BUILDING CONSTRUCTION by Anurag Nayal

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PORTFOLIO

ANURAG NAYAL 2018-23

BALCONY

KITCHEN

BALCONY

KITCHEN B

BEDROOM

BALCONY

BATH

BEDROOM

BATH

PLAN

5. All concrete shall be machine mixed and mechanically vibrated. 6. Minimum clear cover to reinforcement:= 50 MM (bottom and sides). Footing Column = 40 MM all around. Beam = 25 MM all around. Slab = 15 MM bottom & 25 MM edge. Retaining wall = 25 MM soil face & 25 MM inside face. 7. Development length:In Tension 50 times of diameter of bar. In Compression 40 times of diameter of bar.

PLAN

(SCALE- 1:100)

UPPER SLAB REINFORCEMENT CEMENT MORTAR FILLING R.C LANDING

PROPRIETARY SPLICE SLEEVE

PREFAB (300X300) COLUMN BAR 16MM

CONNECTION REBAR

CONCRETE GROUTING BOLTS

BACKER ROD AND SEALANT STARTER BARS FROM PC WALL REBARS FROM PC WALL SLAB 150MM

PRECAST BEAM

BARS 16MM

DISTRIBUTION BARS

SLAB REBARS

SHIM

DETAIL B

STAIRCASE (SCALE- 1:10)

BEAM TO SLAB (SCALE- 1:10)

WALL TO SLAB (SCALE- 1:10)

COLUMN TO COLUMN (SCALE- 1:10) PREFAB (300X300) COLUMN BAR 16MM

1500

115

WELD PLATE BOLTED ATTACHMENT

PREFAB COLUMN (300X300)

DETAIL A

ADJUSTING DEVICE

PREFAB (300X300) COLUMN ANCHOR BOLT

150

1500

BAR 16MM DIA

ANCHOR BOLT

1537,44

PRECAST BEAM

DETAIL B

300X300

ELASTOMER CORBEL

BENT REBARS

115

COLUMN TO BEAM (SCALE- 1:10)

PRECAST PAD FOOTING PLAN (SCALE- 1:10)

SECTION A-A' (SCALE- 1:10)

NAME - ANURAG NAYAL CLASS - 4'A' 08318001618 DELHI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

Pre-Stressing concrete is a form of concrete where initial compression is given in the concrete before applying the external load so that stress from external loads are counteracted in the desired way during the service period. This initial compression is introduced by high strength steel wire or alloys (called 'tendon') located in the concrete section. In Pre-tensioning, the steel tendons are tensioned before the concrete is cast. The tendons are temporarily anchored against some abutments and then cut or released after the concrete has been placed and hardened.

STEEL MOULD SUPPORT PIRES

END ABUTMENT

DIVIDING PLATE OR SPACER CONCRETE CAST AROUND STRESSED WIRES TENDON STRESSED BEFORE CONCRETE IS PLACED

A HYDRAULIC JACK FLOOR LEVEL

ANCHORAGE SECURED BEFORE STRESSING COMMENCES

PRE-TENSIONING (SCALE- 1:100)

PRESTRESSING CONCRETE

PRE CAST CONCRETE MEMBER WITH CAST IN TENDON DUCTS

GROUT HOLE

B GROUT FILLED HOLE

HYDRAULIC JACK

POST TENSIONING

ANCHORAGE HOUSED IN RECESS FILLED WITH STIFF MORTAR

(SCALE- 1:100)

The pre-stressing force is transferred to this concrete by the bond along the length of the tendon.

WORKING ANCHOR GRIP

ANCHOR BEARING PLATE

In Post-tensioning, the steel tendons are tensioned after the concrete has been cast and hardened.

ANCHOR BEARING PLATE WORKING ANCHOR SLAB

WORKING ANCHOR SLAB

Pre-tensioning is generally done in pre-casting plants in permanent beds, which are used to produce Pre-tensioned precast concrete elements for the building industry.

