Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast by Anuroop Babu

Kood : An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Anuroop Babu B. ARCH. DESIGN DISSERTATION ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21 2016HA0050 RE/DEC2020/9002

PILLAI HOC COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, RASAYANI

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI January 2021

Design Disertation I

Plagiarism Declaration by Student

Pillai HOCL Educational Campus, HOCL Colony, Rasayani – 410 207 I, Anuroop Babu confirm that the Design Dissertation titled “Kood – An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast” is my own work and is not copied from any other person's work (published or unpublished), and has not previously been submitted for assessment either at Mumbai University or elsewhere. I confirm that ALL the work submitted for assessment is my own unaided work except where I have explicitly indicated otherwise. I have followed the required conventions in referencing the thoughts and ideas of others.

Certificate This is to certify that the Design Dissertation titled “ Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast” Is the bona fide work of

I understand that Mumbai University may take disciplinary action against me if sound plagiarized or I have failed to acknowledge the source of the ideas or words in my writing.

Anuroop Babu for the Final Year B.Arch. examination and was carried out in the college under the guidance of Prof. Sharayu Gangurde

Anuroop Babu Name and Signature of the student Signature of guide

Signature of principal Date: 09-01-2021 Place: Rasayani

Signature of Juror 1

Date Seal

09-01-2021

Signature of Juror 2

College

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

Aknowledgement At its best, this research is a compilation of various discussions, ideas, interviews and interactions with a diverse group of people, to whom I shall forever be grateful. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my Thesis Guide Professor Sharayu Gangurde for her patience and persistence towards me. Without her kind acceptance of my thesis research along with her care, continuous support, motivation, intuitive insights and encouragement, this thesis report would not have been possible. My sincere thanks to Professor Dr.Joydeep Dutta to critic and align my thoughts towards the vision of the project. I feel indebted to my college and team of professors at Pillais HOC College of Architecture for moulding and shaping me since day one of architecture. Special thanks to unclassified people who constantly contributed to the project with moral support, constructive criticism and exchanging ideas. Dolly Gada Aaradhya Kalyankar Anjana Nair Ammu Nair Abhishek Babu Nidhi Upadhyay Darsheet Vora Finally, I wish to thank my parents Ambika Devi and Babu Manickath for their love and encouragement, without whom I would never have enjoyed so many opportunities.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

Abstract The research explores the idea of creating a co-existing safe space for the vulnerable communities that collaborates civil rights with architecture, creating a haven for the vulnerable communities of our society. It justifies the need for such a safe space in the context of changing gender equations, the social norms and investigates how these changes are going to affect the social fabric and the social concept of family. The research also studies the architecture of community and co-existing spaces to understand the various typologies and forms such an architecture can take. In doing so, the focus has been on the needs of the user groups such as cooking spaces, hygiene spaces and accessibility. Simultaneously, the research tries to understand the role of the site and program in the narrative of co-existing spaces, and how different user groups engage or interact with each other.

The research proposes a safe space along with site and several programmes which looks at helping these groups achieve their full potential through a systematic structured programme that begins with providing them shelter, education, healthcare and essential infrastructure for growth as is available to their able-bodied peers. The centre would serve as a physical manifestation of acceptance, well-being, and understanding on the civil rights and well being of the community to seek refuge in. The research further justifies the proposal with respect to the state involvement and guidelines applicable on site, looking at the role of these kind of spaces play in the urban modern fabric. Keywords Civil Rights, Community, Co-existing spaces, Safe space, Society, Refuge, Vulnerable, Safe space, Society

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

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䌀漀渀挀氀甀猀椀漀渀䈀椀戀氀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀 Design Disertation I

01 Introduction Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

“A human is a social creature” Aristotle

1.1 Overview “ Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human. Society is something that precedes the individual.” – Aristotle .

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Individuals always strive to belong to a certain group for their survival. An individual has been known to have a strong liking of belonging to a group and greatly fears being rejected or isolated. I believe it’s one of the greatest fear an individual faces irrerspective of their age, gender or socio-economical conditions.

each member. Within groups we aware sheltered from element, protected from predators, and ultimately given the opportunity to propagate and prosper. To be rejected excluded from group, and thus from all the benefits of membership, which have been happening since a long time.

On the other hand society is known to reject or isolate some individuals based on various reasons. Such individuals go through the dislikment from others and sometimes are even hated for the way they are as a person. As a result the social outcasts as they are simply refered to have a low social status. An outcast means an exile, a pariah, a person cast out or rejected. The adjective is attested from late 14th century “abject, socially despised.” The verbal phrase cast out “discard, reject” is from 12th century.

