxmareblo xarjvas ‒ iseve, rogorc sawvavis ufro dabali fasebi. ufro iafi dolari eqsports daexmareba. remisiaSi myofi suverenuli valis krizisis gaTvaliswinebiT, evrozona 2013 wlis Sua periodSi recesiidan gamovida. garda mzardi amerikuli eqsportisa, es moxsnis globaluri finansuri krizisis zogierT stress. sabolood, finansuri wnexi male unda dasruldes. saxelmwifosa da adgilobrivi mTavrobebis mier samuSao adgilebis Semcireba erTi wlis win nel-nela SeCerda, roca bolos da bolos gamoCnda Semosavlebi. mosalodnelia, rom 2014 wels 40 Stati fiskalur xarjebs gazrdis (romelic ivnisSi mTavrdeba). samwuxarod, ramdenadac Statebsa da adgilobriv mTavrobebSi simkacris periodi sruldeba, federalur doneze sapirispiro tendenciaa ‒ saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Semcirebas da sxva mastimulirebel RonisZiebebs vada gauvida, sanam obama da respublikelebi kongresSi SeTanxmdebodnen RvarZliani da mZafri orTabrZolebis mere, gadasaxadebis ukiduresi zrdiT da xarjebis SemcirebiT. yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, fiskaluri deficiti daaxloebiT 1.8 procentiT Semcirda zrdis Semdeg, 2013 wels (ix. grafa). kargi ambavi is gaxlavT, rom axali simkacre ar aris dagegmili 2014 wels, ise rom, fiskaluri politika zrdaze bevrad ufro mcired aisaxeba.

1.3

greg aipi: „SeerTebuli Statebis“ redaqtori, The Economist

SeerTebuli Statebi

nu gaflangav da ar gagiWirdeba emili borbau

organuli narCenebis gadamuSavebis saSualebebSi masaCusetsi liderobs

wleulis bolosTvis nagavsayrelebidan sxva mimarTulebiT gadaamisamarTos. masaCusetsis akrZalva axali tendenciis yvelaze ambiciuri magaliTia. 2014 wels koneqtikuti da vermontic miiReben kanonebs sakvebis nagavsayrelebidan gadasamisamarTeblad. idea martivia: patara da mWidrod dasaxlebul StatebSi nagavsayrelis masStabebi SezRudulia, xolo gadayris tarifebi maRali: 6090 dolaria masaCusetsSi, maSin roca saSualoerovnuli monacemi 45 dolaria. sakvebis Semadgenel nawilebad daSliT, miiReba meTani, saTburis gazi. magram es biogazi SeiZleba daiWiro da energiad gadaaqcio mxolod anaerobuli duRilis procesis saSualebiT da Semdeg mihyido eleqtrosistemas. anaerobuli duRilis teqnologia

auderis SeuWmeli narCenebi SeiZleba nagavs hgavdes, magram masaCusetsSi aseTi nagavi ufro da ufro metad ganixileba, rogorc SesaZlebloba. 2014 wlidan StatSi yvela kompaniasa da instituts, romelsac kviraSi tonaze meti organuli nagavi ugrovdeba ‒ saWmlis, mcenareebisa da nakelis CaTvliT ‒ aekrZaleba misi nagavsayrelze gagzavna. amis nacvlad, maT, visac StatSi yvelaze meti nagavi ugrovdebaT (magaliTad, didi restornebi, universitetebi, samrewvelo obieqtebi, da ara ojaxebi), SemoqmedebiTobis moxmoba mouwevT, vargisi sakvebi rom qvelmoqmedebaSi gascen da danarCeni kompostad gamoiyenon, an Tundac, nedleulad ‒ anaerobuli duRilis danadgarebisTvis, romlebic organul narCenebs energiad gardaqmnian. masaCusetsi, yovelwliurad, daaxloebiT 1.4 milion tona organul narCens qmnis. es gegma miznad isaxavs, rom sul cota amis mesamedi aT- lpobis SeCereba

2014 mokled kaliforniasa da tixuanas aeroports Soris axali sasazRvro punqti ixsneba.

msoflio 2014

es martivad SeiZleba gadaizardos SecdomaSi. frs-is miniSnebebma, rom male SeiZleba Canacvldes raodenobrivi Serbilebis politika, 2013 wels fasiani qaRaldebis globaluri panika gamoiwvia. amis gameoreba mniSvnelovani zarali iqneboda zogadad, ekonomikisTvis. Credit Suisse-s miaCnia, rom binebis mSeneblobam da avtomobilebis warmoebam, romlebic saprocento ganakveTebis mimarT maRali mgrZnobelobiT gamoirCeva, 2013 wlis bolos mSp-is zrdis mesamedi Seadgina. aman kidev ufro gazarda mkafio komunikaciis mniSvneloba. magram imis riski, rom gaurkveveli signalebi kidev ufro Searyevs bazars, maRalia ‒ federaluri Ria bazris komitetSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa raodenobrivi Serbilebis mizanSewonilobaze da albaT es kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxdeba, roca misi dRevandeli 19 wevridan 2014 wels SesaZloa xuTi gamoicvalos. miuxedavad imisa, rom cikluri gajansaReba 2014 wels Zalas ikrebs, struqturuli problemebi ufro aSkara gaxdeba. yoveli wlis gasvlasTan erTad, matulobs amerikis neli zrdis maCvenebeli indikatorebis ricxvi, romlebic aaSkaravebs, rom mas aRar ZaluZs uwindeburi tempebiT ganviTareba. kongresis sabiujeto ofisma amerikis potenciuri gamoSvebis Sefaseba 2008 wlis Semdeg 5 procentiT Seamcira. grZelvadiani zrda dasaqmebas, kapitalsa da inovacias efuZneba da es samive parametri savalalod gamoiyureba. milionobiT mozrdilma moqalaqem samuSao datova, ramac Sromis bazarze CarTulobis maCvenebeli 63.2 procentamde CamoaqveiTa, 2007 wlis maCvenebeli 66 procentidan. dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebis kvalobaze, am parametrebis aRdgena iyo navaraudevi. sabolood, zogierTi dasaqmebuli Sromis bazarze dabrundeba, magram rogorc Cans, umravlesoba pensiaze gavida, unarSezRudulobis dazRvevas mimarTa an

cota xania, rac arsebobs. marTalia es industria popularulia evropaSi ‒ gansakuTrebiT, germaniasa da SvedeTSi ‒ magram amerikaSi misi warmateba arcTu didia, radgan aq uzarmazari iafi miwa didi xania niSnavs uamrav saSualebas, nagavsayrelis mosawyobad da mcire stimuls nagvis gadasamuSavebeli ZviradRirebuli fabrikebis asaSeneblad. magram eleqtroenergiis fasebis zrda, nagavsayrelebisTvis sivrcis Semcireba da zogi nebayoflobiTi meoradi gadamuSavebis miznebi stimuls aZlevs Statebs, biogazis potenciali gamoiyenon. industriis dasaxmareblad, milionobiT dabalprocentiani sesxi da granti gamoiyo axali anaerobuli duRilis danadgaris asaSeneblad. `Cven gvjera, rom es fulis dazogvamde migviyvans~ ‒ ambobs Statis garemos dacvis departamentis komisari ken kimeli. Statebi keTilgonivrulad, racionalurad iwyeben nagavSi resursis, da ara ubralod tvirTis, danaxvas. da radganac amerikas wliurad 35 milioni tona sursaTis narCeni ugrovdeba, kargia am nagvis nagavsayrelebidan gadmomisamarTeba, magram ukeTesi iqneba, Tu upirvelesad, amdeni sursaTis warmoeba Sewydeba. n emili borbau: SeerTebuli Statebis internet redaqtori, The Economist

sxva mizeziT, dasaqmebaze uari Tqva. ufro SemaSfoTebeli isaa, rom dasaqmebac cotas sTavazobs dasaqmebulT. 2007 wlis Semdeg realuri saaTobrivi anazRaureba gaizarda weliwadSi mxolod 0.3 procentiT. miCiganis universitetis yovelTviuri gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs, rom ojaxebi Rrmad pesimisturad arian ganwyobilni momavali Semosavlebis mimarT, rac maT xarjebis zrdis stimuls ukargavs. aq ramdenime faqtoria CarTuli. zrdis didi nawili wavida mogebaze da ara xelfasebze, rac momuSave personalis arasaxarbielo ekonomikur Zalas asaxavs. energetikis ufro maRalma fasebma realuri Semosavlebis `erozia~ gamoiwvia. yvelaze mniSvnelovani parametri ‒ mwarmoeblurobasTan dakavSirebuli realuri xelfasebis indeqsi aseve sustad gamoiyureba. amas dune biznes-investiciebTan mivyavarT. gamococxlebis adreul periodSi, Tavdapirveli naxtomis Semdeg, igi mSp-is 12 procentis odnav zemoT da wina ciklis pikuri 13.5 procentis sakmaod qvemoT Camoyalibda, rac Tavis mxriv, ufro dabalia, vidre 1990-iani wlebis pikuri 14.5 procenti. xelmomWirneoba damabnevelia: saprocento ganakveTebi rekordulad dabalia an axlosaa amasTan da mogebis marJa ki aseTi maRali TiTqmis arasodes yofila. albaT kompaniebi nakleb imeds xedaven inovaciaSi; smartfonebi da socialuri media axal gzebs gvTavazobs komunikaciis, garTobisa da mxiarulebisTvis, magram maT ar mouxdeniaT iseTi revolucia komerciaSi, informaciis menejmentsa da miwodebis jaWvSi, rogoric internetma moaxdina erTi aTwleulis win. biznesebi SesaZloa elodnen moTxovnis gaZlierebas (qaTmisa da kvercxis problemis msgavsad) an politikosebs, rom ekonomikaSi sisuleleebis keTebas, Tu gagvimarTlebs, 2014 wels es swored ase iqneba. n

ukve droa

amoxveleba

obamas jandacvis reforma (Obama Care) mTavar moqmedebas iwyebs

jandacvis dazRvevis armqone pirebis raodenoba, * milioni

jandacva amerikaSi

Sarlot hovardi niu iorki

velaferma aqeT wagviyvana: qedmaRlurma gamosvlebma da agresiulma lobizmma, emociurma kamaTma municipalitetebsa da amerikis umaRles sasamarTloebSi, daxvavebulma regulaciebma da federaluri kontraqtebis milionobiT dolarma, jiutma gubernatorebma da maTi moTafvlis sasowarkveTilma mcdelobebma. magram es mxolod prologi iyo mTavar moqmedebamde. 2014 wlis pirvel ianvars amerika uzarmazar nabijs gadadgams sayovelTao jandacvisken. igi erT-erTia im mcirericxovan mdidar qveynebs Soris, romlebsac es momsaxureba jer kidev ar aqvT. pacientTa dacvisa da xelmisawvdomi jandacvis kanoni anu igive Obama Care 2010 wels miiRes. misi zogierTi muxli ukve ZalaSia ‒ magaliTad, axalgazrda moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT darCnen mSoblebis sadazRvevo polisebSi. magram mTavari muxlebi 2014 wels amoqmeddeba. isini amerikul jandacvas dramatulad Secvlian, Tumca ara ise, rogorc baraq obamas hqonda ganzraxuli. milionobiT adamians eqneba dazRveva ‒ maT, visac is arasodes hqonia, avadmyofebis da Raribebis CaTvliT. dRemde sadazRvevoebs saSualeba hqondaT zedmeti tarifebi daewesebinaT avadmyofebisTvis an saerTod uari eTqvaT maT mkurnalobaze. 2014 wlidan es aikrZaleba. magram damzRvevebi gakotrdebian, iaf dazRvevas Zalian mZime avadmyofs Tu mihyidian. ise rom, `obamaqea~ „maTraxis“ da „namcxvris“ meTods sTavazobs yvelas, rom dazRveva iqonion. 2014 wlidan `individualuri mandati~ yvelas daavaldebulebs, dazRveva SeiZinon, an jarima gadaixadon. visac dazRvevaze xeli ar miuwvdeba, maT dasaxmareblad Obama Care axal subsidiebs iTvaliswinebs. federaluri mTavroba ufro met fuls miscems im Statebs, romlebsac samedicino daxmarebis programa aqvT ‒ jandacvis programa RaribebisTvis. maT, visi Semosavalic federaluri siRaribis doneze, 100 dolaridan 400 dolaramdea (11 490 dolari 2013 wels), Obama Care sagadasaxado kreditebs miscems, raTa dazRveva SeiZinon axal Soping veb-gverdebze, romelTac `jandacvis birJa~ hqvia. TumcaRa, igi zustad ise ver imuSavebs, rogorc elodnen. upirvelesad, jandacvis birJas rTuli dasawyisi hqonda. mTavroba eloda, rom Statebi sakuTar birJebs Seqmnidnen, magram gubernatorebis umravlesobam amaze uari Tqva. ise rom, vaSingtonSi biurokratebma igi TavisTvis Seqmnes, xolo kontraqtorebi daitanjnen gawevrianebis rTuli sistemis Seqmnaze muSaobiT. teqnikurma detalebma problemebi Seqmna am programis dawyebis dros oqtomberSi. meorec ‒ Obama Care dazRvevas ufro mcire raodenobis xalxs SesTavazebs, vidre dagegmili iyo. Tavdapirvelad Statebs mosTxoves Medicare-s gafarToveba. Statebis naxevarze naklebi apirebs amis gakeTebas uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis wyalobiT, romelmac gafarToveba arCeviTi gaxada. amis Sedegad, bevr mozrdils, romelic siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba, verc `mediqeaze~ miuwvdeba xeli da verc subsidiebze. kongresis sabiujeto ofisi elis, rom dauzRvevelTa ricxvi 2014 wels 11 milioniT Semcirdeba. magram 40 milionze meti adamiani, anu yoveli rva amerikelidan erTi, programis miRma aRmoCndeba.

SeerTebuli Statebi

msoflio 2014

jandacvis xarjebis wili mSp-Si 19.9

55 44 18.3 18.0

2013

2014

18.4

18.5

2015

2018

wyaro: Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2013 wlis seqtemberi; kongresis sabiujeto ofisi, 2013 wlis maisi

kanonis uzarmazari nawilebi gamocanad rCeba. magaliTad, daemorCileba xalxi Obama Care-s mandats, rom dazRveva SeiZinos? 2014 wels amaze jarima mxolod 95 dolaria, anu Semosavlis 1 procenti. bevrma isic ki ar icis, rom `obamaqea~ isev arsebobs ‒ agvistoSi gamokiTxulTa 44 procenti fiqrobda, rom kanoni SesaZloa, gauqmda. Tu axalgazrda, janmrTeli adamianebi ar iyidian dazRvevas 2014 wels, Sedegebi SeiZleba savalalo iyos. sadazRvevoebs avadmyofi pacientebis jgufi darCebaT. aman SesaZloa dazRvevis fasebi 2015 wels gazardos, ris Semdegac kidev ufro mcire iqneba albaToba, rom axalgazrdebi CaerTvebian programaSi da es yvelaferi ki isev da isev jandacvis xarjebs gazrdis. es saSineli `sikvdili spirali~ mosvenebas ar aZlevs eqspertebs Obama Care-s SemoRebis Semdeg. 2014 weli axla aCvenebs, Tu ra Sedegebi iqonia Obama Care-m kompaniebze. obamam 2015 wlamde SeaCera moTxovna, romlis Tanaxmadac kompaniebi, romelTac 50 an meti srul StatSi dasaqmebuli personali hyavT, valdebulebi arian dazRveva SesTavazon TanamSromlebs. saboloo jamSi, zogierTi firma da maTi personali SeiZleba fiqrobdes, rom ukeTesia dazRveva ar iyos, raTa dasaqmebulebs subsidiebis moZiebis saSualeba hqondeT.

2022 *65 welze naklebi asakis adamianebi

2014 mokled sami zRvis iqiTa teritoria irCevs gubernators: guami (amJamad respublikeli), virjiniis kunZulebi (demokrati) da CrdiloeT mariana (romelsac adgilobrivi Covenant Party marTavs)

o, dido mxarjvelo kidev erTi SekiTxva isaa, Tu rogori gavlena eqneba Obama Care-s jandacvis xarjebze. amerikam 2.7 trilioni dolari gamoyo jandacvaze 2011 wels, anu mSp-is daaxloebiT 17.9 procenti. saSualo monacemi OECD qveynebSi, mdidari qveynebis jgufSi, 9.3 procenti iyo. xarjebi amerikaSi neli tempiT izrdeba, risi mizezic nawilobriv recesiaa. mTavrobis sadazRvevo statistikosebi mis ufro swraf zrdas elian ‒ ramdenadac `obamaqea~ dazRvevas afarToebs, mosaxleoba berdeba da ekonomika jansaRdeba. Tumca, arsebobs faqtorebi, romlebmac SesaZloa fasebi SezRudos. `obamaqea~ moicavs programebs, rac gulisxmobs, rom eqimebs gadauxadon karg servisSi da ara bevr servisSi. firmebi dasaqmebulebs TavianTi sadazRvevo xarjebis udides nawils axdevineben, rac pacientebs aiZulebs, momxmareblebiviT moiqcnen. damsaqmeblebica da pacientebic saavadmyofoebs aiZuleben, fasebi gamWvirvale gaxadon. 2014 wels amerikis jandacvis bazari radikalurad Seicvleba. magram es mxolod dasawyisi iqneba. n

Sarlot hovardi: jandacvis korespondenti, The Economist

SeerTebuli Statebi

msoflio 2014

moxavedan mTvaremde

mas winaT, RamiT, televiziiT gadioda filmi The Right Stuff da aRfrTovanebuli vuyurebdi, yvelaze mamaci da TvalSisacemi aRnagobis amerikeli pilotebi rogor emzadebodnen imisTvis, rom pirveli adamianebi gamxdariyvnen, vinc kosmosSi gafrinda. sanam inJinrebi agebdnen pirvel safren mowyobilobas, mecnierebi cdilobdnen gaekeTebinaT kosmosSi mogzaurobis gavlenis improvizacia adamianis sxeulze da pirveli astronavtebi moemzadebinaT momqancveli fizikuri testebis saSualebiT. bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, adamianis kosmosSi gafrenis TvalsazrisiT, uamravi movlena moxda, Tumca SesaZloa ufro naklebi, vidre xalxi eloda. marTlac, 500 astronavtze metma imogzaura kosmosSi da Tormetma mTvareze daabija, magram udidesi umravlesoba mTavrobis mier daqiravebuli da specialurad SerCeuli iyo. maik melvilis da braian binis garda, romlebic Virgin Galactic-is msgavsi mowyobilobiT gafrindnen ‒ es iyvnen kerZo pirebi, romlebmac kosmosSi imogzaures, da mTavrobis TviTdafinansebuli stumrebi gaxdnen. garda imisa, rom aTobiT milioni dolari gadaixades bileTebSi, maT moeTxovebodaT brwyinvale janmrTeloba, mkacri treningebis gadalaxva da rusuli enisTvis gadaxedvac ki. me vfiqrobdi, TviTonac gavfreniliyavi ramdenime wlis win da yvelaferi rom gaviTvaliswine, gadavwyvite, jobda sakuTari sahaero xomaldi amego. nawilobriv im naCqarevi gadawyvetilebis gamo, romlis winaSec Cven vdgavarT, axali kosmosuri xanis dasawyisSi, romelic gardaqmnis adamianis urTierTobas samyarosTan, Cveni samyaros miRma, sul ramdenime TveSi Cven vixilavT kerZo astronavtebis metismet mozRvavebas. am jgufs rom SeuerTde, dagWirdeba harvardis diplomi da ramdenimewliani treningi. es araCveulebrivi siaxlea im milionobiT sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis, asakisa da erovnebis individisTvis, romlebic ocneboben mSobliuri planeta bneli da Cumi kosmosidan ixilon. rogorc biznesmens, me minaxavs bevri teqnologia, romelic mTavrobis mier Seiqmna, magram maTi sruli potenciali mxolod kerZo seqtorSi gadasvlis Semdeg gamovlinda. kosmosur sivrceSi gafrenis progresi zustad imitom iyo neli, rom msoflios yvelaze gavlenian mTavrobebs surdaT igi TavisTvis hqonodaT. axla ki, Virgin Galactic ukve emzadeba gaxdes msoflios pirveli komerciuli kosmosuri xomaldi. ukve imaze metma adamianma gadaixada da CvenTan, kosmosSi gafrenaze Caewera, vidre realurad istoriis manZilze gafrenila kosmosSi. me da Cemi Svilebi holi da semi veguebiT im faqts, rom 2014 wels pirveli sainauguracio komerciuli gafrenisas bortze viqnebiT. Cveni misiaa gardavqmnaT kosmosze xelmisawvdomoba dedamiwaze sicocxlis sasargeblod. amis misaRwevad, 300-ze meti niWieri ma-

makaci da qali ojaxTan erTad kaliforniaSi, moxaves udabnoSi gadasaxlda, Cveni kosmosuri xomaldis agebis da operirebis mizniT. iq isini raRac ufro mniSvnelovans iwyeben, vidre romelime Cvengans axla misi gageba SeuZlia. Cveni gamocdileba frTiani kosmosuri xomaldebis agebasa da operirebaSi upiratesobas mogvcems atmosferos zeviT Soreuli komerciuli aviaciis dasawyebad. saWiroebis mixedviT, Cven mkveTrad SevamcirebT mgzavrobis dros da adamianebis planetis garSemo gadaadgilebis Sedegad garemosdacviT gavlenas; Cven uzrunvelvyofT Cveni safreni aparatebis mier transkontinenturi unarebis ganviTarebas da gadavaxtebiT `konkordis~ didi xnis ganmavlobaSi momlodine ultrabgeriT memkvidreebs. da aqvea Launcher One, satelituri gaSvebis mowyobiloba, romelic axal, Wkvian teqnologiebs waiRebs kosmosSi. male Cven veliT, rom SegveZleba asamde patara satelitis gaSveba 24-saaTian periodSi. kosmosi gaxdeba mzis energiis miRebisa da asteroidebis mopovebis centri. Cveni teqnologia aseve SesaZlebels gaxdis gaumjobesebul klimatis monitorings, katastrofebis ufro efeqtur marTvas da ufro efeqtur sakvebis transportirebas. erT dResac Cven SesaZloa giganturi sarkeebi gavuSvaT kosmosSi, raTa dedamiwaze mzis radiacia SevamciroT da klimaturi cvlilebebis gavlena nawilobriv gavaneitraloT. Cveni meore Taobis tvirTmzidavebis gamoyenebiT, sabolood SevqmniT kosmosur samecniero laboratoriebs da sastumroebs, riTac gzas gavuxsniT misiebs dedamiwis orbitis miRma. Cvens kosmos-sastumroebis stumrebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT gansacvifrebel eqskursiebSi miiRon monawileoba, ifrinon mTvaris zedapiridan ramdenime aseuli futiT maRla, patara orkaciani sahaero xomaldiT. sabolood, Cven daviwyebT misiebis gagzavnas marsze da mis miRma.

pirveli komerciuli kosmosuri frena amerikaSi 2014 wels ganxorcieldeba ‒ gvpirdeba Virgin Galactic-is damfuZnebeli ser riCard brensoni

xelSeuxebeli teritoria magram, upirvelesad, 2014 wels davubrundeT. Virgin Galactic-is pirveli `sfeisSif oris~ komerciuli frenebi istoriaSi Seva da konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT naTel dasturs mogvcems. Cven vaCvenebT, rom SesaZlebelia kerZo firmam aTasobiT adamiani srulfasovan astronavtul gamocdilebas aziaros ‒ usafrTxod da komerciulad mizanSewonil vadebSi. es axali industria iseve gansazRvravs 21-e saukunes, rogorc komerciulma aviaciam gansazRvra erTi saukunis win. 1903 wels Zmebma raitebma pirveli mokle, gaubedavi gafrena ganaxorcieles. mxolod 24 wlis Semdeg, Carlz lindbergma, martom gadaufrina atlantikas. iseve, rogorc vertmfrenebis xana, axali kosmosuri xanac uzarmazar ekonomikur da kulturul sargeblobas moitans. Cveni mizania, Virgin Galactic am transformaciis mowinave flangze iyos. n

sabolood, Cven daviwyebT misiebis gagzavnas marsze da mis miRma

msoflio 2014 aseve seqciaSi: zigzagiT svlis weli 54 mouxeSavi kanada 55 mxolod SesaZlebelia... 55

amerika

portia simpson mileri: mzis amosvla karibis qveynebis Tavze 56

dae, daiwyos TamaSebi helen joisi san-paulu

etatizmis politikiT daRlili biznesmenebi mxars mas dauWeren, xolo batoni nevesis partia, romelic bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi yvela saprezidento arCevnebSi pirveli an meorea, daRmasvlis gzas daadgeba. kampos gamarjveba didi moulodneloba iqneba, myari meore adgili ki mas 2018 wlisTvis xelsayrel pozicias Seuqmnis.

braziliis arCevnebi SesaZloa, „penaltebamde“ mivides

rCevnebi da msoflio Cempionati fexburTSi: 2014 braziliisTvis didi weliwadi iqneba. 1998 wlidan moyolebuli, roca samxedro diqtaturis damarcxebis Semdeg, prezidenti sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad airCies, es procedura savaldebulod iqca. Tumca, samxreT amerika 1978 wlis, xolo brazilia 1950 wlis Semdeg msoflio Cempionatis maspinZeli aqamde aRar yofila. bolo periodamde iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom 2014 weli mosawyeni aRmoCndeboda. erTaderTi intriga is iyo, Tu ra sxvaobiT gaimarjvebda arCevnebis meore turSi prezidenti dilma rusefi. magram ivnisSi, ramdenime qalaqSi avtobusiT mgzavrobis fasebis zrdis gamo agorebuli mcire protesti 1992 wlis Semdeg udides masobriv mRelvarebaSi gadaizarda, roca caras pintadas (`SeRebili saxeebi~) moZraobam quCas miaSura, maSindeli prezidentis fernando koloris korufciis braldebiT gasamarTlebisa da impiCmentis moTxovniT. maRalma fasebma, uxarisxo sazogadoebrivma momsaxurebam da sayovelTao politikurma korufciam didad azarala qalbatoni rusefi, romlis reitingic gamokiTxvebSi seriozulad daeca. marTalia, man situaciis mcirediT gamosworeba moaxerxa, magram savaraudod, igi xmaTa 50%-s ver moagrovebs, rac meore turs aacilebda. Tumca misi savaraudo metoqeebidan romelime Tu ar dawinaurda, igi meore turSi mainc gaimarjvebs. yvelaze didi opoziciuri politikuri Zalis, „braziliis social-demokratiuli partiis“ (PDSB) savaraudo kandidats, aesio nevess, rogorc Cans, Zlieri xelisuflis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad saWiro gabeduleba aklia. 2010 wlis arCevnebSi 20 milioni xmiT mesame adgilze gasuli garemos dacvis yofili ministris, marina silvas Sansebi protestma gazarda: es adamiani meqrTameobiT cnobil braziliur politikur klasSi iSviaTi principulobiTaa cnobili, magram misma axladSeqmnilma partiam ver SeZlo biurokratiuli sirTuleebis droulad gadalaxva, misi kandidaturis droulad wamosayeneblad. imis magivrad, rom romelime patara partiasTan aliansi Seekra, igi braziliis socialistur partias SeuerTda, romelmac axlaxan rusefis mmarTveli koalicia miatova, Crdilo-aRmosavleT Statis pernambukos gubernatoris, eduardo kamposis Tavis saprezidento kandidatad wamosayeneblad. is, Tu ramdenad waadgeba sakuTar banakSi qalbaton silvas yofna batoni kampos axalgazrda, gamoucdeli da imedgacruebuli mxardamWerebis xelaxla mozidvas, pasuxgaucemel SekiTxvad rCeba. magram Tu misi kampania temps akrefs, rusefis mkacri

karas pindatasis dabruneba

erovnuli gundis mier sanaqebo Sedegis Cveneba ivnissa da ivlisSi fexburTis msoflio Tasis gaTamaSebisas rusefis saarCevno kampanias sasiamovno elfers Sematebda, Tumca sakiTxavia, ramdenad udris safexburTo warmateba, arCevnebSi warmatebas. luis filipe skolarim, romelic mwvrTnelad 2012 wels dainiSna, ramdenime brwyinvale axalgazrda moTamaSiT gundi iseT disciplinirebul jgufad Sekra, romelmac favoriti espaneTi daamarcxa, moigo 2013 wlis konfederaciaTa Tasi, romelic 2014 wlis turniris generaluri repeticia iyo. magram susti proeqt-menejmenti da biujetis gadaxarjvebi imas niSnavs, rom mTavrobam ucxoeli fanebis SemotevisTvis maspinZeli qalaqebis infrastruqturis saTanado momzadeba ver SeZlo. skolebi da samTavrobo ofisebi daixureba, raTa mayurebeli TamaSebamde advilad gadaadgildes. sul mcire, stadionebi mainc iqneba mzad, rac 2013 wlis ganmavlobaSi jer saeWvo iyo. dasawyisisTvis, konfederaciaTa Tasis maspinZeli 7 stadionidan mxolod oTxis samSeneblo samuSaoTa damTavreba moxerxda. ivnisis gamosvlebi imanac ganapiroba, rom am gziT qveyanaSi arsebuli problemebis Sesaxeb informaciis qveynis farglebs gareT gatana gaxda SesaZlebeli. `Savi blokis~ anarqistebis araorganizebulma dajgufebam, romelic policiasTan brZolis da bankebis filialebze Tavdasxmis dros Sav niRbebs atarebs, scada, magram ver SeZlo saprotesto muxtis SenarCuneba. maTma agresiulma Jestikulaciam zomieri umravlesobis gaucxoeba ganapiroba. fexburTi ki, rogorc erovnuli siamaye da gataceba, imas niSnavs, rom msoflio Cempionatis dros raime masobrivi protesti mosalodneli ar aris. 2014 wels safexburTo matCebi da saarCevno kampaniebi mwvaved warimarTeba, magram braziliis erovnuli nakrebic da misi prezidentic momdevno wels konkurentebis damarcxebis surviliT aRvsilni egebebian. n

2014 mokled braziliaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlo 2012 wels mensalaus korufciul saqmeSi braldebuli politikosebis saprotesto sarCels ganixilavs.

helen joisi: korespondenti braziliaSi, The Economist

amerika

msoflio 2014

zigzagiT svlis weli maikl reidi

oriode sityviT, amerikaze

013 wels, uRimRamo ekonomikuri zrdis Semdeg, laTinur amerikas kidev erTi `wylis nayvis~ weliwadi elis. Tvali adevneT quCas ‒ dagrovili socialuri ukmayofileba SesaZloa yvelgan moulodnel masobriv protestSi gadaizardos, gansakuTrebiT ki ‒ argentinaSi, perusa da kolumbiaSi. regionSi dominantebad memarcxeneebi darCebian. amas yvelaze meti dabrkoleba braziliaSi emuqreba, sadac memarjvene-centristuli Zalebis gamarjvebam SesaZloa mTeli laTinuri amerikis politikuri ganwyoba Secvalos. ekonomikuri zrda 3%-iani niSnulis irgvliv dafiqsirdeba, rac regionis axali normaa. garkveulwilad, es aracaa cudi da asaxavs faqts, rom am regionis did ekonomikas sxvagan atexili qartexilebis gaZlebis saSuri unari aqvs. Tumca, zrdis es tempi Sorsaa 20042008 wlebis 5.4%-isgan, rac regions siRaribis aRmosafxvrelad sWirdeba, da romelic laTinuri amerikis mTeli mosaxleobis 29%-is satkivaria. braziliaSi winasaarCevnod fiskaluri stimulirebisa da meqsikaSi infrastruqturul proeqtebSi xarjvis matebis gamo, zrda cota ufro homogenuri gaxdeba. ramdenimewliani, gacilebiT swrafi zrdis Semdeg, Cile da peru ekonomikur vardnas ganicdian. argentinasa da venesuelas, maTive populisturi mflangvelobis gamo, problemebi SeeqmnebaT. braziliis garda, arCevnebi kolumbiaSic iqneba, sadac xuan manuel santosi maisSi albaT aucileblad ecdeba xelisuflebaSi meore vadiT darCenas. FARC-is (kolumbiis revoluciuri SeiaraRebuli Zalebi ‒ saxalxo armia) partizanebTan 2012 wlis oqtomberSi dawyebulma samSvidobo molaparakebebma arCevnebis Tema srulad gadafara. baton santoss imedi aqvs, rom am yvelafers samSvidobo SeTanxmebiT droulad daasrulebs ‒ Tanac ise, rom am SeTanxmebaSi martis sakanonmdeblo arCevnebTan referendumis mibmis sakiTxic Caideba. warmatebuli garigeba mas gamarjvebisken gauxsnis gzas. Tumca es gza kolumbiis soflebiviT danaRmulia. Tu FARC-i molaparakebebs gaaWianurebs, santosi SeiZleba iZulebuli gaxdes, molaparakebebis magida datovos. memarjvene politikuri speqtris mxridan aspeqtSi mas mouwevs miiRos gamowveva konservatori winamorbedisa da mtrad mokidebuli yofili mokavSiris alvaro uribesagan, romlis kandidatura jerac ar aris

formalurad damtkicebuli. konkurenti imedovnebs, rom senatSi arCevis mcdelobis gziT opoziciis mobilizebas SeZlebs. memarcxeneebs antonio navaro volfis saxiT Zlieri kandidati hyavT, magram isini sustad organizebulebi arian. santosi, savaraudod, mainc gaimarjvebs ‒ samSvidobo garigebis gaformebis gareSec ki. CileSi yofili prezidenti miSel baSele 2013 wlis noembris arCevnebSi uproblemo gamarjvebisaTvis emzadeboda, riTac memarjvene centristebis mmarTvelobis oTxwliani pauza unda dasrulebuliyo. igi Seecdeba qveyanas

minelebuli socialuri ukmayofilebis „naRverdali“ SesaZloa isev aaldes ufro metad memarcxene mimarTulebiT gauZRves, vidre misi pirveli vadis dros, da saarCevno sistemis Sesacvlelad konstituciuri cvlilebis ganxorcielebasac Seecdeba, magram naklebad savaraudoa, rom misi koalicia kongresSi xmebis sakmaris raodenobas miiRebs imisTvis, rom es martom moaxerxos. memarcxeneebi urugvaize

mas maradonas xeli Seexo

kontrols 2014 wlis arCevnebSic SeinarCuneben, ramdenadac kidev erTi yofili prezidenti, tabare vaskesi, posts daubrundeba. is ufro centristul mimarTulebas airCevs, vidre politikuri arenidan wasasvlelad gamzadebuli prezidenti xose muxika, magram mmarTveli farTo frontis koaliciaSi Sida dapirispirebebTan gamklaveba masac mouwevs. boliviaSi evo moralesi 2014 wlis dekemberSi mesame vadiT mova xelisuflebaSi, daamarcxebs ra sustad organizebul opozicias, magram korufciiTa da uxarisxo sajaro momsaxurebiT gamowveulma mcire ukmayofilebam SeiZleba Seamciros misTvis

gankuTvnili xmebis raodenoba. centralur amerikaSi gasamarT ramdenime arCevnebs Soris yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi SeiZleba 2013 wlis noemberSi hondurasSi gaimarTos, sadac qsiomara kastro, savaraudod, mcire gansxvavebiT gaimarjvebs. igi yofili prezidentis manuel zelaias meuRlea, romelic 2009 wels putCis dros daamxes ‒ mas Semdeg, rac is venesueleli hugo Cavesis mokavSire gaxda. misi gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, hondurasSi politikur konfrontacias ukontrolo narkodanaSauli da sazogado ganukiTxaoba daemateba. el salvadorSi martis arCevnebSi konservatiulma partiam arena unda moigos, Tumca rogorc Cans, mmarTveli memarcxene farabundo martis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli frontis (FMLN) dasamarcxeblad meore turi gaxdeba saWiro. TebervalSi kosta rikaSi centristuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli partia Zalauflebas SeinarCunebs, Tumca kongresSi umravlesobis gareSe. maisSi panamis arCevnebi iqneba mZime da binZuri brZola mmarTveli konservatiuli demokratiuli cvlilebebis partiis lider xose domingo ariassa da demokratiuli revoluciis partiis lider xuan karlos navaros Soris. meqsikaSi 2014 weli gardamtexi iqneba prezident enrike pena nietos ambiciuri reformebisTvis. yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva misi brZola konstituciis Sesacvlelad, navTobis, gazisa da eleqtroenergiis sferoSi kerZo investiciebisaTvis gzis gasaxsnelad. ucxouri navTobkompaniebi yuradRebiT daakvirdebian meoradi kanonmdeblobis detalebs. argentinaSi Zalauflebas qristina fernandesi daTmobs. venesuelaSi opozicias imedi eqneba, rom 2013 wlis dekemberSi adgilobriv arCevnebSi naCvenebi damaimedebeli Sedegebi sakanonmdeblo organos 2015 wels gasamarT arCevnebSi gamarjvebis sawindari iqneba, rac hugo Cavesis dawyebuli da axla ukve misi memkvidris, prezident nikolas maduros `revoluciis~ dasasrulis dasawyisi gaxdeba. 1959 wlis Semdeg pirvelad, 2014 wlis dekemberSi kubaSi erovnuli asamblea havanaSi mdebare kapitoliumSi Seikribeba, romelic SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis mimsgavsebuli aslia da romlis aRdgenac axla mimdinareobs. es simbolurad asaxavs prezident raul kastros survils, 2018 wels saprezidento vadis dasrulebamde saxelmwifo institutebi komunisturi partiisgan gamijnos. magram kubaSi gegmis Sesabamisad iSviaTad viTardeba movlenebi. jer kidev SarSan, fidel kastros sikvdilis winaswarmetyvelebaSi SevcdiT. axla ki iZulebulni varT vaRiaroT, rom igi ukvdavia. n maikl reidi: amerikis biuros redaqtori, The Economist

mouxeSavi kanada madelain droeni otava

cxenirems mzis saTvale mosZvra

oca aTi wlis win `ekonomistma~ ganacxada, rom socialuri liberalizmisa da fiskaluri sijansaRis nazaviT kanada `magari~ qveyanaa, es gamaognebeli Sefaseba iyo. qveyana, romlis konstitucia moqalaqeebs fxizeli `mSvidobis, wesrigisa da kargi marTvisken~ mouwodebs, mzis saTvaleebiani cxenirmis asociacias tovebda. Semdeg fiskaluri krizisi dadga da kanadelebs aqac aRmoaCndaT msoflio arenaze Tavmomwone rok-varskvlavis msgavsi, odiozuri centraluri bankis meTauri, vinaidan kanadurma bankebma myari poziciebi maSinac ki SeinarCunes, roca danarCeni qveynebis bankebi did problemebSi gaexvnen. samwuxarod, 2014 wels kanada isev warsulis tyveobaSi aRmoCndeba, da ara mxolod imitom, rom mark qarni inglisis bankis samarTavad gaemgzavra. SeerTebuli Statebi da sxvebi finansuri krizisidan gamodian da mas ekonomikuri miRwevebiT gadauswreben. konservatiuli mTavroba, stiven harperis meTaurobiT, 2015 wlis sayovelTao arCevnebis win politikuri sangrebis momzadebiT dakavdeba, rac aSkarad ar aris saukeTeso svlagezi. magaliTad, albertas kupris qviSebidan mopovebuli eqsporti ‒ maSin, roca klimaturi cvlilebebis Semamcirebeli RonisZiebebisTvis TiTqmis araferi keTdeba. igive exeba socialuri liberalizmis Tanmimdevruli politikis Sesustebasac, romelzedac aTwleulis win `ekonomisti~ aseTi enTuziazmiT werda. 2014 wels kanadisadmi interesi mxolod uaryofiTi mizezebiT iqneba ganpirobebuli. saojaxo meurneobaTa valebis, sacxovrisis fasebis rekordulad maRali donisa da ipoTekis ganakveTis zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT, mosalodneli sabinao bazris kraxi yvelaze didi ekonomikuri riskia. saqebar politikur gadawyvetilebebs Soris 2003 wels marixuanas dekriminalizaciis kanonproeqti (romelic arasodes miuRiaT) gaxldaT. maSin es radikaluri idea iyo, magram mas Semdeg ori amerikuli saxelmwifo bevrad Sors wavida, roca kanafis warmoebis, gayidvisa da rekreaciuli mizniT gamoyenebis legalizacia moaxdina. amJamad urugvai imave zomebis gasatareblad emzadeba. misi legalizaciisken Jiustin triudos mowodebaze mister harperis reaqciam (man `liberalebis~ lideri `Cveni SvilebisTvis marixuanas popularizaciaSi~ daadanaSaula) TvalsaCino gaxada, rom kanada uaxloes droSi kanonebis Serbilebas ar apirebs. mTavrobam 6-Tviani patimroba SemoiRo iseTi mcire raodenobis SenaxvisTvis, rogoricaa eqvsi qoTani da aprilSi ukanonod gamoacxadebs saxlis pirobebSi samedicino marixuanas moyvanas. kanadis damokidebuleba ZirZvel xalxebTan, maTTvis TviTmmarTvelobis uflebamosilebaTa da wiaRis mopovebis uflebis gadacema aTi wlis win sanimuSo da gabeduli socialuri politikis magaliTad miiCneoda. mas mere urTierToba xelisuflebasa da aborigen kanadelebs Soris (pirveli erovnebebi, metisebi da inuitebi) gamwvavda da araerT uTanxmoebaSi gadaizarda tradiciul aborigenul miwebze resursebis marTvisa da calkeul rezervaciebSi arsebuli savalalo cxovrebis pirobebis gamo. am uTanxmoebaTa umravlesoba sasamarTlo darbazebSi ganixileba, magram

amerika

msoflio 2014

mzardi daZabuloba SesaZloa damdeg wels ZaladobaSic ki gadaizardos. kanadis, rogorc emigrantebis gulRiad mimRebi kulturuli mravalferovnebiT mozeime qveynis reputacia, rogorc misi xiblis ganuyofeli atributi, 2013 wels gaqra, roca mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixedviT, meore udidesi provinciis, kvebekis separatistulma mTavrobam winadadeba gamoTqva, sajaro mosamsaxureebisaTvis aekrZalaT `gamomwvevi~ religiuri simboloebis, magaliTad, Tavsafris, Calmis da zedmetad didi zomis jvarcmis (patara zomis daSvebulia) tareba. qveynis masStabiT, emigraciis sistemaSi didi xnis win gasatarebeli reformebi eqscentrikuli ideebisgan gaTavisuflda, magram amas umsxverplod ar Cauvlia. naTesavebTan SeerTebis msurvel mSoblebsa da bebia-babuebs 2011 wlis bolos ganumartes, rom vizaze ganacxadis wardgenas ver SeZlebdnen sistemaSi dagrovili sacobis gamo. ganacxadebis miReba 2014 wlis 2 ianvars ganaxldeba, magram sponsor ojaxebs es procedura uwindelze Zviri daujdebaT da ufro didxans mouwevT lodini. xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 100 milioni kanaduri dolaris dazogvis mizniT (97 milioni dolari), mTavrobam 2012 wels mkveTrad Seamcira ltolvilebisTvis jandacvis dafinanseba. Tu im eqimebis pozicia, romlebmac es gaaprotestes, marTebulia, es daufiqrebeli nabiji kanadas iseTi qveynis reputacias Seuqmnis, sadac yvelaze daucvelebi iCagrebian. pirvelad 2003 wlis Semdeg, kanadaSi kvlav wamoiWra ori Zveli problema ‒ federaluri biujetis deficiti da kvebekis separatistuli partiis mier dakompleqtebuli adgilobrivi mTavroba. is azri, rom kanadas SeerTebul Statebze ukeTesi garemosdacviTi politika aqvs, axla ukve sakamaToa. navTobis industriis dasacavad, mTavrobam naxSirbadis emisiis Semcirebis valdebulebis aRebisagan Tavi Seikava. aman gaarTula daproeqtebuli kistounis transsasazRvro didi navTobsadenis mSeneblobis sakiTxSi amerikis mxardaWeris miRebis perspeqtiva. 2003 wels arsebuli problemebis nawili amJamad mogvarebulia. federaluri mogebis gadasaxadi 22.1%dan 15%-mde Semcirda, gaizarda investiciebi biznesSi, xolo Tavdacvis xarjebi dRevandlamde izrdeboda. 2014 wels kanadas kraxi namdvilad ar emuqreba. igi kvlav mSvidobiani, multikulturuli qveyanaa, TviT kvebekSic ki. misi ekonomika SesaniSnav formaSi sulac araa, Tumca myarad dgas fexze. bolo dros kanadis bankis mmarTvelis rangSi sajaro moxsenebaSi „kanada muSaobs~, batonma qernim mravali sasiamovno faqtis moxmoba SeZlo. TumcaRa, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom male is britaneTis moqalaqeobaze ganacxadis Setanas apirebs. n

2014 mokled kanada SarlotTaunis konferenciidan 150 wlisTavs aRniSnavs, romliTac am qveyanas Caeyara safuZveli

mxolod SesaZlebelia… meqsikis narkokartelebi miatoveben qoTnebSi narkotikebis gamoyvanis bizness, SeerTebul StatebSi legaluri mzardi konkurenciis gamo. Cile amsubuqebs abortis nawilobriv amkrZalav RonisZiebebs, rac regionSi sxva qveynebs sakuTari kanonebis gadaxedvisken ubiZgebs. SeerTebuli Statebi Tavis moqalaqeebs kubaSi Tavisuflad mogzaurobis uflebas aZlevs.

madelain droeni: korespondenti kanadaSi, The Economist

amerika

msoflio 2014

mzis amosvla karibis qveynebis Tavze

droa, sportuli da kulturuli miRwevebi keTildReobad gadavaqcioT, ‒ acxadebs portia simpson mileri, iamaikis premierministri

ganaxlebadi energiis sistemis ganviTarebis gzaze arsebuli umTavresi dabrkoleba xelmiuwvdomlad maRali kapitaluri danaxarjebia

exedeT 2014 wels mcire kunZulovani saxelmwifos lideris gadasaxedidan, romlis ganviTarebas mravali socialuri da ekonomikuri sirTule eRobeba, magram romelic kurTxeulia SesaZleblobebiT da amayobs mis zomaze meti saerTaSoriso cnobadobiT. gamowvevebi, romlis winaSec iamaika 2014 wels aRmoCndeba, arc unikaluria da arc lokaluri. maT Sorisaa saxelmwifo valis aramdgradi maCvenebeli, importirebuli energiis maRali fasi da Zaladobis miuRebeli zrda. rogorc karibis zRvis makroregionis nawili, qveyana unda SeebrZolos klimatur cvlilebas, bunebrivi katastrofebis mimarT gazrdil mgrZnobelobas, sust saeqsporto konkurentunarianobas da Sidsis epidemias. unda moinaxos dasaqmebis, gansakuTrebiT ki axalgazrdaTa dasaqmebis zrdis meqanizmebi ‒ niWieri momavali Taobis emigraciis tempis SesaCereblad. 2014 wels, da Semdgom, meti mdgradoba da ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa karibis regionisa da laTinuri amerikis mkvidrTa Soris ufro Rrma regionul integracias, aseve gafarToebul TanamSromlobas, vaWrobasa da investiciebis xelSewyobas moiTxovs. seqtemberSi samoaSi gasamarTi mcire zomis ganviTarebadi kunZulovani qveynebis mesame saerTaSoriso konferencia mdgradi ganviTarebisken mimarTuli qmedebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, sxva qveynebTan partnioruli kavSirebis Camoyalibebis did SesaZleblobebs qmnis. 2013 wels CineTis prezidentis si zinpinis viziti karibis regionis mniSvnelobas xazs usvams. iamaikam ekonomikur gamowvevebs ori mimarTulebiT upasuxa. upirvelesad, Cemma administraciam tradiciul seqtorebSi ‒ soflis meurneobasa da turizmSi stabilizaciisa da ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi nabijebi gadadga. Saqris warmoebaSi gatarda sakuTrebis privatizacia, ramac warmoebisa da produqtiulobis zrdisTvis aucilebeli didi xniT dayovnebuli investiciebis dabandebas xeli Seuwyo. msgavsi iniciativebi gatarda kulturebis, kerZod ‒ yavis, kakaosa da koWa zafranis warmoebis sferoebSic. turizmSi Sida investiciebis waxalisebasTan erTad, gavafarToveT pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis areali, romelime arsebul bazarze movlenaTa arasaxarbielod ganviTarebis potenciuri riskis Semcirebis mizniT. Cven warmatebiT movizideT ramdenime msxvili espanuri sastumroebis qseli, ris Sedegadac evropidan vizitebis ricxvma imata. meore ‒ ganzraxuli gvaqvs, maqsimalurad visargebloT iamaikis geografiuli mdebareobiT da movizidoT investiciebi, rac qveyanas karibis zRvis auzis logistikur centrad aqcevs. Cven investirebas vaxorcielebT sainformacio teqnologiebis sferosa da Tanamedrove portebis aRWurvaSi. sajaro da kerZo seqtoris partniorobis sqemis gamoyenebiT, msoflios sididiT meSvide bunebrivi navsadguris ‒ kingstonis portis gafarToebisa da modernizaciis proeqti ukve mimdinareobs. importirebul sawvavze iamaikis sruli damokidebulebidan gamomdinare, ganviTarebis

mTavari dabrkoleba 2014 wels energomatareblebis fasi iqneba. imdenad, ramdenadac mdidrebi varT mziT, qariTa da wyliT, Cven gadavediT ganaxlebadi energiis, gansakuTrebiT ‒ mzis energiis programis daCqarebul ganviTarebaze. vsargeblob SemTxveviT da iamaikisa da misi msgavsi qveynebis saxeliT, ormxriv da mravalmxriv institutebs daxmarebisaTvis mivmarTav. ganaxlebadi energiis sistemis ganviTarebis gzaze arsebuli umTavresi dabrkoleba xelmiuwvdomlad maRali kapitaluri danaxarjebia. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da sxva mravalmxrivi institutebis daxmarebiT, ukve vaxorcielebT ekonomikuri reformebis rTul programas, romlis mizanic qveyanaSi fiskaluri politikis mowesrigebaa. aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom am programasTan dakavSirebuli mtkivneuli gardaqmnebisa da msxverplis miuxedavad, SeTanxmeba ssf-sTan saSualebas gvaZlevs SevinarCunoT daxmarebis garkveuli programebi dabalSemosavliani ojaxebisa da yvelaze mowyvladi jgufebisTvis. Cveni mizani Raribi ojaxebis SvilebisaTvis ganaTlebasa da jandacvaze ufro farTo xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofaa. iamaikas sxva sirTulec elis. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas mZime tvirTad awevs uzarmazari sagareo vali da uWirs energomatareblebisa da maRali umuSevrobis problemaTa daZleva, igi mainc saSualoSemosavlian qveynad klasificirdeba, da amdenad, misTvis koncesiuri dafinanseba xelmiuwvdomelia. Cemi administracia imuSavebs msgavs mdgomareobaSi myof qveynebTan saerTaSoriso institutebis mier CvenTvis daxmarebis gamoyofis aucileblobaSi dasarwmuneblad.

sprinti warmatebisken rogorc kulturul da sportul `superZalas~ da msoflios uswrafesi qalis da mamakacis ‒ usain boltis da Seli-en freizer-praisis samSoblos, ganzraxuli gvaqvs gamoviyenoT iamaikis saerTaSoriso brendi da ganvaviTaroT Cveni kulturuli industriis potenciali. sportsa da musikaSi Cveni miRwevebi erT mSvenier dRes ar mosula da moulodneloba ar yofila. es saxelovani sportsmenebis artur vintis, herb makkenlis, donald querisa da merlin otis fasdaudebeli namoRvawaris gagrZelebaa. musikaSi regi globalurad aRiarebuli musikaluri mimdinareobaa da aw gardacvlili bob marli mis kerpad iqca. iseve, rogorc sportSi, bob marlis warmateba ramdenime artistis SemoqmedebiT genias daemyara, romelTagan bevrs saTanado aRiareba arasodes miuRia. Cven amis gamosworeba sportuli da kulturuli programebis ganxorcielebiT gvaqvs ganzraxuli. iamaikelma xalxma gamoavlina unari, gautoldes an ajobos Tavisi Tanamedroveebis miRwevebs saerTaSoriso doneze. gamowveva is gaxlavT, rom ekonomikis yvela seqtori da sazogadoeba am TvisebebiT daimuxtos. Rrma lurji mTebidan amowverili didebuli iamaikuri mzis darad, Rameul cas imedisa da dapirebebis sxivebiT rom acilebs, 2014 wels iamaikac momavlis rwmeniT xvdeba~. n

msoflio 2014 aseve seqciaSi: borkilebis mets arafers kargavT 58 supergmiris gamocdebi 59 park geun-hais: samuSao adgilebi da disciplinirebuli bazari 60 grZeli zamTari 61

azia

axali aRmosavluri eqspresi 62 jokovis kaci 62 „kargi omi“ sruldeba 63 ebotis dapirebebi 64 mTavari sakiTxebi 64 beibi bumidan beibi kraxamde 65

yvelaze didi arCevnebi dedamiwaze adam robertsi

indoeTis arCevnebi ufro met daqsaqsulobas gamoiwvevs

gi didi, xmauriani da aradamajerebeli iqneba. indoeTis sayovelTao arCevnebi, romelic savaraudod maisSi gaimarTeba, 800 milioniani eleqtoratisgan Sedgeba, maT Soris 150 milioni, vinc pirvelad axla miscems xmas. kampania 8 kvira gagrZeldeba, dramatuli foni eqneba da moicavs mitingebs, aRlumebs, almebian da Wrela-Wrula banerebs, myvirala satelevizio Souebs, politikosebis mier ZRvenis da qrTamis darigebas. fasi: miliardobiT rupia. moemzadeT banknotebis naklebobisTvis. kongresis partia ver gaimarjvebs ‒ eqspertebi ZiriTadad kamaToben imaze, Tu rogori iqneba marcxi ‒ magram erTi warmateba namdvilad eqneba. premier-ministri manhomah singhi rogorme SeZlebs meore, xuTwliani vadis dasrulebas. skandalis Sedegad Seryeuli mTavrobis, Sesustebuli ekonomikis (mSp zrda 5 procentis qvemoT daeca) da koaliciis araerTguli mokavSireebis gaTvaliswinebiT, arCevnebi SesaZloa ufro adrec gamarTuliyo. bolos, 2009 wels singhi politikuri saganZuri iyo. axla, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, amomrCeveli mas sustad da meryevad miiCnevs. man SeiZleba kampania sonia gandis gverdiT awarmoos. Tumca, is visac liderad xedaven, misi vaJi rahul gandia, Tumca axalgazrdis Sansebi mcirea. soflis mkvidri amomrCeveli, romelic umravlesobas Seadgens, ufro erTguli aRmoCndeba. Raribebs moswonT kongresis didi swrafva keTildReobisken, xorblis da brinjis subsidirebuli racioni 800 milioni adamianisTvis, da axali dafinanseba sabanko angariSebze. miwis kanoni mcire fermerebs ufro met uflebebs aZlevs, Tumca aZrwunebs investorebs. didi samxreT Statis andrha pradeSis gayofis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebam SesaZloa gaaxaros amomrCeveli mis nawilSi, talanganaSi. kongress kvlav Seswevs Zala, gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis Semdeg, koaliciebi Seqmnas. igi indoeTis erTaderT WeSmarit erovnul partiad rCeba. iq, sadac amomrCevels religiuri dapirispirebebi elandebaT an ezizRebaT adgilobrivi avtoriteti, kongresi standartuli beneficiaria. yvelaze didi albaTobiT, igi daepatroneba mokrZalebul da ara uzarmazar „alafs“, savaraudod, 543 adgilidan 110120 adgils. magram mTavari konkurencia iqneba opoziciuri bharatia janata partiis mxridan BJP. misi lideria gujaraTis mTavari ministri narendra modi, romelic sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebis mixedviT regularulad yvelaze popularuli politikosia. winaaRmdegobrivi da ambiciuri, igi sakuTar Tavs Zlier

liderad ganixilavs ‒ iseTad ‒ rogoric bevrs surs. presa da aRmavali socialuri media moxiblulia. indoeTs rom amerikis stilis saprezidento sistema hqondes, igi Zalian maRali albaTobiT moigebda. misi 12-wliani mmarTveloba gujaraTSi, biznesmenebis sayvarel mdidar StatSi, gvaZlevs varaudis sababs, rom man SeiZleba gaurkvevel indoeTSi xelaxali Zvrebi moaxdinos ‒ sajaro seqtorSi cvlilebebis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis, korufciis gamklavebis da gafuWebul infrastruqturaze muSaobis saxiT. is ufro metad saubrobs simdidris Seqmnaze da ara mis ganawilebaze. investorebs, indus naciona-

listebs da indoeTis diasporas igi usazRvrod moswons. sxvebi naklebad darwmunebulebi arian. man ver SeZlo aexsna Tavisi roli gujaraTis 2002 wlis amboxebebSi, roca 1000-ze meti adamiani, ZiriTadad muslimebi, sicocxles gamoasalmes. bevri mas xedavs, rogorc indus Sovinists; sxvebi axseneben misi mmarTvelobis dros gujaraTis Raribebis, qalebis da umciresobebis sust progress. misi unari, Seqmnas koaliciebi, daudasturebelia. 2013 wels, cnobili BJP partiis mokavSire, biharis Statis nitiS kumari mas protestis niSnad ganudga. mas dasWirdeba STambeWdavi gamarjveba, daaxloebiT 200 adgili, mokavSireebi rom aiZulos da premier ministri gaxdes. magram samxreTis,

erT-erTi safrTxe kampaniis dros indusebsa da muslimebs Soris dapirispirebaa

2014 mokled azia CrdiloeT amerikas eweva, raTa gaxdes kontinenti, sadac yvelaze meti milioneri cxovrobs

adam robertsi: korespondenti deliSi, The Economist

azia

msoflio 2014

borkilebis mets arafers kargavT adam robertsi deli

gvWirdeba tualetebis „revolucia“

elis uamrav SesaniSnav galereasa da istoriul RirsSesaniSnaobas Soris, saerTaSoriso tualetis muzeumis eqscentriul brwyinvalebas veraferi Seedreba. 2014 wels misi oficialuri gaxsnidan 20 weli Sesruldeba. noemberSi igi tualetsa da sanitariaze globalur konferencias umaspinZlebs. Rirs misi daTvaliereba. idealur SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni gidi unda iyos bindeSvar pataki ‒ genialuri, 70 wlis tualetis enTuziasti, romelic sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebs, rogorc `tualetis misioners~ da xelmZRvanelobs msxvil arasamTavrobo organizacias

qveyana aanonsebs dagegmil sahaero xomalds, magram tualetebi ver auSenebia Sulabh International-s, romelic am adgils marTavs. gamofenilma da daxarisxebulma aparaturam SesaZloa gagaognoT: mzis energiiT marTuli nagavsawvavebi, uwylo Casarecxebi; biogazze momuSave gazqurebi; adamianis zomis plastikatis eqskrementebi. Tumca, mravalTa Soris yvelaze STambeWdavi mainc harapanis wylis karadaa. wylis milebiani Tanamedrove

2014 mokled liverpulis safexburTo gundi pirvel akademias xsnis indoeTSi, qalaq punaSi

Sesaxedaobis tualeti, romelic mdinare indis xeobasTan aRmoaCines. civilizacia, romelmac is aago, 4 500 wlis win arsebobda. yvela indoel politikoss unda hqondes am fotos asli: msoflios pirveli tualeti. qveyana aanonsebs dagegmil sahaero xomalds, magram dRes tualeti ver auSenebia. 2015 wlisTvis, rogorc aTaswleulis ganviTarebis mizani, indoeTma piroba dado, rom Tavisi mosaxleobis naxevars saTanado

standartuli Waobi

sanitarias SesTavazebs. momaval wels saswaulebis naklebobaa da esec ar gamova. `Cven vcdilobT marsze gafrenas da fuli ar gvaqvs elementaruli jandacvisTvis,~ — Civis batoni pataki. uxerxuli iqneba amis Tqma, magram indoeTs cudi higienis uzarmazari problema aqvs. 2011 wlis aRweris mixedviT, 4861 indur qalaqsa da sofelSi ar aris nawilobrivi kanalizaciis sistemac ki (daiviwyeT soflebis ambavi).

aRmosavleTisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTis amomrCeveli araa darwmunebuli. Warbmosaxleobian CrdiloeT indoeTSi mTavari brZolis veli utar pradeSi iqneba. iq BJP partias uzarmazari mogebebi sWirdeba ‒ 15 procentze meti, romelic man 2012 wlis Statis arCevnebSi moagrova. batoni modi TviTon albaT utah pradeSis dedaqalaqSi, luknouSi iyris kenWs. erT-erTi SiSi kampaniis dros hindusebsa da muslimebs Soris daZabulobaa. 2013 wels sayofacxovrebo danaSaulis zrdam StatSi bevri gamoasalma sicocxles. aseTi Setakebebi Teoriulad xels aZlevs BJP -s, radgan is izidavs hindus amomrCevels, Tumca ganizidavs muslim eleqtorats.

fragmentaciis bombebi saxelmwifo mniSvnelovania, upirvelesad imitom, rom is uzarmazaria: 207 milioniani mosaxleobiT, es Stati braziliaze xalxmravalia. amis garda, misi politika did nacionalur tendencias asaxavs ‒ is, rac abrkolebs kongressac da BJP -sac: regionuli partiebi Zlierdebian. mani Sankar aiari, kongresis veterani lideri,

indoelebis naxevari iZulebulia Ria cis qveS moisaqmos. amis Sedegad dabinZurebuli wylidan vrceldeba iseTi daavadebebi, rogoricaa encefaliti da diarea. 2014 wels indoeTSi daaxloebiT 15000 bavSvi gardaicvleba diareiT. uvargisi sanitaruli pirobebi aris umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom bevri indoeli, sakmarisi kaloriebis miuxedavad, SimSilobs da ver izrdeba. tualetebis mxardaWeris oficialur sqemebs mcire Sedegi aqvs. Tu mis aSenebas gegmav, arsebobs 9900 rupiis (160 dolari) subsidia. magram korufcia da araefeqturoba niSnavs, rom Znelad moipoveba es fuli. ufro uaresi, mcire perspeqtiva arsebobs normaluri saqalaqo dagegmarebis da saqalaqo kanalizaciisTvis, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT sakmaris gamwmend mowyobilobebze. ise rom, indoeTis „wminda“ mdinareebi sazogado jandacvisTvis kidev ufro didi safrTxe gaxdeba. arasamTavroboebi mcdelobas ar akleben. pataki miiCnevs, rom indoeTma saCqarod unda aagos milionobiT `sofluri tualeti~, radganac sakanalizacio sistemis mowesrigebas aTwleulebi dasWirdeba. 2014 wels, geiTsis fondi Gates Foundation waradgens mTel rig `uwylo tualetebs~ specialurad indoeTis qalaqebisTvis. indoeli momxmareblebis mzardma miswrafebebma SesaZloa progresi daaCqaros. presa iSviaTad wers statiebs qalebze, romlebic saqmros uars eubnebian daqorwinebaze manam, sanam isini saxlSi tualets ar gaakeTeben. es is problemaa, romelsac indoeTma unda mixedos da ufro swrafad „Carecxos“. n

orive didi partiis winaSe xedavs problemebs, utah pradeSSic da mTeli qveynis masStabiTac. `idealurad arcerTs aqvs saqme,~ ‒ ambobs igi. samagierod, is elodeba, rom tamil naduSi dawinaurdeba jaiaram jailalita, dasavleT bengalSi mamata banerje, biharSi kumari da utah pradeSSi ‒ maiavati da mulaiam singhi. ratom aris es problema? didi mxardaWera arcerTs ar aqvs. `TiToeuli daumarcxebelia erT konkretul adgilas, magram ramdenime iardis moSorebiT erT adgilsac ver aiReben.~ esaa recepti daqsaqsuli politikis da mcire partiebis `mesame frontis~ koaliciebis. 1990 wels, mTavrobebis umciresobam, romelTa SuagulSi mxurvale reformatorebi iyvnen, ekonomikis gaxsnas Seuwyes xeli. magram rogorc wesi, aseTi mTavrobebi mxolod erT an or wels uZleben xolme. batonma gandim SesaZloa opoziciaSi pauzas dauWiros mxari, roca kongresis maRali Tanamdebobebidan Zvelebs garekavs. aseve, batonma modim SeiZleba ufro Zlieri kontroli moipovos BJP-ze. amis miRma, koaliciuri mTavroba niSnavs adre Tu gvian Semdegi saarCevno ciklisTvis momzadebas. n

2014 mokled 2006 wlis samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg, fiji pirvel arCevnebs marTavs

iaponiis aRmasvla iaponiis samomxmareblo fasebi % cvlileba wina welTan SedarebiT 2.0

2% samizne indikatori 2015 wlisaTvis

1.5 1.0 0.5 0

2013* 2014 2015

2009 2010 2011 2012

aponiis ministri Sinzo abe im xalxs, vinc is airCia, legendis gmirze Seaxsenebs. `abenomikis~ saxeliT cnobilma misma ekonomikurma programam igi araCveulebrivad popularuli gaxada. abem piroba dado, rom inflaciis monstrs bolos mouRebs, Warbi regulaciebis safuZvlebs daangrevs da iaponiis uZrav ekonomikas sicocxles daubrunebs. magram 2014 weli gansjis weli iqneba. gamocdebis seria gamoavlens, batoni abe namdvilad zRapruli princia Tu ubralod kidev erTi politikuri „bayayi“. misi yvelaze saSineli gamocda samomxmareblo gadasaxadis gazrda iqneba, romelic damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis iaponuri versiaa. abemde mxolod erTaderTma politikosma gabeda misi gazrda. ise rom, is rCeba 5 procentze, rac mdidar samyaroSi yvelaze dabali gadasaxadia. alternativa Zalian mcirea, ramdenadac socialuri xarjebis seriozuli Sekveca politikurad miuRwevelia. iaponias Zalian sWirdeba sesxebis kontroli. 2013 wels 1 kvadrilioni ienis (10.3 trilioni dolari) miRebis mere, 2014 wels qveynis giganturi valis mxolod saprocento ganakveTis fasi rekordul maCvenebels miaRwevs da 25 trilion iens gautoldeba. mogebis brunvaze gadasaxadis zrda abenomikisTvis cudis momaswavebeli SeiZleba iyos. mosalodnelia, rom iaponiis ekonomika meoTxediT Semcirdeba, radgan is xalxi, vinc gadasaxadis zrdis win fuli Warbad daxarja, amis Semdeg frTxili mxarjveli gaxdeba. bolos, roca gadasaxadi gaizarda, 1997 wels, myidvelebi SeSindnen da ekonomika xangrZliv stagnaciaSi aRmoCnda. amas daemata regionSi finansuri bazrebis krizisi. abe msxvil fiskalur stimulirebas gamoiyenebs, rom dasustebis efeqtis SeCereba scados, magram Tu optimistebi marTali arian, da qveyanaSi pozitiuri ganwyoba SenarCundeba, zrda kvlav gaZlierdeba. aRmavloba SeiZleba swrafad gafermkrTaldes, batoni abe wlis meore did gamocdas Tu ver Caabarebs. am dromde igi Tavs aridebs abenomikis yvelaze saSiS amocanas, rac mdgomareobs ekonomikis deregulaciasa da didi xnis win gasatarebel struqturul reformebSi. igi mizezad asaxelebda iaponiis parlamentis zeda palatis arCevnebs 2012 wels. abes liberalur demokratiulma partiam (LDP) igi daarwmuna, rom ar daefrTxo antireformistulad ganwyobili interesebi arCevnebamde, romelic partiam advilad moigo. „maSas da sami daTvis“ ekonomikis ZiebaSi, damdegi weli, Tu SevadarebT, politikur frontze mSvidi iqneba. erovnuli arCevnebi ar imarTeba. liberalur -demokratiul partias umravlesoba aqvs parlamentis orive nawilSi, Tavis partnior axal komeitosTan erTad koaliciaSi ‒ partia, romelsac budistebi uWeren mxars. es niSnavs, rom meti gasamarTlebeli sabuTi aRar iarsebebs. damdegi wlis saparlamento sesiebze mosalodnelia, rom abe metwilad daasrulebs reformis gasatareblad saWiro axali kanonebis miRebas. Tu igi 2014 wlis bolosTvis amas ver SeZlebs, imedgacruebuli investorebi SesaZloa gaiqcnen, rac niSnavs, rom saaqcio bazari savaraudod arastabiluri gaxdeba. obligaciebis bazarzec Sesabamisi reaqcia iqneba.

2006 2007 2008

iaponiis ekonomikis ministrsa da mis Tamam ekonomikur eqsperiments win tanjva-wamebis seriebi elis

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

tamzin buti tokio

wlis bolosTvis iaponiis bankis radikaluri monetaruli eqsperimenti TiTqmis dasruldeba. wesiT, garkveuli unda iyos, abes mier sagangebod SerCeuli centraluri bankiri haruhiko kuroda mospobs Tu ara deflacias. misi saboloo daTqmuli vada, rom sul mcire 2%-iani inflacia dafiqsirdes, 2015 wlis gazafxulze dadgeba. daTqma isaa, rom igi warmatebiT SeZlebs fasebis gazrdas, magram es 2 procentze cota naklebi iqneba. importirebul energetikasa da sakvebze mzardi fasebis „wyalobiT“ inflaciis niSnebi ukve aris. magram iaponiis bankis Tamami monetaruli eqsperimentis bedi aseve damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad SeZlebs abe fiskaluri poziciis gaumjobesebasa da realuri struqturuli reformis gatarebas. iaponiis mezoblebTan daZabul urTierTobebs Zalian sWirdeba gaumjobeseba. amis sawinaaRmdegos eqneba adgili. mxurvale nacionalisti, abe ecdeba CineTsa da samxreT koreas gadawvdes, iseve rogorc maSin, roca premier-ministri gaxda 2006-2007 wlebSi. is gulmodgined ecdeba pirvel samitze Sexvdes CineTis prezidents si Zampings da samxreT koreis liders park geun-hais. Tumca, aRmosavleT CineTis zRvaSi mcire kunZulebis sadavo jgufis gamo arsebulma dapirispirebam SesaZloa CineTisken uvertiuras Ziri gamouTxaros (ixileT Semdegi statia). mTavrobam ganacxada, rom SesaZloa senkakus kunZulebze (CineTSi cnobilia daiaovus saxeliT) `sajaro oficrebis~ dislokacia moaxdinos ‒ kategoria, romelic SeiaraRebul Zalebs moicavs. es Zalian gaauaresebs urTierTobebs. amasobaSi, abe gaatarebs gegmas, rom iaponias omis Semdgomi pacifisturi pozicia Seacvlevinos. 2014 wels igi savaraudod warmatebiT miaRwevs imas, rom iaponiam gaauqmos TviTgamocxadebuli akrZalva koleqtiur Tavdacvaze. iaponiis SeiaraRebul Zalebs SeeZlebaT mokavSiris, magaliTad amerikis daxmareba Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi. iaponiis mezoblebi gangaSis zarebs Semokraven imis gamo, rasac isini iaponiis samxedro eqspansionizmis aRzevebad monaTlaven. Zalian mcire Sansia imisa, rom liberalur-demokratiul partiasa da abes wlis ganmavlobaSi seriozuli opozicia gamouCndebaT. zeda palatis arCevnebSi mwvave damarcxebis Semdeg LDP -is mTavari konkurenti, iaponiis demokratiuli partia agoniaSia. axalma aliansebma da dayofebma SesaZloa migviyvanos politikaSi gajansaRebul axal ZalasTan. magram Zneli iqneba amomrCevlis yuradRebis gadatana abenomikis progresidan da zRapris momavali kulminaciidan. n

1996 1997 1998

supergmiris gamocdebi

azia

msoflio 2014

-0.5 -1.0 wyaro: Economist Intelligence Unit

-1.5

tamzin buti: tokios biuros ufrosi, The Economist

azia

msoflio 2014

samuSao adgilebi da disciplinirebuli bazari

2 bazari gazrdis axalgazrdebis SesaZleblobebs, ‒ sjera samxreT koreis prezidents park geun-hais

Cven ar gvsurs moTamaSeebma TamaSi datovon imitom, rom usamarTlo wesebma an mikerZoebulma msajma daabrkola

013 wlis seqtemberSi didi oceulis samitma sankt peterburgSi gaimeora mowodeba inkluziuri ganviTarebisken da aRniSna, rom `bevri Cveni Tanamoqalaqe globalur gajansaRebaSi unda CaerTos.~ istoria mowme gamxdara faqtisa ‒ Tu progresi imis xarjze xdeba, rom bevri adamiani misi sikeTeebisgan ver sargeblobs, es aucileblad brundeba ‒ ekonomikuri Tu socialuri arxebiT. zrdisa da samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis xelSemwyobi garemos Seqmna gadaudebeli amocanaa. saerTaSoriso Sromis organizaciis (ILO) mixedviT, 2012 wels globaluri masStabiT 5.3 miliardi SromiTi asakis mosaxleobidan 200 milioni umuSevaria. umuSevrobis done yvelaze maRalia axalgazrdebs Soris - 12.6%, miuxedavad imisa, rom 19 milioni axalgazrda gamoeTiSa samuSao Zalas. ganviTarebul ekonomikebSi im adamianebis ricxvi, vinc Tavs umuSevrad acxadebs, ufro maRalia, magram ganviTarebadi bazrebic xSirad ganicdian maRal umuSevrobas da bazrebi uxarisxo samsaxurebis problemas. principSi, axalgazrdebs Soris umuSevroba finansur krizisamdec maRali iyo: gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebul qveynebSi. es savalalo tendencia mTeli 30 welia grZeldeba, iseve rogorc mSp-Si SromiTi Semosavlebis wilis stabiluri vardna, rac iwvevs Semosavlebis Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT situaciis gauaresebas msoflios bevr nawilSi. politikis seriozuli cvlilebis gareSe, ILO elodeba, rom zogadi umuSevroba 2014-17 wlebSi 6 procentze darCeba, xolo axalgazrdebs Soris umuSevrobis done 12.9 procentamde gaizrdeba. Cven ar SegviZlia uqmad vidgeT da vuyuroT daubalansebeli zrdis gagrZelebas. metismetad bevri adamiani ibrZvis lukmapuris saSovnelad, axlac ki, roca krizisidan Tavs vaRwevT. ramdenime lideri gamoexmaura am problemebs didi oceulis samitis dros. gansakuTrebiT, maT xazi gausves inkluziuri zrdis aucileblobas. sxvebma miuTiTes socialur politikasa da mimzidveli sainvesticio garemos mniSvnelobaze, rogorc arsebiT faqtorebze Sromaze moTxovnis kuTxiT. am TvalsazrisiT, Cven gvWirdeba, rom gavcdeT moqnili fiskaluri da monetaruli politikis SenarCunebas, raTa gajansaRebas SevuwyoT xeli. Cven unda gavzardoT CamorCenilebis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi industriuli progresis saSualebiT, Sromis bazrebi gavxadoT ufro moqnili da yvelaze mowyvladebisTvis vuzrunvelyoT socialuri usafrTxoebis sistema. metic, unda SevCerdeT da davakvirdeT aris Tu ara xarvezebi Cvens institutebSi da sisusteebi politikis ganxorcielebaSi, ramac SesaZloa Cveni bazrebis efeqturi ganviTareba daabrkolos. bazarze damyarebuli sistema, saTanado marTvis pirobebSi, Cvens umetesobas saSualebas miscems vimuSaoT da saarsebo minimumi gamovimuSaoT, es iqneba dasaqmebis for-

miT Tu sakuTari biznesis marTvis saxiT. 2014 wlis umniSvnelovanesi prioritetia xarisxiani samuSao adgilebis Seqmna. es miiRweva, Tu bazars daveyrdnobiT mowodebis uzrunvelsayofad, rogorc mravalgzis movqceulvarT warsulSi, Tuki davrwmundebiT, rom is kargad muSaobs. samarTliani konkurencia da Sromis samarTliani anazRaureba kargad gamarTuli bazris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia. aseT sistemas me `disciplinirebul~ sabazro ekonomikas vuwodeb. aseT ekonomikas gaaCnia naTeli wesebi da swori praqtika, radgan wesebis darRveva dausjelad, ar aris Sewynarebuli. Cven ar gvsurs moTamaSeebma TamaSi datovon imitom, rom usamarTlo wesebma an mikerZoebulma msajma daabrkola.

SemoqmedebiTi Seneba Cven ufro meti mravalferovneba gvaqvs, roca bazarze gacilebiT meti adamiania warmodgenili, da mravalferovneba xels uwyobs ideebis generirebas. disciplinirebuli bazari aseve exmareba ideebis saqmed gadaqcevas, radgan gamarTuli bazris pirobebSi nebismieri Rirebuli ramiT SeiZleba ivaWro. Cven bevri es idea gvWirdeba inovaciebis sazRvrebis gasafarToeblad da amiT ufro meti keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad yvelasTvis. koreaSi iseT garemos, sadac damatebiTi Rirebulebis generireba ideebiT xdeba, vuwodeT `SemoqmedebiTi ekonomika.~ Cveni mizania momavali xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dasaqmebis maCvenebeli 64 procentidan 70 procentamde gavzardoT, SemoqmedebiTi ekonomikis strategiis daxmarebiT. daviwyeT imis SefasebiT, gvaqvs Tu ara disciplinirebuli bazari. garda amisa, vaZlierebT Cveni treiningebis da ganaTlebis sistemas, raTa axalgazrdebis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi gavzardoT; teqnikur da finansur daxmarebas uzrunvelvyofT axali biznesebisTvis, da vaZlierebT socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemas. am saZirkvelze, xels vuwyobT iseTi ideebis gafurCqvnas, romlebic SeiZleba produqtiul inovaciad gadaiqcnen. imedi gvaqvs, rom es Zalisxmeva msxvil industriebs daexmareba damatebiTi Rirebulebis gazrdaSi, xolo mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs im kuTxiT, rom maT imoRvaweon mTavrobis sagangebo Carevis gareSe da am procesSi samuSao adgilebi Seqmnan. Cven jer mxolod viwyebT, magram vimedovnebT, rom momdevno xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi miznis 70%-iT miRwevas SevZlebT. imedi gvaqvs, rom saukeTeso gamocdilebis gaziarebiT, rac warmatebasac moicavs da marcxsac, globaluri TanamSromlobis konteqstSi, rogoricaa didi oceuli, grZelvadian dasaqmebas SevqmniT. es advili ar iqneba. magram jildo didia: globaluri sazogadoeba, sadac ocnebebis da niWis sruli realizaciaa SesaZlebeli da sadac xelmisawvdomi xdeba SemoqmedebiT ekonomikaze damyarebuli axali samuSao adgilebi. n

azia

msoflio 2014

grZeli zamTari saimon longi singapuri

CineTsa da iaponias Soris „civ oms“ 2014 wels daTbobis piri ar uCans

vela im mougvarebel teritoriul davas Soris, romelic jer kidev amaxinjebs aziis politikur rukas, geografiuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze trivialuri SeiZleba yvelaze did risks atarebdes konfliqtis eskalaciis TvalsazrisiT, 2014 wels. xuT cicqna kunZuls da kidec ufro cicqna kldes, romelsac iaponiaSi icnoben rogorc senkakus, xolo CineTSi ‒ rogorc diaovus kunZulebs, dausaxlebelia, magram orive qveyana Tavisad miiCnevs. cxare dava daiwyo 2012 wlis seqtemberSi, roca iaponiis mTavrobam kerZo iaponeli memamulisgan sami kunZuli SeiZina, romlebsac manamde ar flobda. mas Semdeg, urTierToba CineTsa da iaponias Soris garTulda ise, rogoric 40-wliani diplomatiuri urTierTobis manZilze ar yofila. konfliqtis arideba 2014 wels albaT SesaZlebeli iqneba, magram urTierTobaSi mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba ar aris mosalodneli. es SeiZleba metismetad uimedo Cans. situaciis gamosworebiT orive mxare bevrs isargeblebda. riskebi didia, ramdenadac orive mxare ara ubralod Tavisad acxadebs patara teritorias, romelic okinavas momcvel kunZulTa wyebaSi mdebareobs aramed ukve orive faqtobrivad cdilobs maT gakontrolebas. iaponiis mier kunZulebis `nacionalizaciis~ momdevno wels, 200-ze meti Cinuri xomaldi Sevida maT teritoriul wylebSi da 1 000-ze meti miuaxlovda, gadainacvla ra momijnave wylebSi. iaponiam ramdenjerme „Seacoca“ sabrZolo vertmfrenebi Cinelebis sahaero xomaldebis an upiloto safreni aparatebis SeWris pasuxad. kidev erTi mizezi raime kompromisis misaRwevad isaa, rom orive qveynis mTavrobebi Caflulebi arian Sida ekonomikur problemebSi. iaponias imedi aqvs, rom SeinarCunebs ekonomikis eqsperimentul aRmavlobas, rac qveyanas hqonda Sinzo abes dros, romelic premier-ministria 2012 wlis dekembridan. aTwliani orcifriani zrdis Semdeg, CineTi gardauval vardnas ebrZvis. CineTi jerac iaponiis udidesi savaWro partnioria, Tumca 2013 wels CineTi rogorc saeqsporto bazari, amerikam daipyro, radganac CineTma iaponiidan importi mkveTrad Seamcira. Tavis mxriv, iaponia udidesi investori qveyanaa (hon kongis garda) CineTSi. magram 2013 wlis pirvel naxevarSi CineTSi pirdapiri investiciebi iaponiidan 31 procentiT daeca, 2012 wlis igive periodTan SedarebiT da Seadgina 4.9 miliardi dolari. iaponam orjer meti investicia Cado, vidre samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi. cvlilebis nawili SeiZleba aixsnas CineTis mzardi fasebiT Sromis bazarze. Tumca, ufro didi nawili politikuri daZabulobis Sedegia. iaponuri firmebi momxmarebelTa mxridan boikots da protests waawydnen CineTSi, aseve ‒ umizezo (gamoucxadebel) Seviwrovebas iseTi formiT, rogoricaa magaliTad sabaJo procedurebis gawelva. ekonomikis fsonebi imdenad didia, xolo SemTxveviTi konfliqtis Sedegebi potenciurad imdenad katastrofuli, rom 2014 wels vixilavT ganmeorebiT mcdelobebs Tu konfliqtis mosagvareblad ara, sul mcire mis gverdze gadasadebad mainc. ramdenime

mizezis gamo isini uSedego aRmoCndeba. mTavari isaa, rom TiToeulma mTavrobam iseT situaciaSi Caiyena Tavi, saidanac ukandaxeva SeuZlebelia. batonma abem 2012 wlis arCevnebi moigo imis dapirebiT, rom iaponias aaRorZinebda da gansakuTrebiT CineTs win aRudgebda. is zemoqmedebas ganicdis memarjveneebis mxridan, rom ufro meti gaakeTos: oficialuri pirebis dislokacia moxdinos kunZulze an iq Suqura aaSenos. erTi SexedviT mokrZalebuli daTmoba, rasac CineTi iTxovs ‒ aRiaros, rom teritoria `sadavoa~ ‒ mis Zalebs aRemateba.

61 2014 mokled amerika aZlierebs samxedro dislokacias wynari okeanis auzSi da avstraliaSi ganlagebul sazRvao qveiTTa kontingents 1.150 -mde zrdis

ocneba Tu koSmari? Tumca, ase Tu ar moiqceva, CineTs gauWirdeba uaris Tqma gamowvevebze. igi kunZulebis nacionalizacias uyurebs rogorc iaponiis mxridan damcirebis jaWvis erT-erT rgols. igi fiqrobs, rom iaponiam senkakus/ daiaovus kunZulebi CineTTan 1894-95 wlebis omSi gamarjvebis mere miitaca ‒ ufro mtkivneuli Wriloba Cinuri nacionalizmisTvis, vidre TviT opiumis omebi. CineTis mTavroba Tavad aris msxverpli Tavisi populisturi anti-iaponuri ganwyobebis - rac gansakuTrebiT Zlierad internetSi igrZnoba dRes-

dReobiT - Tumca, Tavadve aRvivebs mas. nacionalizmi `Cinuri ocnebis~ nawilia, romlis popularizaciasac komunisturi partiis lideri si jinpini axdens. idea bundovania, magram gulisxmobs msoflio arenaze simamaces da CineTis azieli mezoblebis pativiscemis mopovebas. marTlac, CineTi iaponiis mier kunZulebis miCemebas ganixilavs, rogorc ufro farTo mcdelobas daiviwyos damarcxeba meore msoflio omSi, romlis Semdegac diaoius kunZulebi amerikul administracias daeqvemdebara. isini iaponias 1972 wels daubrunda. amerika axla ambobs, rom kunZulebis suverenitetze pozicia ar gaaCnia, magram maT ganixilavs, rogorc iaponiis daqvemdebarebaSi myofT, rogorc es dadasturebulia iaponiasTan usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebaSi. zogierTi Cineli analitikosis azriT, CineTis mkacri pozicia kunZulebis mimarT adresirebulia nawilobriv rogorc imisken, rom amerikas daanaxos iaponiasTan aliansis safrTxeebi, aseve, aiZulos iaponia, ukan daixios. Sansebi imisa, msoflios ori udidesi superZala kunZulebis gamo omSi CaerTos, imdenad daujereblad JRers, rom SeiZleba es dasaSvebi taqtika iyos. magram ramdenadac amerika kvlav xazs usvams aziis mimarT Tavisi `rebalansirebis~ strategiis mniSvnelobas, mosalodneli ar aris, rom 2014 weli is weliwadi iqneba, roca igi Tavis yvelaze mniSvnelovan aziel mokavSires miatovebs. n

saimon longi: rubrika Banyan-is mesvete, The Economist

azia

axali aRmosavluri eqspresi leo abruzese

ufro patara, ufro swrafi, ufro ucnauri

ziis udidesi ganviTarebadi bazrebi ‒ CineTi da indoeTi, ar arian iseTi dinamikurebi, rogorebic iyvnen, magram regioni 2014 wels kvlav brwyinvaled Caatarebs. aziis sami egzotikuri ekonomika ‒ monRoleTi, makao da butani ‒ msoflios yvelaze swrafad mzardebs Soris iqnebian. qveyanaSi bevri monRoli mejogea, magram monRoleTis udidesi Semosavali madnebia. pirveli sruli produqtiuli weli spilenZisa da oqros gigantur sabadoSi oiutogloiSi, mSp-is zrdas 15 procentamde gazrdis 2014 wels. SeiZleboda zrda ufro swrafic yofiliyo, rom ara Seneleba CineTSi, ro-

2014 mokled samxreT koreis mTavroba asrulebs seulidan sejongSi ‒ axal administraciul dedaqalaqSi gadasvlas

riCard qoqeti: korespondenti samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, The Economist

msoflio 2014

melic monRoleTis udidesi saeqsporto bazaria. makao ‒ aziis saTamaSo biznesis arena da CineTis politikuri nawili, 14%-iT gaizrdeba. makaos „sicocxlis xazi“ saTamaSo industriaze gadis: profesionali moTamaSeebi flonad 50 miliard aSS dolarze dadeben 2014 wels. es Tanxa aTjer ufro metia vidre aTi wlis win da gacilebiT ufro didi, vidre las vegasSi. didi nawils Camovlen kontinenturi CineTis profesionali moTamaSeebi. `mTliani Sida bednierebis~ indeqsis gamomgonebeli butani uricxv hidroeleqtroenergias ugzavnis indoeTs. mosalodnelia ramdenime hidroenergetikuli proeqti, romlebic xels Seuwyobs arabutanur ideas ‒ mSp-is 9 procentamde zrdas. siRaribe maRal doneze rCeba, ise rom hidro proeqtebidan mogebis Raribebze daxarjvis mcdelobebi ufro met butanels gaabednierebs. n leo abruzese: globaluri prognozirebis samsaxuris direqtori, Economist Intelligence Unit

jokovis kaci riCard qoqeti jakarta

axali Taobis warmomadgenel prezidents indoneziis gamococxleba SeuZlia

vela standartiT, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis udides qveyanas warmatebebi hqonda. wliurad mSp-is 6 procentze maRali zrdis mqone indoneziis, mcire Cavardnis garda 2009 wels, ekonomikis „Zravi“ kargad muSaobda, rasac kvebavda CineTisa da indoeTis „gaumaZRari mada“ qveynis navTobis, qvanaxSiris, spilenZisa da sxva mineralebis rezervebze, da samomxmareblo bumi. qveyanam Zlivs daisvena da amoisunTqa 2007-2008 wlebis msoflio finansuri krizisis Semdeg. erTaderTi SekiTxva, rac SeiZleba kacs gauCndes, isaa Tu ratom ar Sedis 250-milioniani indonezia rogorc meore `i~ BRIC-is qveynebSi (brazilia, ruseTi, indoeTi, CineTi). Tumca, 2013-Si brwyinvaleba gaqra. safondo bazari daeca (20 procentze metiT ivnisidan agvistomde), valuta gaufasurda, inflacia gaizarda da ramdenimewliani proficitis mere mTvlemare mimdinare-angariSis deficiti gaCnda. mTavrobis mier 6.3%iani zrdis Canafiqri ver Sesruldeba. nawilobriv, investorebi indonezias toveben imave mizeziT, ra mizeziTac eTiSebian sxva ganviTarebad bazrebs: SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri rezervebis Tvisebrivi Serbilebis programis gamartivebis molodinSi. magram indonezia aseve isjeba im mizezebis gamo, rac qveynisTvis specifikuria. prezidentma susilo bambang iudoionom romlis meore vadac 2014 wels iwureba, samwuxarod ver SeZlo gamklaveboda yvela Zvel problemas, rogoricaa saSineli infrastruqtura, zozina biurokratebi, mZ-

diax, mas SeuZlia

vinvare korufcia da cudad organizebuli politikuri decentralizacia. sanam saqme kargad iyo, aseTi daudevroba arafers aSavebda. axla, roca sasaqonlo fasebi daeca da iafi fulis dasrulebis safrTxe gaCnda, indoneziis uunaroba gamoejansaRebina ekonomika, gaSiSvlda. investorebs naklebad sjeraT, rom igi zrdis raime axal resurss gamonaxavs. magram 2014 wels indonezielebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT „gadatvirTon“ TavianTi qveyana. aprilSi saparlamento arCevnebia mosalodneli, rasac ivlisSi saprezidento arCevnebi moyveba. yvelaze savaraudo saprezidento kandidatebi mcire ndobas aRZraven qveynis SigniT Tu gareT. isini prezident suhartos eris gadmonaSTebi arian, romelic 1998 wlis saxalxo mRelvarebis dros daamxes, da maT yvelas Zlieri kavSirebi aqvT (xSirad ojaxuric) mmarTvel elitasTan. prabovo subianto ‒ sakuTari partiis `gerindras~ lideri, magaliTad, armiis specialur Zalebs xelmZRvanelobda suhartos dros da prezidentis qaliSvilze daqorwinda. Tumca, ar aris mosalodneli, rom aSkara lideri maisis bolomde daasaxelebs Tavs, an ivnisamdec ki: esaa joko vidodo, romelic 2012 wlidan dedaqalaq jakartis gubernatoria. batoni joko, romelsac yvela jokoviT icnobs, SesaZloa is kacia, vinc indonezias miznis axlebur gancdas gauRvivebs ramdenimewliani ryevebisa da xelidan gaSvebuli Sansebis mere meryevi batoni iudoionos Semdeg. jokovis, piriqiT, aqeben Tavisi simtkicisaTvis, roca is marTavda centraluri javanis qalaq solos, sadac man inovaciuri politika gaatara. pompezuri, korumpirebuli politikosebis miwaze jokovis gaxsnili stili aqvs ‒ magaliTad, qalaqis oficialur pirebTan da mosaxleobasTan Sexvedrebis Canawerebs YouTubeze aTavsebs xolme. iaponias igi aseve aSkarad ganSesaZlebloba sxvavdeba suhartos Taobisgan. is SedarebiT axaqvs, qveyana algazrdaa (51 wlis), da politikuri dinastiis „gadatvirTos“ armiidan ar modis. es yvelaferi mas popularuls xdis ufro axalgazrda amomrCevels Soris, romlebic eleqtoratis udides nawils warmoadgenen. jokovis partiis liders megavati sukarnopotris, Tavad prezidents 2001-2004 wlebSi da Semdeg iodoionos mier orgzis damarcxebuls Tu ramenairad daarwmuneben, rom gverdze gadges da jokovis gza dauTmos, maSin burTi da moedani mas darCeba. n

azia

msoflio 2014

„kargi omi“ sruldeba robert gesti

amerikis omi avRaneTSi sruldeba da qveyana stabilurobisken neli svliT miemarTeba

mis pirveli nawili SedarebiT advili gamodga. amerikulma Zalebma avRaneTis dabombva 2001 wlis 7 oqtombers daiwyes ‒ mas Semdeg, rac Talibanis reJimma osama bin ladenis gadacemaze uari Tqva. eqvs kviraSi dedaqalaqi qabuli daeca. Talibanis da al-kaidas Zalebi Tora boras gamoqvabulebisken garbodnen. maSin arc erTi amerikeli jariskaci ar daRupula. rac ufro aqeT movdivarT, suraTi ufro mZime xdeba. lazeruli raketebiT primitiuli jaris damarcxeba rTuli araa, magram CamorCenili da gaborotebuli qveynis daSoSmineba ki ‒ piriqiT. dRemde, dapyrobis Semdeg ganviTarebulma amboxebebma 3.000-ze meti amerikeli da araavRaneli mokavSire jariskacis sicocxle Seiwira. mokluli avRanelebis ricxvi ase zustad aRricxuli ar aris, magram bevrad ufro metia. amerikis sazogadoebam dakarga interesi imis mimarT, rasac baraq obamam odesRac `kargi omi~ uwoda. siria, egvipte, irani da CrdiloeT korea rogorc Cans ufro mwvave problemebia supersaxelmwifosTvis, magram amerikis memkvidreobas avRaneTSi uzarmazari mniSvneloba eqneba. Tu qveyana qaoss daubrundeba, roca koaliciis Zalebi 2014 wels gavlen, igi isev globaluri ambiciebis mqone teroristebis „inkubatorad“ gadaiqceva. is aucileblad moaxdens isedac arastabiluri mezoblis - pakistanis destabilizacias. perspeqtiva iseTia, rom uaress ar unda velodoT. avRaneTi 2014 wlis aprilSi saprezidento arCevnebs gamarTavs. is iqneba binZuri, mouwesrigebeli da dro da dro sisxlianic. saarCevno komisia Seivseba hamid yarzais axloblebiT ‒ moqmedi prezidenti, romelsac kenWisyris ufleba aRar aqvs, magram survili eqneba putinis magaliTs mibaZos da mTavar Tanamdebobaze iseTi marioneti dasvas, romelsac TviTon marTavs. Tu saqme cudad wava, arCevnebis Tanmdevi iqneba wuxili samoqalaqo omis riskze. yvela am xarvezis miuxedavad, arCevnebi sakmarisad legitimuri gamodgeba mTavari opoziciuri jgufebis dasarwmuneblad, rom gamarjvebulis winaaRmdeg iaraRs ar mokidon xeli. obama win aRudgeba erTi romelime kandidatis mxardaWeris cdunebas, gaiazrebs ra, rom misi kurTxeva wyevlis tolfasi iqneba. amerika 2014 wels avRaneTidan jars gaiyvans, magram ara mTlianad. miuxedavad imisa, rom obama `nulovan arCevans~ anu ukanaskneli jariskacis „Ceqmis gamotanis“ ideas utrialebda, igi daaxloebiT 1 0 000ian jars mainc datovebs adgilze. es mkveTri Semcirebaa pikuri 100 000-iani amerikuli jaris fonze (natos 140 000-iani Zalebidan) 2011 wels. es mainc sakmarisi iqneba imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom qveyana ar daiSalos. ukve avRanuri jari da policia mTavar pasuxismgeblobas iReben imaze, rom meamboxeebi axlos ar mouSvan. isini ar arian msoflios yvelaze disciplinirebuli Zala, magram ramdena-

amerikelebis gasvla saxelisuflo vakuums ar gamoiwvevs

Sensken, patarav

dac amerika maT sTavazobs treinings, logistikur daxmarebas, da maTi xelfasebis subsidirebas, isini saqmes gaarTmeven Tavs. Talibani ar gauCinardeba. 2014 wels isini bevr avRanel jariskacs da policiels da kidev ufro met samoqalaqo pirs moklaven, magram isini qveyanas veRar aiReben. avRanelebi iwuwuneben, rom maT mier arCeuli mTavroba korumpirebulia, arakompetenturia da xSirad usamarTloa, magram SedarebiT cota adamiani moisurvebs fanatikosebis xelisuflebaSi dabrunebas. amerikelebis gasvla saxelisuflo vakuums ar gamoiwvevs, rac 1989 wels rusebis wasvlis Semdeg moxda. rusebisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikelebi aq datoveben reJims, romelsac RonisZiebebi aqvs gasatarebeli, da saxalxo legitimacias. momdevno avRaneli prezidenti ar daasrulebs ukanaskneli sabWoTa marionetis mohamed najibulahis msgavsad, romelsac Talibebma sabolood kastracia gaukeTes da mokles.