PRE STRESSED STEEL STRAND

CONCRETE MEMBER CONCRETE MEMBER

ANCHORAGE DEVICE

PLATE ANCHORAGE DETAIL AT 'A'(SCALE- 1:20)

Post-tensioning is performed by two main operations: tensioning the steel wires or strands by hydraulic jacks that stretch the strands while bearing against the ends of the member and then replacing the jacks by permanent anchorages that bear on the member and maintain the steel strands in tension

DETAIL AT 'B'(SCALE- 1:20)

PRE TENSIONED TENDONS

TYPES OF TENDONS NEOPRENE BEARINGS EMBEDDED STEEL PLATE

HOLD DOWN RODS

METRO BOX GIRDER SECTION (SCALE- 1:20)

PLAIN ROUND WIRE

INDENTED WIRE

STRANDS 3 PLY

STRANDS 7 PLY

NAME - ANURAG NAYAL CLASS - 4'A' 08318001618 DELHI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

150 505

600

1022

950

935 900 140

155

150 MM RCC SLAB FALSE CEILING

LIFT UP CABINET

DOUBLEDRAWER SHUTTER DRAWERPULL OUT CABINET CABINET DRAWER

600

500

Waste Pipe (100mm dia) HPDE 100mm-10000mm Double wall Corrugated Sewage and Drainage Pile, for Construction, Thickness(mm): 75mm Id to 1000mm Id

Domestic water supply D/T pipe

REFRIDGERATOR

Domestic water supply riser pipe

TILES AS PER DES.

110 OD u PVC Rain Water Pipe from Terrace

STORAGE 950 X 950

DRAWER

DRAWER DRAWER

DRAWER

SINK 25 MM THICK STONE

PULL OUT DRAWER CABINET

4" SKIRTING

690

600 340

775

600

600 2620 500 600

900

1496

150 MM RCC SLAB FALSE CEILING PAINT AS SPECIFIED LIFT UP CABINET

480 505 75

505

550 495 150

600

150

2735

GENERAL NOTES:1. This design is site specific and should not be used for site other then issued for. 2. All dimension in metre unless otherwise specified. 3. Do not scale the drawing, follow written dimensions only. 4. Read this drawing in conjunction with relevant architectural and other services drawings. 5. Material testing register shall be maintained at site. 6. All detailing and specifications should be as per IS-456:2000, IS-13920 & IS-1893. 7. Safe bearing capacity of soil has been taken as 15T/sq.m.(AS PER IS 1893-2002 8. Minimum depth of foundation 2.0 M.up to hot status 9. Structure has been designed as G +2 Structure. 10. Minor modification may be made as per the site conditions.AS PER (D.P) 11. Major modification should be brought to the notice of designer. 12. Any discrepancy found in drawing should brought to the notice of the architects before execution of the work. STRUCTURAL NOTES:1. Grade of Concrete in P.C.C. = M15 2. Grade of Concrete in R.C.C. = M20 3. Grade of reinforcement shall be = Fe-500. As per IS-1786. Do not lap more then 50% of steel at any section. 5. All concrete shall be machine mixed and mechanically vibrated. 6. Minimum clear cover to reinforcement:= 50 MM (bottom and sides). Footing Column = 40 MM all around. Beam = 25 MM all around. Slab = 15 MM bottom & 25 MM edge. Retaining wall = 25 MM soil face & 25 MM inside face. 7. Development length:In Tension 50 times of diameter of bar. In Compression 40 times of diameter of bar.

DRAWER

ELEVATION A (SCALE- 1:50)

4105 700

F.F.L

1507

600

100mm soil pipe Cl Soil Drainage Pipes, Thickness (mm): Up To 5mm

775 X 1732

(SCALE- 1:50)

500

LIFT UP CABINET

STORAGE 950 X 950

PLAN

600

LEGENDS:

CHIMNEY AS PER DESIGN

2720 1277

300

900 150 MM RCC SLAB FALSE CEILING

COLUMN AS PER SITE. LIFT UP CABINET

900

DISH RACK

SHELVE LIFT UP CABINET

965

GRAIN BASKET

LOUVER SHUTTER

REFRIDGERATOR

KITCHEN 2735 X 4105 C

775

DRAWER DOUBLE SHUTTER CABINET

1035

DRAWER

PULL OUT CABINET

2137 1835

DRAWER

2620 500 600

DRAWER

PULL OUT CABINET

1820

600

745

700

600

500

600

500 505 75

4105

590

1690

SHELVE

DISH RACK

1200 MM WINDOW

SHELVE

1022

1507

PLUMBING PLAN (SCALE- 1:50)

DRAWER DOUBLE SHUTTER CABINET

DRAWER

580

4" SKIRTING F.F.L

915 150

900

ELEVATION B (SCALE- 1:50)

185

600

TILES AS PER DES.