Species of all kinds face different types of ostracism. Animals with startlingly different colouring to their species’ norm face completely new challenges as they work harder to survive. These outsiders are not well camouflaged for the habitat they were born into, which means they are more likely to be spotted by predators or if they are predators themselves it will be more difficult for them to stalk their prey. They are exposed and vulnerable. In addition to this, they risk being ostracised by the rest of their group for being different.

Throughout the centuries, poets, writers, philosophers, and social commentators have often debated the nature of rejection and social exclusion. We are essential creatures. Throughout most of our evolutioinary history we lived loved laboured within the confines of small, intimate groups where we knew and were know by

The social outcasts are also hated, discriminated and persecuted by the society. If these societal norms and issues are not bought into attention, the socially outcasted individuals will continue suffering from something which is so intangible and issues the society thinks is not right.

Design Disertation I

1.2 Need for this research

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The research tries to dive into the not so looked at field of psychology of human ostracism while ostracism exists in different shades. Hence, this research was needed to address issues that arise while proposing such a centre.. The research was thus required for following reasons:

Aspects such as funding, ownenrship etc would not be dealt with within the scope of the thesis. Although architecture greatly infuences the ambience of the space, the architect’s vision is not always guaranteed in the lifetime of the building. Therefore though the objective of the project is to stimulate healing and inclusive through architecture spaces created, the extent of that being successful is very much depended on each individual user and their mindset.

• Justification about how bringing such vulnerable communities together can be benificial. • To understand how design can act as an catalyst to solve societal differences • To know how solving issues can empower the communities.

A project like this one, is essentially an argumentative project, which hasn’t been practically attempted before and thus has the possibility of being purely theoritical.

1.3 Research Questions

1.6 Research Methodology

• How does Architecture help bridge the gap between their needs and creating opportunities towards becoming contributing members of the society? • What makes different comunities co-exist together ? • What would be an ideal typology that embodies the principle of a commune living? • Where should such commune be proposed? • How would such typology convey and educate the masses regarding these longstanding social issues?

The study is initiated by identifying the literature review to understand the commnuities It proceeds to find out the defination of social exclusion and the factors which lead to exclusion. Study specific vulnerable communities their state of mind , their situation, problems faced by them, society’s reaction to them.

1.4 Aim

Study the concepts of family and how the communities can co-exist together.

This project mainly aims to put out an effort to solve two issues.

Case studies of buildings and understanding the building techniques

• To create a shelter for vulnerable communities; a place for metapsychosis, to live, learn, dream, a safe haven for vulnerable communities in need.

Literature study of buildings via the concepts of healing architecture Any good design must be sustainable, therefore in-depth study of the site, on urban level as well as neighbourhood level, its surroundings, scope & limitations, climate, topography, accesses, proximity, landscape, urban morphology, architectural style and context.

• To design spaces that shall serve as educational, recreational and livable entities to empower the vulnerable communities with learning, knowledge and organised safe system for development.

Use the above analysis effectively to crate a building programme and hence to justifiable design satisfying the cause.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

visible

Are they individuals?

SOCIETY

education

abuse

Where are they?

HETEROSEXUAL

violence

exploitation

denial

Healthcare system

Why?

suppression

identity

02 Literature Review Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

Fig 2.1

2.1 Documented Histories The study began with reading two articles which talked about history of the transgender community in two different countries. The first one was the Historical Evolution of Transgender community in India by M.Michelraj. in his research paper (2015) provided a brief history of growth and evolution of the transgender community in Mughal period, British period, post-independence and contemporary period. The primary importance of the article lay in it providing references to scholarly texts of Vedas and Puranas. It gave a glimpse of how the colonialism had an impact on the way we treat the transgender communities today. The second article is Transgender history in United states by Genny Beemyn . This research paper gave a gist about how in the earliest days of the American colonies, violations of established gender systems and attempts to prevent and contain such transgression have been a part of life in what would become the United States. Since the research looks at three different communities that are separated by age, gender, and socio-economic status, it is important to understand the various resources that were studied to understand their hierarchy in the current social construct. To understand their vulnerability, not just their histories were examined but also the different fictional and non-fictional media through which these communities have been documented over the years by social scientists, historians, writers and academics. To develop a general understanding of how gender, age and race leads to discrimination towards these vulnerable communities Histories of Transgender child by Jules GillPeterson, Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity by C. Riley Snorton were the primary sources for reference. Histories of the Transgender Child uncovers a previously unknown twentieth-century history when transgender children not only existed but pre-existed the term transgender and its predecessors, playing a central role in the medicalization of trans people, and all sex and gender. Using a wealth of archival research from hospitals and clinics, Jules Gill-Peterson reconstructs the medicalization and racialization of children’s bodies. Black on Both Sides challenges the historical account of trans studies invention by excavating a black trans presence and persona long before modern articulations of such. C. Riley Snorton offers us a way to read the historical record in a fashion that requires the unthought to be the basis of the foundation for our claims of newness, demonstrating that there is no revision of what it means to be human without coming through blackness, past and present. An other article on the elderly population in transgender community tried to explain that transgenderism is almost as prevalent among the elderly as the young. The study estimated that 0.5% (or one in every 200) of Americans. Yet, older people’s experiences were often profoundly different from those of today’s transgender youth. Many of those profiled in Dugan and Fabbre’s book discuss coming out (or transitioning) at a transgenderism. aged 65 or over identified as transgender, compared to 0.7% among 13- to 24-year-olds. Fig 2.1 Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