2014 mokled filipinebi xsnis msoflios udides gadaxurul stadions, 55 000-adgilian `filipinebis arenas~

TamaSisTvis oria saWiro zogierTi damkvirvebeli prognozirebs, rom indoeTi da pakistani avRaneTSi axal, sxvisi xeliT warmoebul oms gaaCaReben, iseve rogorc „didi TamaSi“ iyo ruseTsa da viqtorianul britaneTs Soris. pakistani didi xania problemebs aRvivebs avRaneTSi Talibanisa da sxvadasxva jihadisturi jgufebis mxardaWeriT. indoeTi megobruladaa ganwyobili pakistanis mterTan, rogoricaa hamid yarzai. samxreT aziis or birTvul Zalas Soris metoqeoba gansakuTrebiT `aalebadi iqneba, radganac isini avRaneTze gavlenisTvis iRwvian,~ ‒ wers istorikosi uiliam dalrimpli. sxvebi fiqroben, rom es ar moxdeba. `metwilad, indoeTs ar adardebs avRaneTi,~ ‒ ambobs maikl o' hanloni, kvleviTi organizacia brukingsis i nstitutis warmomadgeneli. igi metad pataraa, Raribia da Sorsaa, indoel politikosebs Zili rom gautexos. `pakistans Tavisi sakuTari didi TamaSi aqvs,~ ‒ ambobs o' hanloni. 2014 wels avRaneTi CamorCenili, cudad marTuli da Zaladobrivi warmogvidgeba. magram aseve, is gaxdeba sakmaod stabiluri da metad aRar iqneba safrTxe dasavleTisTvis. n

robert guesti: redaqtori amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, The Economist

azia

msoflio 2014

ebotis dapirebebi robert milikeni sidnei

avstraliis axal liders win gamosacdeli weli aqvs

013 wlis seqtemberSi, roca igi premier-ministrad airCies, toni ebotma iseTi mTavrobis piroba dado, romelsac `siurprizebi ar axlavs.~ man leiboristTa mmarTvelobis mSfoTvare eqvsi wlis Semdeg xalxs konservatiul-nacionaluri koaliciisgan prognozirebadi politikis axali era SesTavaza. Tumca, 2014 wels

robert milikeni: korespondenti avstraliaSi, The Economist

mas siurprizebi elis. dasawyisisTvis, ekonomikuri zrda Sesustdeba da umuSevroba gaizrdeba. klebadi samomxmareblo fasebi da Senelebuli zrda aziaSi avstraliis msxvil momxmarebels Soris CrdilSi moaqcevs ebotis mTavrobis pirvel biujets maisSi. marTalia, odesRac man piroba dado, rom 2013-2014 wlebSi 30 miliardi avstaliuri dolaris (28 milioni amerikuli dolari) odenobis deficitidan biujeti pirvelive wels proficitSi daebrunebina, Tumca ebotma saarCevno kampaniisdroindel gegmaSi cvlileba Seitana - `aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi~. igi Seecdeba miejaWvos sxva kategoriul dapirebas. es gaxlavT leiboristuli mTavrobis mier klimatur cvlilebebTan brZolis mizniT SemoRebuli naxSirbadis gamonabolqvis gadasaxadis gauqmeba. magram nebismieri sakanonmdeblo iniciativa ivlisamde marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli. manamde, leiboristebi da mwvaneebi parlamentis zeda palataSi umravlesobas Seqmnian am gegmis winaaRmdeg. dramatuli iqneba ebotis dapireba `navebis Se-

mTavari sakiTxebi konrad heine qraistCerCi

axali zelandiis premier-ministri, mesame vadiT, arCevnebSi gamarjvebis gzas adgas

oca axali zelandia sayovelTao arCevnebs gamarTavs 2014 wels ‒ yvelaze gvian, noemberSi, centristul-memarjvene koaliciis mTavrobis liders jon qeis, xelsayreli pozicia eqneba Tavisi mesame arCevnebis mosagebad erTmaneTis miyolebiT. praqtikuli, ucxouri valutis yofili gadamcvleli dileri popularuli rCeba kivelTa Soris, romlebsac didebuleba ar xiblavT. qeis bedi SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos qraisTCerCze. axali zelandiis sididiT meore qalaqi miwisZvram ganaanadgura 2010 da 2011 wlebSi, roca 185 adamiani gardaicvala. wyvdiadi kv-

Cerebis~ Taobazec. mas ganzraxuli aqvs, rom floti gamoiyenos avstraliisken mimavali TavSesafris maZieblebis indoneziisken ‒ Casxdomis punqtisken dasabruneblad. es gaarTulebs ebotis survils avstraliis uaxloesi Crdiloeli mezobeli sagareo politikis centralur fokusad aqcios. aziaSi ufro farTo urTierTobebis mSeneblobis gzaze, ebots mouwevs Tavisi `anglosferos~ gulSematkivrobis modificireba. 2012 wels man vaSingtonSi moqmed kvleviT organizacias Heritage Foundation-s ganucxada, rom `cota avstralieli ganixilavs amerikas rogorc sazRvargareTul qveyanas.~ metismetad bevrma adamianma sajarod ganacxada, rom aseTi ganwyobebi mouqnel signalebs gagzavnis CineTSi, romelic avstraliis udidesi savaWro partnioria. ebotis sagareo politikis udidesi nawili iqneba ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis, da CineTTan, iaponiasTan, samxreT koreasTan da indoneziasTan Tavisufali savaWro xelSekrulebebis dadebis mcdelobebi. mis koaliciaSi es daZabulobas gamoiwvevs: liberalebis umcrosi partniori, regionebSi fesvgadgmuli nacionaluri partia ucxour investiciebs fermerebis safrTxed ganixilavs. nacionalebi kampanias gaSlian CineTisa da indoneziis mier avstraliis sasoflosameurneo miwebis yidvis winaaRmdeg. avstralia Seecdeba savaWro reforma brisbenSi didi oceulis samitis fokusad aqcios noemberSi. es iqneba msoflio liderebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sekreba, rogorisTvisac qveyanas odesme umaspinZlia. ebotisTvis, romelic maincdamainc gamocdili internacionalisti araa, es liderobis gamocda iqneba. bevri TvalsazrisiT, misi mTavroba ufro imiT gamoiCens Tavs, razec is ambobs, rom ar gaakeTebs. erTsqesianTa qorwineba, romelic mezobelma axalma zelandiam daakanona 2013 wels, erovnul doneze akrZaluli darCeba. avstralielebis moTxovna, rom qveyanam konstituciuri kavSirebi gawyvitos britaneTis monarqiasTan, molodinis reJimSi darCeba. Heritage Foundation-is sityvaSi, ebotma itrabaxa Tavis rolze rogorc moZraobis liderisa, romelic avstraliis respublikad gadaqcevis moTxovnas SeaCerebs. n

lav igrZnoba: dazRvevis anazRaureba, samTavrobo sareabilitacio grantebi dabrkolda da kinklaoba grZeldeba sayvareli Senobebis momavalze, maT Soris ‒ ganadgurebul anglikanur kaTedralze. magram arsebobs safuZveli optimizmisTvisac. qalaqis centris gawmenda win midis da 2014 wels miRweva ufro TvalsaCino gaxdeba axali Sida habis mimarTulebiT, romelic mdinare avonis gaswvriv gamwvanebis mTavar zonas Seqmnis. mTavroba gvpirdeba `ubnebs~, romlebic mieZRvneba jandacvas, teqnologias, kulturas da msxvil proeqtebs, yrilobis centris da stadionis CaTvliT. miwisZvrebi qveyanas 40 miliardi axalzelandiuri dolari (33 miliardi aSS dolari) daujda. aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi mTavrobis ekonomikuri zrdis imedSi did nawils ikavebs. ekonomikis, romelic Zlierad aris damokidebuli soflis meurneobis produqtebis eqsportze da xSirad Zlieri gamyarebis riskis winaSea. magram binebis naklebobam qraisT-

CerCSi SesaZloa dabruneba gaarTulos. 6.4%-iani umuSevrobis gaTvaliswinebiT, cudi ganwyoba SeiZleba gaizardos Tu ganviTarebis sikeTeebi axalgazrda kivebs arafers miscems. sxva problemebic SeiZleba gamoCndes qeisTvis, romlis meore vadac pirvelze ufro rTuli iyo. CineTsa da avstraliaSi ‒ axali zelandiis mTavar savaWro partniorebSi zrda SeCerda. leiboristul partias axali lideri hyavs, moZRvris Svili da yofili manejmentis konsultanti devid qanlifi. misma dinamikurma stilma SesaZloa reitingebi Secvalos. magram politikuri ryevebi axali zelandiis SiSebs Soris yvelaze mcirea. Sokis Semdgomi periodi agrZelebda qraisTCerCis ryevas. 2013 wlis agvistoSi, dedaqalaq velingtons 6.2 magnitudis biZgebma gadauara. 2014 wels kivis survilebis siis saTaveSi stabiluroba iqneba. n konrad heine: Tavisufali korespondenti

beibi bumidan beibi kraxamde

daeca 6.9-dan 2.9-mde 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1970 wlis Semdeg. iranma (axlo aRmosavleTis gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva) 1980 wlis 6.5-dan 1.9-mde vardna ganicada 2005 wels. SeuZlebelia socialuri transformaciebi amaze dramatuli gaxdes. Sobadobis vardna mniSvnelovania, radgan igi asocirdeba ganaTlebis ufro maRal standartTan (ramdenadac mSoblebs SeuZliaT ufro advilad miscen ganaTleba Svilebs, roca isini ufro cotani arian); cxovrebis ufro maRali standartebi (ramdenadac daqiravebulebi metad ganaTlebulebi arian); da erTgvarad ufro meti avtonomia qalebisTvis (qalebs SeuZliaT samsaxurSi wavidnen imis nacvlad, rom mTeli dro Svilebis movlas moandomon). roca Sobadoba ecema, qveynebi imkian imas, rasac uwodeben `demografiul dividends~ - potenciur ekonomikur upiratesobas, romelic moaqvs SedarebiT naklebi Svilebis, moxucebis yolas da samuSao asakis mozrdilebis mozRvavebas. zogierTi SefasebiT, aziis ekonomikuri zrdis meoTxedi 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi xelsayrel demografiul cvlilebebze modis.

jon parkeri

Sobadobis Semcireba aziur ojaxs gardaqmnis

asuli naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi kacobriobis udides nawilze yvelaze Rrma gavlena iyo ojaxebis zomis farTo da rbili Semcireba. 2014 wels (an miaxloebiT - aseTi movlenebis prognozireba yovelTvis miaxloebiTia) es uzarmazari cvlileba umniSvnelovanes etaps miaRwevs. msoflios yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebul kontinentze, aziaSi, jamuri Sobadoba 2.1-mde daecema. es maCvenebeli aris ricxvi, Tu ramdeni Svili eyoleba qals mTeli cxovrebis manZilze da 2.1 jadosnuria, radgan Tu ase SenarCunda, mosaxleobaSi es gamoiwvevs grZelvadian wonasworobas (es cnobilia, rogorc kvlavwarmoebis tempi). 1960 wels aziis saSualo Sobadobis maCvenebeli 5.8 iyo. mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoebis koeficientis dafiqsirebis zusti momentis gaTvla SeuZlebelia. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mosaxleobis ganyofileba fiqrobs, rom es garkveulwilad 20152020 wlebSi moxdeba. magram Cineli demografebi fiqroben, rom gaero mniSvnelovnad azviadebs CineTis Sobadobis temps, ise rom 2014 weli gonivruli varaudia. Sobadobis vardna moflios masStabiT moxda. laTinurma amerikam iseTive dacema ganicada, rogorc aziam. magram azia gansakuTrebulia ori mizezis gamo: pirveli ‒ 4.3 miliardi adamianiT is msoflios mosaxleobis naxevaris samSobloa. laTinuri amerikis mosaxleoba aziis mxolod erTi-meSvidedia. meore ‒ Semcireba aziaSi ufro didi iyo, vidre SeiZleba Candes, radgan kontinentis saSualo monacemi gaamyara SedarebiT maRalma Sobadobam axlo aRmosavleTSi. aziis mWidrod dasaxlebul adgilebSi misi vardna ufro maRali iyo. aRmosavleT aziaSi Sobadoba Semcirda mxolod 1.7-mde, Canacvlebis koeficients didad Cascda. vardna zogierT qveyanaSi iseTi mkveTri iyo, rogorc arasdros. bangladeSSi tempi

magram ramdenadac Sobadoba Canacvlebis koeficientis qvemoT ecema, Cndeba ori problema da azia orives winaSe dgas. erTi isaa, rom sasargeblo demografiis ekonomikuri upiratesobebi Semcirebas iwyebs. 20102020 wlebSi, Cinelebis mixedviT, 15-sa da 59-s Soris asakobrivi jgufis mosaxleobis ricxvi qveyanaSi SeiZleba 30 milioniT Semcirdes. esaa ZiriTadi samuSao asakis mosaxleoba, ise rom, CineTi ukve ganicdis klebadi samuSao Zalis mzard zemoqmedebas miwodebasa da xelfasebze. sxva problemaa, rom zogierTi qveyana (ara yvela) Zalian dabali Sobadobis niSnulze Camodis, romlis drosac igi ecema 1.5-mde an ufro metad da mTeli Taobebi rCeba ase, ramdenadac socialuri normebi icvleba da adamianebi iviwyeben tipur ideals - orSvilian ojaxs. es moxda germaniaSi, xdeba iaponiasa da ruseTSi, da SeiZleba moxdes CineTSi, sadac Sobadoba Canacvlebaze qvemoTaa 20 welze metia da erTSvilianobis politikam Seaviwrova tradiciuli warmodgenebi ojaxis zomaze. sqesis mixedviT SerCeviTi abortebi niSnavs, rom momavali 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ufro naklebi Cineli qali iqneba mSobiarobis asakSi, radgan milionobiT mdedrobiTi sqesis Canasaxis aborti gakeTda bolo 20 wlis manZilze ‒ mSoblebi cdilobdnen winaswar darwmunebuliyvnen, rom maTi erTaderTi Svili vaJi iqneboda. 2014 wels da mogvianebiT, qveynis liderebi aRmoCndebian faqtis winaSe, rom uari unda Tqvan an mkveTrad Seasuston erTSvilianobis politika. n

aziis Asian totaljamuri fertility rateSobadobis koeficienti

5.6

5.8

5.6 5.0 4.1 3.7

3.5

3.0 2.5 2.1 Replacement rate

1950-55

1955-60

1960-65

1965-70

wyaro: gaero, Economist Sources: United Nations;The The Economist

1970-75

1975-80

2014 mokled mianmari 30 welze meti drois ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis pirvel aRweras atarebs

ukve gvenatreba bavSvebi

sasurveli AadamianTa welcome descent of man daRmasvla

5.8

azia

msoflio 2014

1980-85

1985-90

1990-95

wlis dasawyisad miRebulia 1 ivlisi Years beginning July 1st

1995-2000

2.4 2000-05

2.3 2005-10

2.1 2014*

The Economist prognozi *The Economist forecast

jon parkeri: redaqtori garemos dacvis sakiTxebSi, The Economist

msoflio 2014

CineTi

aRmarT-aRmarT jeims mailsi pekini

CineTis liderTaTvis `smogi~ sqeldeba 2014 mokled Cinuri mTvaremavali dedamiwis Tanamgzavrze dadis. saubaria mTvareze adamianis SesaZlo gaSvebis Sesaxeb, rac dekadis bolosTvis igegmeba

jeims mailsi: pekinis biuros ufrosi, The Economist

ebatebiT daxunZluli wlis Semdeg, CineTis liderebi axal diskusias iwyeben, Tumca, rogorc Cans, amjerad maT saerTo mizani amoZravebT: gaagrZelon im ekonomikuri reformebis gatareba, romlebic maTi rwmeniT, qveynis swrafi ganviTarebis SesanarCu neblad aris saWiro. am mxriv, gansxvavebulia prezident si Zinpinis pozicia: Zalauflebis swrafi konsolidaciis Semdeg, igi bevrad neli tempiT iwyebs qveynis politikur reformirebas. 2014 wels is gaamkacrebs internetisa da gansxvavebuli azris kontrols. mas ar aZlevs xels qveynis ekonomikuri modelis demokratizaciis mowodebebiT Secvla. Cineli liberalebi da sazRvargareT mcxovrebi Cinelebi kidev erTxel dafiqrdebian demokratiaze 4 ivniss - tiananmenis moednis saprotesto aqciebis daSlis 25 wlisTavze. am sisxliani CaxSobis mogoneba kidev didxans gahyveba mmarTvel komunistur partias. bolo wlebSi CineTis araerTma yofilma liderma gamosca wigni, romelSic isini amtkiceben, rom aranairi kavSiri ar hqoniaT cecxlis gacemis brZanebasTan. sazRvargareT myofma zogierTma disidentma gaavrcela tiananmenis moedanze dabrunebis mowodeba, raTa dasruldes erTpartiuloba. batoni Sisgan mtkice da mkacr pasuxs unda velodoT. igi ar daTmobs poziciebs arc honkongSi, sadac pro-demokratiuli politikosebi gegmaven kampaniis `daipyari centri~ (Occupy Central) gaCaRebas ivlisSi. aqciebi miznad isaxavs mTavar saqmian ubanSi gzebis blokirebas da 2017 wlisTvis arCevnebSi monawileobis sayovelTao uflebis moTxovnas. CineTma dado piroba, rom aRniSnul wels teritoriis mmarTveli pirdapiri wesiT iqneba arCeuli, Tumca honkongSi

aseve seqciaSi: ori koSkis istoria 67 erTmaneTis moqiSpe provinciebis periodi 68 mxolod SesaZlebelia… 68

bevri SiSobs, rom arCevnebze dauSveben mxolod partiisTvis misaReb kandidatebs. batoni si fiqrobs, rom honkongis gazrdili demokratia zians moutans partias da gaaRvivebs msgavsi demokratizaciis moTxovnebs CineTis ZiriTad nawilSi. igi aseve Relavs taivanze. dekemberSi dagegmilma meris arCevnebma, SesaZloa, problemebi Seuqmnas mmarTvel partia gomindans (KMT), romelic cdilobs CineTTan ufro mWidro kavSiris damyarebas. taivanis prezidenti ma in-Ziu axal wels popularobis mcire maCvenebliTa da sazogadoebis ukmayofilebiT xvdeba. xalxi SeSfoTebulia misi iniciativiT, moixsnas barierebi CineTTan vaWrobasa da investiciebze. CineTSi matulobs SiSi imis Sesaxeb, rom gomindani damarcxdeba momaval saprezidento arCevnebSi, romelic 2016 wlis ianvarSia dagegmili. taivanis mTavari opoziciuri Zala ‒ `demokratiuli progresis partia~, gacilebiT naklebadaa dainteresebuli CineTTan TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebiT. saSinao saqmeebSi mTavari fokusi ekonomikaze gakeTdeba. komunisturi partiis liderebSi arsebobs konsensusi reformebis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb. partiis xelmZRvanelebi fiqroben, rom saWiroa eqsportsa da qveynis gareT gakeTebul investiciebze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri zrda dabalansdes saSinao moxmarebaze meti dayrdnobiT. maTi gegmebis detalebi momaval TveebSi gaxdeba cnobili. qveynis parlamentis, xalxis erovnuli kongresis, yovelwliuri, orkviriani martis sesia garkveul sakiTxebs naTels mohfens. iniciativebi moicavs sasoflo miwebis vaWrobis liberalizacias da ojaxebis registraciis sistemis, e.w. hukous ‒ gauqmebas. aRniSnuli sistema zRudavs soflidan qalaqebSi gadasaxlebuli migrantebis uflebebs komunalur momsaxurebebze. aman, SesaZloa, qalaqelebis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvios, radgan, savaraudod, isini amas sakuTari privilegiebis dakargvad aRiqvamen. didi sainvesticio proeqtebis dReebi grZeldeba. momaval wels, SesaZloa, vixiloT ramdenime

CineTi

msoflio 2014 kolosaluri proeqtis dasruleba. maT Soriasa: 2.9 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis gasarTobi parki axalaSenebuli satelitebis gamSvebi centris maxloblad, kunZul hainanze; CineTis umaRlesi caTambrjeni da 1776 km (730 mili) sigrZis sarkinigzo xazi, romelic akavSirebs dasavleTis provincia sinZians CineTis centrTan (rkinigzis nawili tibetis platos kveTs da msoflioSi yvelaze did simaRleze mdebare Cqarosnuli matareblis xazia). samuSaoebi daiwyeba 11.2 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis pekinis axal aeroportze, romlis dasrulebac 2018 wlisTvisaa dagegmili. CineTis liderebi amboben, rom zrdis axali modeli ufro `mwvane~, anu garemosdacviTi iqneba. amis aucileblobas xazi gaesmeba 2014 an 2015 wels, roca CineTis naxSirbadis gamoyofa amerikaze orjer meti iqneba. am problemas ori efeqti aqvs: erTi ‒ klimatis

ori koSkis istoria vijai vaiteesvarani Sanxai

cisken asvlis ori radikalurad gansxvavebuli gza

ineTs uyvars caTambjenebi ‒ msoflioSi aTi umaRlesi caTambjenidan xuTi swored CineTSi Sendeba. amaTgan ori yvelaze cnobili koSkis mSenebloba 2014 wels dasruldeba. Sanxais koSki (Shanghai Tower) CineTis umaRlesi nageboba iqneba, xolo cis qalaqi (Sky City) qalaq CanSas ambiciuri proeqtia, romelic dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, aramarto CineTis, aramed mTeli msoflios umaRles nagebobad wardgeba. ori caTambjenis filosofia, teqnologiebi, vadebi da biznesmodelebi sruliad gansxvavebulia. erTad, isini gvamcnoben imas, Tu rogori gansxvavebuli gzebiT xorcieldeba inovacia CineTSi. `me var kaci, romelsac uyvars ‒ iyos meore, da ara pirveli~, ‒ ambobs artur gensleri. SesaZloa, sensaciurad JRerdes, magram aseTi midgoma amarT lebs. arqiteqturuli firma `gensleri~, romelic artur genslerma 1965 wels daafuZna, dRes msoflioSi umsxvilesia. swored es firma dgas im sajaro-kerZo konsorciumis ukan, romelic Sanxais koSks aSenebs. koSks mravali patara, magram sasargeblo niSan-Tviseba eqneba. yoveli 10 an 15 sarTuli saerTo sivrces Seqmnis, romlebSic maRaziebi da TavSeyris adgilebi gaerTiandeba. amgvari dayofa usafrTxoebis mizniTac keTdeba. msgavsi sivrceebi erTmaneTisgan specialuri, cecxlgamyofi teqnologiis iatakebiT iqneba dafaruli. liftebi imgvarad damontaJdeba, rom kabinaSi kvamli ver SeaRwevs. amgvarad, maTi gamoyeneba xanZris drosac ki iqneba SesaZlebeli. SenobaSi aseve gamoyenebuli iqneba `mwvane~ teqnologiebi. maT Soris, ganaxlebadi energia da Senobis gam wvanebis sivrceebi. es ar iqneba pirve-

cvlilebaze, xolo meore ‒ uSualod CineTis haerze. saqme imaSia, rom qveynis mraval nawils naxevrad mudmivi smogi faravs. batoni si, rogorc Cans, amaze ufro metad Relavs. pekinis oficiozi gaaZlierebs Zalisxmevas, raTa dedaqalaqis momwamvleli haeri gasufTavdes. axali avtomobilebis raodenoba, romlebic pekinSi gadaadgilebis licenzias miiReben, ganaxevrdeba. aseve ganixileba gadasaxadis daweseba dedaqalaqis centrSi manqaniT gadaadgilebisTvis, rogorc es londonSia. magram ekonomikuri reformebis msgavsad, amgvari cvlilebebi Zlier winaaRmdegobas waawydeba. am SemTxvevaSi, es winaaRmdegoba dedaqalaqis axalgamdidrebuli macxovreblebisgan wamova, romlebic avtomanqanebis flobasa da gamoyenebas maT ganuyofel uflebad miiCneven. CineTis swrafad mzardi saSualo fena, SesaZloa, partiis gegmis ganxorcielebisTvis winaRobad iqces. n

li Senoba, e. w. ormagi kaniT an daxveuli dizainiT, aramed pirveli koSki, romelSic amgvari gadawyvetebi masStaburad iqneba gamoyenebuli. xveuli qaris nakads TiTqmis meoTxediT amcirebs. es, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs saWiro foladisa da betonis raodenobas. proeqtis yoveli nabiji Semowmebulia gareSe eqspertebis mier, ramac zogjer vrceli da ZviradRirebuli cvlilebebi ganapiroba.

ku da kurdReli Tu Sanxais koSki CineTSi aprobirebul mSeneblobis meTods miyveba, `cis qalaqi~ amis sapirispiros akeTebs. proeqtis avtorebs imedi aqvT, rom warmatebas miaRweven CineTis Zlierebis gamoyenebiT swrafi da ekonomiuri mSeneblobis sferoSi. Broad Group ‒ firma, romelic am proeqtis ukan dgas, cnobilia kondisimaRlis zRapari

agebis vadebi wlebSi

msoflios umaRlesi Senobebi 2014 weli Sky City CineTi 838 m.

2014

Shanghai Tower CineTi 632 m.

2014*

dasrulebis TariRi

Burj Khalifa dubai 828 m.

2010

2014*

Mecca Clock Royal Tower saud. arab. 601 m.

2012

One World Trade Centre aSS 541 m.

2014*

1.0 weli* 5.0 weli

6.0 weli* 8.2 weli

wyaroebi: Broad Group; Emporis; Gensler; Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

7.8 weli* *prognozi

67 2014 mokled pekini emzadeba 21 qveynisgan Semdgari APEC samitis maspinZlobisTvis.

cionerebis sistemebis warmoebiT. igi aseve cnobilia novaciuri mSeneblobis teqnologiiT, rac gulisxmobs Senobis nawilebis winaswar damzadebas da Semdeg maT swrafad konstruirebas. 2012 wels am firmam 30-sarTuliani sastumro sul raRac 15 dReSi aago. am mSeneblobis video YouTube-ze milionobiT adamianma ixila. Broad Group-is mflobeli, miliarderi Jan ie ambobs, rom `cis qalaqs~ mxolod oTx TveSi aagebs. Tu koSki dagegmili 838 metri simaRlis iqneba, igi 10 metriT gadauswrebs dubais `burj xalifas~ da msoflioSi umaRlesi nageboba gaxdeba. batoni Jani ambobs, rom proeqti mTavrobis mxardaWeris gareSe xorcieldeba. 202-sarTuliani Senobis pirveli 15 sarTuli ofisebs, skolas da saavadmyofos daeTmoba, zeda sarTulebSi sastumro ganTavsdeba, xolo umetesi nawili sacxovreblad iqneba gamoyenebuli. proeqtTan dakavSirebiT, uamravi SekiTxva arsebobs. safuZvlis Cayra 2013 wlis ivlisSi daiwyo, magram regulaciebTan dakavSirebulma gaugebrobebma mSenebloba Seaferxa. miscemen Tu ara kanondamcvelebi proeqtis ganxorcielebis nebarTvas? ramdenad realuria Senobis uzarmazari modulebis swrafad da usafrTxod aweva caTambjenze? daijerebs Tu ara sazogadoeba Senobis usafrTxoebas? baton Jans esmis, rom warumateblobis riski inovaciis nawilia. misi TqmiT, `qarxnuli arqiteqtura~ (ase uwodebs igi sakuTar midgomas) moicavs saSiSi garRvevebis ganxorcielebas. warumateblobis SemTxvevaSic, misi firmis Tamami mcdeloba `simpaTiebs imsaxurebs~. rac Seexeba baton genslers, warumateblobis ufleba mas ar aqvs. `Sanxais koSkis proeqti ver iqneba warumatebeli, radganac igi efuZneba TandaTanobiT, da ara erTbaSad ganxorcielebul inovaciebs~, ‒ ambobs igi. `piramidebis msgavsad, es Senoba mudam iarsebebs~. n vijai vaiteesvarani: CineTis biuros ufrosi, The Economist

msoflio 2014

CineTi

erTmaneTis moqiSpe provinciebis periodi saimon koqsi honkongi

pekini ise moeqceva mevale provinciebs, rogorc berlini eqceva masTan valdebulebaSi myof periferias

2014 mokled

014 wels gadis 20 weli CineTis yvelaze mniSvnelovani, magram naklebad dafasebuli reformis dawyebidan. oci wlis win gatarebulma sagadasaxado reformam regionebze pekinis fiskaluri upiratesoba ganamtkica. dRes, roca adgilobrivi mTavrobebi yelamde valebSi arian Cafluli, fiskaluri Zalauflebis balansi centrsa da regionebs Soris gadaxedvas saWiroebs. 2014 weli am gadaxedvis dasawyisi iqneba. Tu fiskaluri reformis xsenebam uintereso wlis asociacia gagiRviZaT, kidev erTxel dafiqrdiT... CineTis provinciebi uzarmazaria: oTxi maTganidan, TiToeulSi 80 milionze meti adamiani cxovrobs. maTi mTavrobebi mxolod quCis ganaTebis mowyobiTa da gzebis SekeTebiT ar aris dakavebuli. swored re-

avstraliis axali premierministri oficialuri vizitiT ewveva CineTs. vizitis mTavari Tema vaWrobis sakiTxebi iqneba

periferiuli xedva

adgilobrivi mTavrobis wili mTavrobaSi %

xarjebSi

70 60

SemosavalSi 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 91 92 93 94

98 99 2000 01 02

11 12* 13* 14

wyaroebi: statistikis erovnuli biuro, The Economist

saimon koqsi: aziis ekonomikis redaqtori, The Economist

gionebi asrulebs did rols CineTis xuTwliani gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi. erTmaneTTan maTi konkurencia xSirad did danakargebs iwvevs: erTi da imave Zalisxmevis gaReba, investorebis dafrTxoba da sxva araswori nabijebi. Tumca, swored es konkurencia gaxlavT ekonomikuri dinamikurobis wyaroc. rac ar unda ifiqroT CineTis adgilobriv liderebze, maT ar sZinavT. provincieli baronebi asparezze 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamovidnen. maSindeli drois fiskaluri wesebis mixedviT, adgilobrivi mTavrobebi agrovebdnen CineTis mTel gadasaxadebs da maT nawils, Semdeg, centrs aZlevdnen. am procesSi isini yovelTvis zustad ar anawilebdnen Semosul Tanxebs da sxvadasxva maqinaciis meSveobiT, didZal fuls TavisTvis itovebdnen. Sedegad, Semcirda fiskaluri Semosavlebis wili mSp-Si da dapataravda centraluri mTavrobis wili mTel gadasaxadebSi. rogorc Cinelebi ambobdnen, adgilobrivi mTavrobebi yvelaze msuye da gemriel lukmas TavisTvis itovebdnen da pekins

`Zvlebs~ ugzavnidnen. 1994 wels, centralurma mTavrobam gadawyvita situaciis Secvla. SemoiRes `centraluri~ gadasaxadebi, romelTa garda, arsebuli ramdenime gadasaxadi provinciebis prerogativaSi darCa. Semosavlebma imata da centraluri mTavrobis biujeti Seivso. es gadaiqca fiskaluri konservativizmis modelad da 2012 wlis bolos, valma mSp-s mxolod 22% Seadgina. magram am cvlilebebis Sedegad, provinciebi cud dReSi Cacvivdnen. maT unda miexedaT qveynis infrastruqturis umetesi nawilisa da sajaro momsaxurebebisTvis, Tumca saamisod iRebdnen yofili fiskaluri Semosavlebis mxolod mwiri nawiliRa SerCaT (ix. cxrili). es problema maT fulis sesxebiT gadaWres. xSirad amgvar sesxebs iReben `adgilobrivi mTavrobis finansuri ofisebis~ (LGFV) saxeliT. es organizaciebi, romelTa Sorisaa gzis mSeneblobis kompaniebi, dRes 10 000-ze mets iTvlis. 2009 da 2010 wlebSi kompaniebma didi Tanxebi isesxes CineTis bankebisgan. mas Semdeg, rac bankis maregulirebeli Caeria, maT ganagrZes sesxebis aReba naklebad regulirebadi kompaniebisgan da safondo birJidan. mTavrobis mier kontrolis gamkacrebis Semdeg, es firmebi miadgnen fasiani qaRaldebis firmebs, safondo da sadazRvevo kompaniebs. es procesi dResac grZeldeba. CineTis erovnuli auditori cdilobs aRricxos sesxebis aReba. angariSebis mixedviT, 2012 wlis bolos, amgvari sesxebis saerTo raodenoba 20 trilion iuans (3.2 trilion aSS dolars) aRemateboda. es mSp-s mesamedze metia. 2014 wels, am procesma, SesaZloa, CineTis fiskaluri aparatis Secvla gamoiwvios.

xifaTis moaxloeba yvelaze kargi gamosavali centris mier davalianebis nawilis sakuTar Tavze aReba iqneboda. iqidan gamomdinare, rom pekini ar dauSvebs gakotrebas, mas mouwevs garkveuli pasuxismgebloba itvirTos. centraluri mTavroba damnaSavea, radgan waaxalisa adgilobrivi mTavrobebi da 2008 wlis finansuri krizisis Semdeg maT ekonomikis stimulirebisken mouwoda. Tumca pekini ar apirebs pasuxismgeblobisgan provinciebis ase iolad gaTavisuflebas. am dausjelobas, SesaZloa, cudi saqcielis gameoreba mohyves. amrigad, erTi mxriv, pekini eubneba provinciebs, rom maT Tavad unda moagvaron Seqmnili situacia da meore mxriv, fiqrobs, Tu ra formiT SeiZleba maTi daxmareba. centri provinciebs gakotrebis aRvarze yofnis saSualebas miscems ‒ iseve, rogorc es evrokavSiris valebSi Caflul periferiis SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tumca ar dauSvebs maT gakotrebas. amgvari, bundovani midgomiT, pekini sxva moTamaSeebsac abnevs. maT ricxvs, upirvelesad, investorebi miekuTvnebian, romlebic bolo sami welia `cud gunebaze arian~, Seqmnili situaciis gamo. n mxolod SesaZlebelia… si Zinpinma dasajos sakuTari ojaxis SedarebiT naklebad mniSvnelovani wevri, raTa daimkvidros korufciis winaaRmdeg mebrZolis imiji. CineTma gamoTqvas survili, SeuerTdes trans-wynari okeanis partniorobis savaWro klubs. nobelis premiis datyvevebuli laureati liu Siabo gaTavisufldeba, qveynis datovebis pirobiT.

msoflio 2014 aseve seqciaSi: oh, Zmebo... 70 mxolod SesaZlebelia 70 Txra siRrmeSi 71 kvlavac dinebis sawinaaRmdegod 72 afrikis eleqtrofikacia 74

axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika

xalxi kvlav met uflebebs iTxovs qsan smaili

arabuli samyaros umetesi nawilisTvis momavali weli namdvilad ukeTesi iqneba

011 wlis demokratiiT gamowveuli eiforiisa da 2012 wlis politikuri reformebis tempis SesanarCuneblad gadaxdili gmiruli brZolebis Semdeg, 2013 wels, arabuli samyaro ukan ‒ siRaribesa da qaosSi dabrunda. egvipte samxedro mmarTvelobas daubrunda, siria kidev ufro sisxlian samoqalaqo omSi Caeflo, xolo libiasa da tunisSi posttiranuli progresi Seirya da SeCerda. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTel regionSi momdevno welsac arastabiluri da gaurkveveli viTareba iqneba. Tumca aris mcire Sansi, rom 2014 weli zogad ukeTesobas moitans. arsebulze uaresi mdgomareobis warmodgena namdvilad Znelia. egviptisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani iqneba, rom im sayovelTaod popularulma generlebma, romlebmac 2013 wlis ivlisSi sabolood moaSTes warumatebeli demokratiuli eqsperimenti, dauSvan saparlamento da saprezidento arCevnebis Catareba 2014 wlis pirvel naxevarSi. aseve, saarCevno siebSi muslimi Zmebis mosalodneli Tavsmoxveuli aryofnis pirobebSi (ix. Semdegi statia), sul mcire, calkeuli islamistebi arCevnebSi monawileobaze daiyolion. 2013 wels gacxadebuli uaris miuxedavad, SesaZlebelia, rom qveynis realurma mmarTvelma, generalma abdel fatah al-sisim saprezidento arCevnebSi sakuTari kandidatura wamoayenos. misi oficialuri poziciis miuxedavad, progresis gasaRebi is gaxlavT, rom man demokratiuli pluralizmis WeSmarit sistemas arsebobis ufleba daubrunos. aseve, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani iqneba Semdegi: vinc ar unda marTavdes egvites, daiwyos mkveTri da Tamami struqturuli reformebi, subsidirebis mizanmimarTuli Sewyvetis CaTvliT, rac egviptis ekonomikis gadarCenis winapirobaa.

samoqalaqo omis cecxlma siriaSi SesaZloa minavleba daiwyos. TurqeTi, saudis arabeTi da yatari ajanyebulebis damarcxebas ar dauSveben. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, baSar asadis reJimi upirobo gamarjvebis miRwevas, savaraudod, ver moaxerxebs. qveyana SesaZloa sam an met avtonomiur, magram mtrul nawilad daiyos: dasavleTi, romelsac, ZiriTadad, batoni asadis alavituri umciresoba marTavs. igi damaskodan sanapiro zolisken da latakiasTan axlomdebare mTagorian teritoriamde iSleba, maSin, rodesac ajanyebulebi CrdiloeTis umetes nawils, centralur da aRmosavleT teritoriebs daikaveben, sirieli qurTebi ki qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawils gaakontroleben. mosalodnelia jihadist ajanyebulebsa da naklebad islamistur jgufebs Soris dapirispirebis gamwvavebac. Zalze saTuoa, rom amerikelebi iranTan atomuri programis Taobaze xelSekrulebis dadebas moaxerxeben. amiT, SesaZloa, amerikisa da ruseTis mier siriis sakiTxis mogvarebis Sansebic mkveTrad gaizardos, ramdenadac aseTi SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, iranelebi regionul diplomatias xels ki ar SeuSlian, Tavadac CaerTvebian masSi. da Tuki kompromisTan dakavSirebiT axali ganwyobebi gabatondeba, israelsa da palestinas Soris SeTanxmebis miRwevis Sansebis gazrdac iqneba SesaZlebeli. meore mxriv, Tu siriaSi sisxlisRvra ufro intensiuri gaxdeba, Zaladoba SesaZloa mis rTul, momcro mezoblebze ‒ mravalkonfesiur libansa da Rarib iordaniazec gavrceldes, romlebic yovelTvis amerikisa da saudis arabeTis mxardaWeraze arian damokidebuli. 2014 wels erayis bedic metwilad siriazea damokidebuli. siriis samoqalaqo omis gamwvavebis SemTxvevaSi, eraySi, sadac dominantur Siitur jgufs siriis alavitebTan naTesauri siaxlove akavSirebs, religiur ganStoebebs Soris dapirispirebam SesaZloa amerikelebis mier motanil demokratias werti-

2014 mokled papi franciski pirveli oficialuri vizitiT wminda miwas estumreba

qsan smaili: axlo aRmosavleTis da afrikis redaqtori, The Economist

axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika

oh, Zmebo... maqs rodenbeki qairo

islamistebi yvelgan ukan ixeven

ri wlis win axlo aRmosavleTSi warmatebuli politikuri tendenciis gansazRvra sakmaod advili iyo. cvlilebaTa talRa, romelic „arabulma gazafxulma“ moitana, islamistebs, da kerZod, maT erT ganStoebas sasargeblod waadga. mravalwlian CagvraSi gamobrZmedili, momTmeni da disciplinirebuli muslimi Zmebi da maTi mravali dajgufeba (romelTaganac yvela islamuri speqtris centristul frTas miekuTvneba), erTi SexedviT, sayovelTao warmatebisaTvis iyvnen ganwirulni. muslimi Zmebis partiasTan asocirebulma partiebma egviptesa da tunisSi gamarTul pirvel Tavisufal arCevnebSi gaimarjves. regionuli moTamaSeebis, TurqeTisa da yataris mier Segulianebuli muslimi Zmebis mier zurggamagrebuli meamboxeebis gamarjveba libiisa da siriis SeiaraRebul ajanyebebSi TiTqosda gardauvali Canda. iseTi qveynebic ki, romlebsac revolucia ar SeexoT, gamowvevebis mosagerieblad manevrirebdnen: marokos mefe muhamad VI-m, magaliTad, piradi principebi

2014 mokled nigeria gaerTianebis 100 wels zeimobs

msoflio 2014

gverdze gadado da zomieri islamisti premier-ministrad daniSna. 1979 wlis iranis revoluciiT dawyebuli da muslimTa SedarebiT axali saarCevno gamarjvebebis Sedegad gaaqtiurebuli islamistebis dominaciis mcocavi, regionuli masStabis tendencia, eraySi, palestinasa da TurqeTSi aSkara gaZlierebis elfers iZenda. Tumca, egvipteSi 1928 wels dafuZnebuli „muslimi Zmebis“ erTi SexedviT SeuCerebeli aRzeveba uecrad Sewyda. 2012 wels prezidentad arCeuli saZmos wevris muhamed morsis popularobis ucabedma vardnam 2013 wlis ivlisis samxedro gadatrialebas saTave daudo. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, tunisis nahdas partia aseTive samoqalaqo zewolas danebda. „Zmebma“ Zala aseve libiasa da siriaSic dakarges. iseTma mdidarma da gavlenianma qveynebma, rogoric saudis arabeTi da arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebia, da romelTa liderebi srulebiT ar endobian „Zmebs“, maTi konkurentebi daafinanses ‒ TurqeTisa da yataris TamaSidan gayvanis mizniT. 2013 wlis bolos, Zmebi yvelgan ukan ixevdnen. es Zalze cxadad egvipteSi gamoCnda, sadac farTo sazogadoeba gulgrilad ucqerda, Tu rogor klavda axali mTavroba asobiT „Zmebis“ wevr demonstrantebs da maT liderebs cixe-

li dausvas. rac unda iyos, erayelma qurTebma unda moaxerxon poziciis SenarCuneba da albaT sangaric ki Semoavlon TavianT Zvirfas avtonomias. sxvagan ufro meti sababia imedisTvis ‒ egvipteSi maTi islamisti Zmebis bedis gaTvaliswinebiT, tunisis nahdas partia ecdeba kompromisi moZebnos ufro sekularul jgufebsa da profkavSirebis warmomadgenlebTan, raTa qveynis uwesrigo, axali demokratia SeinarCunos. libiaSi centralur xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebuli partizanebis mozRvavebas lagamis amodeba sWirdeba. arCevnebis gamarTva orive qveyanas swori mimarTulebiT ganviTarebaSi daexmareba. imedi viqonioT, rom movlenebi swored amgvarad ganviTardeba. ufro dasavleTiT, marokos monarqi konstituciaSi gonivruli Sesworebebis Setanis xazs ganagrZobs, xolo alJiri, SesaZloa, bolos da bolos odnav gaixsnas gare samyarosaTvis, radgan prezident butaflikas janmrTeloba uaresdeba, da Sesabamisad, memkvidreobisTvis brZola mZafrdeba. Tuki maroko da alJiri 1994 wlis Semdeg qedmaRlurad daketil

mxolod SesaZlebelia… barak obama istoriuli vizitiT stumrobs Teirans, iranis birTvul programaze molaparakebebis gasamarTad. rogorc iqna, saudis arabeTi qal mZRolebs `mwvane Suqs~ aunTebs. afrikaSi kargi marTvisTvis mo ibrahimis saxelobis prizi viRacas gadaecema mas Semdeg, rac bolo xuTi wlidan oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi prizisTvis Rirseuli kandidatura ver ipovnes.

Si amwyvdevda. rogorc Cans, egviptem „Zmebi“ ara maTi `islamisturi proeqtis~ mxardaWerisTvis, aramed im imediT airCia, rom ukeTesi mmarTvelobis motana SeeZloT, rac baton morsis ar gamouvida. `Zmebi iordaniaSi~ ‒ qveynis yvelaze gavleniani da staJiani opoziciuri partia moqiSpe, ukompromiso da reformistul fraqciebad daiSala. maT, aseTi xvedri, SesaZloa, sxva qveynebSic xvdeT wilad. siriis msgavs qveynebSi, sadac saxelmwifom kraxi ganicada, ufro radikalurma islamistebma, maT Soris ‒ jihadistebis fraqciebma, „Zmebs“ iniciativa waarTves. tunisis msgavs qveynebSi, romlebmac simyare SeinarCunes, araislamurma Zalebma da, maT Soris, revoluciamdelma mmarTvelma elitam Zliereba daibrunes. es momavalSi polarizaciis uTuo gaRrmavebas moaswavebs. zog qveyanaSi gaZlierebul islamistur birTvsa da mizandasaxul sekularul tendencias Soris gamZafrebuli konkurencia SeiniSneba. sxvagan, konfesiuri dajgufebebi gansakuTrebiT sunitur da Siitur muslimebs Soris uTanxmoebis mTavari wyaro iqneba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 2014 wels regionis umetesi nawilisTvis mSvidoba da simSvide miuRweveli darCeba. n maqs rodenbeki: axlo aRmosavleTis korespondenti, The Economist

sazRvrebs xelaxla gaxsnian, amiT orive qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas udidesi biZgi miecema. 2012 wels iemenma xandazmuli diqtatori ali abdula salehi moiSora. misi memkvidre abd rabo mansur hadi erovnuli konsensusis misaRwevad ibrZolebs ‒ maSin, roca samxreTeli separatistebi, Crdiloeli ajanyebulebi da àl-qaidasTan~ dakavSirebuli jihadistebi centralur mTavrobas Zirs uTxrian. 24-wliani mmarTvelobis Semdeg, sudanis prezident omar al-baSirs mzard opoziciasTan gamklaveba mouwevs ‒ ara mxolod quCaSi, aramed sakuTar mmarTvel gundSic. sparseTis yuris monarqebi, Siituri bahreinis gamoklebiT, gansxvavebul azrs axlos ar gaikareben. Tumca, memkvidreobis krizisi saudis arabeTSi, romelic sparseTis yuris monarqiebs Soris udidesi da uZlieresia, SesaZloa, kuluarebs gascdes ‒ Tuki mefe abdula Riad ar ganacxadebs, rom princebis axalgazrda Taobas misi biologiuri memkvidris, princ salmanis Semdeg Zalaufleba miecemaT. bevrma SeiZleba Tqvas, rom àrabuli gazafxuli~ ukve marTlac dasrulda. isini cdebian. àrabulma gamoRviZebam~, rac movlenaTa ufro zusti saxeldebaa, arabuli samyaro aiZula, ZiriTadad, ukeTesobisken Secvliliyo, siriisa da egviptis masobrivi imedgacruebis, sazogado gaurkvevlobisa da sparseTis yuris qveynebSi arsebuli avtokratiis miuxedavad. socialurma mediam da internetma arabul azrovnebaSi revolucia moaxdina. qairos tahriris moedanze Sekrebili xalxis mizanswrafvam, daemarcxebina samxedro mTavrobac ‒ generlebis daxmarebiT ‒ da islamisturi xelisuflebac, xalxs axali xelisuflis arCevaSi monawileobis miRebis moTxovnileba gauCina. 2014 wels ganviTarebuli mravali movlena imas miuTiTebs, rom es wyurvili jer kidev daukmayofilebelia. n

msoflio 2014

Txra siRrmeSi jon o’salivani iohanesburgi

2014 wels msoflios yvelaze swrafad mzardi ekonomika afrikaSi iqneba

rcTu didi xnis win, maRali inflaciisa da dune zrdis mqone ekonomika saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikuli qveynebis Cveuli norma iyo. kontitentze mSp-s saSualo zrda 1990-ian wlebSi mxolod 2.2% iyo, rac aseT Rarib regions srulad uspobda ganviTarebis perspeqtivas. imave periodSi, inflaciis wliuri saSualo maCvenebeli 27%-s Seadgenda. axla yvelaferi Seicvala: 2001 wlis Semdeg, yovelwliurad, afrikis mSp msoflios saSualo maCvenebelze ufro swrafad izrdeboda. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, afrikaze swrafad mxolod ganviTarebadi aziuri ekonomikis bloki izrdeboda, CineTis meTaurobiT. regionis saSualo inflaciuri maCvenebeli an maRali erTniSna, an dabali orniSna ricxvi iyo. afrikis gaumjobesebuli mdgomareoba CineTTan gazrdilma savaWro urTierTobebma ganapiroba, romelic amJamad kontinentis mTavari saeqsporto bazaria. ramdenadac CineTis ekonomika viTardeba, ganviTardeba afrikac. CineTis liderebs surT, rom maTi ekonomika ufro zomieri tempiT izrdebodes, vidre gasul aTwleulSi da rom am zrdaSi wamyvan rols samomxmareblo xarjebi da ara maRali kapitali ‒ bunebrivi resursebis intensiur gamoyenebaze dafuZnebuli investiciebi TamaSobdnen. amitomac, afrikisTvis uxvad momadlebuli sanedleulo resursebis fasebi mniSvnelovnad daeca. Economist Intelligence Unit-is mixedviT, CineTis zrdis Senelebis miuxedavad, afrikis mSp-isTvis sakmarisi impulsi jerac arsebobs, 2014 wels 5.5%-iani zrdis dasafiqsireblad. es ki, daaxloebiT, bolo aTwleulis saSualo Sedegia da aRemateba msoflios sxva regionebis analogiur maCvenebels. marTlac, ufro nelma zrdam CineTsa da mis satelit aziur ekonomikaSi afrikas ori damaintrigebeli perspeqtiva gauCina. pirveli, ramdenadac konkurencia „aziuri vefxvebis“ mxridan mcirdeba, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi prognozirebs, rom 2014 wels msoflios eqvsi yvelaze swrafad mzardi ekonomikidan oTxi saharis samxreTiT mdebare regionidan iqneba. da pirvelad Cvens mexsierebaSi, inflaciis done mSp-is zrdis tempze dabali dafiqsirdeba. daiwyeT swrafad mzardi ekonomikiT. afrikaSi mravali Raribi da myife qveyanaa. am qveynebSi axalma didma samTamadno proeqtebma, an samoqalaqo omis Semdgom eqsportis ganaxlebam, SesaZloa mSp-is dramatuli zrda gamoiwvios. samxreT sudanis ekonomikis zoma 2011 wels sudanidan gamoyofis Semdeg ganaxevrda. magram, ramdenadac 2014 wels navTobis eqsportis zrda gagrZeldeba, mSp SesaZloa 40%-ze metadac ki gaizardos. siera-leoneSi axali didi rkinis sabados gazrdili gamomuSavebis Sedegad, mSp-is 10 %-ze maRali tempiT zrdaa mosalodneli. aseve, Cadis ekonomikis aRmasvlas navTobis uaxlesi sabadoebis aRmoCenis Semdgom gafarToebuli warmoeba ganapirobebs. saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikis 45 qveynidan daaxloebiT naxevari navTobis an mompovebeli industriis eqsportzea damokidebuli. magram imisaTvis, rom sabirJo saqonelze SedarebiT dabalma fasebma arsebiTad dadebiTi gavlena moaxdinos, savaraudod,

axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika kidev ramdenime welia saWiro. zogadad, axal samTomompovebel proeqtebs eqspluataciaSi gadacemamde didi dro sWirdebaT (kerZod, Cadsa da siera-leoneSi), magram nedleulze aqamde dafiqsirebuli maRali fasebis gamo, afrikul samTamadno proeqtebSi saWiro kapitali ukve Cadebulia. maRarosa da navTobis WaburRilSi aunazRaurebeli kapitaluri xarjebis dabandebis Semdegac aqvs azri warmoebas, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, mimdinare xarjebi mimdinare Semosavlebze dabalia, rasac axali proeqtebis SemTxvevaSic eqneba adgili. sabirJo saqonlis ufro dabali fasebis gavlena inflaciaze gacilebiT myisieri iqneba. uxvi mosavlisa da stabiluri navTobis fasebis fonze, afrikis umetes qveynebSi 2014 wlis bolosTvis inflacia 5%-mde da SesaZloa, ufro metadac ki Semcirdes. garkveuli xnis win, Zalian maRali inflaciis mqone qveynebSi axlaxan gatarebuli mkacri monetaruli politika fasebis Semdgomi dacemis wnexs Seqmnis. amitomac, 2014 wlis bolosaTvis inflacia ekonomikuri zrdis tempTan SedarebiT daecema. movlenaTa aseTi ganviTareba ganamtkicebs afrikis pretenzias, gaxdes investiciebisaTvis mimzidveli regioni.

pirvelad, Cvens mexsierebaSi, inflaciis done mSp-is zrdis tempze dabali iqneba

2014 mokled samxreT afrika fexburTSi afrikuli erebis Cempionats awyobs. 2013 wlis afrikis erTa Tasis msgavsad, igi libiaSi unda gamarTuliyo, romelic iZulebuli gaxda, 2011 wlis revoluciis gamo, maspinZlobis siamovnebaze uari eTqva

nigeria lideris funqcias kisrulobs amas kidev ori movlena daemateba: 180-milioniani mosaxleobiT, nigeria afrikis yvelaze xalxmravali qveyanaa. male is Tavs kontinentis udidesi ekonomikis saxiT daimkvidrebs. nigeriis mSp amJamad 1990iani wlebis sabaziso fasebiT iangariSeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom ekonomikis swrafad mzardi seqtorebi, sadac fardobiTi fasebi Semcirda, saTanadod ar aRiricxeba. monacemebis xelaxali Seafaseba male damTavrdeba. 2010 wels ganam mSp-is statistikis ganaxlebis Semdeg aRmoaCina, rom misi ekonomika 60%iT ufro naklebad fasdeboda. meTodologiis aseTi cvlilebiT, nigeria samxreT afrikas gadauswrebs da kontinentis udidesi ekonomikis statuss SeiZens. nigeria jerac dabalSemosavlian qveynad rCeba da Semdgomi zrdis uzarmazar auTvisebel potencials flobs. am TvalsazrisiT, igi mTeli kontinentis anareklia. afrikis umetesi nawili Raribia. msyidvelunarianobis paritetze gadaangariSebiT, erT sul mosaxleze mSp-s saSualo maCvenebeli aq 2,400 aSS dolaris Seadgens. es Cinuri 17 000 dolaris Sesadarebeli maCvenebelia. mxolod odnavi gonivruli politikis gatarebis Sedegad, momdevno wlebSi afrikuli zrdis gasagrZeleblad sakmarisze meti sivrce iarsebebs. damkvirveblisaTvis saintereso meore tendencia saharis samxreTiT mdebare qveynebis ekonomikaSi momsaxurebis, soflis meurneobisa da mrewvelobis mzardi mniSvnelobaa. regionSi ukve Seiqmna swrafadmzardi, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikis jgufi, romelic seriozulad ar aris damokidebuli nedleulis warmoebaze. am kategoriaSi Sedis kontinentis zogierTi udidesi ekonomika, magaliTad, eTiopia, kenia da uganda. nedleulis globaluri fasebis meryeobis gaTvaliswinebiT, afrikis gamococxlebuli ekonomikuri perspeqtivebis mimarT mzardi interesis udides nawils swored es qveynebi daakmayofileben. n

jon o’salivani: samxreT afrikis korespondenti, The Economist

axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika

kvlavac dinebis sawinaaRmdegod oliver avgusti goma

kongoSi mSvidobis damyarebas mTavrobebi kidev erTxel Seecdebian

ivus tbis mezobel borcvebze srolis xma jerac ar miyuCebula. zarbaznebis gruxuni dabzarul fanjrebs aryevs. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mSvidobismyofelTa nawilebi da flateze, SambnarSi Casafrebuli meamboxe jgufebi erTmaneTs Wurvebs ucvlian. es brZola imas niSnavs, rom bolos da bolos garesamyarom gamoavlina neba, daupirispirdes kongoSi gamefebul qaoss, romelsac, 1998 wels samoqalaqo omis dawyebidan, milionobiT adamianis Zaladobrivi an udroo daRupva mohyva. mSvidobismyofelTa ganzraxva, SeeCerebinaT sisxlisRvra, ukve ramdenjerme CaiSala, Tumca diplomatebi kvlavac agrZeleben 2014 wlisTvis intervenciis axali gegmis SemuSavebas. despanebi konsultaciebs regionis liderebTan gadian, xolo „SesaZleblobaTa sivrcis“ SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT saubrebis mimdinareobisas, axali saerTaSoriso konferenciebis TariRebi dgindeba. somaliSi dainteresebul mxareTa aqtiuroba bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli RonisZiebebiT miRebuli Sedegebis gameorebis surviliTac aris motivirebuli. am qveynis ocwliani samoqalaqo omis simwvavem (rac afrikeli mSvidobismyofelebisa da dasavleTis xelisuflebaTa erToblivi intervenciis Sedegad ganxorcielda) ukve mniSvnelovnad iklo. somalis warmateba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas aimedebs, rom afrikis udidesi Wrilobis ‒ kongos gankurnebisaTvis namdvilad Rirs kidev erTi cda.

am did qveyanas mravali problema tanjavs. mTavrobaSi fesvgadgmul korufcias ukiduresi araorganizebulobac emateba. misi formaluri xelisufleba mxolod qveynis erT nawilze vrceldeba. savele meTaurebi da generlebi erTmaneTs mineraluri resursebiT mdidar teritoriebze kontrolis mosapoveblad ebrZvian, arbeven mosaxleobas da afrTxoben investorebs. meamboxeTa yvelaze mZlavri dajgufeba sakuTar Tavs `23 martis moZraobas~ uwodebs, kraxiT dasrulebuli samSvidobo SeTanxmebis aRsaniSnavad. isini qveynis ukidures aRmosavleTSi, ruandis sazRvarTan moqmedeben. ori qveynis eTnikuri naTesaoba meamboxeebisadmi ruandis mxardaWeras ganapirobebs. 2012 wlis noemberSi, meamboxeebma mokle xniT sazRvrispira qalaqi goma daikaves (gaeros sameTvalyureo misiis aq yofnis miuxedavad) da mas Semdeg samTavrobo Zalebs mimdebare borcvebze ebrZvian. brZolebis Sedegad, sul mcire 800 000-ma adamianma dakarga saxl-kari. am movlenebs msofliom sami axali iniciativiT upasuxa: upirvelesad, gaizarda kongoSi gaeros samSvidobo kontingenti, romelic samxreT afrikis, tanzaniisa da malavis mier dakompleqtebuli 3 000-kaciani specialurad momzadebuli saintervencio nawiliT Seivso. es sqema, erTgvarad, afrikuli kavSiris Zalebis mier 2012 wels islamisti teroristebisgan somalis dedaqalaq mogadiSos dabrunebisas gamoyenebul intervenciis models waagavs. am kontingents eqneba Setevaze gadasvlis aseTive ufleba, rac gaeros istoriaSi pirveli SemTxvevaa, da ufro daxvewili aRWurviloba, upiloto safreni aparatebis CaTvliT. kontingentis saswrafo Tumca erTgvarad, winaRmdegobrivi misia meam-

msoflio 2014

boxeTa dajgufebebTan brZola da maTi potenciuri ganadgurebaa. jarebis gadasxma 2014 wlis dasawyisSi dasruldeba. meore ‒ kongos mezoblebma, romlebic warsulSi konfliqtSi iynen Careulebi, sajarod dades piroba, rom mSvidobis dasamyareblad erToblivad imuSaveben. maT ase adrec ganucxadebiaT da ruandas uwyveti mxardaWera m23-isTvis, mis gulwrfelobas metad saeWvos xdis. Tumca, ruandam aseTi saqcielisaTvis ukve gadaixada mZime politikuri sazRauri, saerTaSoriso prestiJisa da daxmarebis dakarvis saxiT. amave dros, sxva mezoblebs kongos mSvidobiani mowyobiT didi sargeblis miRebis Sansi uCndebaT. mesame ‒ dasavleTis qveynebma da saerTaSoriso organizaciebma ukve gaiares mtkivneuli gakveTilebi 2011 wlis arCevnebidan, roca kongos mTavrobam gamarjvebisaken gza represiebiT gaikafa. gonivruli mosazrebiT, saerTo erovnuli krizisis daZleva mTavrobasTan TanamSromlobis gareSe warmoudgenelia. diplomatiuri vizitebis intensivoba dedaqalaq kinSasaSi kvlav izrdeba. gaerom irlandiis yofili prezidenti meri robinsoni regionSi Tavis despanad daniSna.

erToblivi ganxilvebi kongos samSvidobo procesis xelSemwyobni irwmunebian, rom warsulis Secdomebidan daskvnebi gamoitanes. umniSvnelovanesi amocana kongos problemebis urTierTdakavSirebulobis gaazrebaa. moZalade amboxebulebis winaaRmdeg brZola aucilebelia, Tumca mxolod samTavrobo Zalebis mxardaWra sakmarisi ar aris. ucodvelni isinic ar arian. SeiaraRebuli Zalebis reformireba dedaqalaqSi arsebul politikur nebasa da finansur saSualebebzea damokidebuli. es ukanaskneli sakmarisi namdvilad ar aris, korufciis, mwiri infrastruqturisa da konkurent liderebs Soris mravalwliani agresiuli konfliqtis Semdegad gaCenili Rrma undoblobis gamo. aqedan, erTi romelime problemis mogvarebac ki sakmaod Znelia, yvelasi ‒ miT umetes. yvela problemis erTad mogvareba, gadaudebeli aucileblobis miuxedavad, warmoudgenlad rTul amocanad Cans. Tumca, mdinare kongos auzSi samSvidobo procesisTvis axali biZgis micema misasalmebeli iniciativaa. es SeiZleba arc iyos saboloo mcdeloba. problemebi imdenad rTulia, rom maT gadasaWrelad kidev mravali samSvidobo operaciis Catareba gaxdeba saWiro. magram bolo cda, sul mcire, ufro imedismomcemia, vidre misi winamorbedebi. n oliver avgusti: afrikis redaqtori, The Economist

namdvili moqmedebis imedis dabadeba

axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika

afrikis eleqtrifikacia maikl elioti

rogor Secvlis eleqtroenergia kontinents

2014 mokled samxreT afrika sayovelTao arCevnebs marTavs da, savaraudod, jakob zuma prezidentobas SeinarCunebs

maikl elioti: prezidenti da aRmasrulebeli direqtori, ONE

rT naSuadRevs, arcTu didi xnis win, ganas sofelSi vmogzaurobdi erT kacTan erTad, romelic aq uwin arasodes yofila. igi gzis gaswvriv gaSlilma fusfusma da gacxovelebulma vaWrobam aRafrTovana. es yvelaferi qveynis ganviTarebis tempze mianiSnebda. `jer moicade~, ‒ gavifiqre me. marTlac, tropikuli tempiT mzis Casvlis Semdeg, yvelaferi, risi danaxvac avtobusidan srul wyvdiadSi SeiZleboda, mxolod kantikuntad mocimcime sinaTlis wertilebi iyo. Cemi megobari dadumda. 1.2 miliardi adamianisaTvis, maT Soris saharis samxreTiT mcxovrebi 600 milioni afrikelisaTvis, mdidari samyarosTvis Cveuli cxovreba daRamebisTanave qreba. vietnami moixmars imden eleqtroenergias, ramdensac mTeli saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrika, samxreT afrikis garda. saimedo eleqtroenergiaze wvdomis arqona imas niSnavs, rom bavSvebi saskolo davalebebs ver asruleben, saWmeli fuWdeba, qalebi sanTlis Suqze mSobiaroben da sadili SeSaze an nakelze momuSave primitiul RumlebSi mzaddeba. SeSisa da nakelis Sesagroveblad ojaxebi tyeSi an mindorSi saaTebs kargaven, maSin, roca es sawvavi oTaxSi wvis pirobebSi dabinZurebis wyaroa da milionobiT adamianis sikvdilis mizezi xdeba. Tumca eleqtroenergia mniSvnelovani mxolod samomxmareblo doneze ar aris. stabiluri energiis gareSe biznesisa da ekonomikis ganviTareba SeuZlebelia. sawarmoebi SekveTebs ver Seasruleben, ver xerxdeba sasicocxlo kavSirebis SenarCuneba bazrebTan. naxevarze meti afrikeli lideri eleqtroenergiis simcires ekonomikuri zrdis mTavar damabrkoleblad miiCnevs. gasakviri araa, rom roca saqme ganviTarebisTvis aucilebel winapirobebs exeba, afrikis bevri aqtiuri lideri adasturebs eleqtroenergiis yvelaze met mniSvnelobas nemismier sxva resursTan SedarebiT. male is ufro bevrs eqneba. 2014 wels energetikul siRaribesTan brZola saerTaSoriso dRis wesrigis umTavresi sakiTxi iqneba. daiwyeba gaeros programa `mdgradi energiis aTwleuli yvelasTvis~ da qveynebi 2030 wlisTvis TavianTi moqalaqeebisTvis xelmisawvdomi energiiT uzrunvelyofis gegmebs Seadgenen. obamas administracia gaafarToebs Tavis ybadaRebul ganviTarebis politikas, saxelwodebiT `afrikis eleqtroenergiis iniciativa,~ romlis prezentaciac tanzaniaSi 2013 wels moewyo da romlis mizania, uzrunvelyos sakmarisi saxelmwifo da kerZo investiciebi 20 milioni ojaxisa da biznesseqtoris eleqtroenergiiT mosamarageblad. paralelurad, amerikis kongresi miznad isaxavs miiRos `afrikis eleqtrifikaciis aqti~, romelic, SesaZloa, kidev ufro ambiciuri aRmoCndes. msoflios yvela regionis investorebi daiwyeben SesaZleblobebis moZiebas, uRaribesi mosaxleobisTvis energiis miwodebis mizniT, xolo bazars teqnologiuri jadoqrobis niaRvari walekavs, Tavisi Wkviani mowyobilobebiT da energiis gamomuSavebisa da miwodebis kidev ufro gonivruli xerxebiT. yvela es Zalisxmeva aucilebeli iqneba. ele-

msoflio 2014 qtroenergiaze msoflios daukmayofilebeli moTxovnis gamoTvla advili araa, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom moTxovna gansxvavebulia urbanul dasaxlebebSi da soflad. iseve, rogorc gansxvavebulia mosaxleobisa da biznesseqtoris moTxovnebi. magram erTi farTod gavrcelebuli SefasebiT, saerTaSoriso energetikuli saagentos (IEA) Tanaxmad, 2030 wlamde damatebiT 600 miliardi aSS dolaris investicia iqneba saWiro, rom yvelas, vinc mis deficits ganicdis, ganaTebis, fenis CasarTavad da mobiluri telefonebis dasatenad sakmarisi energia miewodos. SedarebisTvis, `afrikis eleqtroenergiis iniciativis~ farglebSi dagegmilia mxolod 7 miliardi aSS dolaris gamoyofa sajaro dafinansebis saxiT eqvsi afrikuli qveynis proeqtebisTvis, romelic stimuls miscems 9 miliardi aSS dolaris kerZo investicias. ase rom, saboloo miznamde jerac grZeli gzaa gasavleli. magram Tu amocana uzarmazaria, aseTivea SesaZleblobac – da ara mxolod bevrisTvis cxovrebis gamaumjobesebeli momsaxurebis miwodebis TvalsazrisiT. Tu afrika unda ganaTdes, es sworad unda gakeTdes. es Zveli industriuli msoflios mier arCeul gzaze ufro „sufTa“ meqanizmebis gamonaxvas gulisxmobs.

energia yvela sxva resursze ufro mniSvnelovania

SeinarCune sisufTave me britanul qalaqSi, 1950-ebSi gavizarde, roca Savi nisli zamTris tipuri Tanmdevi movlena gaxldaT da sadac klasikuri aRorZinebis stilis eleganturi Senobebis bunebrivi feri naxSiriviT Savi iyo. axla, sufTa haeris damcavi kanonmdeblobis pirvelad miRebidan TiTqmis 50 wlis Semdeg, es Senobebi pirvandel, daxvewil vardisfer tonebSi brwyinavs. es kargi gakveTilia. axlandeli teqnologiis gaTvaliswinebiT, energiis miwodeba maTTvis, visac is ar aqvs, uciloblad migviyvans globaluri naxSirbadis emisiis mcire zrdasTan – saerTaSoriso energetikuli saagentos SefasebiT, es zrda 0.7%-s Seadgens, rac CineTis xuT udides, qvanaxSirze momuSave eleqtrosadgurebis gamomuSavebis ekvivalentia. magram teqnologiuri inovaciebi da politika, romelic waaxalisebs ganaxlebad energiebsa da bunebriv gazs, saswaulebs axdens. afrikas TiTqmis auTvisebeli aqvs ganaxlebadi energiebi. amJamad kontinentis hidroenergetikuli potencialis mxolod 7% da qaris potencialis 0.7%-ze naklebi gamoiyeneba. mzis energiis realizacia axla idgams fexs. amasobaSi, saxlebisa da biznesis momaragebis nacvlad, gazi WaburRilebze alis saxiT iwvis. mokled, ar arsebobs mizezi, ris gamoc saWiro kapitalis mobilizeba ver moxerxdeba (rac aucilebelia afrikelebis im pirveladi momsaxurebiT uzrunvelsayofad, mdidari msoflio rom elis). rac mTavaria, es klimatur cvlilebebTan dakavSirebuli riskebis damZimebis gareSea SesaZlebeli. es eqstraordinaruli kombinacia iqneba. rodesac saTvaleebi evropaSi farTod gaxda xelmisawvdomi, qalebisa da mamakacebis SesaZleblobebi gaizarda da SeuZlebeli SesaZlebeli gaxda. eleqtrifikacias afrikaSi aseTive transformirebadi efeqti eqneba da adamianebs ramdenime saaTiT met sicocxles, anu imas moutans, rasac dRemde moklebulni arian. vin icis, Tu ra araCveulebrivi miznebiT SeiZleba am drois gamoyeneba? 2014 wels afrika amis garkvevas Seudgeba.

msoflio 2014 aseve seqciaSi: axdenili da mcdari winaswarmetyvelebani 76 `globaluri Serifis~ dasasruli 77 mxolod SesaZlebelia... 77 ajanyeba momwifda? 78

vin varaudobs yvelaze sworad? 79 meT deimoni da gari uaiTi: qvelmoqmedeba da bazari 80 didi omi 81 rkinis `mosavali~ 82

saerTaSoriso

molodinTa zRva dominik zigleri

okeaneTa bedis moqceva

xalgamogonili traluri bade, ingliseli fermerebis azriT, romlebmac mefes peticiiT mimarTes, `Tevzis wylidan amoyvanis dros ise mZimed da Rrmad eSveba fskerze, rom wyalqveSa yvavilebsac anadgurebs~. Tevzis mopovebis teqnologia da gamogonebebi udidesi siswrafiT viTardeba. Tumca, igive exeba Tanamdev zians, rac gamofitul maragebsa da ganadgurebul wyalqveSa ekosistemebSi aisaxeba. rogorc am fermerebma aRniSnes, dazaralebulTa ricxvSi SesaZloa adamianebic aRmoCndnen. momavali weli gadamwyveti iqneba, vinaidan politikosebi, garemos damcvelebi da TevzWeris industriac ki win wamoweven zRvis gadarCenis sakiTxs da gajansaRebis proeqtebis dawyebas Seecdebian. msoflioSi TevzWeram piks 1996 wels miaRwia, 86.4 milioni toniT da 2011 wels 78.9 milion tonamde iklo. vardna ufro sagrZnobi iqneboda, TevzsaWeri bade ufro Sors da Rrmad rom ar eSvebodes. wiTeli Tevzi gsurT? namdvilad cdundebiT, Tu mas meniuSi narinjisferi avstraliuri Ciqvis saxiT dainaxavT. miuxedavad amisa, SeuzRudavma TevzWeram metismetad eqspluatirebuli da amowuruli maragebis sidide 1974 wlis 10%-idan dRevandel 30%-ze metad gazarda. adamianebisTvis Tevzis cilis miwodeba Tevzis maragebs grandiozuli masStabiT anadgurebs. yoveldRe, daaxloebiT 40 000 kvadratuli kilometri (15 400 kvadratuli mili) zRvis fskeri iwmindeba specialuri badeebiT, romlebic toveben mkvdar

zonebs, da romelTa aRdgenas aTwleulebi sWirdeba. sxva teqnologiebi ar aris yovelTvis ukeTesi. wignSi `cxovrebis okeane~ qalum robertsi iorkis universitetidan aRwers TevzWeris Tanamdev dazianebas, romelic moicavs iarusian TevzWeris saSualebas (ufro ekologiuria da usafrTxo zRvisTvis, vidre badeebi) mahi-mahis sarewavad kosta rikis sanapiroebidan. amerikuli bazrisTvis sul raRac 211 mahimahis mosapoveblad, iRupeba 468 ku, gadaSenebis piras myofi 20 mwvane ku, 408 loqo, 413 zvigeni, wynari okeanis 68 afrosani da sxva saxeobebi. akvakulturac ar aris pasuxi gamowvevaze. oragulis fermebi imdensave azots Rvrian Sotlandiur zRvebSi, ramdensac 3,2 mln-iani mosaxleobis mqone qalaqidan Camdinare kanalizacia. aRmosavleT da samxreT CineTis zRvebSi xamanwkebis auzebidan zRvaSi ufro meti gamdinare wyali Cadis, vidre qarxnebidan. garda amisa, akvakulturisTvis sakvebis didi nawili sazRvao TevzWeris Sedegad iwarmoeba. kargi siaxle is aris, rom okeanis ekosistema Zalian gamZlea, da rogorc ki Sansi miecema, Tevzis maragi aRdgeba. ufro frTxili menejmentis SemTxvevaSi, gacilebiT meti TevzWeraa SesaZlebeli. 2014 wels gaizrdeba wnexi zRvis fskerze badis CaSvebis asakrZalad. islandiam aseTi nabiji 2006 wels gadadga. 2014-Si bevri axali iniciativa gaJRerdeba zRvis dacul teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT. xmeleTze, teritoriis 12% aris daculi. zRvis SemTxvevaSi, es 1%-s Seadgens. proporcia male gaizrdeba. aseve, sayovelTao enTuziazmic, okeanis SesanarCuneblad. aseTi adgilebi Zalian mniSvnelovania, vinaidan icaven akvatoriebs, sadac Tevzi grovdeba da mravldeba. zRvebis umravlesobis daculi zona

2014 mokled papi ioane pavle meore da ioane XXIII wmindanebad Seiracxen

dominik zigleri: aziis biuros redaqtori, The Economist

76 s

2014 mokled

msoflio 2014

saerTaSoriso

paramedikosebi 23 TebervlisTvis, msoflio xmlismylapavebis dRisTvis emzadebian

pataraa da napirTan axlos, 200 milian (370 kilometri) `eqskluziur ekonomikur zonaSi~ Sedis. ufro ambiciuri iniciativa am zonis napiridan bevrad Sors gadatana iqneba. 2014 wels britaneTi miuerTdeba kanons yvelaze didi daculi sazRvao zonis – samxreT wynar okeaneSi mdebare 55 kaciT dasaxlebuli cicqna pitkernis kunZulis irgvliv, 320 000 kvadratuli milis dacvis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg ufro gaizrdeba daculi zRvis zonebi antarqtikaSi.

CaZirva Tu curva saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba okeaneebis dasacavad Seferxda uvargisi kanonebisa da mmarTvelobis Sedegad. gaeros konvenciam zRvis kanonis Sesaxeb, romelic ukve 3 aTeuli wlisaa, moawesriga sakanonmdeblo qaosi, – acxadebs tomi qo, erT-erTi misi arqiteqtori. magram daumorCileblobam `dakanonebuli ukanonoba~ gamoiwvia – fiqrobs devid milibendi, britaneTis yofili sagareo saqmeTa mdivani. regionuli TevzWeris menejerebi zRvebis sakontrolod aucilebel Zalauflebas ar floben, xolo individualur qveynebs sakuTari wylebis dacvac ar SeuZliaT. am sakiTxis mogvarebas SeiZleba teqnologia daexmaros: magaliTad, moeTxovoT mowyobilobebis montaJi, romelic maT zust adgilmdebareobas auwyebs maregulireblebs an TiToeul daWeril Tevzs daedos Strixkodi imis aRsaniSnavad, Tu rodis aris igi daWerili da sad. es ar iqneba sakmarisi, radgan, janmrTeli Tevzis populacia janmrTeli ekosistemis garanti ar aris. Tumca zRvis kanonebi biomravalferovnebas ar exeba. axalma konvenciam uamravi saagento da konsensusis

axdenili da mcdari winaswarmetyvelebani deniel franklini

ramdenad gamarTlda SarSandeli prognozi? velaze provokaciuli prognozi, romelic SarSandel gamocemaSi daibeWda, iyo is, rom saukeTeso dabadebis adgilad Sveicaria, xolo yvelaze cud dabadebis adgilad ‒ nigeria dasaxeldeboda. jer Zalian adrea imis dadgena, gamarTlda Tu ara aRniSnuli prognozi. Tumca sxva prognozebis umetesobas verdiqti ukve gamoutanes. rogorc yovelTvis, Cven Cveni wili avacdineT da mizanSic movaxvedreT, zogi Cveni prognozi ki am ors Sua aRmoCnda. upirvelesad, axdenil prognozebze visaubroT: zogadad, gamarTlda Cveni ekonomikuri varaudebi. velodiT amerikis moZlierebas, Zalian mcire zrdas evrozonasa da CineTSi, magram `klebad~ zrdas indoeTSi. gavazviadeT Sinzo abes politikis zegavlena iaponiaze, magram britaneTis aRzeveba sworad viwinaswarmetyveleT. Cven britaneTis ekonomikis winsvla ufro mkafiod davinaxeT, vidre sxvebma. upirveles yovlisa, sammagi recesiis Sesaxeb saubrebis fonze, Cveni sapirispiro mosazreba

kanonebi warmoSva (transportirebis dasaregulireblad, zRvis siRrmidan wiaRis mopoveba, kabelebis ganTavseba da sxva mravali), magram, sabolood, win yvelaferi Zirgaxvretili navis siCqariT miiwevs. saboloo jamSi, okeaneebis resursebze moTxovna – yvelaferi, dawyebuli kompaniebidan, visac surs bioprospeqti axali wamlebisTvis da damTavrebuli, zvigenebis TvalierebiT turistebisTvis ‒ swrafad izrdeba. interesTa konfliqts yovelTvis ar aqvs adgili. magaliTad, qaris fermebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen daculi teritoriebi, magram am yvela urTierTgadamfaravi interesis menejmenti ufro da ufro rTuldeba. fsonebi maRalia. asobiT milioni adamiani, ZiriTadad, afrikasa da aziaSi, saarsebos zRvaSi poulobs. am dros, lin zeitlin hale – amerikuli saqvelmoqmedo organizacia Nature Conservancy-dan acxadebs, rom zRvis garemos dacvis mniSvneloba ukeT esmiT. magaliTad, klimatis regulirebisas ‒ Jangbadis gadamuSaveba da naxSirorJangis STanTqma. axali wesebi da institutebi moqmedebs, sadac konsensusis saWiroeba yovel etapze ar aferxebs saukeTeso praqtikas. globaluri okeanis komisia, romlis wevric batoni milibendia, sxvadasxva saxis proeqtebs wamoiwyebs momaval wels. aseve, okeanis sakiTxebs, sadac ecdeba daareguliros gansxvaveba mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris. The Economist aseve maqsimums akeTebs am debatis gasaRviveblad msoflio okeaneebis samitze san franciskoSi, TebervalSi. Tu Sansi miecemaT, okeaneebi Tavad Seasruleben mZime samuSaoebs sakuTari janmrTelobis aRsadgenad. n

cudad miiRes. Semdeg, statistikurma monacemebma aCvena, rom qveyanas ar SeiZleboda hqonoda ormagi recesia, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT sammagze. da kidev ‒ britaneTis ekonomikuri maCvenebeli izrdeba. Cveni xedva saerTaSoriso panelis samecniero Sefasebaze, globalur daTbobasTan dakavSirebiT, gamoxatavda panelis Sejamebis Sedegad miRebul varauds erTi wlis Semdgom movlenebze. Cven vivaraudeT, rom Microsoft da Nokia ‒ ori luseri fiqsirebuli mobiluri kavSiridan internet-mobilur kavSirze gadasvlis etapze SeiZleba gaerTianebuliyo 2013-Si (seqtemberSi Microsoft-ma iyida Nokia-s mobiluri telefonebis biznesi). Cven wamovwieT konfidencialoba, romelic iqneboda mzardi problema iseTi kompaniebisTvis, rogoric Googleia. magram Cven ar gviwinaswarmetyvelia, rom konfidencialobis sakiTxi axal ambebSi moxvdeboda: edvard snoudenis, yofili erovnuli usafrTxoebis saagentos kontraqtoris gancxadeba amerikis masobrivi TvalTvalis programebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, sworad vivaraudeT, rom papi benediqti SemaSfoTebel sirTuleebs Sexvdeboda, magram ver warmovidgendiT, rom is gadadgeboda da mas aqtiuri papi frensisi Secvlida. velodiT, rom angela merkeli germaniis arCevnebs moigebda, da axali

patara partia gaZlierdeboda, magram Cven vfiqrobdiT, rom es partia germaniisTvis ufro evroskeptikuri alternativa iqneboda. vvaraudobdiT, rom amerika `fiskalur kolafss~, wlis dasawyisSi, Tavidan aicilebda, magram ver gavTvaleT, rom mTavroba Semodgomaze daixureboda. Cven SeSfoTebulni viyaviT `alkaidas~ gavleniT afrikaze, rac saharas qviSaSi brZolebs iwvevda (da teroristebma alya Semoartyes gazis qarxanas alJiris udabnoSi, ianvarSi), magram ara nairobis savaWro centrSi. da ra iyo Cveni mTavari cdomilebani? pirvelad ar momxdara, rom vivaraudeT prezident baSar asadis Zalauflebis SenarCuneba siriaSi; ar gviwinaswarmetyvelebia baraq obamas tragikuli cda qimiuri iaraRis moxmarebaze (`wiTeli xazi~) akrZalvis dawesebisa; Cven SeiaraRebuli gadatrialebac ver gavTvaleT egvipteSi; aseve ar aRvniSneT iranis saprezidento arCevnebis gamarjvebuli hasan rohani; gamogvrCa protestebi, romlebic bevr qveyanaSi gavrcelda 2013 wels, braziliidan TurqeTamde da bulgareTamde. isic marTalia, rom Cven vafrTxilebdiT msoflios, socialur areulobasTan dakavSirebuli riskis Sesaxeb, The World in 2010-is gamocemaSi. magram winaswarmetyvelebis SemTxvevaSi, zust dros yvelaze didi mniSvneloba aqvs. n deniel franklini: redaqtori, The World in 2014

saerTaSoriso

msoflio 2014

sakuTrebiT CineTs ‒ diplomatiuri da samxedro saSualebebiT, rom amerikas ar unda daetovebina globaluri lideris roli, magram siriis dramam Sida sakiTxebis mogvarebaze prezidentis ritorikasTan kombinaciaSi, ufro orazrovani mesiji gagzavna. 2014 wlis mniSvnelovani SekiTxva iqneba, ramdenad gadawyvetili aqvT amerikis konkurentebs `erTaderTi zesaxelmwifos~ statusis Semowmeba. saerTaSoriso samxedro Zalebi, sadac amerika wamyvan rols asrulebs, avRaneTidan gamosvlas 2014 wels daasruleben. arsebobs riski, rom amis Semdeg aRorZinebuli Talibebi samxedro Zalebs gaaZliereben. henri kisinjeris frazaSi, rodesac vietnamis omis Wrilobebi SuSdeboda, amerikas eqneba imedi, `Rirseuli intervalis~ avRaneTidan gamosvlasa da nebismieri Semdgomi politikuri sistemis daSlas Soris.

variantebi magidis miRma? axlo aRmosavleTSi amerika gavlenis gazrdas diplomatiis meSveobiT Seecdeba. es daexmareba politikur gadawyvetilebas siriaSi da gaarkvevs, wava Tu ara birTvul garigebaze iranis axali prezidenti hasan rohani. Tumca amerikis berketebs daazaralebs imis gancda, rom isini `magidis miRma~ darCnen. miuxedavad, iranis birTvuli programis CasaSlelad yvela oficialuri xazis Riad darCenisa, iranelebma SeiZleba daaskvnan, rom amerikis Tavdasxmis safrTxe ukan darCa. Tumca irans kvlav aSfoTebs ekonomikuri boikoti da israelis SesaZlo dartyma. axlo aRmosavleTis gareT, amerikis mTavar geopolitikur oponentad rCeba CineTi da ruseTi. orive ifiqrebs, rom amerikis `wiTeli xazebi~ `gafermkrTalda~. CineTma SeiZleba ufro konfrontaciuli damokidebuleba gamoavlinos iaponiis saxifaTo davaze ukacriel kunZulebTan dakavSirebiT, radgan orives aqvs pretenzia aRmosavleT CineTis zRvaze. CineTis xelisufleba, romelic yvela mezobelTan teritoriul davebSi sakmaod uxeSad ereva, 2014 wels Seurigebeli iqneba. vladimir putinis ruseTic msoflio arenaze ndobis mopovebas cdilobs. ruseTs surs aRadginos gavlena yofil sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi. mezoblebi, romlebic putins aRizianeben, saqarTvelos da ukrainis CaTvliT, 2014 wels ufro did wnexSi moeqcevian. putini aseve Seecdeba siriis krizisSi diplomatiis gamoyenebas ori mTavari mizniT: rom Seqmnas saerTaSoriso winaaRmdegoba amerikis mier samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebis mimarT da globalur politikaSi centraluri rolis dasamkvidreblad. yvela es movlena ufro riskian politikur scenebs gvTavazobs 2014 wels. amerika, romelic or okeanes Sorisaa, SedarebiT daculi iqneba am riskebisgan. msoflios sxva nawilebis usafrTxoebis axal sistemas ki didi gamocda elis. n

`globaluri Serifis~ dasasruli gideon raxmani

amerikis konkurentebi `erTaderTi zesaxelmwifos~ nebelobas Seamowmeben

parseTis yuridan samxreT CineTis zRvamde, globalur usafrTxoebas amerikuli samxedro Zalebi uzrunvelyofen. Tumca, 2014 wels, eWvi gaizrdeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad surs amerikas, rom gaagrZelos `msoflio policielis~ rolSi yofna. es ruseTisa da CineTis wisqvilze asxams wyals, radgan isini cdiloben daabalanson amerikis batonoba saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. siriis krizisma, 2013 wlis bolos, aCvena amerikis TavSekavebuloba, CaerTos axal samxedro intervenciebSi. es ar iyo mxolod yoymani, romliTac baraq obamam SekiTxva dasva baSar asadanis reJimis winaaRmdeg sadamsjelo dartymebis Sesaxeb. es iyo faqti, rom rogorc ganviTarebulma movlenebma cxadyo, kongresi TeTr saxlze kidev ufro skeptikuri iyo problemis samxedro gziT gadawyvetis perspeqtivasTan dakavSirebiT. amas mosaxleobac SeewinaaRmdega. am epizodma xazi gausva amerikis axlandel ganwyobas, rom yvela ucxouri intervencia (gansakuTrebiT ‒ axlo aRmosavleTSi) didi sifrTxiliT ganixileba. amis yvelaze didi mizezia avRaneTsa da eraySi 12-wliani omiT gadaRla. obamas axla surs, Sida erovnul sakiTxebs mixedos, rac sazogadoebis ganwyobasac pasuxobs. ekonomikuri problemebi amZafrebs neoizolacionizmis ganwyobilebas. amerikam ukve Seamcira Tavdacvis dafinanseba biujetSi, rac Semdeg aTwleuls realoba gaxdeba. es tendencia 2014 wels dadasturdeba, rodesac Tavdacvis departamenti mimoxilvas gamoaqveynebs. amerika 1880 wlidan msoflios udidesi ekonomikaa, magram sul male, 2020 wlisaTvis, Economist-is mixedviT, am tituls, savaraudod, CineTi daisakuTrebs. zogierTi amerikeli strategisti amtkicebda, rom amerikam unda upasuxos `danarCenis zrdas~ ‒ gan-

2014 mokled

mxolod SesaZlebelia…

ruseTi pasuxismgeblobas iRebs didi rvianis qveynebis prezidentobaze

snoudenis saqmis msgavs sadazvervo informacias gaavrceleben alarmistebi sxva umTavres Zlier samxedro qveynebSi. danayofebi Sedgeba moWidaveebisgan sxva mTavar samxedro ZalebSi. axali vaqcina malariis dasasruls gviqadis.

gideon raxmani: mTavari Jurnalisti sagareo sakiTxebSi, Financial Times

budisturi eqstremizmi Secvlis jihads, rogorc uSiSroebis organoTa mTavar problemas, calkeul regionebSi.

ajanyeba momwifda? laza kekiCi

sad aris protestis talRa yvelaze metad mosalodneli?

kacri sabiujeto politikis sawinaaRmdego moZraobebiT dawyebuli, saSualo klasis warmomadgenelTa gamosvlebiT damTavrebuli, mTeli msoflios mdidar da Rarib qveynebSi socialuri areuloba izrdeba. protestis mizezebi gansxvavebulia: pirdapiri reagireba ekonomikur siduxWireze (mag.: saberZneTi da espaneTi), diqtaturis sawinaaRmdego protesti (gansakuTrebiT, axlo aRmosavleTSi), ganviTarebadi saSualo fenis daukmayofilebeli interesebis (TurqeTSi an braziliaSi) asaxva. magram am gamosvlebsac aqvT saerTo maxasiaTeblebi. saerTo foni 2008-2009 wlebis finansuri krizisi da misi Semdgomi garTulebebia. ekonomikuri problemebi TiTqmis aucilebeli pirobaa seriozuli socialuri da politikuri arastabilurobisa, magram sakmarisi ar aris. Semosavlis Semcirebas da umuSevrobis maRal dones yovelTvis ar mosdevs areuloba. mxolod maSin, roca ekonomikur elementebs sxva elementebic axlavs, arastabilurobis riski maRalia. es faqtorebi moicavs farTo saSemosavlo uTanasworobas, cud mmarTvelobas, dabali donis socialur uzrunvelyofas, eTnikur dapirispirebasa da areulobis istorias. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtori dRevandel dRes mTavrobebisa da institutebis ndobis `erozia~, anu demokratiis krizisia. msoflios mdidar qveynebSi, 1970 wlidan institutebis ndoba ukve Semcirda. es tendencia 1989 wels komunizmis dacemis Sedegad gaRrmavda da rogorc gamokiTxvebma aCvena, 2008-2009 wlebis finansuri

laza kekiCi: direqtori, saxelmwifo prognozebis servisi,

Economist Intelligence Unit

msoflio 2014

saerTaSoriso

socialuri protesti gagrZeldeba

krizisis Sedegad isev gaZlierda. The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)-ma, romelic the Economist-is Svilobili kompaniaa, 150 qveyanaSi Seafasa socialuri areulobis riski. mTavari aqcenti instituciur da politikur sisusteebze gakeTda. bolo dros ganviTarebulma movlenebma aCvena, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi politikuri elitis da institutebis mimarT marTlac didi ukmayofilebaa. magaliTad, TurqeTSi protestis mizezi 2013 wels iyo is, rom momitingeebi ukmayofilo iyvnen erdoRanis mTavrobis zogierTi mkveTri gadawyvetilebiT. bulgareTSi protesti eleqtroenergiaze gazrdilma fasma gamoiwvia. es Semdeg antisamTavrobo demonstraciebSi gadaizarda, sadac adamianebi korufciis gamo gamoTqvamdnen ukmayofilebas. ras velodoT 2014 wels? recesia damTavrda an Semsubuqda msoflios ZiriTad nawilSi. politikuri reaqciebi ekonomikur siduxWireze, istoriulad, garkveuli SualedebiT meordeba. mkacri finansuri politika garkveul qveynebSi 2014 wels kvlavac SenarCundeba, rac socialur areulobas gamoiwvevs.