100 720

745

600

1035

REFRIDGERATOR

TILES AS PER DES. DRAWERGRAIN DRAWER BASKET LOUVER DRAWER DRAWER SHUTTER GRAIN DRAWERBASKETDRAWER

1035

500

600

25 MM THICK STONE

4" SKIRTING F.F.L

600

ELEVATION C (SCALE- 1:50)

NAME - ANURAG NAYAL CLASS - 4'A' 08318001618 DELHI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

LEGENDS: 100mm Dia soil pipe Cl Soil Drainage Pipes, Thickness (mm): Up To 5mm

Waste Pipe (100mm dia) HPDE 100mm-10000mm Double wall Corrugated Sewerage and Drainage Pile, for Construction, Thickness(mm): 75mm Id to 1000mm Id

Domestic water supply D/T pipe

Domestic water supply riser pipe

110 OD u PVC Rain Water Pipe from Terrace

Floor Trap (110 X 110mm)

Floor Drain (90 X 63mm)

Floor Clean Out Plug

FCO

STRUCTURAL NOTES:1. Grade of Concrete in P.C.C. = M15 2. Grade of Concrete in R.C.C. = M20 3. Grade of reinforcement shall be = Fe-500. As per IS-1786. Do not lap more then 50% of steel at any section. 5. All concrete shall be machine mixed and mechanically vibrated. 6. Minimum clear cover to reinforcement:= 50 MM (bottom and sides). Footing Column = 40 MM all around. Beam = 25 MM all around. Slab = 15 MM bottom & 25 MM edge. Retaining wall = 25 MM soil face & 25 MM inside face. 7. Development length:In Tension 50 times of diameter of bar. In Compression 40 times of diameter of bar.

PLUMBING PLAN (SCALE- 1:50)

PLAN

(SCALE- 1:50)

SECTION AA' (SCALE- 1:50)

Detail at Washroom Cubicle Partition with Flooring (Scale 1:5)

Detail of Urinal Partition (Scale 1:5)

SECTION BB' (SCALE- 1:50)

NAME - ANURAG NAYAL CLASS - 4'A' 08318001618 DELHI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

115 1355

1015

115

230

1355

600

230

115 Cistern 1015

Cistern AV

115

TOILET AV Ablution tap 2370X1930 FD

912 230

912

300

600

300

FD Cistern

TOILET 2370X1930Ablution tap VITRIFIED TILES 300X300

TOILET 2370X1930Ablution tap

STARTING POINT

12MM DROP

STARTING POINT

PLAN

230

FLOOR PLAN

(SCALE- 1:50)

35MM PVC DOOR

600

R.C.C SUNK SLAB (as per structure)

TOILET FLOOR LVL

450

25 TH WATER PROOF PLASTER

KOTA STONE

MAIN FLOOR LVL

(12 MM TILE DROP)

1200

CERAMIC TILES 300X200X 5.5MM

3900

100

100 MM UDAIPUR GREEN MARBLE

750

DETAIL OF TOILET DOOR

BOARD SHUTTERS EXTERIOR

BOTTLE TRAP

VITRIFIED TILE SKIRTING 100 MM SKIRTING 25 TH WATER PROOF PLASTER

R.C.C SUNK SLAB (as per structure)

GRADE WITH ALUMINIUM "U" BEADING

TOILET FLOOR LVL

600

25MM THK.PRE LAMINATED

100

2100

WASH BASIN AS as per spec 100 MM UDAIPUR GREEN MARBLE

MORTAR OF 20 MM THICK

OUTSIDE

75x4 mm ALUMINIUM

SECTION AA' AND BB'

STRIPES AT DROP POINT NO.3 NAIL FIXED IN ALUMINIUM STRIP AFFIXED IN MORTAR

DETAIL AT A

NAME - ANURAG NAYAL CLASS - 4'A' 08318001618 DELHI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

PreFabrication Submitted by – Anurag Nayal

Table of Contents 01

INTRODUCTION

SCOPE

LITERATURE RIVIEW

SYSTEMS

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

CASE STUDY

CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

2021

“Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transposting complete assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located”.