As the study progressed, the need to understand the personal experiences of people who lived through the consequences of societal taboos and it’s horrors that was felt. For this purpose the Breaking Night: A Memoir of Forgiveness, Survival, and My Journey from Homeless to Harvard by Liz Murray, Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom became the chief source. A Memoir of Forgiveness, Survival, and My Journey from Homeless to Harvard by Liz Murray helped me to understand different reasons due to which the kids end up in streets. One of the primary difference the book tried to showcase is how these children become mature at a very young age. A very elaborate personal memoir written with utmost honesty, no glorification of success & no victimisation of troubles. On the other hand Tuesdays with Morrie , is a collection of beautiful conversations exchanged between a student and his old ex-professor on ground realities of life. It gives a different perspective to life that aging is not our choice but growing definitely is time when families, communities and even legal systems struggled to comprehend.

2.2 Documented of Street Children The phenomenon of street children has been documented as far back as 1848. In 1848, Lord Ashley referred to more than 30,000 “naked, filthy, roaming lawless and deserted children” in and around London, UK. By 1922 there were at least seven million homeless children in Russia due to the devastation from World War I and the Russian Civil War. Abandoned children formed gangs, created their own argot, and engaged in petty theft and prostitution. Horatio Alger’s book, “Tattered Tom”; or, “The Story of a Street Arab (1871)”, is an early example of the appearance of street children in literature. The book follows the tale of a homeless girl who lives by her wits on the streets of New York, US. Other examples from popular fiction include Kim, from Kipling’s novel of the same name, who is a street child in colonial India. Gavroche, in Victor Hugo’s “Les Misérables”, Fagin’s crew of child pickpockets in “Oliver Twist”, a similar group of child thieves in Funke’s “The Thief Lord”, and Sherlock Holmes’ “Baker Street Irregulars” are other notable examples of the presence of street children in popular works of literature.

2.3 Meaning and definations

Fig 2.2

Street children are a term for children experiencing homelessness who live on the streets of a city. Homeless youth are often called street kids and street youth; the definition of street children is contested, but many practitioners and policymakers use UNICEF’s concept of boys and girls, aged under eighteen years, for whom “the street” (including unoccupied dwellings and wasteland) has become home and/or their source of livelihood, and who are inadequately protected or supervised. 2Street children are minors who live and survive on the streets. They often grow up in public landfills, train stations, under the bridges of the world’s major cities. There are various factors that resist them to return in the families. A street child in India is someone “for whom the 1

1 homeless-youth.weebly.com 2 http://dbpedia.org/page/Street_children

Fig 2.4 Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

street (in the widest sense of the word, including unoccupied dwellings, wasteland, etc.) has become his or her habitual abode and/or source of livelihood; and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by responsible adults”. The UNICEF Definition UNICEF has defined and segregated ‘street children’ into three categories: 1. Street Living Children: children who have run away from their families and live alone on the streets. 2. Street Working Children: children, who spend most of their time on the streets, fending for themselves, but returning home on a regular basis. 3. Children from Street Families: children who live on the streets with their families.