65 qveyanaSi maRali an Zalian maRali riskia

Seuguebloba izrdeba

EIU-s kvlevebis mixedviT, 65 qveyanaSi (43% 150-idan), 2014 wels socialuri areulobis didi saSiSroebaa. 54 qveyanaSi arastabilurobis riski saSualoa, xolo danarCen 31 qveyanaSi – dabali, an Zalian dabalia. 5 wlis winandelTan SedarebiT, 19 qveyniT metia maRali riskis kategoriaSi. axlo aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeT afrikis (MENA), samxreT evropis, balkaneTisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris, amJamad ki damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) qveynebi maRali riskis kategoriaSi arian warmodgenili. 18 MENA saxelmwifodan ‒ 12, 7 balkanuri qveynidan ‒ 6,12 dsT-s qveynidan ‒ 8, 6 samxreT evropuli qveynidan ki – 5. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis 40%ze meti maRali riskis kategoriaSi Sedis. am regions Seexo mZime finansuri krizisi da aseve areulobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebic. gasakviri ar aris, rom bevri maRali riskis mqone qveyana saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSia. magram agreTve aris ramdenime qveyana laTinur amerikasa da aziaSi. maT Soris, msoflios umsxvilesi da yvelaze mzardi bazris mqone CineTi, sadac xelisufalni Zalian Relaven masobrivi protestis riskze. n

saerTaSoriso

msoflio 2014

vin varaudobs yvelaze sworad? filip TeTloqi, dan gardneri

rogor unda SevarCioT saukeTeso?

1-e saukunis dasawyisSi, The Economist-s hqonda gamoyenebuli sityvebi, romelic kidev erTxel gadakiTxvas moiTxovs. `yovel SemTxvevaSi, roca adamianebi, firmebi da mTavrobebi moqmedeben da gegmaven~, ‒ wers igi, ‒ `isini momavlis Sesaxeb arapirdapir varaudebs gamoTqvamen~. es fundamenturi faqtia. Cveni gadawyvetilebebi emyareba Cvens molodins momavalze. prognozic iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc gadawyvetilebebi. da ramdenad zustia is? es SekiTxva, erTi mxriv, bunebrivia da Tan mniSvnelovani. umetes SemTxvevebSi, Cven pasuxi ar viciT. ra Tqma unda, zogierT sferoSi, rogoric magaliTad, meteorologiaa, prognozirebis sizustis monitoringi aucilebelia. aris sxva SemTxvevebi, rodesac specialistebi 2012 wels prezidentad romnis arCevas winaswarmetyvelebdnen. am SemTxvevaSi zustad viciT, vin SeZlo sworad prognozireba. Tumca, es xSirad aravin icis. amis gamo veravin iqneba darwmunebuli, ramdenad maRali xarisxisaa winaswarmetyveleba da Tu SeiZleba maTi gamosworeba, an rogor. Cven verc imaSi viqnebiT darwmunebuli, rom winaswarmetyveleba, romelic Cvens gadawyvetilebebs ayalibebs, ufro siRrmiseulia. yvelaze cudi ki is aris, rom zogjer Cven isic ar viciT, rom ar viciT. lari samersis da janet ielinis momxreebi msjelobdnen imaze, Tu romeli ekonomisti moiazreboda ben bernankes memkvidred federaluri sarezervo sistemis meTauris postze. stiven ratnerma, Wall Street-is finansistma, swored baton samerss dauWira mxari. `batoni samersis saSualo qulebma `kvalifikaciiT~ mas `mwvervalze~ miuCina adgili~, ‒ werda batoni ratneri. kvalifikaciebis Sefaseba dasaSvebia, magram saSualo qulebis?.. baton ratners ar uTqvams, ra iyo samersis saSualo qula da es ar iTvaliswinebs arafers, distanciurad, radgan mtkicebuleba saWiroa mis gamosaTvlelad. man ubralod gaixsena ramdenime magaliTi, sadac batoni samersi acxadebda swored ise, rogorc video, romelic aCvenebda, rom oriode `houm ranis~ gamxerxebeli beisbolisti saukeTeso damrtymelic unda iyos. ratom iyo batoni ratneri darwmunebuli, rom batoni samersi saukeTeso prognozebs akeTebs? gvaqvs eWvi, rom batonma ratnerma gaakeTa is, rasac Cven rutinulad vakeTebT msgavs situaciaSi. man mimarTa im meTods (`cvlilebis atributi~), romelic gaaxmovana nobelis laureatma, daniel kanemanma: Zalian rTuli SekiTxva dagvitova. Cven qvecnobierad mas ufro martiviT vanacvlebT ‒ `ramdenad Zlieria lari samersis winaswarmetyveleba?~ es Zalian rTuli SekiTxvaa. amitom ratnerma is ase Secvala: `SemiZlia Tu ara vifiqro im droze, roca lari amas ityoda~? pasuxi naTelia.

amitom ratneri darwmunda, rom man icoda raRac, rac realurad ar icoda. am xafangis acileba da ucodinrobis aRiareba prognozirebis gzaze pirveli nabijia, magram Semdeg Cndeba gamowveva realuri prognozirebis sizusteze. rogor SeiZleba SevadaroT prognozirebis unari? erTaderTi saimedo meTodi turniris Catarebaa, sadac damoukidebeli mosamarTles Txovs yvela kandidats, rom gaakeTon imave vadebis igive prognozebi, romlebic ricxvobrivad unda iyos gamoxatuli. maT ukan ar imalebodes bundovani sityvebi, rogorebicaa `SesaZlebelia~ an `albaT~. isini SesaZloa niSnavdes albaTobas, minimum 0,001%-idan 60%-70%-mde. magram 80% yovelTvis niSnavs 80%-s. 1980 wels, erT-erTma Cvenganma (filip TeTloqma) daiwyo aseT turnirSi monawileoba. masSi monawileobda 284 ekonomisti, politikuri mecnierebi, dazRvevis analitikosebi da Jurnalistebi. Segrovda TiTqmis 28 000 prognozi. Sedegebi gasaocaria. saSualo eqspertma gaakeTa odnav ukeTesi prognozi, vidre SemTxveviTma monawilem. metic ‒ eqspertebma yvelaze usafuZvlo xedvebiT, mediis udidesi yuradRebis mozidva SeZles. isini ufro TviTkmayofili kolegebi arian, xolo vis azrsac unda viTvaliswinebdeT, xSirad ar Cndebian Cveni radarebis ekranebze. es proeqti iyo sapiloto versia ufro ambiciuri turnirisa, romelsac am etapze amerikis dazvervis samyaros nawili Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) afinansebs. 5000ze metma monawilem gamoTqva varaudi, romelic milions aRemateba, 250-ze met SekiTxvaze ‒ evrozonis krizisiT dawyebuli, siriis samoqalaqo omiT damTavrebuli. Sedegebi nel-nela gamovlindeba da Cven SegviZlia gamovicnoT, vis aqvs saukeTeso qulebi, aseve aRmovaCinoT, treningis romeli meTodia sizustisTvis umjobesi da ara mxolod daveyrdnoT zogad mosazrebebs. didi moulodneloba iyo, rom mxardaWera hqonda elitisturi `superwinaswarmetyvelis~ hipoTezas. winaswarmetyvelebis gamomTqmelTa 2%-ma aCvena, rom yvelaferi mxolod iRbalze ar aris damokidebuli. mxolod iRbali rom iyos ganmsazRvreli, `superwinaswarmetyvelebi~ saSualo doneze CamoqveiTdebodnen: guSindeli tvinebi dRevandeli sulelebi iqnebodnen, magram maT aSkarad aCvenes winsvla. roca Cven, elit gundebad, SemTxveviT SevarCieT `superwinaswarmetyvelebi~, ligaSi maT yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli datoves ‒ 65%; saukeTeso algoriTmebSi 4 konkurenti instituti daamarcxes ‒ 35-60%; da ori prognozi bazarze ‒ 20-35%.

es sainteresoa... biznesis Cavardna rom aviciloT Tavidan, meti turniri da meti monawilea saWiro. amitom gepatiJebiT Tqven ‒ Cvens mkiTxvels, rom SeuerTdeT 20142015 wlebis IARPA turnirs. SekiTxvebi aseTi gaxlavT: SeTanxmdebian Tu ara amerika da evrokavSiri vaWrobaze? miiRebs Tu ara TurqeTi axal konstitucias? ganaxldeba Tu ara saubrebi CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli programis Sesaxeb? moxaliseebs vTxovT, – ewvieT veb-gverds: www.goodjudgmentproject.com Cven winaswar, 80%-iT varT darwmunebuli imaSi, rom Tqvengan minimum 70% turnirSi monawileobiT isiamovnebs, da 90%-iT varT darwmunebuli, rom minimum 50% sworad ivaraudebs. n

79 2014 mokled holandia maspinZlobs atomuri usafrTxoebis mesame samits, romelic miznad isaxavs atomuri terorizmis Tavidan acilebas

filip TeTloqi: leonor anenbergi, fsiqologiisa da menejmentis profesori, pensilvaniis universiteti dan gardneri: Jurnalisti da avtori wignisa `momavali babiloni: ratom arian moazrovneni zRarbebi da ratom ician meliebma yvelaze kargad~

msoflio 2014

saerTaSoriso

qvelmoqmedeba da bazari

ravalerovan kompaniebs istoriulad mosdgamT zRva SesaZleblobebi, Tumca es icvleba. 2013 wlis msoflio ekonomikur forumze, wylis deficiti mTavar problemad warmoCinda, rac 21-e saukunis kompaniebs emuqreba. am dromde, 93 multinacionalur kompanias UN Global Compact’s CEO-s wylis mandati aqvs. sajaro-kerZo partniorobam unda gaaumjobesos wylis mdgradoba, rom ar gaizardos mxareTa raodenoba 2007 wlidan. rac ufro meti biznes-lideri gaacnobierebs xelmisawvdomobasTan dakavSirebul problemas, ufro metad darwmundebian imaSi, rom wylis upasuxismgeblo gamoyeneba akninebs `aramaterialur~ biznes-aqtivebs. magaliTad, reputacias, brendsa da klientebTan urTierTobas. 2014 wels ufro meti kompania daabandebs fuls wyalTan dakavSirebul proeqtebSi. es mxolod biznesisTvis ar keTdeba ‒ xorcieldeba imitomac, rom wyali sicocxles inarCunebs da mWidrod ukavSirdeba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis yvela aspeqts. biznes-liderebi gaacnobiereben amas da gaizrdeba maTi yuradReba rogorc wylis sakuTar moxmarebaze, aseve sanitariul normebze im adgilebSi, sadac isini moqmedeben. 2014 wels gaizrdeba sxvadasxva seqtoris TanamSromloba, wylis ekonomikuri Rirebulebis zrdis kvalobaze. tradiciuli saqvelmoqmedo modelebi modidan gadadis. is daiwyo WaburRilebSi investiciebiT da ufro dinamikur, bazarze orientirebul iseT midgomaSi gadaizarda, rogoric saqvelmoqmedo Tanxebis Cadebis Sedegad socialuri sargeblis optimizaciisken mimarTuli miznobrivi grantebia. PepsiCo fondma piroba dado, rom gamoyofda 35 milion aSS dolars wylis programebis dasafinanseblad ganviTarebad qveynebSi (maT Soris, $ 12.1m Water.org-s). yvelaze meti Water. org’s wylis sakredito modelze daixarja. es mikrosafinanso iniciativaa, romelic finansebis xelmisawvdomobas wylis sanitaruli pirobebis xelmisawvdomobasTan akavSirebs. Caterpillar Foundation debs $11.3 milionian investicias bazarze orientirebul saqvelmoqmedo proeqtebSi, Semdgom xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. fondma IKEA-m $5 milioniani granti gamoyo. igive Tanxa daabandes iseTma kompaniebma, rogorebicaa Levi Strauss & Co, xolo Swiss Re Foundation, the Mastercard Foundation da Bank of America Foundation aseve SeuerTdnen am wamowyebas. isini am iniciativaSi CaerTnen, radgan kargad gaTvlil qvelmoqmedebas mgradi Sedegebis miRebis winapirobad miiCneven. 2014 wels kidev ufro meti kompania SeuerTdeba am iniciativas, bazarze orientirebuli modelebisa da sqemebis gamoyenebiT. isini ganalageben maT saqvelmoqmedo da korporatiul-socialur pasuxismgeblobis resursebs ise, rogorc amas sabazro Zalebi karnaxobT. firmebi orientirebuli iqnebian ara mxolod adamianebis ricxvze, romlebmac wyliT sargebloba SeZles, aramed erT adamianze gacemuli saqvelmoqmedo Tanxebis miznobriv maCvenebel-

sac SemoiReben. isini am monacemis Semcirebas Seecdebian, swored ise, rogorc amas komerciuli kapitali axerxebs. magaliTad, mikrosafinanso institutebis meSveobiT. korporatiuli da individualuri investorebis mier valdebulebebis koncesiuri ganakveTebiT miwodebis SesaZleblobebi potenciurad maRali zegavlenis uzrunvelyofis modelebia da damatebiT Seswavlas moiTxovs. socialuri zemoqmedebis investorebma SeiZleba mkveTrad dawion msesxeblis saprocento ganakveTebi. ase ufro meti adamiani moaxerxebs mcire sesxebis aRebas wylisa da sanitariuli momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad. am tipis investirebis `ormagi qveda xazi~ (romelic awarmoebs rogorc socialur, aseve finansur mogebas) venCuruli qvelmoqmedebis sazRvrebs gascdeba da ipovis Tavis gzas im portfelebSi, romelsac ara mxolod wylis momsaxurebis kompaniebi uzrunvelyofen.

iq, sadac WaburRilia, ganviTarebis gzac arsebobs arsebobs mxolod ramdenime inovaciuri da finansuri modelis ilustracia, romelic wylisa da sanitariis moTxovnebs pasuxobs. 2014 wels, biznesebi iTanamSromleben msoflio arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan, romlebic wylis riskebs da SesaZleblobebs afaseben. gaxmaurebuli deklaraciebi (rogoricaa kompania `wylis mandati~) dadeben angariSs maT mier aRebul valdebulebebze, eqvsi mimarTulebiT: pirdapiri operaciebi, miwodeba da wyalSemkrebTa marTva, koleqtiuri qmedebebi, sajaro politika, sazogadoebis CarTuloba da gamWvirvaloba. am midgomis mowinave magaliTebi moicavs Merck da PepsiCo fondis mier Cadebul investiciebs usafrTxo wylis qselSi, indoeTis Rarib soflebSi teqnologiebisa da samomxmareblo-marketinguli kampaniebis saqmianobaTa dasawyebad. SAB Miler-i TanamSromlobs wylis sasaqonlo partniorobasTan, sxvadasxva qveynebSi wylis mdgradi miwodebis uzrunvelsayofad; aseve Unilever aliansi Oxfam-Tan, Pouplation Services International-Tan, Save the Children-Tan da gaeros msoflio sasursaTo programasTan, romlis moqmedebaTa sfero sufTa sasmeli wylis miwodebis teqnologiebsa da moxmarebis wesis cvlilebas moicavs. wyali mTavar rols asrulebs cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi ‒ dawyebuli energiiT, damTavrebuli sasursaTo usafrTxoebiT, janmrTelobiTa da ganaTlebiT. es is aris, rac mas ase rTul problemad aqcevs, radgan wylis deficiti ufro realuri xdeba, TanamSromloba ki aucilebel saxes Rebulobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavrobebma unda daareguliron infrastruqtura da xelmisawvdomi momsaxureba, 2014 wlidan korporatiuli finansuri inovacia da gonivruli qvelmoqmedeba swored is meqanizmebi aRmoCndeba, romlebiTac sufTa wyali da sanitaria miliardobiT adamianisTvis xelmisawvdomi unda gaxdes. n

inovaciuri gzebis Zieba wylis sanitaruli normebis dasacavad gaizrdeba, acxadeben meT deimoni da gari uaiTi - Water.org-is TanadamfuZneblebi

pirdapiri qvelmoqmedeba metismetad SezRudulia, grZelvadiani zegavlenis TvalsazrisiT

saerTaSoriso

msoflio 2014

didi omi ana vrou

`evropam SesaZloa daasrulos Tavisi memorialuri RonisZiebebis 100-wliani tradicia~, â&#x20AC;&#x2019; wers Cveni `nekrologis~ rubrikis redaqtori, pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebis asi wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili sami statiidan pirvelSi

sxvavebuli iyo dasawyisi â&#x20AC;&#x2019; agvistos mziani dRe 1914 wels, da saSineli, imedgacruebuli dasasruli. magram omis enTuziazmi da sanaxaobebis survili SiSma, daRlilobam da mowyenilobam Secvala. amboben, rom pirveli msoflio omi gansxvavebuli iyo, radgan man uCveulo poeziisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebas misca biZgi. esaa vilfred ouenis ulmobeli strofebi, da zigfrid sasonis, rupert brukis yelyela patriotizmi, pol neSis ganadgurebuli xeebi da cecxlmokidebuli ca. Tumca, sikvdilis daufaravi aRwera mainc homerosidan iwyeba. yoveli mokveTili Tavi iseTive Semzaravia, rogorc ouenis `qafmodebuli filtvebi~ da araferi iyo imaze sazareli, vidre goias sarze wamogebuli glexebi naxevarkunZulis omidan. `didi~ omis poetebis swrafva sikvdilisken, maTi avadmyofuri interesi damarxvis ritualisadmi, moRuSuli pastorali da mitovebuli sayvarlebis istoria Tomas hardisa da a.e. hausmanis me-19 saukunis miwurulis droindeli im poeturi sevdis gagrZelebaa, romelTa axalgazrda ymawvilebi sikvdilisken ukanmouxedavad mieqanebian. am omamde didi xniT adre, ukve `raRac surneli~ trialebda haerSi. Sesabamisad, msoflio, romelic omis Sedegad daingra, iqamdec irRveoda. edvard Tomasi sasoflo cxovrebis dakargvas glovobda, xolo herbert uelsma gansxvavebaTa gaqroba SeniSna. axalgazrda qalebi, romlebic nawnavebs atarebdnen, iWridnen Tmas da kacebis samuSao adgilebs ikavebdnen. Tavaziani liberaluri partia gzas uTmobda organizebuli muSaxelis politikas. 1914 wlamde, kandinski sakuTar improvizaciebs qmnida, joiss Tavisi `ulise~

omi, romlis Semdegac meti aRar unda momxdariyo

ritaneTis istoriaSi mxolod erTi omi iyo, romelsac `didi~ uwodes. ratom mianiWes es epiTeti britanelebma konfliqts, romelic 1914 wels daiwyo, burusiT moculia. aswlian omTan SedarebiT, romelmac me-14 da me-15 saukuneebi moicva, am omma mxolod 4 weli gastana. meore msoflio oms Tu SevadarebT, romlis arealic azia-wynar okeanemde iyo gadaWimuli, `didi~ omi safrangeT-belgiis sazRvis erTi patara kuTxiT Semoifargla. moralurad, `didi~ omi ar hgavda jvarosnul omebs. ubralod, rogorc yvela sxva omi, es iyo gardauvali dapirispireba imdroindel zesaxelmwifoebs Soris. adamianebis daRupvasac lokaluri xasiaTi hqonda. rogorc tradiciul omebSia, samizne mebrZolebi iyvnen da ara mSvidobiani mosaxleoba. am omSi, daaxloebiT, 8.5 milioni adamiani daiRupa, 1939-1945 wlebis omSi daRupul 60 milionTan SedarebiT. magram milionze meti daiRupa britaneTidan da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daaxloebiT 5% erT dReSi, 1916 wlis 1 ivliss daikarga. SesaZloa, saxelwodeba `didi~ am oms swored am tragediis Sedegad mieniWa. didebuli da axali am omSi araferi iyo. amisTvis aTasobiT jariskaci gaiwvies da titulovanma generlebma sasikvdilod sabrZolo xazidan Sors gagzavnes. magram aseTia uamravi jariskacis bedi, mas Semdeg, rac armiebi Seiqmna. ufro efeqturi mkvlelobebisaTvis avtomatebi da tankebi Seiqmna. Tumca tankebma ar gaamarTla da es mZime iaraRi burebis omSi, samxreT afrikaSi gamoiyenes. fotografebma amomwuravad gadaiRes sangrebi, udabnod qceuli brZolis velebi da gaxrwnili sxeulebi, magram meTiu bredim 1860-ian wlebSi gamoaqveyna yvela saSineleba Bull Run da ANTIETAM-ze. man firze asaxa saxeebi, romlebmac bevri naxes, magram amaze Sin ver saubrobdnen. sisxliani Setakebebis siaSi `didi omi~ ar gamoirCeva. es gansxvavebuli iyo, rogorc amboben, radgan gan-

ana vrou: `nekrologebis~ rubrikis redaqtori, The Economist

82 s

hqonda dawyebuli da stravinskis `gazafxulis rituali~ Seeqmna ‒ dedamiwa ukve mieqaneboda qaosisken. sxva yvelaferi gagrZelda, rac `did~ oms, wesiT, unda gaenadgurebina. pativis, movaleobisa da qveynis cnebebma meore omamde da mis Semdegac gastana. patriotizmis devalvaciac ar momxdara. britaneTis imperia gadarCa, Tavisi safosto markebiT, romelzec mefis gvirgvini iyo gamosaxuli. animaciis tkbilmware iumori da armiis simRerebi omis dasrulebamde gagrZelda. konfliqti ar iyo imdenad didi, rom sicilic gaenadgurebina. 1917 wlis saojaxo safosto baraTebze `Cveni jarebi~ kvlavac Cans galipolis karvebidan, yvelafris miuxedavad, enTuziazmiTa da mxiarulebiT mzirali saxeebi. bolo dromde kidev cxovrobdnen moxucebi, romelTa Tvalebsac „didi“

rkinis `mosavali~ martin fleTCeri

warsuli isev amotivtivdeba

msoflio 2014

saerTaSoriso

014 wels pirveli msoflio omis dawyebidan 100 wlisTavs aRniSnaven. samamulo omis saflavebis komisia erTad rgavs balaxs safrangeTisa da belgiis sasaflaoebze, rom mnaxvelebis rekordul ricxvs gaumklavdes. gaaoTxmages saflavis qvaTa ricxvi, raTa darwmundnen, rom 1.2 milioni saflavi karg mdgomareobaSia. metwilad SeumCneveli, dasufTavebiTi samuSaoebic gagrZeldeba. belgiasa da safrangeTSi samxedro danayofebi yoveldRe ivlian jarTis Sesagroveblad. 2012 wels 185 tona aufeTqebeli aRWurviloba Seagroves. bevri maTgani mdogvis gazsa da sxva toqsikur nivTierebebs Seicavda. aTwleulebis gavlis kvalobaze, izrdeba rkinis `mosavalic~, vinaidan fermerebi ufro Rrmad xnaven da iq kidev ufro meti samSeneblo samuSaoebis Catareba xdeba saWiro. calkeul SemTxvevebSi, traqtorebi da Tavad fermerebic feTqdebian. dasavleT fronti rom amden aRWurvilobas agrovebs, arc ise gasakviria, rogorc es JRers. 1914-1918 wlebSi dapirispirebulma Zalebma erTmaneTs 1.45 miliardi Wurvi esroles. imis gamo, rom wina xazi mxolod mcirediT Seicvala da Tavdasxmebs win sastiki dabombva uZRoda, Wurvebis TiTqmis mesamedi ar afeTqda da miwaSi Rrmad Caimarxa. 2014 wels, miwaSi ara mxolod Wurvebs, aramed ConCxis naSTebsac ipovnian. amJamad, wliurad saSualod 20 britanelis an Tanamegobrobis qveynebis moqalaqe jariskacebis naSTebs pouloben. aseTi aRmoCenebis ricxvi izrdeba, magram rCeba daaxloebiT 155 000 axalgazrda mamakaci, romelTa gvamebic napovni ar aris. omis Semdeg garkveuli jgufebi im droebiTi dakrZalvis adgilebs eZebdnen, romlebic daikarga, magram aseTi

omi unaxavT da romelTa xmas kvlavac SeeZlo misi aRwera. maTma yofnam gaxada omi autanlad tkbil-mware, Tumca misi mizezebis aRwera mainc ar SeeZloT. meore msoflio omi, aseve misi mxcovani mowmeebiT, ase ar `uyefda~ xalxs. `did~ omSi imdeni adamianis sicocxle daikarga umizezod, rom am oms amaSi konkurenti namdvilad ar hyavs. es iyo movlena, romlis Semdegac axali omi ar unda momxdariyo, da Sesabamisad, yoveli momdevno omi im xalxis Ralati iyo, vinc am omSi gardaicvala. es niSania imisa, rom msofliom msxverpls pativi ar miago. 2014 wlis Semdeg, roca msoflio daRupulTa mliqvnelurad dafasebas Seecdeba, maTi aCrdilebi msubuqad Seirxevian. bolos da bolos, asi weli sakmarisi droa namdvili glovisaTvis. n

jgufebi 1921 wlis Semdeg daiSala. umetesoba axladaRmoCenili neSti iqneba, imitom, rom pirveli msoflio omis jariskacebze gaica iseTi etiketebi, romlebic damzadebuli iyo SekumSuli muyaosgan da didi xnis win gaixrwna. isini daikrZalebian uaxloes Tanamegobrobis sasaflaoze. saflavis qvas ki radiard kiplingis frazas daaweren: `didi

Tanamedrove mecnierebis damsaxurebaa, rom identificirebis xarisxi nel-nela izrdeba omis jariskaci, romelic cnobilia RmerTisTvis.~ Tanamedrove mecnierebis wyalobiT, amocnobis Sansi izrdeba. periodulad, pouloben naSTebs, TiTze beWdiT, an samarTebliT Tu sxva piradi nivTiT, romelic mflobelis saxels an inicialebs atarebs. jariskacis neStTan erTad, zogjer pouloben Rils an damRas, rac dRes daRupulis vinaobis dadgenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu britaneTis Tavdacvis saministro da daRupulebis TanagrZnobis centri an Tanamegobrobis qveynebis ekvivalenti SeZleben daadginon, rom

polkis mxolod ramdenime wevri daiRupa brZolis dros am adgilze, is Seecdeba ipovos STamomavlebi da naxos, emTxveva Tu ara maTi dnm Zvlebisas. am gziT, 124 avstralieli jariskaci iqna gamovlenili 250 daRupulidan, fromelis brZolis Sedegad, romelic 1916 wlis 19 da 20 ivliss moxda. es naSTebi saZmo saflavebSi xuTi wlis win aRmoaCines. dnm-is saSualebiT identificirebis Zalisxmeva dResac grZeldeba. Tu romelime jariskaci xelaxla dakrZales Tanamegobrobis sasaflaoebze 2014 wels, ceremonia iqneba iseTive mtkivneuli, rogoric nebismieri sxva aswlovani movlenaa. polkis orkestrebi Seasruleben kompoziciebs `bolo posti~, `gariJraJi~ da erovnul himns. mxareebi sabrZolo saluts gacvlian. upirvelesad, STamomavlebi Seikribebian, raTa pativi miagon did babuebsa da biZebs, romlebic moulodnelad gaxdebian realuri adamianebi da aRdgebian ara mxolod saxelebi ojaxTa genealogiur xeebze, aramed samxedroebi gacocxldebian, metaforulad rom vTqvaT, zustad im momentSi, rodesac maTi dakrZalva moxdeba. n martin fleTCeri: damoukidebeli Jurnalisti

msoflio 2014

msoflio ricxvebSi qveynebi evropa avstria 84 belgia 84 bulgareTi 84 xorvatia 84 CexeTis respublika 84 dania 94 estoneTi 84 fineTi 84 safrangeTi 84 germania 85 saberZneTi 85 ungreTi 85

irlandia 85 italia 85 latvia 85 litva 85 niderlandebi 85 norvegia 85 poloneTi 86 portugalia 86 rumineTi 86 ruseTi 86 slovakeTi 86 slovenia 86 espaneTi 86 SvedeTi 86

Sveicaria 87 TurqeTi 87 ukraina 87 gaerTianebuli samefo 87 azia avstralia 87 bangladeSi 87 CineTi 88 hong-kongi 88 indoeTi 88 indonezia 88 iaponia 88

yvelaze swrafad mzardi qveynebi # qveyana

mSp zrda, %

1. samxreT sudani

35.0

2.mongoleTi

15.3

3. makau

13.5

4. siera-leone

11.2

5. TurqmeneTi

9.2

6. butani

8.8

7. libia

8.8

8. erayi

8.5

9. laosi

8.5

10. timor-leste

8.5

11. eriTria

8.0

12. zambia

7.9

yazaxeTi 88 malaizia 88 axali zelandia 88 pakistani 89 filipinebi 89 singapuri 89 samxreT korea 89 Sri lanka 89 taivani 89 tailandi 89 uzbekistani 89 vietnami 89

aziasa da afrikas wamyvan 12 qveyanaTa Soris ukaviaT adgilebi. Tumca 2014 wlis swrafad mzardi qveynebis sias erTi `mZimewonosani~ â&#x20AC;&#x2019; CineTi aklia. CineTi siaSi ar moxvda, rogorc ufro nela mzardi, saSualo Semosavlebis qveyana. yvelaze swrafad mzardi qveynebi siaSi omis, bunebrivi resursebisa Tu saTamaSo biznesis gamo aRmoCndnen. 2011 wels, sudanidan gamoyofil samxreT sudans zrdis resurss navTobis maragebi aniWebs. monRoleTs wiaRisulis bumi exmareba zrdaSi, xolo siera leones, TurqmeneTs, timor lestes da zambias miwisqveS arsebuli simdidre - ZiriTadad, rkinis madani, gazi, navTobi, da Sesabamisad, spilenZi aniWebs dinamizms. butanis jildo indoeTSi eleqtroenergiis eqsportia. makao Tavisi samorineebiT sazrdoobs. libia da erayi konfliqtebis Semdgomi aRdgenis procesSi arian, Tumca stabiluroba garantirebuli ar aris. yvelaze mTavari, rac am qveynebs saerTo gaaCniaT, zoma an misi naklebobaa. swrafad mzardi qveyebidan, pirveli xuTis erToblivi mSp 2014 wels 130 miliardi dolari, anu CineTis ekonomikis 1/80-ia. 2014 wlis prognozi, Tu sxvagvarad ar aris miTiTebuli. inflacia: saSualo wliuri maCvenebeli. mSp dolarebSi gaangariSebulia 2014 wlis dolaris gacvliTi kursis prognozis mixedviT. yvela ricxvi gamartivebulia damrgvalebis gziT. london@eiu.com wyaro: Economist Intelligence Unit, The Economist

CrdiloeT amerika kanada 90 meqsika 90 SeerTebuli Statebi 90 laTinuri amerika argentina 90 bolivia 90 brazilia 90 Cile 91 kolombia 91 kuba 91 ekvadori 91

paragvai 91 peru 91 urugvai 91 venesuela 91 axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika alJiri 92 angola 92 kameruni 92 egvipte 92 eTiopia 92 irani 92

erayi 92 isaeli 92 iordania 92 kenia 93 libani 93 libia 93 maroko 93 nigeria 93 saudis arabeTi 93 samxreT afrika 93 siria 93 zimbabve 93

msoflio mSp zrda*, 2014 % das. evropa

aRm. evropa

Cr. amerika

iaponia

Sua aRm./ Cr. afrika

azia (iap. garda) laT. amerika

sah. afrika

* sabazro gacvliTi kursiT

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, mlrd dolari CineTi aSS luqsemb. hong kongi mavriki didi brit. ruseTi singapuri avstralia brazilia

samrewvelo warmoeba 2005=100 mSp %

germ.

aSS

iap.

saf.

brit.

it.

umuSevrobis done, %

zrda da umuSevroba

mSp, zrda % Cr. sam.

Cr. sam.

inflacia mosaxleoba

10 5 0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

evropa avstria mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

1.5% 48 260 $ (mup 45 340 $)

inflacia

1.8%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-2.7 8.5 milioni

memarcxene centristuli social-demokratiuli partiisa da memarjvene centristuli avstriis saxalxo partiis mmarTvelma koaliciam SeinarCuna saparlamento umravlesoba 2013 wlis seqtembris arCevnebSi, Tumca maTi ,,didi koaliciis” xelaxali dafuZneba garantirebuli ar aris. SesaZlebelia ufro konservatiuli mTavrobis Camoyalibeba memarjvene partiebis mier miRebuli Sedegebis fonze. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mTavroba samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da mewarmeobis xelSemwyob, aseve mkacr sabiujeto politikas gaatarebs. ekonomika, romelic sul mcirediT ascda recesias evros krizisis SuagulSi, evros zonis danarCeni qveynebis msgavsad, zomierad gaizrdeba.

belgia mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

0.5% 47 150 $ (mup 42 890 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

2.3% -3.0 10.7 milioni

2010 wlis gaurkveveli Sedegebis mqone arCevnebidan 18 Tvis Tavze Sekowiwebuli eqvspartiuli koaliciuri mTavroba iarsebebs, manam sanam amomrCevlebi ivnisSi belgia: zrda! mSp-s cvlileba % 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0

saarCevno yuTebTan moiyrian Tavs. magram frangul da flandriulenovan olqebs Soris, gaucxoebis zrdis kvalobaze, axali arastabilurobaa mosalodneli. msgavsi koalicia, romelic warmoadgens wamyvan partiebs orive olqidan, Tumca ar moicavs axal flandriul alianss, romelic flandriis damoukideblobisTvis gamodis da 2010 wels xmebis ZiriTadi Semgrovebeli iyo, albaT kvlavac Sedgeba. saerToerovnul doneze Zalauflebis gadanawilebis sakiTxi (an qveynis daSla) praqtikul politikur sakiTxebs gadafaravs, Tumca ekonomika recesiidan gamova.

bulgareTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

2.2% 7530 $ (mup 14 400 $)

inflacia

2.3%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

-1.8

mosaxleoba

7.2 milioni

bulgareTis socialisturi partiis, uflebebis da Tavisuflebis moZraobis mmarTvel alianss sakanonmdeblo organoSi gamokveTili umravlesoba aklia da marTvis procesSi ultranacionalisturi Setevis partias eyrdnoba. es akninebs mis legitimurobas qveyanaSi da sazRvargareT. saxalxo protestis meSveobiT, winamorbedis xelisuflebidan CamoSorebis Semdeg Seqmnili aliansi, savaraudod, veRar darCeba xelisuflebaSi kidev oTx wels da 2014 weli misTvis meore mimdevrobiTi arCevnebis weli iqneba. mzardi saSinao xarjebi ekonomikis aRmasvlas Seuwyobs xels, Tumca mas aSkarad daakldeba uwindeli dinamizmi. Tvali adevneT: miwisqveSa gadaadgilebebi. balkaneTis speleologTa konferencia, romelic sofiaSi martSi unda Catardes, bulgareTSi organizebuli speleologiis arsebobis 85 wels aRniSnavs. ubralod, nu uwodebT samits am Sexvedras.

-1.5 -2.0 -2.5

xorvatia

-3.0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

2.8%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

-5

msoflio 2014

qveynebi msoflio ricxvebSi

0.9% 13 870 $ (mup 19 010 $)

-4.1 4.3 milioni

qveyana evrokavSiris wevrobis pirveli wlis dasasruls, xuTwliani stagnaciis Semdeg, zrdis ganaxlebiT izeimebs. miuxedavad amisa, evrokavSiris egidiT gasatarebeli reformebi sagadasaxado kodeqsis gamartivebis, saxelmwifo institutebis gaumjobesebis da saxelmwifos rolis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT, ioli ar iqneba. social-demokratiuli partiis lideris, zoran milanoviCis mier marTuli koalicia seriozulad miudgeba biujetis deficitisa da korufciis problemebs da arapopularulobis miuxedavad, ZalauflebaSi 2015 wlamde ‒ vadis amowurvamde darCeba.

CexeTisrespublika mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

1.3% 19 300 $ (mup 26 980 $)

inflacia

1.8%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-2.9 10.5 milioni

2013 wlis arCevnebi, romelic mas Semdeg Catarda, rac parlamentma uflebamosileba Tavad Seiwyvita, gaurkveveli SedegebiT aRiniSna. amave dros, iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom Camoyalibdeboda memarcxene mimarTulebis mTavroba social-demokratebisa da komunistebis monawileobiT. politikuri cxovreba duRs mas Semdeg, rac samoqalaqo demokratiuli partiis mier marTuli memarjvene centristuli aliansi 2013 wlis Sua periodSi politikidan jaSuSobasa da meqrTameobasTan dakavSirebuli skandalis gamo gaaZeves. 1991 wels, demokratiis aRdgenis Semdeg, qveyanaSi memarjvene centristuli politikis warmmarTveli samoqalaqo demokratiuli partia ganadgurebuli Cans. politikur turbulentobasTan brZola da struqturuli reformebi, gansakuTrebiT ki sapensio reforma, gagrZeldeba. xangrZlivi recesia 2014 wels unda damTavrdes. Tvali adevneT: cecxlTan TamaSi. Jongliorebi, akrobatebi da mimebi maissa da ivnisSi, trutnovSi sacirko festivalze Segrovdebian, romelzedac msoflios saukeTeso cirkis msaxiobebs elian.

dania mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

0.9 % 56 870 $ (mup 43 240 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

2.3% -1.9 5.7 milioni

social-demokratebis, xalxis socialisturi partiisa da socialliberaluri partiis erTobiT Seqmnil mmarTvel koalicias ar aqvs saparlamento umravlesoba da Sinaganad sustia, Tumca

2015 wlis arCevnebamde mainc miaRwevs. es imitom xdeba, rom politikuri manevrebis garda, qveyanaSi arsebobs farTo konsensusi ekonomikur sakiTxebze, rac fiskalur simkacresa da mdgrad zrdas Soris balansis moZebnas gulisxmobs. qveyana, jildod, ganaxlebul ekonomikur zrdas miiRebs, 2012 da 2013 wlebis ormagi Cavardnis Semdeg.

estoneTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

3.2 % 18 260 $ (mup 23 720 $)

inflacia

3.7%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-0.5 1.3 milioni

komfortuli saparlamento umravlesobiT, sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi konsensusiT zurggamagrebuli `reformis partiisa~ da `pro partia respublikas~ erTobis koalicia xelisuflebaSi yofnis meore vadis naxevars uaxlovdeba. marTalia, didia sazogadoebis ukmayofileba yvela juris politikosebisadmi korufciis braldebebTan da fiskaluri RonisZiebebis simkacresTan dakavSirebiT, magram 2015 wlis arCevnebamde mTavrobis Secvlis albaToba dabalia. ekonomikuri gajansaReba gagrZeldeba da zrdis tempi 3%-s gadaaWarbebs.

fineTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

1.1 % 48 980 $ (mup 39 400 $)

inflacia

1.8%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-2.1 5.4 milioni

eqvspartiuli koaliciuri mTavroba, miuxedavad Sinagani sisustisa, 2015 wels mmarTvelobis sakuTar vadas, savaraudod, daasrulebs. populisturi dajgufeba `namdvili finelebi~, romelic imigracias da evrokavSirs ewinaaRmdegeba, mniSvnelovan mxardaWeras moipovebs da samTavrobo politikas marjvniv gadaxris. miuxedavad imisa, rom fineTi yvelaze uaress ‒ evros kriziss dauZvra, saojaxo meurneobaTa vali kvlavac maRalia, xolo samuSao adgilebi neli tempiT iqmneba. amgvarad, ekonomika saSinao xarjebis zrdiT mxolod mcirediT Tu ixeirebs. recesias ufro maRali sagareo moTxovna Tu daasrulebs.

safrangeTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

0.8 % 41 410 $ (mup 38 430 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

1.8% -3.5 64.1 milioni

safrangeTis prezidents, fransua olands winaaRmdegobis weli elis, rogorc profkavSirebis, aseve Tanapartieli parlamenta-

germania 1.3 % 43 420 $ (mup 43 220 $)

inflacia

1.8%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

0.7 81.9 milioni

germaniis kanclerma, mxardamWerebis mier ,,dedikodâ&#x20AC;? wodebulma angela merkelma damajereblad moigo 2013 wlis seqtembris arCevnebi da xelisuflebaSi Tavis memarjvene-centristul partiasTan erTad, mesame vadiT darCa. TumcaRa, merkels mTavrobis Camosayalibeblad partniori dasWirdeba. saSinao da sagareo politika didad ar Seicvleba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobis konfliqturi poziciebi evrokavSiris upirobo mxardamWerisa da amave dros, gadasaxadebis germanel gadamxdelTa interesebis upirveles damcvel kanclerisTvis imas niSnavs, rom man kvlavac unda gaagrZelos `bagirze siarulis~ politika. germanelTa umravlesoba SeewinaaRmdegeba evropuli riskis ganawilebis sqemebis SemoRebas manam, sanam ar dafiqsirdeba mkafio valdebulebebi evros sxva wevri qveynebis mier. ekonomika gaizrdeba, magram arc Tu swrafad.

saberZneTi mSp-s zrda

ungreTi

italia mSp erT sulze

litva

mSp erT sulze

1.7% 13 000 $ (mup 20 650 $)

inflacia mosaxleoba

-3.0 9.9 milioni

memarjvene centristuli fideSis ungreTis samoqalaqo kavSiri mandatebis udidesi ricxviT marTavs qveyanas komunizmis dacemis Semdeg da mosalodnelia, rom meore vadiTac darCeba xelisuflebaSi aprilis arCevnebis Semdgom, Tumca ufro mcirericxovani umravlesobiT. partiis politikuri kapitalis nawili moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebis SezRudvis konsolidaciaze, presisa da sasamarTlos Seviwrovebaze gaiflanga, ramac daafrTxo evrokavSiris partniori qveynebi da ucxoeli investorebi. ekonomika sargebels miiRebs evrozonis moTxovnis zrdiT, Tumca ganviTarebadi qveynis standartiT, zrdis tempi mokrZalebuli iqneba.

20 240 $ (mup 24 970 $) 0.1%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

-3.5

11.1 milioni

evropisa da savaluto fondisgan miRebuli daxmareba momdevno wlis ivlisSi amoiwureba, Tumca saberZneTs daxmareba kvlavac sWirdeba. daxmarebis formebisa da pirobebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebs wlis pirveli naxevari daeTmoba, magram im masStabis daxmarebis gamoyofiT dasruldeba, rac sakmarisi iqneba ekonomikis CamoSlisa da evros blokis datovebis Tavidan asacileblad. es, savaraudod, ormxrivi sesxebis ufro martivi pirobebiT moxdeba. zrdis aRdgenisken mimarTuli reformebi, rac zedmeti muSaxelis daTxovnas, sawarmoTa privatizebas da xarjebis mkveTr

0.7%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-3.5 61.1 milioni

mSp-s zrda

farTo koaliciuri mTavroba, romelic 2013 wlis gaurkveveli SedegebiT dasrulebuli arCevnebis Semdeg Camoyalibda, Tavidanve aramyari iyo. koalicia kidev ufro Searyia sagadasaxado TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebiT, silvio berluskonis sasamarTlo procesma, romlis memarjvenecentristuli partia koaliciis erT-erTi wevria. axali arCevnebi Sors ar unda iyos, da politikuri gaurkvevloba kidev ufro gaarTulebs biujetis dabalansebis process, aseve SromiTi da sagadasaxado kodeqsis reformirebis perspeqtivas. maT gareSe sajaro finansebis gamosworeba da ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva SeuZlebelia. ekonomika recesiis zRvarze darCeba, Tumca mcirediT mainc gaizrdeba.

mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

3.2 % 15 410 $ (mup 23 750 $)

inflacia

2.1%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-1.9 3.0 milioni

1.1% 45 550 $ (mup 44 400 $)

inflacia

0.7%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

-5.3 4.7 milioni

ekonomikas kvlavac ar SeuZlia daxmarebis gareSe funqcionireba, da SesaZloa, 2014 weli 2013 wels dasrulebuli finansuri mxardaWeris paketis CanacvlebiT daiwyos. fine gelis Sromis partiis koaliciurma mTavrobam biujetis dasabalanseblad misi xarjviTi nawili moawesriga, Tumca zrdis prognozebi zedmetad ambiciuri aRmoCnda da dafinansebis deficiti kvlavac iarsebebs. finansuri daxmarebis Sewyvetis mowodebebi mTavrobis qmedebebs momdevno ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mkacri fiskaluri politikisa da zrdis xelSewyobis CarCoebSi datovebs. saSinao moTxovna susti darCeba, Tumca ufro naTeli sagareo vaWrobis perspeqtiva mokrZalebuli ekonomikuri zrdis imeds daabrunebs.

mSp-s zrda

mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

4.4 % 15 520 $ (mup 20 900 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

litvis mouqneli samTavrobo koalicia mTel politikur speqtrs moicavs, aSkara umravlesobiT sargeblobs da eyrdnoba saerToerovnul konsensuss, romelic sabazro ekonomikis xelSemwyob reformebsa da evros SemoRebas emxroba. TaRliTobis braldebiT koaliciis wevri leiboristuli partiis liderebis winaaRmdeg 2013 wels gamarTuli sasamarTlo procesis Sedegad gamoikveTa maTi braleuloba, Tumca es politikur stabilurobas safrTxes ver Seuqmnis. ekonomika gamodis sakredito kraxidan da zrda daaxloebiT 3%-s miaRwevs. Tvali adevneT: is dabrunda. maisis saprezidento arCevnebSi mmarTvel prezident dalia gribaukaites meore vadiT airCeven.

niderlandebi

latvia

irlandia

mosaxleoba

32 920 $ (mup 33 440 $)

3.1%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

mSp erT sulze

0.2%

inflacia

mSp-s zrda

-1.0 %

inflacia mosaxleoba

maisSi evroparlamentis arCevnebma SesaZloa kidev ufro damuxtos evroskeptikuri partiebis politikuri poziciebi briuselis politikuri brZolebiT mTel kontinentze, amomrCevelTa ukmayofilebis zrdis kvalobaze. didi britaneTis damoukideblobis partia (UKIP), savaraudod, sxvebTan SedarebiT yvelaze met dividends miiRebs, radganac igi evroparlamentSi britaneTis udidesi warmomadgeneli xdeba, romelsac `britaneTis xalxis gamosaxsnelad~ politikuri forumis saxiT gamoiyenebs. es warmateba partias da mis sicocxlismoyvare liders erovnul arenaze ZiriTadi partiebis konkurentad (an sul mcire, mefeTa xeldamsxmelad) aqcevs, 2015 wlis saerToerovnuli arCevnebis win.

mSp-s zrda

mSp erT sulze

Semcirebas gulisxmobs, kvlavac gagrZeldeba da saboloo Sedegs moitans. amave dros, 2014 wels ekonomika kvlavac Semcirdeba da dolarze gadaangariSebiT, misi winasakriziso pikis 2/3 gaxdeba. Tvali adevneT: Crdiliani gariJraJi. saberZneTs aqvs memarjvene eqstremizmis istoria, ekonomikuri kolafsis periodebis Semdeg. neofaSisturi `oqros gariJraJis~ partia misi antiimigraciuli da antimemarcxene sentimentiT, swored aseTia. mTavroba am partias kriminaluri moqmedebebis gamo aviwroebs, Tumca partias kvlav aqvs garkveuli mxardaWera.

2014 wlis pirovneba

rebis mxridan, da ufro farTo partiuli bazidan, vinaidan mkacri fiskaluri politika missave saarCevno dapirebebs ewinaaRmdegeba. evrokavSiri safrangeTs biujetis deficitis 3%-mde Camosayvanad 2015 wlamde daacdis, magram `qamrebis SemoWera~ mainc saWiro iqneba, Tu evropeli partniorebis, gansakuTrebiT â&#x20AC;&#x2019; germaniisa da globaluri bazrebis ndobis mopoveba aucileblobas warmoadgens. recesia oficialurad dasrulebulia, Tumca zrda mainc dune iqneba.

mSp erT sulze

msoflio ricxvebSi qveynebi

msoflio 2014

1.7% -0.1 2.0 milioni

sampartiuli koaliciuri mTavroba gaxleCilia da parlamentSi upiratesobis mosapoveblad, damoukidebel Zalebze dayrdnoba uxdeba, magram sarwmuno alternativis ararsebobis pirobebSi, gaisadac xelisuflebaSi darCenis imedi unda hqondes. marTalia, fiskaluri zomebi ganxorcielda, magram Rrma struqturuli reformebi win nela miiwevs. mTavrobis mowyvladi poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT, reformebis daCqareba mosalodneli ar aris. ekonomikuri gajansaReba gagrZeldeba da latvia evros zonaSi yvelaze swraf mSp-s zrdas daafiqsirebs. Tvali adevneT: latis SemoReba. Tu 2 milioni latvieli cdeba, evro jer kidev icocxlebs, radganac latvia savaluto kavSiris me-18 wevri xdeba.

mSp erT sulze

0.3 % 43 380 $ (mup 43 770 $)

inflacia

1.8%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-3.7 16.8 milioni

2012 wlis bolos Seqmnil memarjvene-memarcxene `didi koalicias~ politikuri arastabilurobis epoqis dasrulebis Sansi aqvs, romlis Sedegadac, aT weliwadSi 5 arCevnebi Catarda. ideologiuri gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, es mTavroba ukidures memarcxene da memarjvene ideebis marginalizacias axerxebs. saSiSroeba mainc arsebobs da mTavroba mowyvladia qveda palatis mier blokirebisagan, sadac is umciresobaSia. 2012-2013 wlebSi recesiaSi yofnis Semdeg dune gajansaRebaa mosalodneli.

norvegia mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

3.4% 103 950 $ (mup 70 250 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

2.3% 13.2 5.1 milioni

axladCamoyalibebuli memarjvene-centristuli koaliciuri mTavroba gaagrZelebs winamorbedi memarcxene-centristuli mTavrobis sagzao rukiT gansazRvruli RonisZiebebis gatarebas, TumcaRa memarjveneebi gadasaxadebis Semcirebas, aseve winamorbedi mTavrobis jandacvisa da ganaTlebis politikis naklovanebaTa aRmofxvras moiTxoven. am sferoebSi Secdomebi Zvirad fasobs. kvlavac xazi gaesmeba dasaqmebis xelSewyobasa da navTobis eqspluataciisaTvis vargisi maragebis SenarCunebas. maRali fasebi navTobze, mzardi xelfasebi da dabali umuSevroba saSinao moTxovnas ganamtkicebs, rac gaumjobesebul savaWro perspeqtivebTan erTad, zrdas respeqtabelur doneze daabrunebs.

mosalodnelia. mkacri fiskaluri politikis ganuxrelad gatarebis miuxedavad, an swored amis gamoc, ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva ver moxerxda. 2014 wels, ekonomika odnav Tu gaizrdeba, xolo realuri aRmasvla 2015 wlisTvis gadaiwevs, rac albaT Zalian gviania arsebuli administraciis gadasarCenad. Tvali adevneT: kvlavac gadarCenis reJimSi. 2011 wels dawyebuli finansuri daxmarebis programa wlis Sua nawilSi mTavrdeba, magram qveyana, molodinis sapirispirod, mzad ver iqneba nebayoflobiTi sesxebis reJimze gadasasvlelad. daxmareba kvlavac saWiro iqneba.

rumineTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

3.3% 3.1%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

mSp-s zrda

2.3%

mosaxleoba

1.5%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-0.2 38.5 milioni

premier-ministri donald tuski da misi samoqalaqo platformis koalicia meore vadiT xelisuflebaSi yofnis klasikuri problemebis gadaWriT arian dakavebulni. reitingebi mcirdeba, mxardamWerebi mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi gadadian, xolo opozicionerebi da fraqciis disidenti wevrebi poziciebis ganmtkicebas eswrafvian. mTavroba gadarCeba ‒ nawilobriv, baton tuskis politikuri manevrebis wyalobiT. is aseve isargeblebs ekonomikis aRmasvliT, rasac saSinao stimulireba da aRdgenili saeqsporto bazrebis dinamikac waexmareba. Tvali adevneT: muSaoba gvianobamde. radikaluri sapensio reformis pirveli etapi ganxorcielebis stadiazea da sapensio asaki izrdeba orive sqesis momuSaveTaTvis. 2014 wels, sxva sapensio reformebicaa mosalodneli mTavrobis mier sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrdis kvalobaze.

portugalia mSp-s zrda

komfortuli umravlesobiT, aramyari mSvidobiT, antagonisturad ganwyobil prezidentTan da saxelmwifo uwyebebze kontrolis meSveobiT, socialurliberaluri erTobis koalicia, premier-ministr viqtor pontas meTaurobiT, Tavisuflebis sakmaod maRal xarisxs flobs. koaliciaSi arsebuli dapirispirebis xarisxi 2014 wlis bolos dagegmili saprezidento arCevnebisaTvis daiklebs, sadac koalicias favoriti kandidati eyoleba. ekonomikuri politika sinqronizebuli iqneba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan SeTanxmebul stend-bais reJimTan, romelic mkacr fiskalur politikasa da saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi myofi energetikuli da satransporto kompaniebis privatizacias moicavs. momxmarebelTa ganwyobis gaumjobeseba da eqsportis zrda mimdinare ekonomikur aRmavlobas ganamtkicebs.

ruseTi

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

15 160 $ (mup 19 190 $)

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-4.4

premier-ministr pedro pasos koelios mTavrobam da misma orpartiulma koaliciam politikuri kapitalis udidesi nawili 101 miliardiani finansuri mxardaWeris paketis ganxorcielebisas daxarja da Zalauflebas `frCxilebiT ebRauWeba~. misi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada 2015 wels iwureba, Tumca es Soreuli perspeqtivaa da vadamdeli arCevnebi sruliad

2.3% 18 090 $ (mup 25 930 $)

inflacia

2.0%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

5.5%

-3.0 5.4 milioni

social-demokratiuli kursis mTavroba ‒ 1993 wels, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, pirveli erTpartiuli administracia, soliduri ndobis mandatiT sargeblobs. memarjvene oponentebi martis saprezidento arCevnebze politikuri balansis Secvlas Seecdebian - gansakuTrebiT, biznesis naklebad enTuziasturi ganwyobilebis mimarTulebiT. mTavroba, premier-ministr robert fikos meTaurobiT, Seecdeba biujetis damabalansebeli reformebis gatarebas, rac moicavs gadasaxadebs, jandacvasa da pensiebs, aseve calkeuli saxelmwifo aqtivebis privatizebas. infrastruqturuli xarjebis zrda ekonomikas 2013 wlis minivardnis daZlevaSi daexmareba.

prezident vladimer putinis reitingi 2013 wels 50%-ze qvemoT daeca, rac cudi ar aris mesame vadiT arCeuli liderisTvis, Tumca bevrad CamorCeba misdami uwin arsebul TiTqmis sayovelTao mxardaWeras. oponentebma jerjerobiT ver moaxerxes am sentimentiT sargebloba da batoni putini Tavis poziciebs agresiulad daicavs. man mxari dauWira iseT represiul zomebs, rogorebicaa sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi kanonebi RalatTan, protestebTan, ucxouri wyaroe-

espaneTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze inflacia

0.9%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-0.8%

-6.8 46.7 milioni

saxalxo partiis mTavrobas ukve sami welia fiskaluri simkacris politikiT gamowveuli saxalxo ukmayofileba aryevs, xolo skandalebis wyebam seriozuli figurebi, maT Soris ‒ premieri mariano raxoi daazarala. problemebi amiT ar mTavrdeba: ekonomika 2014 wels kvlavac vardnas ganicdis da sajaro finansebi saerTaSoriso daxmarebaze damokidebuli darCeba. kataloniasa da baskeTSi gaZlierdeba separatistuli tendenciebi, magram imediani ganwyobilebisTvisac iqneba safuZveli ‒ reformebma konkurentunarianoba aamaRla, mimdinare angariSis deficiti srulad Seivso. zrda sul axlosaa, Tumca umuSevroba pikze rCeba. baton raxois momaval wels politikuri gadarCenis imedi unda hqondes. Tvali adevneT: mZvinvare wiTlebi. erovnuli safexburTo nakrebi braziliaSi 2010 wels mopovebuli msoflio Cempionis titulis dacvas Seecdeba. espaneTma ukve mijriT moigo ori ukanaskneli evropis Cempionati.

SvedeTi mSp-s zrda

2.4% 56 000 $ (mup 45 220 $)

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

1.4% -0.9 9.7 milioni

21 000 $ (mup 28 030 $)

inflacia

1.7%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

-3.2

mosaxleoba

-0.3% 28 410 $ (mup 32 610 $)

inflacia

slovenia

2.1 milioni

-0.4 142.2 milioni

Sidapartiuli uTanxmoebani privatizaciisa da uimedo sesxebis problemebTan dakavSirebiT, da aCvenos meti progresi ekonomikis stabilizaciis politikaSi. es didi amocanaa, da rogorc Cans, slovenia ekonomikis Semdgom vardnas da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis finansur daxmarebas mainc ver ascdeba.

mSp erT sulze

mSp erT sulze 3.3%

1.4% 10.5 milioni

mSp-s zrda

inflacia

19 050 $ (mup 25 690 $)

inflacia mosaxleoba

mSp erT sulze 0.1%

slovakeTi mSp erT sulze

mSp-s zrda

mSp erT sulze

-2.7 21.4 milioni

13 640 $ (mup 22 120 $)

inflacia

biT dafinansebul arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan da cenzurasTan dakavSirebiT. siriis sakiTxze amerikasTan konfrontaciaSi gamarjvebam putins momgebiani pozicia SesZina, Tumca man unda uzrunvelyos, rom misma `klientma~ saxelmwifom qimiur iaraRze uari Tqvas, sxva SemTxvevaSi, mas amerikis samxedro Careva emuqreba. investiciebis simwirem da evropaSi zrdis SeCerebam, ekonomika Seanela. Tumca kargma mosavalma, dabalma inflaciam da saprocento ganakveTis Sekvecam, 2014 wels zrdas unda Seuwyos xeli. ruseTi, rogorc yovelTvis, didadaa damokidebuli sabirJo saqonlis fasebze. brent navTobis sabaziso fasebi 2014 wels daaxloebiT 107 dolari iqneba barelze, rac ruseTisTvis kargi ambavia.

8820 $ (mup 14 100 $)

inflacia

poloneTi mSp erT sulze

msoflio 2014

qveynebi msoflio ricxvebSi

uwindeli ori mTavrobis mier gacemuli dapirebebis Seusruleblobisa da amomrCevelTa undoblobis fonze, premier-ministr alenka bratusekis oTxpartiuli droebiTi koalicia mosaxleobis zrdis fiskaluri simkacris sanacvlod, xelSewyobis politikis ganxorcielebas hpirdeba, TumcaRa ekonomikuri vardna da veeberTela sabiujeto deficiti mas did arCevans ar utovebs. 2013 wlis martSi dagegmili arCevnebi koaliciis ndobis Semowmebis gamocdaa da mas SesaZloa xelaxali arCevnebic mohyves, Tu koalicia ver moaxerxebs moagvaros

memarcxene-centristuli opozicia 2014 wlis seqtembris winasaarCevno reitingebSi memarjvene-centristul mmarTvel koalicias uswrebs, Tumca es upiratesoba gadamwyveti ar gaxlavT. SvedeTis ukiduresi memarjvene demokratebi koalicias balanss unarCuneben, magram koaliciis sxva partiebi maTTan partniorobas gaurbian. amgvarad, mosalodnelia sxva umciresobasTan aliansis Seqmna. mTavrobas sakanonmdeblo organoSi susti poziciebi aqvs, Tumca igi mainc Seecdeba dasaqmebis xelSewyobisa da gaberili uZravi qonebis fasebis Semcirebisaken mimarTuli reformebis gatanas. mzardi samomxmareblo ndoba da calkeul saeqsporto bazrebze

0.3%

7.4%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

-4.6

-2.7 76.0 milioni

evrointegraciis procesis moaxloebis kvalobaze, ruseTi Seecdeba ukrainis Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi SenarCunebas darwmunebis (iafi gazis miwodebis dapireba) da iZulebis (savaWro sanqciebi) kombinaciiT. warmoadgens ra udides sagareo bazars, ukrainisTvis, romelic Zlivs faravs sagareo davalianebas, ruseTs aSkarad SeuZlia ukrainis mowyvladobiT isargeblos. amave dros, evropuli kursi amomrCevelTa gacilebiT ufro maRali mxardaWeriT sargeblobs da zegavlenas axdens prezident viqtor ianukoviCis poziciebzec, romelic 2015 wlis arCevnebisTvis emzadeba. wina ori stagnaciuri wlis gavlis Semdeg, ekonomika kvlav daiwyebs respeqtabelur zrdas.

didi britaneTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

martis municipaluri arCevnebi mesame vadiT xelisuflebaSi myofi rejeb taip erdoRanis, misi zomierad islamisturi TurqeTi: deficitis dineba

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

mimdinare angariSis balansi, mSp-s % 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11

44.9 milioni

1.8% 39 600 $ (mup 39 220 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

2.7%

iaponia

avstralia

ax. zelandia

taivani

samx. korea

pakistani

singapuri

hong kongi

tailandi

malaizia

indonezia

bangladeSi

indoeTi

Sri-lanka

filipinebi

vietnami

mSp erT sulze

mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

2.9% 60 970 $ (mup 47 440 $)

inflacia

7.3%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-5.3 156.9 milioni

2.8%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

970$ (mup 2130 $)

inflacia

-0.6 23.5 milioni

opoziciaSi eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi yofnis Semdeg, liberalur-nacionaluri koalicia xelisuflebaSi 2013 wels dabrunda. mas Semdeg, rac saarCevno kampania ufro konfrontaciuli gaxada, axlandel premier-ministr toni ebots sxva strategiis arCeva mouwevs damoukidebeli da erTi sakiTxis irgvliv gaerTianebuli mxareebis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad. arCevnebis Sedegebi didad iqneba damokidebuli baton ebotis unarze, sakuTari Tavi karg momlaparakeblad warmoaCinos, nacvlad damangreveli Zalisa. gansaxilveli sakiTxebis nusxa Zalian vrcelia naxSirorJangze gadasaxadis dawesebidan, saimigracio regulaciebiT damTavrebuli, TumcaRa qveynis mTavari sirTule CineTis ekonomikuri zrdis SenelebaSia saZiebeli, rac gasuli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi avstraliis uxvi sasargeblo wiaRiseulis gasaRebis bazars warmoadgenda.

ekonomika stabilurad izrdeboda bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom xelisuflebaSi monacvleobiT myofi avamis liga da bangladeSis nacionalisturi partia gamarjvebis mopovebisTanave oponentebisTvis yvelanairi sazrdos gadaketvas cdilobdnen da privilegiebs TavianT mxardam-

bangladeSi: Tanmimdevruli zrda mSp-s zrda %

7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5

-6.4 64.0 milioni

devid kameronis mier marTulma konservatiul liberal-demokratiulma samTavrobo koaliciam aSkarad ver SeZlo miznad dasaxuli sajaro finansebis mowesrigeba, magram ekonomikis farTo aRmavloba imas niSnavs, rom es, mniSvnelovani, SesaZloa, aRarc iyos. marTalia, matebas uZravi qonebis fasebis erTgvarma gabervamac Seuwyo xeli, magram globaluri aRmavloba britanul zrdas kidev ufro gaamyarebs. sakredito kraxiT Seryeuli safuZvlebis aRdgenas ki wlebi dasWirdeba. susti moTxovnisa da politikuri gaurkvevlobis gamo, kompaniebi energetikasa da transportis infrastruqturaSi investirebisgan Tavs Seikaveben.

bangladeSi mSp-s zrda

5.7%

2014

7.3%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

4160 $ (mup 8010 $)

10 830 $ (mup 16 370 $)

inflacia

azia

2013

4.6%

2012

mSp erT sulze

2011

mSp-s zrda

3.2%

inflacia mosaxleoba

2010

TurqeTi

mSp erT sulze

avstralia

ukraina mSp-s zrda

parlamentis udidesi, Tumca mravalpartiul mTavrobaSi araproporciulad mcire rolis mqone memarjvene Sveicariis saxalxo partia gaagrZelebs Sidaopoziciuri politikuri xazis gatarebas, rac imigraciis SemzRudav da evrointegraciis sawinaaRmdego politikas moicavs. konsensusiT moqmedi mTavrobisadmi arsebuli safrTxeebis miuxedavad, warmatebas miaRwevs biujetis dabalansebis politika, maT Soris ‒ SromiTi da sapensio reformebi, aseve finansuri da valutis stabilurobisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebi. saSinao xarjebi kidev erTxel gadafaravs Zlieri frankis mier eqsportisTvis miyenebul dartymas, romelic zrdis temps ukanasknel dros dafiqsirebul 1.5-2% farglebSi tovebs.

2009

0.5 8.1 milioni

2008

mosaxleoba

2007

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

2006

inflacia

msoflio

2005

1.7% 73 070 $ (mup 55 720 $)

mSp-s zrda %, 2014

2004

mSp-s zrda

azia: msoflios liderebi

CineTi

Sveicaria

samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis partiis erTgvari ndobis referendumia. cota xnis win TiTqosda Seuvali poziciebis mqone erdoRanis reputacia didad daazarala misma reaqciam 2013 wlis saxalxo protestze, rac SesaZloa arCevnebis SedegebSic aisaxos. Tumca, mas sakmaod susti opozicia hyavs da swrafad mzardi ekonomika momxreebis SenarCunebaSi daexmareba. es erdoRanisTvis ofisSi yofnis me11 welia da agvistoSi gazrdili uflebebiT aRWurvili saprezidento Tanamdebobis dakavebis misi gegma Tu gamarTldeba, SesaZloa kidev 10 weli mouwios mwvervalze yofna.

2014 wlis pirovneba

poziciebis gaumjobeseba ekonomikur zrdas kvlav daabrunebs 2%-ze maRal niSnulze. Tvali adevneT: mzardi gayidvebi. Cinuri avtomwarmoebeli 2014 wels CineTis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qalaq dacinSi qarxanas gaxsnis Volvo-s markis avtomobilebis sawarmoeblad. Geely-s Svedur modelze mogebis misaRebad brZola gauWirda 2010 wels Volvo-s Sesyidvis Semdeg, Tumca mas CineTis mzardi bazari imedebs usaxavs.

mSp erT sulze

msoflio ricxvebSi qveynebi

msoflio 2014

qveynis umdidres adamianad gaxdoma gamowvevaa. metadre, roca 1.3 miliardi Tanamemamule gyavT. wiTeli armiis veteranis vaJiSvilma da nulovani sawyisi wertilidan Seqmnili uZravi qonebisa da dasvenebis konglomeratis Dalian Wanda Groupis damfuZnebelma van Janlinma swored es SeZlo da gaxda Forbes siis mixedviT, CineTis umdidresi adamiani – 14.1 miliardi aSS-s dolaris qonebiT. es holivudisTvis gankuTvnili siuJetia – ara m xolod erTi, aramed ramdenime mimarTulebiT. kerZod, kompania Tamamma Sesyidvebma sazRvargareT, msoflios udides kinoTeatrebis operatorad, xolo plazaTa da sastumroTa Sesyidvam – sastumroebis erT-erT udides operatorad aqcia. batonma vanma amaswinaT gamoamzeura 2.8 miliard dolarad cindaoSi filmebis studiis mowyobisa da 5.8 miliard dolarad, qalaq usiSi kulturul-turistuli centris mowyobis gegma. dasavleTis garTobis industriis firmebi unda elodnen didi konkurentebis, kerZod Wanda-s Semotevas.

Werebs urigebdnen. bangladeSis nacionalistur partias savsebiT xelewifeba ianvris arCevnebis Semdeg avamis liga xelisuflebas Camoacilos, magram politikuri brZolis simwvave iseTia, rom SesaZloa arCevnebamde saqmeSi armia Caerios. mudmivad mimdinare urbanizacia da infrastruqturuli mSenebloba teqstilis industrias Caanacvlebs, rogorc zrdis mamoZravebel Zalas.

CineTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

7.3% 7740 $ (mup 11 090 $)

inflacia

3.4%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-2.0

1.34 miliardi

ekonomika msubuqad gadadis ganviTarebis daRmavali tendenciisken, mas Semdeg, rac qveynis axali liderebi uars amboben dabali damatebiTi Rirebulebis Semqmneli eqsportisa da mTavrobis mier stimulirebuli zrdis politikaze, TqviTkmari samomxmareblo zrdis sanacvlod. 2013 wlis bolos, CineTis komunisturi partiis plenumidan bevri fiskaluri da socialuri reformis dawyebas elodnen (Tumca, ara politikuri reformebisa). mTavroba momxmarebelTa jibeebs gadamanawilebeli sagadasaxado RonisZiebebiT da xelfasebis zrdiT, aseve qalaqebSi ufro meti xalxis CamosaxlebiT aavsebs. politikosebi mkacr zomebs gaatareben korufciisa da garemos degradaciis sawinaaRmdegod. arastabiluri 2013 wlis Semdeg, ekonomikuri zrda stabiluri gaxdeba zomieri fiskaluri stimulirebis sapasuxod.

mSp-s zrda

3.7% 42 140 $ (mup 56 240 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

indoeTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

6.1% 1700 $ (mup 4350 $)

inflacia

9.0%

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-5.0

1.26 miliardi

indoeTis nacionaluri kongresis mier marTuli gaerTianebuli progresuli aliansi misi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadis bolo nawilisken miiwevs, romelic korufciis moZalebiTa da ekonomikuri zrdis SenelebiT aRiniSna. bharatia janata partis mier marTuli opoziciuri nacionalurdemokratiuli aliansi sakuTari Sida problemebis gadaWriTaa dakavebuli, rac kongress saSualebas miscems gamoiyenos es problemebi da vadamdeli arCevnebis daniSvna maisamde moiTxovos. miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli Zala gaimarjvebs, farTo koalicia aucilebeli iqneba umravlesobis Sesaqmnelad da politika partikularuli moTxovnebis `mZevlad~ darCeba. bharatian janata partis gamarjveba kandidad narendra modis meTaurobiT, am ucnaur narevs Sidafraqciuli dapirispirebiTac daamZimebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika albaT SeZlebs 6%-iani zrdis dafiqsirebas, mas maRali inflacia, davalianebis mqone kompaniebi, susti valuta da dabali saerTaSoriso ndoba daazaralebs. Tvali adevneT: Statebis ricxvis cvla. andhra pradeSis Statidan qveynis 29-e Statis, telanganas gamoyofis gadawyvetileba simamaces Sematebs indoeTis decentralizaciis momxreebs da saTaves daudebs mravalwlian administraciul brZolebs.

indonezia

honkongi mSp erT sulze

msoflio 2014

qveynebi msoflio ricxvebSi

3.8% 1.9 7.2 milioni

globaluri ekonomikis savaWro qartexilebis epicentrSi myofi honkongi iSviaTad axerxebs sakuTari ekonomikuri cxovrebis marTvas. 2014 wels, eqsportis damokidebuleba ufro neli tempiT mzard kontinentur CineTze, tvirTad daawveba ekonomikas, Tumca mSp-s zrdis tempi amaRldeba. arsebobs uZravi qonebis fasebis vardnis seriozuli riski, magram mTavroba am problemaze ukve muSaobs. mudmivi kamaTi TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxebze prodemokratiul Zalebs kontinenturi CineTis mier mxardaWerili avtoritaruli Zalebis sapirispirod mas Semdeg darazmavs, rac CineTis mTavrobam uari Tqva, Seerbilebina kontroli 2017 wels gasamarT arCevnebze, romelSic teritoriis gubernatori unda airCion.

mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

5.4% 3790 $ (mup 5470 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

7.1 % -2.3

valuta SezRudavs. Tvali adevneT: erTgvarovani pasuxi. yofil samxedro diqtator suhartosTan asocirebuli figurebi kvlavac Zlier poziciebs floben, xolo or maTgans, kerZod, diqtatoris siZes ‒ prabovo subiantos da timor-lestes gamoyofasTan dakavSirebuli brZolebis samxedro meTaurs, virantos, arCevnebis procesis safuZvlianad garTuleba SeuZliaT, Tuki saarCevno yuTebTan sakmarisi raodenobis amomrCevels moizidaven.

iaponia mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

1.7% 38 990 $ (mup 38150 $)

inflacia

1.8 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

premier-ministri Sinzo abe erTerTi iSviaTi liderTagania, romlis gvaris sufiqsad ,,nomikss” urTaven xolme. momavali weli misTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa da misi reformebis paketi iaponiis ocwliani deflaciuri stagnaciis garRvevas isaxavs miznad. abenomiksis sami elementidan ori ‒ zrdis xelSemwyobi fiskaluri da monetaruli

iaponia: inflaciis zrda samomxmareblo fasebi % cvlileba, marcxena Skala iena/dolari, gacvliTi kursi, marjvena Skala 2.0

120

1.5

110

1.0

100

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5 50 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

politika srulad xorcieldeba, xolo mesame elementi - miwodebis stimulirebisken gansaxorcielebeli reformebi metismetad mokrZalebulia saboloo warmatebisTvis. ekonomikuri zrda, biujetis deficitis dasafarad, 2%-s miaRwevs, aprilSi ganxorcielebuli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis zrdis miuxedavad. grZelvadian periodSi, qveynis ekonomikur perspeqtivas mZime demografiuli suraTi da didi vali amZimebs.

yazaxeTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze inflacia

mosaxleoba

-2.3 17.4 milioni

mravlismomswre nursulTan nazarbaevi gaagrZelebs mmarTvelobas Tavisi prezidentobis 23-e welsac. oponentebis Seviwroveba da kritikuli poziciebis mqoneTa xmebis gaCumeba SedarebiT SeumCnevelia gazrdili sanavTobo SemosavlebiT populisturi programebis dafinansebis fonze. mxolod mmarTvelis janmrTelobis problemebma SeiZleba Searyios reJimi. jerjerobiT ar arsebobs memkvidreobis mkafio gegma, Tuki 70 wlis lideri qveynis marTvas veRar SeZlebs. kaSaganis sabadodan navTobis amoRebis samuSaoTa sruli masStabiT dawyeba ekonomikas Zlier biZgs miscems.

125.2 milioni

253.3 milioni

sxva swrafad progresirebadi qveynebis msgavsad, cxovrebis mzardma standartebma araTu ar ganamtkica Camoyalibebuli politikuri partiebis poziciebi, aramed Searyia kidec isini. amgvarad, 2014 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi yvelaze naklebad arapopularuli kandidatis arCevnebi iqneba. prezident susilo bambang iudoionos ar SeuZlia xelisuflebaSi mesame vadiT darCena, xolo mis demokratiul partias uwindeli saxalxo mxardaWeris narCenebic aRar gaaCnia. opoziciuri indoneziis demokratiuli brZolis partias gamarjvebisTvis saukeTeso poziciebi aqvs, jakartis yovlisSemZle gubernatoris joko vidodos meTaurobiT. zrdas maRali inflacia, maRali saprocento ganakveTebi da arastabiluri

-7.6

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

5.8% 12 770 $ (mup 15 240 $) 6.4 %

malaizia mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

5.0% 11 700 $ (mup 18 760 $)

inflacia

3.2 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-4.3 30.1 milioni

2013 wels, barisanis nacionaluri koaliciis aradamajerebeli gamarjveba daZabulobas gaaZlierebs, iseve, rogorc opoziciuri rakatan rakiatis damarcxeba. orive partiaSi SesaZlebelia lideris cvlileba, xolo premier-ministri najib razaki gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia. politikurma dapirispirebam SesaZloa Seaferxos mTavrobis gegmebi, qveyana 2020 wlisaTvis maRalSemosavlian saxelmwifod gadaaqcios. ekonomika mainc ganviTardeba da samomxmareblo xarjebi, investiciebi Sesustebul ucxour moTxovnas Caanacvleben. Tvali adevneT: gadajvaredinebuli skamebi. koaliciis odnavi ricxobrivi umravlesoba da koaliciis wevrebis ukmayofileba SesaZloa opoziciis banakSi calkeuli wevrebis gadabargebis mizezi gaxdes, rac, savaraudod, opozicias mTavrobis Secvlis saSualebas miscems.

axali zelandia mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

3.3% 35 540 $ (mup 34 600 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

2.2 % -0.9 4.6 milioni

xelisuflebaSi ukve ori vadiT myof premier-ministr jon qeis meTaurobiT nacionaluri partiis mTavrobam moaxerxa prioritetebis cxovrebaSi gatareba, maT Soris, privatizacia, navTobis biznesis gafarToeba da miwisZvris Semdgomi aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi ‒ miuxedavad imisa, rom mmarTveli Zala mxolod mcired umravlesobas flobs da mravali komponentisgan Sedgeba. 2014 wlis saerToerovnuli

arCevnebi daZabuli iqneba, Tumca daaxloebiT analogiuri Sualeduri poziciebis mqone leiboristuli partia nacionaluri partiis msgavsi programiT gamova. ekonomika gaizrdeba Sin da sazRvargareT, moTxovnis gafarToebis kvalobaze. Tvali adevneT: xaWos sakiTxi. uvneblobis skandalebma Zlier daazarala qveynisaTvis sasicocxlo rZis produqtebis eqsportis reputacia da SesaZloa, zrdadi eqsportis Semcirebis mizezic gaxdes.

pakistani mSp-s zrda

3.5%

mSp erT sulze

1350 $ (mup 3250 $)

inflacia

6.9 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

teroristTa dajgufebebma memarjvene-centristuli PML (N) mmarTveli partiis winaaRmdeg, 2013 wlis arCevnebemade, agresiuli qmedebebi SeaCeres, magram TavianTi kampania partiis gamarjvebis Semdeg ganaaxles. axal mTavrobas uSiSroebis sakiTxebi gacilebiT metad awuxebs, vidre amas bevri varaudobda. uamravi ramaa damokidebuli navaz Sarifze, romelic mesamed ikavebs premier-ministris Tanamdebobas, romelmac saSinao usafrTxoebis aparatis kontroli samxedrosadazvervo samsaxurs unda CamoarTvas, romlis sandooba da efeqtianoba saTuo gaxda. qronikuli energetikuli krizisi, dune ekonomika da brZola ZalauflebisaTvis avtonomiis mosurne provinciebTan ganviTarebis dabrkolebebs qmnis.

mSp-s zrda

6.6% 2760 $ (mup 4620 $)

inflacia

3.3 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

-1.5

107.7 milioni

filipinebi: aRdgena mSp % cvlileba, marcxena skala pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi mlrd. dolari, marjvena Skala 8

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

2011

2012

2013

singapuri mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

3.8% 55 930 $ (mup 49 280 $)

inflacia

2014

mSp erT sulze

3440 $ (mup 6820 $)

inflacia

5.5 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

1.0 5.7 milioni

tamili vefxvebis mospobidan oTxi wlis Tavze prezidenti mihanda rajapaska da Sri lankis Tavisuflebis partia gaagrZeleben `mSvidobis dividendebis~ moxveWas. mzardi Semosavlebi da konfliqtis Semdgomi rekonstruqciis samuSaoebi Tavbrudamxvev ekonomikur zrdas uzrunvelyofen. es kidev ramdenime wels gagrZeldeba. samSvidobo procesis gagrZelebasTan dakavSirebiT, araTanmimdevruli pozicia da liderobis danawevrebuli struqtura samomavlo problemebze mianiSneben, magram 6%-ze maRali saSualo wliuri zrdis tempi keTildReobis SegrZnebas warmoqmnis da administracias, ÂSedarebiT martiv kurss usaxavs.

mSp-s zrda

3.4% 25 710 $ (mup 33 600 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

2.6 % 1.4 50.1 milioni

samTavrobo cvlilebebma da ekonomikis stimulirebis zomebma 2013 wels odnav gamoacocxla sakuTari SecdomebiTa da CrdiloeT koreasTan dapirispirebiT dasustebuli administracia. prezidenti park guen hae imaze metad memarcxene orientaciis politikas airCevs, vidre amas mmarTveli senuris partiis mravali wevri isurvebda. es moicavs socialur programebze xarjebis zrdas, Cebolis sistemis moTokvas da meti samuSao adgilis Seqmnas. yvelaferi mkacrad, probiznes garemos farglebSi. ekonomika 2014 wels mtkiced dadgeba fexze 3.4% zrdis tempiT, rac aTwleulis bolos 4%-s miaRwevs.

Sri lanka mSp-s zrda

6.4%

gansxvavebiT, romelic samxedro gadatrialebiT Zalauflebas 2006 wels CamoaSores. Tumca, es SesaZlebeli mxolod populisturi biujetebiT gaxda, romelic aramdgradia. 2011-2012 wlebis damangreveli wyaldidobebis Semdgomi aRmavlobis mcire zomis bumis dros, ekonomika 2014 wels daaxloebiT 4.7%-iT gaizrdeba, Tumca politikuri arastabiluroba da aramdgradi fiskaluri pozicia riskebs Seicavs. Tvali adevneT: sataxtoTa TamaSi. umTavresi sakiTxi samefo memkvidreobaa. mefe mumibol aduladei udidesi pativiscemiT sargeblobs, Tumca misi janmrTeloba sustia, xolo misi memkvidre â&#x20AC;&#x2019; arcTu STambeWdavi.

uzbekeTi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

6.5% 1940 $ (mup 4060 $)

inflacia

10.2 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

taivani mSp-s zrda

aziasTan vaWrobis zrdam gadafara dasavleTTan savaWro urTierTobis vardniT gamowveuli problemebi. 2014 wels balansi Seicvleba. am dros azia Seferxdeba, xolo ganviTarebuli samyaro kvlavac daibrunebs kuTvnil adgils. mrewveloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr aziur qveyanaSi naklebmniSvnelovania, kvlavac zrdis umTavresi faqtori iqneba da ekonomika uwindel STambeWdav zrdis temps daubrundeba. `saxalxo qmedebis partia~, romelic naxevari saukunea qveyanas marTavs, kvlavac xelisuflebaSi darCeba.

mSp erT sulze

-6.2 21.7 milioni

2.7 %

samxreT korea

filipinebi

mosaxleoba

prezident benino akinos poziciebi 2013 wlis saerToerovnul arCevnebze naCvenebma maRalma Sedegebma da dinamikurma ekonomikam gaamyara. is SemdgomSic Seecdeba dagegmili reformebis gatarebas, rac Raribebisadmi transferebis gadacemas, samuSao adgilebis Semqmneli industriis xelSewyobas da sajaro-kerZo partniorobiT infrastruqturis gaumjobesebas moicavs. gankargvadi Semosavlebis zrda dominanturi momsaxurebis seqtoris ganviTarebas waadgeba. amave dros, ucxoeTSi myofi filipinelebis mier ganxorcielebuli fuladi gzavnilebiT qveyanaSi dolaris didi masa SenarCundeba. zrda kvlavac jansaRi iqneba.

-6.2 185.8 milioni

mSp erT sulze

msoflio ricxvebSi qveynebi

msoflio 2014

mSp erT sulze

3.3% 21 770 $ (mup 42 000 $)

inflacia

2.2 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-2.4 23.4 milioni

taivanis liderebs ara mxolod saSinao politikaSi, aramed sagareo arenaze miRweuli SedegebiTac afaseben, rasac dasavleTTan arsebuli xangrZlivi aliansebis mzard Cinur interesebTan dabalansebis saWiroeba ganapirobebs. dRevandelma mTavrobam, ma inZius meTaurobiT, pekinTan urTierTobebis gaumjobeseba moaxerxa, rac ufro masStaburi saerTaSoriso TanaCarTulobisTvis xsnis asparezs, Tumca lideri frTxilad unda iyos am TamaSis warmoebisas. Sin gadaudebeli aucileblobaa sapensio reformis gatareba, romelsac mkacri kanonmdebloba da efeqtiani opozicia abrkolebs. droebiTi mkacri monetaruli politika eqsportis odnav matebas gadafaravs, rac zrdis stabilur doneze SeCerebas ganapirobebs.

tailandi mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

4.7% 6180 $ (mup 10 470 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

3.0 % -2.5 70.0 milioni

miuxedavad imisa, rom axla bevrad ufro stabiluria, vidre ramdenime wlis win, tailandi jer kidev urbanuli da sasoflo Raribi fenebiT mxardaWerili populisturi Zalebisa da samxedroebis mier zurggamagrebuli istebliSmentis dapirispirebis arenaa. premier-ministrma ingluk Sinavatram SedarebiT mSvidad marTa qveyana, ufrosi Zmisgan

-1.2 30.7 milioni

prezidenti islam qarimovi absolutur kontrols SeinarCunebs, magram misi asaki (gaisad igi 76 wlis gaxdeba), savaraudod, Seryeuli janmrTeloba da memkvidris aryola momaval arastabilurobas moaswavebs. sagareo politika mcirediT dasavleTis sasargeblod gadaixreba, Tumca mtkice kavSirebi ruseTTan da CineTTan mainc SenarCundeba. naxSirwyalbadis eqsporti da ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi uzbekebis fuladi gzavnilebi momdevno ramdenime wlis ekonomikur zrdas uzrunvelyofen, romlis tempic 6%-ze meti iqneba.

vietnami mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

5.5% 1920 $ (mup 4020 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

6.7 % -4.7 91.3 milioni

reformistebi da konservatorebi vietnamis komunisturi partiis maRal eSelonebSi pirvelobisTvis ibrZoleben. reformisti premier-ministri nguen tan dungi da konservatori prezidenti truong tan sangi poziciebs daafiqsireben. sakanonmdeblo organos konservatori TavmjdomariT nguen sinh sangiT mxardaWerili batoni sangi Setevaze gadava, vinaidan ekonomikuri inercia premier-ministris mxardaWeras amcirebs. komunistebis mmarTveloba safrTxeSi ar aris, magram korufciiTa da sagareo politikis sisustiT gamowveuli ukmayofileba, aseve protestis gavrcelebis axali formebi albaT Seamcirebs partiis Zalauflebas. ekonomikuri zrdis tempi 5%-s gadaaWarbebs.

msoflio 2014

qveynebi msoflio ricxvebSi

CrdiloeT amerika: xotba fiqlis gazs

laTinuri amerika: gadaxdis dRe

aSS-s nedli navTobis warmoeba da importi milioni bareli/dRe

saSualo xelfasi, 2005 = 100

125 120 115 110 105 100

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

CrdiloeT amerika kanada mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

2.2% 52 620 $ (mup 44 570 $)

inflacia

1.6 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-2.5 35.6 milioni

premier-ministr stiven harperis konservatiuli mTavroba Tavisufali manevrirebis saSualebiT sargeblobda da umravlesobaSi yofniT, efeqtianad iyenebda opozicionerTa sisusteebs. amjerad, es Seicvleba da yofil premier-ministr pier triudos Svilis ‒ Justin triudos xelmZRvanelobiT liberalebi ufro SeTanxmebul da efeqtian oponirebas gasweven, gansauTrebiT – 2015 wlis arCevnebis win. investiciebi uZrav qonebaSi (da mis Sedegad ganviTarebuli uZravi qonebis `buSti~) – gasul wlebSi zrdis erT-erTi umTavresi faqtori, Seneldeba, magram investiciebi biznesSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mompovebel dargebSi Zalas moikrebs da ekonomikur zrdas waadgeba. Tvali adevneT: fiqlis gazs mezobeli mTidan mogawvdian. energetikul sakiTxebze aSS-sTan urTierToba arcTu gulRia iqneba, vinaidan fiqlis gazis bumi sazRvris samxreTiT gazis importze moTxovnas amcirebs, rac kanadas sazRvargareT alternatiuli bazrebis Ziebisken ubiZgebs.

meqsika mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

3.9 % 11 830 $ (mup 19 260 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

3.4 % -3.5 117.5 milioni

`partido revolucionario institucionalis~ (PRI) mTavrobam prezident enrike peka nietos meTaurobiT, SesamCnev progress miaRwia struqturuli reformebis gatarebaSi, Tumca wnexs albaT ver gauZlebs 2014 wels, ori didi amocanis gadawyvetisas – es gaxlavT energoseqtoris

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

laTinuri amerika

axsna da sagadasaxado bazis g gafarToeba. energoreforma yvelaze didi RonisZiebaa, 1938 wels navTobis mopovebis dawyebidan, Tumca bazris gaxsna koncesiebisaTvis mainc ver moxerxdeba. energoseqtorisa da sagadasaxado sistemis reformirebis cdebi uwin marcxiT sruldeboda. gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca PRI opoziciaSi imyofeboda, da miuxedavad imisa, rom meqsikis momavlisTvis es sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxebia, opozicia maT martivad mogvarebas namdvilad ar dauSvebs. Tvali adevneT: SeTanxmeba parlamentSi. mTavrobis adreuli warmatebis umetesi nawili ori mTavari opoziciuri partiis `meqsikis paqtad~ wodebuli SeTanxmebis anareklia. magram reformis farTo dRis wesrigi SeTanxmebis dacvas albaT SeuZlebels gaxdis.

aSS mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

2.6 % 54 920 $ (mup 54 920 $)

inflacia

mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

2.6 % 10 870 $ (mup 19 490 $)

inflacia

25.7 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-3.0 42.0 milioni

prezidenti kristina kirxneri da misi mTavroba ekonomikis yvela sferoSi Caeria, sagareo vaWrobisa da kapitalis nakadebis, aseve gacvliTi kursis kontrolis CaTvliT, da inflaciis maCvenebelTa manipulirebiT damTavrebuli. ofisSi Svidwliani yofnis Semdeg, es gamosamSvidobebeli weli iqneba 2015 wlis arCevnebisaTvis samzadisis dros. qalbatonma kirxnerma TiTqmis yvela Zlieri mokavSire gadaimtera da 2013 wlis oqtombris Sualedur arCevnebze poziciebis seriozuli daTmoba mouxda, Tumca Semcirebul umravlesobas kongresSi politikuri wnexis Sesaqmnelad mainc gamoiyenebs. kargi `mosavali~ ekonomikas gamoacocxlebs, Tumca momdevno weli uRimRamo iqneba.

2.2 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

argentina

-3.1

318.8 milioni

bolivia mSp-s zrda

monetaruli politika gamkacrdeba FRS-is mier obligaciaTa gamosyidvis programis TandaTanobiTi Sewyvetis fonze, rac kapitalis maRalriskiani bazrebidan, saprocento ganakveTebis zrdis kvalobaze (Tumca FRS-is saprocento ganakveTis politika ucvleli darCeba), dabrunebas gamoiwvevs. ucvlelma partiulma poziciebma kongresi politikur sasaflaod aqcia, Tumca saimigracio reforma SesaZloa mainc gatardes – ara mxolod imitom, rom orive mxare laTino amomrCevelTa mozidvas eSureba. kongresis arCevnebi noemberSi status kvos daadasturebs. mokrZalebuli ekonomikuri aRmavloba gagrZeldeba, rasac uZravi qonebis bazris gamococxleba, ufro iafi energia da konkurentuli mrewveloba ganapirobebs.

mSp erT sulze

4.6 % 3030 $ (mup 5770 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

5.6 % 0.2 10.9 milioni

prezidentma evo moralesma ver Seasrula Tavisi revoluciuri dapirebebi, Tumca gazis eqsportis zrda mas ukmayofiloTa `moTminebis yidvis~ saSualebas aZlevs. ekonomikur politikas korufciiT daferili biurokratia arTulebs, Tumca saxelmwifos mier ekonomikis dauflebis procesi kvlavac gagrZeldeba. moralesis eleqtoruli bazisa da opoziciis sisustis gaTvaliswinebiT, albaT igi Tanamdebobaze mesame vadiT darCenas moaxerxebs.

brazilia mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

2.5 % 10 860 $ (mup 12 790 $)

inflacia

5.9 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-3.3 198.2 milioni

elodeT 2013 wlis Sua periodSi agorebuli socialuri protestis gameorebas msoflio TasTan erTad, romelic qveynisTvis globalur platformas qmnis. prezident dilma rusefis pasuxi susti iyo, ramac gaamZafra saxelmwifo institutebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT ki politikosebisadmi undobloba. ukmayofilebis samizne mravalia, Tumca prezidents yvelaze metad gaakritikeben, rac oqtombris arCevnebisas mis Sansebze uaryofiTad imoqmedebs, TumcaRa is albaT mainc

kolumbiaSi FARC-is partizanebi qveyanas ukve naxevari saukunea aryeven, Tumca 2014 wels samSvidobo molaparakebebi SesaZloa, warmatebiT daasrulon xuan manuel santosis mTavrobasTan, romelmac winamorbedis ukompromiso taqtikis nacvlad, molaparakebaTa gziT problemebis daregulireba airCia. es martivi procesi ar yofila da undoblobisa da uTanxmoebis niadagze molaparakebaTa magidas mxareebi xSirad tovebdnen, Tumca mSvidobis dasamyareblad situacia namdvilad momwifda. baton santoss, 2013 wels nobelis mSvidobis premia ar mieniWa, Tumca 2014 wels man premia SesaZloa miiRos, Tu molaparakebebi kargad warimarTeba. maisis saprezidento arCevnebze santoss savaraudod, meore vadiT airCeven, rac osloSi Casvlaze bevrad didi prizia.

2014 wlis pirovneba

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

gaimarjvebs. ekonomika neli svliT miiwevs win, Tumca – BRICis qveynebze nela.

Cile mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

4.9 % 16 430 $ (mup 20 380 $)

inflacia

3.2 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

0.2 17.7 milioni

yofili prezidenti miSel baSele TiTqos mzad iyo, 2013 wlis bolos Catarebul arCevnebSi memarcxene-centristuli mTavroba xelisuflebaSi daebrunebina, Tumca ar SeeZlo sabazro ekonomikis xelSemwyobi politikisgan misi memarjvene-centristi winamorbedisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli politikis warmoeba. mis koaliciaSi komunisturi partiis Seyvana albaT gaamwvavebs Sidakoaliciur, aseve opoziciasTan dapirispirebas, magram Ciles konsensusze dafuZnebuli sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi politika kvlavac dominantur poziciebs SeinarCunebs. igive exeba mis myar ekonomikur zrdasac. Tvali adevneT: axali hidroenergetikuli proeqtebi. maTi ganxorcieleba energiis fass daagdebs, Tumca garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis irgvliv gaCaRebuli opoziciuri moZraoba mas saTuos gaxdis.