LITERATURE RIVIEW AUTHOR

TITLE

YEAR

DESCRIPTION

Akshaya A

Prefabrication, sustainable technique in building construction.

2017

This type of construction is especially constructed for inaccessible areas. Providing for quick installation support. These structures are easy to dismantle and relocate.

Neetu B

Pre-cast technology: An initial step to sustainable development

2013

Demand of mass housing targets can be achieved by precast construction techniques. To improve structural performance as well as to maintain quality of the work.

PREFABRICATION SYSTEM Prefabrication building is a type of building that consist of several system.

LARGE PREFAB

BOX TYPE CONSTRUCTION

OPEN PREFAB

PREFABRICATION HOUSE COMPONENTS

Panels

Base channel

Capping channel

Post

Roof

Floor system

WALL PANELS Precast wall panels is an independently supported verticle member in a prefabrication structure. Size of the panels depend on client requirements. Wall assembly usally contains insulation, wiring, and pre-cut openings for windows and doors. Using an asseblage of metal joints components and anchors. Grenerally four type of precast panels used: 1. Claddin or curtain walls 2. Load-bearing wall unit 3. Shear walls 4. Formwork for cast-in-place concrete.

FLOORS 1.

Precast flooring units could be homogeneous or non homogenous.

Homogenous floor: solid slabs, hollow core slabs.

Non homogenous floor: multilayered ones with combinations of light weight concrete.

PREFABRICATION DESIGN GUIDELINES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Material resistance and stability. Safety in case of fire. Hygiene, health and environment. Protection against noise. energy saving and heat insulation.

These are the parameters which probably might in addition to normal design of the elements.

MATERIALS USED 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Concrete Steel Treated wood Aluminium Light weight element Ceramic product

MANUFACTURING PROCESS Manufacturing of prefabrication will be done in two stages: 1. Factory prefabrication 2. Site prefabrication

1. Factory prefabrication It is restored in a centrally located plant for manufacture of standardized components in a long form basis. Production of components throughout the year. 2. Site prefabrication Components are manufactured at site near the site of work as possible . The work is normally carried out in open space with locally a valuable labour. The equipment machinery and moulds are of mobile nature.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS 1.

Casting

Precast components are casted with controlled cement concrete in moulds of required shape and size. Vibrator is used to vibrate concrete and this removes any honeycombing inside the components.

After complete curing is done the components are transported to the site with heavy truck and erection will be done using cranes with skilled labours.

Transportation

Transport of prefab elements inside the factory depends on the method od production selected for the manufacture. Availability of suitable transport equipment, such as tractor, truck etc. to suits the load and dimension of the member. Care should be taken in negotiating sharp beds uneven of slushy roads to avoid undesirable stresses in elements and in transport vehicles. Care should be taken at base packing for supporting the elements.

ASSEMBLING •

• • • • •

Set reference line and determine the position of precast elements to be installed. Level pads should be provided for setting the level of the element. Check alignment and verticality of the element. Keep the installation panels undisturbed for at least 24 hours. Joints casting and sealing. For corrugated pipe sleeve or splice sleeve connection, proper and pour non-shrink grout into the pie inlets provided.

TRANSPORTATION

ERECTION

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES  • • •

•  • • • •

Advantages

Provides complex thermal insulation. Improved quality over site construction. Saves time where weather conditions allow brief period of construction. It helps in safety of workers, environmental impact, constructability.

Disadvantages

Handling may cause breakage of member. Difficulty in connecting precast units. Skilled workmanship is required. It requires erection equipment's.

CASE STUDY: DREAM VALLEY PROJECT (AMRAPALI GROUP) • • • • •

• • •

7 buildings of 2B+G+18 floors were completed in 18 months of timeline was made possible through precast technology. Achieved a slab cycle of 10-12 days for a slab of 7000 Sqft. Superior quality and finish of construction. Cost and time optimisation with the use of hollow core slabs. Reduction in concrete and steel factory per Sqft of built-up area. Elimination of brick work and plaster by the use of precast wall panels and cladding. Automation and mechanisation of construction project improved overall productivity. Improved site safety and considerable reduction in wastage, dust and noise on site, thus reduced ecological.

CONCLUSION •

• • • • •

Due to the flexibility of the structure in expandability and appearance this prefab houses are the choice. Less construction time. The prefabrication components and prefab structure eliminate space and time over conventional construction. The use of precast concrete construction can significantly reduce the amount of construction waste generated on construction sites. Reduce adverse environment impact on sites. Enhance quality control of concreting work.

Pre-tensioning & Post-tensioning of Concrete Presented by – Anurag Nayal

Prestressed Concrete Concrete in which reinforcing steel bars are stretched and anchored to compress it and thus increase its resistance to stress. (Pre-tensioning & Post-tensioning are the types of Prestressed Concrete)

Pre-stressted Concrete

• •

It involves the application of forces tending to bend and compress a concrete element in order to counteract bending which results from loading. The forced applied is the tensioning or stretcheing of the steel component which usally in the form of high tensile strands, wire or bars

Pretension- Pre-stressed Concrete • •

The beams or elements are constructed on a stressing bed and stranded cable is placed between two buttreses anchored to a stressing bed which holds the force in the stretched cables. After stretching the steel with hydraulic jacks, concrete is places in forms around the cables and allowed to harden. When the concrete reachessufficient strenght, the pre-stress forced is transferred to the concrete by bond when the steel strand at the ends of the beam is cut loose from buttresses.

Posttension- Post-stressed Concrete •

•

Post tensioning is a technique for reinforcing concrete. Steel cables inside plastic ducts or sleeves, are positioned in the forms before the concrete is places. Afterwards, once the concrete gained strength, the cables are pulled tight and anchored against the outer edges of the concrete.

Pre-stresioned Pre-stressed concrete is usally fabricated away from the job site in a pre-stressing plant, whereas in post-tensioned pre-stressed concrete the application of stressing forces to the structure is done at the job-site.

Tensioning Devices 1. MECHANICAL DEVICES : the mechanical device geranally used include weights with or without

lever transmission, greared transmission in conjunction with pulley blocks, screw jacks with or without gare devices and wire-winding machines. These devices are employed mainly for

prestressing structural concrete componemts produced on a mass scale in factory. 2. HYDRAULIC DEVICE : These are simplest means for producing large prestressing force,

extensively used as tensioning devices. 3. ELECTRICAL DEVICESS : The wires are electtrically heated and anchored before placing

concrete in the mould. This method is often referred to as thermo-prestressing and used for tensioning of steel wires and deformed bars. 4. CHEMICAL DEVICE : Expanding cements are used and the degree of expansion is controlled by varying the curing condition. Since the expansion action of cement.

Advantages of Prestressed concrete ● ●

●

Lower construction cost. Thinner slabs, which are especially important in high-rise buildings where floor thickness saving can translate into additional floors for the same or lower cost. Fewer joints since the distance that can be spanned by post-tensioned slabs exceeds that of reinforced construction with the same thickness. Longer span lengths increase the usable unnumbered floor space in buildings and parkin structure. Fewer joints leads to lower maintenance costs over the design life of the structure, since joints are the major locus of weakness in concrete buildings.

Disadvantages of Prestressed concrete ●

● ●

●

The major problem with prestressed concrete is that it needs specialized construction machineries like jacks, anchorage etc. Advanced technical knowledge and strict supervision is very important. For concrete prestressing, high tensile reinforcement bars are needed which cost greater than generally used mild steel reinforcement bars. Highly skilled labor is needed for prestressed concrete constructions.

Construction ● In slab-on-ground construction, unbounded tendons are ● ● ●

● ●

typically prefabricated at a plant and delivered to the construction site, ready to install. The tendons are laid out in the forms in accordance with installation drawings . After the concrete is placed and has reached its required strength, usually between 3000 and 3500 psi (pounds per square inch), the tendons are stressed and anchored. The tendons, like rubber bands, want to return to their original length but are prevented from doing so by the anchorages. The fact the tendons are kept in a permanently stressed state cause a compressive force to act concrete. The compression that results from the post-tensioning counteracts the tensile forces created by subsequent applied loading(cars, people, the weight of the beam itself when the shoring is removed). This significantly increases the load-carrying capacity of the concrete. Since post-tensioned concrete is cast in place at the job site, there is almost no limit to the shapes that can be formed.