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-3.4 11.2 milioni

kastroTa gvian wlebSi (rauli, romelmac avadmyofi fideli Secvala, 2014 wels Tavad xdeba 83 wlis) axali liderebi gamoCndebian ‒ 2014 wels Tu ara, uaxloes momavalSi mainc. qveynis qarizmatuli liderebis dakargva postrevoluciuri institutebis gamocda iqneba. saxelmwifos mier gakontrolebuli ekonomikis daknineba sul ufro TvalSisacemi gaxdeba da momuSaveTa gacilebiT naklebi ricxvi iqneba damokidebuli saxelmwifos anazRaurebaze, xolo sabazro Zalebi ekonomikis sul ufro met sferoSi SeaRweven. droebiTi reformebi mokrZalebul zrdas da ara garRvevas uzrunvelyofen, romlis miRwevac mxolod srulfasovani liberalizaciiTaa SesaZlebeli. Tvali adevneT: navTobi aRar aris. venesuelaSi momxdari politikuri cvlilebebi kubas arsebiTi mxardaWeris SewyvetiT emuqreba. kerZod, `navTobi eqimTa sanacvlod~ programis mimarulebiT, romelic ekonomikas stabiluri mdgomareobiT inarCunebs.

ekvadori mSp erT sulze

6340 $ (mup 10 960 $) 4.1 %

mSp erT sulze

4.3 % 8070 $ (mup 11 330 $)

inflacia

2.9 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-0.4 49.5 milioni

samSvidobo molaparakebebi or amboxebul jgufTan win miiwevs, magram memarjveneebs, romlebic molaparakebebs ewinaaRmdegebian, swored saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebis win, Sesabamisad martsa da maisSi maTi memarcxene centristuli prezidentis manuel santosis winaaRmdeg berketad gamoyeneba SeuZliaT. gaficvebi da protesti dainteresebuli jgufebis koaliciis mxridan arCevnebis moaxloebasTan erTad, mTavrobis siZlieris Semowmeba iqneba, Tumca prezidenti am gamocdas gauZlebs. batoni santosi da nebismieri misi alternativa gzad biznesis xelSewyobis politikasa da infrastruqturaSi investirebas airCevs, navTobisa da wiaRiseulis mopovebis CaTvliT. kolumbia respeqtabelur zrdis temps SeinarCunebs.

kuba mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze inflacia

3.9 % 6290 $ (mup 12 450 $) 5.1 %

4450 $ (mup 7170 $)

inflacia

ekvadori: gvalva xazinaSi sabiujeto xarjebis wili mSp-Si mSp-Si biujetis balansis wili

-0.6

mosaxleoba

6.9 milioni

2013 wels, horasio kartesis axal mTavrobas bedma gauRima da uxvma mosavalma ekonomika 12%-iT gazarda. opoziciur partiebTan SeTanxmeba parlamentis qveda palataSi, romelSic baton kartesis kolorados partias umravlesoba ar gaaCnia, mTavrobas saSualebas miscems gaagrZelos ukve karga xnis win gansaxorcielebeli infrastruqturuli proeqtebi. zrda Semcirdeba da 4.7%-s Seadgens.

peru 6.0 % 6990 $ (mup 11 880 $)

inflacia mosaxleoba

0.8 31.6 milioni

peru: keTildReobis mateba zemodan qvemoT siRaribis maCvenebeli %

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0 -10

ixeirebs, magram energetikuli proeqtebi, romlebic am stabilurobas uzrunvelyofda, SesaZloa veRar ganxorcieldes navTobis bazris arastabilurobis gamo. sayovelTao SeSfoTeba

prezidenti xose muxika mzard winaaRmdegobas awydeba misive memarcxene centristuli Frente Ampilo-s koaliciidan da gauWirdeba sajaro seqtoris reformireba, infrastruqturaSi investireba. opoziciuri partiebi naklebad mSvidobismoyvareni iqnebian oqtombris saerToerovnuli arCevnebis win, TumcaRa mmarTveli partia kidev erTi vadiT gaimarjvebs – miT umetes, Tu popularuli yofili prezidenti tabare vaskesi (2005-2010 ww.) politikur arenas daubrundeba. centraluri banki gazrdil fasebTan ibrZolebs, romlebsac farTod gavrcelebuli xelfasebis indeqsacia da inflaciis mudmivi molodini ganapirobebs.

venesuela mSp erT sulze

-1.7 3.4 milioni

mSp-s zrda

mosaxleoba

2.9 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

6.6 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

4.2 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

15.3 milioni

prezidentma rafael koream 2013 wels mmarTvelobaSi yofnis mesame vada parlamentSi absoluturi umravlesobis mxardaWeriT daiwyo. qariSxliani aTwleulis Semdeg, korea mis mierve Seqmnili politikuri stabilurobiT

4.1 % 17 760 $ (mup 17 800 $)

inflacia 4.7 %

-0.7

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

kolumbia

urugvai mSp erT sulze

mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

arCevnebTan kombinaciaSi, 2014 wels mTavrobas wnexs Seuqmnis, magram kerZo biznesis xelSewyoba reJimis SenarCunebis garanti gaxdeba, xolo ekonomika mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba.

mSp-s zrda

paragvai

mSp erT sulze 4.0 %

inflacia mosaxleoba

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi Zalauflebis koncentraciis mizeziT, da aborigeni mosaxleobis jgufebis guliswyroma navTobisa da wiaRis mopovebis proeqtebis gamo, ukmayofilebas gamoiwvevs. miuxedavad amisa, batoni korea mtkiced SeinarCunebs Zalauflebas.

mSp-s zrda

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

mSp-s zrda

msoflio ricxvebSi qveynebi

msoflio 2014

prezidentma olanta umalam da misma mTavrobam uzrunvelyves Tanmimdevruli ekonomikuri zrda, mzardi cxovrebis standartebi, magram maT opoziciis winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva da liberaluri ideebis aRzevebiT ukmayofilo yofili memarcxene partniorebis, aseve axalwarmoqmnili, Tumca frTxili saSualo klasis Semotevis mogerieba mouwevT. es faqtorebi, regionul

0.6 % 15 320 $ (mup 13 800 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

36.4 % -6.8 30.4 milioni

ekonomikuri disproporciis aTwleuli qveyanas ukve amCnevs daRs da sursaTis, energiisa da valutis deficiti izrdeba, fiskaluri resursebi iwureba da ekonomikas seriozuli problemebi aqvs, amerikaSi yvelaze mwvave inflaciis fonze. prezident nikolas maduros, romelmac ugo Cavesis gardacvalebis Semdeg saprezidento arCevnebSi mcire upiratesobiT gaimarjva, aSkarad aklia am ukanasknelis qarizma da radikaluri enTuziazmi. amgvarad, misi popularuloba SesaZloa swrafad daeces. gamoricxuli ar aris, Tumca naklebad mosalodnelia, rom mTavrobis kolafsis Sedegad, vadamdeli arCevnebi dainiSneba, sadac damarcxebuli opozicioneri enrike kaprilesi gamarjvebis karg Sanss miiRebs. mzardi inflacia ekonomikuri stagnaciis mizezi gaxdeba.

konstituciis bazaze axali saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebis Catareba moiTxoves, magram es swrafad ar moxdeba. muslimTa gaZevebuli saZmo winaaRmdegobas gaagrZelebs, arsebuli opozicia Tanmimdevrulobis SesaZenad brZolas ar Sewyvets, xolo arapolitikuri saprotesto moZraoba gaizrdeba, rac samxedro kontrolis gamkacrebas gamoiwvevs. momxmarebelTa mier xarjvisgan TavSekavebisa da turistebis Semcirebis fonze, ekonomika swrafad ar gaizrdeba.

satelefono kavSirebi, 100 kacze satelefono xazebis ricxvi mobiluri telefonebis ricxvi 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

msoflio 2014

qveynebi msoflio ricxvebSi

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

axlo aRmosavleTi da afrika alJiri

1340 $ (mup 2690 $)

3.7 % 6560 $ (mup 9230$)

inflacia

2.5 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-4.5

4.1 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-2.2 38.3 milioni

aprilis saprezidento arCevnebisa da abdelazis butaflikas 15-wliani mmarTvelobis Semdeg, prezidentis Tanamdebobas axali lideri daikavebs. samoqalaqo da samxedro interesebis araformaluri aliansi „Zalaufleba“ oficialur kandidats warmoadgens, romelsac, faqtobrivad, gamarjveba garantirebuli aqvs. politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebi gagrZeldeba, Tumca Cveuli, `gamyinvarebis epoqis~ tempiT. navTobisa da gazisagan diversifikacia ar daCqardeba manam, sanam am ukanasknelT, ucxouri valutis saimedo wyarod darCena SeuZliaT.

msoflios yvelaze xangrZlivi `aramefe~ lideri pol bia ( Tu CaTvliT mis premier-ministrobaSi yofnis drosac), xelisuflebaSi yofnis 39 wlisTavs miiTvlis. misi mxcovani asakis (81 weli) da gauaresebuli janmrTelobis fonze, kameruneli xalxis demokratiuli asambleis partiis rigebSi, aseve samxedro fraqciebSi ZalauflebisTvis konkurencia intensiuri darCeba. saxelmwifo investiciebi da navTobis warmoebis mateba ekonomikuri zrdis temps 5%-ze maRla aswevs.

egvipte mSp-s zrda

1.9 %

mSp erT sulze

3290 $ (mup 6910 $)

realuri mSp-s cvlileba 8 7 6 5 4 3

5.2 %

mSp erT sulze

3.2 % 38 310 $ (mup 34 660 $)

inflacia

2.3 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-2.9 8.2 milioni

96.5 milioni

premier-ministri hailemariam desalegni mis winamorbedi meles zanavis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 2012 wels movida xelisuflebaSi da masze guluxvi aRmoCnda eTiopiis revoluciur-demokratiul frontTan Zalauflebis gayofaSi. Sedegi politikuri procesebis ufro neli tempiT ganxorcielebaa, Tumca Zalauflebaze koaliciis kontroli safrTxis winaSe ar aRmoCndeba. soflis meurneoba ekonomikuri zrdis ganmapirobebeli iqneba, magram zrda odnav Seneldeba.

israelis wlis tonalobas qveynis sazRvrebs gareT mimdinare movlenebi gansazRvravs. egviptis areuli politikuri cxovreba, siriis samoqalaqo omi da iranis atomuri ritorika riskebis Semcvelia. am problemebs namdvilad ar arbilebs premier-ministr beniamin neTaniahus susti pozicia. zrdas dinamikuri teqnologiuri seqtori, gamyarebuli eqsporti da gazis didi sabadoebis ganviTareba ubiZgebs.

iordania mSp-s zrda

irani

mSp erT sulze

3.9 % 4840 $ (mup 5550 $)

inflacia 1.0 % 4850 $ (mup 12 840 $)

inflacia

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

5.4 % -9.5 7.7 milioni

28.0 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-3.9 77.3 milioni

SedarebiT zomieri sasuliero lideri – hasan rohani, romelic prezidentad 2013 wlis ivnisSi airCies, acxadebs, rom dasavleTTan Sedegebze orientirebuli urTierTobebis daTbobis politikis erTguli iqneba, Tumca kvlavac icavs iranis uflebas mSvidobiani atomuri programis ganxorcielebaze, rac gaarTulebs molaparakebebs. sxvebi – israeleli pesimistebiT dawyebuli, iraneli konservatorebiT damTavrebuli, dabrkolebebs Seqmnian. magram irans aqvs stimuli, iyos politikurad moqnili, vinaidan sanqciebi ekonomikas angreven. navTobis eqsporti stabiluri gaxdeba, Tumca SesaZleblobebs qvemoT darCeba. ekonomika 2012-2013 wlebSi dakarguli poziciebis nawils daibrunebs.

arabuli gazafxulis Semdgom agorebuli protestis damSvidebis ganmeorebiTi cdebi marcxiT dasrulda, Tumca mefe abdula meore, romelsac zurgs samefo ojaxi da samxedro Zalebi umagreben, Zalauflebas xalxis

iordania: naklebi guluxvoba biujetis xarjebi, mSp-s % 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 20072008200920102011201220132014

erayi

mSp-s zrda

2017

2015

2014

2013

mSp erT sulze

2012

kameruni mSp-s zrda

egvipte: winaaRmdegoba

2011

gauaresebuli janmrTelobis garda, prezidenti Joze eduardu duS santuSs, romelic Zalauflebas 1979 wlidan flobs, mis SenarCunebaSi xels veraferi SeuSlis. potenciurma memkvidreebma partiis mowoneba ver daimsaxures, rac swored isaa, 72 wlis prezidents rom surs. patronaJis vrceli qseli saprotesto muxtis Caqrobas SesaZlebels gaxdis, xolo oficialuri politika ucxouri sanavTobo kompaniebisaTvis stabilur garemos uzrunvelyofs, romelTa warmoeba ekonomikuri sistemis arsebobas ganapirobebs. zrda kvlavac zRapruli iqneba, Tumca misi nayofi cudad gadanawildeba.

2010

2.3 22.1 milioni

egviptis postrevoluciuri politikuri sistemis `narCenebma~, romlebic mohamed mursis Zalauflebidan CamoSorebis Semdeg Camoyalibdnen, Secvlili

2009

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

8.5 %

2008

7170 $ (mup 7560 $)

mosaxleoba

-3.5

-12.9 83.7 milioni

6.1 %

inflacia mosaxleoba

9.9 %

mosaxleoba

2007

mSp erT sulze

9.5 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

mSp erT sulze

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

mSp-s zrda

430 $ (mup 1270 $)

inflacia

mSp-s zrda

inflacia

angola

6.7 %

21.4 milioni

2016

mSp erT sulze

mSp-s zrda

inflacia

mSp-s zrda

israeli

eTiopia mSp erT sulze

mSp erT sulze

qveynis politika arastabiluri darCeba religiuri da regionuli dajgufebebis centralur xelisuflebasTan brZolis fonze da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mTavroba baRdadSi qurTebTan urTierTobebis mogvarebas eswrafvis. amis miuxedavad, ucxouri, gansakuTrebiT ki sanavTobo kompaniebi investiciebis ganxorcielebas gaagrZeleben. ekonomika amas zrdis tempis daaxloebiT 10%-mde naxtomiT upasuxebs.

8.5 % 7410 $ (mup 5850 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

5.5 % -0.5 35.0 milioni

mxardaWeriT Tu mis gareSe SeinarCunebs. saxelmwifo xarjebi moicavs subsidiebs sawvavsa da sursaTze, magram isini Tan-

kenia 5.6 % 1000 $ (mup 1900 $)

inflacia

6.0 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

-5.6 45.5 milioni

2013 wlis seqtemberSi, nairobis savaWro centrze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Seteva terorizmis mimarT qveynis mowyvladobis demonstrirebaa, rasac ukanonobaSi Cafluli somalis mezoblobac ganapirobebs. adamianTa sicocxlis dakargvasTan erTad, izaralebs turizmica da investorTa ganwyobac. es 2013 wels uhuru keniatas saprezidento mmarTvelobaSi gadasvlisas miRweuli sargeblis nawilsac daakninebs. deregulacia da privatizacia ekonomikuri zrdis ganaxlebas Seuwyobs xels. Tvali adevneT: sacdeli garbeni. baton keniatas da mis premierministr uiliam rutos haagaSi sasamarTlo procesi eliT, 2007 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg agorebul ZaladobaSi monawileobis braldebiT.

libani 2.5 % 10 720 $ (mup 13 770 $)

inflacia

4.5 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

mosaxleoba

-7.5 4.9 milioni

Rrma fraqciuli dapirispireba mezobel siriaSi mimdinare samoqalaqo ommac gaamwvava da religiur niadagze teroristuli aqtebis ricxvi gazarda, rasac qveynis qalaqebSi am procesebze samxedroebis Zaladobrivi pasuxi mohyva. saparlamento arCevnebi 2014 wlamde gadaido, Tumca SeiZleba kvlavac gadaidos. qveyanaSi mTavrobis dakompleqtebis amocana SesaZloa welsve dadges, radgan premier-ministris movaleobaTa Semsrulebelma Tamam salamma ver moaxerxa axali kabinetis Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb parlamentTan SeTanxmebis miRweva. Tvali adevneT: WaburRili gaTxrilia. imis daSvebiT, rom xelmomweri saxelmwifo moxele moiZebneba, navTobis mopovebis Sesabamisi licenzia pirvelad 2014 wels gaicema.

sakanomdeblo organoSi or udides bloks, sekularulerovnuli Zalebis alianssa da muslimTa saZmos Soris arsebulma gansxvavebebma politikuri cxovrebis paralizeba da axali konstituciis Seqmnis procesis SeCereba gamoiwvia. dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi ZalauflebisaTvis brZolam navTobis eqsporti TiTqmis nulamde Camoiyvana. ekonomika gaagrZelebs aRmavlobas, Tumca politikuri stabilurobis safrTxeebs ufro kontrrevoluciis preludiis saxe aqvs, vidre postrevoluciuri qveynis zrdis tkivilebisa.

maroko mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

4.1 % 3290 $ (mup 5710 $)

inflacia

3.1 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

xmelTaSua zRvis samxreTiT mdebare mSvidobis oazisi â&#x20AC;&#x2019; maroko ucxouri investiciebis bumiT sargeblobs da kompaniebs evropasTan xelmisawvdom siaxloves sTavazobs. polemikuri gamosvlebi ekonomikur sakiTxebze da sajaro servisis xarisxTan dakavSirebiT kvlavac gagrZeldeba, Tumca mefe mohamed meeqvsis Zalauflebas es ver Searyevs. unariani da iafi samuSao Zala didi upiratesobaa.

nigeria

memkvidreobis maradiuli SekiTxva al saudis ojaxis mmarTvelobas CrdilSi moaqcevs, magram ver Searyevs mis Zalauflebas. sporaduli protesti gagrZeldeba. reJimi mas diskriminaciuli

mzardi saSualo klasi ekonomikur zrdas Seuwyobs xels.

siria mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

4.2 % 1500 $ (mup 3850 $)

inflacia

saudis arabeTi:

17.8 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

biujetis balansis zRvars qvemoT

mosaxleoba

-9.9 19.9 milioni

sponsorebis mier orive dapirispirebuli mxaris xelSewyobam siriis samoqalaqo omi geopolitikuri Sejibris arenad aqcia. ruseTi asadis mTavrobas, qimiuri iaraRis daTmobis mizniT, wnexSi moaqcevs, Tumca amis miRweva garTuldeba. gamoricxuli ar aris, reJimis dasasjelad amerikis Setevac. gamofituli ekonomika kvlavac arastabiluri darCeba.

25 20 15 10 5 0

-10

mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

6.8 %

mosaxleoba

179.0 milioni

mmarTveli xalxis demokratiuli partiis Crdilouri fraqcia samxreTeli prezidentis gudlaq jonaTanis politikur gadawyvetilebebs SeewinaaRmdegeba, romelsac 2015 wels saprezidento arCevnebSi nominaciis imedi aqvs. magram amave dros, Crdilouri fraqcia partiaSi darCenas da Zalauflebis SenarCunebas amjobinebs. nominaciis irgvliv arsebuli konkurencia axali opoziciuri aliansis gamocdac iqneba. politika infrastruqturis ganviTarebasa da kerZo mewarmeobis xelSewyobaze fokusirdeba. zrda kvlavac mZlavri iqneba.

saudis arabeTi 5.1 % 24 530 $ (mup 32 530 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) 8.8 % 14 240 $ (mup 18 290 $)

-3.0

mosaxleoba

3.3 % 1.0 30.7 milioni

mSp-s zrda

2.4 % 210 $ (mup 210 $)

inflacia

9.5 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

zimbabve mSp erT sulze

1710 $ (mup 2970 $)

inflacia

mSp erT sulze

libia mSp erT sulze

2012 wlis aprilSi, moqmedi prezidentis gardacvalebis Semdeg, Zalauflebas dauflebulma jois bandam sakuTari Tavi ara mxolod malavis, aramed afrikis yvelaze Zalmosil qalad warmoaCina. igi maisis arCevnebSi gamarjvebis realur Sanss flobs. bavSvobaSi jois banda saojaxo biujets quCaSi funTuSebis gayidviT avsebda. aseTi ekonomiuroba mis mTavrobaSi aisaxa kidec, roca saprezidento TviTmfrinavi gayida da sajaro transportiT sargeblobaze gadavida. man Caibara qveyana, romelsac metad sWirdeba mimarTulebis Secvla. eqsporti da valuta kriziss ganicdida, ZiriTadi saqonlis maragebi iwureboda da represiebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. droeba kÂvlavac rTuli rCeba, ekonomikis gajansaReba mtkivneuli nabijebis gadadgmas moiTxovs, magram reformebisadmi qalbatoni bandas gadamWreli erTguleba imas niSnavs, rom cxovreba umjobesdeba.

-7.0 33.3 milioni

mSp-s zrda

4.1 6.4 milioni

-5

mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

3.9 %

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

mSp erT sulze

inflacia

2014 wlis pirovneba

daTanobiT, biujetis deficitis gamo gauqmdeba. amgvarad, protestis gagrZeleba garantirebulia da misi adresati, metwilad, mefe iqneba. turizmi, romelic zrdisTvis mniSvnelovania, karg formas ver SeinarCunebs, Tumca saeqsporto bazrebis gamococxleba zrdas ganapirobebs.

mSp-s zrda

msoflio ricxvebSi qveynebi

msoflio 2014

xarjviT, da ara politikuri reformebiT upasuxebs. mZlavri sanavTobo eqsportiT dafinansebuli msubuqi fiskaluri politika zrdas Seuwyobs xels, Tumca sabiujeto gardameti Semcirdeba.

samxreTi afrika mSp-s zrda mSp erT sulze

3.3 % 7140 $ (mup 11 880 $)

inflacia biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

5.2 % -4.1 53.1 milioni

prezidenti jakob zuma 2014 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi gamarjvebis gzas adgas, TumcaRa misi, `afrikis nacionaluri kongresis partiis~ mier, gaerTianebuli centristi pragmatikosebisa da memarcxene-intervencionistebis poziciaTa Tanxmobis miRweva gauWirdeba. avtoritarizmisken gadaxras frTxilad daakvirdebian qveynis garedan, xolo mwiri cxovrebis standartebi protestis mizezi gaxdeba. SavkanianTa

biujetis balansi (mSp-s %) mosaxleoba

6.6 % -4.6 12.7 milioni

qveynis mier moCvenebiTi Zalauflebis gadanawilebis sqemebis gamocdis Semdeg, robert mugabe kvlav daubrunda erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas da Tavisi zeobis 35-e wlisTavs aRniSnavs. misi politika iseve destruqciuli iqneba, rogorc yovelTvis. dolarizaciis kolafsi da hiperinflaciis dabruneba kvlavac safrTxed rCeba. `gasaqcevad~ gamzadebuli kapitali gaqcevis gzebis ZebniT dakavdeba.

msoflio ricxvebSi industria

msoflio 2014

msoflio ricxvebSi industria saavtomobilo mrewveloba 94 Tavdacva 94 energetika 95 garTobis industria 95

finansuri momsaxureba95 sursaTi da fermeruli meurneobebi 96 jandacva 96

internet teqnologiebi 96 kompiuteruli programireba 97 media 97 wiaRiseuli 97

sacalo vaWroba 97 sporti 99 telekomi 99

biznesgaremo

mzardi amerika, evropa da iaponia ganviTarebadi qveynebidan sul ufro met saqonels Seisyidian. globalurad, firmebis savaWro brunva 5.2%-iT gaizrdeba, rac 2011 wlis Semdeg umaRlesi maCvenebelia. 2014 wels bumi ar dabrundeba, Tumca kompaniaTa da biznesebis umetesoba odnav ukeT igrZnobs Tavs.

wodebeli Bloomberg Industries-s mixedviT, amerikaSi 100 milioni avtomobili sakmarisad didi xania eqspluataciaSia imisTvis, raTa Seicvalon. amerikeli momxmarebeli, romlebmac axali avtomobilebis SeZena gadaavades, TavianT safuleebs gaxsnian da registracia 9%-iT gaizrdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom aziaSi avtomobilebze moTxovna mcirdeba, CineTSi, romelic avtomobilebis amerikaze didi, erTaderTi bazaria, moTxovna mainc gaizrdeba 5%-iT. sxva, swrafad mzardi bazrebia: samxreT afrika, kolumbia, indonezia da indoeTi. indoeTi mcirelitraJiani manqanebis udidesi bazari gaxdeba msoflioSi, radganac 2014 wels Nissan aq Tavisi Datsun-is markis aRdgenas apirebs. dabalbiujetiani heCbeqebis aRdgena misi gegmis nawilia, daipyros ganviTarebadi qveynebis momxmareblebi. modelebi 400 000 rupiaze iafad (6000 dolari) gaiyideba.

avtomobils, romelsac mZRolis brZanebiT avtomaturi parkireba da missave brZanebiT, sawyis adgilze dabruneba SeeZleba.

msoflio mSptrade da vaWroba World GDP and

14.0

msoflios realuri (mup)% World GDP growth (real mSp-s terms,zrda at PPP), % msoflio zrda (aSS World tradevaWrobis growth ($ value), % dolari) %

2011

2012

2013

3.6

2.9 3.3

2010

3.0 2.4

3.8

5.1

5.2

6.3

saavtomobilo mrewveloba

2014

ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis balansi 2014 wels ganviTarebadi qveynebisken gadainacvlebs. ganviTarebuli bazrebis zrda aCqardeba da globalur ekonomikur zrdas 3.6%-mde aiyvans. aRdgena ufro TvalSisacemi amerikuli biznesisaTvis iqneba. evropa mxolod 1.1% zrdas moaxerxebs da 2013 wlis sapirispirod, am regionis ekonomika ar Semcirdeba. zogadad, ganviTarebadi qveynebi dakargaven investorTaTvis mimzidvelobis nawils, vinaidan sxvaoba OECD wevr da arawevr qveynebs Soris Semcirdeba. es ara mxolo ufro swrafad mzardi ganviTarebadi qveynebis gamo moxdeba. BRIC qveynebs cudi politikuri gadawyvetilebebi abrkolebs. es gansakuTrebiT indoeTsa da brazilias exeba, Tumca orive cdilobs reformebis gatarebas dinamizmis dasabruneblad. wnexs federaluri sarezervo sistemac Seqmnis, romelic 2014 wels ufro nakleb fuls dabeWdavs, rac calkeuli ganviTarebadi qveynidan kapitalis amerikaSi dabrunebas Seuwyobs xels. 2014 wlis perspeqtivebis Sefasebisas kompaniaTa direqtorebi pesimisturebi mainc ar unda iyvnen. ganviTarebadi qveynebis zrdis istoria damTavrebuli sulac ar aris. marTalia, CineTis zrda Semcirdeba, magram igi ukve 10 trilioni dolaris sididis ekonomikaa da kvlavac gaagrZelebs 7%-ze swrafad zrdas. ganviTarebadi azia, aseve afrika da laTinuri amerikac swrafad gaizrdeba. amasobaSi Tanadroulad 2014 wlis prognozi, Tu sxvagvarad ar aris miTiTebuli. london@eiu.com wyaro: Economist Intelligence Unit, The Economist

avtomobilebis globaluri gayidvebi kvlavac stop-startis reJimSia, evropaSi arsebuli stagnaciis gamo. 2014 wels, oTxwliani vardnis Semdeg, avtomwarmoeblebi regionSi gasul weliwadSi gayidulze met avtomobils gaasaReben. magram es mxolod mcire zomis `ganaTebaa~ xangrZlivi daRmasvlis gzaze. amJamad zedmeti samgzavro avtomobilebis registracia Passenger-cars registrations %%cvlileba change

axlo aRmosavleTi Middle East and Africa da afrika

8.6 CrdiloeT North Americaamerika

8.1 aziaand da avstralazia Asia Australasia

6.4 laTinuri Latin Americaamerika

Tvali adevneT: inovaciis marTva. masobrivi warmoebis avtomobilebSi ukve mravali welia damontaJebulia avtomaturi marTvis elementebi, Tumca MercedesBenz-is 2014 wlis calkeuli modelebiT, kompania yvelaze avtomatizebuli avtomobilis Seqmnaze ganacxadebs pretenzias. sensorebiTa da sxva mowyobilobebiT aRWurvili avtomobili mZRols saSualebas aZlevs, dabal siCqareze saWes xelebi gauSvas. aseTi avtomobilebis pirvel partias pavilionebSi 2013 wlis bolosTvis elodnen, sul raRac 100 000 dolarad. 2014 wels Volvo gamouSvebs XC90 sportul

mogzauroba da turizmi 99

Tavdacva

ukandaxeva msoflios udides Tavdacvis bazarze yvelaze `xmamaRali SeZaxili~ iqneba. 2014 wels, avRaneTidan amerikuli da natos sxva qveynebis jarebis gamosvla Tavdacvaze xarjebs Seamcirebs. aziaSi damkvidrebis axali sayrdeni wertilebis monaxva mdgomareobas ver Secvlis. sekvestrizacias anu sabiujeto saxsrebis avtomatur Sekvecas didi Sedegebi mohyveba da demokratTa da respublikelTa zogadi fiskaluri dapirispirebis fonze, sareitingo saagento Moody-s mixedviT, amerikis Tavdacvis xarjebi 10%iT Semcirdeba da 2011 wlis mSp-s 5%-dan 3%-mde daecema. militaristebi amerikis Tavdacvisunarianobis dakninebiT SeSfoTdebian, xolo mSvidobismoyvareni daiCivleben, rom qveyana kvlavac ufro met iaraRs Seisyidis, vidre nebismieri potenciuri mteri. Tavdacvis globaluri xarjebis amerikis tendenciis msgavsi iqneba da 5-10%-iT Semcirdeba.

5.2 aRmosavleT da ruseTi Eastern Europeevropa and Russia 4.2 dasavleT evropa Western Europe 2.7

simZlavreebi 20%-s Seadgens da firmebs ufro meti qarxnebis daxurva mouwevT. sul mcire, evropelebi avtowarmoebis sxva sferoebis liderebad mainc rCebian. 1 seqtembers gamonabolqvis regulirebis axali mkacri kanonebi Seva ZalaSi da sadac evropeli biurokratebi lideroben, sxvebic maT mihyvebian. evropis minimaluri progresis miuxedavad, samgzavro avtomobilebis registracia 6%-iT gaizrdeba. informaciis mom-

2014 weli fokusSi 2014 wlis dekembrisTvis am wlis udidesi sportuli RonisZiebebisaTvis mowyobili infrastruqturis irgvliv arsebuli `mtveri dajdeba~, magram axali mZlavri samSeneblo samuSaoebi nikaraguaSi daiwyeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase miaCnia hongkongur kompania HKND Group-s, romelic nikaraguis arxis mSeneblobisa da marTvis 50 wlian koncesias flobs. es arxi wynari da atlantis okeaneTa SemaerTebeli iqneba 40 miliardi savaraudo saproeqto RirebulebiT. mSeneblobis Seferxeba ukve aSkaraa. opozicioneri politikosebi mas konstituciuri argumentebiT ewinaaRmdegebian. sxvebis azriT, atlantisa da wynar okeaneebs ukve aerTebs sxva, kerZod ki panamis arxi, romelic SemoTavazebulze samjer moklea. garemosdamcvelebs Tavisi argumentebi aqvT. am argumentebidan arcerTi awuxebs proeqtis ukan mdgom mistikur Cinur kompaniebs. maT, visac CineTis gavlenis zrda `amerikis ukana ezoSi~ aRelvebs, unda axsovdeT, rom saukunis win, SeerTebuli Statebi arxis aSenebas nikaraguaSi gegmavda, Tumca saboloo arCevani panamaze SeaCera.

msoflio 2014 dasavleTSi momavalSi mosalodneli Tavdacvis xarjebis Semcirebis fonze, Tavdacvis firmebi Sekvecen xarjebs da ganviTarebad qveynebSi SeRwevas Seecdebian. iranis birTvuli maqinaciebi ganiaraRebis SeTanxmebiTa Tu mis gareSe, aucileblad gazrdis misi mezoblebis Tavdacvis xarjebs. CrdiloeT koreis agresiuli pozicia da CineTis aRmavloba Tavdacvis xarjebs aziaSic gazrdis. diversificirebuli Tavdacvis firmebi damamSvidebeli saqmianobis saxiT, komerciuli aviawarmoebis segments miaSureben, magram industriis mogebis marJebi Semcirdeba konkurenciis zrdis kvalobaze. „Tofis lula“ kvlavac Zalis demonstrirebis instrumentad darCeba, Tumca Zalauflebis nawili gamyidvelebidan myidvelebzec gadava. Tvali adevneT: ganviTarebadi qveynebi braziliis, indoeTisa da taivanis CaTvliT, maRalteqnologiur amerikul iaraRs eSurebian. Lockheed Martin iaraRs sxvebze meti raodenobiT awarmoebs, magram is metismetad `amerika-centristulia~ da misi produqciis mxolod 17% iyideba sazRvargareT, rac naklebia, vidre misi konkurentebis analogiuri maCvenebeli. saSinao SekveTebis klebis gamo, kompaniis saerTaSoriso filialebi momdevno wlebSi jamuri Semosavlebis 20%-is generacias gegmaven.

energetika

garemosdamcvelebi, romlebic imedovneben, rom navTobis warmoeba 2014 wels piks miaRwevs, imedgacruebulni darCebian. axali miwodebis wyaroebi komfortulad gadaaWarbeben namat moTxovnas, rac fasebis zrdas SeaCerebs. lideri qveynebi brazilia, amerika da kanada gaxdebian. CrdiloeT amerika moTxovna-miwodebis koliziis mikrokosmosia. rogorc evropaSi, aqac ufro efeqtiani avtomobilebi moTxovnas Seamcireben, magram amerikuli fiqlis gazisa da kanaduri qviSrobis navTobis warmoeba bazarze ufro adre Semova, vidre am resursebis miwodebas milsadenebi SeZlebdnen. sxva qveynebs, magaliTad, argentinasa da CineTs, visac amerikis moulodneli warmatebis gameoreba surT, geologiuri da sxva problemebi eRobebaT. 2014 wels, amerika mSvidad Seudgeba dReSi

msoflio ricxvebSi industria

11 milioni bareli navTobis warmoebas, gadauswrebs ra saudis arabeTs da daeweva ruseTs. akrZalvis gauqmebis moTxovnaTa intensifikaciis kvalobaze, romelic amerikis navTobis eqsports exeba, umetesi amerikuli gaTxevadebuli gazis proeqtebi, romlebiTac fiqlis gazis aziisTvis miwodebaa ganzraxuli, kvlavac mTavrobis Tanxmobas daelodebian. avstralia yataris umTavresi grZelvadiani safrTxea, rogorc gazis udidesi mwarmoebeli. 2014 wels, quinslendis Curtis da Gorgon-is giganturi qarxnebi saeqsportod gazis gaTxevadebas daiwyeben, Tumca dayovnebebi da mzardi danaxarjebi avstraliur progress Seaneleben. gazi, sawvavis sxva formebTan SedarebiT, globalur daTbobas yvelaze naklebad uwyobs xels, Tumca rac ufro meti raodenobiT daiwveba igi, gamonabolqvic gaizrdeba. 2014 wels namarxi sawvavis wvis Sedegad gamoyofili gamonabolqvi 1990 wlis donis 160%-s miaRwevs. CineTSi qvanaxSiris gamoyeneba, romelic msoflios qvanaxSiris naxevars wvavs, kvlavac gaizrdeba dabinZurebis Semcirebis moTxovnaTa miuxedavad. ganaxlebadi energia swraf aRmavlobas gaagrZelebs, Tumca msoflios marad mzardi energomoTxovnilebis mxolod 4%-s Tu daakmayofilebs. Tvali adevneT: biurokratiis Zala. aSS-s garemos dacvis saagentos mier hidravlikuri garRvevis meTodiT, navTobisa da gazis fiqlidan mopovebis riskis Sefasebis moTxovnebs zustad daicaven, Tumca es burRviT samuSaoebs ver SeaCerebs. fiqalSi gamomwyvdeuli naxSirwyalbadis resursebis gamoTavisuflebiT miRebuli ekonomikuri sargebeli imas niSnavs, rom politikosebi mburRavebs Zlier ar Seawuxeben. amave dros, ivnisSi gamosacemma wesebma SesaZloa sabolood SeaCeron amerikaSi axali, naxSirze momuSave eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba.

garTobis industria

globaluri garTobis industriis holivudiseuli asaxva 2014 wels ganviTarebadi qveynebis axal talantsac warmoaCens, aseve mraval dasavlelsac, romelic mciregabaritian kompiuterzea mijaWvuli. ganviTarebadi qveynebi gaisad garTobis industriis 6%-iani zrdis SenarCunebas

globaluri xarjebi garTobaze Global spending on entertainment

$bn

Digital

cifruli

finansuri momsaxureba

fizikuri Physical

satelevizio TV subscriptionsabonentebi

7.6 227.9 kino Cinema

0.0 37.7 saojaxo video Home video

15.9 36.2 video TamaSebi Video games

48.0 22.4 musika Music

10.6 12.3 wyaro: PwC Source:

Seuwyoben xels, Tumca ganviTarebuli bazrebi tendencias cifruli inovaciebis mimarTulebiT miaqaneben. smartfonebis gavrcelebis gamo, TamaSebisa da musikis cifruli moxmareba `varskvlavebs SeeTamaSeba~. internetiT gadacemuli videokontentis sidide 43%-iT gaizrdeba dasavleT evropaSi da 20%-iT amerikaSi, ‒ acxadebs sakonsultacio firma PwC. cifruli gadasvlis daCqarebis miuxedavad, televizorze mijaWvulni arsad gaqrebian. CineTSi msoflios udidesi teleauditoria cxovrobs (TumcaRa yvelaze mosawyeni programebi aqaa). mzardi Semosavlebis gamo, 2014 wels CineTi britaneTsa da iaponias gadauswrebs sakabelo momsaxurebis sididiT (13 miliardi dolari satelevizio abonentebze da licenzirebis mosakreblebis saxiT), magram kvlavac germaniisa (15 miliardi dolari) da gansakuTrebiT, aSS-s (77 miliardi dolari) ukan darCeba. mTel aziaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki indoneziasa da vietnamSi, televizorze damokidebuleba gaizrdeba. sareklamo Semosavlebis CaTvliT, televiziis Semosavlebi 400 miliard dolars gadaaWarbebs, rac globaluri 1.8 trilioni Semosavlebis mqone garTobisa da media biznesis TiTqmis meoTxedia. Tvali adevneT: salaro Semosavlebis zRva. miuxedavad imisa, rom momxmareblebi sul ufro metad iTxoven garTobis miRebas, roca da sadac undaT, sawinaaRmdego tendenciac dafiqsirdeba da 2014 wels kinoTeatrebis salaro Semosavlebi 38 miliard dolars miaRwevs, rac 2 miliardiT metia DVD da Blu-ray gayidvebsa da gaqiravebaze. ganviTarebad qveynebSi kinoTeatrebis ricxvis zrda (CineTi aqac samagaliToa) axal audiencias izidavs holivudis sasixarulod, romelic gavlenis gasazrdelad momavalSi sul ufro met films daamzadebs adgilobrivi partniorebis TanamonawileobiT.

finansuri krizisis sapasuxod mkacri wesebis SemoReba 2014 wels safinanso formebis mTavari Tavis tkivili iqneba. udidesi cvlileba 1 ianvars ganxorcieldeba, roca bazel 3-is kapitalis minimaluri moTxovnebi ZalaSi Seva evropaSi, amerikasa da sxva mraval qveyanaSi. idea isaa, rom meti kapitalis mqone bankebs finansuri Sokis gadatana ukeT SeeZlebaT, rac gadamxdelTa fuliT dasafinansebel finansuri daxmarebis programebs Seamcirebs. amerikel regulatorebs kidev erTi didi amocana akisriaT, kerZod ki, volkeris daaxloebiT 900-gverdiani wesis gamoyeneba, romelic bankebs sakuTari fulis fsonad Camosvlas ukrZalavs. amJamad amerikuli bankebi krizisamdel periodTan sabanko sesxebi depozitebi Bank loans andda deposits % SerCeuli qveynebisTvis % cvlileba change, selected countries

Loans Deposits

sesxebi

depozitebi

19.7 19.6

indoeTi India

16.1 17.1

ruseTi

Russia

12.1 14.2

CineTi China

12.0 11.1

brazilia

Brazil

aSS US

3.3 2.7

germania Germany

0.3 0.8

iaponia

-0.2

Japan -0.4

didi -0.8 UK britaneTi

5.1

SedarebiT gacilebiT ukeT arian kapitalizebuli da sarekordo Semosavlebsac ixveWen. magram maTgan 10 udidesi bankis jamuri aqtivebi 7 trilion dolars Seadgens, rac maT ,,gakotrebisTvis metismetad didad” aqcevs. evropa pirvel nabijebs gadadgams sabanko kavSiris mimarTulebiT. 2014 wlis Semodgomidan evropis cetraluri banki pirdapir Seamowmebs evrozonis 130 did gamsesxebel dawesebulebas. evrokavSiris sabanko reformis sxva aspeqtebic male damkvidrdeba cxovrebaSi. amave dros, bankebi calkeul ganviTarebad qveynebSi problemebs awydebian, vinaidan federaluri sarezervo sistema asrulebs mis `ultrarbil~ fulad politikas, rac kapitalis ukan, amerikaSi dabrunebas

msoflio ricxvebSi industria

gamoiwvevs. es procesi araTanmimdevruli iqneba, magram damangreveli ar unda gaxdes. CineTSi sabanko kraxis ganviTarebis SiSi dausabuTebelia. Cinel maregulireblebs, yvela SemTxvevaSi aqvT potenciur riskebze swrafi reagirebis saSualebebi. igive ar exeba indoeTs, sadac bankebi cudi sesxebis tvirTis qveS drtvinaven, romlebic kompaniebma saWiroze meti raodenobiT isesxes indoeTis bumis periodSi. neli zrda mdidar qveynebSi da ganviTarebadi qveynebis araTanabari dinamika sxva tipis finansur Suamavlebsac Seaferxebs. mzRvevelebsa da fondebis mmarTvelebs gauWirdebaT axali biznesebis ganviTareba naRdi fulis deficitSi myofi momxmareblebisa da kompaniebisaTvis. susti sainvesticio amonagebi ar esiamovneba arsebul momxmarebels, romelic SedarebiT iaf alternativebs sul ufro mimzidvelad miiCnevs.

sursaTi da fermeruli meurneobebi

maRali fasebis yvelaze kargi mkurnali isev maRali fasebia. gasuli aTwleulis dasawyisis cudma mosavlebma sursaTis maRali fasi ganapiroba, Tumca fermerebs metis moyvanisken ubiZges. es 2013-2014 wlebisaTvis komfortuli maragebis Seqmnasa da dabal fasebs Seuwyobs xels. EIU-s sursaTis, sakvebisa da sasmelebis indeqsi 6.6%-iT Semcirdeba. marcvleulis fasebi tonis mimcemi gaxdeba da TiTqmis 14%-iT Semcirdeba. moTxovna xorbalze izrdeba samxreT aziaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, laTinur amerikasa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi dasavluri stilis pureulis, sasoflo-sameurneo sabirJo saqoneli Agricultural commodities

indeqsi*, fasebi aSS dolarSi, % cvlileba wina Index*,SedarebiT $ prices, % change on a year earlier welTan

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

zeTovani kulturebis, sasmelebisa ** marcvleulis, Weighted index of grains, oilseeds, beverages and sugar da Saqris indeqsi

fastfudisa da burRuleulis popularulobis zrdasTan erTad, magram xorblis miwodebac gaizrdeba 4.5%-iT, rac fasebs 10.5%-iT Seamcirebs. im kulturebSi, romlebic umetesad adamianis uSualo moxmarebisTvis ar iwarmoeba, magaliTad simindSi (misi warmoebis daaxloebiT 60% cxovelTa sakvebad gamoiyeneba) dafiqsirdeba moTxovnisa da miwodebis zrda da fasebi mTlianobaSi 19%-iT Semcirdeba. sasoflo-sameurneo fasebi mainc maRali darCeba istoriuli standartis mixedviT da 1990 wlis doneze orjer maRali iqneba. es waaxalisebs warmoebis gafarToebas da fermerebs meti sasuqebisa da pesticidebis Sesyidvis saSualebas miscems, rac Tavis mxriv, 2014-15 wlebis mosavlianobas gazrdis. msoflios madis zrdasTan erTad gaizrdeba misi SesaZlebloba, gamoikvebos Tavi, Tuki davuSvebT, rom amindic xelsayreli iqneba, rac ukiduresad iSviaTi xdomilobaa. Tvali adevneT: robustas zrda. tradiciulad Cais msmel aziaSi, yavis smac popularuli xdeba. amis erTi niSani isaa, rom Starbucks-is varaudiT, CineTi am parametriT gadauswrebs iaponias, sadac kompanias 1000 maRazia aqvs da 2014 wels CrdiloeT amerikis gareT mainc udides bazrad ganixilavs. dasavleli momxmarebeli, Cveulebriv upiratesobas aniWebs ufro rbil da Zvir `arabikas~ yavis marcvlebs. azieli yavismsmelebi ufro mware da iaf `robustas~ nairsaxeobas amjobineben.

jandacva

jandacvis kompaniebi udidesi wnexis qveS imyofebian. xelmomWirne mTavrobebi da mzRvevelebi mzardi danaxarjebis Sekavebas cdiloben, rasac mosaxleobis daberebasTan erTad aqvs adgili. marTalia, jandacvis xarjebi gaizrdeba, magram 2014 wels misi wili globalur mSp-Si odnav Semcirdeba. xarjebi duned mzard evropaSi sul raRac 0.7%-iT gaizrdeba nominaluri gamosaxulebiT, rac azaralebs TiTqmis yvelafris mwarmoeblebs, guliscemis maregulirebeli mowyobilobis mwarmoeblebidan dawyebuli, wamlebis mwarmoeblebiT damTavrebuli. iaponiis bazari kvlavac arajansaRi iqneba da 2%-iT Semcirdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom daberebuli mosaxleoba jandacvis met momsaxurebas

msoflio 2014

samomxmareblo jandacvis Consumer health-care spendingxarjebi %change cvlileba %

azia daAustralasia avstralazia Asia and

9.0 gardamavali qveynebi Transition economies

dafarvis gafarToebasTan erTad, da imis fonze, rom politikosebs saxelmwifo jandacvis xarjebis marTva ar SeuZliaT, amerikis jandacvis danaxarji 3 trilion dolars gadaaWarbebs.

8.5

internet teqnologiebi

axlo aRmosavleTi Middle East and Africa da afrika

8.5 laTinuri Latin America amerika

6.6 CrdiloeT North America amerika

4.8 dasavleT evropa Western Europe

0.7

moiTxovs. laTinuri amerika, axlo aRmosavleTi, azia da avstralazia yvelaze dinamikuri bazrebi iqnebian da aq farmacevtuli produqciis gayidvebi 9%-iT gaizrdeba. mTavrobebi farmacevtul kompaniebs wamlebis fasebis dadgenis mkacr regulaciebs dauqvemdebareben, miuxedavad imisa, rom konkurencia warmatebul wamlebze patentebis moqmedebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg izrdeba. es wnexi ganviTarebad bazrebzec gadainacvlebs, sadac kompaniebi ufro swraf zrdas eSurebian. am tendenciis mosagerieblad, mravali firma xarjebs amcirebs, rac muSaxelis daTxovnas gamoiwvevs, sakvlevi samuSaoebis yvelaze imedismomcemi mimarTulebebiT koncentraciis gziT. isini sxva kompaniebTan ufro mets imuSaveben axali wamlebis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis minimizaciisTvis (farmacevtuli kompaniebi gayidvaTa 15-20%-s axal produqtebSi deben). mravali maTgani `biologiuri~ wamalia da ara tradiciuli, qimiur naerTebze dafuZnebuli abebi. bioteqnologiebze fokusirebuli inovatori firmebi yvelaze ukeTes Sedegebs miaRweven. nawilobriv, ukiduresad Zviri produqtebisa da ganviTarebad bazrebze arsebuli dadebiTi dinamikis gamo, farmacevtuli produqciis gayidvebi 2014 wels 9%-iT gaizrdeba. Tvali adevneT: gasrola sakuTar xelSi. amerikaSi obamaqeas saxeliT cnobili, 2010 wels miRebuli pacientTa dacvisa da xelmisawvdomi jandacvis aqtis mravali meqanizmi ZalaSi 2014 wlis pirveli ianvridan Seva. mzRvevelebs aekrZalebaT maTi diskriminacia, visac dazRvevamde garkveuli daavadebebi gaaCndaT, xolo dazRvevis armqoneni valdebulni iqnebian, SeiZinon dazRveva. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, dajarimdebian. internetSi arsebuli `gacvlis~ SesaZlebloba manamde dauzRvevel momxmareblebs polisebis Sedarebis saSualebas miscems. dazRvevis

2014 wels, trilion dolarze meti daixarjeba kompiuterul aRWurvilobaze, rac telekomunikaciis sferosac moicavs. kvleviTi kompania Forrester-is mixedviT, planSeturi kompiuterebis gayidva 40%-iT gaizrdeba da personalur kompiuterebs ufro metad Caanacvlebs. globalurad, planSetur kompiuterebze damokidebuli mosaxleobis ricxvi naxevar miliardamde gaizrdeba. aseTi kompiuterebis moxerxebuloba maTi upiratesobis mxolod nawilia. isini ufro iafdeba, gansajuTrebiT ki ganviTarebad bazrebze, sadac saSualo fasi 2014 wels 350 dolarze naklebi iqneba da 30%-iT Semcirdeba gasuli 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi ‒ acxadebs kvleviTi firma IDC. miuxedavad amisa, daxloebiT miliardi adamiani wers, angariSobs da internetSi informacias Zveli xerxebiT eZebs ‒ personaluri kompiuterebis meSveobiT. planSeturi kompiuterebis zomis Semcireba (maTi zoma ukve 20 santimetrze naklebia) ufro msxvilgabaritiani personaluri kompiuterebisTvis arapirdapiri safrTxea. leptopebi Tavad ufro daixveweba. ultradaxvewili modelebis (1 santimetrze Txeli) perspeqtiva gaumjobesdeba, rasac nawilobriv Intel-is meoTxe Taobis Haswell-is procesoric ganapirobebs. Tavdapirvelad, imedisgamacruebel Windows 8-ze momuSave sensoruli leptopebi maRaziebs gaavseben. ucnauri desktopebic ki gaiumjobeseben poziciebs Zvel modelebze CanacvlebiT, manam, sanam Microsoft aprilSi Windows XP saoperacio sistemis mxardaWeras daasrulebs. Tvali adevneT: abis datkboba? planSeturi kompiuterebi ufro metad binas Seesabameba, vidre ofisebs, sadac personaluri kompiuteri batonobs. magram gayidvaTa menejerebi, aRmasrulebeli direqtorebi da eqimebic ki portatuli ekranebis sul ufro met sikeTes aRmoaCenen, rac SeiZleba iolad gauziaron klientebs, partniorebsa da pacientebs. 2014 wels, bizness planSeturi kom-

msoflio ricxvebSi industria

msoflio 2014 piuterebis 14% eqneba sakuTrebaSi, rac 2010 wlis wilis ormagi raodenobaa.

kompiuteruli programireba

2014 wels, programirebis mwarmoebel da momsaxurebis firmebs kargi weliwadi daudgebaT. programirebaze xarjebi biznesisa da saxelmwifos mxridan 6.2%-iT gaizrdeba, xolo konsultantebi, romlebic maTi gamoyenebis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb iZlevian rCevebs, 5.7%-iT gazrdian Semosavlebs, - acxadebs kvleviTi firma Forrester. yvelaze swrafas Cloud-servisebi viTardeba, romlebic lokalurad, monacemTa Senaxvis nacvlad, moSorebul serverebs gvTavazobs. programirebisa da momsaxurebis (SaaS) aplikaciebi kompaniebs programirebis SeZenis nacvlad, qiraobis saxiT xarjebis Semcirebas SeaZlebinebs. biznesi am produqts enTuziazmiT egebeba, miuxedavad gavrcelebuli SiSisa, rom Cloud-ze monacemebis Senaxva mowyvladia kiberkriminalebis Setevebisadmi. (ixileT `fokus~ rubrika am seqciis pirvel gverdze). momxmarebelTa ufro didi ricxvi maT Cloud-ze SeuerTdeba. tendencia `didi monacemebis~ Seqmnisken kidev ufro Cqardeba. industriebi, reklamis Semqmnelebidan dawyebuli, sportiT damTavrebuli, 2014 wels ufro met terabaitebs Seagroveben. `didi monacemebis~ bazari momdevno ramdenime wlis manZilze, wliurad 30%-iT gaizrdeba acxadebs IDC. interesi gansakuTrebiT didia amerikaSi, romelic globalur sainformacio teqnologiebze xarjvis lokomotivia. qseluri servisebis momxmarebelTa SeSfoTeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor iyeneben

Global purchases of and programirebisa dasoftware momsaxurebis globaluri Sesyidvebi services

2010

2011

2013

576 411 429

542

2012

389 411

525 377 405

519 375 390

349 363

470

miliardi aSS dolari $bn programireba Software teqnologiebis sakonsultacio da ITsainformacio consulting and systems-integration services sistemaTa integraciis momsaxureba da aRWurvilobis ITsainformacio outsourcingauTsorsingi and hardware maintenanceSenaxva

2014

Source: ForresterResearch Research wyaro: Forrester

firmebi maT pirad monacemebs, gaizrdeba, Tumca progress ver SeaCerebs. ufro seriozuli problema dauregulirebeli monacemTa damamuSavebeli firmebis finansuri simyarea, vinaidan personaluri informaciis erTeulis fasi SesaZloa sulac 0.0005 dolars Seadgendes, da amgvarad, operaciaTa masStabis miRweva upirvelesi amocanaa. kompaniebs gauWirdebaT `didi monacemebidan~ xeiris naxva imis kvalobaze, rom monacemTa analitika qmnis... kidev ufro met monacems. Tvali adevneT: monacemTa gacvla. Cloud-servisebi sabirJo saqonlad gadaiqceva 2014 wlis dasawyisSi.Deutsche Burse frankfurtsa da niu-iorkSi Cloudservisebis vaWrobas gaxsnis. es servisebi kompaniebs saSualebas aZlevs gayidon Soreul serverze ganTavsebuli informaciis Senaxvisa da damuSavebis arasaWiro simZlavreebi da SeiZinon damatebiTi simZlavreebi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.

kontentis `cifruli kedlebiT~ dacviT Seecdebian. amave dros, reklama internetSi ise swrafad ver ganTavsdeba, rogorc amas gamomcemlebi isurvebdnen da internet-reklama 2014 wels mTeli maTi Semosavlebis mxolod 6% iqneba. Tvali adevneT: damatebiTi Zalaufleba. mimzidveli cifruli reklamis biznesSi gaCenili SesaZleblobebi sareklamo gigantebis Publicis-is da Omnicom-is Serwymis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda. maxvilgonivrulad saxeldebuli Publicis Omnicom 2014 wlis dasawyisSi amoqmeddeba da biznesSi pirvelobas WPP-s CamoarTmevs, Tu konkurenciis maregulireblebic daTanxmdebian. jamurad, am wyvilis wliuri Semosavali 23 miliard dolars Seadgens, rac 50 udidesi saagentos Semosavlebis daaxloebiT mesamedia. xarjebis 500 milioni dolariT Semcireba aseve mosalodnelia.

wiaRiseuli

media

radganac CineTi mTeli moTxovnis 45% uzrunvelyofs, fasebi am liTonze swrafad moimatebs. dasavleTSi, sadac sainvesticio bankebi liTonebiT vaWrobaSi Suamavlebis rols arsuleben, liTonebiT vaWroba ufro metad regulirebadi gaxdeba. bankebs brals sdeben, rom isini xelovnurad zrdian lodinis dros, aluminisa da sxva sabazo liTonebis im sakuTari sacavebidan, romlebic londonis liTonebis birJis mieraa licenzirebuli. birJa, Tavis mxriv, tranzaqciebis dasaCqareblad 2014 wlis aprilidan axali wesebis SemoRebas apirebs. es gazrdis aluminisa da sxva liTonebis miwodebas, Tumca bazrebze arsebuli tendenciebi samomavlo fasebSi ukve ganivTebulia. marTlac, maRali moTxovnis gamo, Economist Intelligence Unit-is sabazo liTonebis indeqsi momaval wels 4.7%-iT moimatebs da 2013 wlis monacemebze maRali iqneba, Tumca ver gautoldeba 2011 wlis dones. gamonaklisi iqneba oqro, da rogorc federaluri sarezervo sistemis likvidobis SemzRudavi politikis msxverpli, misi mimzidveloba, rogorc inflaciis sawinaaRmdego hejirebis saSualebisa, kvlavac Semcirdeba. oqros fasi 6%-ze metad daiklebs.

sacalo vaWroba CineTis ekonomikis SenelebasTan erTad, moTxovna sabirJo saqonelze Seicvleba, magram ar Semcirdeba. mtkivneuli cvlilebebis moTmena mouwevT maT, vinc rkinis madnis an msgavsi produqtebis gasaRebis perspeqtiva mxolod CineTis bazars miando. es avstralias da Rio Tinto-s msgavs firmebs exeba. metismetad bevri foladi CineTSi am liTonis fass 11%-iT Seamcirebs. magram eleqtrokalis (eleqtronikisTvis) da tyviis (eleqtrovelosipedis batareebisTvis) mwarmoeblebi ixeireben Cineli momxmareblebis preferenciebis cvlilebiT. 2014 wels, Cinuri moTxovna tyviaze 8%-iT gaizrdeba da

reklamis SemqmnelTaTvis internetis gavrceleba da ganviTarebadi qveynebis momxmarebelTa mzardi Semosavlebi namdvili miswrebaa da maTi biznesi 4.9%iT gaizrdeba. sakonsultacio firma PwC-is SefasebiT, mTeli media Semosavlebidan, romelic 515 miliard dolars Seadgenda, internet-reklama 2014 wels 14%-iT gaizrdeba da 133 miliard dolars miaRwevs. mobiluri reklama amis mxolod cicqna nawili iqneba, Tumca 2011 welTan SedarebiT, zomaSi gasammagdeba. reklamis gayidvis yvelaze didi SesaZleblobebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi, kerZod axlo aRmosavleTsa da afrikaSi Seiqmneba da zrda 36%-s miaRwevs. internetreklamis zrda msoflio reklamis SemqmnelTa perspeqtivebsac gaaumjobesebs, romelTac sxva 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 mxriv, cota aqvT sasixarulo. sagazeTo reklamis Semosavlebis Softwareaxali araferia, SemcirebaSi 470 prognozi 519 525 576 magram aseTi mainc542 misasalmebeli iqneba gasuli ramdenime wlis ufro didi Cavardnis Semdeg. IT consulting andmomgebiani systems integration services gazeTebi349 ganviTarebad qveynebSi 375 377 389 411 mkiTxvelTa didi masis mqone gaxdebian. indoeTSi, beWdur mediaSi ganTavsebul reklamaze xarjebi IT outsourcing and hardware maintenance 11%-iT gaizrdeba. ganviTareb363 390 405 411 429 uli qveynebis gazeTebi damangreveli tendenciis SeCerebas

urbanizacia da mzardi saSualo klasi ganviTarebadi samyaros moTxovnas gazrdis TiTqmis yvelaferze, sarecxi manqanebidan dawyebuli, Senobis SigniT ganlagebuli tualetebiT dasrulebuli, rac Tavis mxriv, globaluri sacalo fasebis

2014 weli fokusSi sakancelario saqonlis maRaziebi nelnela eCvevian mobilur komercias. maRaziaTa mflobelebi acnobiereben, rom maT mravali momxmarebeli obieqts pavilionad iyenebs, raTa Seamowmos produqcia, romelsac, sabolood internetiT ufro iafad iyidian. amis pasuxad, sacalo movaWreebi kars gauReben TavianTi maRaziebis `pavilionebad gadaqcevas~, miscemen ra saSualebas myidvelebs produqcia internetiT SeiZinon, oRond `daawkapune da moagroves~ principiT, rac internetis meSveobiT fizikuri maRaziidan saqonlis yidvas gulisxmobs. maRaziebs aseve pirveladi upiratesobac aqvT cifrul konkurentebTan SedarebiT da maT saTanado momsaxurebis SeTavazebiT brendis warmoCena da momxmareblis interesis mipyroba SeuZliaT. maTTvis samwuxarod, internet-momwodeblebi, magaliTad Amazon da eBay TavianTi maRaziebis gaxsnaze fiqroben.

თქვენი არჩევანი ჩვენი შესრულება! 24 საათი თქვენს სამსახურში style style style E-mail: info@phfavorite.ge E-mail: info@phfavorite.ge E-mail: info@phfavorite.ge

telekomi

3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5

** SerCeuli qveynebi, Selected countries coveredromelsac by the EIU EIU faravs

da Samsung-s Soris dava gamZafrdeba. Tumca CineTSi, romelic msoflios udidesi smartfonebis bazaria, da sadac smartfonebis mesamedi iyideba, Apple konkurentul brZolaSi samxreT koreul metoqesTan marcxdeba. CineTi meoTxe Taobis qselebs 2013 wlis bolos licenziebis darigebis Semdeg gamarTavs. magram Apple-s `iafi~ iPhone 5c metismetad Zviri iqneba gadamwyveti garRvevis mosaxdenad ‒ aq an indoeTSi.

realuri cvlileba % Real % change dasveneba Leisure biznes-mogzauroba Business

mogzauroba da turizmi 2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

wyaro: msoflios samogzauro da turizmis sabWo Source: World Travel & Tourism Council

sporti

am wlis sam did sportul RonisZiebas miliardobiT adamiani miadevnebs Tvals. pirvelia zamTris olimpiuri TamaSebi ruseTSi, meore ‒ fexburTis

globaluri xarjebi mogzaurobaze Global travel spending

4.9

2.7

4.2

0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 danarCeni msoflio* Rest of the world*

2.7 2.7

indoeTi India

3.1

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3

2.7

CineTi China

3.6

globaluri mobiluri abonentebis ricxvi Global mobile subscriptions mlrd bn

periodTan SedarebiT, 31%-iT meti daxarjes. 2014 wels azia lideri iqneba sazRvargareT gasuli turistebis ricxviT, 7.9%-iT zrdiT. dabal marJaze momuSave iaffasiani aviakompaniebi gaagrZeleben tradiciul kompaniebTan brZolas. 2014 wlis dasawyisSi, Garuda Indonesia Seva SkyTeam aliansSi, xolo Sri Lankan Airlines SeuerTdeba One world-s. TavdacviTi aliansebi da erToblivi sawarmoebi gamiznulia gamZafrebuli konkurenciidan Tavis dasacavad, momgebiani biznes-mogzaurobisaTvis iaffasiani aviaxazebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT. axlo aRmosavleTsa da aziaSi axal komerciul TviTmfrinavebze moTxovna gamoacocxlebs dominantur aerokosmosur kompaniebs –amerikul Boeing-sa da evropul Airbus-s, romlebic TavianT TavdacviT saqmianobaSi `turbulentur~ garemoSi moxvdebian. axali TviTmfrinavebis miwodeba 10%-iT an metad gaizrdeba. sastumro oTaxebis fasebi laTinur amerikaSi mkveTrad moimatebs, rasac venesuelisa da argentinis maRali inflacia, aseve braziliis msoflio Tasic Seuwyobs xels, sadac sastumro oTaxebis fasebi 8%-iT gaZvirdeba. 2016 wlis olimpiuri TamaSebis gamo, brazilia sastumroTa mSeneblobis bumis SuagulSi imyofeba. Lodging Econometrics-is mixedviT, amJamad jamuri 60 000 oTaxis sididis, 370 sastumros mSenebloba mimdinareobs.

2.6

‒ acxadebs PwC ‒ da TiTqmis 260 miliards miaRwevs. telekom-operatori AT&T meoTxe Taobis telefonebiT (4G) mosaxleobis dafarvas 2014 wlis bolomde, 95%-mde aiyvans. amerikis mobiluri bazris sapirispirod, evropis bazari fragmentulia da investiciebi infrastruqturaSi moTxovnas CamorCeba (Tumca bevri gaixarebs imiT, rom roumingis gadasaxadebi 2014 wlis ivlisidan Semcirdeba). moTxovna mobilur internetze ganviTarebad qveynebSic gaizrdeba. uzarmazar indur bazarze mobiluri kavSiris abonentTa ricxvi 8%-iT moimatebs. CineTis tempic msgavsi iqneba, Tumca CineTSi smartfonis momxmareblis Semosavlebi amerikeli momxmareblis erTi mexuTedia. bazris liderobisaTvis Apple-sa

3.9

Tvali adevneT: saxmeleTo operacia. Burberry – tansacmlis sacalo movaWre, darwmunebulia, rom CineTi yvelaze momgebiani bazaria – gansakuTrebiT 2013 wels, misi gayidvebis 20%-iani zrdis Semdeg. kompaniis popularoba CineTis nuvoriSebs Soris mis `internet-marifaTzecaa~ damokidebuli ‒ kompaniam Twitteris msgavs Cinur Sina Weibo saitze TiTqmis naxevari milioni fani SeiZina, rac ufro metia, vidre misi fizikuri poziciebi CineTis 35 qalaqSi.

msoflio Tasi braziliaSi, dabolos ‒ Tanamegobrobis TamaSebi SotlandiaSi. es RonisZiebebi sportis industrias orniSna zrdis dafiqsirebaSi daexmareba. amaSi Sedis satelevizio uflebebi, sponsoroba, produqciis gayidva da bileTebis gayidviT miRebuli Semosavali, rac sabolood 150 miliard dolars miaRwevs, ‒ acxadebs PwC. grZelvadiani trendi ganviTarebadi qveynebisken kidev ufro damuxtuli gaxdeba, vinaidan ruseTi (Semosavlebis zrda 189%) da brazilia (32%) TavianT eqstravagantur qcevas gaagrZeleben. aziaSi, sadac Cinelebi gansakuTrebiT bevrs xarjaven sportze, gundebi axali fanebis mosazidad erTmaneTs gaafTrebiT Seejibrebian. Forbes-is mixedviT, msoflios umdidresi safexburTo klubebi madridis `reali~, `manCester iunaitedi~ da `barselona~ aq udides gavlenas moipoveben. `manCester iunaitedi~ ukve acxadebs, rom misi mxardamWerebis naxevarze meti azielia. msoflios sayvareli sportis saxeoba karg poziciebs inarCunebs mSobliur kontinentzec. sakonsultacio kompania Deloitte-s mixedviT, axali satelevizio uflebebis gayidvis saSualebiT, premier-ligis klubebi 2013-2014 wlebis sezonSi Semosavlebis zrdas 3 miliard girvanqa sterlingamde (4.7 miliardi aSS dolari) varaudoben. germanuli bundesliga saSinao matCebis translaciis uflebaTa gayidviT miRebul Semosavals 50%-iT gazrdis. msoflios udides sportul bazarze, aSS-Si, amerikuli fexburTi Semosavlebis udides nawils moitans, Tumca sul ufro da ufro gaZlierdeba beisbolis poziciebi. 2014 wels gasaformebeli satelevizio kontraqtebi orjer mimzidveli iqneba, vidre maTi winamorbedebi, romlebmac beisbolis mTavari ligis Semosavlebi gasuli rva wlis ganmavlobaSi 12.4 miliard dolars gautola.

2.5

zrdis mizezi gaxdeba. regionebis mixedviT, udidesi zrda aziasa da avstralaziaSi dafiqsirdeba ‒ 5.1%. es regioni globaluri sacalo vaWrobis biznesis 40%-s uzrunvelyofs. sapirispirod, dasavleT evropa samwliani vardnis Semdeg, 0.4%-iani zrdiT mxolod neitralur teritoriaze dabrunebas SeZlebs. CrdiloeT amerikaSi, mokrZalebul zrdasTan erTad (1.5%), es globalur matebas ukan, 3%-ian niSnulze daabrunebs. miuxedavad bazris dune koniunqturisa, sacalo movaWreebi momgebian niSebs gamonaxaven. magaliTad, fufunebis sagnebis gayidvas umdidres klientebze. mosaxleobis daberebasTan erTad ‒ 2014 wels, amerikelebis meSvidedi 65 welze xnieri iqneba. moTxovna calkeul produqtebze (kanis movlis saSualebebi naoWebis sawinaaRmdegod) izrdeba. simdidre, udavod, aRmosavleTisken gadaadgildeba, Tumca CineTis Senelebuli zrdis tempi SeSfoTebas iwvevs, iseve rogorc kampania simdidris demonstrirebis winaaRmdeg. calkeuli firmebi marTlac izaraleben da mravali Cinuri mdidruli maRazia uimedod carieli iqneba. miuxedavad amisa, momavali ufro damaimedebelia, vidre prognozi. 2014 wels, xuTi Cinuri qalaqi daemateba oTx arsebuls, romlebic 25 000 dolaris Semosavlebis mqone sul mcire, 100 000 aTasi macxovrebliT trabaxoben. `axali mdidrebi~ moinaxuleben ufro met adgils ucxoeTSi, sadac fufunebis sagnebis SeZena SeeZlebaT, da rac CineTSi gacilebiT mZimed ibegreba.

msoflio ricxvebSi industria

msoflio 2014

fiqsirebuli satelefono kavSiris – telegrafis mier gavlili gzis gameorebis kvalobaze, operatorebi fuls mobiluri telekomisa da internetis ganviTarebaSi abandeben. internet-abonentebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi 2014 wels 9%-iT gaizrdeba da mobiluri internet-kavSiris Semosavlebi gadaaswrebs fiqsirebuli kavSiris Semosavlebs

2014 wels, msoflioSi turizmi mZlavrad, 5.3%-iT gaizrdeba, rac 2010 wlis Semdeg udidesi zrdaa. ganviTarebadi qveynebis nakadebi aRmasvlas ganicdis. gaeros msoflio turizmis organizaciis informaciiT, Cinelma turistebma 2013 wlis pirvel naxevarSi wina wlis analogiur

ლიდერობის ათი წელი საკონსულტაციო სფეროში

ბაზარზე შესვლა და გაფართოება

• ბაზრის ანალიზი • ბიზნეს გეგმა • ტექნიკურ-ეკონომიკური დასაბუთება • საინვესტიციო შეთავაზება • კომერციული შესწავლა EBRD-ისთვის • OPIC–ის სესხის მოპოვება საქართველოში • პარტნიორის მოძიება • ვირტუალური და დროებითი ოფისები

საოპერაციო საქმიანობის გაუმჯობესება • მართვის პროცესები • ორგანიზაციული სტრუქტურა • ადამიანური და ინსტიტუც. შესაძლებლობების განვითარება (HICD) • ეფექტურობის მაჩვენებლები (KPI) • სახელფასო კვლევები • სახელფასო მენეჯმენტი • კომპანიის კრიზისიდან გამოყვანა

პოლიტიკისა და გადაწყვეტილებების ანალიზი • მენეჯმენტის გუნდური გადაწყვეტილებები (ხედვა, სტრატეგია, ორგანიზაციული განვითარება) • მიკრო და მაკრო ეკონომიკური ანალიზი (ეკონომიკური გავლენის შეფასება, ფასწარმოქმნა, ფასის ელასტიურობა) • სტრატეგია • ფაქტებზე დაფუძნებული გადაწყვეტილებები • კონსენსუსის განვითარება • პროექტების დანერგვა

უძრავი ქონება და მასპინძლობა • ბაზრის ანალიზი • ტექნიკურ-ეკონომიკური დასაბუთება • საინვესტიციო სტრატეგია • საინვესტიციო შეთავაზება • ბიზნეს გეგმა • დაფინანსების მოპოვება • უძრავი ქონების შეფასება • უძრავი ქონების მართვა

რ. ერისთავის 3, IV სართული, 0179 თბილისი, საქართველო ტელ: (+995-32) 295-90-19; ელ. ფოსტა: info@TBSC.ge; ვებ–გვერდი: www.TBSC.ge

101

msoflio 2014 aseve seqciaSi: dae, anaTos mzem 102 virjinia rometi: ufro gonieri mewarmeobis weli 103 monacemTa proteqcionizmi 104 sulebi gasayidad 105

#bigbluebird 105 developeruli bazrebi 106 SimSilis Semdgom 107 momavlis didi burRebi 108 komfortulad sxedxarT? 109

Sxefebi haerSi 109 erToblivi sawarmoebi 110 toni birCi: ratom sWirdeba msoflios qali mewarmeebi 111

biznesi

kvlavac samyaros mwvervalze meTiu biSopi niu-iorki

korporatiuli amerika kvlav aRmavlobis gzaze dgas

009 wlis 6 marts, Lehman Brothers-is kolafsidan eqvsi Tvis Tavze, korporatiuli amerikis perspeqtiva sakmaod bundovnad gamoiyureboda. erT dros uZleveli General Motors sajarod gamoTqvamda eWvs sakuTari Tavis gadarCenis Sansebze, General Electric-is aqciaTa fasi 18 wlis ganmavlobaSi udables niSnulze idga, Citigroup-is aqciebi ki dolarze naklebad iyideboda, xolo Dow Jones-is industriuli indeqsi 6,627 niSnuls Camocda, rac winare 20 wlis umaRles maCvenebels 53%-iT CamorCeboda. sabazro kapitalizaciis mxriv, msoflios top-aTeulSi amerikuli firmebis ricxvi ganaxevrda da samamde Semcirda, xolo amerikis wili msoflios udidesi 50 kompaniis siaSi 50%-dan 40%-mde daeca. TviT komunistur CineTSi, erT dros korporatiuli samyaros sanimuSo modelad miCneulma amerikam udavod dakarga samagaliTo reputacia. da mainc, 2014 wels bedis Carxi amerikuli firmebisTvis kvlav waRma datrialda da isini biznesis mwvervalze isev dabrundebian. wlis dasawyisSi amerikuli kompaniebi msoflios top-aTeulis umravlesobas sabazro kapitalizaciiT warmoadgenen, xolo msoflios 50 wamyvani kompaniis siaSi TiTqmis or mesameds miiTvlian. safondo birJebi, Tavisi arsiT, araprognozirebadi arian, Tumca gasakviri ar iqneba, rom Dow-s indeqsi 2009 wlis Semdeg ukve mexuTe wels aRniSnavs, roca Sewonili maCvenebeli sarekordo 10 000-ian niSnuls zedized mexuTe

wlis ganmavlobaSi gadacdeba. amaze adre, ianvris TveSi mosalodnelia,rom yovelwliuri Edelman Trust barometri biznesisadmi amerikelTa mtkice ndobas daafiqsirebs. es maCvenebeli aRmasvlas ganicdis kolafsis Semdgomi udablesi maCveneblebidan, maSinac ki, roca amerikelTa ndoba mTavrobisadmi kvlavac dabali rCeba, xolo calkeul ganviTarebad qveynebSi biznesisadmi ndoba savalalod dabalia. ndobis am aRmavlobis wyaros moZieba imdenadaa SesaZlebeli, ramdenadac amerikelma politikosebma finansuri krizisis Semdeg ekonomikis gamococxleba evropel kolegebze ukeT SeZles. solidurad mzardi moTxovna, 2014 wels, axali impulsebiT uZravi qonebis bazris gamococxlebis kvalobaze gaZlierdeba, rac Tavis mxriv, biznesis mTeli speqtris, uZravi qonebis brokerebisa da sayofacxovrebo Tu sabaRe saTavsoebis gaqiravebis operaciaTa CaTvliT, gaaqtiurebis sawindari gaxdeba. miuxedavad pirdapiri saxelmwifo daxmarebis winaaRmdegobrivi Sinaarsisa, iseTi kompaniebi, rogorebicaa Citigroup da General Motors, 2014 wels kvlavac momgebianni gaxdebian. likvidurma kapitalis bazrebma korporatiul amerikas sabuRaltro balansebis iafi, grZelvadiani sesxebiT Sevsebis SesaZlebloba Seuqmnes. umuSevrobis Semcirebuli maCveneblebi, sul mcire, gaamyarebs momxmarebelTa ndobas da gazrdis samomxmareblo xarjebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikis gamococxlebas samuSao adgilebi ar Seuqmnia, igi namdvilad ar yofila `ararentabeluri~ – 2014 wels, amerikulma biznesma SesaZloa kvlavac miiTvalos erovnuli Semosavlebis udidesi wili. korporatiuli amerikis poziciebs kidev ufro

2014 mokled Google mis ,,SuSis” yursasmens gamouSvebs. Apple makintoSis superkompiuteris gamoSvebidan 30 wlis Tavze amas `iWatch”-is gamoSvebiT upasuxebs

meTiu biSopi: niu-iorkis biuros xelmZRvaneli, The Economist

102

dae, anaTos mzem aleqsandra suiCi

ukeTesi droeba musikaluri industriisTvis

asuli aTwleulisaTvis musikaluri industriis mdgomareobis asaxvis mizniT, vinmes simRera rom daewera, es grZeli, mgloviare balada gamovidoda. 2014 wels tonaloba Seicvleba. momaval wels musikaluri industria mokrZalebulad, Tumca mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. amgvarad, saxezea, marTalia mcire, magram mainc TvalSisacemi Semobruneba viTarebisa. piratuli gavrcelebis xelSewyobiT, kompaqt-diskebis gayidvebze moTxovnis SemcirebiTa da momxmareblebis waxalisebiT, gadmoetvirTaT erTeuli simRerebi albomSi ganTavsebuli 12 simReris SeZenis sanacvlod, interneti yovelTvis musikaluri industriis mesveurTa mteri iyo. TumcaRa, interneti 2014 wels musikaluri industriis calkeul warmomadgenlebs simReris gunebaze daayenebs. xelmomwerTaTvis gankuTvnili momsaxureba, iseTi, rogoricaa Spotify da Deezer, momxmareblebs saSualebas aZlevs gamotvirTon musika yovelTviuri internet-xelmoweris meS-

2014 mokled feisbuqi dabadebis aT wels aRniSnavs. socialur qselebs axla miliardi wevri hyavs

msoflio 2014

biznesi veobiT an sareklamo rgolebis mosmenis sanacvlod. igives moimoqmedeben onlainradio servisebi, magaliTad Pandora da iTunes Radio. bazarze ufro meti cifruli musikaluri firma gamoCndeba. isini xelSekrulebebs axal momRerlebTan gaaformeben an eqskluziurad Seisyidian top-momReralTa simRerebis uflebebs, raTa TavianTi musikaluri biblioTekis originaluroba uzrunvelyon. smartfonebisa da SeuzRudav monacemTa mimocvlis sqemaTa gavrceleba am portatul musikalur servisebs momxmarebelTaTvis ufro mimzidvels gaxdis. strimingi globaluri musikaluri industriis jerac mxolod mcire nawilia, Tumca igi poziciebs momdevno wlebSi gaimyarebs. erT dros popularuli rokeris msgavsad, romelic warsuli didebis dabrunebas aTwleulis Semdeg dagegmili koncertiT apirebs, arcTu saxarbielo formaSi myofi musikaluri industria albaT veRarasodes daubrundeba uwindel mwvervalebs. TumcaRa, misi mosalodneli mokrZalebuli zrdac optimizmis safuZvels iZleva. musikaluri industriis mesveurebi, romlebic uwin wveulebebs ufro met yuradRebas uTmobdnen, vidre finansur Sedegebs, gaiwafebian TavianTi biznesis ufro xelmomWirned marTvaSi. 2014 wels, xmis Camweri studiebi da ansamblebi melodiebis gasavrceleblad axal instru-

ganamtkicebs axali teqnologiebis danergviT gamowveuli inovaciebi. iseTi, rogoricaa navTobSemcvel qanebSi hidravlikuri SeRwevis teqnologia, rac mniSvnelovnad gaaiafebs navTobisa da gazis mopovebas. politikosebi sakmaod argumentirebulad moiTxoven am teqnologiaTa regulirebas. 2014 wels, garemos dacvis saagento garemoze maT zemoqmedebas Seafasebs, TumcaRa aratradiciuli teqnologiebiT, gazisa da navTobis mopovebis masStabebs es ar Seamcirebs, rac Tavis mxriv, energoproduqtebis gasaRebiT dakavebul firmebs didad waadgeba (sul male, mosalodnelia am produqtis mniSvnelovani eqsporti). es aseve axeirebs energiis iaf wyaroebTan axlos ganlagebul, energotevad adgilobriv dargebsac. magaliTad, navTobproduqtebisa da foladis mwarmoeblebs. sabolood, 2014 wels, axali teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, sakonsultacio firma McKinsey-s SefasebiT, 2020 wlisaTvis mSp-s 2-4%-iT gazrdaSi aisaxeba.

inovaciaTa eri amerika sxvebze swrafad nergavs cxovrebaSi energiis mopovebis axal teqnologiebs, vinaidan maTze swrafad da efeqtianad SeuZlia maTi miReba da aTviseba. marTalia, 2014 wels venCuruli kapitalis industrias saxarbielo periodi ar eqneba, magram amerikuli inovaciuri Zrava kvlavac saukeTeso m足 dgomareobas SeinarCunebs. amerikuli biznesi msoflio lideri iqneba socialuri mediis ganviTarebis Semdgom fazazec, ipovis ra gzebs `monacemTa didi bazebis~ biznesidan mogebis misaRebad, da monacemTa gacvlaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis ganviTarebidan, romlis farglebSic SesaZlebeli gaxdeba pirveladi sajaro SeTavazebis meqanizmis gamoyeneba iseTi organizaciebisaTvis, rogorebicaa AirBnB da Etsy. amerikis sazRvrebs ga-

mentebs gamoiyeneben. ansamblebi da maTi menejerebi turneebis ukeT dasagegmad met yuradRebas dauTmoben informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad usmenen maT fanebi. 2014 wels meti axali startapis gamoCena daarRvevs movlenaTa Cveul ganviTarebas. londonSi mdebare firma SongKick fanebs saSualebas aZlevs sakredito baraTis gamoyenebiT daeswron sayvareli ansamblis koncerts, Tuki es ukanaskneli maT qalaqSi unda Catardes. es imas niSnavs, rom SedarebiT naklebadmniSvnelovan momRerlebs bileTebis garantirebuli gayidvis gziT, koncertebis Catareba SeeZlebaT, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi Zalian sarisko iqneboda. koncertebi da festivalebi kvlavac momgebiani biznesi iqneba. gansakuTrebiT, varskvlavebisaTvis. amave dros, xmis Camweri studiebis mesveurebi pirad saubrebSi wuxiliT aRniSnaven musikaluri industriis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, mcirericxovan, Zvel saxelebze bileTebis gayidvis TvalsazrisiT. dRevandelobis didi saxelebis umetesoba, magaliTad, Rolling Stones, ukve berdeba. cotaodeni iRblis SemTxvevaSi, ufro optimisturi 2014 iseTi axali musikaluri proeqtebis aRmoCenis weli iqneba, romelTa warmateba ramdenime albomis an cifruli Canawerebis popularobaze xangrZlivi aRmoCndeba. n aleqsandra suiCi: media-redaqtori, The Economist

reTac, saerTaSoriso korporaciebi amerikul biznes-modelTan adaptaciis did unars gamoiCenen, gadaisvrian ra maRali rangis menejerebs ganviTarebad qveynebSi da konkurentul brZolaSi metoqeebs yairaTiani injiniringis meTodologiis danergviT ajobeben. amave dros, sazRvargareT arsebuli naRdi fulis rezervebis niaRvari, rac ara mxolod amerikuli korporatiuli sagadasaxado sistemis reformis CavardniTaa ganpirobebuli, amerikul firmebs ucxouri organizaciebis enTuziast myidvelad aqcevs, rac SerwymaTa da gaerTianebaTa axal globalur talRas daudebs saTaves. Tavdajerebulobis zrdis kvalobaze, amerikuli biznesi ipovnis Tavis Tavs did politikur sakiTxebSic. bunebrivi gazis mopovebis bumis gamo, qveyana mkveTrad SezRudavs naxSirbadis emisias, rac korporatiul amerikas klimatis globalur cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebis xarjebs mniSvnelovnad Seumcirebs. biznesi aseve ganaaxlebs mcdelobas, waaxalisos amerikis mTavroba, win gauZRves globaluri savaWro diskusiis axal raunds an sul mcire, daaCqaros vaWrobis liberalizaciisken mimarTul xelSekrulebaTa gaformeba wynari okeanis auzisa da evrokavSiris qveynebTan. samwuxarod, korporatiuli amerikis yofaqceva ZiriTadad mainc moklevadiani mogebis miRebiT iqneba motivirebuli. sazogadoeba kidev erTxel gamoTqvams aRSfoTebas aRmasrulebel direqtorTa zRvargadasuli anazRaurebis, da gansakuTrebiT im Sokismomgvreli ufskrulis gamo, romelsac amerikuli firmebis umravlesobaSi xelmZRvanelisa da ubralo dasaqmebulis anazRaurebaTa Soris sxvaoba hqvia. samwuxarod, rigi problemebis mogvareba verafriT xerxdeba. n

biznesi

msoflio 2014

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ufro gonieri mewarmeobis weli

firmis axali modeli axla ibadeba ‒ acxadebs IBM-is aRmasrulebeli direqtori virjinia rometi

monacemebi uzarmazar axal bunebriv resurss warmoadgens, rac 21-e saukunisTvis igive iqneba, rac orTqlis manqana me-18, eleqtroba me-19 da naxSirwyalbadi me-20 saukunisTvis

Res Cven biznesisa da sazogadoebis daCqarebul transformacias vadevnebT Tvals, rac teqnologiuri cvlilebebis istoriuli konvergenciiTaa ganpirobebuli. 2014 wels es procesi ara mxolod operaciebs, aramed firmebis saqmianobis models Secvlis. Cveni samyaro Seuqcevadad meqanizebuli da integrirebuli gaxda. kompiuteruli teqnologiebi im sferoebSic ki SeiWra, sadac amis warmodgenac ki ar SegveZlo. planetaze amJamad trilionze meti urTierTdakavSirebuli, Wkviani obieqti da organizmi arsebobs, maT Soris miliardi tranzistori TiToeul individze. aqedan 2.7 miliardi adamiani ukve dakavSirebulia internetTan, rac planetis yovel regionSi mobiluri kavSiris teqnologiebis wyalobiT swrafad izrdeba. Sedegad, informaciam mTeli planeta waleka. es fenomeni `didi monacemebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili, rasac namdvilad aqvs safuZveli. 2020 wlisaTvis dedamiwis TiTo mosaxleze saSualod 5200 gigabaiti informacia dafiqsirdeba. mZlavr Tanamedrove kompiuterul sistemebs informaciis TiTqmis myisierad Senaxva da damuSaveba SeuZliaT. am sistemebs ara mxolod monacemTa bazebSi arsebuli struqturirebuli informaciis aRqma SeuZliaT, aramed arastruqturirebuli monacemebisac, rac maTi sacavis 80%-s moicavs. magaliTad, samedicino gamosaxulebis, video informaciis, sensoruli informaciisa da xelnawerebisac ki, rasac adamianebi blogebis, teqsturi mesijebis gzavnilebiT, postingiTa da tviteriT qmnian. es yvelaferi bevrad efeqtianad da ufro farTo dafarviT xdeba Cloud-is saxeliT cnobili axali kompiuteruli arqiteqturis Seqmnis kvalobaze. Cven amas ufro Wkvian planetas vuwodebT. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ukve vnaxeT misi wyalobiT gardaqmnili ekonomikis dargebi da qalaqebi. 2014 wels Cven firmis axal models vixilavT, rasac ufro „Wkviani sawarmo“ SeiZleba vuwodoT. es firmebi gaakeTeben yvelafer imas, riTac organizaciebi iyvnen dakavebuli: gadawyvetilebebis miReba, RirebulebaTa Seqmna da maTi realizacia. Tumca, axali firmebi amas axleburi gzebiT SeZleben. 1. `ufro gonieri~ sawarmoebi gadawyvetilebebis miRebas warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobis magivrad, monacemTa damuSavebiTa da saprognozo analitikis gamoyenebiT SeZleben. amas ukve vxedavT maRali donis gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis xelSewyobis iseT sistemebSi, rogorebic rio-de-Janeiros, singapursa da sxva qalaqebs `ufro gonier~ qalaqebad gadaqcevaSi exmarebian. aseve vxedavT kognituri sistemebis SesaZleblobas simsivnis diagnostikisa da mkurnalobis procesebis transformaciaSi niu-iorkis simsivnis `sloun keteringis memorial centris~ magaliTze. Cems sakuTar kompaniaSi ki analitikas sxva sawarmoTa Sesyidvis, momuSaveTa SenarCunebisa da uZravi Sesyidvis sqemebis damuSavebisas viyenebT.