Monitoring of temperature is important in Post-tensioning

85th STREET BRIDGE, VALLEY CENTER, KANSAS ● The 85th street north bridge is a seven span post-tensioned hunched slab bridge with a typical span of 26 meters for the middle five span, and 20 meters at the ends. This 170 meter long bridge accommodates two lane of traffic reaching over the Wichita valley center floodway. VSL post-tensioning system utilized for this project include 5-19 longitudinal tendons as well as 6-4 transverse tendons. ● Post-tensioned hunched slab bridges are noted for ease of construction. Once the geometry of the bridge false work has been obtained, prefabricated spacer frames are set into place. The spacer frames serve as templates for profiling the longitudinal post-tensioning tendons and aid in the placement of the remaining conventional reinforcement. Transverse tendons maintain mid-depth placement along geometry of the hunched slab and provide the minimum pre-compressed over the length of the structure. ● The finished product has several advantages over conventionally reinforced concrete. Dead loads are balanced by the use of longitudinal post-tensioning reducing the sustained loading and associated creep. Corrosion resistance is increased due to encapsulation of the post-tensioning reinforcement. through the use of transverse post-tensioning, added compression improves the longevity of the structure by adding resistance to de-icing methods such as salt and magnesium chloride. Post-tensioned hunched slab bridges allow for a larger span to depth ratio. The labor and material savings on mild reinforcement is another clear advantage to using post-tensioning for this application

85th street bridge, Valley Center, Kansas

Equipmets T6Z-08 Air Powered Grout Pump

•

Pumps cement grout only, no sand. 32 Gallon mixing tank. Mixes up to 2 sacks of material at once and allows for grout to be pumped during mixing or mixed without pumping. Approximate size

50” long 30.5” high 52” wide

Weight

560 lbs.

Production rate

8 gallons per minute at 150 psi

T7Z Hydraulic Jacks

•

Used for testing and pre-stressing anchor blots. Available with up to 5-1/8” center hole. Unit comes with ram, pump, gauge, hoses, jack stand, high strength coupling, high strength test rod, plate, hex nut and knocker wrench. Calibration are availabe upon request.

•

NOTE: jack pull rods should have a higher capacity than the anchor rod.

T80 Post-Tensioning Jacks

•

With the T80 series the enclosed bearing housing contains a geared socket drive to tighten the bolt hex nut during tensioning. Test jack housing will accommodate up to a 9” deep pocket.

T8Z Hydraulic Torque Wrench

T8Z Torque Wrench

T1Z & T2Z long fitted tool adapter

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION VIII CASE STUDY- PREFABRICATED STRUCTURE

GROUP MEMBERS : HARSHIT BHARGAVA SHUBHAM RAI TARUN KUMAR ANURAG NAYAL MRIDUL GAUR SHIVAM GUPTA C.V LOKESHWAR RAO

REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM LOCATION : GHAZIABAD The Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System (Delhi–Meerut RRTS) is an 82.15 km (51.05 mi) long,under-construction, semi-high speed rail corridor connecting Delhi, Ghaziabad, and Meerut. It is one of the three rapid rail corridors planned under Phase I of the Regional Rapid Transport System (RRTS) project of National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC). With a maximum speed of 180 km/h (111.85 mph), the distance between Delhi and Meerut will be covered in less than 60 minutes. The project will cost ₹30,274 crore (US$4.0 billion) and will have 24 stations. The average distance between the two pillars of the ongoing RRTS project is about 34 metres. the entire route is likely to get operational in 2025.

Precast Post-tensioned Segmental Box Girder Girders are the large section beams above which the slab(deck) rests. They are generally adopted for the bridges. The Box Girder are hollow channel-shaped beams containing two (or more) side webs and two flanges. This option involves Segmental Launching of Box-Girder segments by a Gantry girder mounted on already erected superstructure and substructures. Most of the Delhi-Metro elevated section is constructed using this technique. The main advantages of this section are; Box is torsionally rigid and thereby efficient structural member. Possibility to use external prestressing cable for future strengthening and these cables are concealed inside the box, thereby not causing any visual intrusion No external Cross-Girder required as the diaphragm can be accommodated in internal opening of box at pier segment. Cheaper than the single U section

SPACE DECK BUILDING CONSTRUCTION GROUP PRESENTATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 3 5

Introduction

What is Space Deck? Its Uses and Types

Structural Details Construction Details and Terminologies

Disadvantages

You can describe the topic of the section here

2 4 6

Market Analysis

The current scenario of Space Deck Construction in Market

Advantages

The positive aspects of Space Deck

Case Study

You can describe the topic of the section here

1 INTRODUCTION What is Space Deck? Its Uses and Types

WHAT IS SPACE DECK? ● ●

●

Space Deck is a modular system that was developed in the early 1950’s by Denings of Chard, UK. The system is based on pyramidal units that are assembled from a square DECK of steel angles connected by circular steel tube bracing members to a central cast steel boss. All elements of the pyramids are welded together in a fabrication jig to ensure consistent dimensional accuracy. There are thousands of examples of Space Deck structures all over the world, as the modular system has been available for almost ﬁfty years in essentially the same form, with minor changes in materials and metrication of module dimensions.

WHAT IS SPACE DECK? ●

●

The cast boss at the apex of the pyramids has a threaded hole on each side in one horizontal direction and a threaded stud protruding from each side in the orthogonal direction. High-tensile steel rod tie bars are used to connect the bosses of adjacent pyramids. In one direction of the lower grid the tie bars have threaded ends (one left-hand and one righthand) which screw directly into the tapped holes in the pyramid bosses. Tapped hexagonal coupling pieces are used at the ends of tie bars in the other orthogonal direction to screw on to the protruding studs of the bosses.

MARKET HIGHLIGHTS ●

● ●

● ● ●

Standard modules are produced having grid dimensions of 1200 x 1200 mm with depths of either 750 or 1200 mm, 1500 x 1500 mm with depths of 1200 and 1500 mm and also 2000 x 2000 mm with a depth of 2000 mm. Different strength modules are available within the same overall dimensions. The variation in strength is in the size of bracing members, the stronger sections being used mainly to accommodate the high shear forces present in the space truss around column supports. By its nature, assembly of a Space Deck grid produces a cornice edge proﬁle (as the standard modules are inverted pyramids). Therefore, in addition to the stock modules, standard half-modules are available to give a mansard edge where required. Special pyramid modules with varying grid dimensions are also available, made to order.

CONSTRUCTION & MANUFACTURING ● ● ● ● ●

●

During manufacture of the modules the top DECK angles are cut to the required length, mitred and have the holes for connecting bolts punched into what will be the downstand leg of the DECK. Diagonals are also cut to length with ends at the appropriate angle for subsequent welding to the top DECKs and forged steel boss. The cast bosses are drilled and machined. All components are then degreased and the angles and diagonals are also shot-blasted prior to the application of a paint or lacquer ﬁnish. Angles are then welded in a jig to produce square DECKs that can either be used for the standard modules or inﬁll (top chord) trays in sparse grids, where some of the pyramidal units are omitted (usually on a chequer-board pattern). Standard pyramid modules are assembled from an angle tray, boss and four diagonals, in a jig, to close dimensional and angular tolerances, and welded together.

ASSEMBLY OF SPACE DECK

ASSEMBLY OF SPACE DECK ●

●

● ●

To assemble the Space Deck, the upper DECKs of the pyramids are bolted together through the downstand legs of the angles. The cast steel bosses are then joined with the tie bars. Because of the combination of opposing screw threads at each end of the tie bars, rotation of the bar screws it simultaneously into the boss (or on to the stud) at each end. This allows the distance between lower node centres to be easily adjusted to produce a small camber in one or both directions; thus a slightly domed or barrel-vaulted surface may be generated. The ﬁnal grid has a square on square offset conﬁguration. Space Deck grids can be supported at either the top or bottom layer either on a regular pattern or at random.

Space Deck Components

Space Deck Assembly

ASSEMBLY OF SPACE DECK ●

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Typical span to depth ratios are around 25 to 30 for full edge supported roofs, although these ratios must be reduced if the roof is only supported at the corners. Cladding may be ﬁxed directly to the space truss modules that provide convenient support at 1.2 m, 1.5 m or 2.0 m centres across the whole upper layer of the grid. Normally, a Space Deck roof has a perimeter angle trimming member but in situations where the overall plan dimensions of a building do not relate directly to the standard module dimensions, perimeter channels up to 200 mm wide or perimeter trays up to 375 mm wide can be added.