2. ,,ufro gonieri~ sawarmoebi Rirebulebas warmoebul produqtsa da warmoebis procesSi gonierebis CanergviT Seqmnian. nacnobi produqtebi `ufro Wkvianebi~ gaxdebian ‒ avtomobilebidan dawyebuli, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebiT damTavrebuli. amave dros, ukve male vixilavT specialuri tipis servisebs. magaliTad, TviTmaval avtomobilebs, romelsac dazRveva gadaadgilebis manZilisa da gamoyenebis sixSiris mixedviT dafaravs. 3. ,,ufro Wkviani~ sawarmoebi Rirebulebas ara demografiuli segmentebisaTvis, aramed individebisaTvis Seqmnian. es imis signalia, rom firmebisa da momxmareblebis urTierTobebSi `sworeba saSualo statistikur momxmarebelze~ dasrulda da ukve TvalnaTliv vxedavT SorsmWvretel marketologebs sacalo vaWrobidan dawyebuli, telekomunikaciebiT damTavrebuli. es aseve gardaqmnis urTierTobebs pacientebTan, studentebTan, moqalaqeebTan da dasaqmebulebTan. amgvarad Seiqmneba samuSao Zalis bevrad ufro kompaqturi sivrce, romelic menejmentis xelovnebas mTlianad gardaqmnis.

firmis saqmianobis safuZvlebi aseTi kompania axali tipis safuZvels daeyrdnoba. misi sainformacio teqnologiebis infrastruqtura analitikasa da Cloud-s daefuZneba. misi operaciebi, romelic mobiluri msoflios moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad optimizebuli socialuri qsoviliT iqneba marTuli. misi menejmentis sistema individebisa da saqontaqto qselebis CarTulobaze iqneba orientirebuli. aseTi kompaniis liderebi mudmivad ganaxlebadi inovaciebis imperativiT iqnebian CarTulni. ukve dRes bevri dabneulia `didi monacemebis~ udidesi zomiTa da im cvlilebebiT, rac maT moaqvs. bevri ki SeSfoTebulia privatulobisa da monacemTa usafrTxoebis dacvis problemebiT. es problemebi seriozulia da seriozul teqnologiur da politikur gadawyvetilebebs moiTxovs. TumcaRa, mjera, rom axali epoqis arsi uaRresad imedismomcemia. monacemebi uzarmazar axal bunebriv resurss warmoadgens, rac 21-e saukunisTvis igive iqneba, rac orTqlis manqana me-18, eleqtroba me-19 da naxSirwyalbadi me-20 saukunisTvis. aRmaval ,,Wkvian sawarmos~ am resursis moTokviT SeeZleba gaxdes globaluri ekonomikuri zrdis, mdgradobis, demokratizaciisa da socialuri progresis mZlavri stimuli. ronald kouzis mixedviT, me-20 saukuneSi firmis mizani transaqciuli xarjebis Semcireba iyo. magram amJamad transaqciuli danaxarjebi didi siswrafiT uaxlovdeba nuls. firmis roli ara imdenad samuSaoTa efeqtiani koordinacia, aramed axali bunebrivi resursis, monacemebis marTva iqneba inovaciuri saqmianobis meti gamWvirvalobiTa da avTenturobiT sawarmoeblad. es imgvari sawarmo da msoflioa, romlis naxvasac didi interesiT veli. 2014 wels igi did nabijs gadadgams win. n

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Services-is ‒ monacemTa distanciuri marTvis udidesi platformis momxmareblebi ukve daJinebiT iTxoven mxpatrik leini olod calkeul regionebSi ganTavsebuli serverebiT momsaxurebas. Amazon-i ar moixsenieboda batoni globalur kompiuterul `RrubelSi~ snoudenis mier gamoqveynebul siaSi CamoTvlil im internet-kompaniaTa Soris, romelTa Sesaxebac reporgeografias meti mniSvneloba mieniWeba taJi `gardianma~ da `niu iork taimsma~ moamzades. axla ukve fizikur procesebsa da biurokratias politikac loud kompiuteruli sistemebi odnav waagavs miemata. evropeli politikosebi ukve didi xania SuriT `prozas~ molieris `gaaznaurebuli mdabioSescqerian sainformacio teqnologiebSi amerikelTa dan.~ orive sakmaod rTulia, Tumca adamianebi dominirebas. snoudenis saqmis gaxmaurebamdec ki isini orives iyeneben TiTqmis yovelgvari Zalisxmeukve cdilobdnen Cloud-is erovnuli an regionuli simvis gareSe. smartfonis aplikaciaTa gamoyenebisas, onZlavreebis Seqmnas. 2012 wels, saxelmwifos mxardaWerlain teqsturi procesorebiT Tu monacemTa Senaxvis iT dafuZnebuli ori franguli kompania ‒ Cloudwatt da servisiT sargeblobisas, an internet-Sopingisas komuNumergy momxmareblebs hpirdebian, rom maTi monacenikaciaSi kompiuterebsa da monacemTa centrebTan Semebi safrangeTis teritoriazeve iqneba daculi. dixarT, romelTa mdebareobis Sesaxeb aravin uwyis da imis SiSma, rom amerikelebi kvlavac gaagrZeleben romlebic moTxovnisTanave erTvebian komunikaciaSi. sxvis monacemebSi qeqvas, evropuli Cloud-is Seqmnis aseTi centrebi SesaZloa axlosac iyos. aseve martivad, aucileblobis argumentacias meti damajerebloba isini SesaZloa sxva kontinentze mdebareobdnen. SesZina. ,,evropis strategiul interesebtevadobisa da simZlavreTa amgvari kumulomnibusi msoflio kompaniaTa xarjebi sajaro cloud Sia, Seqmnas Cloud-is sakuTari simZlavreebi, gadanawileba Cloud ekonomikis safuZvelia. momsaxurebaze, miliardi dolari moqalaqeTa da biznesisaTvis monacemebis 2013 wels bevrma gaacnobiera, rom am komusafrTxod miwodebis uzrunvelsayofad~, – fortisTvis garkveuli safasuris gadaxdaa acxadebs 2013 wlis seqtemberSi neeli kroesi saWiro. viRacas Tavisuflad SeuZlia maTi - evropis ,,cifrul dRis wesrigze~ pasuxcifruli prozis unebarTvod gadakiTxva. 154 ismgebeli komisioneri - ,,evropa ar unda savaraudod, is SesaZlebelia qurdic iyos, 2014 darCes mis gareT arsebuli Cloud momsaxprognozi visac momxmareblis sabanko angariSebis deurebis momwodebelTa mowyalebis imedad.~ talebis gageba surs, an politikuri aqtiv2013 wlis ivlisSi, snoudenis saqmis cxel isti, romelic maTi biznesis dazaralebas kvalze, germaniis monacemTa dacvis samsaxcdilobs. es SeiZleba saxelmwifos mier daurebma rogorc saerToerovnul, aseve refinansebuli hakeric aRmoCndes, romelsac 131 gionul doneze Sewyvites evrokavSiris gareT faseul saidumloebebSi Caxedva ganuzrax2013 Sefaseba piradi monacemebis gadagzavnis nebarTvebis avs, da kidev ‒ jaSuSi, sakuTari an megobari gacema. seqtemberSi isini gamovidnen winaqveynidanac ki. dadebiT, SeeswavlaT imis SesaZlebloba, rom Cloud-is meSveobiT, rogorc biznesis, daSvebuli yofiliyo ,,satelekomunikacio aseve individebisaTvis sul ufro da ufro 111 kavSirebis marSrutizaciis mxolod evrometi kompiuteruli operacia xorcield2012 kavSirSi ganTavsebuli qselebis farglebSi eba. kvleviTi firma Gartner-is mixedviT, 2014 moTavseba.~ wels navaraudevia, rom kompaniebi Cloud seris, Tu ramdenad sasargebloa es visebze 154 miliard dolars daxarjaven, yvelaferi araamerikuli Cloud servisebis rac 2011 wlis analogiur maCvenebels 60%momwodebeli kompaniebisaTvis, Zneli saTq95 iT aRemateba (ixileT diagrama). am xarjebis 2011 melia. amerikuli firmebi sxvebs jer kidev udidesi nawili kompiuteruli programebis bevrad uswreben. sabolood, SesaZlebelia, marTvis xarjebs moicavs, romlebic aqamde rom Tavad amerikulma kompaniebma isurTavad kompaniebSi iyo ganTavsebuli. Cloud wyaro: Gartner von TavianTi simZlavreebis SeerTebuli servisis upiratesoba isaa, rom SesaZlebelia Statebis gareT ganTavseba. programebis uwyveti ganaxleba. amave dros, aseTi SeSfoTeba ara mxolod evropiT SemoifarCloud servisze sareklamo gayidvebis moculoba mTliagleba. braziliis prezidentma dilma rusefma monanis or mexuTeds Seadgens. cemTa gacvlisas amerikuli kompaniebis Suamavlobis 2014 wels, monacemTa ucxo pirTagan xelSi Cagdebis Tavidan asacileblad wyalqveSa sakomunikacio kabeSiSi individebsa da biznesebs (gansakuTrebiT, edvard liT evropasTan pirdapiri dakavSirebis winadadeba snoudenis saqmis saxeliT cnobili, gamJRavnebuli inwamoayena. formaciis magaliTi, aSS-s erovnuli usafrTxoebis miuxedavad amisa, momxmarebelTa da mareguliresaagentos mier ganxorcielebuli TvalTvalis probelTa mRelvareba kvlavac SesamCnevia. maTi nawili gramebis Sesaxeb) seriozulad daafiqrebs imaze, Tu amerikul Cloud servisebis momwodeblebTan xelSekrogor inaxeba monacemebi. Sedegad, Cloud-i ufro narulebaTa gauqmebas iuwyeba. erT-erTi Sveicariuli klebad globaluri, metad regionuli, da kidev ufro kompania monacemTa Senaxvaze moTxovnis zrdis Sesaxeb naklebad amerikuli gaxdeba. avrcelebs informacias. sainformacio teqnologiebisa da inovaciaTa fonevropa ufro winaaRmdegobrivia di, vaSingtonSi ganTavsebuli analitikuri centris Seteqnikuri da maregulirebeli dabrkolebebis gamo, fasebiT, 2014 wels aSS-s Cloud servisebis momwodebel es teqnologia mTlianad globaluri mainc ar aris. industrias, PRISM-is saqmis Sedegad warmoqmnili sironlain-TamaSebis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi amjobineben, Tuleebi SesaZloa 21.5-35 miliardi dolaris zaralad rom monacemebi mxolod mcire manZilze gadaadgildaujdes. uares SemTxvevaSi, amerikuli firmebis wili debodes, yoveli milisekundis dasazogad (bitebs aSS-is gareT mdebare bazrebze, dRevandeli 85%-dan, sinaTleze swrafad gadaadgileba ar SeuZliaT). bankeSesaZloa, 55%-mde daeces. amitomac, Cloud umetesad patrik leini: bi da jandacvis servisis momwodeblebi iZulebulni amerikulia. axlo momavalSi is kidev ufro lokalur teqnologiuri arian, monacemebi erovnuli an saerToevropuli sazkorespondenti, elfers SeiZens. n Rvrebis SigniT Seinaxon. magaliTisaTvis, Amazon Web

monacemTa proteqcionizmi

The Economist

sulebi gasayidad kenet kukieri

axali regulaciebi da startapebi adamianebs personaluri informaciis gayidvis saSualebas miscemen ,,Tavisufleba informaciis sruliad bunebrivi mdgomareobaa~, – acxadebs `silikon velis~ erT-erTi bosi, devid egersis avtorobiT 2013 wels gamocemul romanSi ,,wre~. TumcaRa, cxovreba yovelTvis araa xelovnebis imitacia. mewarmeebi da politikosebi yuradRebiT akvirdebian imas, Tu raoden did Semosavals iReben firmebi moqalaqeTagan personaluri informaciis miRebiT da Tavs imtvreven imaze, SeiZleba Tu ara am urTierTobebis ukeTesi modelis SemuSaveba. 2014 wels axali regulaciebi da startapebi Tavdayira daayeneben tradiciul midgomebs privatulobasTan dakavSirebiT. individebs Seuqmnian stimulebs pirad monacemebs ekonomikuri Rirebuleba mianiWon, rac Tavis mxriv, monacemTa bazars Seqmnis. udidesi cvlileba privatulobis maregulirebeli evropuli kanonmdeblobis ganaxlebaa. momxmareblebma SesaZloa `monacemTa portabelobis~ ufleba moipovon. es saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, moixelTon is informacia, ama Tu im kompaniam maT Sesaxeb rom Seagrova im formatSi, rac sxva firmebisTvis gadasacemad (gasayidad) gamoadgebaT. amis Sedegebi uzarmazaria. Amazonis msgavsi kompaniebi SesaZloa valdebulni gaxdnen, gaasajaroon maT mierve

momxmarebelTaTvis rekomendaciebis gasawevad Seqmnili individualuri literaturuli preferenciebis bazebi, romelTac, Tavis mxriv, am preferenciebis sxva kompaniaze, magaliTad Barnes and Nobles-Tvis gadacema SeeZlebaT. mravali kompania erTmaneTs momxmareblebze meti informaciis mopovebisa da dagrovebis gziT epaeqreba. aseTi politikis dasabuTeba orgvari argumentaciiT SeiZleba. pirveli ‒ individebi informaciuli saunjea, aqedan gamomdinare, es informacia maTve unda ekuTvnodeT. meore ‒ monacemTa erTobliobas Rirebuleba gaaCnia, riTi sargeblobasac mxolod kompaniebi axerxeben. monacemTa portireba firmebs aiZulebs TavianTi biznesmodeli momxmarebelTaTvis gazrdili Rirebulebis SeTavazebis gziT Secvalon an momxmareblebis kuTvnili monacemebis konkurentebisaTvis daTmobas Seeguon. 2014 wels, piradi monacemebis bazarze damkvidrebas ramdenime firma Seecdeba. HandShake ‒ britanuli startapi, egreT wodebuli mobiluri telefonebis ji-pi-es naterfalis meSveobiT, mosaxleobisgan monacemebis Segrovebas da Semdgom misi mudmivi` sainformacio SimSilis pirobebSi momuSave~ sacalo vaWrobis obieqtebisaTvis miyidvas isaxavs miznad. HandShake brokeriviT imoqmedebs, miiRebs ra sakomisio anazRaurebas mas Semdeg, rac monacemTa gayidviT miRebul amonagebs monacemTa momwodeblebs gadaunawilebs. bazars amerikulma Enliken-ma da britanulma Mydex-mac daadges Tvali. HandShake da Mydex britanuli parlamentis mier 2013 wels miRebuli, `midata~-d

#bigbluebird martin jilesi san francisko

safondo birJaze Twitter-is aqciebis ganTavseba konkurentebis poziciebs Searyevs da socialuri media industriis sxva moTamaSeebs masStaburi qmedebebisken ubiZgebs

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kenet kukieri: `ekonomistis~ monacemTa redaqtori da Tanaavtori wignisa `didi monacemebi~ revolucia, romelic gardaqmnis Cveni cxovrebis, samuSaosa da azrovnebis stils~ (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt)

mikroblogingis tipis momsaxureba axla ukve Surs waaxalisebs, Seabijebs ra realur cxovrebaSi Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebis saxiT. am gzaze albaT gadaxvevebic iqneba, Tumca maTi drouli koreqtirebis SemTxvevaSi, es uTuod waaxalisebs arsebul da momaval socialuri mediaindustriis kompaniebs, TavianTi aqciebi safondi birJebze ganaTavson. es axali startapebis Camoyalibebas ubiZgebs maTda gasaocrad, visac miaCnia, rom socialuri mediis orTqlis ZravaSi orTqli ukve gamoilia. Twitter-is, rogorc Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebisTvis udidesi gamocda, aseulobiT milioni momxmareblis gariyvis gareSe Semosavlebis zrdis SenarCuneba iqneba. firmis ,,warmoCenili tvitebi~ da ,,warmoCenili trendebi~, romlebic sareklamo kompaniebs sakuTari produqciis gasaRebis saSualebas aZlevs, Twitter-s, mobilur sareklamo bazarze 114 miliardi dolaris raodenobis gayidvebiT lideris poziciaze amyofebs. amave dros, bazarze reklamirebis sxva formatebic gamoCndeba, romelTa STamagonebeli, magaliTad, Twitter-is mier sul axlaxan Sesyiduli kompania MoPub SeiZleba gaxdes. mosalodnelia sxva kompaniebis Sesyidvebic, radganac aqciebis pirveladi sajaro ganTavsebiT miRebuli amonagebis nawiliT, Twitter-s namdvilad SeeZleba sxvaTa xelSi Cagdeba. garigebebi mosalodnelia Ziebis, monacemTa analitikuri damuSavebis (Twitter-Tan dakavSirebuli monacemebis moculobis

2014 mokled Alibaba, CineTis udidesi komerciuli forma, fasian qaRaldebs niuiorkis birJaze ganaTavsebs 75 miliardi aSS dolaris savaraudo RirebulebiT

inkedIn-is TanadamfuZnebels naxevrad xumrobiT xSirad aRuniSnavs, rom socialuri qselebi aRmavlobas mxolod maSin ganicdian, roca Svidi momakvdinebeli codvidan sul mcire erTs igemeben. patara saswauli Twitter, romelic yoveldRiurad naxevar miliard tvits ganaTavsebs qselSi, swored aseTi warmatebis magaliTia. cnobadi saxeebi Twitter-s TavianT gmirobebze satrabaxod iyeneben (siamaye); politikosebi mas erTmaneTis salanZRavad moixmaren (mrisxaneba); investorebi tvitebs bazris dinamikis gansaWvretad aanalizeben (sixarbe); Tineijerebi, maT Soris antoni veineri, ,,seqstingiT~ erTobian (vneba); televizorze mijaWvulebi tvitebs TavianTi sayvareli sapnis operebis mimdinareobisas agzavnian (sizarmace); mravalni ki guSindel dRes mirTmeuli pikanturi kerZebis Sesaxeb cvlian informacias (nayrovaneba);

wodebuli maregulirebeli politikis Sedegad xeiroben. es procedura bankebs, mobilur satelefono operatorebsa da energetikul kompaniebs momxmarebelTaTvis monacemebis nebayoflobiT miwodebas avaldebulebs. amerikaSi, piradi monacemebiT movaWre Acxiom-ma 2013 wels veb-gverdi Seqmna, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebs TavianT monacemebze konsultaciebis miReba (monacemTa gaumjobesebis mizniT) da maTi sruli kontroli SeeZlebaT. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mier momzadebuli angariSis mixedviT, piradi monacemebi `aqtivTa axali klasia~. Boston Consulting Group-is mier momzadebuli kvlevis mixedviT, evropaSi piradi monacemebis bazris moculoba 2020 wlisaTvis, savaraudod, trilion evros (1.4 trilioni dolari) gautoldeba. TumcaRa, SesaZloa individebisaTvis gankuTvnili sargebeli umniSvnelo aRmoCndes. monacemebis komponentebis umravlesoba, magaliTad, asaki, sqesi an misamarTi, TiToeul adamianze gadaangariSebiT, raRac groSebi Rirs. ra moxdeba, Tuki adamianebi TavianTi piradi informaciis gasajaroebaze uars ityvian? sxvebTan gaziarebis gareSe, monacemebs fasi ar aqvT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, `gana me Cems TanamoZmeebs ar vparav?~ ‒ acxadebs mTavari gmiri romanidan `wre~ – `marTalia~, ‒ pasuxobs bosi. - `privatuloba qurdobaa.~ n

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mobiluri kavSiris roumingis gadasaxadebi evrokavSirSi TandaTanobiT gauqmdeba da daiwyeba sazRvargareT myof momxmarebelTaTvis zaris miRebisas gadasaxadis gauqmebiT

2014 mokled

SekumSva reklamis ufro zusti targetirebis mizezi gaxda), onlain-video da socialuri komerciis mimarTulebebiT, rac virtualuri gzavnilebis realur samyaroSi mimdinare gayidvebis marTvisaTvis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. Twitter-is meTaurma, dik kostolom mianiSna, rom kompaniis gare movlenebze myisieri reaqcia droisadmi mgrZnobiare produqtebis warmatebiT gayidvis sawindaria. udavoa, firma Seecdeba axali SesaZleblobebi tvitebis meSveobiT koncertebisa da filmebis dawyebamde ramdenime wuTiT adre gasayidi bileTebis Sesyidvisas gamoiyenos. kidev erTi sfero, romlisTvisac yuradRebis daTmoba namdvilad Rirs, televiziaa. Twitter acxadebs, rom is da televizia srulyofili wyvilia, vinaidan momxmarebeli swored mimdinare programebis cqerisas agzavnis tvitebis umravlesobas. firmam ukve gaaforma garigebebi iseT qselebTan, rogoricaa ESPN da reklamis damkveTebTan, magaliTad, Ford-Tan, gadacemebis kulminaciuri momentebisa da satelevizio reklamebis msgavsi sareklamo rgolebis momxmarebelTa tvitebis yvelaze maRali intensivobis periodSi. 2014 wels is ufro met resurss gadaisvris 350 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis bazarze (kvleviTi firma Nielsennis SefasebiT, swored esaa msoflio sareklamo bazris wliuri brunvis moculoba) poziciebis mosapoveblad. garda amisa, is kidev ufro daxvews Vine-s – axal serviss, romlis meSveobiTac momxmareblebi mokleformatian videofailebs mimocvlian. es da sxva gadaadgilebebi uTuod gaamZafrebs konkurencias Twitter-sa da sxva gigantebTan, rogorebicaa Facebook da Google. magaliTad, Vine Googlis, YouTube videoservisebis axladgamomcxvari metoqea. amasTanave, Facebook-i Twitter-s satelevizio arenaze umTavres safrTxed ganixilavs, radganac masac gaaC-

developeruli bazrebi leo mirani

msoflios Raribi nawili teqnologiebis kopirebis nacvlad, maT Seqmnas daiwyebs

msoflio 2014

biznesi

014 wels, telekomunikaciaTa saerTaSoriso kavSiris mosazrebiT, mobiluri kavSiris xelmomwerTa ricxvi planetis mTeli mosaxleobis ricxvs gadaaWarbebs. zrdis udidesi wili afrikasa da aziaze mova, sadac telefonis SeZena mxolod cvlilebaTa dasawyisia. mravali milioni adamiani internetiT sargeblobasac daiwyebs. 2014 wels, CineTica da indoeTic meoTxe Taobis farTo diapazonis mobiluri kavSiris sistemas gauSveben. momxmareblebi, dasavleTTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT iafi tarifebiT isargebleben. magaliTad, indoeTSi yovelTviuri tarifi albaT 2 dolari iqneba. teqnologiuri firmebisaTvis axali SesaZleblobebi uzarmazaria. amave dros, dasavleTSi, firmebs mZafri adgilobrivi konkurenciis daZleva mouwevT. Tavdapirvelad, es adgilobriv imitatorebTan ,,fasTa omis~ formas miiRebs. CineTSi Apple iZulebuli gaxda, smart-

nia pretenzia, gaxdes ,,meore ekrani~ sportisa da gasarTobi programebis mayureblebisaTvis. kompaniebis poziciebi socialuri komerciisa da sxva sferoebSic Seexleba erTmaneTs. Twitter-is pirveladi sajaro SeTavazeba onlain-samyaroSi kidev erTi superkompaniis aRmasvlas niSnavs. TumcaRa, es saTaves daudebs diskusias imis Taobaze, rom socialur mediaSi s asicocxlo sivrcis datacebis tendencia dasasruls uaxlovdeba. es mosazreba imas emyareba, rom amJamad adamianebs imdeni arCevani aqvT TavianTi fotoebis onlain-mimocvlisaTvis, rom axal SesaZleblobebs, savaraudod, didi enTuziazmiT aRar ganixilaven. miuxedavad amisa, 2014 wels aseTi pesimizmi aSkarad uadgilo iqneba. ,,Cven mxolod socialuri mediis dasawyisis dasasrulSi vimyofebiT~, – acxadebs bob zukisi, avtori wignisa ,,Social Inc” da s akonsultacio kompania Saakwatch Systems-is meTauri. Twitter-is pirveladi sajaro SeTavazeba waaxalisebs Pinterest-is msgavs firmebs, romelic momxmareblebs qselSi dekoratiuli samaxsovro fotoalbomebis Seqmnas sTavazobs. am procesebs garkveuli riskic axlavs. sul axlaxan, Ria tipis saaqcio sazogadoebad gadaqceuli Twitter, savaraudod ver gauZlebs cdunebas, daitacos mesame mxareTa damzadebuli aplikaciebi, romlebic reklamas yidian da mis sakuTar aplikaciebs uweven konkurencias reklamis damkveTTa dolarebis Casajibad. ase rom, unda velodoT garkveul daZabulobas firmisa da mis developerul safuZvlebs Soris. gaisad Twitter frTxilad unda iyos, raTa merve momakvdinebeli codvis – qedmaRlobis tyveobaSi ar aRmoCndes. Tu igi im xalxis umravlesobasac daipirispirebs, romelTa inovaciuri aplikaciebis wyalobiTac gaxda esoden popularuli, amiT igi mxolod sakuTar frTebs Seikvecavs. n

fonebis gayidvebis moculobiT, mxolod meSvide adgils dasjereboda da poziciebi adgilobrivi kompania Xiaomi-saTvis daeTmo, romelmac telefonebis gayidva mxolod 2011 wels daiwyo da dRes Riad acxadebs, rom misi biznesmodeli Apple-is replikaciaa. kvleviTi firma Canalys-is monacemebiT, adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebi CineTis smartfonebis bazris 60%-s akontroleben. 2014 wels induri kompania Micromax adgilobriv bazarze gayidvaTa moculobiT Samsung-s gadaaswrebs. ufro mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor gardaqmnian qveynebi teqnologiebs maTi miRebis Semdeg. Rarib qveyanaSi danergili inovaciebis erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi magaliTia keniaSi Seqmnili fulis mobiluri gadaricxvis sistema M-PESA, romelic ukve aziaSic imkvidrebs poziciebs. sul cota xnis win, indoelma mewarmem Seqmna WhatsApp da Viber-is msgavsi axali aplikacia Hike-s saxeldebiT, romlis meSveobiTac smartfonebis mflobelebs monacemTa makavSirebeli sistemebis gamoyenebiT, gzavnilebis gacvla daricxvis Tavidan aridebiT SeuZliaT. amave dros, Hike maTzec muSaobs, vinc smartfonebiT ar sargeblobs. indoeTSi, sadac smartfonebis mflobelebi mobiluri telefonebis mTeli bazris mxolod 6%-s Seadgenen, es Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtoria saboloo warmatebis misaRwevad. jer-

jerobiT gzavnilebis aplikaciaTa momwodebel arcerT did moTamaSes msgavsi momsaxurebis gaweva ar SeuZlia, TviT Cinur WeChat-sac ki, romelic sul male msoflioSi udidesi gaxdeba. Raribi qveynebis inovatorTa ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom maTi inovaciebis wyaro mwiri resursebiT ganpirobebuli SezRudvebis daZlevis aucileblobaa. M-PESA-s msgavsi sistema namdvilad ver iqneba sicocxlisunariani evropasa da amerikaSi, sadac bankebisa da sakredito baraTebis siuxvis fonze, aseTi momsaxurebis saWiroeba, ubralod, ar arsebobs. silikon veliSi Seqmnil WhatsApp-s sakuTari qselis gasafarToeblad sulac ar sWirdeba smartfonebze adreuli Zveli modelebis momxmareblebi. cxadia, ar SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom inovacia nulovani sargeblis momtani TamaSia. M-PESA-m Tavdapirveli dafinanseba britanuli Vodafone-dan miiRo. Hike-is nawils iaponuri telekom-giganti Softbank flobs. aseTi `jvaredini damtverva~ yvelasTvis sasargebloa. marTalia, 2014 wels fulisa da teqnologiebis wyaro mainc dasavleTi iqneba, magram SesaZloa, calkeuli brwyinvale ideebi sruliad moulodnel adgilas daibados, vinaidan ganviTarebadi samyaro ukve Tavad xdeba sxvaTa ganviTarebis generatori. leo mirani: teqnologiuri korespondenti, Quarz

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msoflio 2014

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SimSilis Semdeg lusi kelavei

moemzadeT ucnauri zeimisaTvis

014 wlis korporatiuli cxovreba odnav daemsgavseba gasuli saukunis 40-iani wlebis britanul analogs. marTalia, produqtebis normirebuli ganawilebis epoqa dasasruls uaxlovdeboda, da cxovrebac ioldeboda, magram uwindeli sirTuleebi yvela moqalaqes edga Tvalwin. aseTive viTareba iqneba didi kompaniebis ofisebSic. menejerebma, romlebmac daTxovnaTa ramdenime raunds gauZles, Tavs ufro myarad igrZnoben ekonomikuri zrdis ganaxlebis kvalobaze. TumcaRa, STagonebuli optimizmis realobasTan Sejaxeba mainc gardauvalia. organizaciebs kvlavac mouwevT TavianTi moTxovnebis SezRudul biujetebTan misadageba. gamarjvebulebad frTxili riskis gamwevni gaxdebian. qalebisTvis SesaZloa arasodes yofila aseTi xelsayreli dro. Sromis bazarze aTiode wlis win gamoCenili Wkviani da Tavdajerebuli (Tumca ara TavzexelaRebuli) axalgazrda qalebi arsebul korporatiul models zustad moergebian. maTi karieruli winsvla ara imdenad miznobrivi genderuli maCveneblebis miRwevis motiviT, aramed movlenaTa Cveulebrivi ganviTarebiT iqneba nakarnaxevi. ofisebi gasul wlebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT naklebad dazaraldebian politikuri ciebcxelebiT. daTxovnaTa axali xangrZlivi raundebis molodinis ararseboba adamianTa umetesobas usafrTxoebis SegrZnebas Seuqmnis. mosisxle mtrebi erTmaneTTan agresiis argamoyenebis „paqtebs gaaformeben“. TanamSromlebs, romlebmac daTxovnaTa talRebs gauZles, gauqrebaT samsaxuris SenarCunebiT Seqmnili sxvaTa winaSe danaSaulis SegrZneba. sanacvlod, maT, vinc samsaxuri SeinarCunes, SeuZliaT mSvidad iyvnen imis gamo, rom zneobasTan kompromisze wasvla ar mouxdaT da pozicia Rirseulad SeinarCunes.

SeamowmeT Tqveni Klout-i es imas sulac ar niSnavs, rom 2014 wels dasaqmebulTa cxovreba komfortuli an arakonkurentuli iqneba. maT bediRbals, CaxlarTuli sqemebis nacvlad, monacemebi gadawyveten. kompaniebi TanamSromelTa Sefasebas imis mixedviT daiwyeben, Tu ramdenad efeqtianad iyeneben es ukanasknelni socialur qselebs. gadawyvetilebebs aravin miiRebs mim-

devarTa raodenobis statistikiT an `laiqebis~ Rilakebze suleluri dawkapunebebis ricxviT. amis sanacvlod, sakmaod ucnauri saxelebis mqone Klout da Kred rTuli algoriTmuli sqemebi iqneba gamoyenebuli. yoveli TanamSromeli Seiswavlis specialur ruqebs, romlebzedac maTi socialuri gavlenis maxasiaTeblebi iqneba datanili. droisa da emociuri energiis uzarmazari moculoba daixarjeba imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor eTanadeba Tqveni Sedegebi sxvebisas. ekonomikis gaumjobesebis kvalobaze, firmebis xarjebi adrindeliviT mwiri aRar iqneba, Tumca mxolod mcirediT. meqrTameobis aRmkveTi kanonmdebloba da korporatiuli gadaxarjvisadmi, zogadad, uaryofiTi damokidebuleba imas niSnavs, rom kompaniebis krizisamdeli „koxtapruwobac“ aRar CaiTvleba modurad. amave dros, momavlis optimisturad Wvreta namdvilad SesaZlebeli iqneba. samivlinebo biujetebi 2007 wlis Semdeg yvelaze msuye aRmoCndeba da menejerebs kvlav miecemaT biznes-klasiT frenis ufleba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu xarjebis Sesamcireblad sastumroSi SabaT Rames gaCereba mouwevT. momavali weli qaRaldebis gareSe momuSave ofisisaken gadadgmuli kidev erTi didi nabijis mowme iqneba. 30 wlamde TanamSromlebi, romelTac qaRaldis

daniSnuleba mainc ar esmodaT, sxvebis yofaqcevasac Secvlian. isini, vinc Sexvedrebze saqaRaldeebiT siaruls gaagrZeleben, uimedod CamorCenilebad CaiTvlebian. komunikaciis xangrZlivoba Semcirdeba eleqtronuli firfitebisa da xelsawyoebis gamoyenebis kvalobaze. Jargoni, raRa Tqma unda, menejerebis komunikaciis enad darCeba, magram misi gamoyenebis sfero Semcirdeba. momaval wels, pirvelobas bulet pointi moipovebs. ori sityva, romelic yvelaze xSirad gaiJRerebs, `kuratori~ da `intramewarme~ iqneba. yvelaze mosawyeni korporatiuli menejeric ki Seecdeba amtkicos, rom orive gaxda, vinaidan blogis Twitter-ze ganTavseba mas ideaTa kuratorad, xolo ufrosisTvis ucnauri ideis SeTavazeba intramewarmed aqcevs. fraza, romelic iSviaTad gaiJRerebs 2014 wels, `samuSaosa da cxovrebis balansi~ iqneba. 2014 wels sabolood gairkveva, rom aseTi balansis miRweva ubralod SeuZlebelia. sanacvlod, axal teqnologiaTa meSveobiT, erTdroulad, muSaobisa da cxovrebis gzebis Zieba daiwyeba. balansis naklebobaze Civili mxolod imas miuTiTebs, rom momuSave dakisrebul movaleobebs ver umklavdeba. ori Zvelmoduri fenomeni kvlav dabrundeba ofisebSi. pirvelia saqmiani Cacmuloba. is, vinc samsaxurSi regularulad gamocxaddeba, Sesabamisadac iqneba Cacmuli. mark cukerbergi ofisSi kvlavac kapiuSonmocmuli Seivlis, Tumca Facebook-is TanamSromlebsa da `silikon velis~ sxva dasaqmebulebs moyirWdebaT samsaxurSi mebaRis uniformis msgavsi tansacmliT gamoCena. Jaketebi, kabebi da saTanado fexsacmeli kvlav daibrunebs poziciebs. meore Zvelmoduri fenomeni kolegebTan saubaria. kompaniebs ukve aSfoTebT is garemoeba, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi virtualuri muSaoba da gverdiT kabinaSi mjdom kolegasTan eleqtronuli fostiT kontaqti sabolood imiT mTavrdeba, rom TanamSromlebi erTmaneTs ubralod ar icnoben. am mdgomareobidan gamosavali savaldebulo socialuri integraciis dReebis SemoReba iqneba. aseT dReebSi yvela TanamSromeli valdebuli iqneba samsaxurSi gamoCndes da SemTxveviTi SerCevis wesiT, ramdenime kolega lanCze dapatiJos. aseTi sqema sakmaod mtkivneuli da arapopularuli iqneba da wlis bolos politikur sanagveze aRmoCndeba. n lusi kelavei: mesvete, Financial Times

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momavlis didi burRebi piter kolinzi

2014 wels sarekordo sigrZis gvirabebs gaiyvanen

2014 mokled Volkswagen-ma kamperis minivenis modelma daasrula arseboba 2013 wlis dekemberSi, braziliis sawarmoo xazidan bolo partiis gamoSvebis Semdeg

mJamad, msoflios naxevarze meti qalaqad cxovrobs. 2030 wlisaTvis urbanuli mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 5 miliards miaRwevs. qalaqebs ukve aRar hyofniT sivrce. mravali maTgani vertikalurad izrdeba, rasac sul ufro maRali caTambjenebis mSeneblobiT aRwevs. amave dros, mSenebloba miwisqveSac mimdinareobs, rasac gvirabebis mowyobis teqnologiaTa mudmivi daxvewac didad uwyobs xels. 2014 wels mTel msoflioSi sarekordo, daaxloebiT 1000 kilometris (620 mili) sigrZis axal gvirabebs gaiyvanen. saburRi manqanebi satransporto sacobebiT gadatvirTuli CineTis, indoeTis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da laTinuri amerikis qalaqebis qveS imuSaveben metropolitenis sistemis gasafarToeblad an mis Sesaqmnelad. amas Tu masiur sakanalizacio, wyalmomaragebisa da sxva mimdinare proeqtebs davumatebT, axali gvirabebis jamuri sigrZe xuTi wlis winandel analogiur maCveneblebs orjer gadaaWarbebs, ‒ acxadebs lok houmi, saburRi danadgarebis mwarmoebeli amerikuli firma Robbins-is mepatrone.

burRviTi samuSaoebis miRma

piter kolinzi: biznes-redaqtori, The Economist

gvirabebis mowyoba damTavrdeba ori saetapo proeqtisaTvis, romelTa warmatebamac sxva qalaqebis mesveurni unda waaxalisos, gaxdnen ufro ambiciurebi. sietlSi, msoflioSi udidesi burRi, saxelad `berta~, agvistoSi dawyebul samuSaoebs daasrulebs. 17.5 metris siganis saburR manqanas dasavleT sanapiros am qalaqis miwisqveS Tanamedrove avtoestakada gahyavs, romelmac moZvelebuli viaduki unda Caanacvlos. amasobaSi, burRviTi samuSaoebi dasruldeba evropis udidesi samSeneblo sqemis Crossrail-is farglebSic. rva saburRi danadgari (aqedan ors ‒ `filissa~ da `adas~ konkursis safuZvelze saxeli `ekonomistis~ redaqtoris moadgilem mianiWa) londonis vest endis qveS muSaobs (qalaqis dasavleTiT mdebare „hitrous“ aeroportidan dokebis gavliT, qalaqis meore bolosken gamavali sarkinigzo magistralis gamtarunarianobis asamaRleblad). axali momsaxurebiT sargebloba mgzavrebs 2018 wlidan SeeZlebaT. londonis miwisqveSeTi namdvili renesansis peri-

msoflio 2014 odSia. gaisad samuSaoTa dagegmvis nebarTva Thames Tideway gvirabis mSeneblobisaTvis gaicema, romelic dedaqalaqis mdinares jer kidev viqtorianul epoqaSi aSenebuli sakanalizacio sistemis gadatvirTvis Sedegad Camonadeni dabinZurebisgan daicavs. samuSaoebi dawyebulia London Power Tunnels proeqtSic, romliTac gaTvaliswinebulia Saxtebis qselis Seqmna eleqtrogadamcemi kabelebis gasayvanad. alpebis qveS mdebare kldovani qanebi male Sveicariul yvels daemsgavseba. 55 kilometris sigrZis, avstriisa da italiis damakavSirebeli breneris sabazo, aseve Sveicariis gothardis sabazo gvirabebi mniSvnelovnad gazrdian mgzavrTa raodenobas da tvirTbrunvas CrdiloeT evropasa da italias Soris. aseve Seamcireben datvirTvas ukve gadaWedil alpur avtostradebze. saburRi manqanebis maRal datvirTvas wylis deficitis mqone qalaqebSi wylis miyvanis aucileblobac ganapirobebs. 2014 wlis dasawyisSi, samxreT aziis udidesi, 45 kilometris sigrZis gvirabis mSenebloba unda dasruldes. am gvirabiT wyali malaiziis dedaqalaq kuala-lumpuris samxreTiT mdebare klangis regions unda miewodos. kaliforniis gubernatorma jeri braunma sakramentos garSemo mdebare borcvebidan los anjelesisa da „silikon velis“ wyliT momaragebis idea wamoayena. 1987-91 wlebSi, safrangeTisa da inglisis damakavSirebeli la-manSis gvirabis gayvanam aCvena, rom burRebs, maRali wnevis pirobebSi, zRvis fskeris qveSac SeuZliaT muSaoba. teqnologiebi mudmivad umjobesdeba. proeqtebi, romelTa realizaciac uwin SeuZleblad miiCneoda, axla realistur konturebs iZenen, ‒ acxadebs verner burgeri, germanuli firma Herrenknecht-is warmomadgeneli, romlis aRWurvilobiTac Crossrail-is mSenebloba mimdinareobs. Herrenknecht da Robbins, albaT, gvirabebis mSeneblobisaTvis saburRi danadgarebis mwarmoebeli yvelaze cnobadi dasavluri firmebia. iaponurma Hitachi-m sietlSi momuSave `berta~ daamzada. bazarze ukve axali konkurenti gamoCnda, CineTis saxiT. saxelmwifos kuTvnili, CineTis rkinigzis jgufis erT-erTma danayofma saburRi manqanebi kuala-lumpurs metros xazis gasafarToeblad miawoda. miuxedavad didi bumisa, saburRi manqanebis warmoeba ioli biznesi sulac araa. 2008 wels, Caterpillar-ma, msoflios wamyvanma samSeneblo teqnikis damamzadebelma, Seisyida gvirabebis gamyvani teqnikis mwarmoebeli mcire kanaduri firma grandiozuli gegmiT, gamxdariyo bazris am segmentis erT-erTi lideri. 2014 wels, mas am saqmianobis Sewyveta mouwevs, radganac ver SeZlo sakmarisi mogebis miReba iseT, SedarebiT mcire `zomis~ metoqeebTan konkurenciaSi, rogorebic Herrenknecht da Robbins arian. saburRi manqanebis wili, didi proeqtebis mTel danaxarjebSi, Cveulebriv, 5%-ze naklebia, magram es manqanebi arsebobis SesaZleblobas gacilebiT didi gvirabebis mowyobis industrias uqmnian, aseve masTan dakavSirebul samuSaoebs (gzis savali nawilebis mowyoba, sasignalo sistemis montaJi da sadgurebis mSenebloba). teqnologiis daxvewis kvalobaze, qveyanaTa mTavrobebi ufro ambiciurni xdebian. CineTi kvlavac apirebs ukve miviwyebuli udidesi sazRvao gvirabis proeqtis ganaxlebas bohais sruteSi, romelmac erTmaneTs qalaqebi daliani da iantai unda daakavSiros. erT dros fantastikis sferos mikuTvnebuli zegrZeli gvirabebis proeqtebi, romlebmac samxreT korea iaponiasTan da CineTTan, xolo Tavad CineTi taivanTan unda daakavSiros, axal sicocxles SeiZenen. rogorc Cans, saburR manqanebs naTeli momavali eliT. n

biznesi

msoflio 2014

komfortulad sxedxarT? pol markili

aviakompaniebis biznes-klasis axali `SekumSva~

win aviabileTis dajavSna umartivesi saqme iyo. Tu biznes da pirveli klasis bileTebze xeli ar migiwvdebodaT, Tqveni Sansi TviTmfrinavis ukana nawilSi, ekonom-klasis skamebze unda geZebnaT. es klasi mainc iyo eglitaruli. amJamad, es tendenciac icvleba, imis kvalobaze, rom aviakompaniebi mogebis nazrdis misaRebad axal meTodebs eZeben. 2014 wels, bazarze axali TviTmfrinavebis Semosvla skamebis sididesa da komfortulobas gazrdis, ekonom-klasis skamebis SemTxvevaSic ki. TumcaRa amis miRweva ufro meti adamianis uiafes adgilebze ganTavsebis xarjze iqneba SesaZlebeli. aviakompaniebma aRmoaCines, rom mgzavrTa umravlesobas surs gadaixados odnav meti ekonom-klasis seqciaSi ukeTesi savarZlebis dasajavSnad. es SeiZleba iyos saavario gasasvlelTan ganTavsebuli naklebad gadatvirTuli adgili an iseTi sivrce, romelic mgzavrs fexis Tavisuflad gaSlas SeaZlebinebs. axali TviTmfrinavebis gayidvisas, Airbus aviakompaniebs ukve sTavazobs TviTmfrinavis Sua nawilSi ganlagebuli adgilebis 20 duimiT (51 santimetri) gafarToebis arCevans A230 TviTmfrinavebisaTvis. TumcaRa momijnave da fanjarasTan ganlagebuli adgilebi amiT 1 duimis siganes dakargaven da 17 duimamde Seviwrovdebian. nawilobriv es ufro `msxvili zomis~ axalgazrda mgzavrebis (Warbi wonis problema sul ufro mZafrdeba) gansaTavseblad keTdeba. TumcaRa, es albaT ufro erTgvari meTodia SedarebiT kompfortul adgilebSi mgzavrebs meti safasuri gadaaxdevinon. zogadad, skamebis zoma Semcirda, Tumca es ufro CarCos da ara siganis xarjze moxda. axali masalebisa da damzadebis teqnologiebis gamoCenam ufro msubuqi da mkvrivi skamebi SesaZloa iseTive komfortuli gaxados, rogorc ufro Zveli, safargadakruli savarZlebi – acxadebs kent kraveri, romelic

Sxefebi haerSi pol markili

eleqtronuli gran-pris dasawyisi

leqtromobilebis gayidvebma imdenad swrafad ver akrifa saTanado siCqare, rogorc amas mwarmoeblebi varaudobdnen. problema batareebSia. erTi datenviT manqanas mxolod 150 kilometris (93 mili) gavla SeuZlia. amave dros, eleqtromobilebis Sedegebi gaumjobesdeba sarbolo eleqtromobilebis gran- pris gaTamaSebis dawyebis Semdeg. swored ise, rogorc formula 1-is rbolebma tradiciuli avtomrewvelobis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli, saerTaSoriso saavtomobilo federacia (FIA) imedovnebs, rom formula E-s seria aseve Seuwyobs xels eleqtromobilebis inovacias. rbola 2014 wlis seqtembridan msoflios ramdenime qalaqSi, winaswar momzadebul daketil wreebze moewyoba. kandidatebi bangkoki, pekini, berlini, buenos airesi, londoni, los anjelesi, monako, maiami, putrajaia, romi da rio

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Boeing-isaTvis savarZlebisa da interieris marketingiTaa dakavebuli. ramdenime aviakompania skamebis siganis SemcirebiT gamoTavisuflebul sivrces ekonom-klasis seqciaSi axali rigebis Casamateblad iyenebs. 2014 wels, calkeul axal TviTmfrinavebs tualetebis Semcirebuli kabinebi eqnebaT ekonom-klasis adgilebisaTis meti sivrcis gamosaTavisufleblad. ekonom-klasis bileTebis umravlesobis Sesyidvis gadawyvetilebas mgzavrebi mxolod fasis gaTvaliswinebiT iReben. mark kraveris kvleva aCvenebs, rom ekonom-klasis mgzavrebi, upirvelesad, maT seqciaSi ganTavsebuli adgilebisTvis gankuTvnili sivrcis zrdas isurvebdnen. amave dros, SekiTxvaze, Tu ra damatebiTi Tanxis gadaxdas apireben aseTi gaumjobesebisaTvis, mgzavrebis Cveuli pasuxi aseTia: ,,arcerTi centisa~. calkeul SemTxvevebSi, mgzavrebs damatebiTi Tanxebis gadaxdis garda, sxva arCevani SesaZloa arc gaaCniaT. ufro meti aviakompania SemoiRebs `msxvilgabaritiani~ mgzavrebis ganTavsebis xelSemwyob politikas, romlebic mezobel adgilebze ganlagdebian. amave dros, mosalodneli araa, rom aviakompaniebi Samoa Air-is models pirdapir danergaven, romelic im qveyanaSi muSaobs, sadac adamianTa umravlesoba sakmaod didi zomisaa. amJamad es kompania adgilebis damjavSn mgzavrebs maTi wonis Sesaxeb informaciasac sTxovs. Semdgom, mgzavrebs safasuri wonis kilogramze gadaangariSebiT ericxebaT da TviTmfrinavidan skamebs iReben, Tuki es mgzavrebis gansaTavseblad aucilebelia. aviakompaniebis adgilebis ganlagebis rukebisa da mgzavrTa kmayofilebis Sesaxeb informaciis momwodebeli internetgverdis seatguru.com ufrosi direqtoris, jeimi kaunteris gancxadebiT, TviTmfrinavebSi 2014 wels adgilebis axleburi dagegmareba gaarTulebs sasurveli adgilebis winaswari Sesyidvis proceduras. romlebia yvelaze uaresi adgilebi, romelTa yidva mainc mogiwevT? es MD-80 modelis TviTmfrinavis Sua rigis bolo nawili iqneba, tualetTan axlos, romelic mudmivad `Jonavs~. n pol markili: inovaciebis redaqtori, The Economist

de Janeiro arian. SejibrebaSi ori mrboleliT warmodgenili 10 gundi miiRebs monawileobas. pirveli sezonisTvis yvela maTgani erTi da igive tipis manqanas gamoiyenebs, Spark-Renault SRT_01E. am manqanebs franguli firma Spark Racing Technologies awarmoebs Renault-Tan da sxva sportuli avtomobilebis mwarmoebel kompaniebTan. maT Soris McLaren-Tan, Michelin-Tan da Williams-Tan erTad. eleqtromobilebis rbola formula1-sgan bevrad gansxvavebuli iqneba. eleqtromobilebis didi upiratesoba maTi eleqtruli Zravis maRali brunia. es SRT_01E-s 100 kilometri saaTSi (62 mili) siCqaris ganviTarebas mxolod 3 wamSi SeaZlebinebs. umaRlesi siCqare 225 km/sT-s miaRwevs. magram aseTi siCqariT rbolisas manqanebs muxti sul raRac 25 wuTSi gamoelevaT. ase rom, erTsaaTiani rbolis organizebisaTvis FIA-s axali wesebis SemoReba mouwevs. TiToeul mrbolels ori srulad damuxtuli manqana eyoleba da pitstopze sul mcire orjer SeCerdeba avtomobilis gamosacvlelad. sainteresoa, rom erTi manqana sprinteruli versiisa iqneba, aCqarebis didi SesaZleblobebiT, xolo meore ufro metad gamZle. ase

rom, swored ise, rogorc formula 1-is pilotebi gegmaven rbolas sawvavisa da saburavebis resursis sworad gadanawilebiT, formula e-s pilotebs aseve dasWirdebaT manqanebis Senacvlebis optimaluri strategiis SemuSaveba. ,,TamaSis gasaRebi batareis menejmentia~, ‒ acxadebs formula E-s aRmasrulebeli direqtori, alexandro agagi. ufro mokle qalaqis sarbolo wreebze mayureblebi daZabuli brZolis cqeriT gaerTobian. Fox Sports-ma ukve gaaforma Sesabamisi samauwyeblo xelSekruleba. SesaZloa Tu ara formula E-m formula 1-is msgavs komerciul warmatebas miaRwios? saCempiono rbolis `mwvane imijma~ ukve moizida didi sponsorebi, maT Soris ‒ logistikuri giganti DHL da amerikuli teqnologiuri jgufi Qualcomm, romelmac, moaruli xmebis Tanaxmad, formula 1-is sponsorobaze formula E-s gamo Tqva uari. interesi momdevno sezonebSi gaizrdeba, roca firmebi sakuTari modelebis Seqmnas SeZleben, – acxadebs alexandro agagi. namdvili warmateba ki maSin mova, roca es avtomobilebi msoflios yvelaze popularul trasebze sarbolad sakmaris gamZleobas SeiZenen. n

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erToblivi sawarmoebi tom ueinraiti

narkotikebis biznesi Crdilidan TandaTanobiT gamova

msoflio 2014

biznesi

arkotikebis industriis miliardis meoTxedi momxmarebeli da wliuri 300 miliardi dolaris brunva is parametrebia, romelsac nebismieri didi farmacevtuli firma eSureba. samwuxarod, egreT wodebuli rekreaciuli narkotikebis moxmarebis msoflio masStabiT akrZalva imas niSnavs, rom es bazari, ZiriTadad, kriminalebis sauflod rCeba. mocemuli situacia icvleba imis kvalobaze, rom saxelmwifoebi maregulirebel garemos cvlilebebTan dakavSirebul eqsperimentebs TandaTan nergaven. imis gamo, rom akrZalva TandaTan regulirebas uTmobs gzas, 2014 wels ufro meti legitimuri kompania miiRebs Sanss, uwin mafiis mier monopolizebul bazarze Sevides. kanafis kultivaciam studentebis sawoli oTaxebidan maRalteqnologiur laboratoriebSi ukve gadainacvla. amerikaSi, safondo birJaze ganTavsebuli iseTi kompaniebi, rogorebicaa Cannabis Science da Medical Marijuana ukve akmayofileben bazris moTxovnis udides nawils, samedicino mizniT qoTanSi gamoyvanil narkotikebze. narkotikis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia receptis safuZvelze (xSirad, sakmaod martivi moTxovnebiT), 20 amerikul StatSi. 2014 wlis 1 ianvars, am klubs ilinoisic SeuerTdeba. legalizaciis momxreebi, Semdgom, TavianT mzeras floridas miapyroben, sadac kampania ukve mimdinareobs marixuanis samedicino miznebiT gamoyenebis dasaSvebad ‒ 2014 wlis noemberSi gasamarT plebiscitze gasatanad. es samxreTis pirveli Stati iqneba aseTi kanonmdeblobiT. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu legalizaciis momxreebi floridis 20-milionian StatSic gaimarjveben, maT SesaZloa federaluri reformis wamosawyebad kongresis ganwyobac Secvalon ‒ acxadebs eTan nedelmani, msubuqi narkotikebis legalizaciis kampaniis mwarmoebeli Drug Policy Alliance-dan. calkeul teritoriebze rekreaciuli narkotikebis momxmareblebs samedicino sertifikatis mopovebasTan dakavSirebuli rebusebis amoxsnac aRar mouwevT. SeerTebul StatebSi vaSingtonma da koloradom ukve miaRwies rekreaciuli miznebiT kanafis moyvana-realizaciis legalizacias. axali reJimi 2014 wlidan amoqmeddeba. samxreTiT, urugvai igive geziT miemarTeba, xolo mexikoSi swored axla mimdinareobs debatebi am Temaze. urugvaiSi aqcenti qveynis SigniT warmoebaze keTdeba. TiToeul ojaxs eqvsi, xolo mcire zomis kooperativebs 99-mde mcenaris moyvanis ufleba miecemaT. adgilobriv firmebs mxolod saxelmwifos mier licenzirebuli kompaniebisTvis SeeZlebaT produqciis miyidva. amave dros, narkomewarmeebs sxva SesaZleblobebic eZlevaT. kaliforniuli kompania Neutra Corp, romelic bazars bunebrivi, gamajansaRebeli mkurnalobis meTodebs sTavazobs (kanafis CaTvliT), im firmaTa ricxvSia, romlebic amaorTqleblebisa da qoTnebis sxva aqsesuarebis damzadebas gegmaven. bazris Semdgomi zrda mosalodnelia legalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli plebiscitebis ricxvis zrdis kvalobaze. 2014 wels, alaska, arizona da oregoni am procesis liderebi iqnebian. narkotikebis legaluri biznesi qoTanSi mcenaris gamoyvaniT sulac ar mTavrdeba. boliviis

2014 mokled miuxedavad braziliuri kanonisa, „fifas“ lobirebis wyalobiT ludi fexburTis msoflio Cempionatze gaiyideba

calkeul regionebSi fermerebs kokainis Semadgeneli nedleulis - kokis warmoebis ufleba aqvT. prezidenti evo moralesi, Tavad yofili kokalero, anu kokis momyvani fermeri, acxadebs, rom koka sakraluri mcenarea, romelic umetesad tradiciuli moxmarebisaTvis mohyavT. kerZod, foTlebs ReWaven an CaisTan erTad xarSaven, kofeinis msgavsi efeqtis misaRebad. boliviurma firmebma kokas SemadgenlobiT produqtebi Seqmnes. maT Soris - SuSxuna `kokakola~ da kokaTi damzadebuli kbilis pasta. sinamdvileSi, boliviuri kokis umetesi nawili qveyanas kontrabandulad tovebs, kokainis aralegalurad damzadebis mizniT (amJamad, misi mezobeli brazilia krek-kokainis udidesi gasaRebis bazaria msoflioSi). 2014 wels, bolivieli kokaleroebi ufro met samoqmedo sivrces moipoveben, roca evo moralesi dekembris saprezidento arCevnebze sasoflo eleqtoratis bazis gaZlierebas Seecdeba. TumcaRa, yvelaze amaRelvebeli biznesSesaZleblobebi axal zelandiaSi Seiqmneba. 2013 wels, am qveynis parlamentma miiRo kanoni sinTetikuri legaluri narkotikebis licenzirebisa da regulirebis Sesaxeb. es adgilobrivi warmoSobis narkotikebi, Cveulebriv narkotikebSi kontrabanduli gziT Serevis sirTuleTa gamo, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dreifobda akrZalvis zRvarze. saxelmwifo akrZalavs narkotiks mxolod imisTvis, raTa mwarmoeblebs axali, legaluri, Tumca TiTqmis identuri substanciis damzadeba SeeZloT. mwarmoeblebs axla ukve SeuZliaT mimarTon jandacvis saministros, licenziis mosapoveblad da uflebamosili maRaziebisa Tu internet-saitebis meSveobiT, realizaciisaTvis. usafrTxoebis testireba, savaraudod, 18 Tve gagrZeldeba. ase rom, momxmarebels SeeZleba, 2015 wlis 1 ianvars xmauriani zeimiT Seegebos. substanciebis mTel wyebas, romelic jandacvis saministros veb-gverdzea ganTavsebuli, ukve mieniWaT saSualedo mowmoba, Semdgomi testirebis Casatareblad. amaSi Sedis Blueberry Crush da Jungle Juice, aseve Apocalypse da POW. aq aseve mocemulia mwarmoebelTa CamonaTvali, maTi misamarTebis CaTvliT. maTi erTi nawili adgilobrivia, xolo mwarmoebelTa darCenili nawilis ofisebi mravalerovnuli kompaniebis moxdenil biznes-parkebSia ganTavsebuli. industriis erT-erTi didi moTamaSis Stargate Internationalis damfuZneblis, met boudenis prognoziT, fasebi gaizrdeba da gadafaravs maregulirebel normebTan adaptirebis xarjebs. industriis sxva warmomadgenlebi SerwymaTa raunds elian, vinaidan mcire zomis firmebs produqtis testirebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis dafarva metad gauWirdebaT.

zeciuri Semosavlebi

tom ueinraiti: saTavo gverdis redaqtori da mTavari redaqtoris moadgile The World in 2014

mogebis miRebis SesaZleblobebi marTlac didia. Tavad 42 wlis batoni boudeni ukve sanaxevrod CamoSorda narkotikebis bizness, Tavis dros Tanabrad uTmobs narkotikebis legalizaciis kampanias da axal karieras progresul rok-musikaSi, sadac igi Starboy- s saxeliTaa cnobili (bolo dros boudeni axali zelandiis Cartebis top-aTeulSic moxvda). aqamde narkobiznesiT miRebuli Semosavlebi mxolod Crdilovani mewarmeebisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. meqsikis yvelaze cnobili Zebnili – xoakin gusmani albaT momaval welsac gaielvebs Forbes-is miliarderTa siaSi. TumcaRa, movlenaTa iRblianad ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, kriminalebs bazris wilis im biznesebisaTvis daTmoba mouwevT, romelTa produqti Semowmebuli da licenzirebulia, da gadasaxadiTac ibegreba. n

biznesi

msoflio 2014

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ratom sWirdeba msoflios qali mewarmeebi

biznesmen qalTa zrdaSi investireba ganaviTarebs ekonomikas yvela CvenganisaTvis, - acxadebs toni birCi, aRmasrulebeli direqtori da dizaineri

uflebrivad, mamakacebis Tanabrad, qalebi biznesiT mxolod Svid qveyanaSi arian dakavebuli

alTa SesaZleblobebis gafarToebis sakiTxi 2014 wels sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva, imdenad, ramdenadac sul ufro meti qveyana, kompania da interesTa jgufi gazrdis investiciebs qal mewarmeebSi. sul ufro meti acnobierebs imas, rac sxva organizaciebma `koka-koliT~ dawyebuli da msoflio bankiT damTavrebuli, ukve didi xania ician ‒ qalebi msoflioSi ekonomikuri zrdis gasaRebs warmoadgenen. qali mewarmeebi sxvagvarad fiqroben: sakuTar gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, msoflios sakuTari perspeqtiviT vuWvretT, da sxvanairadac vmoqmedebT (mivmarTav Cems sam Zmasa da sam vaJs: ara ukeTesad, aramed sxvanairad). es aisaxeba wamowyebuli biznesis tipSi ‒ gnebavT koko Saneli, romelmac saqme, bavSvobaSi, ubralo mkeravad daiwyo; esti loderi, romelmac kanis movlisa da makiaJis siyvaruli silamazis imperiad aqcia, an ofra uinfri, romlis media-biznesi qalebs maTi potencialis realizaciaSi exmareba. globaluri mewarmeobis monitoris SefasebiT, axal bizness amJamad msoflioSi 126 milioni qali marTavs, xolo 98 milioni ukve arsebuls meTaurobs. TumcaRa, TanasworobaSi kvlavac uzarmazari ufskrulia. mxolod Svid qveyanaSi: panamaSi, tailandSi, ganaSi, ekvadorSi, nigeriaSi, meqsikasa da ugandaSi qalebs biznesSi mamakacebis Tanaswori uflebebi da funqciebi gaaCniaT. calkeul qveynebSi, magaliTad pakistanSi, isini TiTqmis saerTod ar arian CarTuli biznesSi. maSinac ki, roca qalebi aqtiuri biznesebis mepatroneni arian, isini iSviaTad axerxeben TavianTi potencialis realizacias. qalebi amerikis firmebis mesameds floben, Tumca muSaxelis mxolod 6%-s asaqmeben da mTliani biznes-Semosavlebis mxolod 4%-s awarmoeben. Cemi kompania 2004 wels Sevqmeni. mqonda Tavdapirveli koncefcia da Cemi gundis daxmarebiT, biznesi pirdapir sakuTari binidan wamoviwye. kompaniis zrdis kvalobaze, viswavle is problemebi, rasac biznesSi qalebi awydebian saqmianobisa da ojaxze zrunvis dabalansebidan dawyebuli (udidesi gamowveva), dafinansebis mopovebiT damTavrebuli. swored am mizniT, 2009 wels, qali mewarmeebis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis ganmtkicebis xelSesawyobad, tori birCis fondi (TBF) davafuZneT. Cvens gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiTa da niu-iorkidan marakeSamde biznesSi CarTul qalebTan Catarebuli gasaubrebebis Semdeg, gamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi prioriteti: pirveli ‒ kapitalis xelmisawvdomoba. dafinansebis sakiTxSi qalebi gansakuTrebul dabrkolebebs awydebian, giravnobis sagnis arqonidan dawyebuli, diskriminaciuli regulaciebiTa da genderuli mikerZoebiT damTavrebuli. mcire sesxebs didi Sedegebis motana SeuZliaT. mikrosafinanso resursebis iseTi momwodeblebi, rogorebic arian Womens’ World Banking, Grameen da Accion, ukve moqmedeben am mimarTulebiT. magram finans-

urma institutebma ukeT unda Seasrulon TavianTi funqcia qalebis potencialis sruli realizaciisaTvis, rac kreatiulobiT da partniorobiT miiRweva. meore ‒ axladdafuZnebul biznesebs aRmasvlisaTvis daxmareba sWirdebaT. me yovelTvis mjeroda mentorTa mniSvnelobisa, da rCevisaTvis, dRemde, yovelTvis mivmarTav gamocdil adamianebs sxvadasxva sferodan. mravali qali aseT mxardaWeras moklebulia da swored amitom qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT, warmatebuli mewarmeobis bevrad SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT. iseT organizaciaTa mzardi ricxvi, rogoricaa Vital Voices Global Partnership, qmnian qalTa qselebs axlo aRmosavleTSi, afrikaSi, laTinur amerikasa da karibis zRvis auzSi. rogorc TBF-is mier organizebuli mentoruli RonisZiebebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, aseTi kavSirebis aucilebloba uzarmazaria. miuxedavad imisa, Tqven restornis Tu tansacmlis dizainis salonis mepatrone xarT, gamowvevebi mainc identuri gaqvT da erTmaneTisgan swavla SegiZliaT. qalTa Soris aseTi tipis TanamSromloba 2014 wels ufro ganmtkicdeba. mesame - qalebs samewarmeo ganaTleba sWirdebaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom warmatebuli biznes-proeqtebi SesaZloa rogorc samzareuloSi, aseve garaJsa da biznesskolaSic daibados, kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom qalebs mamakacebze metad aeWvebT TavianTi SesaZleblobebi da marcxis SiSs maTze metad ganicdian. Sesabamisi treiningi qalebs cxovrebaSi Tamami ideebis realizaciisaTvis aucilebel Tavdajerebulobas mianiWebs. magaliTad, Goldman Sach’s-is 10 000 qalis programa susti sqesis warmomadgenlebs biznes da menejment-ganaTlebas awvdis. programis yoveli aTi kursdamTavrebulidan, rvam Semosavlebis miReba SeZlo, xolo cxram sxva qalebisTvis miRebuli gamocdilebis gadacema daiwyo.

aramxolod xanmokle moda dasaqmebaSi genderuli sxvaobis Sevseba 2030 wlisaTvis msoflios erT sul mosaxleze saSualo Semosavals 20%-iT gazrdis. saerTo sargebeli amaze gacilebiT didi iqneba. qali liderebi sxva biznesmen qalebs Tavdajerebulobas STaagoneben sakuTari ocnebebis ganxorcielebisas. saqmesa da ojaxze zrunvis SeTavseba korporatiuli ekonomikis gareT, maTTvis SesaZloa ufro advilic iyos. ganviTarebad samyaroSi qali biznesmenebi TavianTi Semosavlebis 90%-s investiciebis saxiT, ojaxebsa da samezobloebSi abandeben. es imas niSnavs, rom qalebSi investireba Cvens saerTo momavalSi investirebaa. msoflios meti qali mewarme sWirdeba, xolo mewarme qalebs yvela Cvengani sWirdeba. droa, mxari davuWiroT qal mewarmeebs da aRvWurvoT isini Sesabamisi instrumentebiT, raTa qalTa mewarmeobam 2014 wels da Semdeg axal simaRleebs miaRwios. n

warmatebis weli axali gamowvevebi axali xedva axali strategia

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msoflio 2014 aseve seqciaSi: robotreiderTa aRmasvla 114 Sin yofnas araferi sjobs 115 maCveneT fuli 116

ar daamuxruWoT! 117 lorens finki : brZola `CvilTa borcvisaTvis~ 118

finansebi

vaWrobis sammagi Sansi

sistemac axali energiiT sazrdoobs. 2013 wlis seqtemberSi, komunikabeluri brazilieli ‒ roberto azevedo, msoflio vaWrobis despanis, vmo-s generraian aventi Jeneva aluri direqtoris movaleobaTa Sesrulebas Seudga. dohas raundis gamococxlebas molaparakebebis vaWrobis Semdgomi liberalizacia momdevsubieqtebi ama wlis dekemberSi, indoneziis kunZul no sami Tvis ganmavlobaSia SesaZlebeli balize gasamarT gadamwyvet Sexvedraze Seecdebian. amjerad farTo xasiaTis molaparakebaTa warmarTva avaraudod, 2014 weli globaluri vaWrobis dagegmili ar aris da monawile qveynebis ministrebi mebairaxtre gaxdeba. gaisad 20 weli gaivlis warmatebis miRwevas saerTo platformis moZebniTa urugvais raundis mravalmxrivi molaparakeda masze dayrdnobiT Seecdebian. fsonebi maRalia, bebis Sedegad, vaWrobis msoflio organizavinaidan balis molaparakebaTa kraxi dohas raundis ciis Seqmnidan da CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali saboloo dasamarebasa da mravalmxrivi savaWro provaWrobis SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlidan. 1994 wlidan cesis ganviTarebisas saxifaTo gaurkvevlobis SemoWsaqonliT globaluri vaWroba oTxjer da metad gaizras gamoiwvevs. progresi garantirebuli sulac ar arda, miaRwia 18.4 miliardi amerikuli dolaris niaris. qveynebis savaWro warmomadgenlebi acxadeben, Suls da mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba ganviTarebadi rom saboloo SeTanxmebis miRweva, sul mcire, vaWroqveynebis uprecedento ekonomikuri zrda. TumcaRa, bis waxalisebis sakiTxis irgvliv unda moxdes, rac oci wlisTavi imasac gvaxsenebs, Tu raoden mtkivneuvaWrobis xelisSemSleli logistikuri dabrkoleli SeiZleba iyos liberalizaciis procesi. msoflios bebis Semamcirebeli RonisZiebebis gatarebas, kerZod, jer kidev ar miuRia vmo-s arsebobis epoqaSi pirveli gaumarTavi infrastruqturis reabilitaciasa da bunmravalmxrivi savaWro SeTanxmeba. molaparakebaTa dodovani sabaJo moTxovnebis gamartivebas gulisxmobs. has raundi imedgacruebiT daiwyo da TiTqmis sruli miuxedavad amisa, is, Tu ramdenis miRwevaa SesCaSliT dasrulda. magram, rogorc Cans, 2014 wels 1994 aZlebeli, politikuri kalendris cvalebadobaraian aventi: wlis suliskveTebis aRdgena mainc SesaZlebeli iqneba. ekonomikuri zea damokidebuli. balis molaparakebebs indoeTSi ganviTarebis impulsebi sami ZiriTadi mimarTulekorespondenti, gasamarTi arCevnebis molodini arTulebs. indoeli The Economist biT SeigrZnoba: transwynarokeanuri partnioroliderebi moTxovnil specialur daTba (TPP) axla ukve aTze met qveyanas msoflio vaWrobis ZiriTadi etapebi: mobebs ,,sasursaTo usafrTxoebis~ moicavs. igi pirvelia im organizacierovnuli politikis gatarebis aucileaTagan, romlebic warmatebas miaRweven. 1948 wels, 23 qveyanas Soris vaWrobisa da blobiT asabuTeben. es meqanizmi, roam organizaciis Sesaqmnelad molapara- tarifebis generaluri SeTanxmeba gaformda; melic Rarib qveynebs sursaTis warmoe1958 wels, evropis ekonomikurma gaerTianekebi 2005 wlidan mimdinareobda, magram bis subsidirebis met saSualebas aZlevs, fsonebi mas Semdeg gaizarda, rac mas bam, eqvsi qveynis monawileobiT, saerTo savaWro da satarifo politika SeimuSava; am SemTxvevaSi mravalmxrivi savaWro ramdenime didi ekonomika, kerZod ‒ aSS 1960 wels, Svidma sxva evropulma qveyanam xelSekrulebis gaformebis safasuria. da iaponia (Tumca, ara CineTi) SeuerT- evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacia daafmdidari qveynebi SiSoben, rom amgvari da. molaparakebaTa subieqtebi maRali uZna; midgoma, balis SeTanxmebas, da aqedan standartis xelSekrulebis gaformebas 1975 wels, xeli moewera bangkokis xelSekgamomdinare, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvaraudoben, romliTac unda gauqmdes rulebas, romelic mogvianebiT azia-wynari vis xelsayreli mravalmxrivi savaWro xisti arasatarifo SezRudvebi da sxva okeanis SeTanxmebis saxeliT gaxda cnobili; 1992 wels, Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekSeTanxmebis gaformebasac SeuSlis xels. saxis damamZimebeli regulaciebi. 2010 ruleba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis saxelmwiamave dros, arcerTi qveyana isurvebda, wlis Semdeg, molaparakebaTa subieqtebi foebma gaaformes; dohas raundis dasamareba dabraleboda. xSirad xvdebian erTmaneTs potenciuri 1994 wels daarsda evropis ekonomikuri SeTanxmebas sabolood mainc miaRweven, sadavo sakiTxebis swrafad gadaWris Tanamegobroba; rac, savaraudod, indoeTis ambiciebs mizniT. SeTanxmebaze muSaobis dawyeba 1994 wels, samxreT amerikis oTxma qveyanam daakmayofilebs da mas sasursaTo usmomdevno ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi merkosuris Tavisufali vaWrobis zona daaarsa; afrTxoebis politikis farglebSi 1994 wels, dafuZnda evropis ekonomikuri savsebiT SesaZlebelia. droebiTi RonisZiebebis SemoRebis saSutransatlantikuri vaWrobisa da zona evropis ekonomikur Tanamegobrobasa da evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis asociacias Soalebas miscems. am RonisZiebaTa gadasininvesticiebis partniorobis SeTanx- ris; jva politikurad ufro momgebian dros meba aSS-sa da evrokavSirs Soris bevrad 1994 wels, gaformda CrdiloeT amerikis gaxdeba SesaZlebeli. met sirTuleebs waawydeba. es ufro am- Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekruleba kanadas, transatlantikuri vaWrobisa da biciuri iniciativaa da rogorc arasa- aSS-sa da meqsikas Soris; investiciebis partnioroba Tavadac 1995 wels, vaWrobisa da tarifebis genertarifo SezRudvebis moxsnas, aseve momSeejaxeba calkeul mgrZnobiare probsaxurebiTi vaWrobis liberalizaciasa aluri SeTanxmebis (GATT) urugvais raundis lemebs. evropelebi, savaraudod, ver da maregulirebeli meqanizmebis harmo- (1986-1994ww.) dasrulebis Sedegad, Seiqmna vaWrobis msoflio organizacia; Seeguebian fermerTa dacvis Cveuli nizaciaze muSaobis dawyebasac gulisx2012 wels, asuanis qveynebsa da maT eqvs politikis (daTmobebi genmodificiremobs. molaparakebaTa sawyisi raundi, mezobel saxelmwifos Soris yovlismomcveli bul sursaTTan dakavSirebiT gadau2013 wels, mxareTa poziciebis gacnobas savaWro molaparakebebi daiwyo; laxavi dabrkolebaa) an internet-pridaeTmo. 2014 wels ufro konkretuli 2014 wels, aziisa da amerikis 12 saxelmwivatulobis regulaciebis daTmobas. amocana daismeba, rac ormxrivi daTmobis fos Soris transwynarokeanuri partniorobis amerikelebi energiulad daicaven damgaformebas gulisxmobs. molaparakebaTa meqanizmi SeTanxmda; 2015 wels, evrokavSirsa da aSS-s Soris kvidrebul damcav meqanizmebs, romelic mesveurebs momavali wlis bolosaTvis transatlantikuri vaWrobisa da investiciebis mokled ase JRers: „iyideT amerikuli samuSaoTa dasrulebis imedi aqvT. partnioroba daarsda. produqcia“, es meqanizmebi xels uSlis amJamad mravalmxrivi vaWrobis

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robotreiderTa aRmasvla jonaTan rozentali

mikroCipebis samyaros liderebs Tavmdablobis grZnobas gauCenen `iyideT iyideT, gayideT~, ‒ acxadebs avtomatis xma amsterdamis sadilingo darbazSi, magidaze moTavsebuli klaviaturidan. xma TiTqmis ikargeba dilerTa yidva-gayidvis SeTavazebaTa kakafoniaSi an xmaaweuli seleqtoris gugunSi, romelic dilingis darbazs klientebis darbazTan akavSirebs. imperatiuli tonis miuxedavad, kompiuterizebuli xma instruqciebs ar iZleva – is mxolod sakuTar moqmedebebs iuwyeba, radganac derivatirebs Tvalis daxamxamebaze swrafad asaRebs. es manqanisa da adamianis simbiozia. frenki – maRali sixSiris ofcionebiT movaWre treideri, romelic kompiuterizebuli algoriTmis sistemas iyenebs, mudmivad akoreqtirebs parametrebs. monitorTa mocimcime SuqiT garSemortymul rva kompiuters igi sakuTari intuiciiT marTavs, romelsac bazrebis ganwyobis Sefasebisas eyrdnoba. kompiuteruli vaWroba mravali formisaa da saxelwodebac mravalgvari aqvs, Tumca is yvelaze metad maRali sixSiris treidingTan asocirdeba. am sistemis meSveobiT, firmebi fasTa

ben bernanke aSS-is federaluri sarezervo sistemis meTaurobis vadas amowuravs

2014 mokled

xvaobis dafiqsirebas da konkurentes bze mis swrafad gamoyenebas cdiloben. es birJebTan maqsimalurad axlos ganTavsebul mZlavr kompiuterebsa da Wkvian algoriTmebs moiTxovs, romelTac wamis memilionedSi SeuZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba, Tu rodis iyidon an gayidon aqciebi. egreT wodebuli algoriTmuli vaWrobis siaxlis miuxedavad, es sistema sul raRac ori aTeuli welia arsebobs. zogierTi analitikosi mis daRupvas winaswarmetyvelebs. 2012 wlis agvistoSi, maRali sixSiris treiding-firma Knight Capital sul ramdenime saaTSi gakotrda, mas Semdeg, rac sistemaSi CatvirTuli algoriTmi CarTvisas moiSala. es Tavbrudamxvevi siswrafiT aisaxa 440 milioni dolariT Sefasebul zaralSi. algoriTmul treidings marTlac mZime droeba daudga. 2008 wlis 430 milion dolarTan SedarebiT. bazarze maRali sixSiris treidingis gavlena aseve TandaTanobiT qreba. 2008-2011 wlebSi maRali sixSiris treiding-firmebma amerikuli aqciebis vaWrobis moculobis 2/3 moicves. 2013 wels es maCvenebeli naxevramde Semcirda. metic – 2014 wels kompiuterebi aqciebiT vaWrobis sistemas gascdebian da dominantur poziciebs moipoveben msoflio kapitalis bazrebis iseT umsxviles segmentebSi, rogorebicaa korpo-

ucxouri saqonlis amerikul portebs Soris Tavisufal transportirebas. molaparakebaTa procesSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba maT temps mieniWeba, rac umniSvnelo uTanxmoebaTa gadaulaxav barierebSi gadazrdisgan Tavdacvis meqanizmi unda gaxdes. 2013 wlis arCevnebze angela merkelis damajerebeli gamarjveba didad waadgeba process, vinaidan germania, rogorc eqsportze orientirebuli qveyana, transatlantikuri vaWrobisa da investiciebis partniorobis mZlavri mxardamWeria. TumcaRa, 2014 wlis maisSi, evroparlamentis arCevnebze amomrCevlebma SesaZloa isargeblon momentiT da bolodroindeli integraciuli procesebiT imedgacrueba mkafiod daafiqsiron. yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebi amerikaSi iqneba miRebuli. bolo dros ,,vaWrobis xelSewyobis uflebamosileba~ mniSvnelovani meqanizmi iyo savaWro xelSekrulebaTa kongresze gansaxilvelad gatanisas. es amaCqarebeli meqanizmi prezidents saSualebas aZlevs sakanonmdeblo organoSi savaWro xelSekrulebebis proeqti Tanxmobis misaRebad gamartivebuli gziT gaitanos. amis gareSe kongresis mier kanonproeqtebSi cvlilebebis Setanis albaToba amerikis poziciebs daucvels gaxdis. sul bolos prezidents „vaWrobis xelSewyobis uflebamosileba“ 2002 wels mieca, romlis vadac 2007 wels amoiwura. amis Semdeg meqanizmis xelaxal amoqmedebaze muSaobas kanonmdebelTa orpartiuli jgufi agrZelebda. samwuxarod, kongresi aqamde arasodes yofila ase qmediTuunaro. mimdinare politikuri brZolebis gamo, „vaWrobis xelSewyobis uflebamosilebam“ prioritetTa Soris erT-erT ukanasknel adgilas gadainacvla. partiuli Sexla-Semoxla da 2014 wlis saSualedo arCevnebi, am meqanizmis kvlavac prioritetulad gadaqcevi-

ratiuli da saxelmwifo fasiani obligaciebi, aseve sakredito derivativebi da saprocento ganakveTisa da savaluto svopebi. sainvesticio bankebisaTvis eleqtronul platformebze gadasvla damokles maxviliviTaa. eleqtronuli vaWroba amcirebs marJebs da mogebas, rac udides bankebs xels aZlevs, romelTac yvelaze swrafi kompiuterebisa da saukeTeso algoriTmebis SeZena xelewifebaT. yvelaze didi luzerebi individualuri movaWreebi gaxdebian, romelTa ricxvi da anazRaureba ukve sagrZnoblad Semcirda. 2014 kompiuterebis simZlavris matebis kvalobaze maTi unari damqiraveblebs maRali bonusebi gamostyuon kidev ufro daknindeba. vaWrobis Sedegebis dafiqsirebis garda, isini ukve Tavad daiwyeben gadawyvetilebebis miRebas Tu rodis iyidon da gayidon aqciebi. n jonaTan rozentali: sabanko seqtoris redaqtori

saTvis namdvilad ar aris xelsayreli. ukve dadebuli maRali fsonebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es Zalze samwuxaroa. arada, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis kvlevis mixedviT, vaWrobis xelSewyobisa da vmo-s balis Sexvedraze dasadebi xelSekrulebis gaformebas, vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis 15%-iT Semcireba SeeZlo. amave organizaciis azriT, vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis 1%-iT Semcirebas globaluri Semosavlebis 40 miliardi dolariT gazrda SeuZlia. ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centris SefasebiT, yovlismomcveli transatlantikuri xelSekrulebis gaformebiT, okeanis orive mxares jamuri wliuri gamoSvebis 140 miliardi dolariT gazrdaa SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad amisa, optimisturi ganwyoba namdvilad garantirebulia. biznesinteresTa amerikuli jgufebis farTo speqtri mxars uWers SeTanxmebis dadebas. man aucileblad unda moaxdinos zegavlena kongresze vaWrobis „xelSewyobis uflebamosilebis“ xelaxla gasacemad transatlantikuri vaWrobisa da investiciebis partniorobis amoqmedebis mizniT. 2014 wlis miwuruls, balis molaparakebaTa progresisa da transatlantikuri vaWrobisa da investiciebis partniorobis amoqmedebis kvalobaze, sul ufro meti ganviTarebadi qveyana Seecdeba globalur ekonomikasTan savaWro kavSirebis gaRrmavebas. am impulsma SesaZloa saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT vaWrobis SeTanxmebebs an axal regionul savaWro urTierTobebs axali sicocxle STaberos. magaliTad, es exeba CineTs, iaponiasa da samxreT koreas Soris arsebul savaWro urTierTobebs. 1 wlis win, msoflio vaWrobaSi arsebuli uimedo ganwyobis fonze, es metad moulodneli da imedismomcemi perspeqtivaa. n

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Sin yofnas araferi sjobs adgilobrivi filialebis angariSebze sakmarisi moculobis xelmisawvdomi kapitalis demonstrirebis moTxovna. es ki, Tavis mxriv, meti biurokratizmiTa da gazrdili xarjebiT damZimebuli adgilobrivi holding-kompaniebis dafuZnebas niSnavs, rac sabolood, ufro metad waaxalisebs `sistemurad mniSvnelovan safinanso institutebs~, naCqarevad datovon Soreuli bazrebi da mxolod adgilobriviT Semoifarglon. kidev erTi mravalmiliardiani Rirebulebis SekiTxva isaa, Tu vin zRavs zarals `mniSvnelovani safinanso institutebis~ gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi. didi kraxis Semdeg moduri gaxda imis mtkiceba, rom gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, movaleSi aRarasodes (diax, swored am ori sityvis kombinacia) unda mogvevlinos sistemis mxsnelad. magram es sariskos xdis sapensio fondebis, meanabreebis, da saboloo jamSi, kompaniebis mdgomareobasac. FTSE an FORTUNE-s aseulSi Semavali romelime kompaniis finansuri direqtoris mdgomareobas SesaSurs namdvilad ver vuwodebT, vinaidan am ukanasknels mZime gadawyvetilebis miReba mouwevs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi moziduli saxsrebis ra nawils gamoixsnis saxelmwifo.

lionel barberi

008 wlis didi kraxis Semdeg, maregulireblebis refreni ase JRers: `Zveleburad arasodes vimoqmedebT~. finansuri sistemis kraxisgan Tavis dasacavad SemoRebuli regulaciebi, gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis Semdeg, arnaxuli masStabis axali wes-kanonebis SemoRebiT dasrulda. bankebisTvis cudi ambavi is aris, rom pauza am procesSi 2014 welsac araa mosalodneli. likvidoba, kapitalis koeficientebi da sxva indikatorebi mikroskopuli sizustiT Semowmdeba. maregulireblebi bankebis warsul qmedebebsac mizanSi amoiReben (rac ukmayofilo klientebis mxridan, ufro meti davis aRZvris mizezi gaxdeba). udanaSaulobis prezumfcia ZalaSi darCeba, magram mxolod droebiT. `bankebi ufro damnaSaved grZnoben Tavs... CamoxrCobamde~ ‒ sarkastulad aRniSnavs londonis erT-erTi bankis maRali Tanamdebobis TanamSromeli. amave dros, ormxrivi braldebebis pirobebSi, debatebi axali regulaciebis SemoRebis SesaZlo Sedegebsac Seexeba. xmauriani kamaTis eqo ukve 2013 wels gaisma, roca ekonomikuri zrdis aRdgenis myife tendencia dafiqsirda. politikosebma stabilurobasa (mkacri moTxovnebi kapitalis marTvaze) da ekonomikur zrdas Soris aucilebel kompromisze miuTiTes (sakredito nawilis gamoyenebiT, sesxebis zrda). 2014 wels es balansi kidev ufro mniSvnelovani Seiqneba, roca dasavluri bankebi Soreuli bazrebidan gamovlen, moiSoreben riskian momxmareblebsa da biznesklientebs, da saqmianobis fokuss saSinao bazarze mimarTaven. globalizacia ufro meti nabijiT daixevs ukan. HSBC-m, romlis safirmo niSani globaluri da lokaluri midgomebis kombinaciaa, ukve miatova calkeuli sazRvargareTis bazrebi da fuladi gzavnilebis segmenti CamoiSora. sabazro kapitalizaciiT, erT dros msoflios aTeulSi Semavali Sotlandiis samefo banki kidev ufro Seamcirebs koncentracias sainvesticio segmentSi da kvlavac britaneTis saxelmwifos meurved darCeba (magram ara Sotlandiis saxelmwifosi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Sotlandielebi damoukideblobas miscemen xmas). sabanko seqtoris adgilobrivi liderebi, magaliTad Wells Fargo aSS-Si da aRmavlobis gzaze mdgomi britanuli Lloyds kvlavac kuTvnili pativiT isargebleben. bankebisaTvis saSinao baza gacilebiT met mniSvnelobas 2014 wels mosalodneli kidev erTi didi debatebis gamo SeiZens. es imas Seexeba, Tu rogor unda iqnas gamoyenebuli saerTaSoriso regulaciebi `sistemurad mniSvnelovani safinanso institutebis~ (SIFIS) Cavardnis Tavidan asacileblad. saxelmwifoTaSorisi regulaciebis sagnis povnis amocana iseve rTulia, rogorc Tavis droze Slezvig-holStainis sakiTxi, magram yvelaferi iqamde midis, Tu vin gamoiTxovs aqtivebs pirvelad sistemurad mniSvnelovani safinanso institutebis kraxis SemTxvevaSi. evropel da amerikel maregulireblebs 2014 wels SeTanxmebis miRweva gauWirdebaT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas evropelebzec, romlebic sabanko kavSirze SeTaxmebis dadebas evros poziciebis gasamyareblad Seecdebian. sabolood, es tendencia inglisis bankis yofili mmarTvelis, lord kingis cnobil sentencias daadasturebs imis Sesaxeb, rom bankebi globaluri sicocxliT arseboben, Tumca maTi sikvdili mxolod erovnulia. 2014 wels, bankebs damatebiT wnexs Seuqmnis maTi

biurokratizmi da gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi

2014 mokled evrokavSiris axali wesebiT, bankirTa bonusebis xelfasebTan fardobiTobis zeda zRvari iqneba SemoRebuli. SezRuduli bonusebi pirvelad 2015 wels gaicema, 2014 wels naCvenebi Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT

lionel barberi: Financial Times,

redaqtori

2013 wels, bankebi ukve axerxebdnen moeZebnaT axali da kreatiuli xerxebi, `bazel 3-iT~ gansazRvruli kapitalis adekvaturobas Sewonili, parametrebis dacvasTan dakavSirebul regulaciebTan mimarTebaSi. aman maregulireblebi aiZula moziduli saxsrebis ufro Zveli da naklebad daxvewili indikatori – sakredito nawilis Sefardeba gamoeyenebinaT. es indikatori moziduli saxsrebis yovel dolars ucvlelad afasebs, imis miuxedavad, es riskiani sesxia Tu saxelmwifo obligacia. safinanso sistemisaTvis saxifaTo iqneba, Tuki moziduli saxsrebis regulirebis axali wesi mas daballikviduri, magram usafrTxo (magaliTad, ipoTeka) aqtivebis SeZenis sanacvlod, resursebis riskian aqtivebSi ganTavsebis stimuls gauCens. 2014 wels kvlavac iarsebebs safinanso transaqciebze saerToevropuli gadasaxadis SemoRebis saSiSroeba, Tumca, savaraudod, es mxolod fuW laparakad darCeba. evropelma maregulireblebma rogorc iqna gaacnobieres, rom yvelaze didi wnexis qveS saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis emitentebi moeqcevian. populistebi bankirebis maRali anazRaurebis sistemaze gamarjvebas izeimeben, TumcaRa amas aucileblad mohyveba gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi. evrokavSiris mier SemoTavazebuli axali winadadebis mixedviT, romliTac bankirebis anazRaureba ukve gadavadebuli Semosavlebis kategoriaSi aRiricxeba da ukan dabrunebas eqvemdebareba, wliuri xelfasi ormagi raodenobiT SeizRudeba. amitomac, maRalprofesiuli kadrebis mosazidad, firmebi anazRaurebis umetes wils ukve fiqsirebuli xelfasis saxiT aRricxaven. amave dros, dRevandel problemur droSi sabanko sistemis operirebis kulturac TandaTanobiT Seicvleba. cecxlovani `ferari~ (avtomobili da koqteili) namdvilad dakargavs safirmo mimzidvelobas. yvelaze warmatebuli da brwyinvale firmebic ki veRar SeZleben bankebTan mokle gziT dakavSirebas, ise, rogorc amas aTi wlis win axerxebdnen. sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebi – iuristebi, medikosebi, da mosawyeni ekonomistebic ki, meti moTxovniT isargebleben. bankirTa xvedri odnav ufro mosawyeni gaxdeba, Tumca, meti iRblis SemTxvevaSi, odnav ufro usafrTxoc. n

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maCveneT fuli endriu palmeri

evropis centraluri banki evrozonis erTaderTi sabanko zedamxedveli xdeba

fskruli gasakeTebelsa da realobaSi asaxul qmedebaTa Soris swored is adgilia, sadac evropa, umetesad, imyofeba. 2014 wels evros krizisis dawyebidan ukve xuTi weli Sesruldeba. amerikul sabanko institutebisagan gansxvavebiT, sakiTxi evropis sabanko sistemis dRevandeli mdgomareobis simyareze kvlavac aqtualuria. pasuxad sabanko politikis ganmaxorcieleblebi sabanko kavSirisken pirvel nabijs gadadgamen da evrozonis udidesi bankebis finansuri zedamxedvelobis funqcia 2014 wlis bolos, erovnuli maregulireblebidan evropis centraluri bankis kompetenciaSi gadainacvlebs. TumcaRa, es progresis ukve cnobili iseTi tipia, romelic pasuxebze met SekiTxvebs badebs. sabanko kavSiriT sust bankebsa da sust saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli mankieri ukukavSiris garRvevaa SesaZlebeli. problemuri bankebi, rogorc wesi, mZime droebis dadgomisas, gadasarCenad saxelmwifos mimarTaven. sajaro finansebis dRevandeli savalalo mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, bankebis gadarCenis valdebuleba kidev ufro arTulebs mdgomareobas. sabanko kapitalis mimwodebeli investorebi SiSoben, rom dacvis meqanizmebi gamoyenebuli ar iqneba da riskis sanacvlod, TavianT kapitalze maRal sargebels iTxoven. saxelmwifo fasian qaRaldebSi resursebis dambandebeli investorebis SeSfoTebas ki is iwvevs, rom dacvis meqanizmebze saxelmwifo uars ityvis da aseve maRal sargebels moiTxoven. evrozonaSi erovnuli problemebi swrafad iqceva saerTo Tavis tkivilad. sustma bankebma irlandia da kviprosi saxelmwifos safinanso daxmarebis programaTa imedad datova. espaneTs sabanko sistemis rekapitalizaciis mizniT ukve gamoeyo saerToevropuli resursebi. italiis ekonomikuri problemebis fonze, izrdeba SeSfoTeba misi safinanso institutebis mdgomareobis gamo. 2012 wels, evros krizisis SuagulSi, evropelma liderebma ukve scades bankebisa da saxelmwifos mankieri kavSiris garRveva. isini SeTanxmdnen, erovnuli sabanko sistemebi imgvarad daekavSirebinaT erTmaneTTan, rom sabanko krizisis pirobebSi, movale qveynebs Zlieri qveynebidan resursebis mozidva am ukanasknelTaTvis sabanko sistemaze kontrolis dawesebis gadacemis sanacvlod SeZlebodaT. pirveli nabiji erTiani sazedamxedvelo meqanizmis Seqmna gaxda. 2014 wlidan evropis centraluri banki evros zonis daaxloebiT 130 bankis pirdapiri zedamxedveli gaxdeba da erovnuli zedamxedvelebis pasuxismgeblobas gadaibarebs. es frankfurtSi uzarmazari Zalauflebis koncentracias gamoiwvevs, riTac es qalaqi inglisis maspinZel londonze bevrad mniSvnelovani finansuri zedamxedvelobis centri gaxdeba.