STRUCTURAL DETAILS Construction Details and Terminologies

STRUCTURAL DETAILS

Some typical edge and glazing ﬁxing details are shown in Figure 3.19.

MARKET SIZE BY CITIES

Construction Details

ADVANTAGES OF SPACE DECK

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ADVANTAGES

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Transportation of the Space Deck space truss is very economical as the standard lightweight modules are easily stacked together (Figure 3.20) and the tie rods are simply bundled together. Space Deck units could be nested and stacked over each other to facilitate transportation. Workers generally assembled them on the ground and erected them using lift slab method. Large areas of Space Deck can be carried on one standard lorry trailer. The advantage of a lightweight modular rooﬁng system such as Space Deck is demonstrated by the project shown in Figure 3.21 where a new roof was installed over an existing 6400 sq.m area for PSA Projects, Edinburgh.

DISADVANTAGES OF SPACE DECK You can enter a subtitle here if you need it

DISADVANTAGES

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In space Decks, prefabricated components can leak into the joints. The price of transport may be higher than volcanic prefabricated sections. Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes, precise measurement, and handling. Heavy-duty cranes are required for space deck structures. The construction of a space deck structure requires precise measurement and handling to ﬁt large prefabricated sections properly. The elements of space deck structure are more expensive than volcanic prefabricated sections. Special skill labor is required for construction of space deck structure. There is a possibility of leakage from the joints of various elements in the space deck.

DISADVANTAGES ●

The main disadvantage of this system is that it could only be used in square-on-square offset conﬁguration.

5 CASE STUDY You can enter a subtitle here if you need it

WUXI GRAND THEATER Architect - PES Architects Location -Wuxi, China Typology - Theater Area - 18000 msq Material - Steel Glass

Introduction : The main idea of Wuxi Grand Theatre is based on its location. The man-made peninsula on the northern shore area of Taihu Lake. Due to this location the building is an impressive landmark, rising up to a total height of 50 meters like a big sculpture from the terraced base. Its eight gigantic roof wings stretch far over the facades, giving the building a character of a butterﬂy, while protecting the building from the heat of the sun.

The architectural concept is unique: inside the steel wings are thousands of LED lights, which make it possible to change the colour of the wings according to the character of the performances. This is possible, because the underside of the wings is covered by perforated aluminium panels. Another special feature is the “forest” of 50 light columns, each 9 meter high, which start from the main entrance square, support the roof of the central lobby and continue outside of the lakeside entrance into the lake.

FLOOR PLAN

There is also a material with a Finnish character: almost twenty thousand specially designed glass bricks cover the curved wall of the opera auditorium in the lakeside lobby. Finnish nature, lakes and ice, were the architectural inspiration.

FANTASY ISLAND PYRAMID Architect - IDS STUDIO Location - Skegness, UK Material - Steel, Glass Year - 1995 This project illustrates the use of lightweight sections to form a large pyramidal structure. The pyramid 50 m by 50 m in plan and 20 m high.It was assembled from four similar triangular segments of rectangle on rectangle space grid, having a 2.94 m by 3.84 m module, 1.9 m deep.

Complete 50 m by 50 m pyramid being lifted into its ﬁnal location by a single large mobile crane

Inside view

Outside view

FANTASY ISLAND PYRAMID To erect the structure several cranes were required. Initially, one segment was lifted on to temporary supports and the apex of the triangle was held aloft, to maintain the segment in its correct inclined position. A second segment was then lifted and connected to its temporary supports on the opposite side of the square based pyramid and to the first segment at the apex. Thus a stable 'A' frame was created to which the remaining two segments were then fixed. Once the complete pyramid had been assembled, it was lifted at its apex by a single large mobile crane and swung into its final position. The strength and lightness of the Multiframe grid enabled this delicate lifting operation to be accomplished without difficulty.

Part erected pyramid in the car park adjacent to its ﬁnal location; two segments are already connected to form a stable 'A' frame.

FANTASY ISLAND PYRAMID

Plan of Segment Plan and elevation, pyramidal Multiframe space grid for Fantasy Island, Skegness, UK