2014 mokled birma Tavis pirvel safondo birJas gaxsnis.

evropis sabanko kavSirs ramdenime sayrdeni kvlavac aklia

abreviaturebi da gesliani gamoTqmebi axali rolisTvis mzadebisas, evropis centraluri banki upirvelesad im bankebis mdgomareobis Seswavlas Seudgeba, romelTa regulaciac aqvs ganzraxuli. aqtivTa xarisxis mimoxilva evrokavSiris Sansia, bolo mouRos bankebTan dakavSirebul gaurkvevlobas. bankebis sabalanso uwyisebis uwin gamoyenebuli „stres-testireba“ ver fantavda eWvebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom bankebs evropis gaWianurebul ekonomikur krizisTan gasamklaveblad sakmarisi kapitali

gaaCndaT. TumcaRa, es testebi umeteswilad erovnuli maregulireblebis prerogativa iyo. imedia, evropis centraluri banki ufro maRali sandoobiT gansjis bankebis sijansaRes. Tuki igi SeZlebs, xelaxla daarwmunos investorebi bankebis fundamentur simyareSi, 2014 wels evros krizisi SesaZloa warsuls Cabardes. magram SeZlebs ki evropis centraluri banki patiosnad Seafasos evropis bankebis mdgomareoba? Tuki bankis Sesaxeb cnobilia, rom damatebiT kapitals saWiroebs, misi mozidva kerZo investorebis meSveobiT SeuZlia. calkeuli bankebisaTvis, kerZod, sustTa Soris ZlierTaTvis, aqtivTa xarisxis mimoxilva imas niSnavs, rom 2014 wels isini amgvari gziT ufro meti kapitalis mozidvas Seecdebian. sxvebi, sustebi sustTa Soris, namdvilad ver moaxerxeben investorTa yuradRebis mipyrobas. amgvarad, maTTvis saxelmwifo kvlavac darCeba axali saxsrebiT Sevsebis erTaderT wyarod. es ki, Tavis mxriv, odindel problemas kvlavac aqtualurs gaxdis. debitorma qveynebma SesaZloa ver moaxerxon TavianTi bankebis ganmtkicebis tvirTis zidva. kreditori qveynebi uars amboben evrozonis bankebis gamosaxsnelad gamiznuli saerToevropuli fondebis bankTa rekapitalizaciis miznebiT

endriu palmeri: safinanso rubrikis redaqtori, The Economist

gamoyenebaze. kapitaluri resursebis arsebuli deficitis Sevsebis mkafio gegmis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, evropis centraluri banki cdunebis winaSe aRmoCndeba, sanaxevro zomebiT Semoifarglos. resursebis problema evropis erTiani sabanko arqiteqturis centraluri problemaa. sabanko kavSirisken gadadgmuli meore nabiji – problemebis gadawyvetis erTiani meqanizmis amoqmedeba, romlis moqmedebis sfero restruqturizacia da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, problemuri bankebis gadarCena iqneba, 2014 wels unda SeTanxmdes (mesame, da saboloo nabiji, anabrebis erTiani sagarantio sqemis Seqmna, saerTod ar dgas dRis wesrigSi). gadawyvetilebis miRebis saboloo vada gansazRvruli jerac ar aris. evrokomisiam warmoadgina winadadeba, Tavis Tavze aeRo problemebis gadawyvetis erTiani meqanizmis SemuSaveba. kreditor qveynebs sulac ar moswonT idea, rom romelime centraluri saagento maT mier gamoyofil saerTo saxsrebs sxva qveynebSi mdebare bankebis gamosaxsnelad mimarTavs. garda amisa, Zalauflebis gadacema samarTlebriv problemebsac warmoqmnis. germaniis poziciis mixedviT, problemebis gadamwyveti saagentos Seqmna saerToevropuli xelSekrulebis gadasinjvas moiTxovs. am meqanizmis gareSe ki, sabanko kavSiri mxolod sanaxevrod Tu aSendeba, vinaidan zedamxedveli erovnul interesebs ar daeqvemdebareba, TumcaRa didi problemebis mogvarebisas erovnul biujetze dayrdnoba kvlavac mouwevs. amgvarad, evros zona 2014 wels mniSvnelovan miRwevas izeimebs, Tumca es arasruli warmateba iqneba. n

ar daamuxruWoT! saimon raiti

sabirJo saqonlis supercikli jer ar dasrulebula

abirJo saqonliT vaWroba cikluri biznesia. liTonebisa da sxva mSrali tvirTebis (rkinis madani da qvanaxSiri) gayidvaTa dune dinamika gasuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi ufro metad monociklis asociacias iwvevs, vidre winare periodis supervelosipedisa. ekonomikuri zrda Senelda CineTSi, romelic cota xnis win msoflios rkinis madnis, spilenZisa da sxva liTonebis, aseve navTobisa da simindis umetesi wilis saboloo daniSnulebis adgils warmoadgenda. mravali analitikosi ukve dabejiTebiT acxadebs, rom CineTis mier inspirirebuli sabirJo saqonlis supercikli dasrulebulia. aseTi gancxadeba SesaZloa naadrevi gamodges. arsebobs myari safuZveli, vivaraudoT, rom 2014 wels da Semdgom, im analitikosebs, romlebic sabirJo saqonlis moTxovnis dramatul klebas winaswarmetyveleben, TavianTi poziciis gadasinjva mouwevT. arc maTi prognozi gamarTldeba, romelTa varaudiTac, gasuli wlebis maRali fasebiT stimulirebul miwodebas axali proeqtebis zRva walekavda. ase rom, bazari arc ise gajerebulia, rogorc elodnen. 2014 wels sabirJo saqonelze fasebi kvlav daiwyebs TandaTanobiT zrdas. fasebi 2013 wels cvalebadi iyo, Tumca saSualo Sewonili tarifebi wlis bolosTvis mcirediT Seicvala, radganac liTonebsa da sasoflo-sameurneo saqonelze fasebis vardna nawilobriv gadafara energoresursebze dawesebulma maRalma tarifebma. amJamad fasebi gasuli saukunis bolo 20 wlis saSualo maCveneblebze maRali rCeba. realuri fasebi sabirJo saqonelze daaxloebiT orjer aRemateba 1990-iani wlebis garigebaTa saSualo fass. HSBC bankis azriT, im analitikosebs, romlebic fasebis saSualo niSnulze dabruneba aqvT nawinaswarmetyvelebi, mouwevT daazuston, Tu romel saSualo maCveneblebs gulisxmoben TavianT gaangariSebebSi. fasebi gansakuTrebiT dabali iyo 1990-ian wlebSi. navTobis gamoklebiT, fasebi 1970-iani wlebis donezea da imaze mniSvnelovnad dabalia, rac me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi fiqsirdeboda. ufro farTo istoriul konteqstSi, fasebi araCveulebrivad maRali sulac araa. axali aTaswleulis gariJraJze fasebis stagnacia im faqtma gamoiwvia, rom msoflios mdidarma nawilma am droisaTvis ukve amowura resursebis intensiur gamoyenebaze damokidebuli ekonomikuri zrdis faza. am droisaTvis mravali xidi, estakada da qalaqi ukve aSenebuli iyo. investiciebi infrastruqturaSi Semcirda. sabirJo saqonlis mwarmoeblebi moumzadebelni aRmoCndnen kolosaluri da uprecedento Cinuri moTxovnis uzrunvelsayofad, rasac am qveynis qalaqebSi soflis Raribi mosaxleobis masobrivi Semodineba ganapirobebda. magram rogori iqneba moTxovnis yofaqceva axla, CineTis ekonomikuri zrdis Senelebis pirobebSi? demografia did gavlenas axdens sabirJo saqonlis moxmarebaze. miuxedavad mosaxleobis globaluri zrdis tempis Semcirebisa, yovelwliurad msoflios ufro meti adamiani emateba, vidre wina wels. analogiurad, CineTis ekonomika, 2014 wels, 2008 welTan SedarebiT, 65%-iT gaizrdeba, da amgvarad, jamuri fizikuri moTxovna bevrad meti iqneba, ekonomikuri zrdis tempis Semcirebis miuxedavad. bank

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finansebi

msoflio 2014

acQuaire-s mixedviT, 2012-2018 wlebSi foladze M globaluri moTxovnis wliuri zrda 3.1%-ze SeCerdeba, am periodis wina eqvswleulis 3.3%-Tan SedarebiT. fizikuri moTxovnis zrdis TvalsazrisiT ki, 45 milioni tonidan 50 milion tonamde gaizrdeba. igive tendencia gamoikveTeba spilenZis, aluminis, nikelis, tyviis, TuTiisa da kalis SemTxvevaSic. moTxovnaze zegavlenis TvalsazrisiT, CineTis amJamindeli wliuri ekonomikuri zrdis tempi - 7.5%, 2008 wlis 12%-is ekvivalentia. amas garda, sabirJo saqonlis momxmarebeli infrastruqturisa da sacxovrebeli farTis msxvilmasStabian mSeneblobaze damokidebuli urbanizaciis procesi dasrulebuli sulac araa. aseve, saxezea sxva aziuri qveynebis, kerZod ‒ indoneziisa da tailandis, amerikuli ekonomikis (es ukanaskneli kvlavac rCeba resursebis did momxmareblad) gamococxlebis procesi. TviT indoeTmac ki, romelic sabirJo saqonlis SedarebiT mcire importioria, SesaZloa daZlios uunaroba da gaataros ekonomikuri reforma, rac momdevno aTwleulis romeliRac periodSi aucileblad gamoiwvevs Raribi sasoflo mosaxleobis qalaqebSi gadadinebas. es yovelive moTxovnis perspeqtivebs friad mimzidvels xdis. sabirJo saqonlis ciklis Tvlis daCqarebulma brunma gasul aTwleulSi samTomompovebeli da energokompaniebis investiciaTa Seuqcevadi zrda ganapiroba. moTxovnis bumiT ganpirobebul masiur, kapitalintesiur warmoebaSi Cadebul investiciaTa da miwodebis gazrdil moculobas Soris arsebuli droiTi lagi imas niSnavs, rom miwodebis gazrdili nakadi axlaRa Semodis bazarze da misi Semdgomi zrda savsebiT logikuria. amave dros, investiciaTa zrdis tendencia ukve dasrulda da 2014 wlidan msoflios umsxvilesi mompoveblebi maT dramatulad Seamcireben. yvelaferi es imaze miuTiTebs, rom fasebi biznesciklis fskerze an masTan axlosaa. marTalia, momavali zrdis tempi SesaZloa gasuli wlebis tempiviT Tavbrudamxvevi ar aRmoCndes, magram 2014 wels fasebis zrdis gamokveTili tendenciis dawyeba namdvilad sarwmunoa. n

2014 mokled erayi sakuTari valutis - dinaris kupiuridan sam nuls amoSlis

saimon raiti: industriuli redaqtori, The Economist

amaze fsonebs nu dadebT gzavnili sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis Cveni danayofis xelmZRvanelobisgan

ad daabandeben msoflios wamyvani kompaniebis direqtorebi TavianT kapitals gaisad? „msoflio 2014 wels“ saxeliT, Cvenma monaTesave kompaniam Economist Intelligence Unit kvlevis momzadebisas, kompaniebis direqtorebs hkiTxa, Tu ras miiCnevdnen isini TavianTi kapitaldabandebis yvelaze usafrTxo daniSnulebad 2014 wels ‒ Cinur, amerikul Tu evropul banks? Tu ubralod, fuls muTaqaSi Seinaxavdnen? kvlevaSi monawile 1 876 respondentidan, mexuTedi, fulis muTaqaSi Senaxvas apirebs. marTalia, bankebs kvlavac mouwevT muSaoba keTilganwyobis dasabruneblad, magram ndoba amerikuli bankebisadmi (respondentTa 37%) bevrad ufro STambeWdavia, vidre evropuli (31%) da Cinuri bankebisadmi (respondentTa sul raRac 9%). direqtorebi aSS-is federalur sarezervo sistemas (fsr) metad endobian. respondentebis naxevris azriT, igi obligaciebis gamosyidvis programas marTebuli tempiT daasrulebda. maTgan, vinc fsr-s Secdomebs elis, 36% fiqrobs, rom igi programas Zalian nela, xolo 14%-is azriT, Zalian Cqara daasrulebs. es gzavnili uaxloes momavalSi dasaniSni fsr-s axali Tavmjdomaris, janet ielinisaTvisaa: „nu iqnebiT metismetad frTxili“.

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brZola `CvilTa borcvisaTvis~

merikis egreT wodebuli ,,CvilTa borcvi~, romelic 1957 wels dabadebul moqalaqeebs moicavs, 2014 wels winasapensio asaks miaRwevs. maT sul raRac 10 weli darCebaT socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemiT gaTvaliswinebuli anaricxebis miRebis dawyebamde. am adamianebis samzadisi erTob daZabuli unda gamodges. ,,CvilTa borcvis” kohortebi winasapensio asaks aseve kanadaSi, safrangeTSi, britaneTSi, niderlandebSi, islandiaSi, axal zelandiaSi, avstraliasa da germaniaSi miuaxlovdebian. „beibi bumerebi“ da maTi momdevno Taobebi unda moemzadon sicocxlis Tavdapirvelad mosalodnelze meti xangrZlivobisaTvis, rac bolo 40 wlis manZilze mTel msoflioSi mamakacebisTvis 11 wliT, xolo qalebisaTvis 12 wliT gaizarda. 2014 welze didad iqneba damokidebuli, moiwyoben Tu ara xandazmuli adamianebi maTTvis sanatrel cxovrebis pirobebs pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, Tu iZulebulni gaxdebian telefonis zaris meSveobiT, Svilebs, maT saxlSi gadabargebis survili auwyon. „beibi bumerebs“ sapensio asakis moTxovnebsa da xelmisawvdom Semosavlebs Soris arsebuli ufskrulis problemis gacnobiereba mouwevT. daviwyoT ukiduresad gadatvirTuli saxelmwifo sapensio sqemebiT, romlebic maSin Seiqmna, roca sapensio asakis miRwevis Semdeg, adamianebi mxolod ramdenime weliwads cocxlobdnen. axla es periodi aTwleulebis manZilze grZeldeba. amave dros, farTovdeba ufskruli piradi sapensio danazogebis fondebis mimarTulebiTac. es deficiti, sapensio uzrunvelyofis erovnuli institutis monacemebiT, aSS-Si 14 trilion dolars Seadgens. amerikelTa mxolod 40% Tua CarTuli sapensio uzrunvelyofis sqemebSi, xolo sapensio asaks miuRweveli adamianebis saSualo danazogebi mxolod 12 000 dolars Seadgens. suraTi msgavsia danarCen msoflioSic: ukanaskneli globaluri mimoxilvis mixedviT, msoflios dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari ar zogavs pensiisaTvis sakmaris Tanxebs, xolo 20%-s saerTod ar aqvs danazogi. aRsaniSnavia, rom politikosebi kvlavac problemis ignorirebiT arian dakavebulni. aSkara problemebis miuxedavad, 2012 wels espaneTma gazarda kidec sapensio asignebebi, xolo safrangeTma pensiaze gasvlis asaki sulac, Seamcira. aSS-Si kongresi problemebis zedapiruli gadaWris gzebis ZiebiTaa dakavebuli. albaT, sapensio asaks miRweuli „beibi bumerebis“ udidesi gamowveva bazrebze arsebuli dabneuloba da gaurkvevlobaa. sapensio borcvis dadgomis samzadisSi, 2014 wels, investorTa da saxelmwifoTa ori kategoria miipyrobs yuradRebas. eseni ara mxolod mqoneblebi da uqonelni, aramed isinic iqnebian, visac momavalSi eqneba an ar eqneba raime aqtivebi.

mqonebelTa Soris usaTuod aRmoCndeba avstralia. misma superanuitetis programam ukve moaxerxa sapensio danazogebis erTerTi umaRlesi ganakveTebis dafiqsireba, TumcaRa es qveyana mainc zrdis savaldebulo Senatanis moculobas erT dasaqmebulze, dRes arsebuli 9.25%-dan (2013 wlis ivlisidan moyolebuli), 12.5%-mde 2020 wels. miuxedavad imisa, rom britaneTis NEST sapensio sqemas rTuli qartexilebis daZleva mouxda, misi wevrebis sia ukve 300 000 investors iTvlis. agreTve, niderlandebma ukve gadawyvita sapensio xarjebis 2%-iani Sekveca. sakuTari borcvis kohortis arsebobis miuxedavad, amerika albaT uqonelTa kategoriaSi unda moviazroT. sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb patiosani, saerTo erovnuli diskusia sistemis problemebis gadawyvetis gzebis Ziebas uTuod waadgeba da SesaZlebels gaxdis socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis reformasa da savaldebulo programebis Seqmnasac ki. TumcaRa, 2014 – politikurad Wirveuli saarCevno weli, amisTvis naklebad xelsayrelia. amave dros, xandazmuli amomrCevlebi da profkavSirebi safrangeTsa da espaneTSi aucilebel sapensio reformebs aferxeben. aseve, aziaSic, sadac mosaxleoba msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze swrafi tempiT berdeba, mTavrobebi kritikis obieqtebi xdebian, mosaxleobis sapensio sqemebiT arasaTanado zomiT dafarvisa da metismetad konservatiuli sainvesticio politikis gamo.

beibi bumerebs mouwevT ufro meti ifiqron TavianT sapensio Semosavlebze, – acxadebs lorens finki – sainvesticio korporacia BlackRock-is Tavmjdomare da aRmasrulebeli direqtori

nu daawvebiT tvirTad sakuTar Svilebs sasiamovno axali ambavi isaa, rom sapensio asaks miRweulni sakmaod momzadebulebi Canan mosalodneli problemebisadmi da SesaZloa, mqoneblebad iqcnen, Tuki ukeT gaerkvevian arsebul viTarebaSi. sainvesticio korporacia BlackRock-ma axlaxan CORId saxeldebuli sapensio indeqsi gamoaqveyna, romelic sapensio asaks miRweul pirebs myisier SesaZleblobas uqmnis, Seafason is sapensio Semosavlebi, rasac arsebuli danazogebi uqmniT. amave dros, sargeblis ganakveTis TvalsazrisiT, bazarze arsebuli situaciis ufro farTo prizmiT ganWvreta da gaanalizeba SeeZlebaT. TumcaRa, maT da maTsave damqiraveblebs sapensio sistemis mTeli koncefciis xelaxla gaazreba mouwevT. mravali kompania axlave moiTxovs, rom sapensio asaks miRweuli 65 wlis moqalaqeebi sruliad janmrTelni da produqtiulebi iyvnen. optimizmis safuZvels is iZleva, rom 58-64 wlis amerikelTa naxevari ukve gegmavs SromiTi saqmianoba sapensio asakis gadabijebis Semdgomac gaagrZelos. Tu qveyanaTa mTavrobebi, biznesi da calkeuli moqalaqeebi ver SeZleben Tvali usworon sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrdiT Seqmnil realobas, momavalSi, sakuTar Svilebs, maT saxlebSi gadabargebis surviliT, beibi bumerebis sul ufro da ufro meti nawili mimarTavs. n

2014 wels, investorTa da saxelmwifoTa ori kategoria miipyrobs yuradRebas. eseni ara mxolod mqoneblebi da uqonelni, aramed isinic iqnebian, visac momavalSi eqneba an ar eqneba raime aqtivebi

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msoflio 2014 aseve seqciaSi: rac cisken midis, isev cisken wava 120 saCuqrebi kosmosidan 120 muri aRar aris? 121

margalitebi nagvis grovaSi 122 edvard o. vilsoni: ufrTxildiT martoobis xanas 123

selias aCrdili oliver mortoni

gadaSenebuli saxeobebis SesaZlo dabruneba

000 wels, naTlisRebis dResaswaulze, espaneTSi, ordesas erovnul parkSi, TovliT damZimebuli xe waiqca da qveS moiyola mTis Txa, saxelad selia. ase gadaSenda pirineis Txa, igive bukardo. me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli, bukardos raodenoba sul ufro mcirdeboda. mtaceblebisgan Tavis daRwevis miseuli strategia ‒ axlos mdebare qvaze moxerxebulad Sextoma cis fonze Seupovari da mrisxane siluetis gamosaxviT, momxduris SesaSineblad, sruliad usargeblo gamodga TofebiT SeiaraRebuli `mtaceblebis~ winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTze nadiroba aikrZala, aman ver SeaCera gadaSeneba da sabolood bukardoc SeuerTda mzard sias saxeobebisa, romelTa amowyvetasac adamianebma Seuwyes xeli. 2014 wels, bukardom, SesaZloa sul sxva, jerjerobiT hipoTetur siaSi daimkvidros adgili. es aris kacobriobis mier gacocxlebuli saxeobebis sia, romlis Sedgenis didi survili bevr mecniers, aqtivistsa da mewarmes aqvs. sikvdilamde ramdenime TviT adre, mecnierebma selia daiWires da yuridan ujreduli qsovilis nimuSi aiRes, gamoacalkeves cocxali ujredebi da gayines. ramdenime wlis Semdeg maT selias klonireba scades. bukardos dnm-iT savse atomebi Cveulebrivi Txebis kvercxujredebSi moaTavses, romlebsac manamde sakuTari atomebi gamoacales ‒ igive procesi, rac 1996 wels, klonirebuli cxvris ‒ dolis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyenes. amgvarad miRebuli embrionebi surogat dedebs Caunerges. surogatad gamoiyenes Cveulebrivi Txisa da mTis Txis sxva saxeobebis najvari, radganac Cveulebrivi Txis saSvilosno bukardos nayofisTvis Seusabamo aRmoCnda. 2003 wels, erT-erTma hibridma Sva patara bukardo, romelmac, samwuxarod, dabadebidan ramdenime wuTSi deformacia ganicada da mokvda. Semdgomi dafinansebis ararsebobis gamo, es proeqti SeCerda.

mkvdreTiT aRmdgari, rogorc dodo axla ki proeqti Tavidan iwyeba. gadaSenebuli saxeobebis gacocxlebis ideam (romlis moridebuli momxreebi ar iyeneben ufro mZafr Sesatyviss ‒ `mkvdreTiT aRdgena”) axleburi popularoba SeiZina. es didwilad iman ganapiroba, rom genomebis wakiTxva warmoudgenlad gaiafda da SesaZlebeli gaxda ro-

oliver mortoni: redaqtori, The Economist

me davbrundebi

mecniereba

gorc muzeumebSi daculi, didi xnis win daRupuli saxeobebis nimuSebis, aseve gayinuli qsovilebis, da ra Tqma unda, cocxali ujredebis wakiTxva. amasTan, genomebis weris teqnologia, romlis nawilic sinTezuri biologiis saxeliTaa cnobili, TandaTanobiT met potencials iZens ara mxolod patara baqteriebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebzec cdebis demonstrireba ukve araerTxel momxdara, aramed sxva arsebebis SemTxvevaSic. kaliforniuli saqvelmoqmedo fondi `aRadgine da gaacocxle~ aRricxavs aTze met saxeobas, romelTa gadaSenebisgan daxsnasac adamianebi cdiloben. maT Sorisaa dodo (gadaSenebuli frinveli) da bewviani mamonti. am proeqtebis umetesobisTvis saWiro iqneboda dnm-is xelaxali sinTezireba an am saxeobis axlo monaTesave arsebis dnm-is gadakeTeba ‒ safrTxilo da rTuli saqme, romlis Sesrulebac SeiZleba, amJamad sruliad warmoudgenelia. bukardos ki didi upiratesoba aqvs, radgan misi ujredebi sayinuleSia Senaxuli. maTi gamoyenebis axali mcdeloba ukve isargeblebs didi progresiT, rac klonirebis teqnologiam bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ganicada. Tuki selias pirveli cocxali tyupi male dRis sinaTles ixilavs, es mxolod dasawyisi iqneba. mamri bukardos Seqmnas daWirdeba iseTi dnm, rogoric selias ar hqonda da aq sinTezuri biologebis CarTva iqneba saWiro. xolo Tu bukardoebis cocxali populacia isev unda gaSendes, genomebSi bevri sxva cvlileba unda Seitanon. konservaciis momxreebi kamaToben, rom mTis Txis ukan dasabruneblad, aseTi didi da sarisko Zalisxmevis gaweva, roca marto iberiaSi mTis Txis ori sxva jiSi arsebobs, teqnologiuri egoizmia. maSin, roca saxeobebis SenarCuneba bevrad ufro iafi da martivia. Tumca, es rom calmxrivi da uimedo SemTxveva yofiliyo, sadac gadaSenebuli saxeobebis dasabruneblad arsebul investiciebs cocxali saxeobebis gadarCenis proeqtebs moaklebdnen, maSin es namdvilad Zlieri argumenti iqneboda. Tumca, es ori Zalisxmeva erTmaneTis konkurentad ar unda ganixilebodes. aravisTvisaa gadaSenebuli saxeobebis gacocxleba cocxali jiSebis gadarCenis alternativa. piriqiT ‒ es aris imedis, sindisis qenjnis Jesti da teqnologiuri garRvevis moxdenis gamoxatuleba. yvela saxeobas Tavisi wili ekuTvnis. n

gadaSenebuli saxeobebis gacocxlebis ideam axleburi popularoba SeiZina

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rac cisken midis, isev cisken wava tim qrosi

mravaljeradi raketebi bevrad gaaiafebs kosmosuri xomaldebis frenas

aketebi TvalismomWreli danadgarebia da saocrad xarjianic. `saturni V~-s raketebi, romlebmac mTvarisken mimaval astronavtebs starti aaRebina, haerSi afrenda milebis, tumboebis, sarqvelebisa da CamrTvelebis uzarmazar Senobebs ‒ TiToeuls 6-metriani nawilebi hqonda. ramdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi didi siswrafiT gasrolis Semdeg maTi nawilebi uceremoniod iyreboda zRvaSi an kosmosSi ganagrZobda umizno tivtivs. am mxriv Tu SevxedavT, kosmosuri xomaldis frena sigiJea: es igivea, rac axali TviTmfrinavis aSeneba yoveli gafrenis win da miwaze daSvebis Semdeg misi daSla. sastarto raketebis yidva imdenad Zviria, rom mxolod mTavrobebi da didi kompaniebi Tu gawvdebian. mravaljeradi gamoyenebis raketas ki dramatulad SeuZlia xarjebis Semcireba. swored am ideam STaagona amerikis

2014 mokled golis xazis teqnologias pirvelad gamoiyeneben fexburTis msoflio Cempionatze. maRali siswrafis ToTxmeti kamera iqneba CarTuli imis dasadgenad, gaitanes Tu ara goli

kosmosuri `Satli~, Tumca, politikuri kompromisebisa da zedmetad optimisturi inJineriis Sedegad, `nasa~ xarjebis mosalodnel danazogTan axlosac ver mivida. 2014 wlidan, `kosmosi iqsi~ – kerZo `axali kosmosis~ industriis yvelaze warmatebuli wevri, kidev erT mcdelobas gegmavs da imedi aqvs, rom iseT modifikacias gaukeTebs ornawilian `Sevardeni 9~ raketebs, rom maTi gamoyeneba kidev da kidev iqneba SesaZlebeli. idea is gaxlavT, rom pirveli nawili, romelic raketas SedarebiT dabal simaRlesa da siCqareze Zvreba, motrialdeba da sakuTari ZalebiT startis adgils daubrundeba. Semdeg specialurad Seqmnili fexebiT daeSveba miwaze, rogorc muyaos sabavSvo raketa. meore nawili, romelic gancalkevebis Semdeg bevrad ufro swrafad moZraobs, dedamiwas Semouvlis gars da ase dabrundeba Sin. orive nawilis dabrundebis Semdeg saWiroa mxolod nakawrebis amovseba, dazianebebis SekeTeba, saraketo sawvavis Sevseba da ornawiliani raketa mzad iqneba momdevno startisTvis. `kosmosi iqsi~ imedovnebs, rom nawilebis ukan dabrunebis

saCuqrebi kosmosidan alun andersoni

gabeduli kosmosuri misia moipovebs cnobebs imaze, Tu rogor Seiqmna Cveni mzis sistema

tim qrosi: mecnierebis rubrikis korespondenti, The Economist

abadebuli mzis garSemo mbrunavi mtvris giganturi Rrublisgan 4.6 miliardi wlis win darCa. im periodis materiis nimuSebma SeiZleba miniSneba mogvces imis gasagebad, Tu rogor warmoiSva da ganviTarda mzis sistema. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi vicodiT, rom pawawina merkuri mzis garSemo masTan yvelaze axlos brunavs. mas mohyveba sami sxva kldovani planeta: venera, dedamiwa da marsi. kidev ufro moSorebiT arian gigantebi: iupiteri, saturni, urani da neptuni. gazis uzarmazari wre gars akravs mcire birTvebs. astronomebma didi xnis win ivaraudes planetebis warmoqmnis stabiluri warsuli. mbrunav mtversa da gazSi, romelic axal mzes gars akravda, gravitaciis Zalas SeeZlo, erTmaneTTan Seewebebina mfrinavi materiebi da didi zomis obieqtebad gardaeqmna isini. logikurad Canda, rom simxurvale gaaqrobda aramdgrad nivTierebebs da mzesTan axlos kldovan planetebs warmoqmnida, xolo misgan ufro moSorebiT, siciveSi planetebi savse iqneboda gaziT, romelic yinulovan birTvs Semoekvreboda. sufTa da dalagebul wesrigs, rogoric manamde Canda, axla anacvlebs mosazreba, sadac qaosi batonobs. mZlavri teleskopebi Soreul mzeebs akvirdeba da xedavs, rom maT garSemo mbrunavi planetebi aucileblad ar mdebareoben mowesrigebul orbitebze. giganturi planetebi, e.w. `cxeli iupiterebi~, TavianT mzeebTan Zalian axlos SeamCnies maSin, roca wesiT, Tu maTi orbitebi ar Secvlila, iq ar unda moZraobdnen. Cveni mzis sistemis kompiuteruli simulacia ambobs, rom amJamindeli ganlageba droebiTia da SesaZloa Seqmniliyo SemTxveviT – planetebis giganturi `biliardis TamaSis~ dros. Tavidan, gazis gigantebi

014 wels kosmosSi sensaciuri Tavgadasavali daiwyeba ‒ mecnierebi mcire zomis kosmosur xomalds gauSveben, romelic kometaze daeSveba da masTan erTad imogzaurebs kosmosSi. saocrad axlo xediT SevZlebT, davinaxoT, ra emarTebaT kometebs, roca mzes uaxlovdebian da movipovoT axali cnobebi Cveni mzis sistemis adreul periodze. es Tavgadasavali ianvarSi daiwyeba, roca 10-wliani frenis Semdeg evropis kosmosuri saagentos sadguri `rozeta~ zamTris Zilidan gamoiRviZebs da gezs aiRebs Tavisi miznisken - kometa 67p/ Curiumov-gerasimenko, iupiteris orbitis miRma. maisSi `rozeta~ kometas miaRwevs, axlos mifrindeba masTan da noemberSi CauSvebs patara xomalds saxelwodebiT `file~, romelic moeWideba kometas, daeSveba da mis zedapirze damagrdeba. pirvelad msoflioSi gveyoleba xomaldi, romelic kometaze mimagrebuli imogzaurebs, mis paralelurad ki meore xomaldi kosmosSi ifrens. roca samkilometriani yinulisa da kldis burTula msxvreviT, stveniTa da tkaca-tkuciT mzes miuaxlovdeba, saocari `Souc~ daiwyeba. yinuli kometis zedapirze aorTqldeba da warmoqmnis kaSkaSa kuds, romelic caze, aTasobiT kilometrze gadaiWimeba. kometebi kldovani narCenebia, romlebic mzis sistemis planetebis SeerTebis Semdeg Cveni, axladd-

gazomva erTniSna ricxvis Sesabamis saaTSi moxdeba. firma ukve sTavazobs startis yvelaze dabal fasebs, rac daaxloebiT 50 procentiT naklebia konkurentebis SeTavazebaze. raketis sawvavi da misi Senaxva ufro iafi jdeba, gansakuTrebiT axali raketebis aSenebis xarjebTan SedarebiT. Tu firma moaxerxebs, rom raketebi srulad ramdenjerme gamoiyenos, maSin, rogorc `kosmosi iqsis~ ufrosi elon maski varaudobs, fasebi SesaZloa kidev ganaxevrdes. Tumca, arc sapirispiro Sedegia gamoricxuli. saraketo saqme konservatiuli biznesia da amis kargi mizezic aqvs. elon maski iTvaliswinebs, rom bevri mcdeloba iqneba saWiro, sanam misi firma teqnologias srulyofilad aiTvisebs; pirveli satesto gafrena 2013 wels mxolod nawilobriv iyo warmatebuli (maskis varaudiT, mas warmatebis mxolod 10-procentiani Sansi aqvs). man aseve Tqva, rom Tu yvelaferi kargad aewyoba, `Sevardenis~ pirveli nawili sastarto adgils 2014 wlis bolomde daubrundeba. aman SesaZloa TamaSis wesebi Secvalos. n

msoflio 2014 s

mzesTan albaT bevrad ufro axlos gaCndnen, vidre axla arian. maT Soris yvelaze didi wyvili – iupiteri da saturni, romlebic miliardobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi `cekvavdnen~ Tavisi uzarmazari gravitaciuli veliT dakavSirebulebi. sabolood, rogorc Teoria ambobs, saturni Seejaxa uransa da neptuns da Soreul frenaSi gauSva isini. es ukanaksnelni kosmosis ukacriel midamoebSi aRmoCndnen da yvela mxares Tavis nawilakebs isrodnen. am nawilakebis nawili Cveni mimarTulebiT wamovida da mTvareze uzarmazari kraterebi datova. zogi kuiperis sartyelze darCa da neptuns miRma brunavs; zogi ki oortis Rrublisken iqna gadasrolili, mzis sistemis yvelaze ukidures, Sor nawilSi. amis Semdeg, planetebi moTavsdnen TavianT amJamindel orbitebze. roca uZvelesi nawilakebi moZravi planetis an varskvlavis wevis Sedegad kosmosSi ganidevneba, SeiZleba xmauriT Cauaros Cvens mzes, rogorc kometam. es gvaZlevs Sanss, gavideT da vnaxoT, risganaa igi damzadebuli da marTlac aseTi qaoturia Tu ara Cveni warmoSobis istoria, rogorc amas Teoria gvTavazobs. magaliTad, mecnierebs SeuZliaT, daakvirdnen gayinul gazebs, romlebic kometazea darCenili. im temperaturis codniT, razec gazebi aorTqldeba, SeiZleba, ganisazRvros, ramdenad Tbili iyo kometa warsulSi. mtvris marcvlebi SesaZloa Seicavdes materiebs, romlebic mxolod maRal temperaturaze gamoaSkaravdeba da mianiSnebs, rom kometam miiTvisa materia, romelic uxeSad iyo gamosrolili kosmosSi. `rozetasa~ da

muri aRar aris? benJamin sazerlendi santa barbara

mikroCipebis mmarTvelobis oqros xana, rogorc Cans, dasasruls uaxlovdeba

irma `intelis~ Tanadamaarsebelma gordon murma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom mikroCipebis tranzistorebis Rirebuleba yovelwliurad daecema, vinaidan silikonis mocemul zedapirze amokveTili wertilebis raodenoba 2 weliwadSi erTxel gaormagdeba. mis 1965 wlis naSroms - `meti komponentebis datana integralur sqemaze~ da Semdgom nawerebs Tu daveyrdnobiT, muris kanoni, rogorc mis prognozs uwodeben, TviTganxorcielebad winaswarmetyvelebad iqca. mkurnalobdnen ra mas, rogorc mizans, Cipebis Semqmnelebi yovel or weliwadSi ufro patara tranzistorebis Taobas qmnidnen da Sesabamisad, ufro iaf gamoTvliT simZlavres. Tumca, rogorc ikveTeba, muris kanoni 2014 wels veRar gadaurCeba. Cipebis mwarmoeblebi, rogorebic arian ibm, Intel da tsmc – taivanuri giganti, tranzistorebis zomis ganaxevrebas kidev ramdenjerme SeZleben. problema, rogorc analitikosebi varaudoben, is gaxlavT, rom 2014 wlis Semcirebis Semdeg tranzistorebis Rirebuleba metad veRar Semcirdeba.

mecniereba

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`fileze~ ganTavsebuli 20 instrumenti msgavsi miniSnebebisa da informaciis mowodebas SeZlebs.

2014 mokled

samyaro Cvens welTaRricxvamde 4.6 miliard wels mecnierebi aseve moZebnian mtkicebulebas dedamiwis gamwvanebaSi kometebis eqstraordinaruli rolis Sesaxeb. Cveni planeta stumarTmoyvare adgilia, radganac mas wyali aqvs. mecnierebis erT-erTi udidesi gamocanaa, Tu saidan warmoiqmna okeaneebi. Zalian adre, dedamiwa, savaraudod, cxeli iyo da wyali swrafad unda gamqraliyo sivrceSi. savaraudod, Cvens planetas dRes okeaneebi mxolod imitom aqvs, rom kometebisa da meteoritebis wvimiT daibomba, romlebzec didi odenobiT yinuli iyo. wylis qimiuri xelweris gazomviT, iseTi kometebis zedapirze, rogoricaa 67p/Curiumov-gerasimenko, mecnierebi dainaxaven, aris Tu ara msgavseba kometaze napovn wyalsa da dedamiwis okeaneebs Soris. kometebze aseve SeiniSneba kompleqsuri organuli molekulebi, romlebic sicocxlis Semadgeneli nawilia. kosmosi SesaZloa Zalian carieli Candes, Tumca iq Zlieri qimiuri reaqciebis narCenebia – reaqciebisa, romlebic mimdinareobs varskvlavebis gaCenisa da gaqrobis dros. meteoritebSi, romlebic sxvadasxva dros dedamiwas daejaxa, aRmoaCines bevri kompleqsuri molekula. maT Soris, aminomJavebi. `rozetas~ mier napovni nebismieri organuli molekula dagvexmareba gavigoT, sicocxlis warmoSobis ra sawyisi kompleqti mogvitanes kometebma saCuqrad kosmosidan. n

marjvniv zeviT kuTxeSi lurjad: Tu mTavrobis mrCevelTa sabWos rekomendaciebs miiReben, TviTmfrinavis mgzavrebs amerikaSi ufleba eqnebaT, gamoiyenon mobiluri aparatebi (frenis reJimSi) afrenisa da dafrenis dros

Semcirebuli Cipebi 2002 wels, erT erT dolarad SeZenili tranzistorebis dolarad SesaZle20m 20m raodenoba da sigrZe beli iyo daax19m Shrinking chips loebiT 2.6 mln Number and length of transistors bought per $ 28 nm tranzistoris 16m 20nm 16nm SeZena, romelTa 2012 2015* 2014* 40nm maxasiaTeblebis 11.2m zoma 180 nano2010 * Forecast Source: *prognozi wyaro:Linley Group metrs, an milime7.3m tris memilioneds 65nm warmoadgens. 2014 4.4m 2008 wels, tranzis2.6m torebi, im zomis 90nm 1/9 maxasiaTeble2006 biT dolaris 20 130nm meaTasedi eRireba. Tumca tranzis2004 torebis Semdgomi 180nm Nanometres (nm) nanometri zomis Semcireba maT ufro gaaZvi2002 rebs. 2015 wels, erT dolarad SesaZlebeli iqneba 19 meaTasedis SeZena grupidan“, `silikon veli konsaltansi(ixileT grafiki). es imitom moxdeba, dan~. rom teqnologiebis Zvirfasi kalaTa `ufro patara tranzistorebis axali unda SemuSavdes patara tranzistorebis Taoba, udavod prestiJs moutans mis TiToeuli TaobisTvis (isini ukve imaze mwarmoeblebs~, – ambobs len jelineki patara arian, vidre im sinaTlis talRis ihs-dan. es aris kidev erTi sakonsulsigrZe, romliTac amotvifruli arian). tacio firma, romelic muris kanonis 2003 wels, Cipebis mwarmoebelTa dasasruls winaswarmetyvelebs. magram konferenciaze, batonma murma Tavad ga- arc momxmareblebi da arc investorebi nacxada, rom Semdegi aTwleulis ufro ar miesalmebian gamoTvliTi simZlavris patara, ufro iafi tranzistorebi, `al- nedleulis Rirebulebis zrdas. n baT martivi~ ram iyo. magram axla bevria gakvirvebuli, rom mravali adamiani Tavs benJamin sazerlendi: uStato korespondenti, ikavebso, – ambobs linli gvenepi „linli The Economist Linley Group

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margalitebi nagvis grovaSi jefri qari

ribonukleinis mJavaSi (RNA) SesaZloa Cveni cxovrebis udidesi gamocanebis pasuxebi imalebodes

014 iqneba weli, roca akronimi RNA (ribonukleinis mJava) daikavebs iseTive adgils sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi, rogoric ori aTwleulis win DNA-m (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) daikava. maSin mTeli simZlavriT iyo gaCaRebuli adamianuri genomis proeqti, romelzec didi imedebi myardeboda, magram romelmac bevrs gaucrua molodini. samedicino progresi, romelsac es proeqti sazogadoebas hpirdeboda, ar dadga. am warumateblobis mizezi didwilad is gaxldaT, rom genetikosebs ar esmodaT ribonukleinis mJavis mniSvneloba, romelic dezoqsiribonukleinis mJavisa da cilebis damxmare molekulad miiCneoda. dRes moxda imis gacnobiereba, rom ribonukleinis mJava aris swored is mTavari elementi, romlis rolis Seswavlac unda moxdes, raTa gavigoT, Tu rogor muSaobs geni da SevqmnaT masTan dakavSirebuli sargeblis momtani samedicino preparatebi. es procesi swrafi tempiT 2014 wels daCqardeba. ribonukleinis mJava qimiurad dezoqsiribonukleinis mJavis msgavsia. misi molekulebi Sedgeba birTvSi arsebuli dezoqsiribonukleinis mJavis modelebisgan. Zveli mosazrebis mixedviT, es molekulebi ubralod exmarebodnen cilebis daaxloebis process. aseTi molekulebis erTi nawili awvdida cilebis sqemas sxva molekulebs, romlebic warmoadgendnen qveujredovan meqanizms, ribosomas, am sqemas rom kiTxulobda da mis interpretacias axdenda. ribonukleinis mJavis molekulebis mesame nawili iTvisebda aminomJavebs (romlebic cilebis mTavari nawilia) ujredis citoplazmisgan da maT ribosomas asawyobad gadascemda. gasuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi gairkva, rom es sami tipis ribonukleinis mJava ‒ mRNA, rRNA da tRNA ‒ ar warmoadgens ribonukleinis yvela mJavas. maT garda, aseve arsebobs aRNA, lincRNA, miRNA, piRNA, siRNA, snRNA da mravali sxva; imdenad mravali, rom jer zustad araa cnobili, Tu ra funqcias asrulebs TiToeuli maTgani. cnobilia mxolod genomis proeqtis dros gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom genomis mniSvnelovani nawili mis 2%-s warmoadgens, romelic axdens cilebis kodirebas da danarCeni 98% uvargisi da usafuZvloa. sinamdvileSi, ribonukleinis Seswavlis kerZo proeqtma 2012 wels daadgina, rom dezoqsiribonukleinis mJavis minimum sami meoTxedi da aramarto is mcire nawili, romelic cilebis kodirebis axdens, SesaZlebelia gadaviRoT aslis saxiT ribonukleinis mJavaSi. garda amisa, 2013 wlis seqtemberSi gamocemuli naSromis mixedviT, adamianis genomSi aris 160 000 adgili, romlebic gamoiyureba, rogorc amgvari aslis gadaRebis sawyisi wertili. es gvibiZgebs, vifiqroT, rom arsebobs 160 000 geni. magram adamianuri genomis proeqtis Tanaxmad, arsebobs 20 000-ze ramdenadme meti geni, romelic cilebis kodirebas axdens.

2014 mokled kristalografiis weli aRniSnavs rentgenis sxivebis gardatexis saukunovan da kepleris dakvirvebis 400wlian iubiles, rom yinulis kristalebi simetriulia

darCenili 140 000 genis Seswavla, romelSic uSualod ribonukleinis mJavaa aqtiuri saboloo produqti da ara cilebi, urigo ar iqneba. yvelaze didi samuSao, romelsac aRniSnuli genebi asruleben (genebi, romlebic cilebis kodirebas ar axdenen) gaxlavT mTeli genetikuri aparatis muSaobis regulireba. isini amas mravalnairad akeTeben. zogi ekvreba mRNA-s da mas qmediTunarianobas ukargavs. am process RNA-Si Careva ewodeba. zogi dezoqsiribonukleinis mJavis nawils ekvris. zogi cvlis cilebs, romlebic dezoqsiribonukleinis mJavis irgvliv imyofebian ise, rom SeuZlebeli xdeba mTliani genetikuri blokis wakiTxva. zogic emagreba sxva cilebs, romlebsac transkrifciis faqtorebi ewodebaT da romlebic genebis aslebis gadaRebas axdenen. am sxvadasxva gzis meSveobiT, romelTa detalebic TandaTan xdeba cnobili, RNA akontrolebs ujredis moqmedebas da gansazRvravs ujredis tips. amgvarad, igi aregulirebs sxeulis muSaobas da aseve imas, Tu rogor viTardeba kvercxujredi da gardaiqmneba zrdasrul adamianad.

saswauli da medicina

jefri qari: mecnierebis rubrikis redaqtori, The Economist

yovelive es gvexmareba, rom naTeli movfinoT avadmyofobas. dRes ukve cnobilia arakodirebadi genebis monawileoba simsivnis mraval saxeobaSi, zogierT nevrologiur problemaSi (maT Soris, alchaimeris daavadeba, autizmi da Sizofrenia), gulis daavadebebsa da diabetSi. amgvarma genebma SesaZloa aseve naTeli mohfinon aqamde burusiT mocul dakvirvebas, rom zogierT daavadebas bevrad didi memkvidreobiTi komponenti aqvs, vidre es SeiZleba aixsnas cilebis kodirebadi genebis nairsaxeobiT. SesaZlebeli da savaraudoc aris, rom mkvlevrebi, romlebic memkvidreobiTobas cilebis kodirebad genebSi eZebdnen, mcdar gzaze idgnen. gasakviri araa, rom wamlebis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi dainteresebuli arian axali kategoriis qimiur produqtSi, romelic SeiZleba efeqturad iqnes gamoyenebuli. gansakuTrebiT saintereso am mxriv ribonukleinis mJavis Carevaa. magram im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ribonukleinis mJavasTan dakavSirebuli wamlebis Seqmna ver moxerxdeba, daavadebebSi ribonukleinis mJavis rolis ukeT gaazreba xels Seuwyobs sxva samkurnalo gzebis Seqmnas da adamianuri genomis proeqtis dapirebebis Sesrulebas. Tumca ribonukleinis mJavis axladaRmoCenili mniSvneloba amiTac ar sruldeba. masSi SeiZleba imalebodes TviT sicocxlis dasawyisis gasaRebi. ribosomis birTvi ‒ nawili, romelic akavSirebs aminomJavebs erTmaneTTan ‒ yvela cocxal arsebaSi TiTqmis identuria. israelis veicmanis institutis mkvlevari ada ionaTi, romelsac es aRmoCena ekuTvnis, fiqrobs, rom stabiluri guli unda ukavSirdebodes sicocxlis dasawyiss, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, masTan axlos midiodes. ribosomis guli uZvelesi wiaRiseulia, romlis reproduqcia dReSi uamravjer xdeba cxovelebis, mcenareebis, sokovanTa da baqteriebis ujredebSi. Tu vinme SeZlebs imis gagebas, rogor Seiqmna ribonukleinis mJavis es nawili pirvelad, aman SesaZloa axsnas, Tu rogor Seiqmna cocxali organizmebi. amgvarad, 2014 SesaZloa iyos weli, roca Wkviani bioqimikosi biologiis udidesi saidumlos gasaRebs miagnebs. n

mecniereba

msoflio 2014

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ufrTxildiT „martoobis xanas“

edamiwis biomravalferovneba paradoqsSi gaxveul dilemas warmoadgens. paradoqsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom rac ufro met saxeobas anadgurebs adamiani, miT met axal saxeobebs pouloben mecnierebi. konkistadorebis msgavsad, romlebic inkebis oqros adnobdnen, isini aRiareben, rom didi ganZi unda amoiwuros, Tanac male. es midgoma qmnis dilemas: SevZlebT ganadgurebis SeCerebas momavali Taobebis sakeTildReod, Tu kvlav gavagrZelebT planetis Secvlas Cveni myisieri saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad? Tu ase gavagrZelebT, maSin planeta dedamiwa sakuTari istoriis axal xanaSi Seabijebs, romelsac zogierTi anTropologi mxiarulad eZaxis „mxolod Cveni erTaderTi saxeobis dros“. me mirCevnia, mas eremocinis, anu „martoobis xana“ vuwodo. mecnierebi biomravalferovnebas (gaiTvaliswineT, rom yvela darCenil cocxal organizmebs gulisxmoben) sam doned yofen. zeda safexurzea ekosistemebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mdeloebi, tbebi da marjnis rifebi. Semdeg modis is saxeobebi, romlebic am ekosistemebs qmnian. qveda doneze arian im genebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic TiToeuli saxeobis ganmasxvavebel Tvisebas adgenen. biomravalferovnebis mosaxerxebeli sazomi saxeobebis raodenobaa. rodesac 1758 wels karl lineusma daiwyo formaluri taqsonomuri klasifikacia, romelic dResac gamoiyeneba, man daaxloebiT 20 aTasi saxeoba ganasxvava. 2009 wlisTvis, avstriuli biologiuri resursebis kvlevebis mixedviT, raodenoba 1.9 milionamde gaizarda. rodesac jer ar aRmoCenili uxerxemloebi, sokoebi da mikroorganizmebi daemata, Sefasebebma sagrZnobi meryeoba daiwyo 5-10 milions Soris. sakiTxi mokled rom CamovayaliboT, dedamiwa mxolod mwirad Seswavlili planetaa. axal saxeobebs laboratoriebi da muzeumebi „miaqvT“ yvelgan, magram maTi analizi da saxelis miniWeba xdeba mxolod 20 aTasi saxeoba weliwadSi siCqariT. am tempiT da niSnulad qveda zRvris ‒ 5 milioni saxeobis aRebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTa klasifikacia jer ar momxdara, es davaleba ver Sesruldeba 23-e saukunis Sua periodamde. aseTi, lokokinas tempi samarcxvinoa biologiuri mecnierebebisTvis. is emyareba cru warmodgenas, romlis mixedviTac taqsonomia dasrulebuli da moZvelebuli disciplinaa. biomravalferovnebis kvlevas korporatiul da samedicino samyaroebSi cota megobari moeZebneba. amis Sedegad, mecniereba, rogorc erTiani sfero, agebs. taqsonomistebi ufro mets akeTeben, vidre saxeobebisTvis saxelebis miniWebaa. isini maT specialobaSi Semavali saxeobebis eqspertebsa da pirvelad mkvlevrebs warmoadgenen. swored maT unda vumadlodeT Cven im codnas, romelic arsebobs msoflioSi dominanti jgufebis,

rogoricaa nematodebis (mrgvali matlebi), tkipebis, kopepodebis (kibosnairebis), zRvis wyalmcenareebisa da kompozitebis (rTulferianTa) Sesaxeb. ekosistemis fauna da flora kidev ufro met rames warmoadgens, vidre mxolod saxeobebis erTobliobas. isini urTierTqmedebis rTuli sistemaaa, sadac garkveul pirobebSi nebismieri saxeobis ganadgurebas, SesaZloa Zireuli gavlena hqondes mTlian sistemaze. es garemosdacviTi mecnierebebis araxelsayreli simarTlea, rom adamianis zegavleniT arsebuli arcerTi ekosistema ar iqneba mudmivad mdgradi, sanam misi Semadgeneli yvela saxeoba ar iqneba cnobili; am ukanasknelTa ricxvi ki, Cveulebriv, ramdenime aTass aRwevs. taqsonomiidan momdinare codna da masze damokidebuli biologiuri kvlevebi iseve saWiroa ekologiisTvis, rogorc anatomia da fiziologia – medicinisTvis. rogor davicvaT dedamiwis cocxali garemos Semadgeneli saxeobebi, Tuki maT did umravlesobas saerTod ar vicnobT? garemosdamcveli biologebi Tanxmdebian, rom saxeobebis didi nawili aRmoCenamde nadgurdeba. wminda ekonomikuri midgomiTac, ganadgurebis alternatiuli xarjebic ki Zalian didi iqneba. gareuli jiSebis mcire nawilis kvlevamac ki ukve moitana axali wamlebis siuxve, aseve siaxleebi bioteqnologiaSi da winsvla soflis meurneobaSi. da es mxolod dasawyisia. bunebrivi ekosistemebi uzrunvelyofen sasmeli wylis gawmendasa da Senaxvas, klimatis stabilizaciasa da im haeris did nawils, romliTac vsunTqavT.

adamianma meti unda gaakeTos dedamiwaze sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad, gvafrTxilebs harvardis universitetis sapatio profesori edvard o. vilsoni

moraluri arCevani ra Tqma unda, arsebobs gulwrfeli msoflio Zalisxmeva, romelic mimarTulia biomravalferovnebis gadasarCenad da ruqaze dasatanad. zRvis faunisa da floris aRnusxvisa da sicocxlis programebis enciklopediis internetSi ganTavsebiT, yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda ZiriTadi nawili im codnisa, rasac Cven vflobT dedamiwaze arsebuli saxeobebis Sesaxeb. axali teqnologiebi gvexmareba axali saxeobebis aRmoCenasa da ukve saxeldebulebis amocnobaSi. yvelaze aRsaniSnavi maTgan Strixuri kodirebaa ‒ im saxeobebis amocnoba, romlebsac dnm-is maRali cvalebadobis mokle seqciebi aqvs. garemosdacviTi organizaciebi yvelafers akeTeben. rogorc Sefasda, am ZalisxmeviT, erTi mexuTediT Senelda ukuprocesi. es progresia, magram damTrgunvelad arasakmarisi dedamiwis cocxali garemos stabilizaciisTvis. saukunis darCenili nawilis problemuri sakiTxi garemoze adamianis zemoqmedebis zrda da biomravalferovnebis Semcireba iqneba. Cven dagvekisreba mTeli pasuxismgebloba, raTa sakuTari Tavi da ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iqneba, darCenili sicocxle am gzaze gavataroT da mdgrad edemur yofamde miviyvanoT. n

saukunis darCenili nawilis problemuri sakiTxi garemoze adamianis zemoqmedebis zrda da biomravalferovnebis Semcireba iqneba

Tbilisi Concert Hall, 2 Melikishvili Str., Tbilisi 0179, Georgia Tel.: (+995 32) 229 55 88; E-mail: info@jazzfm.ge www.jazzfm.ge

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msoflio 2014 aseve seqciaSi: Cveni lxini iwyeba... 126 sul zeviT-zeviT 126 piradi cxovreba da cnobili saxeebi 127 mxolod SesaZlebelia... 127

damSvidobeba indoeTis `patara ostatTan~ 128 originaluri mister grei 128 rene redzepi: momavlis meniu 129

Tqveni YouTube aleqsandra suiCi

interneti televizors saocari siswrafiT Caenacvleba

ouTube-is rvawliani arsebobis manZilze, erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli video, romelic 560 milionze metma adamianma naxa, patara britaneli biWis – Carlis Sesaxebaa, romelic ufros Zmas TiTze kbens. es iseTi tipis gasarTobi samoyvarulo klipia, romelic xalxisTvis internetTan asocirdeba – iseve, rogorc Cveuli metafora onlain-videoebisa da televiziis konkurenciis Sesaxeb. Tavisi ùfrosi ZmisTvis~ onlain-videos jer-jerobiT Sewuxebis meti araferi moaqvs, Tumca es didi safrTxe ar aris. saSualo amerikeli zrdasruli adamiani dReSi oTx saaTs televizoris yurebaSi atarebs da am drois mxolod mcire nawili eTmoba internetSi videoklipebisa da programebis naxvas. Tumca, 2014 wels onlain-video kidev ufro mniSvnelovani kulturuli Zala gaxdeba, romelic Secvlis diskusiebs, sazogadoebebs da Sinaarss imisa, rasac xalxi uyurebs. internetisken televiziis migracias ramdenime faqtori daaCqarebs. sixSireTa diapazonis gafarToebasTan erTad, videoebis yureba ufro swrafad iqneba SesaZlebeli, CamotvirTvis lodinis gareSe. xalxi iyidis met `Wkvian~ televizors, romelsac interneti eqneba, xolo vebsaitebi, romlebze Sesvlac manamde mxolod leptopebiTa da planSetebiT iyo SesaZlebeli, did ekranze gadainacvlebs. 2014 wels, iseTi firmebi, rogorebicaa `soni~ da ìnteli~, momxmarebels SesTavazeben `ze~ momsaxurebas, romelic satelevizio programebs internetiT xelmisawvdoms gaxdis. kompania èflis~ didi xnis nanatri televiziac SeiZleba male realobad iqces. onlain-video TandaTanobiT ufro xangrZlivi da uwyveti xdeba. videos gamoweris servisebi – `netfliqsi~ da àmazoni~, romlebic filmebsa da satelevizio Souebs onlain gadmoscems, investirebas axorcielebs sakuTari maRali xarisxis `satelevizio~ gadacemebSi. `netfliqsma~, magaliTad, daaxloebiT 100 milioni dolari daxarja politikuri dramis `kartebis saxlis~ rimeiqisaTvis. YouTube cdilobs, televiziis pirdapir konkurentad gardaiqmnas da iwyebs sakuTari àrxebis~ Seqmnas, sadac profesionalurad damzadebuli Souebi gadis. 2014 wels, satelevizio gadacemebis msoflioSi udidesi Semqmnelebi, maT Soris `disnei~, axali platformebisTvis eqskluziuri programebis momzadebas daiwyeben. cvlilebas, Tu ras da rogor uyurebs xalxi, ukve aqvs kulturuli gavlena. internetma xalxs gauCina molodini, rom SeuZliaT TviTon SearCion da moiZion gasarTobi: dRes, Tu vinme mediis momxmareblebis realiTi-Sous gaakeTebs, albaT, `myisieri kmayofileba~ unda daarqvas. TandaTan xSirdeba uwyvetad da àwyvetiT~ yurebis SemTxvevebi, roca ekranis formisTvaleba mayurebeli (romelic aRaraa damokidebuli satelevizio programaze) Sous bevr epizods an sulac mTel sezons, ase vTqvaT, erT dajdomaze uyure-

kultura bs. `netfliqsi~ atiurad iTvaliswinebs mayurebelTa `gaumaZRrobas~ da cdilobs, internetSi axali Souebis mTeli sezonebis erTdroulad ganTavsebiT, maT asiamovnos. droTa ganmav- barki xvdeba baits lobaSi meti adamiani gaatarebs SabaT-kviras Sin – ekranebsa da monitorebs mijaWvuli. interneti programebis tipsac Secvlis da xels Seuwyobs seriebad gadaRebuli dramebis Seqmnas, romlebsac, istoriulad, sakmaod uWirdaT satelevizio eTerSi warmatebis miRweva, radganac mayurebeli kviraSi erTxel erTveboda am satelevizio produqtis mimdinareobaSi da SeiZleba, dedaazri gamoetovebina. prodiuserebi da scenaris avtorebi eqsperimentebs Caatareben formatsa da struqturaze. gadacemebis Sinaarsis SerCevaSi ufro metad iqneba CarTuli sazogadoeba – mayureblebi xmas miscemen da airCeven, Tu romeli gadacema unda Sedges, rogorc es `amazonis~ studiis Souebis SemTxvevaSi gakeTda, romelTa nawilis debiuti 2014 wels gaimarTeba.

2014 mokled jimi faloni Caanacvlebs jei lenos, `amRamindeli Sous~ wamyvanis poziciaze, romelic sakuTar mesamoce iubiles aRniSnavs

kabelis uarmyofelTa aRzeveba garkveulwilad, internetis wyalobiT, televizoris yureba ufro socialuri gaxdeba. xalxi `tviterze~ dawers, Tu ras uyurebs. Tumca, amavdroulad, igi SeiZleba piriqiT – asocialuric gaxdes, radgan ufro naklebi raodenobis adamianebi uyureben erTsa da imave Souebs sxvebTan erTad. ojaxis wevrebi SeiZleba mainc Seikribon `televizoris oTaxSi~, magram isini sxvadasxva ekranebs miusxdebian – mozardebi gadacemebs TavianT mobilur telefonebze Sexedaven, mSoblebi ki televizoris ekrans miaCerdebian. sportuli RonisZiebebis pirdapiri translaciebisa da ramdenime didi satelevizio gadacemis gamoklebiT, mTeli eris mier erTsa da imave yovelkvireuli gadacemis erTdroulad yurebisa da meore dRes misi ganxilvis xana dasruldeba. es SeiZleba 2014 wels ar moxdes. Tumca arcTu gvian, magram mainc moxdeba. TanamSromlebi mainc ganixilaven `samSoblos~ an `ebi qalaqis centrSi~ seriebs, magram nakleb savaraudoa, rom maT erTi da igive epizodi hqondeT nanaxi. amavdroulad, saxlis dinamikac Seicvleba. 2014Si meti `kabelis uarmyofeli~ (axalgazrdebi, romlebic sakabelo televiziaze uars amboben) Seqmnis sakuTar ojaxs da ufro iaf onlain-video momsaxurebas, farTo da uwyvet sixSires airCevs, vidre fasian televizias. ra Tqma unda, ar arsebobs srulyofili Canacvleba (magaliTad, sportuli RonisZiebebis pirdapiri eTeri), Tumca, bevri jibegamofxekili axalgazrda, romlisTvisac praimtaimis dros televizoris yureba arafers niSnavs, upiratesobas iaf onlain-serviss mianiWebs. 2014 wlis Semdeg ki, ufro meti adamiani CaWris kabels. Tumca, kidev bevri sezoni Caivlis manam, sanam Sin televizoris yurebis Cvevebis Secvlis `drama~ sabolood gaTamaSdeba. n

aleqsandra suiCi: media redaqtori, The Economist

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kultura

Cveni lxini iwyeba ema hogani

aurzauri uiliam Seqspiris 450-e dabadebis dRis gamo

564 wlis 26 aprils, qorepiskoposma jon breCgirdlma uorvikSiris patara da lamaz savaWro qalaq stenfordSi `gulielmus filius iohanes Seqspiris~ naTlobis Sesaxeb Canaweri gaakeTa. pirovnebas, romlis Sesaxebac es Canaweri gakeTda, uiliam Seqspiris saxeliT icnoben da amjerad misi 450-e dabadebis dRe ufro farTod aRiniSneba. 2014 wels moewyoba gamofenebi, konferenciebi da Seqspiris piesebis dadgmebi mTeli msoflios masStabiT. foljeris biblioTekaSi, vaSingtonSi, sadac Seqspiris nawarmoebebis msoflioSi udidesi koleqcia inaxeba, `bardis~ piesebis pirveli nawili gamoifineba. aprilSi parizi umaspinZlebs erTkvirian konferencias, sadac mecnierebi, reJisorebi da msaxiobebi Seikribebian. speqtaklebi gaimarTeba kiTxvis sesiebisa da gamofenebis paralelurad, romlebic muzeumebsa da erovnul biblioTekaSi iqneba warmodgenili. martSi, britaneTi `Seqspiris kvireuls~ moawyobs. am RonisZiebaSi aTasze meti skola, aseve Teatrebi, kinoTeatrebi da muzeumebi miiReben monawileobas.

msoflio 2014

2014 wlisTvis gamomcemlebi Seqspiris Temaze Seqmnili wignebis `zvavs~ amzadeben. amerikelma mecnierma jeims Sapirom wignSi `Seqspiri amerikaSi~, genialuri dramaturgis Sesaxeb amerikelebis mier dawerili eseebis koleqcia Sekriba. amerikis meeqvse prezidentma jon quinsi adamsma, romelic monobis sawinaaRmdego SexedulebebiTaa cnobili, dezdemona mavr otelosTan urTierTobis gamo gaakritika. vietnamSi koncentrirebul an iaponiis banakebSi dapatimrebul jariskacebs `bardis~ Sesaxeb azrebisa da fiqrebis CamoweriT dro gayavdaT. samoqalaqo omis orive mxare am dramaturgs saku-

Tari propagandisTvis iyenebda. kanadeli samecniero Jurnalisti dan falki Tavisi naSromiT `Seqspiris mecniereba~, erTdroulad or iubiles gamoexmaura. naSromSi `bardze~ galileos gavlenac figurirebs. 2014 wels galileoc 450 wlis xdeba. `Seqspiris

sul zeviT-zeviT jonaTan ledgardi lauzani

zombebis epoqa dasrulda! – inJinrebis droa!

2014 mokled bart simfsoni – `simfsonebis~ 10 wlis personaJi, romelic arasdros izrdeba, ukve 35 wlis xdeba

jonaTan ledgardi: momavali „afrikis“ direqtori,

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

istopiuri/Savbneli literatura 2014 wels poziciebs dauTmobs ufro optimistur nakads, rac nawilobriv imiT aixsneba, rom xalxi daiRala ambebiT mutantebze, vampirebsa da (gansakuTrebiT) zombebze. es didwilad gamoxatavs Zvras sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi ‒ civilizaciasTan dakavSirebuli SiSidan, biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebisken. teqnologiuri ganviTareba kvlav gaaRvivebs imeds, rom atmosferoTi da genebiT manipulirebis gziT, adamiani sicocxlis sxvadasxva formis ayvavebas SeZlebs. romanebi gascdeba Rmuilsa da Rrials, da iseT sagans an movlenas Seexeba, rac realurad SeiZleba moxdes. axali optimizmi yvelaze mkafiod samecniero fantastikis JanrSi gamoikveTeba. 2014 wels samecniero fantastikaSi yvelaze did warmatebas uaxloesi momavlis Sesaxeb dawerili gamamxnevebeli romanebi miaRwevs. es ki niSnavs, rom meti ambavi iqneba moTxrobili afrikaze, Tanaswor da samarTlian politikaze, da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, axal sainJinro gadawyvetilebebze. yoveli amis erTgvari `emblema~ arizonas universitetSi, proeqt `ieroglifis~ farglebSi gamocemuli samecniero fantastikis anTologia iqneba,

monteini~, stefan grinblatisa da piter platis redaqtorobiT, nabijnabij miuyveba frangi eseistis mier Seqspiris piesebis STagonebas. 450-e iubile cifruladac aRiniSneba. iubilemde cota xniT adre, `Seqspir eqsCeinji~ – niu iorkis Teatraluri dasi, onlain gamoaqveynebs Seqspiris 154 sonetis videoCanawers, romelSic 154 msaxiobi monawileobs. magram am iubiles aRniSvnis saukeTeso gza, albaT, Tavad Seqspiris nawarmoebTa dadgmebis naxvaa. sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi mosaxvedrad, britaneTSi ramdenime dasi erTmaneTs Seejibreba. ianvarSi, erovnul TeatrSi, `mefe liris~ warmodgena gaimarTeba, sadac mTavar rols saimon rasel bili Seasrulebs. igi am dadgmis reJisoricaa. TebervalSi ki `saomari cxenis~ ukan mdgari gundi barbikanis TeatrSi `zafxulis Ramis sizmris~ Tojinur versias waradgens. londonis barbikanis Teatrisa da stretfordSi Seqspiris samefo dasis samwliani TanamSromlobis farglebSi, martidan `henri IV~-is pirveli da meore nawilebis Cveneba daiwyeba. ambiciuri `gloub Tu gloub~ festivali 23 aprils gaixsneba. igi `gloubis~ Teatris mier dadgmul `hamlets~, erTi da igive gundiTa da msaxiobebiT, 200-ze met qveyanas moatarebs. turi dawyebis dResve, 2016 wels – Seqspiris gardacvalebidan 400 wlisTavze dasruldeba. n ema hogani: britaneTis korespondenti, The Economist

romelic momavali qseluri epoqis sakiTxs iZiebs. proeqti `ieroglifi~ Camoyalibda amerikeli samecniero fastastikis mwerlis, bestselerebis avtor nil stefensonisTvis wayenebuli gamowvevis Sedegad, rom mas da sxva mwerlebs unda ecadaT iseTi moTxrobebis dawera, romlebic yovelTvis ar dasruldeboda sruli kolafsiT, despotizmiT an robotebis upiratesi mmarTvelobiT. nil stefensons miaCnia, rom realur cxovrebaSi teqnologiebis bevri SemqmnelisTvis STagonebis wyaro swored samecniero fantastikaa. ratomac ar unda dauweson maT axali gamowvevebi? profesor, inJiner keit hjelmstadTan erTad, stefensonma Seqmna iseTi suliskveTeba, rom yvelafris gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli, da warmoidgina 20-kilometriani koSki – namdvili babilonis godoli, romelic SeZlebda kosmosuri xomaldis momsaxurebas da erTgvari qalaq-saxelmwifo iqneboda qveda orbitaze, romelic Tavis mxriv, marsis kolonizacias SeZlebda. stefensons sjera, rom nebismieri miRwevis warmosaxvac ki sakmarisia imisTvis, raTa didma organizaciebma saerTo xedva Camoayalibon da am mimarTulebiT imuSaon. moTxovna gansjasa da asaxvaze aseve Seasustebs Zunwi literaturuli fiqciis reputacias. ian makevanis 2010 wlis romanSi `solari~, mecnieri undoblobas ucxadebs `yvelas, vinc rutinulad axsenebs planetas, rogorc didi azrovnebis dasturs~. TumcaRa, 2014 wels, moimatebs saplaneto sakiTxebze Seqmnili nawarmoebebi – didi literatura, romelic drosa da sivrceSi adamianis adgilis ufro namdvili perspeqtivis maZiebeli iqneba. n

piradi cxovreba da cnobili saxeebi fiameta roko Sanxai

rogor cvlian damoukidebeli muzeumebi kulturas

014 wlis maisSi, indoneziel-Cineli biznesmeni da koleqcioneri budi teki gaxsnis Tanamedrove dasavluri xelovnebis pirvel muzeums SanxaiSi. iuzis muzeumis Sesasvlel darbazSi dominantur adgils daikavebs uZvelesi, dagrexili zeTisxilis xe, romelic uzarmazari, minimalisturi kubis formis dedamiwidan iqneba amozrdili ‒ es aris italieli mxatvris mauricio katelanis enigmaturi namuSevari. didi albaTobiT, `zeTisxilis xe~ iseve gaaognebs muzeumis Cinel damTvaliereblebs, rogorc niu-iorkis mcxovreblebi gaaogna 2011 wels, roca gugenhaimis muzeumSi iyo gamofenili. Cinelebis umetesoba ar aris miCveuli dasavlur xelovnebas da instalaciis an konceptualuri xelovnebis cneba maTTvis jer kidev gamocanad rCeba. budi tekis axali proeqti swored amis Secvlas isaxavs miznad da iuzis, rogorc kerZo muzeums, amis gakeTeba bevrad ufro swrafad da Tavisuflad SeuZlia, vidre saxlmwifo dawesebulebas. ra Tqma unda, iyo dro, roca yvela muzeums kerZo mflobeli hyavda. romis wminda imperatorebis e.w. cnobismoyvareobis kabinetebidan dawyebuli, papebisa da princebis kerZo koleqciebiT damTavrebuli, SvedeTidan espaneTamde, muzeumebi mdidari da ganaTlebuli elitisTvis patronaJisa da propagandis Caketil sivrces warmoadgenda. mxolod me-19 saukuneSi, revoluciisa da qvelmoqmedebis kombinaciis Sedegad, modaSi Semovida sajaro koleqciebi. axla, roca ukve saukuneze metia, rac sajaro muzeumebi mravldeba da farTovdeba, tendencia isev brundeba. bevr qveyanaSi kerZo muzeumebi yvavis da sul ufro gavleniani xdeba. braziliaSi, inhotimis Tanamedrove xelovnebis institutma (Instituto de Arte Contemporânea Inhotim) atlantis okeanis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiros ukacrieli adgili, Ria cis qveS qandakebebis muzeumad aqcia. 2023 heqtarze (5000 akrze) gadaWimuli sruliad veluri midamo xelovnebis meqa gaxda, romelic artistebsa da kuratorebs mTeli msofliodan izidavs. amerikelma artistebma: dag aitkenma, meTiu barnim da kris bardenma specialurad inhotimis daburuli landSaftisTvis xelovnebis nimuSebi iseve Seqmnes, rogorc brazilielma helio oitikakam da danielislandielma mxatvarma olafur eliasonma. braziliis qalaq belorizontidan samxreTdasavleTiT, ori saaTis savalze, brumadinioSi, maRaroebis yofilma magnatma bernardo pazma inhotimi daaarsa. miuxedavad adgilis ukacrielobisa, 2012 wels inhotimi daaxloebiT 300 aTasma adamianma moinaxula. iq aTasze meti kaci muSaobs, 2014 wels sastumros gaxsnac igegmeba da aeroportis gafarToebac mimdinareobs. italiaSi, kerZo muzeumebis dinamikuroba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo seqtorisgan, sadac bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi konservacia, kvleva da kuratoroba finansuri SezRudvebis gamo, praqtikulad SeCerebulia. turinSi kulturul cxovrebaze didi xnis ganmavlobaSi agnelis ojaxi dominirebda, romelmac fiatis lingotos saavtomobilo qarxana warmatebul kulturul centrad aqcia. axla

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ki turinis kulturul cxovrebas xelovnebis energiuli koleqcioneri patricia sandreto re rebaundengo uZRveba. mis fonds mxolod erTi sakuTari sagamofeno sivrce aqvs da upiratesobas aniWebs italiel xelovanTa xelSewyobas sazRvargareT, ukveTavs xelovnebis axal nimuSebs ucxoel artistebs da samxatvro direqtoris, franCesko bonamis xelmZRvanelobiT, sxva qveynebis muzeumebTan erTad, erTobliv gamofenebs awyobs. sandretos fonds didi gasaqani aqvs rogorc italiaSi, ise mis farglebs gareT. amerikaSi tradiciadaa qceuli kerZo koleqcionerebis mier sakuTari SenaZenebis adgilobrivi muzeumebisTvis datoveba (amas sagadasaxado sistemac uwyobs xels). Tumca, zogierTi mdidari Semsyidveli sakuTari muzeumis aSenebas amjobinebs. maT Soris arian pamela da riCard kramlixebi, video da axali mediis xelovnebis specialistebi, aseve eli brodi – yovelive Tanamedroveobis koleqcioneri. Tuki muzeumi sakuTar xangrZliv momavals uzrunvelyofs, kerZo muzeumis SemTxvevas naklebi Careva, da savaraudod, metad warmatebuli memkvidreoba mo-

2014 mokled damien hirsti londonSi galereas xsnis, sadac banksis, sara lukasisa da jef kunsis namuSevrebi iqneba warmodgenili

budi teki aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs akavSirebs

hyveba. Tumca, yvela mainc ar iqneba bednieri, radgan sjeraT, rom aseTi muzeumebi mxolod im sazogadoebis sasikeTod Seqmnili institutebis xarjze SeiZleba aSendes. aseTi eWvebi Cinelebs ar awuxebT. budi tekis zeTisxiliT morTuli iuzis muzeumi 2014 wels gaxsnili uaxlesi kerZo muzeumi iqneba. 2012 wels, CineTSi 400-mde axali kerZo muzeumi gaixsna. vang veim da misma meuRlem, liu iqianim – uZravi qonebis ganviTarebis sferoSi moRvawe miliardelma, 2012 wlis 18 dekembers sixaruliT gaxsnes sakuTari, xelovnebis grZeli muzeumi Sanxais louSanis gzaze. isini kidev erTi muzeumis gaxsnas gegmaven amave dRes – zustad erTi wlis Semdeg. n mxolod SesaZlebelia… amerikeli avtori igebs man bukeris prizs pirvelsave wels, roca amerikelebi am jildos gadacemaze dauSves. eleqtronuli informaciis moparvis SiSma, sabeWdi manqana daabruna. skarlet iohansoni Rebulobs `oskars~ filmisTvis, sadac saerTod ar Cans ‒ `igi~, romelSic msaxiobi kompiuteris xmas `TamaSobs~.

fiameta roko: wignebisa da xelovnebis rubrikebis redaqtori, The Economist

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damSvidobeba indoeTis `patara ostatTan~ jeims astil deli

saCin tendulkari – kriketis moTamaSe da `erovnuli ganZi~ eras asrulebs

989 wlis Semdeg, indoeTi sagrZnoblad Seicvala. mas axla 400 milioniT meti mosaxle hyavs. misi ekonomika eqvsjer gaizarda. indoeTis 1.2-miliardiani mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari dabadebulic ki ar iyo 1989 wels, roca rajiv gandi – neru-gandis mesame mmarTveli iaraRis 10 miliondolariani afioriT dazafrul arCevnebSi damarcxda da roca qaSmiris saprotesto gamosvlebi ZaladobaSi gadaizarda. meoTxedi saukunis gasvlis Semdeg, indoeTi SesaZlo mexuTe nerugandis mmarTvels (rajivis vaJs, rahuls) elis, misi korufciuli afiorebi miliardobiT dolaradaa Sefasebuli da areulobas qaSmirSi 50 aTasze meti adamianis sicocxle emsxverpla. magram yovelive am aurzaurisa da gardaqmnebis fonze erTi ram ucvleli darCa – saCin tendulkari, `patara ostati~, romelic yovelTvis imagrebda fexis damcavebs indoeTisTvis. 2013 wlis bolos, saCin tendulkari,

msoflio 2014

savaraudod, datovebs saerTaSoriso krikets. misi moRvaweobis xangrZlivoba erT-erTi mizezia, risTvisac saCins ase did pativs scemen. axalgazrda gulSematkivrebisTvis kriketis es saocari moTamaSe Tavisi morcxvi RimiliT, swrafi manqanebis siyvaruliTa da gamanadgurebeli dartymiT imdenad Zlieri da misabaZia, ramdenadac 40 wlis kaci SeiZleba iyos. maT mSoblebs ki es zrdilobiani, RvTismoSiSi da meojaxe kaci agonebs dros, roca indoeTi ufro mokrZalebuli da tradiciuli iyo. amavdroulad, saCini saukeTeso moTamaSea, romelic kriketze SeSlilma qveyanam warmoSva. dabolos, yvelaze mTavari: qveyanaSi, romelic jer kidev yoymanobs sakuTari TavisTvis ostatobis globaluri standartebis wayenebas, tendulkari msoflio donis damrtymelia. mis angariSzea 100 saerTaSoriso senturia - avstraliel riki pontinze 30iT meti. saCin tendulkari sxva erovnuli warmatebis simbolocaa – roca man sakuTari saerTaSoriso kariera daiwyo, induri kriketi iseTive gaRatakebuli iyo, rogorc Tavad indoeTi. axla ki kriketis globaluri Semosavlis 80 procenti indoeTis saTvalavSia, maT Soris – asobiT milioni dolari mediis licenziebidan da reklamidan. kriketi ganasaxierebs indoeTis ekonomikuri winsvlis dasawyiss, xolo saCin tendulkari – msoflios erT-erTi umdidresi sportsmeni da induri reklamis yvelaze popularuli saxe, am procesis xelSemwyobia. roca saCini Tavis finalur saer-

originaluri mister grei miranda jonsoni

markiz de sadi 200 wlis Semdegac Sokismomgvrelia

oveli, rom yvela adamianis mexsierebaSi gaxundeba mogoneba Cems Sesaxeb,~ - werda donatien alfons fransua de sadi Tavis ukanasknel anderZsa da aRsarebaSi. Tumca, misi molodini ar gamarTlda. markiz de sadis aRviraxsnili saqmeebi da misi erotikuli nawerebi uZlebs dros da kvlavac Seswevs mkiTxvelebis SeZrwunebis unari. 2014 wels, agvistoSi, sadistebi (sxvebTan erTad) sixaruliT Sexvdebian e.l. jeimsis bestseleris `greis 50 tonalobis~ ekranizacias, namdvili `sadis-tebi~ ki 2014 wlis 2 dekembers, markiz de sadis gardacvalebidan 200 wlisTavs aRniSnaven CarentonSi mTvareulebis TavSesafarSi, safrangeTSi. markizma sicocxlis umetesi nawili patimrobaSi gaatara ‒ Tavidan monarqiis tusaRi iyo, Semdeg respublikis, bolos ki ‒ napoleonis. sasjels ixdida iseTi danaSaulebisTvis, rogorebicaa `deboSi~ da `gadametebuli garyvnileba~. de sadis epoqis turbulentoba misi nawerebis eqstremalurobaSi gamoixata.

TaSoriso raunds daasrulebs, savaraudod, mSobliur mumbaiSi, 2013 wlis noemberSi, an samxreT afrikaSi, an inglisSi 2014 wels, indoeTi samudamod dakargavs „raRacas“. amis Semdeg induri kriketis baqia axal samyaroSi arcerTi moTamaSe aRar iqneba aseTi mniSvnelovani, qveynis erovnuli TavdajerebulobisTvis. SeiZleba, aRaravin iyos aseTi brwyinvale: indoeTs Tavisi istoriis SesaniSnav etapze gaumarTla, rom hyavda saCin tendulkari. Tumca, am ukanasknelma Wkvianurad SearCia dro karieris dasasruleblad. bolo dros misi sportuli momzadeba arasaxarbieloa, rac misi fanebis legionebs malulad aRonebs kidec. magram maT RmerTebi RvTaebis formiT urCevniaT da ara gankacebuli. imave mizeziT, bevri SiSobs, rom ar gamarTldes Worebi tendulkaris mier Zalebis politikaSi mosinjvis Sesaxeb.n jeims astili : politikis rubrikis redaqtori,

ekonomisti da avtori wignisa `didi TamaSi: kriketi, korufcia da Tanamedrove indoeTis mSfoTvare aRzeveba~ (blumsberi)

sadis namuSevrebis, magaliTad, `iustines~ Zaladobrivi erotizmidan modis sadizmis koncefcia: seqsualizebuli fantaziebi, romlebic tkivilsa da iZulebas moicavs. inteleqtualebma: lusian froidma, simon de buvuam da miSel fukom – yvelam Seqmnes namuSevari, sadis, TviT `literaturuli kritikis fetiSis~ sapasuxod, - ambobs nikolas qronki, sadis specialisti oqsfordis universitetidan. 2014 wels qronki da sxva mecnierebi win wamosweven sadis naklebad uwmawur nawerebs, maT Soris, piesebsa da dialogebs, romlebic aRgznebis maZiebel mkiTxvelebsa da mTargmnelebs xSirad yuradRebis miRma rCebaT. literaturuli Jurnalis `romantikuli mecnierebebis~ specialuri gamocema nawilobriv ganixilavs erovnuli istoriisa da aseve filosofos Jan-Jak rusos gavlenas de sadis Semoqmedebaze. 2014 wels, SesaZloa, `sodomis 120 dRis~ originali xelnaweri, romelic sadma 1785 wels, bastiliaSi tyveobisas dawera, Sveicariidan safrangeTis erovnul biblioTekaSi dabrundes. 1980 wels, xelnaweris moparvis Semdeg, dava mis sakuTrebaze xels uSleSmaki, me? ida xelnaweris im qalaqSi dabrunebas, sadac is daiwera. sadis xelnaweris dafuZneba safrangeTis erT-erT udides literaturul dawesebulebaSi paradoqsulia. igi respeqtabelobas SesZens am daumorCilebel avtors da SesaZloa, markizis yvelaze Sokismomgvrel miRwevad iqces. n miranda jonsoni: redaqtoris TanaSemwe, The World In 2014

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momavlis meniu

k gurmanebi bostneulis dafasebas iswavlian, winaswarmetyvelebs rene redzepi, `nomas~ Sef-mzareuli da mflobeli da MADis simpoziumisa da MADFeed-is blogis Semqmneli ixileT ori eqskluziuri recepti redzepis ojaxisgan Semdeg bmulze: economist.com/recipe

mzareulebi ufro da ufro naklebad arian momarTuli Soreuli adgilebidan `fufunebis~ ingredientebis mopovebaze, romlebic iSviaTobis gamo iZenen Rirebulebas da sanacvlod arCeven iseT ingredientebs, romelTa Sovna axlomaxlo SeiZleba

argad mesmis, rom es momavlis sakiTxia. Tumca, modiT, jer warsulidan daviwyoT. mravali wlis win zamTris civ susxian dRes, kopenhagens didxans rom ar axsovda, Cemi restornis `nomas~ samzareuloSi erTi gasaWiri gvqonda: Cveni restorani stumrebs yovelTvis sezonis saukeTeso kerZebs pirdeboda. Tumca, dadga dRe, roca ingredientebis povna SeuZlebeli gaxda. moulodnelad damdgarma zamTarma didi dartyma mogvayena. aseTi eqstremaluri pirobebisTvis mzad ar viyaviT. yvela Cveuli gza da varianti amowuruli iyo. am gancdebsa da dardebSi myofi Zvel stafilos mivaSterdi. ar vici ratom. es stafilo imdenad Zveli iyo, rom rgoliviT SemeZlo misi modreka. dasakargi araferi mqonda. amitomac CemTvis gavifiqre: ratomac ar unda gavakeToT amisgan rame? isedac, ratom ar veqceviT am bostneuls ise, rogorc raRac Zalian Zvirfass, Tundac yvelaze ZviradRirebul xorcs? asec moviqeciT. davdeT tafaze da nel cecxlze mis Sewvas SevudeqiT. SevazaveT karaqiT, sunelebiTa da mwvaniliT da mudmivad vatrialebdiT, rogorc maRali donis Sesawvav xorcis naWers. daaxloebiT erTi saaTis Semdeg, mokrZalebuli, TiTqosda usargeblo Zirxvena radikalurad gardaiqmna. am process Sedegad dabrawuli, xilisa da tyavis msgavsi kani mohyva. misi Sida rbilobi ki SeikumSa da saocar sirbilesa da sinazes miaRwia. igi iseTi aromatuli da wvniani gaxda, rogorc arasdros. stafilo maSinve SevitaneT meniuSi, dapresili mJaunas wvenis bulionTan da aTqvefili naRebis mozrdil ulufasTan erTad. yvelam, vinc maSin `nomaSi~ isadila, igrZno, rom es saRamos saukeTeso kerZi iyo. im dRidan Cveni restorani ukeTesobisken Secvala. amis Semdeg TaviT gadaveSviT mcenareul samyaroSi. swrafad gavacnobiereT, rom floris mTeli simdidre xelis gawvdenaze gvqonda ‒ 59 saxeobis saWmeli kenkra regionSi! mzareulis skolaSi es CemTvis aravis uswavlebia. xuTi Tu eqvsi gavrcelebuli kenkris sikeTeze gamego mxolod. Cven Cveni fermerebis qselis mobilizeba movaxdineT. isini dagvexmarnen restoranSi axali mimarTulebis wamowyebaSi. uceb mivxvdiT, rom ar viyaviT damokidebuli proteinis tipur naWerze, romelic yvela kerZis safuZvels warmoadgens. amieridan yvelaze martiv stafilosac ki ar veqceodiT ise, rogorc ubralo bostneuls, damxmare moTamaSes, da Sous varskvlavad vaqcieT. `risi gakeTeba SegviZlia kombostos furclisgan? oxraxuSis konisgan? Warxlisgan?~ am SekiTxvebis dasma daviwyeT sakuTari TavisTvis da aman mogvca Zala. dRemde mudmivad axal aRmoCenebs vakeTebT. Sedegad ki Cveni samzareulo bevrad ufro gemrieli gaxda. dResdReobiT Cveni menius 80 procenti bostneulisgan Sedgeba. aris cotaodeni Tevzic da masze ufro naklebi xorci. movlenaTa msgavs cvlilebas mTeli msoflios

samzareuloebSi vxedavT. mzareulebi ufro da ufro naklebad arian momarTuli Soreuli adgilebidan `fufunebis~ ingredientebis mopovebaze - iseTi nivTebis, romlebic iSviaTobis gamo iZenen Rirebulebas da sanacvlod arCeven iseT ingredientebs, romelTa Sovna axlomaxlo SeiZleba. es ki geografiuli adgilis SegrZnebas qmnis da restoranSi gemrielad Wama unikalurad maRal xarisxamde ahyavs.

stafilo da...

`amas rame azri aqvs?~ ‒ ramdenime Tvis win Cemi Tavi am fiqrze daviWire axali ambebis cqerisas, sadac or mecnierulad gamoyvanil kotletze gadmoscemdnen. erT dResac es kotletebi SeiZleba hamburgerad mogvevlinos. maT damzadebas wlebi da asobiT aTasi dolari dasWirda. `es xorcTan miaxloebuli kotletia,~ ‒ Tqva erT-erTma eqspertma, romelic am qmnilebebs ikvlevda. am dros ki laboratoriis xalaTebSi gamowyobili ori adamiani muSaobda idealurad mrgval, wiTel naWrebze, gamWvirvale konteinerebSi. mTeli es scena Zalian waagavda vudi alenis films `mZinare~. ki, batono, mesmis, rom aseTi ganviTareba bevri adamianis gamokvebis saSualebas iZleva da momavlis moTxovnis dakmayofileba SeuZlia, magram namdvilad xorci undaT adamianebs? imdenad xom ar gazarmacda Cveni umravlesoba, rom amdeni Zalisxmevaa saWiro ukve nacnobisa da SeCveulis SesanarCuneblad? Tu ubralod gvWirdeba zogierTi Zveli Cvevisgan gaTavisufleba da metad dafiqreba imaze, rac yovelTvis Cvens garSemo iyo. modiT, mcenareebi, fermerebi da bazrebi ufro did prioritetad davsaxoT da vnaxoT, es ras mogvcems. Cemi gamocdilebiT, amas bevri ramis mocema SeuZlia. mas Semdeg, rac mcenareTa samyaros mravalferovnebas gaecnobiT, SemiZlia, giTxraT, rom praqtikulad yvela bazarSi wasvlisas aRmoaCenT SesaZleblobebs, romelTa Sesaxeb adre warmodgenac ar gqondaT. bostneulis odenobis gazrda sakveb racionSi da zogadad, cxovrebaSi, yvelafers ufro iafs, janmrTels, da gpirdebiT, bevrad ufro gemriels gaxdis. martivi ar aris am naxtomis gakeTeba. iseTive SegrZnebaa, TiTqos wlebis ganmavlobaSi fizikuri pasiurobis Semdeg varjiSs iwyeb. Tavidan fiqrob, rom amas verasodes SeZleb. ggonia, rom Zalian mZime xar amisTvis, fexebi gtkiva, ubralod ar gamogiva im mTaze asvla. magram uecrad mTazec adixar da male imasac xvdebi, rom amis gareSe cxovreba ukve aRar SegiZlia. CvenTvis yvelaferi imiT daiwyo, rom stafilo davafaseT iseve, rogorc xorcis steiki. gastronomiuli wesebiT, roca saqme aromats exeba, maT Soris gansxvaveba ar aris. ubralod, saWiroa damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebis saTuod qceva, crurwmenebis damsxvreva da cota warmosaxva. hoda, esec Cemi SemoTavazeba da winaswarmetyveleba 2014 wlisTvis da mis Semdegac: miirTviT bostneuli. n

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nekrologi

dae, iyos lati eduard lukasi

atviuri valuta, romelic pirvelad 1922 wels daibada, meored ki - 1993 wels, 2014 wlis pirvel ianvars `gardaicvleba~. erTi lati (lat), ori lati (lats). an latviurad (sadac mamrobiTi sqesis arsebiTi saxeli, rogorc wesi, `s~-ze mTavrdeba) erTi lats da ori lati. ianvridan ki, nebismier enaze – aranairi lati. mis sanacvlod - mxolod evro. 2014 wels, evropis danarCen nawilSi erTian valutas arapopularobis kidev erTi weli elis. samxreTelebi dawyevlian mas arsebuli deficituri reJimebis gamo. Crdiloelebi brals dasdeben kidev ufro metad xarjian antikrizisul programebSi. Tumca, latviis 2-milioniani mosaxleobisTvis evro TavSesafari iqneba, ekonomikuri da politikuri TavSesafari - kuTvnilebis niSani qveynisTvis, romelmac Zalian kargad icis izolaciis safrTxeebi. latis wina „gardacvaleba“, 1940 wels, erT-erTi iyo im sastiki Sedegebidan, rac patara qveynis didi movlenebis morevSi moxvedras mohyva. latvia, iseve, rogorc misi baltiispireli mezoblebi – estoneTi da litva, emsxverpla stalinisa da hitleris saidumlo garigebas, gaeyoT evropa. maTma wina damcvelma, britaneTma baltiispireTi paikiviT Seatova diqtatorebis TamaSs. mas Semdeg, rac 1940 wels, sami patara qveyana sabWoTa kavSiris nawili gaxda, lati, iseve rogorc litvuri liti da estonuri krona, damangreveli valutis kursis fonze gauqmda. okupaciis momdevno xuTi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi SemorCenili kupiurebi da wvrili fuli, omiswina safosto markebis msgavsad, `burJuaziul-nacionalisturi~ warsulis relikviad iqca. warsulisa, romelsac oficialurad, mwvaved kicxavdnen, magram araoficialurad Zalian afasebdnen. patriotul ojaxSi Sesul `iRblian patarZals~ saqorwilo saCuqrad SesaZloa omiswina periodis xuTlatiani vercxlis moneta mieRo. Zalian gabeduli adamiani ki am monetas sajarod moirgebda 18 noembers – 1918 wlis damoukideblobis dRis gamocxadebis iubileze. roca sabWoTa imperiis mTlianobas bzari gauCnda, SorsmWvretelma latvielebma erovnuli valutis aRdgena dagegmes. dakuWuli da qoniani sabWoTa rubli kremlis mmarTvelobis fiaskos simbolo iyo. mixeil gorbaCovis reJimi gacxarebiT beWdavda fuls, rom sabWoTa ekonomikis brunva SeenarCunebina. rublis zonaSi latviis bolo wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi fasebi aTjer gaizarda da mTlianad STanTqa mosaxleobis danazogebi. qaosis pirobebSi, windaxedulma latvielebma kartofili moiyvanes da Seinaxes yvelaferi, risi povnac maRaziebSi SeiZleboda. rublisgan gansxvavebiT, lati sul sxva rames ganasaxierebda: es iqneboda namdvili ekonomikis sayrdeni Rirebuleba, damoukidebeli da mtkice ekonomikisa, rogorc omiswina respublikaSi iyo. yvelaze metad ki is fasobda, rom es latviuri valuta iqneboda. fulis kupiurebsa da monetebze eris sayvareli simboloebi iqneboda gamosaxuli ‒ mdinare daugava, sofelSi mdgomi saxli da muxis xe. `qalwulma~, omiswina xuTlatiani monetidan (ix. foto) sapatio adgili daikava axal 500-latian kupiuraze – mimoqcevaSi myof msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze maRali Rirebulebis mqone kupiuraze, romelic axla daaxloebiT 930 dolari Rirs. axali latebis dabeWdva safrTxilo saqme iyo. misma Semqmnelebma sabWoTa imperiis daSlis saSiSi odisea gamoiares da miunhenSi fulis sabeWd manqanebTan gadainacvles, sadac

valuta erovnuli aRorZinebis simbolo iyo

Apple Mac-is diskze siamayiT Seqmnes fulis dizaini. germanelebi gaognebulebi iyvnen. manamde valutis dizaini kompiuteriT aravis daumzadebia. valutis dabeWdvis Semdegac ki, politikuri intrigebis gamo, latis gamoSveba weliwadnaxevriT dagvianda. sxva yofil sabWoTa qveynebSi, rogorebicaa ukraina, saqarTvelo da belarusi, axalma fulma imedgacrueba gamoiwvia, radgan misi Rirebuleba iseTive aramdgradi da faratina iyo, rogorc is iaffasiani qaRaldi, razec dabeWdes. lati ki kldesaviT mtkice iyo. mas xelovnurad amyarebda msoflio finansuri sistema: saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis sakuTari valuta, specialuri angariSsworebis ufleba (SDR). am gamyarebas latviis banki xelmZRvanelobda da kanoniT gamtkicebuli `tyviagaumtari~ damoukidebloba hqonda. latis stabilurobisadmi TiTqmis religiuri damokidebuleba imeorebda omiswina respublikis mowyobas, romelic oqros standartad darCa mas Semdegac ki, rac britaneTma latvia miatova. swored es standarti daexmara qveyanas 2008 wels, roca TavzexelaRebuli ekonomikuri bumi katastrofuli kraxiT dasrulda. lati umZimesi gamocdis winaSe dadga. bevri darwmunebuli iyo, rom saerTaSoriso finansuri daxmarebis safasurad, latvias valutis devalvacia unda moexdina. Tumca, latvielebma amis gakeTeba ar isurves. devalvacia gaaqrobda saSualo fenas da gaanadgurebda sabanko sistemas. finansuri arastabiluroba ki vladimer putinis gesliani reJimis mezobel qveyanaSi zedmetad did risks warmoadgenda. amis sanacvlod, qveyanam rTuli gza airCia konkurentunarianobis mosapoveblad, da sanam mTavrobas gadasaxadebis gazrdiTa da danaxarjis SemcirebiT balansi gamoyavda, warmoeba gazarda. jer kidev cxare kamaTi mimdinareobs imaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom latviis midgoma sxva qveynebma gadaiRon. Tumca, maT SemTxvevaSi riskma gaamarTla: latvia 2014 wels egebeba, rogorc yvelaze swrafad mzardi ekonomika evropaSi.

meoredac gaumarTlaT latvielebs ar sWirdebaT im paradoqsis Sexseneba, rac latis daTmobas ukavSirdeba. bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi maT orjer daaRwies Tavi arasasurvel multinacionalur saxelmwifos da damoukidebloba moipoves. erovnuli aRorZinebis simbolo ki orivejer valuta iyo. axla isini Tavis valutas evros sasargeblod (euro - sityva, romelic latviuri enis orTografias ar ergeba. gramatikulad swori, magram aralicenzirebuli variantia eiro) Tmoben. Tumca, amjerad plusebi didwilad gadawonis minusebs (amitomac SeuerTda estoneTi evros zonas 2011 wels, litva ki 2015-Si gaakeTebs amas). latviis finansuri manevrireba, misi mijaWvulobiT, imdenad SezRuduli iyo jer specialuri angariSsworebis uflebasTan (SDR) da Semdeg evrosTan, rom erovnuli valutis daTmoba didi danakargi aRar iqneba. estoneTis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom evrosTan mierTebas realuri sargebeli moyveba: uqmdeba tranzaqciis xarjebi sagareo vaWrobaSi, mcirdeba sesxis xarjebi da izrdeba investiciebi. patara qveynebs evrokavSirisa da evros zonis wevroba araproporciulad mniSvnelovani xmis uflebas aZlevs. estoneTis mTavrobis wevrebi siamovnebiT utareben brifings Tavis Sved, britanel da daniel kolegebs evros zonis Sida samuSaoebis Sesaxeb. qveynebisTvis, romlebic damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis rukaze 25 wlis win arc ki arsebobdnen, adgili evropis umaRles magidasTan ubralod simbolurad mniSvnelovani ki ara, erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxia. amitomac, dae, mSvidad ganisvenos latma – misi misia warmatebiT Sesrulda. n eduard lukasi: saerTaSoriso redaqtori, The Economist

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saqarTvelo 2014

seqcia momzadebulia:

Georgia Today Group politika giorgi margvelaSvili postsabWoeTidan - Tanamedrove demokratiisaken irakli RaribaSvili Cveni siZliere Cveni inteleqtualuri resursia daviT usufaSvili saqarTvelo 2014 - Zveli da axali gamowvevebi irakli alasania gadaudebeli amocanaa, SevqmnaT profesional samxedroTa birTvi

ermuhamet ertisbaevi `axali abreSumis gzis~ perspeqtivebi daviT baqraZe politikuri angariSsworebisa da SerCeviTi samarTlis winaaRmdeg ekonomika giorgi kvirikaSvili saxeze gvaqvs ekonomikuri situaciis gajansaReba irakli kovzanaZe sapartnioro fondidan suverenul fondamde

aleqsandra hol holi gardaqmnis weliwadi

nodar xaduri saqarTveloSi realurad daiwyo ekonomikuri reformebi

aleqsi petriaSvili qveynis evropeizaciis TvalsazrisiT, 2014 weli gardamtexi etapi gaxdeba

levan daviTaSvili qarTuli Rvinisa da mevenaxeobis `axali sunTqva~

biznesi anar ismailovi `paSa banki“ mamuka xazaraZe „Tibisi banki“ daviT asaTiani `maikrosoft saqarTvelo~ irakli burdilaZe `m2 uZravi qoneba~

koka guncaZe satranzito derefnis strategiuli mimarTulebebi ganaTleba Tamar sanikiZe 2014 weli ganaTlebis sistemisTvis konsolidaciis weli iqneba lado papava imedismomcemi 2014 weli: ekonomika, umaRlesi ganaTleba da mecniereba kaxa Sengelia saganmanaTleblo bazarze konkurencia mZafrdeba samoqalaqo seqtori eka gigauri korufciis ufro kompleqsuri formebis winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZola kvlavac gamowvevad rCeba

mixael hampeli „haidelbergcementi“

irakli papiaSvili Tbilisis Porsche-s centri

vasil sulxaniSvili `qarTuli ludis kompania~

zurab gabinaSvili `axali naTeba~

daviT gogoriSvili `iberia biznes jgufi~

nino TalakvaZe Arttime

levan zautaSvili `kastel jorjia~

boris gamrekeli `kaparol jorjia~

giorgi baxsoliani `insta~

daviT kilaZe `jipisi~

nino maxvilaZe „interkontinentali“

zurab bubuteiSvili `sarajiSvili~

132

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2014 mokled

postsabWoeTidan Tanamedrove demokratiisaken

iracionaluri, isteriuli politikuri praqtikis dasrulebiT, SevqmeniT ruseTTan racionaluri urTierTobis winapiroba. pirveli Sedegebi saxezea da perspeqtiva kidev ufro damaimedebeli

giorgi margvelaSvili: saqarTvelos prezidenti

msoflio 2014

giorgi margvelaSvili

Cven unda uzrunvelvyoT 足strategiuli, sakvanZo mniSvnelobis procesTa Seuqcevadoba

anvlili weli uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo Cveni qveynisTvis. 2012 wels, saparlamento arCevnebisas, xelisuflebis mSvidobian cvlilebas rTuli weliwadi mohyva - Cvens mTavrobas mouwia koabitaciis reJimSi muSaoba. koabitacia ki konstituciurobis farglebSi moqceuli yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi mmarTvelobiTi modelia, TviT uZvelesi demokratiis qveynebisTvis. am viTarebaSi mTavrobam warmatebiT moaxerxa aramarto stabilurobis SenarCuneba, aramed ZiriTadi administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis depolitizeba da socialuri reformebis gatareba. procesi warmatebulad Seajama 2013 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma. biZina ivaniSvilis iniciativiT Camoyalibebuli koaliciis damajerebeli

gamarjvebiT, Zalaufleba srulad da sabolood gadaeca WeSmaritad saxalxo xelisuflebas. arCevnebis dasavluri standartebis Sesabamisad Catareba demokratiis konsolidaciis sakvanZo momentad iqca, romliTac dasrulda postsabWoTa periodi da safuZveli Caeyara axali, evropuli tipis politikur kulturas. postsabWoTa qveynidan evropul saxelmwifomde - swored ase ganvsazRvravT Cveni sazogadoebis istoriul amocanas axlo momavalSi. 2013 weli nayofierad warimarTa sagareo politikis TvalsazrisiTac. qmediTi nabijebi gadavdgiT sagareo-politikuri paradigmis Sesacvlelad. wina xelisuflebis sofizmiT saqarTvelos evropuloba - misi antirusulobis pirdapirproporciulad viTardeboda. maTi `dasavluroba~ ara realurad liberalur-demokratiul reformebSi, aramed, umetesad, antirusulobaSi vlindeboda. es mcdari paradigma arsebiTad SevcvaleT imiT, rom sagareo politika davafuZneT Cvens bunebriv evropelobaze,

msoflio 2014

faseulobebze, romlebic Tanamedrove civilizacias warmarTavs da amavdroulad, sabaziso mniSvnelobisaa Cveni istoriisa da kulturisaTvis. ganviTarebis erTaderT da TviTmyofad safuZvlad swored liberal-demokratiuli Rirebulebebi vaRiareT. iracionaluri, isteriuli politikuri praqtikis dasrulebiT, SevqmeniT ruseTTan racionaluri urTierTobis winapiroba. pirveli Sedegebi saxezea da perspeqtiva kidev ufro damaimedebeli. Cven efeqturad avamoqmedeT deeskalaciis meqanizmebi. gadavwyviteT, droebiT gverdze gadavdoT problemuri Temebi, visaubroT imaze, razec SegviZlia visaubroT mSvidad, iracionaluri vnebebis gareSe. ra Tqma unda, umwvavesi politikuri problemebi amiT TavisTavad ar gadaiWreba, magram amgvarad CamovayalibebT racionalur atmosferos, SevqmniT mSvidi, gonivruli dialogis winapirobebs, romlis gareSec problemebi arc arasdros gadaiWreba. am mimdinare procesis fonze, gadavdgiT bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze efeqturi nabiji dasavleTTan realuri daaxloebisTvis - vilniusis samitze evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis parafireba. yovelive aman nayofieri niadagi moamzada saqarTvelos Semdgomi winsvlisTvis. amrigad, 2014 wels Cven unda uzrunvelvyoT strategiuli, sakvanZo mniSvnelobis procesTa Seuqcevadoba. ganuxrelad unda vizrunoT Cvens qveyanaSi demokratiis gaZlierebaze. demokratia xom procesia, da ara finaluri mdgomareoba. arasdros dgeba momenti, rodesac SegviZlia kmayofilebiT vTqvaT - sakmarisi demokratia gvaqvs. amitom, Tavdauzogavi muSaoba gvmarTebs. am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo momenti iqneba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi gazafxulze. darwmunebuli var, masac warmatebiT CavatarebT da amiT demokratiul process Seuqcevad tradiciad vaqcevT. Cvens umTavres gamowvevad kvlav rCeba ekonomika. is jer kidev sustia. dovlaTis gadanawilebis meqanizmebi jerac araefeqturia. Sesabamisad, bevri unda vimuSaoT ekonomikuri zrdisa da Tanasworobis mimarTulebiT. stabiluroba da mdgradi ganviTareba mxolod am gziT miiRweva. rasakvirvelia, Cven vrCebiT ganviTarebis dasavluri gzis erTgulni. 2014 wels, evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis xelmowera da NATO-sTan metad daaxloeba mkafio konturebs SesZens Cvens evropulobas. xazi unda gaesvas, rom es politika ar ewinaaRmdegeba ruseTis interesebs. mocemuli politika, Cveni interpretaciiT, piriqiT â&#x20AC;&#x2019; ufro mSvid, stabilur fons qmnis rusul-qarTuli TanamSromlobisTvis. es faseulobebi da midgomebi gansazRvravs Cvens politikas teritoriul problemebTan dakavSirebiTac. keTildReobis, Tanasworobisa da mSvidobis saxelmwifoSi cxovreba, sadac daculia yvelas politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli uflebebi, erTaderTia, rac Cvens moZme afxazebsa da osebs unda SevTavazoT. Cven ocdaaTsaukunovani unikaluri istoriis eri varT. aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi, nawilobriv Tu mTlianad, xSirad vkargavdiT saxelmwifoebriobas, magram yovelTvis vinarCunebdiT erovnul identobas, dafuZnebuls uZveles tradiciebsa da kulturaze, waruval faseulobebze. es umdidresi memkvidreoba kvlav da kvlav gvaZlevda Zalas, wamovm-

saqarTvelo/politika

dgariyaviT, Tavi dagveRwia istoriis gansacdelebisTvis, momavali TaobebisaTvis gadagveca erTiani, Zlieri saqarTvelos xedva da aRgvedgina saxelmwifoebrioba. dRes Cven kvlav vdgavarT iq, sadac idgnen Cveni winaprebi, rodesac qarTul saxelmwifos aRadgendnen da qmnidnen. vdgavarT amocanis winaSe: vaSenoT erTiani, Zlieri qveyana, CamovyalibdeT mSvidobian, solidarul, keTildReobis sazogadoebad. es niSnavs ara mxolod institutTa Seqmnas, aramed maTTvis specifikuri, Cveni bunebisa da kulturis sakadrisi sulis STabervas, im SinaarsTa Cadebas, romelTac Cveni istoriis esoden STamagonebeli magaliTebi gvaswavlis.

keTildReobis, Tanasworobisa da mSvidobis saxelmwifoSi cxovreba, sadac daculia yvelas politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli uflebebi, erTaderTia, rac Cvens moZme afxazebsa da osebs unda SevTavazoT diax, Cveni tradiciebi da kultura gvTavazobs yvelafers, razec Tanamedrove, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebrioba unda aSendes. erTianoba mravalferovnebaSi, Semwynarebloba, individualizmi da saerTo Sromis kultura, solidaroba da Tavisuflebisaken Seupovari swrafva aris Sinaarsi Tanamedrove evropisa da amave dros, safuZveli Cveni kulturisa. Cven myarad vadgavarT am gzas, da mjera, 2014 wlis Sejamebisas vityviT, rom seriozul progress mivaRwieT. n

giorgi margvelaSvili da dalia gribauskaite vilniusis samitze

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msoflio 2014

Cveni siZliere Cveni inteleqtualuri resursia 2014 mokled gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmoba Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa da danergvas

irakli RaribaSvili

CvenTvis evropa ar aris mxolod 足ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da 足ekonomikuri kavSiri

irakli RaribaSvili: saqarTvelos premier-ministri

012 wlis pirveli oqtomberi umniSvnelovanes TariRad darCeba saqarTvelos istoriaSi. qarTvelma xalxma, koalicia `qarTul ocnebasTan~ erTad, biZina ivaniSvilis meTaurobiT, gaarRvia 20-wliani mojadoebuli wre da saparlamento arCevnebze, pirvelad damoukidebeli saqarTvelos istoriaSi, SeZlo arCevnebis gziT Seecvala xelisufleba. 2013 wlis 27 oqtombers ki, uprecedentod gamWvirvale da demokratiuli standartebis dacviT Catarebuli saprezidento arCevnebiT, saqarTvelom kidev erTxel daadastura Tavisi uryevi neba, gaxdes demokratiuli samyaros ganuyofeli nawili. am nabijiT man samudamod daaRwia Tavi mZime postsabWoTa warsuls da ganviTarebis axal, civilizebul gzas daadga. miuxedavad am warmatebisa, ganvlili weliwadnaxevari urTulesi periodi iyo Cveni qveynis uaxles istoriaSi. saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas koabitaciis reJimSi mouwia muSaoba. amis gamocdileba qveyanas aqamde ar hqonia. myife politikuri da ekonomikuri institutebis arsebobis pirobebSi procesebi rTulad warimarTa. yofili mmarTveli gundi, romelic 9 wlis ganmav-

lobaSi avtoritaruli meTodebiT marTavda qveyanas, damarcxebas rTulad Seegua. usafuZvlo braldebebiT axali xelisuflebis diskreditaciisa da arastabilurobis gancdis Seqmnis mcdelobam, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise Cvens ucxoel partniorebTan, gansakuTrebiT qveynis ekonomikaze iqonia uaryofiTi zegavlena. qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebi globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis fonze viTardeboda, romelsac jer kidev ver daaRwia Tavi msofliom da Cveni ekonomikis zrda droebiT Seferxda. Cven memkvidreobad gvergo politikuri da ekonomikuri sistema, romlis stabilurobis garanti mxolod mkacri avtoritaruli vertikali iyo. ganvlili weliwadnaxevari swored am mankieri sistemis Secvlas daeTmo. gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad gaixsna politikuri sivrce, biznesi gaTavisuflda saxelisuflebo partiis wnexisgan, saxelmwifo Cadga normaluri, demokratiuli ganviTarebis kalapotSi. Sedegmac ar daayovna - ekonomika isev gamococxlda. igi SedarebiT neli tempiT, magram stabilurad ganagrZobs zrdas. 2014 wlis prognozebiT, romlebsac rogorc saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, ise msoflio banki da sxva avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebi adastureben, ekonomikis zrda aranakleb 5 procents miaRwevs, rac Zalian kargi maCvenebelia regionSi. wina 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekonomika izrdeboda, magram Seqmnili dovlaTi koncentrirdeboda xelisuflebasTan daaxloebuli viwro jgufis xelSi.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan strategiuli partniorobis farglebSi movaxdenT aSS-sTan rogorc kulturuli, ise samxedropolitikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobis gaRrmavebas Sedegad, ufskruli mdidarsa da Raribs Soris izrdeboda, rac gaxda socialuri gariyulobisa da apaTiis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi. siRaribesTan brZolas, garda humanurisa, politikuri da ekonomikuri ganzomilebac aqvs. siRaribeSi myof adamianebs uWirT rogorc politikur, ise ekonomikur procesebSi monawileoba, rac aZlierebs avtoritarul tendenciebs da zRudavs qveynis ganviTarebis perspeqtivas. amitom saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikuri politikis mTavari mizani aris siRaribis daZleva,

msoflio 2014

qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis donis amaRleba mdgradi da inkluziuri ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi, rodesac yvela moqalaqe sargeblobs ekonomikuri zrdiT motanili sikeTiT, da amave dros, uzrunvelyofilia mosaxleobis sayovelTao CarTuloba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesSi. am miznis misaRwevad, Cemi iniciativiT, Seiqmna ekonomikuri sabWo, romelic uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri politikis, ekonomikuri strategiis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebis koordinacias. soflis meurneoba, turizmi, satransporto infrastruqtura, energetika da finansuri seqtoris ganviTareba kvlav rCeba qveynis ekonomikis strategiul dargebad. am etapze saqarTveloSi moxmarebis udidesi nawili importze modis, importi 2,5-3-jer aRemateba eqsports, rac negatiurad aisaxeba qveynis savaWro balansze. amitom, Cveni mizania warmoebaze orientirebuli ekonomikis Seqmna. am miznis misaRwevad qveynis ekonomika mimarTuli iqneba rogorc ucxouri investiciebis mozidvisaken, ise Sida dazogvis stimulirebisa da investiciebis xelSewyobisaken, rac adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebas da aRorZinebas Seuwyobs xels. ukve xorcieldeba ramdenime Zireuli struqturuli reforma, romlebic konkurenciisa da adgilobrivi warmoebis xelSewyobazea orientirebuli. yuradReba daeTmoba mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebas, rogorc maTi finansuri xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobesebis, ise infrastruqturuli uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmoba Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa da danergvas. Cveni xelisuflebis mizania, sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebisa (ICT) da inovaciebis ganviTareba miRebuli produqtis eqsportis mizniT. am mimarTulebiT, mniSvnelovania gaizardos rogorc sainformacio teqnologiebis (IT) specialistTa raodenoba, ise am sferodan miRebuli Semosavlebi. moxdeba yvela soflisa da qalaqis internetizacia. saqarTvelo ar aris bunebrivi wiaRiseuliT mdidari qveyana. amitom, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ganaTlebasa da inteleqtualuri resursis ganviTarebas eniWeba. Semdgomi wlebi daeTmoba ganaTlebis sistemis srulyofas, xarisxis zrdasa da xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobesebas - rogorc dawyebiTi, ise profesiuli da umaRlesi ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT. kvlevebis Tanaxmad, Cveni ekonomikis erT-erTi sisuste inovaciuri dargebisa da kvalificiuri adamianuri resursis naklebobaa. swored amitom, codnis amaRleba Cveni xelisuflebis erT-erTi prioritetia, rac udavod gazrdis saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianobas. Cven gavaRrmavebT urTierTobas Cvens part-

saqarTvelo/politika

niorebTan - rogorc regionaluri, ise globaluri TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis strategiuli partniorobis farglebSi movaxdenT amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan rogorc kulturuli, ise samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobis gaRrmavebas. gavagrZelebT muSaobas ruseTTan urTierTobis normalizaciis kuTxiT.

2014 wlis prognozebiT, romlebsac rogorc saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, ise msoflio bankic adastureben, ekonomikis zrda aranakleb 5 procents miaRwevs, rac Zalian kargi maCvenebelia regionSi Cven vrCebiT qarTveli xalxis arCevanis erTguli, gaxdes evropuli ojaxis srulfasovani wevri. 2014 wels dagegmili asocirebis xelSekrulebis xelmowera kidev ufro dagvaaxloebs am mizans. asocirebis xelSekrulebis farglebSi moxdeba saqarTvelos evrokavSiris bazarze integracia, risi winapirobacaa saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis (DCFTA) implementacia. DCFTA uzrunvelyofs seqtoruli konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas, gazrdis sainvesticio mimzidvelobas, xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi axali teqnologiebis Semodinebas da adgilobrivi industriis modernizebas. Sesabamisad, gaizrdeba moTxovna Tanamedrove codnaze da Seiqmneba maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebi. magram CvenTvis evropa ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da ekonomikuri kavSiri. Cven viziarebT saerToevropul Rirebulebebs, saerTo kulturas. humanizmi, adamianis uflebebi, kanonis uzenaesoba - es im RirebulebaTa CamonaTvalia, romlebic saqarTvelosa da evropas aerTianebs. evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg gza gaixsneba ara mxolod ekonomikur, aramed evropul sivrceSi kulturuli da samecniero integraciis TvalsazrisiT, rac ualternativo ganviTarebis gzaa Cveni qveynisTvis. vimedovnebT, rom Zalian axlo momavalSi Cveni regioni da kerZod, Cveni qveyana, iqceva ara dapirispirebisa da geopolitikuri konkurenciis, aramed mSvidobis sinergiisa da ganviTarebis sivrced. n

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msoflio 2014

saqarTvelo 2014 Zveli da axali gamowvevebi 2014 mokled adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi evropuli standartebis dacviT Catardeba

daviT usufaSvili

Cveni strategiuli mizania, evropuli tipis demokratiuli qarTuli saxelmwifo

daviT usufaSvili: saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomare

aibnicis cnobili fraza, rom `awmyo Sobili warsulisagan aris mSobeli momavlisa~, mxolod lamazi sityvebi ar aris. es isaa, rasac yoveldRiuri cxovreba hqvia, Tavisi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebiT, tradiciebiT da novaciebiT, problemebiT da perspeqtivebiT. gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia warsulis, awmyos da momavlis urTierTkavSiri qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi, politikuri procesebis dinamikaSi. weliwadze cota metia, rac saqarTveloSi xelisufleba Seicvala. 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi koalicia `qarTuli ocnebis~ gamarjvebiT dasrulda. es ar iyo Cveulebrivi arCevnebi. am arCevnebze uprecedentod maRali aqtivoba dafiqsirda – xalxma xma misca cvlilebebs da ndoba gamoucxada opoziciur partiaTa gaerTianebasa da mis liders – biZina ivaniSvils. biZina ivaniSvilis pirovnul faqtors, udidesi, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda koaliciis warmatebaSi, magram dRes, rodesac saprezidento mmarTveloba Secvlilia saparlamento respublikis modeliT, rodesac qveyanas hyavs axali prezidenti, xolo biZina ivaniSvilma miiRo gadawyvetileba politikidan wasvlis Sesaxeb, Cven vdgavarT sruliad axleburi gamowvevis winaSe. unda vifiqroT saxelmwifo, demokratiuli instituciebis aSenebasa da ganmtkicebaze, instituciebisa, romelic imuSavebs avtomatur reJimSi da ar iqneba momarTuli politikuri liderebis subieqtur n ebaze.

Cveni strategiuli mizania evropuli tipis demokratiuli qarTuli saxelmwifo, romelic iqneba nato-s da evrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevri. es aris, erTi mxriv, istoriuli arCevani, gapirobebuli mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciiT, xolo meore mxriv, es gaxlavT is politikuri memkvidreoba, rac damoukidebel saqarTveloSi xelisuflebidan xelisuflebas gadaecemoda. am strategiuli miznis miRwevas Wirdeba dro da mizanmimarTuli nabijebi. grZelvadiani miznebis garda, Cven gvaqvs moklevadiani amocanebic, romlebic axla, 2014 wlisTvis unda gadaiWras. upirveles yovlisa, es aris stabiluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa. Cven gaviareT sakmaod mZime periodi, rodesac ekonomikis marTvis administraciul-mbrZanebluri meTodebidan realur sabazro ekonomikaze daviwyeT gadasvla. biznesi gaTavisuflda xelisuflebis kontrolisgan, Tumca gadawyobis procesi iolad ar warmarTula - iyo garkveuli xarvezebic, magram asea Tu ise, ekonomikisa da biznesis ganviTareba, ekonomikis zrdis uzrunvelyofa nebismier SemTxvevaSi rCeba saqarTvelos xelisuflebis erT-erT umTavres gamowvevad. bunebrivia, am amocanis gadaWraSi parlaments, reformebis gatarebis sakanonmdeblo uzrunvelyofas, mniSvnelovani roli akisria. 2014 wlis ivnisSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi tardeba. manamde sabolood iqneba miRebuli TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsi, romlis ganxilvamac didi interesi gamoiwvia: iyo gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi, msjeloba, kamaTi. bunebrivia, yvela mosazrebis gaTvaliswineba SeuZlebelia, magram Sejerebul variantSi, romelic pirveli mosmeniT ukve miRebulia, bevri SeniSvna aisaxa. Znelia gadaWarbebiT Seafaso TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsis mniSvneloba. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, garkveul uflebamosilebaTa gadacema centridan regionebze, qalaqebsa da soflebze, aris is aucilebeli nabiji, romlis gareSe arc normaluri ekonomika gveqneba da arc demokratia. Cven aseve darwmunebuli varT, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi (axla erTis (Tbilisis) nacvlad, 80-mde qalaqsa da municipalitetSi gaimarTeba arCevnebi) Catardeba evropuli standartebis dacviT – iseve samarTlianad da demokratiulad, rogorc Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi. es Cveni valicaa da umniSvnelovanesi gamowvevac – davamkvidroT saqarTveloSi samarTliani da demokratiuli arCevnebis tradicia. dabolos, 2014 wels dagegmilia evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebaze xelmowera, rac iqneba mniSvnelovani nabiji saqarTvelos evropul sivrceSi integraciis gzaze. Tumca, Cemi azriT, aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor mivalT xelmoweramde, ramdenad SevZlebT davicvaT evropuli standartebi Cvens saqmianobaSi – iqneba es adamianis uflebebis dacva, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSenebloba Tu sxva sferoebi. da es gaxlavT Cveni yvelaze mTavari gamowveva - viyoT evropelebi ara mxolod istoriuli tradiciisa da strategiuli arCevanis konteqstSi, aramed aq da axla. n

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gadaudebeli amocanaa, SevqmnaT profesional samxedroTa birTvi irakli alasania

Cveni Tavdacvis siZliere damokidebuli iqneba Tavdacvis sistemis instituciur ganviTarebaze

Tavari SekiTxvebi, romlebic yvelaze xSirad mesmis, rogorc Tavdacvis ministrs, aris is, Tu ra safrTxeebis winaSe dgas Cveni qveyana, rogori unda iyos qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba da Cveni SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. samwuxaroa, magram faqtia, rom 21-e saukuneSi jer kidev iseTi viTarebaa, rodesac zedapirze devs qveynis winaSe arsebuli safrTxeebi. es safrTxeebi erTnairad kargad Cans rogorc CemTvis, ise saqarTvelos nebismieri moqalaqisa Tu Cveni ucxoeli megobrebisaTvis.

aranair sabrZolo sistemas da platformas ara aqvs CvenTvis iseTi strategiuli mniSvneloba, rogorc adamians Cveni qveynis usafrTxoeba kvlav mowyvladia okupirebulia saqarTvelos teritoriebi, asiaTasobiT adamiani mowyvetilia Tavis kar-midamos, Selaxulia qveynis suvereniteti, risi dacva da pativiscema yvela saxelmwifos, adamianis moraluri da samarTlebrivi valdebulebaa. garda amisa, Cvenc iseve gvexeba da gvawuxebs terorizmi da trefikingi, masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba, siRaribe, sakvebisa da energetikuli usafrTxoeba da sxva, rogorc danarCen civilizebul samyaros. logikuria, am Tundac arasruli CamonaTvalis Semdeg, pasuxi gavce SekiTxvas – ras vakeTebT ukeTesi Tavdacvis sistemis asaSeneblad da aqedan gamomdinare – qveynis usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebisaTvis? Cveni Tavdacva, upirvelesad, gulisxmobs mSvidobis ganmtkicebas, aqtiur saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, qveynis reputaciis gamyarebas, demokratiis ganviTarebasa da moqalaqeTa keTildReobis amaRlebas. es aris is erTaderTi gza, romelic uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos realur usafrTxoebasa da keTildReobas. me amis mjera! mimaCnia, rom Cveni mTavari gamowvevaa sworad SevafasoT da gavaanalizoT arsebuli viTareba da racionalurad, sworad davgegmoT Cveni qveynis momavali ganviTareba. mas mere, rac Tavdacvis ministri gavxdi, CemTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina da sxva datvirTva miiRo general paTonis gamonaTqvamma: „omi SesaZloa awarmoo iaraRiT, magram mas igebs adamiani~. marTlac, mimaCnia, rom aranair sabrZolo sistemas da platformas ara aqvs CvenTvis iseTi strategiuli mniSvneloba, rogorc adamians. adamians, romelic msaxurobs jarSi da qarTul saxelmwifos emsaxureba. Cveni mTavari sazrunavi aris jariskaci da misi moraluri, profesiuli da patriotuli mzadyofna, sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRleba. warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove SeiaraRebuli Zalebi mravali unarisa da gansakuTrebuli codnis mqone adamianebs saWiroebs. dRevandeli jariskaci aRWurvili unda iyos rogorc strategi-

uli, operatiuli da taqtikuri xelovnebis codniT, ise sxva multifunqciuri moqmedebis, mravalkulturul da mravalenobriv garemoSi operirebis unarebiT. uaxloes wlebSi Cveni gadaudebeli amocanaa SevqmnaT profesional samxedroTa birTvi da am amocanis Sesabamisi sawvrTneli da saganmanaTleblo institutebi. unda ganvaaxloT infrastruqtura da gavaumjobesoT samxedroTa socialuri pirobebi. adamianur kapitalTan erTad, Cveni Tavdacvis siZliere damokidebuli iqneba Tavdacvis sistemis instituciur ganviTarebaze. gadawyvetilebebis miRebis efeqturobisa da xarisxis uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroa Tavdacvis sistemaSi swori mmarTvelobis principebis, gamWvirvalobisa da angariSvaldebulebis kulturis danergva, dagegmvisa da resursebis marTvis efeqturi sistemis damkvidreba. am kuTxiT, aseve gamovyofdi Tavdacvis strategiuli mimoxilvis rekomendaciebis ganxorcielebis mniSvnelobas, rac gansazRvravs SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ganviTarebas 2016 wlis CaTvliT. warmatebulad gatarebuli reformebi gaaZlierebs rogorc SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mzadyofnis dones, ise mis Tavsebadobas nato-sTan, rac aliansSi gawevrianebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. saqarTvelos monawileobam saerTaSoriso misiebSi mniSvnelovnad gazarda qveynis saerTaSoriso avtoriteti. saerTaSoriso misiebSi monawileobiT, araerTma qarTvelma jariskacma Seswira sakuTari janmrTeloba da sicocxle Cveni qveynis momavals. Cven ISAF-is (2014 wlis Semdeg post-ISAF) misiaSi CarTviT kvlavac Segvaqvs wvlili saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis ganmtkicebaSi. garda ISAF-is misiisa, saqarTvelo mzad aris monawileoba miiRos sxva saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis SesrulebaSi. 2013 wels, uprecedentod Tavisufali saprezidento arCevnebis CatarebiT, saqarTvelom warmatebiT Caabara demokratiis kidev erTi testi, rac yvela saerTaSoriso organizaciam aRiara. swored am fonze, savsebiT realuria, rom 2014 wels saqarTvelo miaRwevs mniSvnelovan progress evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi integraciis gzaze. am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania rogorc Tavdacvis sistemis, ise mTlianad mTavrobisa da TiToeuli moqalaqis Zalisxmeva. amasTan erTad, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Tanmimdevrulad iqmnis maRali sizustis antimobilur da antisahaero TavdacviT SesaZleblobebs, rasac efeqturi Semakaveblis funqcia eqneba. saqarTvelo adgas SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mSeneblobisa da Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebis swor gzas. Cven Tanmimdevrulad mivyvebiT dasaxul gegmebs da aucileblad SevqmniT iseT armias, romelic Tanamedrove demokratiuli qveynis Sesatyvisi iqneba. n

2014 mokled saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Tanmimdevrulad iqmnis maRali sizustis antimobilur da antisahaero TavdacviT SesaZleblobebs, rasac efeqturi Semakaveblis funqcia eqneba

irakli alasania: saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministri

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saqarTvelo/politika

msoflio 2014

gardaqmnis weliwadi 2014 mokled BP-s samxreT kavkasiis milsadenis mSeneblobis gafarToeba, romelic am wels piks miaRwevs, uzrunvelyofs winsvlas, maT Soris - 2 miliardi dolaris investicias da 2 000-ze meti uSualo an grZelvadiani samuSao adgilis Seqmnas

aleqsandra hol holi: didi britaneTis elCi saqarTveloSi

aleqsandra hol holi

saWiroa, arsebobdes meti Ria da sajaro debatebi

aqarTvelosTvis 2014 gardaqmnis wlad SeiZleba iqces. koabitaciis dasrulebam da oqtombris saprezidento arCevnebSi TvalsaCino gamarjvebam, mTavrobas reformebis Casatareblad, demokratiis konsolidaciisTvis, ekonomikis asaRorZineblad da evroatlantikuri ambiciebis gansaxorcieleblad myari mandati misca. Tu yvelaferi kargad iqneba, saqarTvelom SeiZleba erTdroulad miaRwios asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebisa da Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Sesaxeb evrokavSirTan xelSekrulebis xelmoweras, da uelsSi, NATO-s samitze, NATO-s valdebulebebis SesrulebaSi progresis aRiarebas. SeZlebs Tu ara mTavroba amis miRwevas? rogorc prezidentma margvelaSvilma cota xnis win ganacxada, evrokavSirTan asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba ukve parafirebulia da `axla saqmis keTebis droa~. warmatebis misaRwevad saWiro iqneba meti samoqalaqo CarTuloba da parlamentSi TanamSromlobis gaumjobeseba - magaliTad, iseTi Seuferebeli kinklaobis Tavidan acileba, rac dekembris dasawyisSi vixileT. aseve, ufro erTiani midgoma mTavrobis SigniT; da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saWiroa arsebobdes meti Ria da sajaro debatebi, romlis meSveobiTac mosaxleoba ukeT informirebuli iqneba mimdinare reformebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom amomrCevelTa 80%-ma xma misca prezidentobis kandidatebs, romlebic evrokavSirTan ufro mWidro daaxloebas uWeren mxars, arian amomrCevlebic, romlebsac bolomde Camoyalibebuli ar aqvT Tavisi damokidebuleba evropaSi integraciasTan dakavSirebiT. rCeba sazogadoebis mcire nawili, romelic amtkicebs, rom e.w. `evropuli Rirebulebebi~ Zirs uTxris tradiciul qarTul Rirebulebebs. zogierTi es Sexeduleba efuZneba moZvelebul warmodgenebs. sazogadoebis garkveul nawils arasakmarisi informacia aqvs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras sTavazobs evropa saqarTvelos. am SeTavazebis erT-erTi sargebelia evrokavSiris 500 milioniani Zlieri Sida bazris xelmisawvdomoba; soflis meurneobis produqtis gaumjobesebuli xarisxi; dabali fasebi momxmareblebisTvis da saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqtis zrda weliwadSi 4,3%-iT. saqarTvelo aseve awarmoebs molaparakebas evrokavSirTan savizo reJimis liberalizaciis Sesaxeb, rac qarTvelebs saSualebas miscems, Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen Sengenis teritoriaze. warmatebisTvis aseve saWiroa progresi ekonomikaSi. erTwliani dune zrdisa da xangrZlivi umuSevrobis Semdeg, es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania soflad. BP-s samxreT kavkasiis milsadenis mSeneblobis gafarToeba, romelic am wels piks miaRwevs, uzrunvelyofs winsvlas, maT Soris - 2 miliardi dolaris investicias da 2 000-ze meti uSualo an grZelvadiani samuSao adgilis Seqmnas. sxva gamowvevebs Sorisaa: saxelmwifo samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcieleba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi da iseTi meqanizmis Seqmna, romelic daa-

regulirebs gamoZiebaSi arsebul sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs iseTi formiT, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba rogorc sazogadoebis moTxovnebi, aseve Sesabamisi iqneba saerTaSoriso standartebTan. agreTve, saWiroa arsebobdes ufro inkluziuri midgoma umciresobebisadmi, rac nebismieri demokratiisTvis „lakmusis qaRalds“ warmoadgens. bevr qarTvels aRelvebs zemoqmedebis riski ruseTis mxridan, romelic arcTu miesalmeba saqarTvelos evroatlantikur miswrafebebs. xelisuflebis mxridan saukeTeso pasuxi iqneba amJamindeli kursis SenarCuneba, romelic Tanmimdevrul reformebSi, strategiul moTminebaSi konfliqtebis mimarT, da mudmiv ZalisxmevaSi gamoixateba, raTa Searbilos daZabuloba dialogiT. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebasac SeuZlia Tavisi roli Seasrulos – kvlav ganmartos evrokavSirTan xelSekrulebebis sargeblianoba, da is, rom stabiluri, ayvavebuli saqarTvelo ruseTis interesis saganicaa. dabolos, SesaZlebelia, rom 2014 wels saqarTvelom warmatebas miaRwios afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan urTierTobaSi? reintegraciis saministros saxelis Secvla Serigebisa da samoqalaqo Tanasworobis saministrod, pirveli pozitiuri nabijia. saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da de faqto xelisuflebebs Soris Tu es axali urTierTobis sawindaria, 2014 marTlac gardaqmnis weli iqneba. n

SesaZlebelia, rom 2014 wels saqarTvelom warmatebas miaRwios afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan urTierTobaSi?

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qveynis evropeizaciis TvalsazrisiT, 2014 weli gardamtexi etapi gaxdeba aleqsi petriaSvili

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mxardaWerasa da konsolidacias

vropuli da evroatlantikuri integracia saqarTvelos sagareo politikis umTavresi prioritetia, romelic efuZneba saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa arCevans da scdeba konkretuli partiebis interesebs. saqarTvelom bolo periodSi uprecedento dinamizmiT ganvlo reformebis gza, riTac evrokavSirisa da NATO-s sruluflebiani wevrobis perspeqtiva kidev ufro realisturi gaxada. 2013 wlis 28-29 noembers gamarTul `aRmosavleT partniorobis~ vilniusis samitze, saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis parafireba mniSvnelovani wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. Cveni mizania, asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis xelmowera ara ugvianes 2014 wlis agvistosi. amasTan, asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis da masSi Semavali saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis parafireba evrointegraciis urTulesi procesis mxolod dasawyisia. asocirebis SeTanxmeba qveynis politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis mTel speqtrs moicavs da srul TanxvedraSia mTavrobis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xedvasTan. evrokavSirTan Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis formireba mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gafarToebas, ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas, ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebasa da zogadad, saqarTvelos evrokavSiris ekonomikur sivrceSi integracias. evrointegraciis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli da dagegmili reformebi, upirveles yovlisa saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba. saqarTvelos mTavroba asocirebis SeTanxmebiT gansazRvruli amocanebis ganxorcielebas xelmoweramde daiwyebs, e.w. yovelwliuri samoqmedo gegmiT, romelic evrointegraciis mimarTulebiT ufro konkretul reformebze iqneba koncentrirebuli. warmatebiT mimdinareobs reformebis procesi evrokavSirTan savizo liberalizaciis dialogis farglebSi. igegmeba Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegmis pirveli, sakanonmdeblo fazis dasruleba da Semdgom etapze mniSvnelovani progresis miRweva. arsebobs yvela winapiroba imisa, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisaTvis evrokavSirTan uvizo mimosvla moklevadian perspeqtivaSi gadawydes. saqarTvelo ganagrZobs aqtiur muSaobas NATO-Si gawevrianebisTvis. NATO-s 2008 wlis samitis Semdeg mTavar sakiTxs warmoadgens Tu rodis da ra gziT moxdeba es. 2014 wlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena NATO-s morigi samitia, romelic did britaneTSi gaimarTeba. aRniSnul samitze sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad saqarTvelo awarmoebs aqtiur konsultaciebs aliansis wevr qveynebTan da warmatebiT ganagrZobs integraciis meqanizmebis, NATO-saqarTvelos komisiisa da wliuri erovnuli programis gamoyenebas. sagulisxmoa, rom aliansma saukeTeso Sefaseba misca 2013 wlis wliur erovnul programaSi asaxuli re-

formebis ganxorcielebas. dawyebulia 2014 wlis wliuri erovnuli programis SemuSaveba. NATO mudmivad gamoxatavs mxardaWeras saqarTvelos Crdiloatlantikuri miswrafebis mimarT da yovelTvis xazs usvams, rom NATO erTgulia buqarestSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebisa. garda amisa, kargi dasturia is, rom bolo xuTi wlis manZilze, Crdiloatlantikuri sabWos sami viziti Sedga saqarTveloSi, rac ar Semdgara arcerT qveyanaSi. amavdroulad, xazi unda gaesvas, rom saqarTvelo avRaneTis operaciis umsxvilesi kontributoria NATO-s arawevr qveynebs Soris; aseve, mzad varT 2014 wlis Semdegac ganvagrZoT Zalisxmeva avRaneTSi miRweuli progresis uzrunvelsayofad. amasTan, 2015 wels saqarTvelo gawevriandeba NATO-s swrafi reagirebis ZalebSi, rac NATO-s wevr qveynebTan erTad aliansis mier dagegmil operaciebSi monawileobas gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelo gaxda evroatlantikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mniSvnelovani monawile, rac aliansSi gawevrianebis erT-erTi kriteriumia. 2014 wlis samitze ar veliT aliansSi dapatiJebas, Tumca am etapze realisturi amocanaa kidev ufro mkafio gzavnilis da qmediTi meqanizmis miReba, romelic cxadad gansazRvravs Tu ra gziT gaagrZelebs saqarTvelo integraciis process. saqarTvelo, 2014 wels, evropuli da evroatlantikuri integraciuli procesebis TvalsazriT, sakmaod ambiciuri gegmebiT xvdeba. es weli erTgvari gardamtexi etapi gaxdeba qveynis evropeizaciis Seuqcevadobisa da dasavlur standartebTan daaxloebis TvalsazrisiT, rac Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro daaCqarebs qveynis modernizaciis process. amavdroulad, regionis geopolitikuri tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, savaraudod swored 2014 welTan dakavSirebuli molodinebi Seqmnian potenciuri safrTxeebis winapirobas, rac mimarTuli iqneba evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi qveynis integraciis procesis Seferxebaze. am TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlo gamowvevebis drouli prevenciis mizniT, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis aqtiur CarTulobasTan erTad, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mxardaWerasa da konsolidacias. 2014 weli didi gamowvevebisa da gadawyvetilebebis weli iqneba. saqarTvelo Rirseulad Sexvdeba maT! n

2014 mokled Cveni mizania, asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis xelmowera ara ugvianes 2014 wlis agvistosi

aleqsi petriaSvili: saxelmwifo ministri evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi integraciis sakiTxebSi

140

saqarTvelo/politika

msoflio 2014

`axali abreSumis gzis~ perspeqtivebi 2014 mokled momavalSi mogebas swored is qveynebi miiReben, romlebic sakuTari satranzito SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas SeZleben ‒ msoflio bazrebze produqciis swraf da efeqtian miwodebas uzrunvelyofen

ermuhamet ertisbaevi

baTumis porti ‒ `sarkmeli“ evropaSi yazaxeTisTvis

ermuhamet ertisbaevi: saqarTveloSi yazaxeTis respublikis sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi

iplomatiis istoriaSi wamikiTxavs, rom diplomatis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi – sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCis) erT-erTi mTavari (Tu ara umTavresi) amocana sxvadasxva konkretuli politikis gatarebis aucileblobaSi im qveynis saxelmwifo-politikuri elitis darwmunebaa, romel qveyanaSic Tavad imyofeba. kacma rom Tqvas, vinmes dasarwmuneblad didi Zalisxmeva me arc mWirdeba: absoluturad yvela vTanxmdebiT im azrze, rom samxreT-kavkasiur satransporto derefans udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, da ara mxolod savaWro-ekonomikur sibrtyeSi. bolos da bolos, abreSumis didi gzis aRorZineba da gaaqtiureba ara mxolod ekonomikuri kavSirebi, aramed uzarmazari kulturuli da humanitaruli nawilia. saqarTvelo ki, am mimarTulebiT ara mxolod geografiulad momgebian, aramed gadamwyvet adgilsac ki ikavebs. saqarTvelos gavliT, yazaxeTis garda, mTel centralur aziur regions Savi zRvisken, da Sesabamisad, evropisken, axlo aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeT afrikisken aqvs gasasvleli. globalizaciis epoqaSi, umZafresi ekonomikuri konkurenciisa da mZlavri transnacionaluri ekonomikuri kavSirebis Seqmnis pirobebSi, Cemi azriT, mogebas swored is qveynebi miiReben, romlebic sakuTari satranzito SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas SeZleben – msoflio bazrebze produqciis swraf da efeqtian miwodebas uzrunvelyofen. yazaxeTma grandiozuli da ambiciuri amocana daisaxa – 2050 wlisTvis, msoflios 30 yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynis siaSi moxvedra. amJamad, Cemi qveynis erovnul fondSi daaxloebiT 100 mlrd aSS dolaria akumulirebuli, xolo vidre naxSirwyalbadis nedleulze jer isev maRali fasi narCundeba, mniSvnelovania yvela satransporto geopolitikuri

mimarTulebebis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba. pirveli da ZiriTadi gza – CrdiloeTis gzaa, ruseTis gavliT. is yvelaze mimzidvelia CvenTvis, vinaidan yazaxeTi da ruseTi sabaJo kavSirSi Sedian. arsebobs, aseve, Cinuri mimarTuleba: gayvanilia navTobsadeni dasavleT yazaxeTidan dasavleT CineTisaken. TurqmeneTisa da iranis gavliT, dagebulia rkinigza, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba yazaxuri produqciis sparseTis yureSi gatana. Tumca Cemi mTavari amocana swored samxreT-kavkasiuri mimarTulebis gaaqtiurebaa. saqarTveloSi, yazaxeTma baTumis porti 49 wliani ijariT aiRo da SeiZina baTumis navTobterminali. yovelgvari gazviadebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cemi qveynisTvis, baTumis porti `sarkmelia“ evropaSi. yazaxeTisTvis es ara mxolod geoekonomikuri da geopolitikuri TvalsazisiTaa mniSvnelovani. yazaxeTi, teritoriuli sididis mixedviT, msoflioSi me-9 adgilzea, magram zRvebisa da okeaneebisken gasasvleli ar gaaCnia. astanasa da Tbiliss Soris pozitiuri urTierTobis wyalobiT, yazaxeTs zRvisken gasasvleli swored saqarTveloSi aqvs. rodesac nursultan nazarbaevi „axali abreSumis gzis“ aRorZinebaze saubrobs, amocana ufro farTod isaxeba: yazaxeTis, aqtaus portisa da samxreT-kavkasiuri derefnis gavliT, realuri xdeba yvela SesaZlebloba, uzrunvelyofili iyos tvirTis tranziti orive mimarTulebiT – evropidan CineTSi da Semdgom, aziaSi. Cveni samive qveynis (yazaxeTis, azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos) biujetis soliduri zrda SesaZle-

astanasa da Tbiliss Soris pozitiuri urTierTobis wyalobiT, yazaxeTs zRvisken gasasvleli swored saqarTveloSi aqvs beli iqneba swored am proeqtis srulad ganxorcielebisa da amgvari - satranzito fuqciis srulfasovnad SeZenis Semdeg. Tumca, arsebobs erTi piroba – tranzitma wuTobrivi sizustiT unda imuSaos. 2014 wlisTvis, Cems meore, mTavar amocanad, zemoTnaxsenebi mimarTulebiT tvirTbrunvis mkveTri da intensiuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa mesaxeba. saWiroa yazaxeTis, azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos erTiani sarkinigzo da sazRvao (kaspiis zRvis gavliT) satarifo politika. aucilebelia sruli datvirTviT amoqmeddes baqo-jeihanis navTobsadeni, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, ara mxolod azerbaijanuli, aramed yazaxuri navTobis gaTvaliswinebiTac iqmneboda. saqarTvelom sakuTari momavali ukve airCia: es gaxlavT evrokavSirTan maqsimalurad mWidro integracia. Cven udides pativs vcemT am arCevans, Tumca, Cemi varaudiT, yazaxeTTan (da ruseTTanac ki) ormxrivi urTierTobis ufro maRal, ufro xarisxian rangSi gadanacvleba qarTul biznes-seqtorsa da mTlianad, qarTul ekonomikas did sargebelsa da perspeqtivas moutans. n

msoflio 2014

141

saqarTvelo/politika

politikuri angariSsworebisa da SerCeviTi samarTlis winaaRmdeg

daviT baqraZe

umniSvnelovanesia ukanono okupaciisa da eTnikuri wmendis sakiTxebis maqsimaluri aqtualizacia saerTaSoriso asparezze

014 wels, saqarTvelo mravali mniSvnelovani gamowvevis winaSe dgas. maTgan umTavresi mimdinare demokratiis ukandaxevis SeCereba da zogadi demokratiuli CarCos SenarCunebaa, ris Camoyalibebasac araerTi weli dasWirda. 2012 wels, Cvens istoriaSi pirvelad, moxda xelisuflebis mSvidobiani gadacema arCevnebis gziT, rac politikuri sistemis simwifis testi da qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis gzaze mniSvnelovani movlenaa. samwuxarod, gamarjvebulma politikurma Zalam opoziciisTvis TanamSromlobis xelis gawvdis nacvlad, mis mimarT politikuri angariSsworebisa da SerCeviTi samarTlis Ria kampania wamoiwyo, romelic axal Zalebs ikrebs. es kampania, iseve rogorc praqtikulad mTliani, demokratiulad arCeuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Zaladobrivi gziT uzurpacia, umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi gauaresebuli mdgomareoba, cxadyofs, rom dRes saqarTveloSi saqme gvaqvs demokratiis zogad ukandaxevasTan. aranakleb mniSvnelovania meore precedenti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; pirvelad Cvens istoriaSi, arsebobs politikuri Zala, ramdenimewliani marTvis seriozuli gamocdilebiT, romelic ar gaqra politikuri velidan xelisuflebis dakargvis Semdeg. pirvelad, mTavrobas saqme aqvs kvalificiur opoziciasTan, romelic ar aris dakavebuli populizmiT da mTavrobas akritikebs saxelmwifoebriobis gadasaxedidan. maT Soris, wina wlebisgan gansxvavebiT, umciresobebis sazogadoebaSi integraciis sakiTxebis konteqstSi. Cveni politikuri gundi mzad iyo da aris, gauziaros mTavrobas sakuTari gamocdileba ekonomikisa da sagareo urTierTobebis sferoebSi. wlis ganmavlobaSi politikuri angariSsworebis kampaniam da mTavrobis SecdomebiT aRsavse, mcdarma politikam gamoiwvia ekonomikis mimarT biznesis ndobisa da stabilurobis gancdis seriozuli vardna, ramac mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba ekonomikuri zrdis

Seneleba, sabiujeto krizisi da umuSevrobis mateba. saqarTvelos ekonomikam ukve dakarga daaxloebiT 1.5 miliardi lari, xolo saxelmwifo biujetma miliard laramde Semosavali. es Tanxa metia, vidre saqarTvelos Tavdacvis an Sinagan saqmeTa saministros erTi wlis biujeti. am TanxiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda im masStabis infrastruqturuli proeqtebis realizeba, romelic xorcieldeboda bolo wlebSi. rac yvelaze mTavaria, politikuri mizezebiT ganpirobebulma ekonomikuri aqtivobis am vardnam aTeul aTasobiT Cveni Tanamoqalaqis umuSevrad darCena gamoiwvia. kidev erTi problema, romelic 2014 wlis biujetSi Cadebulia, Zalian didi moculobis valia. Tu, magaliTad, 2012 wels saxelmwifos mier aRebuli valis moculoba 3-jer naklebi iyo ekonomikis zrdis moculobaze, momaval wels dagegmili axali valis odenoba 3-jer aRemateba wlevandeli ekonomikuri zrdis moculobas. grZelvadiani valdebulebebis valiT dafinanseba yvelaze araswori gzaa, romelsac SeuZlia qveyana ramdenime weliwadSi seriozul krizisamde miiyvanos. situacias amZimebs mTavrobis mier problemis arsebobis saerTod uaryofa. swori arCevani iqneboda gadasaxadebis Semcireba, ekonomikuri xasiaTis danaSaulis dekriminalizacia da ekonomikuri garemos gaumjobeseba, da ara mudmivi gauareseba. sagareo politikaSi arsebuli gamowvevebi da problemebi pirdapiraa gadajaWvuli saSinao politikasTan. saqarTvelos sasicocxlo interesia, gagrZeldes evropuli da evroatlantikuri integracia. mxolod am procesis gagrZelebasa da warmatebiT dagvirgvinebas ZaluZs, uzrunvelyos Cveni qveynis stabiluri politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba, da amJamad safrTxis winaSe myofi demokratiuli weswyobilebis konsolidacia. udavoa, rom amJamindeli mTavrobis mier politikuri oponentebis devnis kampaniisa da SerCeviTi samarTlis gagrZeleba seriozul safrTxes Seuqmnis saqarTvelos evroatlantikur integracias, da amdenad, qveynis momavals. axali mTavrobis saqmianobis erTi wlis Tavze, ruseTis mtruli damokidebuleba saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis mimarT ar Secvlila. amis dasturia okupantebis mier saokupacio xazis TandaTanobiTi gadmoweva da adamianebis gamoZeveba sakuTari saxlebidan - mcocavi okupacia. cxadi gaxda, rom okupaciis winaaRmdeg da ruseTis federaciis mier ganxorcielebuli eTnikuri wmendis Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad, erTaderTi saSualeba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis yuradRebis mobilizaciaa. aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupaciis raimenairi saerTaSoriso legitimaciis mosapoveblad, ruseTis federacia Seecdeba gamoiyenos soWis olimpiada. am konteqstSi saqarTvelos sasicocxlo interesia ukanono okupaciisa da eTnikuri wmendis sakiTxebis maqsimaluri aqtualizacia saerTaSoriso asparezze. civilizebuli samyaros praqtikulad yvela lideri olimpiadas boikots ucxadebs. aucilebelia, rom boikotis mizezTa Soris ruseTis mier mezobeli saxelmwifos teritoriebis okupaciisa da iq eTnikuri wmendis Catarebis faqti figurirebdes. n

2014 mokled erTi problema, romelic Cadebulia 2014 wlis biujetSi, Zalian didi moculobis valia. momaval wels dagegmili axali valis moculoba 3-jer aRemateba wlevandeli ekonomikuri zrdis moculobas

daviT baqraZe: saparlamento umciresobis lideri

142

saqarTvelo/ekonomika

msoflio 2014

saxeze gvaqvs ekonomikuri situaciis gajansaReba 2014 mokled

giorgi kvirikaSvili

2014 wlis pirveli kvartlis bolos, ukve Camoyalibebuli gveqneba Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis dacvis legaluri baza

Cven SevcvliT dRes arsebul sainvesticio kanonmdeblobas

giorgi kvirikaSvili: saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis ministri

anvlili 2013 weli saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis iyo saetapo da gardamavali. Cvens winaSe idga urTulesi gamowvevebi da maT warmatebiT gavarTviT Tavi. Cven SevZeliT ekonomikisa da biznesis politikuri wnexisgan gaTavisufleba. Seiqmna iseTi garemo, sadac mewarmes saSualeba aqvs, Tavad gansazRvros sakuTari biznesis ganviTarebis prioritetebi, da daculia maTi, rogorc kerZo mesakuTreTa uflebebi. gardamavali periodi yovelTvis aris rTuli da biznesic ver iqneboda gamonaklisi. Tumca, 2013 wlis meore naxevarSi, adgilobrivma Tu ucxourma biznesma realurad dainaxa axali SesaZleblobebi, rasac maT axalSeqmnili garemo sTavazobda. Sesabamisad, saxeze gvaqvs Zalian konkretuli, cifrebSi gamoxatuli ekonomikuri situaciis gajansaReba. zrdis dinamika STambeWdavia, magram es Sedegi Cvens winaSe axal gamowvevebs aCens. garda amisa, ganxorcielebis procesSia is dapirebebi, romelTa Sesrulebis valdebuleba `qarTuli ocnebis~ politikurma gundma amomrCevlebis mimarT aiRo. erTâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;erTi maTgania konkurenciis kanoni, romlis amoqmedebasac, gansakuTrebiT, mcire da saSualo biznesi elis. am kanonis SemuSavebaSi TiTqmis erTi weli davxarjeT, magram es aucilebeli iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `bewvis xidze~ gaviareT, radgan arasworad miRebul kanons bevrad negatiuri Sedegi SeiZleba gamoewvia. savaraudod, 2014 wlis pirveli kvartlis bolos ukve Camoyalibebuli gveqneba Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis dacvis legaluri baza. meore ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romlis ganxorcielebac igegmeba, sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebasa da investorTa ndobis amaRlebas isaxavs miznad. Cven SevcvliT dRes arsebul sainvesticio kanonmdeblobas axali, saerTaSoriso wesebisa da saukeTeso praqtikis Sesabamisi normebiT. gagrZeldeba partnior qveynebTan investiciebis urTierTdacvis SeTanxmebebze molaparakebisa da gaformebis procesi. aseve, mniSvnelovnad vamartivebT komerciuli davebis gadawyvetis process, vamatebT ra iseTi alternatiuli meqanizmis SemoRebas, rogoricaa kerZo arbitraJebi.

biznesisTvis damatebiTi tvirTis moxsnis mizniT, dagegmili gvaqvs, ganvaviTaroT regulirebis gavlenis Sefasebis sistema. misi mizani iqneba rogorc sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis, ise sxva normatiuli aqtebis biznes-garemosa da ekonomikaze gavlenis Sefaseba. mniSvnelovan infrastruqturul proeqtebSi, kerZo investiciebis zrdis stimulirebisa da sajaro seqtoris mier infrastruqturis sferoSi SeTavazebuli servisebis miwodebis gasaumjobeseblad, saministroSi davnergeT sajaro-kerZo partniorobis (Public-Private Partnership) sxvadasxva forma. migvaCnia, rom es iqneba pozitiuri biZgi, axali, msxvili saintereso proeqtebis gasaxorcieleblad, ukve 2014 wlidan, ganaTlebaSi, jandacvaSi, energetikaSi, infrastruqturasa da sxva seqtorebSi. sajaro da kerZo seqtoris efeqtiani TanamSromloba warmoadgens kerZo seqtorSi axali samuSao adgilebis gaCenis erT-erT mniSvnelovan pirobas. rac mTavaria, sazogadoeba srulad iqneba informirebuli im sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis Taobaze, romlis ganxorcielebasac vgegmavT. 2013 wels, Cven gadavdgiT udidesi nabiji evrokavSirTan daaxloebis gzaze. intensiuri molaparakeba Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis SeTanxmebis (DCFTA) Sesaxeb, vilniusis samitze parafirebiT dasrulda. Cven valdebuleba aviReT, rom etapobrivad movaxdinoT sakanonmdeblo da instituciuri reformebi. maT unda uzrunvelyon saqarTvelos sajaro administrirebis Tanamedrove, evropuli principebis Sesabamisad ganviTareba, kerZo seqtoris modernizeba da globaluri konkurentunarianobis amaRleba, saqarTvelos bazarze maRali xarisxis uvnebeli da usafrTxo produqtis ganTavseba. Cven unda SevZloT da movaxdinoT calkeuli seqtoris DCFTA-is moTxovnebTan adaptacia, maTi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis, aseve arsebuli saeqsporto barierebisa da eqsportze orientirebuli gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis potencialis Seswavla, aseve Sesabamisi mxardaWeris saWiroebebis identifikacia. vfiqrobT, rom DCFTA uzrunvelyofs seqtoruli konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas, gazrdis sainvesticio mimzidvelobas, xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi axali teqnologiebis Semodinebas da adgilobrivi industriis modernizebas. Sesabamisad, gaizrdeba moTxovna Tanamedrove codnaze da Seiqmneba maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebi. 2014 wels, aseve vgegmavT qmediTi nabijebis gadadgmas saqarTvelosa da aSS-s Soris savaWro da sainvesticio urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis mimarTulebiT. amisaTvis uzrunvelvyofT aRniSnul sakiTxebze maRali donis dialogis efeqtur warmarTvas. mewarmeobis, maT Soris mcire, saSualo da damwyebi biznesis xelSewyobis mizniT, vgegmavT, CamovayaliboT mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagento, romlis mTavari mizani iqneba mcire da saSualo mewarmeTa unarebis amaRleba, finansur resursebze xelmisawvdomoba, damwyebi biznesis dafinanseba da aseve, mewarmeTa saeqsporto potencialis gaZliereba. yovelivem xeli unda Seuwyos rogorc dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis, ise TviTdasaqmebis zrdas. saagento momdevno 3 wlis manZilze daaxloebiT 140 mln. lars mimarTavs mewarmeobis mxardasaWerad. n

msoflio 2014

saqarTvelo/ekonomika

143

sapartnioro fondidan suverenul fondamde irakli kovzanaZe

prioritetuli seqtorebi 2014 wels kvlav energetika, soflis meurneoba da infrastruqtura iqneba

013 wels, saqarTvelos ekonomikaze gavlena iqonia 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebma da 2013 wlis oqtombris saprezidento arCevnebis molodinma. iqidan gamomdinare, rom sapartnioro fondis mTavari amocana saqarTvelos ekonomikis prioritetul seqtorebSi kerZo investiciebis xelSewyobaa, 2013 wlis ganmavlobaSi fondi aqtiur saqmianobas eweoda rogorc arsebuli sainvesticio proeqtebis ganviTarebis, ise investorebis dainteresebisa da axali proeqtebis dawyebis mimarTulebiT. 2013 wels, fonds stumrobdnen SvedeTis, ungreTis, norvegiis, slovakeTis, bulgareTis, israelis, Sveicariis, braziliis, TurqeTis, yazaxeTis delegaciebi, romlebic qveynis sainvesticio SesaZleblobebs gaecnen. Sedegad, arsebobs molodini, uaxloes momavalSi da kerZod, 2014 wels, saqarTveloSi ramdenime axali sainvesticio proeqti daiwyos. Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis 2014 weli gacilebiT aqtiuri iqneba. stabiluri, prognozirebadi politikuri foni da mkafiod gansazRvruli prioritetebi stimuls miscems ucxouri kapitalis Semodinebas. fondis saqmianobis erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTulebaa energetika, sadac fondis mier ramdenime masStaburi proeqti xorcieldeba. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia umsxviles Turqul kompania `Calik enerjisTan~ erTad, gardabanSi Tboeleqtrosadguris mSenebloba, romelic damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi uprecedento masStabis proeqtia. Sereuli ciklis Tboeleqtrosadguri, romlis dadgmuli simZlavre 230 megavats gautoldeba, 50%-iT ufro energoefeqturi iqneba qveyanaSi arsebul sxva TboeleqtrosadgurebTan SedarebiT. proeqtis mTliani sainvesticio Rirebuleba 220 mln aSS dolaramdea. proeqti fondisa da misi Svilobili kompaniis – `saqarTvelos navTobisa da gazis korporaciis~ erToblivi dafinansebiT xorcieldeba. fondi potenciur investorebTan erTad aseve ganixilavs mdinare enguris mTavar Senakadze 210 megavati `nenskras~ hidroeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis SesaZleblobas. aranakleb mniSvnelovani sferoa turizmi da sastumroebis biznesi. ukve dasrulebulia ori proeqti ‒ Tanamedrove sastumro kompleqsebi ‒ `jinovelnesi~ axalcixeSi da `roialbatoni~ yvarelSi. aRniSnuli proeqtebi ganxorcielda fondis mTavari principis Sesabamisad – sworad gaTvlili da Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcielebuli investirebis Sedegad, proeqtis warmatebiT ganviTareba saimedo kerZo partniorTan erTad. xolo, misi dasrulebisa da eqspluataciaSi gadacemis Semdeg proeqtidan momgebianad gasvla. am principiT, axalcixis sastumroSi Cagvanacvla slovakeTis `eqsimbankma~, xolo yvarlis sastumroSi ‒ `Tibisi bankma~. amJamad vmuSaobT likanSi, yazax investorebTan erTad, 38 mln aSS dolaris sainvesiticio Rirebulebis ‒ `riqsosis~ xuTvarskvlaviani sastumros proeqtis ganxorcielebaze. aqtiurad vagrZelebT muSaobas satransporto infrastruqturis mimarTulebiTac. 2013 wels, mTavrobis gankargulebiT, fonds daevala SavizRvispira re-

gionSi satvirTo-satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTarebis koncefciis momzadeba. koncefciam saqarTvelos xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareobiT ganpirobebuli konkurentuli upiratesobebi unda gamokveTos. dRemde arsebuli oTxi portidan ori – yulevi da sufsa mxolod Txevad tvirTebze – navTobisa da navTobproduqtebis gadazidvaze muSaobs. rac Seexeba baTumisa da foTis portebs, romelTa jamuri warmadoba sakonteinero gadazidvebSi daaxloebiT 300 000-dan 400 000-mde TEU-s Seadgens, maT praqtikulad TiTqmis aTvisebuli aqvT sakuTari simZlavreebi. sakonteinero gadazidvebis maCvenebeli 18 procentiT izrdeba, ramac dRis wesrigSi daayena saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi axali proeqtis ganxorcieleba. sakiTxis sabolood gadawyvetis mizniT, uaxloes momavalSi Catardeba kvlevebi, romlebic sabolood gansazRvravs axali portis aSenebis mizanSewonilobas ukve arsebuli portebis gafarToebis SesaZleblobebTan SedarebiT. fondisTvis aranakleb prioritetulia soflis meurneobaSi investireba. ukve dasrulda 10 milioni aSS dolaris sainvesticio Rirebulebis proeqti – meRoreobis ferma, romelic kompania `geo-agrosTan~ erTad sofel kodaSi ganxorcielda. Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT aRWurvili da sanitarul-higienuri evropuli normebis sruli dacviT gamarTuli meRoreobis ferma 2014 wlidan adgilobrivi moTxovnis 2025%-s daakmayofilebs. proeqtebis SerCevisas vxelmZRvanelobT misi komerciuli potencialisa da ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gavlenis SefasebiT. fondi TiToeul proeqtSi, ZiriTadad, kapitalSi Tanainvestoris saxiT monawileobs, xolo maqsimaluri moculoba proeqtis kapitalSenatanis araumetes 50%-iT aris gansazRvruli. sapartnioro fondi – saaqcio sazogadoebaa. igi saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier, 2011 wlis agvistoSi daarsda. fondis jamuri aqtivebi 5 miliard lars aRemateba, romelTa Sorisaa `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~, `saqarTvelos navTobisa da gazis korporaciis~, `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemis~, eleqtrosistemebis komerciuli operatorisa da nawilobriv, `Telasis~ aqciebi. Cveni erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa sainvesticio mimarTulebebTan erTad, am saxelmwifo strategiuli aqciebis swori korporatiuli marTva. 2014 wels, Cven ukve funqcionirebas daviwyebT, rogorc suverenuli fondi da msoflioSi aprobirebuli suverenuli fondebis msgavsi struqtura gveqneba. Sesabamisad, sakanonmdeblo cvlilebaTa paketze muSaobisas, samTavrobo jgufTan erTad, uSualod saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki monawileobdnen. Sedegad, suverenuli fondi gamWvirvalobis bevrad met elements SeiZens da ufro advilad gasagebi, mimzidveli iqneba investorebisTvis. igi saSualebas mogvcems ganvixiloT ufro mcirebiujetiani inovaciuri proeqtebic, risi saSualebac amJamad SezRuduli gvaqvs. 2014 wels, am mxriv meti Tavisufleba da moqmedebis ufro farTo areali gveqneba. n

2014 mokled saqarTveloSi ramdenime axali sainvesticio proeqti daiwyeba

irakli kovzanaZe: sapartnioro fondis aRmasrulebeli direqtori

144

saqarTvelo/ekonomika

msoflio 2014

saqarTveloSi realurad daiwyo ekonomikuri reformebi nodar xaduri

CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, ekonomikuri zrda emyarebodes demokratias, liberalur Rirebulebebs da sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas

2014 mokled is, rom evrokavSiris qveynebSi qarTuli produqciis eqsporti barierebis gareSe ganxorcieldeba, iqneba Zalian didi stimuli Tavad evropeli investorebisTvisac, rom saqarTveloSi daabandon kapitali da awarmoon produqcia

nodar xaduri: saqarTvelos finansTa ministri

012 wlis oqtombris arCevnebi iyo wyalgamyofi bevri mimarTulebiT – rogorc politikuri, ise sazogadoebrivi kuTxiT. wyalgamyofi demokratiis TvalsazrisiT, magram mniSvnelovania, rom swored 2012 wlis oqtombris arCevnebis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi realurad daiwyo biznesgaremos formireba. yalibdeba Tavisufali bazari. rac mniSvnelovania, Tu aqamde ekonomikis zrdis erTaderTi stimulatori iyo biurokratia, Zaladoba saxelmwifos mxridan, SiSze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri politika, 2012 wlis pirveli oqtombridan es procesi inacvlebs harmoniul sivrceSi da yalibdeba sabazro principebi, romlebzec unda aSendes Zlieri qarTuli ekonomika. samwuxarod, am procesis pirveli Tveebi ar gaxldaT martivi. iyo garkveuli problemebi, maT Soris, problema, romelic ukavSirdeba e.w. koabitaciur reJims - roca saqarTvelos prezidenti oficialurad acxadebda, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT, rom saqarTvelo dangrevis piras idga. am yvelaferma zegavlena iqonia ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. gansakuTrebiT, pirvel kvartalSi, roca pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculoba Semcirda. Tumca, pirveli kvartlis bolos, konstituciaSi Sesuli cvlilebebis Sedegad, roca prezidents realurad aRar hqonda ufleba daeTxova mTavroba da 2013 wlis oqtombris arCevnebis Semdeg, roca saqarTvelos mosaxleobam ukve meored gamoucxada didi ndoba koalicia `qarTul ocnebas~, politikuri stabilurobis gancda Seiqmna. rogorc ki politikuri situaciis gajansaReba daiwyo da politikuri riskebis minimizaciis SesaZlebloba gaCnda, biznesis gamococxlebis tendenciebic aSkara gaxda. samwuxarod, ekonomika Zalian swrafad ver reagirebs cvlilebebze, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi realurad daiwyo ekonomikuri reformebi - is, rac miznad isaxavs qveynis ekonomikis ganviTareba Tavisufal bizness, ucxour investiciebs da Sida investiciebis stimulirebas daemyaros. am mimarTulebiT, 2013 wlis ganmavlobaSi Zalian bevri ram gakeTda. maT Soris, xazgasasmelia ori mniSvnelovani faqti: pirveli gaxlavT evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis parafireba, romelmac seriozuli stimuli unda misces saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris `Rrma da yovlismomcevli Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb~ xelSekrulebis gaformebas. misi xelmoweris Semdeg, saqarTvelo realurad gaxdeba didi evropuli ekonomikis nawili. esaa ekonomika, sadac cxovrobs 500 milion adamianze meti, xolo wliuri moxmareba 18 trilion evros aRemateba. TavisTavad cxadia – is, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika gaxdeba aseTi didi ekonomikis nawili, is, rom qarTuli produqciis eqsporti evrokavSiris qveynebSi barierebis gareSe ganxorcieldeba, iqneba Zalian

didi stimuli Tavad evropeli investorebisTvisac, rom saqarTveloSi daabandon kapitali da awarmoon produqcia. meore mimarTuleba ruseTis bazaria, romelic saqarTvelosTvis 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi realurad daketili iyo. dRes es bazari gaixsna da Tavisi pirveli Sedegebic moitana – qarTul ekonomikaSi gaizarda eqsporti, maT Soris – Rvinisa da soflis meurneobis produqciis. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom es ar aris mxolod rusul bazarze dabrunebis Sedegi. saqarTvelodan aqtiurad xorcieldeba eqsporti rogorc Zvel bazrebze, sadac icnoben qarTul produqcias (yofili sabWoTa respublikebi), aseve, aqtiurad mimdinareobs muSaoba aRmosavleT evropis, TurqeTisa da aziis bazrebze. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom Cveni mTavari amocana mainc aris evropasTan harmonizacia, evropul struqturebTan TanamSromloba da Rrmad var darwmunebuli, evropulis msgavsi ekonomikis aSeneba, evropul Rirebulebebze damyarebuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebi iqneba imis safuZveli, rom saqarTvelo male warmatebuli qveyana gaxdeba. CvenTvis liberaluri da demokratiuli principebi realurad Rirebulia. da ara ise, rogorc es wina xelisuflebisTvis iyo – mxolod sityvebi, romlis „qolgas“ amofarebulni, sinamdvileSi aSenebdnen ekonomikas, romelic emyareboda SiSs, mbrZaneblur, administraciul principebs. Semdeg amiT trabaxobdnen, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika Zalian didi tempiT izrdeboda. mogaxsenebT erT faqts – saqarTvelos ekonomika ar gazrdila imaze metad, vidre gaizarda sxva romelime Cvennairi ekonomika. magaliTad, getyviT, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrdis tempi bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi naklebia, vidre somxeTis ekonomikisa, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, danarCen Cvens mezoblebze. erTi ram Zalian mniSvnelovania: Tu aviRebT ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempis magaliTs da gavixsenebT, rom aseTi qveynebis CamonaTvalSi SeiZleba vnaxoT stalinisdroindeli sabWoTa kavSiri, faSis turi germania, Cile pinoCetis mmarTvelobis dros da sxva, roca namdvilad iyo ekonomikis zrda, aucileblad isic unda gagvaxsendes, ra fasad daujda es xalxs. ase rom, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, ekonomikuri zrda emyarebodes demokratias, liberalur Rirebulebebs da sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas. Cven vakeTebT yvelafers, raTa 2014 wels, saqarTvelos mosaxleobam igrZnos, rom progresi saxezea. male yvela darwmundeba, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis erTaderTi sazrunavia ekonomikuri zrdiT miRebuli sargebeli qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seexos. oqtombersa da noemberSi Cven gvqonda dRg-s gadamxdeli sawarmoebis brunvis zrda 5,9% da 14,4%, rac sakmaod kargi maCvenebelia. garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos investiciebis moculobis zrda. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirvel kvartalSi ucxouri investiciebis moculoba Semcirda, jamSi, pirvel sam kvartalSi 2012 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT, 20 mln dolariT meti ucxouri investiciaa Semosuli, rac aseve mniSvnelovania. pirveli kvartlis Semdeg, biznes-seqtorSi 21 aTasma adamianma iSova axali samuSao adgili. yvelaferi es imeds gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom 2014 wels saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi mniSvnelovani dadebiTi procesebi daiwyeba. n

msoflio 2014

saqarTvelo/ekonomika

145

qarTuli Rvinisa da mevenaxeobis `axali sunTqva~

arTuli Rvinis istoria uZvelesi droidan iRebs saTaves. qvevris Rvinis dayenebis uZvelesi qarTuli tradiciuli meTodis iuneskos aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis siaSi Setana adasturebs am meTodis unikalurobas, msoflio mniSvnelobas, gansakuTrebul kulturul da socialur Rirebulebas. amasTanave, iunesko did pasuxismgeblobas gvakisrebs. Rvinis qvevrSi dayeneba gaxlavT teqnologia, romelic saTuTad unda SevinaxoT da misi saTanado popularizacia movaxdinoT. ssip â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Rvinis erovnuli saagentos~ erTerT umTavres prioritetsa da valdebulebas qarTuli Rvinis cnobadobis amaRleba-popularizacia warmoadgens, romelic degustaciebis, konkursebis, gamofenebisa da seminarebis organizebis xelSewyobiTa da monawileobiT saeqsporto bazrebis moZiebagafarToebasa da bazrebis diversifikacias emsaxureba. saerTaSoriso bazarze, fasisa da xarisxis mixedviT, qarTuli Rvinis konkurentunarianobisaTvis saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministro da Rvinis erovnuli saagento iseTi sistemis danergvaze muSaobs, romelic uzrunvelyofs xarisxiani produqtis miRebas. 2014 wels, saqarTveloSi vazis unikaluri da iSviaTi qarTuli jiSebis aRdgena igegmeba. agreTve, istoriul-geografiul regionebSi warmoSobili vazis im endemuri qarTuli jiSebis dabruneba, romlebic garkveuli periodis win warmatebiT mohyavda adgilobriv mosaxleobas da qmnida qarTuli Rvinis mravalferovnebas, magram dRes Semcirebulia da saerTod aRar axareben, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo. programis mizani iqneba aseTi jiSebis popularizacia, mosaxleobas Soris, maTi nargaobis gazrdis mizniT, xolo maTi gaSenebiT dainteresebul miwaTmoqmedTa daxmareba ufaso sargavi da samynobi masalis miwodebiT, gaSeneba-movlis RonisZiebebis ganmartebiT. ganxorcieldeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili wipwebis da merqnis Seswavlis xelSewyoba molekuluri genetikis meTodebiT, Tanamonawileoba arqeologiur gaTxrebSi wipwebis mopovebis mizniT, vazis aborigenuli jiSebis da veluri vazis Seswavlis xelSewyoba aseve molekuluri genetikis meTodebiT, kvlevebi arqeologiur masalaze, Rvinis naSTebis aRmoCenis mizniT; literaturuli wyaroebis moZieba, Sekreba da publikaciebis momzadeba JurnalebSi gamosaqveyneblad. saxelmwifo gegmavs venaxebis kadastris Seqmnis programis ganxorcielebas, romelsac 2014 wlidan Rvinis erovnuli saagento daiwyebs. saqarTveloSi venaxebis kadastris Seqmna daaregulirebs mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis sferos da moawesrigebs venaxebis aRricxvianobas.

Rvinis erovnuli saagento gadadis eleqtronul aRricxvianobaze ara mxolod mevenaxeobis, aramed Rvinis kuTxiTac. sertificirebisa da angariSgebis procesi 2014 wlidan mTlianad eleqtronuli xdeba. kompaniebs eqnebaT portali da informaciis gacvla ukve eleqtronulad moxdeba. garda amisa, dakmayofildeba is infrastruqturuli pirobebi, rasac evrokavSiris kanomdebloba iTvaliswinebs. qarTuli adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebis Rvinis saerTaSoriso dacvis kuTxiT, Rvinis erovnuli saagentosa da saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnuli centris (saqpatenti) TanamSromlobiT, daigegma qarTuli Rvinis adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebebis (ateni, axaSeni, winandali, gurjaani, kardenaxi, kaxeTi, kotexi, yvareli, manavi, mukuzani, naferauli, qinZmarauli, sviri, Teliani, tibaani, tviSi, vazisubani, xvanWkara) samarTlebrivi dacvis damatebiTi garantiebis SeqmnisaTvis aucilebeli RonisZiebebis gatareba. saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnul centrs (saqpatenti) oficialurad eTxova, belorusiaSi, ruseTis federaciaSi, aSS-Si, yazaxeTsa da CineTSi ganxorcieldes qarTuli adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebis Rvinis dacva, maTi pirdapiri registraciis gziT. saeqsporto Rvinis, kerZod, adgilwarmoSobis Rvinis saxelmwifo kontrolis ganxorcielebis mizniT, mimdinareobs intensiuri muSaoba Rvinis akreditebul laboratoriebTan, romlis mizania qarTuli saeqsporto Rvinis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelyofa. n

levan daviTaSvili Rvinis erovnuli saagentos Tavmjdomare

2014 wels saqarTveloSi vazis unikaluri da iSviaTi qarTuli jiSebis aRdgena igegmeba

146

saqarTvelo/ekonomika

msoflio 2014

satranzito derefnis strategiuli mimarTulebebi derefnis ganviTarebis strategia

2014 mokled Sav zRvaze Cveni satransportologistikuri poziciebis aRdgenagaZliereba gaaRrmavebs koridoris integracias dasavleTis mimarTulebiT

koka guncaZe

`saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ strategiuli amocanaa, xeli Seuwyos samxreT kavkasiaze gamavali centraluri aziis da evropis damakavSirebeli satranzito derefnis ganviTarebas

koka guncaZe: „saqarTvelos rkinigzis“ sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomare

amxreT kavkasiaze gamavali centraluri aziisa da evropis damakavSirebeli satranzito derefani, romelic `trasekas~ saxeliTaa cnobili da zogjer transkaspiur saerTaSoriso satransporto koridorsac uwodeben, erTerTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania im evraziul derefnebs Soris, romlebic aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis bazrebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben. am derefanSi moqmedi satransporto da logistikuri infrastruqtura sarkinigzo magistralebi, sazRvao da sahaero xazebi, avtomagistralebi, navsadgurebi, saporto infrastruqtura da terminalebi, milsadenebis sistema, mocemuli koridoris satranzito potencialze metyveleben. `trasekas~ konkurent derefnebs CrdiloeTis (Sua aziidan ruseTis mimarTulebiT, novorosiiskis da tamanis portebisken) da samxreTis (yazaxeTi ‒ TurqmeneTi ‒ irani) mimarTulebebi warmoadgens. Cveni marSrutis upiratesoba misi mokle manZili, siswrafe da gadazidvebis diversificirebis SesaZleblobaa. negatiur mxareebad jer kidev rCeba koridoris siZvire, administraciuli barierebi da moZvelebuli infrastruqtura. satranzito derefnis mimzidveloba da konkurentuloba ramdenime kriteriumiT ganisazRvreba: tvirTebis gadazidva da logistikuri momsaxureba mocemul derefanSi unda iyos iafi, swrafi da usafrTxo.

`trasekas~ sirTules, Tu ar CavTvliT geopolitikur faqtorebs, koridoris monawile qveynebis raodenoba da misi mravalkomponentianoba warmoadgens, romelSic `saqarTvelos rkinigza~ erT-erTi mniSvnelovani moTamaSea. Sua aziis mdidari qveynebidan (mag: yazaxeTi) Savi zRvis portebis gavliT, evropuli bazrebisken da piriqiT ‒ navsadgurebidan Sua aziis qveynebisken tvirTebis transportirebis procesi Svid mTavar komponents moicavs: yazaxeTis rkinigza, aqtaus navsadguri Tavisi infrastruqturiT, kaspiis sazRvao xazebi, baqos porti da terminalebi, azerbaijanis rkinigza, saqarTvelos rkinigza da Savi zRvis portebi (baTumi, foTi, yulevi); derefnis monawile qveynebis da yvela zemoT CamoTvlili rgolis mWidro koordinaciam da erTianma, SeTanxmebulma strategiam koridoris ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi unda ganapirobos. swored am mizniT, astanaSi, 2013 wlis noemberSi derefnis mTavari monawileebis mier (saqarTvelos rkinigza, azerbaijanis rkinigza, yazaxeTis rkinigza, aqtaus porti, baqos porti, azerbaijanis kaspiis sanaosno da baTumis porti) xeli moewera SeTanxmebas transkaspiuri saerTaSoriso satransporto marSrutis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia sakoordinacio komitetis dafuZneba, romelic xels Seuwyobs tvirTebis gadazidvebis moculobisa da logistikuri momsaxurebis xarisxis gazrdas ‒ centraluri azia ‒ kavkasia ‒ evropa - kavkasia - centraluri aziis mimarTulebiT. `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ strategia da roli derefnis ganviTarebaSi eyrdnoba ramdenime mTavar princips: • erTiani, sinTezuri satarifo politika `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ SeTanxmeba sxva zemoT CamoTvlil moTamaSeebTan erTian satarifo politikaze, mimzidvels gaxdis derefnis ekonomikas tvirTmflobelebisTvis, romelTac ainteresebT gadazidvis fasi tvirTwarmoqmnis sawyisi adgilidan saboloo daniSnulebis punqtamde. am TvalsazrisiT, sabolood, koridorSi `erTi fanjris~ principis damkvidreba, tvirTwarmoqmnis adgilebis, tvirTebis struqturisa da gadazidvis mimarTulebebis swori analizi derefnis ganviTarebis stimuli gaxdeba. • infrastruqturis modernizacia ganaxlebuli da Tanamedrove infrastruqtura rogorc sarkinigzo, aseve saporto, tvirTnakadebis mosalodneli dinamikis gaTvaliswinebiT, gazrdis gadamzidunarianobas derefanSi, Seamcirebs drois danakargs, ganamtkicebs usafrTxoebas da infrastruqturis mdgradi sistemis CamoyalibebiT, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi moxsnis am mimarTulebiT aRniSnul problemas. xorcieldeba modernizaciis

msoflio 2014

proeqti `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ rikoTis uReltexilis malimitirebel monakveTze, dagegmilia anakliis portis masStaburi proeqtis realizacia, wels dasruldeba baqo ‒ axalqalaqi ‒ yarsis sarkinigzo magistralis mSenebloba, msxvili investiciebi xorcieldeba baqos da aqtaus portebSic. • administraciuli barierebis moxsna sxvadasxva mizezebiT gamowveuli administraciuli barierebi jer kidev rCeba derefnis aqtualur problemad, mis sxvadasxva sakvanZo infrastruqturul rgolebSi. aRniSnuli barierebi zrdis mocdenis vadebs, danaxarjebs da Sesabamisad, mkveTrad amcirebs gadazidvebis efeqturobas. rkinigzis amocanaa, partniorebTan mWidro koordinaciiT am negatiuri gamocdilebis daZleva. • multimodaluri gadazidvebi da erTiani `logistikuri jaWvi~ derefnis geografiisa da satransporto saxeobaTa mravalferovnebis gamo, mniSvnelovania multimodaluri gadazidvebis ganviTareba. erTi kontraqtis farglebSi, minimum ori an meti satransporto saSualebis gamoyeneba da generaluri kontraqtebis sistema metad komfortuli iqneba tvirTmflobelebisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania erTiani logistikuri servisis miwodeba da mizanSewonil adgilebSi Tanamedrove logistikuri centrebis Seqmna. • `trasekas~ integrireba globalur satransporto sistemaSi `trasekas~ koridoris saimedooba, mimzidveloba, am derefanSi tvirTnakadebis mkveTri mateba da satranzito funqciis zrda didwilad damokidebulia mis integrirebaze globalur satransporto

saqarTvelo/ekonomika

sistemebSi. kerZod, aRmosavleTiT, CineTis mimarTulebiT, romelic dRes msoflioSi erT-erTi mTavari tvirTwarmomqmnelia; Cinuri produqcia indoeTis okeanidan suecis arxiT Sedis xmelTaSua zRvaSi da evropuli habebisken miemarTeba, rac iafia, magram

`trasekas~ koridoris saimedooba, mimzidveloba, am derefanSi tvirTnakadebis mkveTri mateba da satranzito funqciis zrda didwilad damokidebulia mis integrirebaze globalur satransporto sistemebSi xangrZlivi; Cinuri industriis qveynis centralur da dasavlur nawilSi gadmonacvlebiT (risi tendenciebic arsebobs), tvirTwarmoqmnis adgilebi miuaxlovdeba yazaxeTis sazRvars, rac logistikuri TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro gazrdis evraziuli derefnebis aqtualobas; `trasekas~ koridorSi Cinuri warmoSobis tvirTnakadis zrdiT, gamoikveTeba `axali abreSumis gzis~ konturebi. aseve mniSvnelovania `trasekas~ ganviTareba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. kerZod, Sua aziisken mimavali Turquli warmoSobis tvirTnakadis metad CarTva Cvens koridorSi da agreTve dunais arxiT Savi zRvis portebisken meti tvirTis mozidva; Sav zRvaze Cveni satransporto-logistikuri poziciebis aRdgena-gaZliereba gaaRrmavebs koridoris integracias dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. `saqarTvelos rkinigzis~ strategiuli amocanaa, xeli Seuwyos derefnis liberalizacias da samxreT kavkasiaze gamavali centraluri aziis da evropis damakavSirebeli satranzito koridoris ganviTarebas, gaxdes rogorc dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis, aseve CrdiloeTis da samxreTis SemaerTebeli xidis mniSvnelovani komponenti, da amiT, Tavisi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanos regionSi geopolitikuri stabilurobis ganmtkicebaSi. n

147

148

saqarTvelo/ganaTleba

msoflio 2014

imedismomcemi 2014 weli: ekonomika, umaRlesi ganaTleba da mecniereba lado papava

sastarto pirobebi

2014 mokled aucilebelia 2014 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam Seqmnas saxelmwifo universitetebis saxelmwifo biujetidan sabazo dafinansebis meqanizmi

akademikosi lado papava: ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori

013 weli saqarTvelosaTvis ar iyo martivi. es gaxldaT Cveni qveynis moqalaqeebisTvis uCveulo politikuri Tanaarsebobis weli. am procesis aRsaniSnavad, qarTuli ena kidev erTi barbarizmiT ‒ `koabitacia~ ‒ dabinZurda. samwuxarod, politikuri Tanaarseboba uaryofiTad aisaxa saqarTvelos ekonomikaze, rac mosalodnelic iyo, radganac koabitaciis qarTul versias safuZvlad daedo opoziciaSi gadasuli prezidenti da sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli revanSistuli ganwyobilebis SenarCuneba. Sedegad, 2012 wlis bolos, obieqturad arsebuli molodini imisa, rom 2013 weli ekonomikurad warmatebuli iqneboda, samwuxarod, ver gamarTlda, radganac ekonomikuri zrdis tempis Semcirebam saxelmwifo biujetSi deficitis zrda gamoiwvia. 2013 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis (romelmac gaagrZela 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis myife, magram imavdroulad principulad mniSvnelovani miRweva xelisuflebis mSvidobianad gadacemis sferoSi) Semdeg, qarTveli amomrCeveli darwmunebulia, rom koabitaciis qarTuli modeli dasrulda, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobas xels veraferi SeuSlis mizanmimarTuli ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebaSi. 2013 weli gansakuTrebulad warmatebuli aRmoCnda saqarTvelosaTvis, romelmac evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis parafirebas miaRwia. samwuxarod, 2008 wlidan moyolebuli, qarTuli m xaris gamo evrokavSirTan am SeTanxmebis miRweva xelovnurad Wianurdeboda, rac umTavresad gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom Tbilisi yovel Rones xmarobda ar Seesrulebina briuselis mier wayenebuli pirobebi, romelTa Sesruleba aucilebelia evrokavSirTan Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis xelmosawerad. 2013 wels, umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSi jer-jerobiT kvlav gaurkveveli darCa mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis yofili institutebis bedi, romelTa umravlesoba `nacionaluri mmarTvelobis~ periodSi universitetebs xelovnurad

miuerTes da maTi samarTlebrivi statusi dRemde ar iqna gansazRvruli. Seiqmna molodini samecniero kvlevebis erovnuli centris Seqmnis Sesaxeb, Tumca saqme met-naklebad realuri da misaRebi proeqtis Camoyalibebamde vera da ver mivida. saxelmwifo universitetebs ki ar aqvT sabazo dafinanseba biujetidan, rac maTi ganviTarebis stabiluri wyaros ararsebobaze miuTiTebs. am sastarto pirobebSi ikveTeba 2014 wels gadasawyvet umTavres amocanaTa xasiaTi.

2014 wlis ZiriTadi amocanebi 2014 wels mTavrobis saqmianobis umTavres prioritets unda warmoadgendes evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis xelmowera. amisaTvis saqarTvelos mTavrobam unda gaaaqtiuros yvela mimarTulebiT muSaoba. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs im valdebulebebis Sesruleba, romlebic aucilebelia evrokavSirTan Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis xelmosawerad. kerZod, esenia konkurenciis xelSewyobisa da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli institutebis Seqmna. 2014 wels, saqarTvelos mTavrobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanebs warmoadgens kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis da Sesabamisi institutis ganmtkiceba, makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SenarCuneba saqarTvelos erovnul bankTan koordinaciaSi, ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyoba sagadasaxado disciplinis ganmtkicebisa da sabiujeto stimulirebis xarjze. evrokavSirTan vaWrobis ganviTarebis paralelurad, unda gagrZeldes da gaRrmavdes vaWroba ruseTTan. mizanSewonilia aSS-sTan daiwyos molaparakebebi saqarTvelosTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis misaRwevad. aucilebelia 2014 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSavos 2020 wlamde qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategia, romelic codnaze dafuZvnebuli ekonomikuri modelis realizacias daemyareba. codnaze dafuZvnebuli ekonomikis Camoyalibeba ki SeuZlebeli iqneba umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis gaumjobesebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis gareSe. roca saxelmwifo universitetebis Semosavlebis ZiriTadi wyaro studentis mier motanili fulia, universitetebs ar aqvT saTanado manevrirebis saSualeba, rac aferxebs maT stabilur ganviTarebas. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis mqone qveynisaTvis universitetebis sabazo dafinansebis erTaderT wyaros mxolod da mxolod saxelmwifo biujeti warmoadgens. aucilebelia 2014 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam Seqmnas saxelmwifo universitetebis saxelmwifo biujetidan sabazo dafinansebis meqanizmi. mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis yofili institutebis mimarT aucilebelia mTavrobam SeimuSavos strategia, romelic erTi mxriv daasrulebs maT savalalo mdgomareobaSi yofnas, xolo meore mxriv, mecnierebis dakninebis `nacionaluri mmarTvelobis~ dros damkvidrebul midgomebze sabolood ityvis uars. 2014 weli imedebis welia, da maTi asruleba saqarTvelos Semdgomi winsvlis sawindari unda gaxdes. n

msoflio 2014

saqarTvelo/ganaTleba

149

2014 weli ganaTlebis sistemisTvis konsolidaciis weli iqneba Tamar sanikiZe

Cvens ucxoel partniorebTan erTad Catardeba saqarTvelos samecniero potencialis auditi

anaTleba aris saqarTvelos erT-erTi mTavari prioriteti. qveynis ekonomikuri winsvla da evroatlantikur sivrceSi srulfasovani integracia SeuZlebelia codnaze damyarebuli ekonomikis, konkurentunariani kadrebis da ganaTlebis sistemis evropul standartebTan harmonizaciis gareSe. 2013 weli ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosTvis datvirTuli da produqtiuli iyo, magram kvlav didi Zalisxmevaa saWiro, rom dawyebuli proeqtebi warmatebiT gagrZeldes, gaumjobesdes ganaTlebis Tu saswavlo procesis administrirebis da infrastruqturis marTvis xarisxi, gaizardos instituciuri efeqturoba. Tamamad SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom 2014 weli ganaTlebis sistemisTvis konsolidaciis weli iqneba. pirvelad, saqarTvelos istoriaSi, Seiqmneba ganaTlebis sistemis erTiani strategia (2014-2024ww.), romelic moicavs ganaTlebis yvela safexuris, zogadi, profesiuli da umaRlesi, sistemur xedvas da damyarebuli iqneba sicocxlis bolomde ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis principebze, yvela adamianisaTvis, ganurCevlad misi sacxovrebeli adgilisa da SesaZleblobebisa, xarisxiani ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofaze. skolebSi usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelsayofad 2013 wels mniSvnelovani reformebi gatarda - mandaturis samsaxuri Tvisebrivad Seicvala da dasjaze orientirebul sistemas, moswavlis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri usafrTxoebis dacva da zrunvaze orientirebuli sistema Caenacvla. Tumca, kidev bevria gasakeTebeli harmoniuli, pozitiuri da humanuri saganmanaTleblo garemos Sesaqmnelad. amitom, skolebSi jansaRi cxovrebis wesis popularizacias, SemoqmedebiTi da sportuli eqstrakurikuluri programebis danergvas daviwyebT. inkluziuri ganaTleba kvlav prioritetad rCeba. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas vaniWebT specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebisa da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleebis srul inkluzias ganaTlebis sistemaSi, sxvadasxva mizezebiT skolis gareT darCenili an skolidan gasuli bavSvebisTvis `ganaTlebis meore SesaZleblobis~ micemas. aseve prioritetad rCeba saxelmwifo enis swavla-swavlebis motivaciisa da xarisxis amaRleba araqarTulenovan skolebsa da seqtorebze. skolebis mwvave infrastruqturuli problemebis mosagvareblad regionebSi dagegmilia 45-ze meti mcirekontingentiani skolis proeqtireba-mSenebloba, soflebis skolebSi gaTbobis problemebis aRmofxvra. momaval wels mniSvnelovan gamowvevad migvaCnia erovnuli saswavlo gegmis gadamuSaveba-ganaxleba, maswavleblelTa Sefasebis kompleqsuri sistemis formireba, maswavleblis axali profesiuli standartis, aseve, ganviTarebisa da karieruli winsvlis sqemis damtkiceba da implementaciis dawyeba. sajaro skolebisTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba direqtorebis arCevnebi.

bolo wlebSi zogadi ganaTlebis sistemaSi masStaburi kvlevebi ar ganxorcielebula, ramac arsebul mdgomareobaze informaciis deficiti Seqmna. momaval wels Catardeba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso Sefasebebi PISSA, TIMSS, TALIS, rac saSualebas mogvcems moswavleebis miRwevebis done SevadaroT saerTaSoriso standartebs, gavaanalizoT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens saganmanaTleblo politika, saswavlo gegmebi, swavlebis meTodika Tu saganmanaTleblo resursebi moswavleTa miRwevebze. 2013 wels moxerxda profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis reabilitacia da daaxloeba socialur partniorebTan. Seiqmna profesiuli ganaTlebis ganviTarebis strategia, dawyebulia modulur saganmanaTleblo programebze muSaoba, muSavdeba Tanamedrove standartebis Sesabamisi materialur-teqnikuri bazis Seqmnis sakiTxi. 2014 wlidan daiwyeba 5 wliani gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli, Sromis bazarze orientirebuli 26-mde profesiuli saswavleblebis dafuZneba. mogexsenebaT, wels gaormagda socialuri programis farglebSi umaRles saswavleblebSi Caricxuli dafinansebuli studentebis raodenoba. amasTan, pirvelad dafinansdnen magistri studentebi da doqtorantebi. Tvisebrivi cvlilebebia gansaxorcielebeli samecniero kvlevisa da swavla-swavlebis erTianobis uzrunvelsayofad. saqarTvelo moxvda im 20 qveynis siaSi, romelsac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi gauwevs miznobriv daxmarebas mecnierebis ganviTarebis dargSi. ucxoel partniorebTan erTad Catardeba saqarTvelos samecniero potencialis auditi - moxdeba arsebuli situaciis Sefaseba SemdgomSi partniorebTan kavSirebis damyarebis mizniT. ganaTlebis xarisxis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebi Seicvleba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; avtorizacia-akreditacia Canacvldeba skolis ganviTarebis koncefciiT, gamovlindeba is problematuri velebi, romelSic skolas daxmareba sWirdeba da rekomendacia miecema problemebis dasaZlevad. amoqmeddeba aTaswleulis gamowvevis kompaqtis (MCC) farglebSi 140 milioni dolaris granti: zogadi ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT dagegmilia 150-mde skolis reabilitacia da aRWurva, pedagogebisa da skolis administraciis ganviTareba, profesiuli ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT kerZo da saxelmwifo saswavleblebis programuli da infrastruqturuli ganviTareba, teqnikuri daxmareba, saxelmwifo umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis, teqnologiebisa da sainJinro mimarTulebis ganviTareba. Seiqmneba amerikuli da qarTuli universitetebis konsorciumi, romelic saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamis, umaRlesi ganaTlebis programebs ganaxorcielebs. saqarTvelos parlamentTan TanamSromlobiT daviwyebT skolamdeli ganaTlebis koncefciisa da sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnaze muSaobas. mjera, rom Cven warmatebiT davZlevT yvela gamowvevas. n

2014 mokled Cven vapirebT zogadi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi dokumentis - erovnuli saswavlo gegmis ganaxlebagadamuSavebas

Tamar sanikiZe: saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministri

150

saqarTvelo/ganaTleba

msoflio 2014

saganmanaTleblo bazarze konkurencia mZafrdeba 2014 mokled

kaxa Sengelia

ramdenadac bazarze kvalificiuri profesormaswavleblebis simwirea, maTze moTxovna maRalia da kidev ufro moimatebs

TamaSSi Zlierebi darCebian

kaxa Sengelia: `kavkasiis universitetis~ prezidenti

aqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo bazarze konkurencia mZafrdeba, radgan bazarze axali moTamaSeebi Semodian - bankebs surT, skolebi Tavad daaarson, raTa sakuTari kadrebi TviTonve gazardon. es yvelaferi ganaTlebis xarisxze pozitiurad aisaxeba: susti moTamaSeebi bazars gamoeTiSebian, xolo zogierTi ufro metad gaimyarebs adgils. mTlianobaSi, 2014 wels, saganmanaTleblo bazari ufro gamWvirvale gaxdeba. 2013 wlis da gasuli wlebis tendencia, rodesac moTxovna ufro ucxouri qveynebis saswavleblebis diplomebze iyo, 2014 welsac SenarCundeba. swored amitom, Cveni universiteti 85 qveynis umaRles saswavlebelTan TanamSromlobs. `kavkasiis universitetis~ ormagi xarisxis programebis saSualebiT, Cvens studentebs saSualeba aqvT, iswavlon paralelur reJimSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; saqarTveloSi da partnior universitetTan, da Sedegad, ori diplomi miiRon. `kavkasiis universitetis~ kargad gamarTuli menejmenti da swavlebis mkacri sistema garantias iZleva, rom Cveni studentebis absoluturi umetesoba mesame kursidan ukve dasaqmebulia. `kavkasiis universitetSi~ mxolod maRali akademiuri monacemebis studentebi swavloben. saSualoze dabali reitingis mqone studenti, ubralod, iZulebuli xdeba Cveni universitetidan sxvagan gadavides, ris gamoc studentebis sxva saswavleblebSi gadinebis maRali maCvenebeli gvaqvs. `kavkasiis universiteti~ mimzidvelia ara mxolod kavkasiis regionis studentebisTvis, aramed CvenTan swavlobs 26 qveynis moqalaqe. Tumca, gansakuTrebul dainteresebas vxedavT evropidan. Cven afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis studentebsac vTavazobT universitetSi ufaso swavlas, maTi integrirebis mizniT. maTi mxridan dadebiTi impulsebia, Tumca jer-jerobiT Tavs ikaveben saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebisgan. `kavkasiis universitets~ 8 skola aqvs. moTxovna maRalia yvela skolaze. Tumca, biznesis skola, tradiciulad, yvelaze reitingulia. igi 3-4 welia saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo sareitingo sistemis `eduniversalis~ (eduniversal-ranking.com) gamokiTxvebiT, saqarTveloSi pirvel adgilzea. biznesganaTlebis kuTxiT, Cven pirveli varT saqarTvelos masStabiT, xolo msoflios masStabiT, 500 saukeTeso universitets Soris vfiqsirdebiT. amis dasturia isic, rom Cveni universitetis kreditebs Tavisuflad vcvliT sazRvargareTis nebismieri universitetis kreditebze. amJamad, bazarze maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis didi deficitia da moTxovna dRiTidRe izrdeba. am mxriv, SemiZlia vTqva, rom gamonaklisia Cveni universiteti, romelsac dasaqmebis 95-procentiani maCvenebeli aqvs. konkretulad, biznesis skolis maCvenebeli kidev ufro maRalia da 98 procents utoldeba. es 2 procenti arian studentebi, romlebic an sazRvargareT gaemgzavrnen swavlis gasagrZeleblad an sakuTari surviliT dasveneba gadawyvites. 2014 wels, gasuli wlebis tendencia kvlav Senar-

Cundeba da iseTi specialobebi, rogoricaa finansebi, buRalteria, iuridiuli, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, kvlav moduri iqneba. maT fsiqologia da sainformacio teqnologiebi daemateba. zogadad, am wels biznes-ganaTlebaze moTxovna gacilebiT gaizrdeba. SeiniSneba kidev erTi saintereso tendencia: wlebis ganmavlobaSi, is, rom yofiliyavi profesori da gemuSava umaRles saswavlebelSi, araprestiJuli iyo. axla yvelaferi piriqiTaa: ramdenadac bazarze kvalificiuri profesor-maswavleblebis simwirea, maTze moTxovna maRalia da kidev ufro moimatebs. Cven frTxilad varCevT kadrebs. swored am mizniT gadavwyviteT, rom TviTon gavzardoT isini. ukve gvyavs doqtorantebis pirveli gamoSveba, romlebic Cvens universitetSi davasaqmeT.

win gardamtexi weli gvelis zogadad, qveynis masStabiT, 2014 welsac problemad darCeba maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis gadineba qveynidan. xelisuflebam unda mixedos am sakiTxs, xeli unda Seuwyos biznesis ganviTarebas, romelic samuSao adgilebs Seqmnis da kadrebs adgilobrivad daasaqmebs. biznesi unda gaixsnas. miTumetes, rom is ukve gaTavisuflda wnexisgan. ekonomikuri vardna, romelic 2012 wels daiwyo, ukve davida fskeramde da axla nel-nela zemoT moiwevs. Tumca, bizness dro sWirdeba, raTa bolomde welSi gaimarTos. 2014 weli, am mxriv gardamtexi iqneba. igi biznes-garemos an ukeTesobisken an uaresobisken Secvlis. mniSvnelovani iqneba prokuraturis roli. man bizness problemebi ar unda Seuqmnas, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri katastrofa gardauvalia. 2013 wels biujetis Sevsebis problema Seiqmna, radgan Tu adre biujets biznesidan ZaliT moziduli TanxiT avsebdnen, axla am wnexisgan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, Tanxis mobilizeba problema gaxda. vfiqrob, 2013 wels 2-3 procentiani zrdiT davasrulebT, xolo Tu 2014 wels 6 procentamde avediT, qveyanas es seriozulad Seetyoba. situaciis stabilizaciis tendencia Tu SenarCunda, es pozitiuri signali iqneba biznesisTvis da Cven swor gzaze viqnebiT. n

msoflio 2014

saqarTvelo/samoqalaqo seqtori

151

korufciis ufro kompleqsuri formebis winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZola kvlavac gamowvevad rCeba eka gigauri

Zlieri da damoukidebeli parlamentisa da sasamarTlos formireba erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens

013 weli Cveni qveynisTvis mniSvnelovani weli iyo. demokratiulad Catarebuli 2012 wlis saparlameto arCevnebis Semdeg qveynis kidev erT gamowvevad demokratiuli saprezidento arCevnebis Catareba rCeboda. vfiqrob, rom qveyanam am gamowvevasac warmatebulad gaarTva Tavi. me, rogorc antikorufciuli organizaciis aRmasrulebelma direqtorma, ar SemiZlia ar aRvniSno, rom qveynis warmatebebs Soris 2003 wlis Semdeg ganxorcielebuli mTeli rigi antikorufciuli reformebic Sedis, ris Sedegadac qveyanaSi Semcirda da faqtobrivad aRmoifxvra wvrilmani korufcia da meqrTameoba. es udavo miRweva iyo, radganac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesa saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa yoveldRiuri cxovreba. Tumca, saqarTveloSi kvlavac seriozul problemad rCeba korufciis ufro kompleqsuri formebi. 2003 wlis Semdeg periodSi gatarebul reformebs Tan sdevda Zalauflebis ukiduresi koncentracia aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi. sxva ZiriTadi institutebis (magaliTad, parlamentisa da sasamarTlos), agreTve xelisuflebis gare makontroleblebis (Tundac mediis) sisustis pirobebSi, maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa viwro jgufs SesaZlebloba hqonda emoqmeda gamWvirvalobisa da angariSvaldebulebis principebis ugulvebelyofiT, rac noyier niadags qmnida Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebisa da korufciisTvis. axali xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi xSirad usvamen xazs gasul wlebSi momxdari e.w. elituri korufciis SesaZlo faqtebis gamoZiebis aucileblobas. vfiqrob, rom yofil Tanamdebobis pirTa saqmianobis gamoZiebaze aranakleb mniSvnelovania im sistemuri problemebis gadaWra, romlebic saqarTvelos mTavrobis maRal rgolebSi korufciis riskebs warmoSobs. Cemi azriT, uaxloes momavalSi moqmedma mTavrobam ramdenime mniSvnelovan gamowvevas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios. Zlieri da damoukidebeli parlamentisa da sasamarTlos formireba erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens. bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi korufciis riskebis erT-erTi wyaro parlamentisa da sasamarTlos sisuste da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisadmi maTi daqvemdebarebac iyo. 2012 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg mniSvnelovani progresia miRweuli parlamentis gaZlierebisa da sasamarTlos damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiT, Tumca mniSvnelovania, rom parlamentma gaagrZelos instituciuri gaZlierebis procesi, raTa efeqtianad Seasrulos Tavisi sazedamxedvelo funqcia aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi. unda gagrZeldes Zlieri sakanonmdeblo bazis formireba sasamarTlos politikuri zegavlenisgan dacvis uzrunvelsayofad. korufciasTan brZolaSi CarTuli yvela uwyebis efeqturi koordinacia da instituciuri gaZliereba aseve mniSvnelovani winapirobaa Sedegze orientirebuli antikorufciuli politikis implementaciisT-

vis. amJamad moqmed korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis uwyebaTaSoris sakoordinacio sabWos sakmaod SezRuduli uflebamosilebebi da resursebi aqvs. saqarTvelos mTavrobam unda ganixilos ufro Zlieri antikorufciuli uwyebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. unda daiwyos sajaro samsaxuris reforma, rac moicavs sajaro samsaxurSi daniSvna-gaTavisuflebis, aseve Sromis anazRaurebis sakiTxebs. mniSvnelovania, agreTve, sajaro samsaxurSi konkursis wesiT daniSvnasa da premiebis gacemasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli problemebis gadaWra. aseve, im miRwevebis SenarCuneba, romelic gasuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi gvqonda, gansakuTrebiT eleqtronuli mmarTvelobis danergvasa da sajaro momsaxurebis daxvewasTan dakavSirebiT. yvelasaTvis cnobilia saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis eleqtronuli sistema, romelic msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gamWvirvale saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis eleqtronul sistemad miiCneva. Tumca saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis sakmaod didi nawili kvlavac am sistemis gverdis avliT warmoebs (aseTi Sesyidvebis saerTo Rirebulebam 2012 wels miliard lars gadaaWarba da saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis 45 procenti Seadgina). saqarTvelos xelisuflebam minimumamde unda daiyvanos im gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis ricxvi, rodesac saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis warmoeba Ria tenderebis gareSe daiSveba. garda amisa, aucilebelia sajaro samsaxuris biuros saqmianobis aqtiurad gagrZeleba da qonebrivi deklaraciebis sistemis Semdgomi gaumjobeseba. misasalmebelia, rom Tanamdebobis pirTa qonebrivi deklaraciebi saqarTvelos nebismieri moqalaqisTvis xelmisawvdomia specialuri veb-gverdis saSualebiT. am sferoSi Semdgomi progresis misaRwevad aucilebelia im Tanamdebobis pirTa wris gafarToeba, visac qonebrivi deklaraciis wardgena evaleba, da qonebriv deklaraciebSi Setanili monacemebis gadamowmebis sistemis Seqmna. da bolos, mniSvnelovania sajaro informaciis xelmisawvdomobis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis gaumjobeseba. informaciis Tavisufleba mniSvnelovania sazogadoebrivi kontrolisa da korufciis prevenciis uzrunvelsayofad. aRsaniSnavi da misasalmebelia, bolo dros kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi, romelic sajaro informaciis proaqtiul gamoqveynebas iTvaliswinebs. Tumca, miuxedavad progresuli nabijebisa, sakanonmdeblo baza da informaciis gacemasTan dakavSirebuli praqtika Semdgom daxvewas saWiroebs. `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba â&#x20AC;&#x2019; saqarTvelos~ momavali wlis gegmebis prioritetad kvlav mTavrobis saqmianobis monitoringi darCeba. n

2014 mokled mniSvnelovania sajaro informaciis xelmisawvdomobis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis gaumjobeseba

eka gigauri: `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba â&#x20AC;&#x2019; saqarTvelos~ aRmasrulebeli direqtori

152

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

qarTuli politikuri realoba dadebiTad aisaxeba ekonomikuri aqtivobis zrdaze 2014 mokled

anar ismailovi

mezobel qveynebSi kargi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba aucileblad Seuwyobs xels saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebas da prognozirebul 5%-ian zrdas realurs gaxdis

vgegmavT mWidro urTierTobis damyarebas rogorc msxvili biznesis, aseve saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebTan

iuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa cota adrea 2013 wlis sabanko seqtoris wliur maCvenebelze saubari, winaswari daskvnis gaJRereba mainc SesaZlebelia: noembris monacemebiT, saqarTvelos sabanko seqtori kvlav warmatebulia. wlidan wlamde, seqtoris mTliani aqtivebi 18%-iT gaizarda, romelic vfiqrob, dekembris maCvenebliT kidev ufro moimatebs. garda amisa, wlevandeli makroekonomikuri fonisa da dabali biznes-aqtivobis gaTvaliswinebiT, bankebis sakredito portfelis 16%-iT zrda sakmaod STambeWdavia. mTavrobis programam, romelic miznad isaxavs qveynis mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri seqtoris ‒ soflis meurneobis SeRa-

Semovida da am etapisTvis Cveni saqmianoba dadebiTad SegviZlia SevafasoT. Cveni resursebis umetesoba Sida proeqtebsa da infrastruqturis ganviTarebas moxmarda, raTa klientebisTvis efeqturi biznesplatforma da xarisxiani momsaxureba SegveTavazebina. aTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, bankis mTliani aqtivebi 23%-iT gaizarda. es zrda ZiriTadad kreditebsa da fasian qaRaldebze modis. wina wels SevimuSaveT bankis ganviTarebis gegma 2014-2017 wlebisTvis. strategiulad Cveni ganviTarebis prioritetul sferoebs warmoadgens: korporatiuli sabanko momsaxureba, saxazino operaciebi, piradi bankiris momsaxureba, sainvesticio da sxva finansuri momsaxureba rogorc sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe korporaciebisTvis, ise finansuri institutebisTvis. vgegmavT mWidro urTierTobis damyarebas mcire da saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebTan, Tumca amavdroulad vinarCunebT msxvil kompaniebze orientacias. garda amisa, vinaidan gagvaCnia korporatiuli obligaciebis gamoSvebis didi gamocdileba, gvinda xeli SevuwyoT adgilobrivi fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ganviTarebas. 2014 weli bankisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan dagvexmareba ganvsazRvroT samomavlo geg-

wels, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom aqcenti gakeTdeba transportze, logistikaze, soflis meurneobaze, gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobasa da hidroeleqtro seqtorebze

anar ismailovi: `paSa bankis“ direqtorTa sabWos Tavmjdomare

vaTian dafinansebas, sagrZnoblad gazarda bankebis daintereseba am seqtoris mimarT da TiTqmis gaaormaga agrokreditebis moculoba. winasaarCevno periodis dasruleba da qveynis politikuri stabiluroba mafiqrebinebs, rom 2014 weli biznes da sabanko seqtoris moTamaSeebs mdgrad da stabilur garemos Seuqmnis samomavlo ganviTarebisTvis. Cemi optimisturi molodini damyarebulia xelisuflebis iniciativebze, gaaRrmaon biznesis mxardaWera da winasaarCevno dapirebebs racionaluri strategiis saxe SesZinon, rac TavisTavad, qveynis ekonomikas gaaumjobesebs. wels, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom aqcenti gakeTdeba transportze, logistikaze, soflis meurneobaze, gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobasa da hidroeleqtro seqtorebze, romlebsac didi potenciali gaaCniaT da mTavrobis mier am seqtorebis wina planze wamoweva savsebiT gamarTlebulad mimaCnia. kargi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mezobel qveynebSi, romlebic amavdroulad saqarTvelos Zlieri savaWro partniorebi da investorebi arian, aucileblad xels Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas da prognozirebul 5%-ian ekonomikur zrdas realurs gaxdis. `paSa banki~ qarTul bazarze 2013 wlis dasawyisSi

mebi da ambiciebi. vgegmavT bankis korporatiuli kreditebis moculobis gazrdas daaxloebiT 50-60 milion laramde, aseve klientebisTvis sainvesticio operaciebisa da sabanko produqtebis farTo speqtris SeTavazebas. mjera, rom `paSa bankTan“ kompaniebis partnioruli urTierToba xels Seuwyobs maT warmatebul ganviTarebas regionalur da saerTaSoriso doneze. Cveni gamocdileba savaWro operaciebis dafinansebis kuTxiT saSualebas gvaZlevs davexmaroT bazris im moTamaSeebs, romlebic gegmaven ganviTarebas saqarTvelosa da mis farglebs gareT. n

„paSa bankis“ gaxsnis ceremonia

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

153

2014 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ganviTarebis weli iqneba!

u gadavxedavT bolo 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebul politikur movlenebs, 2012 wlis saparlamento da 2013 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi sakmaod seriozuli gamowveva iyo saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis. gamomdinare iqidan, rom qveyanas dRes ar udgas raime tipis seriozuli politikuri gamowveva, 2014 wels vuyureb sakmaod optimisturad da mimaCnia, rom yvela pirobaa Seqmnili biznesis ganviTarebisTvis, ama Tu im sferos investirebis gaaqtiurebisTvis. bunebrivia, amas dasWirdeba aqtiuri xelSewyoba saxelmwifos mxridan, rasac mxari unda aubas biznesmac. 2014 wels mniSvnelovan SesaZleblobebs vxedav sabanko seqtoris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli sabanko seqtori gamoirCeva stabilurobiT, gamWvirvalobiTa da mdgradobiT, is sakmaod CamorCeba evropul bankebs sididiT, anabrebisa da sesxebis moculobiT mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi. garda amisa, dRes mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili kvlav ar sargeblobs srulyofilad sabanko servisebiT da mimaCnia, rom es qarTuli bankebisTvis gamowvevaa. `Tibisi banki~, bunebrivia, am mimarTulebiT gadadgams seriozul nabijebs. 2013 wels Cveni banki sakmaod mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. gansakuTrebuli iyo gasuli wlis noemberdekemberi, roca sakmaod gaaqtiurda dakreditebis moculoba â&#x20AC;&#x2019; sasesxo portfeli gaizarda daaxloebiT 300 milioniT. es niSnavs, rom aqtiuroba sakmaod SesamCnevia da es yvelaferi dadebiTad aisaxeba ekonomikaze. garda amisa, bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda saprocento ganakveTebi sesxebze, ramac ganapiroba sabrunavi saSualebebis meti xelmisawvdomoba biznesisaTvis. bunebrivia, sesxebze saprocento ganakveTebis klebis procesi grZeldeba da es sakmaod dadebiT gavlenas iqoniebs biznesis ganviTarebaze. yvela es simptomi miuTiTebs imaze, rom 2014 weli sakmaod pozitiuri ganviTarebis weli iqneba. es exeba ara mxolod sabanko seqtors, aramed developerul da samSeneblo biznessac. samSeneblo biznesi gamovida im Rrma kritikuli mdgomareobidan, romelic 2008 wlis omma da finansurma krizisma gamoiwvia.

developeruli biznesis ganviTarebaSi aqtiurad CaerTvnen adgilobrivi bankebi, rogorc ipoTekuri sesxebis gacemis, ise developerebis dafinansebis mimarTulebiT, rac praqtikulad warmoudgeneli iyo 3-4 wlis win. dRes es ganviTareba did imeds iZleva, vinaidan developeruli biznesi metad mniSvnelovani segmentia samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT. 2014 wlisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom Cveni ekonomikuri politika warimarTos liberalurad da maqsimalurad orientirebuli viyoT investiciebis mozidvaze. unda moxdes strategiulad mniSvnelovani mimarTulebebis gamoyofa. mimdinareobs muSaoba ekonomikuri politikis Camoyalibebis kuTxiT, da am procesSi aqtiuradaa CarTuli `saqarTvelos biznesmenTa asociacia~. imedi maqvs, uaxloes droSi es dokumenti Sejerdeba, rac saSualebas miscems biznesebs, gansazRvron TavianTi grZelvadiani da moklevadiani gegmebi. vfiqrob, 2014 wels qveynis erT-erTi mTavari prioriteti unda iyos safondo birJis ganviTarebac, vinaidan es gamoiwvevs qveynis ekonomikis winsvlas, investiciebis mozidvas da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cveni safondo birJa gaZlierdeba da miaRwevs ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurs, es iqneba sakmaod seriozuli safuZveli imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelo amierkavkasiis finansur centrad iqces. Tumca safondo birJis ganviTarebas win unda uZRvodes sapensio reforma, romelic gaaCens grZelvadian Tanxebs. kerZo sapensio fondebis ganviTareba Seqmnis bazas imisaTvis, rom safondo birJam imuSaos stabilurad da warmatebulad. rac Seexeba `Tibisi banks~, 2014 wels Cven vgegmavT, ganvagrZoT zrda ufro meti tempiT, vidre wina wlebSi vizrdebodiT. wels Cveni prioritetia distanciuri momsaxurebis arxebis kidev ufro ganviTareba da sabanko tranzaqciebis meti nawilis gadatana distanciur marTvaze. amaSi igulisxmeba internet-banki da sxva teqnologiuri servisebi. 2013 wels, pirvelad saqarTveloSi, Cven movipoveT msoflioSi erT-erTi saukeTeso internet-bankis jildo. es da sxva aranakleb mniSvnelovani miRweva gvaZlevs did stimuls imisaTvis, rom 2014 wels viyoT kidev ufro efeqturi Cveni momxmareblisTvis, qveynisa da sazogadoebisTvis. n

mamuka xazaraZe `Tibisi bankis~ sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomare

Cveni ekonomikuri politika liberalurad unda warimarTos da maqsimalurad orientirebuli unda viyoT investiciebis mozidvaze

154

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

IT seqtoris ganviTareba saqarTvelosTvis gadamwyvetia daviT asaTiani

sainformacio teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli unarebi da dasaqmeba mTeli msoflios masStabiT Zalian swrafad izrdeba

pirvelesad, neba miboZeT, mivuloco qarTul sazogadoebas aseTi seriozuli da obieqturi Jurnalisturi brendis â&#x20AC;&#x2019; `ekonomistis~ Semosvla saqarTveloSi. darwmunebuli var, rom liderebs biznesisa da politikis sferoSi SesaZlebloba miecemaT, axleburad dainaxon qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebi da yvela is gamowveva Tu SesaZlebloba, rac saqarTvelos ekonomikur da politikur asparezze elis.

do konkurencias gauwevs saerTaSoriso donis miRwevebs. axali Taobis telefonebisTvis mTeli rigi aplikaciebi da sistemebia SemuSavebuli, romelic morgebulia sabanko, satelekomunikacio, farmacevtul da energetikis sferoze. Tumca, es magaliTebi jer mainc gamonakliss warmoadgens. IT-seqtoris ganviTareba nebismieri qveynisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania, magram saqarTvelosTvis is gansakuTrebiT gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs. saqarTvelos ekonomika, ZiriTadad, produqciisa da momsaxurebis importze dgas. swored amitomac aris metad damokidebuli valutis kursis cvlilebaze. ekonomikaSi IT seqtorma SesaZloa warmoSvas `momsaxurebisa da ideebis eqsportis~ industria, rac inteleqtualur sakuTrebaze, gamogonebebsa da patentebze, kompiuterul programebze iqneba dafuZnebuli. sainformacio teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli unarebi da dasaqmeba mTeli

procesi, romelic saqarTvelos ekonomikis sainformacio teqnologiebis sferoSi mimdinareobs, aucilebeli komponentia axalgazrda demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis

daviT asaTiani: generaluri menejeri Sps `maikrosoft saqarTvelo~

procesi, romelic saqarTvelos ekonomikis sainformacio teqnologiebis sferoSi mimdinareobs, aucilebeli komponentia axalgazrda demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis. ra formiT gamoixateba es progresi: moqalaqeTaTvis onlainservisebis SeTavazebiT, Tu biznes procesebis optimizaciiT, imaze mianiSnebs, rom Cvens cxovrebaSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis integraciis gareSe Zneli iqneba im warmatebis SenarCuneba, rasac sazogadoebam bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi miaRwia. 2013 weli qarTuli ekonomikisTvis gamowvevebis weli iyo. politikurma cvlilebebma da maTma Tanmdevma gaurkvevlobam zemoqmedeba moaxdina biznesgaremoze. rac, Tavis mxriv, ganviTarebis etapze myof IT-seqtorzec aisaxa. saqarTvelos sainformacio teqnologiur bizness jer ar Seuqmnia iseTi inovacia, romelic saTana-

msoflios masStabiT Zalian swrafad izrdeba. saqarTvelos kargi geografiuli mdebareoba aqvs imisTvis, rom am tendenciis ufro aqtiuri monawile gaxdes kavkasiis regionsa da mis farglebs gareT. sasixaruloa, rom saqarTvelos axali mTavroba TanamSromlobs wamyvan IT-kompaniebTan, raTa meti investicia Caidos da SesaZleblobebi Seiqmnas qveyanaSi am sferos ganviTarebisTvis. es SeiZleba iyos programebis piratul moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT zomebis gamkacreba, an axali meqanizmebis moZebna sainformacio teqnologiebSi axleburi ideebisa da wamowyebebis dasafinanseblad. qarTuli sazogadoeba agrZelebs personaluri kompiuterebis, netbuqebis, tabletebis, smartfonebisa da sxva mowyobilobebis SeZenas, amitom kompiuteris moxmarebis unarebi izrdeba da metad mniSvnelovani xdeba rogorc adamianebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, ise profesiul saqmianobaSi. Sesabamisad, saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi meti aqcenti keTdeba kompiuterul unarebze. saWiroa biujetisa da adamianuri resursebis gamoyofa saimisod, rom saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi kompiuteruli programebis Seswavla savaldebulod iqces. absoluturad darwmunebuli var, rom 2014 weli mniSvnelovani etapi iqneba saqarTvelos sainformacio teqnologiebis industriis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis.n

msoflio 2014

saqarTvelo/biznesi

155

uZravi qonebis bazarze moTxovna gaizrdeba irakli burdilaZe

Cvens proeqtebs `mwvane~ statusi mieniWebaT

Zravi qonebis bazarze SesamCnevi aqtivobaa, ris safuZvelsac 2013 wlis pirveli sami kvartlis monacemebi gvaZlevs. sacxovrebeli uZravi qonebis yidva-gayidvis garigebebis raodenoba 2013 wlis pirveli 3 kvartlis monacemebiT, gasuli wlis Sesabamisi periodis analogiuria, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom 2013 wlis me-3 kvartalSi 5299 garigeba ganxorcielda uZravi qonebis bazarze qalaq TbilisSi, rac bolo 5 wlis manZilze yvelaze maRali kvartaluri maCvenebelia. rac Seexeba TbilisSi sacxovrebeli uZravi qonebis saSualo fass, gasuli wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT, 2013 wlis me-3 kvartalSi 9%-iani zrda dafiqsirda. mogexsenebaT, 2012 da 2013 wlebi saqarTvelosTvis iyo saparlamento da saprezidento arCevnebis wlebi. aseT garemoSi sacxovrebeli uZravi qonebis bazarze garigebebis raodenobis stabilurad SenarCuneba da saSualo fasis zrda miuTiTebs imaze, rom moTxovna sacxovrebel farTze TbilisSi sakmaod maRalia. am mxriv, Cveni prognoziT, 2014 weli gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba. TbilisSi sacxovrebel farTze mzard moTxovnas ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebs. upirvelesad, es aris mosaxleobis sakmaod maRali simWidrove. msoflio bankis monacemebiT, TbilisSi 1 ojaxSi 3.7 adamiani cxovrobs, rac 50%-iT maRalia, vidre aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis, da 130%-iT maRali, vidre dasavleT evropis qalaqebis maCvenebeli. axali Taoba cdilobs gamoeyos did ojaxs da calke gadavides sacxovreblad. es tendencia 2014 wels kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxdeba. mizezi martivia ‒ rac ufro metad izrdeba ekonomika da Semosavlebi, miT metad Cndeba moTxovna sacxovrebel farTebze. miT umetes, rom igive msoflio bankis monacemiT, TbilisSi 1 sulze mxolod 17 kv.m sacxovrebeli farTi modis, rac bevrad dabalia, vidre saSualo maCvenebeli msoflio masStabiT. amas emateba sabWoTa periodSi aSenebuli binebis siZvele, romelTa umetesoba ukve amortizebulia. qveynis ekonomikuri

Cveni kompleqsis mobinadreebi daaxloebiT 20-23 procentiT nakleb gazsa da eleqtroenergias moixmaren ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrdis paralelurad, amortizebul sacxovrebel farTebs axladaSenebuli Caanacvlebs. mzardi urbanizacia kidev erTi faqtoria, romelic grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ganapirobebs sacxovrebel uZrav qonebaze moTxovnis zrdas. yvelaferi es gvaZlevs safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom sacxovrebel binebze arsebuli maRali moTxovna (is yovelwliurad matulobs) SenarCundeba. amis kargi magaliTia m2-is ori axali proeqtis gayidvebis monacemebi. jer mxolod ori kviraa, rac daviwyeT

yazbegis gamzirze dagegmil sacxovrebel kompleqsSi farTebis gayidva da ukve 33% gavyideT. rac Seexeba nucubiZis kompleqss ‒ kidev erT dagegmil proeqts, Tbiliselebs igi mxolod erTi kviraa rac SevTavazeT da ukve 10 procenti gaiyida. bolo wlebSi erT-erTi mTavari tendencia gamoikveTa ‒ moTxovna ZiriTadad patara farTebzea: or (55 kv.m) da sam (70 kv.m) oTaxian binebze. Cven veliT, rom es tendencia 2014 welsac SenarCundeba. 2014 wels m2 daasrulebs ipodromTan erT sacxovrebel kompleqss da daiwyebs ramdenime axals. ianvarSi vapirebT daviwyoT sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSenebloba yazbegis gamzirze da aseve, nucubiZis quCaze, razec ukve mogaxseneT, xolo gazafxulze kidev erTi proeqtis

ganxorcielebas vake-saburTalos damakavSirebel gzaze vgegmavT. sainteresoa, rom am proeqtebs `mwvane~ statusi mieniWebaT, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom isini energoefeqturi iqneba da, Sesabamisad, orive kompleqsis mobinadreebi daaxloebiT 20-23% nakleb gazsa da eleqtroenergias moixmaren, rac mniSvnelovnad dauzogavs maT komunalur gadasaxadebs. proeqtebi saerTaSoriso safinanso korporaciisa da kanadis mTavrobis dafinansebiT aSendeba. 14 milioni aSS dolaris moculobis grZelvadiani sesxidan 4 milioni kanadis mTavrobam swored mravalbiniani energoefeqturi saxlebis mSeneblobis miznobriobiT gamouyo „m2 uZrav qonebas“. energoefeqturobaze aqcentis garda, bazarze imiTac gamovirCeviT, rom momxmarebels vTavazobT garemontebul binebs, radgan Cveni azriT, klientisTvis Zalian komfortulia ukve dasrulebul da garemontebul binaSi gadasvla. komfortTan erTad, mobinadre saremonto xarjebs mniSvnelovnad zogavs, radgan individualurad msgavsi xarisxis remontis gakeTeba mas 2.5-3-jer ufro Zviri daujdeboda. ramdenime kompania aseT binebs ukve sTavazobda klientebs da gaTvlili iyo ZiriTadad, ZviradRirebul binebze, Tumca Cvens SemTxvevaSi siaxle iyo is, rom saqarTveloSi mzard saSualo fenas aseTi arCevanis SesaZlebloba miveciT. rom SevajamoT, Cveni molodini Tu gamarTlda, 2014 wlis dasawyisSi or proeqts, xolo wlis meore naxevarSi kidev 2-3 proeqtis ganxorcielebas daviwyebT. n

2014 mokled 2014 wels m2 daasrulebs ipodromTan erT sacxovrebel kompleqss, da daiwyebs ramdenime axals

irakli burdilaZe: developeruli kompania `m2 uZravi qoneba~ ‒ sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomare

msoflio 2014

saqarTvelo/biznesi

157

kidev erTi rekorduli weli saqarTveloSi ? mixael hampeli

2014 mokled

2014 wels moveliT cementis moxmarebis rekordulad maRal maCveneblebs

008-2009 wlebSi seriozuli ekonomikuri vardnis Semdgom, romelic ganapiroba agvistos omma da ekonomikurma krizisma, saqarTveloSi cementis moxmareba bolo sam weliwadSi araTu gaumjobesda, aramed yovelwliurad izrdeba da axal rekordul maCveneblebs aRwevs.

2014 wels moveliT cementis moxmarebis rekordulad maRal maCveneblebs. ra gavlena eqneba yovelive amas saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebaze? sxva qveynebis msgavsad, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSic, ekonomikuri krizisi upirvelesad samSeneblo seqtorze aisaxa, Tumca gajansaRebis tendencia aseve samSeneblo mrewvelobis aRmavlobiT iwyeba. 2013 wlis bolo kvartlis monacemebis Tanaxmad, SesamCnevi zrda dafiqsirda cementis moxmarebis kuTxiT. es tendencia stabilurad SenarCunda 2014 wlis ianvarSic.

aRsaniSnavia, rom dinamikurad viTardeba samSeneblo mrewvelobis mamoZravebeli samive sakvanZo elementi, rogoricaa: • komerciuli/samrewvelo nagebobebis mSenebloba; • infrastruqturuli samuSaoebi da binaTmSenebloba. Cans, rom kerZo pirebs da kompaniebs gauCndaT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da stabilurobis rwmena da daiwyes fulis xarjva. istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom samSeneblo seqtorSi dadebiTi signalebis gaCenisTanave gamococxlebas iwyebs ekonomikis sxva seqtorebic, rac sabolood qveynis mdgradi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis winapirobaa. erTi sityviT, aris molodini, rom 2014 weli iqneba ara mxolod samSeneblo seqtoris rekorduli

2013 wlis bolo kvartlis monacemebis Tanaxmad, SesamCnevi zrda dafiqsirda cementis moxmarebis kuTxiT. es tendencia stabilurad SenarCunda 2014 wlis ianvarSic aRmavlobis, aramed zogadad, qveynis ekonomikis gamococxlebis welic. „haidelbergcementi“ mzadaa am gamowvevisTvis! 2013 wels kompaniis mier ganxorcielebuli didi investiciebis wyalobiT (cementis dafqvis sawarmo Savi zRvis sanapiroze, kaspis cementis qarxnis gadaiaraReba da 6 damatebiTi betonis qarxana), kompaniis menejmenti darwmunebulia, rom „haidelbergcementi“ SeZlebs qveyanaSi cementze gazrdili moTxovnis dakmayofilebas. n

mixael hampeli: „haidelbergcementis“ generaluri direqtori kavkasiaSi

158

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

`axali naTeba~ mudam mowodebis simaRleze

k zurab gabinaSvili `axali naTebis~ damfuZnebeli, generaluri direqtori

2014 wels kompaniis mizania servisis xarisxis amaRleba, marketingis moZliereba da axali savaWro obieqtebis damateba Tbilissa da regionebSi

ompania àxalma naTebam~ momxmareblis ndoba saqarTvelos bazarze dafuZnebisTanave daimsaxura. dRes is upirobo lideria ganaTebis sferoSi ara mxolod qveynis, aramed amierkavkasiis masStabiT. 120-ze meti TanamSromeli, 9 aTasze meti dasaxelebis produqcia, 15 maRazia-saloni Tbilissa da mis farglebs gareT da amdenive wlis biznes-istoria ‒ aseTia kompaniis uwyveti ganviTarebis logikuri Sedegi. àxali naTebis~ mTavari orientiri mravalferovani arCevani, inovaciebisken swrafva da maRali xarisxia, rasac kompaniis qselSi warmodgenili germanuli, italiuri, belgiuri, polonuri, avstriuli, espanuri, franguli, bulgaruli, Turquli Tu Cinuri produqcia adasturebs. swored àxal naTebaSi~ iZens momxmarebeli ganaTebis sferoSi sakuTari filosofiis mqone iseTi cnobili brendebis nawarms, rogoricaa: Philips, Artemide, DeltaLight, Osram, BLV, Kolarz, Linea Light, Prolicht, Flos, Griven, ELT, Zalux, Fumagalli & Opple ‒ naTurebis, interieris, eqsterierisa Tu landSaftis sanaTebis saxiT. àxali naTebis~ cnobadobasa da mis warmatebiT operirebas saqarTvelos bazarze produqciis farTo arCevanis garda, sxvadasxva informaciuli da fasdaklebebis mudmivi kvireulebi, aseve kompaniis socialuri da saqvelmoqmedo aqtivobebic ganapirobebs. Tumca, kompaniis gonivruli ganviTarebis mTavari gegma drois Tamam gamowvevebs efuZneba da pasuxobs, rac imis winapirobas qmnis, rom samoqmedo arealis gafarToebisas kompaniam sakmaod gabeduli nabijebi gadadgas. 2013 wels àxal naTebas~, viwro komerciuli sivrcis garRveviT, erTguli klientebi momsaxurebis yvelaze komfortul zonaSi ‒ Forum By New Light-Si gadahyavs. Tvisebrivad da momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebuli koncefciis mqone Forum By New Light àxali naTebis~ premium-klasis saimijo Sourumia, romelic 2 sarTulad iyofa da mis ZiriTad farTze mxolod evropuli mwarmoeblebis produqciaa (italia, avstria, germania, safrangeTi, belgia) warmodgenili. momxmarebels SeuZlia erT unikalur pavilionSi koncentrirebuli da evropis sxvadasxva wamyvani kompaniis mier xelovnebis donemde ayvanili, amavdroulad, Zalze praqtikuli avejisa da ganaTebis gemovnebiani Serwyma ixilos. garda amisa, Forum by New Light unikaluria rogorc arqiteqturul-teqnologiuri, ise ekologiuri kuTxiT. àxali naTebis~ specialistTa mondomebis Sedegad, SenobaSi gadmotanilia cocxali bunebisa da landSaftis originaluri elementebi, rac erTianobaSi ganumeorebel garemos qmnis.

Forum By New Light-i pasuxobs Tanamedrove adamianis maqsimalur moTxovnebs da savaWro pavilionTan erTad, moicavs ofisebs, sasawyobe meurneobas, sakonferencio darbazs, kafes, fitnes-darbazsa da verandas SesaniSnavi xediT . Forum By New Light-i teritoriaa, sadac momxmarebels SeuZlia auCqareblad miiRos gadawyvetileba, eziaros ganaTebis sferos siaxleebs kvalificiuri momsaxure personalis daxmarebiT, dazogos Zvirfasi dro da energia, da rasakvirvelia, mTavar sarTulze airCios aTze meti evropuli giganti brendis ganaTeba, aqsesuarebi da aveji. zurab gabinaSvili, àxali naTebis~ damfuZnebeli, generaluri direqtori: `nebismieri tipis kompanias, romlis qveyanam politikuri cvlilebebis mizeziT gardamavali periodi gaiara, stabilurobis SenarCuneba uZneldeba. amis miuxedavad, Forum By New Light-is saxiT, àxalma naTebam~ axali sainvesticio proeqti dagegma da vfiqrob, am amocanas Tavi kargad gavarTviT. proeqtis Seqmnis idea wlebis win gaCnda, rodesac Cveni produqciis didi asortimentis gamo, misi prezentacia sul ufro gvirTuldeboda. mivxvdiT, rom ganaTebis wardgenis xarisxs ise ver avwevdiT, Tu is interierSi an eqsterierSi ar moeqceoda. amitom jer patara saeqspozicio oTaxi gavakeTeT da SevamCnieT, rom momxmareblis yuradRebas ganaTeba ase ufro izidavda. aman gadagvawyvetina Segveqmna miqsi, eqskluziuri proeqti, sadac mowinave kompaniebis ganaTebac iqneboda warmoCenili da erTmaneTs mkafiod gaemijneboda evropuli da SedarebiT dabalbiujetiani produqti. radgan avejis da ganaTebis sfero axlos dgas erTmaneTTan, gadavwyviteT 2013 wlis investicia amaSi Cagvedo. 2014 wels msxvil proeqts aRar vgegmavT, magram kompaniis mizania servisis xarisxis amaRleba, marketingis moZliereba da axali savaWro obieqtebis damateba Tbilissa da regionebSi. aseve, vocnebobT sakuTari sawarmos gaxsnaze ‒ es, ufro, momavlis saqmea. Cveni produqcia saSualo da maRalSemosavlian momxmarebelzea gaTvlili da Zalian sasiamovnoa, rodesac mis keTilganwyobas yovelTvis vgrZnobT. es CvenTvis kargi stimulia. rac Seexeba àxali naTebis~ kredos, is ucvleli rCeba ‒ viyoT stabiluri, droSi gamocdili da mosaxleobisTvis sasurveli~. n

msoflio 2014

saqarTvelo/biznesi

159

`kastel jorjia~ amierkavkasiis bazarze wamyvani poziciis dakavebisTvis emzadeba

udsaxarSi `kastel jorjia~ ‒ maRali xarisxis produqcia realur fasad! es aris kompaniis mTavari mizanic da strategiac. dasaxul mizans emsaxureba kompaniaSi dasaqmebuli 300 TanamSromeli. maT Soris ‒ maRalkvalificiuri germaneli mxarSavebi, eleqtronul mowyobilobaTa da warmoebis ucxoeli da adgilobrivi inJinrebi. kompania `kastel jorjia~ maRali xarisxis nedleuliT awarmoebs gansxvavebuli gemovnuri Tvisebebis mqone ludis nairsaxeobas, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, mravalferovani gemovnebis mqone momxmarebels misTvis sasurveli ludi realur fasad SevTavazoT. 1. ludi `germanuli tradiciuli~ ‒ aRniSnuli produqti bazarze yvelaze didi popularobiT sargeblobs. am luds meore saxelad `saxalxo ludsac~ uwodeben. gemom, xarisxma da realurma fasma luds `germanuli tradiciuli~ bazarze pirveloba moutana. 2. luds `argo~ mravalricxovani da erTguli momxmarebeli hyavs. misi gemobrivi Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, `argo~ gansakuTrebiT popularulia axalgazrdebs Soris. es gaxlavT ludi maTTvis, visac garToba uyvars. 3. luds `hercogi~ axasiaTebs namdvili germanuli xarisxi da tradiciuli germanuli Camosasxmeli ludis gemo. swored amitom, `hercogi~ gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs Camosasxmeli ludis moyvarulTa Soris da am ludis momxmareblis raodenobac mudmivad mzardia. 4. limonaTi `zandukeli~ marTlac saukeTeso ualkoholo sasmelia. `zandukelis~ limonaTs damzadebis saukunovani tradicia aqvs. `zandukelis~ damzadebis recepti gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi safrangeTSi moRvawe qarTvelma emigrantma, niko zandukelma SeimuSava. tradicia da gansakuTrebuli gemobrivi Tvisebebi, qarTul bazarze arsebul sxva limonaTebTan mimarTebaSi, `zandukelis~ mTavari ganmasxvavebelia. levan zautaSvili, `kastel jorjias~ generaluri direqtori: `kastel jorjias~ warmatebuli biznesi da xarisxiani produqciis warmoeba mraval faqtorzea damokidebuli. ludsaxarS `kastel jorjias~ erT-erTi mTavari upiratesoba Tanamedrove standartebis gaTvaliswinebaSi mdgomareobs. Cven uaxles teqnologiebsa da mxolod umaRlesi xarisxis nedleuls viyenebT. `kastel jorjias~ ludsaxarSi, msoflio standartebis Sesabamisad, uaxlesi danadgarebiTa da teqnikiTaa aRWurvili. bunebrivi Zala ‒ ludisa da gamagrilebeli sasmelebis warmoebisTvis `kasteli~ unikalur wyaros wyalsa da naturalur nedleuls iyenebs, rac kompaniis produqcias gansakuTrebul xarisxs matebs. es ki warmatebis mTavari garantia rogorc qarTul, ise msoflio bazarze. Zlieri gundi ‒ saqarTveloSi maRali xarisxisa da saerTaSoriso standartebis damkvidrebaSi, adgilobriv teqnologebs evropidan (CexeTi, germania da sxv.) mowveuli specialistebi exmarebian. maRali kvalifikaciis mqone gundi `kastel jorjias~, rogorc brends, erToblivi ZalebiT, ludisa da ualkoholo sasmelebis biznesSi gacilebiT sando da Zlier imijs uqmnis.

xarisxis kontroli kompaniisaTvis upiratesia. `kastel jorjia~ mTlianad maRal xarisxzea orientirebuli. swored amitom, produqciis warmoeba da realizacia mudmivad mkacr kontrols eqvemdebareba. ludisa da ualkoholo sasmelebis qarxana, aseTi SedegebiTa da samomavlo xedviT, sul male amierkavkasiaSi wamyvani poziciis dakavebasa da msoflio bazarze didi warmatebis miRwevas SeZlebs“. n

levan zautaSvili: `kastel jorjias~ generaluri direqtori

160

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

`jipisis~ novatoruli proeqtebi

arTul farmacevtul bazarze `jipisi~ mudmivad zrdis inovaciuri aqtivobebis areals da uwyvetad axorcielebs momxmarebelTa interesze orientirebul axal proeqtebs. kompaniis xedva ‒ mravalferovani saSualebebiT aqtiuri, jansaRi cxovrebis wesis stimulireba da xelSewyoba, momxmareblebis saWiroebis maqsimaluri uzrunvelyofa mudmiv progresulobaze, inovaciurobasa da zrunvaze dayrdnobiT ‒ ucvleli rCeba. `jipisim~ didi xania daimkvidra Tavi bazarze, rogorc jansaRi cxovrebis xelSemwyobma, gamocdilma farmacevtulma kompaniam, sacalo, sabiTumo da pirveladi jandacvis mimarTulebiT. 2013 weli kompaniisTvis sakmaod warmatebuli gaxldaT. man gaafarTova saafTiaqo qseli, warmatebiT ganagrZo gasul wlebSi dawyebuli araerTi saintereso, maT Soris, msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi aprobirebuli ekonom SefuTvebis mqone jenerik medikamentebis import-realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli umniSvnelovanesi proeqti, romelmac momxmarebels medikamentebis bevrad nakleb fasad SeZenis SesaZlebloba misca. kompaniam daiwyo medikamentebis importirealizacia im saerTaSoriso dasaxelebiTa da SefuTviT, rogoriTac is amerikisa da msoflios mravali ganviTarebuli qveynis bazarze iyideba. daviT kilaZe, kompania `jipisis~ generaluri direqtori: `proeqtis ganxorcielebas win uZRoda TbilisSi Catarebuli masStaburi samecniero konferencia, romelmac mTeli samedicino sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyro. konferenciaSi, adgilobriv kolegebTan erTad, holandieli, kanadeli da aSS-dan Camosuli eqspertebi monawileobdnen. upirvelesad, es proeqti mosaxleobisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. man ukve miaRwia maRal niSnuls realizaciis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tanxobrivi maCvenebliT. migvaCnia, rom samomavlod aseTi proeqtebis gareSe sadazRvevo da jandacvis sistemis awyoba Zalian rTuli iqneba, radgan swored isini amcireben farmacevtul sferoze mosul danaxarjebs. kompaniis koncefcia xarisxze orientirebaa, rac ara mxolod zrdis sandoobas medikamentebis mimarT, aramed Cvens sferoSi konkurentunariani garemos winapirobac xdeba. `jipisi~ pirveli kompaniaa, romelic bazarze xarisxis kontrolis gamkacrebasa da xarisxis kontrolis Tanamedrove sistemebis damkvidrebaze saubrobs. Cven pasuxs vagebT

xarisxze yvela segmentSi, farmacia iqneba es, bavSvTa kveba, movlis saSualebebi, parafarmacia Tu premium-klasis kosmetika. 2013 wels SesaniSnavi Sedegi gvqonda samkurnalo kosmetikis mimarTulebiTac. `jipisi~ saqarTvelos bazarze pirvelad gaxda ori cnobili franguli brendis ‒ `LIERAC~-is da `Nuxe~-is oficialuri warmomadgeneli. warmatebad migvaCnia `siTi farmas~ qselis proeqtis ganviTarebac. 2013 wels mivaRwieT imas, rom mosaxleobis didi nawilisaTvis is yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Semadgenel nawilad iqca. gaizarda loialuri klientebis raodenoba. Cveni survilia, es proeqti 2014 welsac ganviTardes. vapirebT qarTul farmacevtul bazars SevTavazoT iseTi konceptualuri siaxleebi, romlebic maqsimalurad iqneba orientirebuli momxmareblis interesze. gvaqvs mniSvnelovani siaxle distribuciis sferoSi ‒ 2014 wlis dasawyisSi kompaniam Seicvala sasawyobe meurneoba ‒ axla is maqsimalurad Seesabameba umaRlesi xarisxis evropul standartebs. rac Seexeba sxva siaxleebs: farmacevtul nawilSi ekonom SefuTvis mqone jenerik medikamentebis importi-realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli proeqtiT miRebul Sedegebs momavalSi gavaormagebT. aseve, wlis ganmavlobaSi `jipisi~ samkurnalo kosmetikis sferoSi moRvawe ori axali kompaniis Semoyvanas gegmavs. SedarebiT Soreul momavalSi dagegmili gvaqvs sakuTari warmoebis dawyeba. am mimarTulebiT ukve aqtiurad vmuSaobT erT-erT ucxoel partniorTan erTad. garda amisa, wlebis ganmavlobaSi farmacevtuli kompania `jipisi~ mudmivad iyo CarTuli xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis, ganaTlebisa Tu kulturuli procesebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. tradiciulad, `jipisis~, eleqtronuli wignebis internet-maRazia „lit.ge“-sa da saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saminitros mxardaWeriT, 2013 wels literaturuli konkursi `wero~ gaimarTa. aseve, kompania, ukve meored, Tbilisis saerTaSoriso Teatraluri festivalis oqros partniori gaxda, riTac samagaliTo Tanadgoma gamoucxada qarTul Teatrs. `jipisiSi~ miiCneven, rom sazogadoebis ganaTlebis maRali done garkveulwilad uzrunvelyofs janmrTelobaze zrunvis ufro maRal xarisxs. kompaniisTvis mniSvnelovania, rac SeiZleba meti faseuloba Seuqmnas Tavis momxmarebels. amitom msgavsi saxis socialur aqtivobebs `jipisi~ momavalSic ganaxorcielebs. n

daviT kilaZe kompania `jipisis~ generaluri direqtori

2014 wels „jipisi“ ekonom-SefuTvis mqone jenerik medikamentebis import-realizaciis masStabebs zrdis

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

161

saqarTveloSi Porsche-s gayidvebi ormagdeba Tbilisis Porsche centri globaluri ofisis ritms ayva da qarTveli avtomoyvarulebis ocnebebi realobad aqcia

vtoindustriaSi umaRlesi xarisxis standartis saukeTeso magaliTi, yvelaze maRalSemosavliani saavtomobilo brendi Porsche sakuTari strategiis ganxorcielebas saqarTveloSic warmatebiT ganagrZobs. Porsche-s oficialuri importioris, `Tegeta motorsis~ Svilobili kompania, Sps `Tegeta premium viiqels~ qarTvel avtomflobelebs Porsche-s ganaxlebul samodelo rigs 2014 welsac hpirdeba. daviT aRmaSeneblis xeivanSi germanel specialistebTan erTad daproeqtebulma Porsche-s Tbilisis centrma qarTvel momxmarebels pirvelad 2011 wlis gazafxulze gauRo kari. `Tegeta motorsis~ saTavo ofisSi Porsche-s avtorizebulma servis-centrma am SesaniSnavi avtomobilis mflobelebs umaRlesi donis momsaxureba SesTavaza. Sedegmac ar daayovna ‒ germanuli xarisxiT da sportuli xasiaTiT gamorCeulma Porsche-m qarTvel avtomoyvarulTa yuradReba drois sakmaod mcire monakveTSi miipyro, riTac saqarTvelom Rirseuli adgili daikava im qveynebis CamonaTvalSi, sadac msurvels uproblemod SeuZlia gaxdes Porsche-s nebismieri modelis mflobeli ‒ dawyebuli Cayennedan, da legendaruli `911~-is CaTvliT. Tbilisis Porsche-s centris direqtori, irakli papiaSvili: `Tbilisis Porsche centri globaluri ofisis ritms ayva da qarTveli avtomoyvarulebis ocnebebi realobad aqcia. 2011 wlidan moyolebuli, Cveni gayidvebis tempi TvalSisacemad gaizarda ‒ SarSandelTan SedarebiT TiTqmis gaormagda. amis erTerTi mizezi klientebTan midgomaa. Porsche aramasobrivi mwarmoebelia. Sesabamisad, menejmets meti dro aqvs, rom potenciur momxmareblebTan mWidro urTierToba daamyaros. Cveni klientebi Porsche-s ojaxis wevrebi arian da amis gancdas arasodes kargaven. Porsche-s tradiciuli koncefcia megobrul da Tbil urTierTobebs efuZneba. gayidvebis zrdis kidev erTi, `woniani~ mizezi gayidvebis Semdgomi momsaxurebaa. Tavmdablobis gareSe vityvi, rom saqarTveloSi is saukeTesoa. sxva dilerebTan SedarebiT, Cveni safaso segmenti daaxloebiT igivea, magram kompania udides resurss uTmobs umaRlesi donis sadiagnostiko da saremonto momsaxurebas, originali saTadarigo nawilebisa da aqsesuarebis sakiTxs. `porSes~ konsultantebi yovelTvis mzad arian, daexmaron klientebs sasurveli modelis SerCevaSi, maTi moTxovnebis individualizaciaSi~. mniSvnelovania, rom Porsche-s qarTveli specialistebi mudmivad imaRleben kvalifikacias ucxoeli kolegebis xelmZRvanelobiT ukrainasa da avstriaSi, germaniasa da CexeTSi, raTa Porsche-s TiToeulma mflobelma pirvelive moTxovnisTanave umaRlesi xarisxis momsaxureba miiRos. isini zedmiwevniT Seiswavlian Porsche-s iseT modelebsac ki, romelic saqarTvelos bazarze jerjerobiT ar gamoCenila. am etapze saqarTveloSi 500-mde Porsche-s sxvadasxva modelia registrirebuli. winaswari prog-

noziT, es ricxvi ufro gaizrdeba, radgan Tbilisis Porsche-s centri momxmarebels am avtomobils sakmaod loialur fasad sTavazobs. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi yvelaze popularuli Cayenne-is sabaziso fasi 48 aTasi evrodan iwyeba. 2013 weli Porsche-sTvis axali Cayman-ebis da Boxter-ebis gamoSvebiT daiwyo. am movlenas Tbilisis Porsche-centric gamoexmaura da orive modelis ‒ Cayman S-is da Boxter S-is prezentacia moawyo. aseve, kompaniam daiwyo axali Taobis Panamera-s gamoSveba. msoflio premieris egidiT, TbilisSi, SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo dramatul TeatrSi am avtomobilis potenciuri klientebisTvis da moyvarulTaTvis maRali donis RonisZieba gaimarTa. kompaniisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo Porsches legendaruli modelis ‒ `911~-is 50 wlis iubile, romelic 2013 wels aRiniSna. am modelis warmoeba kompaniam 1963 wels daiwyo da avtomobilis fasi ki ar iklebs, aramed wlebis ganmavlobaSi ufro izrdeba. iubilesTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTveloSi yvelaze Zveli Porsche-s mflobeli, „porSe centr Tbilisis“ sponsorobiT, ungreTSi gaemgzavra, sadac saSualeba hqonda yvela Taobisa da generaciis `911~-is saWesTan damjdariyo. 2013 wlis siaxleebSi moiazreba yvelaze swrafi seriuli `911 Turbo~-s gamosvla (560 cxenis Zala. sawyisi fasi ‒ 164 aTasi evro). saqarTveloSi misi prezentaciis Semdeg erTi manqana ukve gaiyida. `2014 wels bevr siaxles veliT. erT-erTi mTavari, krosoverebis segmentSi, Porsche Macan-is gamosvlaa. misi msoflio premiera 2013 wlis noemberSi, tokiosa da los-anjelesis avtosalonze gaimarTa. am modelis gayidvebi 1 aprilidan daiwyeba. Cvenc vgegmavT saqarTveloSi mis Camoyvanas. Macan S da Macan S dizelis sawyisi fasi 48 aTasi evro, Macan Turbo-s fasi ki ‒ 69 aTasi evro iqneba. 2014 wlis bolos gamova Macanis biujeturi versia, romlis sawyisi fasi 40 aTasi evrodan daiwyeba. aseve, 2014 wels dagegmilia bevri siaxle sportqarebis kuTxiT: gamodis Cayman-isa da Boxter-is GTS da `911~-is Targa versia da ase Semdeg~, ‒ ambobs irakli papiaSvili. n

2014 mokled 2014 wels bevr siaxles veliT. erTerTi mTavari, krosoverebis segmentSi, Porsche Macan-is gamosvlaa

irakli papiaSvili: Tbilisis Porsche-s centris direqtori

162

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

`iberia biznes jgufi~ – yvelaze didi saavtomobilo holdingi saqarTveloSi

am yvelaferze dayrdnobiT, molodini gvaqvs, rom momavali 2014 weli aranakleb warmatebuli iqneba, risTvisac maqsimums gavakeTebT. wlis pirvel naxevarSi ukve dagegmilia `audis~ axali centris mSeneblobis dasruleba da sazeimo gaxsna. rac Seexeba bazarze arsebul TvalsaCino tendenciebs: warsulTan SedarebiT, meti adamiani wyvets meoradi avtomobilis axliT Canacvlebas, rac saqarTveloSi yvela warmodgenili avtomwarmoeblisTvis Zalian sasixaruloa. gamartivda sabanko avtosesxis sistema, ris Sedegadac fizikur pirebze gayidvebis meti wili avtoganvadebaze modis. `iberia biznes jgufis~ strategiis nawilia is, rom yovelTvis viyoT inovatori bazarze. amis dasturia isic, rom pirveli avtoganvadeba saqarT-

daviT gogoriSvili

2014 mokled dagegmilia wlis pirvel naxevarSi `audis~ axali centris mSeneblobis dasruleba da sazeimo gaxsna

daviT gogoriSvili: `iberia biznes jgufis~ aRmasrulebeli direqtori

warsulTan SedarebiT, dRes meti adamiani wyvets meoradi avtomobilis axliT Canacvlebas

aqarTveloSi yvelaze didi saavtomobilo holdingis ‒ `iberia biznes jgufisTvis~ 2013 weli SeiZleba warmatebulad CaiTvalos. miuxedavad bazris zogadi stagnaciisa, jgufis TiToeulma saatomobilo brendma gaaumjobesa gayidvebi wina welTan SedarebiT rogorc sacalo, ise korporatiul segmentSi. garda 7 saavtomobilo brendisa (`folksvageni~, `audi~, `Skoda~, `kia motorsi~, `micubiSi motorsi~, `reno~ da `peJo~), jgufs aseve Seemata axali wevri ‒ multibrenduli atoservis-centri `presiJeni~, romelic gaxlavT pirveli amerikuli frenCaiz-proeqti saqarTveloSi da srulad aris dafinansebuli OPIC-is mier. 2013 wels ganaxlda „Skodas“ samodelo rigi da brendze gazrdili moTxovnis Sedegad, aRmaSeneblis xeivanze axali avtosaloni gaixsna, riTic Skoda avto saqarTvelo gaxda erT-erTi pirveli aRmosavleT evropaSi, romelmac Skodas axali korporatiuli standartebi danerga. holdingSi Semavali ramdenime brendis, kerZod ‒ `kias~ da `folksvagenis~ avtomobilebi dawesebuli iyo prizad wlis yvelaze reitingul satelevizio proeqtebSi, aseve sxvadasxva kompaniis gaTamaSebaSi. garda amisa, holdingis erT-erTma flagmanma brendma `kia motorsma~ wamoiwyo saqvelmoqmedo aqcia ‒ `Secvale momavali fond „iavnanasTan“ eTad~. iseve rogorc mTel msoflioSi, saqarTveloSic folksvageni aqtiurad uwyobs xels axalgazrduli fexburTis ganviTarebas da aris mTavari sponsori safexburTo klubis `saburTalo~, romelic pirvel ligaSi TamaSobs, xolo klubis akademiaSi 800-mde axalgazrda fexburTeli iricxeba. IBG-s gasuli wlis kidev erT warmatebul nabijad SeiZleba CaiTvalos ucxouri partniorebis mxridan investiciis Semodineba, ramac kidev ufro gaaZliera jgufi da uzrunvelyo misi finansuri mdgradoba.

`iberia biznes jgufis~ strategiis nawilia is, rom yovelTvis viyoT inovatori bazarze. amis dasturia isic, rom pirveli avtoganvadeba saqarTveloSi swored IBG-m SesTavaza momxmarebels. jgufi kvlav araerT siaxles umzadebs Tavis klientebs veloSi swored IBG-m SesTavaza momxmarebels. aseve `Treid in~ programa, romelic gulisxmobs nebismieri markis meoradi avtomobilis axliT Canacvlebas. momaval welsac jgufi araerT siaxles umzadebs Tavis klientebs. IBG-s strategia 2014 wels ZiriTadad mimarTuli iqneba momxmareblisaTvis umaRlesi donis momsaxurebis gawevaze. es Seexeba rogorc avtomobilebis gayidvas, ise servis-centrebs. garda amisa, kompaniis 2014 wlis strategiis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens TanamSromlebis kmayofileba da socialuri pasuxismgebloba. n

„Skodas“ centris gaxsna

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

163

`kaparol jorjia~ stabiluri xarisxis garanti boris gamrekeli

2014 wels saeqsporto qveynebis raodenobis gazrdas vgegmavT

AW koncernSi Semavali kompaniaTa jgufi Caparol-i, romlis logos ‒ feradi spilos cnobadoba msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze maRal niSnuls aRwevs, udavo lideria germaniis samSeneblo saRebavebis bazarze xarisxisa da inovaciurobis TvalsazrisiT. 118-wliani istoriis mqone kompania 2005 wlidan saqarTveloSic oficialurad mkvidrdeba da axal sawarmos, `kaparol jorjias~ xsnis. 2008 wels mas maRali warmadobis qarxana enacvleba. kompania swrafi tempiT afarToebs rogorc sadilero qsels, ise produqciis asortiments, imtkicebs poziciebs da iqceva erTgvar habad amierkavkasiis samSeneblo masalebis bazarze. boris gamrekeli, `kaparol jorjias~ direqtori: `novatorobiT ganTqmuli germanul kompaniaTa jgufi Caparol-i msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris, postsabWoTa sivrceSi, aTobiT sawarmos da gasaRebis filials flobs. am mxriv, gamonakliss arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens ‒ Cveni qarxnis Tavdapirveli proeqti 6 aTas tonamde wyaldispersiuli, ekologiurad sufTa saRebavebis warmoebas iTvaliswinebda da orientirebuli iyo momxmarebelTa farTo fenebze. im periodSi profesiuli gamoyenebis masalebi qarxanaSi ar iwarmoeboda. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi, bazris ganviTarebam gviCvena, rom maTze moTxovna izrdeba da amis mizezi materialuri keTildReobis garda, is gamocdilebacaa, romelic mSeneblebs wlebis ganmavlobaSi daugrovdaT. gaizarda damkveTis moTxovna xarisxze. amitom Cven gavafarToveT asortimenti da 2013 wels profesionaluri masalebis warmoebac wamoviwyeT. kerZod, Tu manamde mxolod wylis bazaze vawarmoebdiT saRebavebsa da sagruntav masalebs, axla eqsperimentuli partiebis saxiT Zalian maRali xarisxis kolirebadi, dekoratiuli baTqaSebi interierisa da fasadebisTvis gamovuSviT. vimedovnebT, rom 2014 wels am kuTxiT Cveni asortimenti kidev ufro gamravalferovndeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom kompania tradiciulad inarCunebs maRal aqtivobas socialuri pasuxismgeblobis TvalsazrisiT ‒ Zalian did energiasa da resurss vxarjavT kadrebis momzadeba/gadamzadebaSi, dawyebuli profesiul-teqnikuri saswavleblebis mowafeebiT, romelTaTvis mudmivad vatarebT seminarebs da vexmarebiT swavlebis meTodologiebis SemuSavebaSi, damTavrebuli profesionali xelosnebiT. am pro-

cesSi yovelwliurad 120-mde adamiani monawileobs. viZleviT codnas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda iqnas gamoyenebuli masala maRali efeqtis misaRebad. saqme isaa, rom jer kidev cxra wlis win qalaqebi SedarebiT ekonomiuri masalebiT iRebeboda, romelTa gamZleobis vada 6-8 wels ar aRemateboda. bolo wlebSi mSenebelTa da arqiteqtorTa moTxovnebi Seicvala da maTi mTavari orientiri xarisxi gaxda. tradiciulad, kompaniisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxad rCeba ekologiurad sufTa warmoebis procesis uzrunvelyofa da momxmareblisTvis ekologiurad sufTa produqciis miwodeba. Cvens etiketebze miTiTebulia sxvadasxva institutebisa da momxmarebelTa asociaciebis mier miniWebuli niSnebi, romlebic ekologiur aspeqtebs zomaven. Cven did yuradRebas vuTmobT samecniero da momxmarebelze orientirebul kvlevebs. kompania amayobs imiT, rom misi produqcia evropaSi mavne aqroladi nivTierebebis zRvrulad dasaSveb norme-

2014 mokled 2014 wels Cveni asortimenti kidev ufro gaizrdeba

vgegmavT warmoebis gafarToebas, rac gulisxmobs axali samuSao adgilebis damatebas, bazris wilis zrdas, axali danadgarebis Semotanas

bze 30-40%-iT qvemoTaa. Tumca, saqarTveloSi jer ar moqmedebs evropuli normebi, bazari ki gamxsnelebis didi Semcvelobis mqone, Sesabamisad, dabalxarisxiani produqciiTaa gajerebuli. aseT pirobebSi ekologiurad sufTa produqciisTvis konkurencia sakmaod rTulia. uaxloes momavalSi vgegmavT warmoebis gafarToebas, rac gulisxmobs axali samuSao adgilebis damatebas, bazris wilis zrdas, axali danadgarebis Semotanas. amJamad Cvens qarxanas SeuZlia 10 aTasi tona masala weliwadSi erT cvlaSi awarmoos. am process Tanamedrove teqnologiebis wyalobiT ramdenime piri emsaxureba, amitom bevrad meti adamiani servissa da gayidvebSi muSaobs. kompanias hyavs 30 dileri, uSualod Caparol-Si ki saqarTveloSi 250 adamiania dasaqmebuli~. n

boris gamrekeli: kompania „kaparol jorjias“ direqtori

164

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

axali mimarTulebebi TurqeTsa da egviptes momxmarebels waarTmevs

nino maxvilaZe turistuli kompania Intercontinental-is damfuZnebeli

moTxovna kurort xurgadas mimarT ar Cacxreba da 2014 welsac popularuli iqneba, Tumca saWiroa axali produqtebis Semotana

asiamovnoa, rom nebismieri sferos maxasiaTeblebi yovelwliurad izrdeba, rasac arc turistuli bazari Camouvardeba 15-20%-iani zrdiT. Sesabamisad, izrdeba `interkontinentalis~ turistebis ricxvic. saqarTvelodan gamsvleli turistebis raodenoba gasul wels, SeiZleba iTqvas, gaormagda. mniSvnelovania isic, rom saqarTvelodan gadineba, masobrivad, im qveynebSi xdeba, sadac Carteruli frenebi iniSneba. amaze ramdenime faqtori moqmedebs: 1. pirdapiri reisis arseboba; 2. sakurorto zona; 3. sagzurSi Semavali sruli paketi (All inclusive sistema); 4. fasi. swored amitom aris wina planze iseTi qveynebi, rogorebicaa egvipte da TurqeTi. Tumca, aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom tradiciulad, popularuli rCeba evropis qveynebi da iseTi mimarTulebebi, rogoric gaxlavT: kuba, maldivebi, seiSelisa da karibis kunZulebi. am ukanaskneli mimarTulebebis momxmarebeli raodenobrivad naklebia, vidre zemoxsenebuli sakurorto zonebisa. Zveli mimarTulebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro moTxovnadi xdeba, radgan propaganda ufro didia im kurortebisa, romlebic aqamde iyo popularuli. magaliTad, xurgada. darwmunebuli var, moTxovna am kurortis mimarT ar Cacxreba da 2014 welsac popularuli iqneba, Tumca saWiroa axali produqtebis Semotana, raTa mxolod TurqeTisa da egviptis kurortebiT ar SemovifargloT. dRes msoflio turistuli bazari axali mimarTulebebis da sakurorto zonebis ZiebaSia. aqedan gamomdinare, 2013 wels Intercontinental-ma axali produqti SesTavaza qarTvel momxmarebels ‒ iordania. statistikis moSvelieba jer adrea, radgan reisebi saaxalwlod daiwyo, Tumca qveyana, romelsac wiTeli zRvis sanapiro, momsaxurebis Zalian maRali xarisxi, mkvdari zRva da mniSvnelovani istoriuli sanaxaobebi aqvs, SeuZlebelia ar iyos popularuli mimarTuleba. samwuxarod, aziis qveynebisken saqarTvelosTvis didi potencia ar aris, radgan Sor distanciaze frena sxvadasxva xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. aseT distanciaze frenebisaTvis saWiroa didi TviTmfrinavebi, romlebic saqarTvelos bazarze TiTqmis ar arsebobs, da 5-milioniani qveyana amis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs. ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia maTi ucxoeTidan Semoyvana, magram amiT operatoris riskebi izrdeba, radgan msurveli sakmaod bevri unda iyos. msgavsi mimarTulebebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis gadamxdelunarianobas da, samwuxarod, saqarTvelo amisTvis mzad ar aris. garda amisa, bileTis Rirebuleba paketis fassac zrdis.

erT-erTi mimarTuleba, romelic Cvenma kompaniam Sor distanciaze ganaxorciela, aris goa ‒ indoeTi. saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs iseTi aviakompania, romelic pirdapir frenas uzrunvelyofs, amitomac masobrivi gadayvanisagan Tavs vikavebT. Tumca momaval wels aucileblad vgegmavT Carteris daniSnvas, rac qarTveli mogzaurebisTvis sakmaod popularul mimarTulebas gaxdis. saqarTvelos turistul bazarze Semosuli axali mimarTulebebi TurqeTsa da egviptes savaraudod did klienturas waarTmevs. momavali wlis zafxulidan aqtiurad vapirebT saberZneTis, misi kunZulebisa da dasasvenebeli adgilebis SeTavazebas, romelic pirdapir konkurentuli iqneba Cvensave mimarTulebebisTvis, radgan qarTvelma momxmarebelma gansxvavebuli xarisxiT daisvenos. zogadad, qveyanaSi nebismieri axali produqtis Semotanas sakmaod didi riskebi axlavs, romelic tur-operatorma Tavis Tavze unda aiRos. es gulisxmobs popularizaciasa da pirdapiri, komfortuli reisis daniSvnas. Carteri yovelTvis aiafebs gadafrenas da ufro iafs xdis turistul produqts. vfiqrob, turizmi saqarTveloSi kidev ufro mravalferovani unda iyos, amitom 2014 wlidan aseve vgegmavT Carterul reisebs kunZul kviprosze (saberZneTis mxares), romelic, Cveni prognoziT, aranakleb popularuli gaxdeba. saqarTvelos meti reklamireba sWirdeba rac Seexeba turistebis miRebas ‒ aqac zrdaa, radgan gamoCnda bevri qveyana, sadac saqarTvelo axla gaxda popularuli, moTxovnadi da saintereso. saqarTvelos sakmaod didi potenciali aqvs ‒ iyos turistebisaTvis metad mimzidveli, rasac reklamireba didi doziT sWirdeba, raTa interesi ar Cacxres. bevri turisti Semovida belorusidan, moldovidan da ukrainidan. didi interesi Cans ruseTidanac, Tumca aqtiuri Semosvla jer ar dawyebula. aseve didia moTxovna axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebidanac. aqtiurad igegmeba baTumis, rogorc sakurorto zonis, popularizacia 2014 wlisaTvis. igegmeba masStaburi proeqti, romelic gulisxmobs turistebis Semoyvanas yazaxeTidan, egviptidan, somxeTidan, iranidan, iordaniidan da quveiTidan. mTavaria, qveynis mimarT interesi ar Cacxres, radgan xelaxla amis mopoveba sakmaod rTuli iqneba. TUI Travel-Tan aqtiuri partnioroba saSualebas gvaZlevs, saqarTvelo bevr sxva qveyanaSi popularuli gavxadoT da mravalferovani turistebis nakadic miviRoT. n

msoflio 2014

saqarTvelo/biznesi

165

momxmarebeli orientirebulia xarisxze vasil sulxaniSvili

2014 mokled

Cveni mizania kavkasiis regionSi ludisa da ualkoholo, gazirebuli sasmelebis xarisxis umaRlesi standartis damkvidreba

2013 wels gayidvebi gaizarda 53%-iT… Tu am tempis naxevars mainc SevinarCunebT, gamova, rom Cveni kompania gaxdeba bazris lideri rekordulad mcire droSi

storiulad, saqarTveloSi Rvinisa da ludis kultura erTmaneTis paralelurad viTardeboda. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi is, rac qarTvelisTvis Rvino iyo barSi, qarTvel mTielTaTvis ludiT ‒ am maTTvis sakraluri sasmeliT iyo Secvlili. swored ludis sakralurobiT aixsneba is, rom gansxvavebiT qarTuli Rvinisagan, qarTuli ludis komercializacia mxolod bolo xanebSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg daiwyo. Cveni jgufi iyo erT-erTi pirveli am mxriv, roca axalgorSi ludis mcire zomis warmoeba ‒ `lomisi~ daafuZna. es iyo qaotur, 1990-ianebis dasawyisSi. maSin sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, `lomisi~ didi xniT moeqca ludi `yazbegis~, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, CrdilSi. Tanmimdevruli da dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad, `lomisma~ TandaTan SeZlo `yazbegis~ sastarto pirobebis ‒ egreT wodebuli `foris~ daZleva. 2006 wels ki, axali ludis qarxnis aSenebiT sofel nataxtarSi, faqtobrivad, gansazRvra `yazbegTan~ didi xnis konkurentuli brZolis bedi. 2008 wlis dasawyisSi ‒ im droisaTvis, roca ludsaxarSi `nataxtari~ Turqulma kompania `efesma~ iyida, `nataxtars~ ukve myari lideruli pozicia ekava qarTul bazarze. gavida kidev ramdenime weli da Cveni jgufi daubrunda ludisa da gamagrilebeli sasmelebis bizness. 2012 wlis 2 aprils saguramoSi sazeimo viTarebaSi gaixsna ludsaxarSi `zedazeni~. ZiriTadi misia, ris Sesrulebasac moemsaxureba axali qarxana, aris kavkasiis regionSi ludisa da ualkoholo sasmelebis xarisxis umaRlesi standartis damkvidreba. iseT gajerebul bazrebze, rogoric `zedazenis~ daarsebisas ludisa da limonaTis bazrebi iyo, specialistebisaTvisac ki Zneli gaxldaT imis warmodgena, ra warmatebasac Cven mivaRwieT 2 welze nakleb droSi. am warmatebas avxsnidi imiT, rom Cven aqcenti gavakeTeT qarxnis maRalteqnologiurad aRWurvaze da umaRlesi xarisxis produqciis warmoebaze. zedazenis wylis unikalurma Tvisebebma ‒ da wyali, mogexsenebaT, sasmelebis industriisaTvis faqtobrivad ganmsazRvrelia ‒ saSualeba mogvca msoflioSi saukeTeso qarTuli ludi da limonaTi dagvemzadebina. am yvelafers ki umaRlesi xarisxis, naturaluri nedleulis, uaxlesi teqnologiisa da ludis evropel profesionalTa gundis daxmarebiT vaxorcielebT. `zedazeni~ ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed msoflio masStabiT uaxlesi standartebis ludsaxarSia. Cveni qarxana mTlianad aRWurvilia evropuli danadgarebiT da energoefeqturi teqnologiebiT. amJamad sami saxeobis luds vawarmoebT: `zedazeni~, `xevsuruli~ da König Pilsener. `zedazeni~ Cveni flagmania da gayidvebis udidesi nawili swored am brendis `angariSzea~. es evropuli, ufro Cexuri tipis ludia, romelsac zedazenis mTis unikalurma wyalma gansakuTrebuli individualoba SesZina. `xevsuruli~ warmoadgens tradiciuli qarTuli sakral-

uri ludis qarxnul analogs. es gemo Cven miviReT xevsureTSi ludis tradiciebis kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, romelsac vaxorcielebT cnobil qarTvel eTnografebTan erTad. kargad gvaqvs gaazrebuli, rom swored Cveni ‒ ss `qarTuli ludis kompaniis~ valia, vizrunoT ludis qarTuli tradiciebis SenarCunebasa da ganviTarebaze. rac Seexeba K önig Pilsener-s, is germanuli ludis bazris lideris Bitburger gruppe-s premialuri brendia, erTgvari „brilianti“ maTi `brendebis gvirgvinSi~. gadawyvetileba am produqciis ludsaxarS `zedazenSi~ Camosxmaze mas mere iqna miRebuli, rac Bitburger gruppe-is mflobelebma daaTvalieres Cveni qarxana da aRiares, rom aseTi donis ludis sawarmo evropaSic Znelad Tu moiZebneboda. König Pilsener 150 wlis ludia da am xnis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad moxda misi moxarSva qalaq duisburgis gareT, CvenTan ‒ saguramoSi. es uTuod did aRiarebad SegviZlia miviCnioT, aramarto Cveni kompaniisaTvis. es mniSvnelovani miRweva da ganacxadia qarTuli msubuqi mrewvelobis sferoSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom wvimiani amindebis gamo, 2013 wels ludis bazari TiTqmis ar gazrdila, Cvenma kompaniam, faqtobrivad, uprecedento mateba aCvena. gayidvebi gaizarda 53%-iT da es ar momxdara zogierTebiviT fasebis dawevis xarjze. aseTi dinamika Cven safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom qarTveli momxmarebeli orientirebulia xarisxze, rac gulisxmobs am umniSvnelovanes prioritetze Cvens strategiul orientacias. Sesabamisad, veliT, rom 2014 weli Cveni kompaniisaTvis warmatebis gadamwyveti gaxdeba, radganac Tu am tempis naxevars mainc SevinarCunebT, gamova, rom Cveni kompania gaxdeba bazris lideri rekordulad mcire droSi. ludis bazris lideri saqarTveloSi aucileblad gavxdebiT. sakiTxavia mxolod is, Tu ra periodSi. ludis garda, Cveni kompania aseve awarmoebs limonaTs da pirvel qarTul energetikul sasmels ‒ Wilder. ludsaxarSi `zedazeni~ saeqsporto bazrebze isev aqtiuria. amJamad 10 qveyanaSi gadis Cveni produqcia. maT Soris, yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi: belorusi, somxeTi, azerbaijani, baltiis qveynebi. Cvens produqcias aseve naxavT poloneTisa da saberZneTis marketebSic. kompania `zedazenis~ mizania, gaxdes kavkasiis regionSi ludisa da ualkoholo gazirebuli sasmelebis pirveli mwarmoebeli. amis miRwevas dauRalavi SromiT da xarisxis umaRlesi donis miRweviT vapirebT. n

vasil sulxaniSvili: ss `qarTuli ludis kompaniis~ direqtori

166

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

Arttime â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sizustisa da eleganturobis miqsi

nino TalakvaZe kompania Arttime -is marketingis menejeri

2014 wels kompania maRaziaTa qsels saqarTvelos regionebis masStabiT gaafarToebs. igegmeba muSaoba sxva brendebis Semoyvanazec

rttime im kompaniaTagania, romelmac qarTveli momxmareblis ndoba da gulwrfeli simpaTia jer kidev ramdenime wlis win daimsaxura. amJamad kompania sakuTari `qolgis~ qveS aerTianebs iseT cnobil brendebs, rogoricaa: Balmain, ck watch & jewelry, Certina, Doxa, flikflak, Frederique Constant, Longines, Maurice Lacroix, Montegrappa, Rado, Raymond Weil, Salvatore Ferragamo, Swatch, TAG Heuer, Tissot, Versace da Wenger. kompaniis maRaziebsa da sxvadasxva savaWro wertilSi, brendebis ricxvi yovelwliurad izrdeba. momxmarebels aseve SeuZlia Novarese & Sannazzaro-s, Assos-is da Vianna Brazil-is daxvewili, ZvirfasTvliani oqros samkaulebis SeZena. dRes Arttime-is qseli saqarTveloSi 12 maRazias flobs. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba Arttime Boutique-ze (pekinis #24), romelic soliduri moTxovnebis mqone momxmarebelzea orientirebuli da mas premiumklasis saaTebis farTo arCevans sTavazobs. Arttime saqarTveloSi Sveicariuli saaTebis yvelaze didi importioria da miuxedavad imisa, rom kompaniis qselSi Zvirfasi samkaulisa da biJuteriis farTo asortimentic aris warmodgenili, is mainc xarisxian saaTebTan asocirdeba. gasakviri arcaa, radgan gamocdili evropeli ostatebis dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad Seqmnili majis saaTis revoluciurma ideam karga xania daipyro mTeli msoflio da kolosaluri popularoba moipova. Sveicariuli produqciis mimarT gulgrili arc qarTveli momxmarebeli darCenila. Arttime-is produqcia gaTvlilia sxvadasxva kategoriisa da asakis momxmarebelze, romelmac kargad icis, rom sizuste, saimedooba da eleganturoba Sveicariuli saaTebis eqskluziuri xiblia. qarTul bazarze warmatebuli moRvaweobis miuxedavad, Arttime arasodes jerdeba miRweul warmatebas da ganviTarebas agrZelebs. 2012 wels kompania `Tbilisi centralSi~

Arttime-is kiosks xsnis, amatebs axal maRazias `aqsisis~ savaWro sivrceSi da Tissot-s butiks `Tbilisi molSi~. sasiamovno siaxlea Outlet-ganyofilebidan, romelic msurvelebs Zvel koleqciebze mudmiv, 20-60%-ian fasdaklebas sTavazobs. es ganyofileba momxmareblisTvis ufro komfortuli xdeba, radgan savaWro centr `gudvilidan~ gmirTa moedanze mdebare Arttime-is maRaziaSi inacvlebs. paralelurad, kompania mniSvnelovan nabijs dgams servisis kuTxiT da Tbilisis erT-erT centralur ubanSi uaxlesi teqnologiebiT aRWurvil servis-centrs xsnis, sadac SveicariaSi gadamzadebuli sertificirebuli ostatebi momxmarebels nebismieri problemis mogvarebaSi exmarebian. rac Seexeba 2013 wels: kompania kvlav afarToebs samoqmedo areals da `Tbilisi molSi~ Swatch-is butiks xsnis. aseve, ck, Balmain, Rado da Maurice Lacroix-s monobrendul kioskebs, xolo baTumis centrs Arttime-is kidev erTi maRazia emateba. aseve, wels qarTveli momxmareblisTvis kompaniis maRaziebSi ori axali brendis â&#x20AC;&#x2019; Frederique Constant-isa da Montegrappa-s produqcia xdeba xelmisawvdomi. aRsaniSnavia, rom kompania agrZelebs socialuri aqtivobebis ganxorcielebasac. sastumro `qorTiard mariotSi~ Arttime-isa da Jurnal `bomondis~ iniciativiT Catarebul saRamoze saqvelmoqmedo auqcioni gaimarTa, sadac kompaniis 10 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT, warmodgenili iyo 10 loti. isini kompaniam `imedis gmiris~, nino Wabukianis dasaxmareblad (mas SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvebisTvis sakuTar saxlSi TavSesafari aqvs mowyobili) daawesa. 2014 wels kompania Arttime maRaziaTa qsels saqarTvelos regionebis masStabiT gaafarToebs. igegmeba muSaoba sxva brendebis Semoyvanasa da momxmareblisTvis arCevanis kidev ufro gamravalferovnebis mizniT. n

msoflio 2014

saqarTvelo/biznesi

167

`insta~ - saimedo partniori samSeneblo seqtorSi giorgi baxsoliani

`instas~ mTavari orientiri momxmarebelze zrunva da profesionaluri servisis SeTavazebaa

arTul bazarze `insta~ wamyvani kompaniaa eleqtrosistemebis daproeqtebisa da damontaJebis sferoSi. 16-wliani istoriis mqone kompaniam daarsebidanve gaacnobiera is, rom grZelvadian perpeqtivaSi warmatebis erTaderTi gza xarisxze orintireba, saerTaSoriso normebisa da teqnikuri standartebis dacvaa. wamyvan germanul Tu

torsi~; davasruleT borjomis parkSi maRali donis sastumro kompleqsis proeqti. Cven mier gamoyenebuli masala maRalxarisxiani da Sesabamisad, saimedoa~. arcTu didi xnis win, `insta~ saqarTveloSi gaxda Siemens - Building Technologies-s pirveli serTificirebuli integratori/distributori Senobebis marTvis (Comfort/HVAC) da xanZarsawinaaRmdego sistemebis sferoSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cveni kompaniis specialistebma Siemens-is Sveicariis ofisSi warmatebiT gaiares Sesabamisi kursebi. 2013 weli mniSvnelovani imiT iyo, rom `instam~ aeroportis mimdebare teritoriaze gaxsna axali, masStaburi sasawyobe-logistikuri centri. es aris Tanamedrove tipis uaxlesi teqnikiT, aparaturiTa

2014 mokled tradiciulad, kompania momxmarebels mxolod maRalxarisxian, dasavleT evropul eleqtrosaqonels SesTavazebs

2013 wlis siaxleTa CamonaTvals miekuTvneba ìnstas~ infrastruqturis sruli gadasvla Tanamedrove cifrul sakomunikacio-saorganizacio teqnologiebze sxva evropul kompaniebTan kavSirebma, aseve, ìnstas~ TanamSromelTa regularulma treningebma ucxoeTSi, kidev ufro ganamtkices am midgomis siswore. dRes kompaniis warmatebis formula martivia ‒ arasodes dakmayofilde miRweuliT. ìnstas~ mTavari orientiri swored momxmarebelze zrunva da profesionaluri servisis SeTavazebaa. tradiciulad, kompania momxmarebels mxolod maRalxarisxian dasavleTevropul eleqtrosaqonels sTavazobs da gaxlavT oficialuri distributori iseTi cnobili kompaniebisa, rogoricaa: EATON, Lapp Group, Siemens Building Technologies, Jung, MENNEKES, PhoenixContact, Schneider Electric, TYCO Electronics da RZB. ìnsta~aqtiurad TanamSromlobs kompaniebTan: SchrackSeconet, Draka Kabel, F-Tronic, Hensel, Arnocanali, OBO Bettermann, Greenpower,ORTEA, BEZ, OMS da sxv. kompaniis 100-kaciani gamocdili specialistebis gundi dakompleqtebulia profesionalebiT, romlebic evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad xarisxianad asruleben samontaJo da saproeqto samuSaoebs. ìnstas~ inJinrebi kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad weliwadSi ramdenjerme eswrebian evropis qveynebSi partniorebis mier Catarebul saswavlo kursebs, sadac teqnikuri wvrTnis paralelurad, TavianT sferoSi siaxleebsa da axal produqtebs zedmiwevniT ecnobian. garda amisa, kompania regularulad monawileobs mniSvnelovan gamofena-gayidvebSi. giorgi baxsoliani, ìnstas~ direqtori: `Cven vTanamSromlobT msxvil qarTul sawarmoebTan: `nabeRlavTan~, `zedazenTan~, `borjomTan~, `marneulis sursaTTan~, `haidelbergcementTan~, `yazbegTan~ da sxvebTan. gasul wlebSi warmatebiT ganvaxorcieleT ramdenime didi proeqti, maT Soris, `saqarTvelos bankis~ saTavo ofisi, èrovnuli bankis~ axali sacavi, `porSes~ avtosaloni da servis-centri, `Tegeta mor-

da inventariT aRWurvili sawyobi. is maqsimalurad aris morgebuli Cvens samuSao specifikas, ramac klientebTan da partniorebTan urTierToba kidev ufro moqnili da efeqturi gaxada~. 2013 wlis siaxleTa CamonaTvals miekuTvneba `instas~ infrastruqturis sruli gadasvla Tanamedrove cifrul sakomunikacio-saorganizacio teqnologiebze da resursebis dagegmvis sistemis (ERP) ‒ gayidva/Sesyidvis, proeqtebis, kadrebis da sawyobis marTvis axali moqnili programis danergva. `insta~ kompetenturi partnioria Semdeg sferoebSi: • dabali da saSualo Zabva • xanZarsawinaaRmdego sistemebi • Senobis marTvis sistemebi • `Wkviani saxlis~ proeqtireba • samrewvelo avtomatizaciis gadawyvetilebebi • qselebi da satelekomunikacio sistemebi • avariuli kvebis sistemebisa da uwyveti kvebis gadawyvetilebebi • satelekomunikacio sistemebi n

giorgi baxsoliani: kompania „instas“ damfuZnebeli da direqtori

168

saqarTvelo/biznesi

msoflio 2014

zurab bubuteiSvili: ss `sarajiSvilis~ aRmasrulebeli direqtori

kompania `sarajiSvils~ daarsebidan 130 weli usruldeba 2014 wels saeqsporto qveynebis raodenobis gazrdas vgegmavT

levandeli weli gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia Cveni kompaniisaTvis. 2014 wels kompania `sarajiSvils~ daarsebidan 130 weli usruldeba. 1884 wels daviT sarajiSvilma safrangeTSi miRebuli codniTa da gamocdilebiT, pirvelma daaarsa koniakis warmoeba ruseTis imperiaSi da qarTul koniaks saqveynod gauTqva saxeli. rogorc konstantine gamsaxurdia ambobda, `Sromaa udidesi siqvele amqveynad da araferi amSvenebs ise vaJkacs, rogorc SromaSi gamoCenili simamace~. swored SromaSi gamoCenili simamaciT aCuqa daviT sarajiSvilma Cvens qveyanas is dargi, rasac qarTuli koniakis warmoeba hqvia. 130-wliani istoriis manZilze,

sxvadasxva gamofenasa da konkursSi, kompaniam asobiT oqros, vercxlisa da brinjaos jildo moipova. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sarajiSvilis kompaniis warmatebis saidumlo maRali xarisxis produqciis warmoeba gaxldaT. am gziT agrZelebs kompania winsvlas dRevandeli menejmentis pirobebSic. 2014 wels, saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebiT, `sarajiSvili~ Tavis momxmareblebs gansakuTrebul siaxleebs hpirdeba: dagegmilia rebrendingis dasruleba, romlis farglebSic kompaniis mier warmoebuli produqcia `sarajiSvilis~ eqskluziur boTlSi gadainacvlebs. axali SefuTva `sarajiSvilis~ koniaks ufro met eleganturobasa da daxvewilobas SesZens. 130 wlis iubilesTan

dakavSirebiT, Camoisxmeba premium-klasis produqtebi, sxvadasxvawliani daZvelebiT. aseve, siaxle igegmeba danarCeni magari sasmelebis warmoebis kuTxiTac. am mimarTulebiT, kidev erTxel xazs gavusvamT garemoebas, rom dRevandeli kompania daviT sarajiSvilis saqmianobis Rirseuli gamgrZelebelia. daviT sarajiSvili koniakis garda uamrav sxva magar sasmelsac awarmoebda. maT Sorisaa: arayi, liqiori, jini, romi, absenti da ase Semdeg. dReisaTvis, Cveni kompaniis mier produqciis eqsporti TxuTmetamde qveyanaSi xorcieldeba, rac sakmaod kargi maCvenebelia. garda amisa, 2014 wels saeqsporto qveynebis raodenobis gazrdas vgegmavT. n

2014 mokled 2014 wels dasruldeba â&#x20AC;&#x17E;sarajiSvilisâ&#x20AC;&#x153; rebrendingi