2.4 What is Childhood and how did it come to streets? This section examines the process of childhood, history of childhood and transition of this process in 21st century to understand the role of family in current situation of the children who are homeless. Ariès argued that children existed alongside adults, and once they were past infancy, they participated in the life of the communities around them, working (and playing) with adults, with no distinctive practices (or clothes) focused on them as children. 3

Gradually, bourgeois (middle‐class) boys were singled out for special treatment in the form of education, and this was eventually, over the course of two or three centuries, extended to middle‐class girls, then to working class children. For example, during certain periods of history, children were expected to work, firstly with their families, and then as wage labourers, in order that they and their families could survive. This is still, of course, the case in many developing nations. The classic work of Viviana Zelizer (1985) explored the shifting meaning of childhood in the USA, showing how children gradually became ‘economically useless’ as they no longer undertook wage labour, instead they became ‘emotionally priceless’, giving meaning to their parents’ lives. Nowadays, however, industrialized Western societies demand schoolwork from children in order to prepare them as future members of the labour force, and this is increasingly the case globally. 4

Children, as active individuals, are thus constrained by the various institutions, structures and cultures in which they find themselves – whether schools, families, or physical geographies. These in turn shape their experiences of childhood.

building between generations. To understand what happens when these vulnerable communities are brought together the Stanford research paper and Ursula Le Guin’s writing were the primary source. Stanford research (2019) shows that such relationships are important for society. They can help ensure that children and teens receive the kind of attention and mentoring they often lack, especially among the most vulnerable populations. The Stanford also said these relationships offer older adults opportunities to learn about new technology and trends, and experiences the excitement of seeing the world through a younger perspective. Laura Carstensen a Stanford psychology professor who lead the report has also found that as people age, their brains actually improve in many ways, including in complex problem solving and emotional skills. It’s is a huge loss for society not to offer such counsel and experience to others, especially young people. 5

Older adults are exceptionally suited to meet these needs in part because they welcome meaningful, productive activity and engagement. They seek and need purpose in their lives. As for older adults, the report pointed out they benefit as well, experiencing emotional satisfaction in relationships with young people. Ursula Le Guin writes on real-life issues as she shed new lights on such life-determining issues as gender, religion, politics, sexuality and the environment. She in her article studies common characteristics of young and old people a shared vulnerability and dependence on powerful people. Some four generations ago, anthropologist Margaret Mead observed that the time that the elderly would teach the young had come to an end, to be placed by a mutual learning and teaching. 6

The article also puts emphasise on the fact that times when early childhood and old age where the only periods in a human being’s existence during which people were free of major responsibilities and could live in the now. With treating children at ever earlier ages as ‘learners’ and mandatory life-long learning, these privileges are being taken away. One of the few available comfort zones still open to them, but also under threat, is when young and old people spend time together, can be themselves and enjoy each other for what they are.

2.6 Conclusions The conclusion derived from the study of the inter-relationships between history, memory, stories and memorialization lay down the basic understanding why safe spaces for the vulnerable communities is necessary.

Aging adults play critical roles in the lives of young people, especially the most vulnerable in society. Creating co-existing spaces is one way to bring older adults and young people together. The key is to change social norms to encourage relationship

A historical consciousness is instrumental on how we perceive our present. An complete awareness of history can lead to an complete understanding of things happening around us today. The provision of basic amenities and rights to certain communities have been completely ignored throughout the years. This makes it important urgent to put light on these issues and take actions regarding the same.

3 https://www.academia.edu/ 4 https://studylib.net/doc/8773920/understanding-children-and-childhood

5 https://news.stanford.edu/ 6 https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/

2.5 Bringing communities together

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

2.7 Healing Architecture

2.8 Conclusions

Aspects of healing environment in co-existing spaces: the physical aspects, daylighting and the effect of daylight on human beings are critically reviewed. This is to establish understanding of the subject of healing architecture and provide substantial evidence for the later discussion. Healing by design (Horsburgh 1995) realised that the visual connection to nature is an important attribute of the healing environment. Interestingly, the window as physical connection to nature has a significant role to play.

With the understanding of the contribution of the architectural features to healing,and informed by the healing definition from the Samueli Institute cited earlier, the definition of healing spaces emerged as: Healing spaces are spaces that evoke a sense of cohesion of the mind, body, and spirit. They support healing intention and foster healing relationships.

Daylight is a crucial source of energy in our life. It has significant effects on human beings both physiological and psychological. The effect of light on our circadian rhythm (i.e. biological systems that repeat 24 hours) has been recognised for many years. Campbell et. al., (1988) as quoted by La Grace suggests that light is the most important environmental input in controlling bodily function after food (La Grace 2004). Several researchers agree that lighting has a profound effect on human’s hormonal and metabolic balance (Fellman 1985, Wurtman et. al. 1985, Klein 1986, Reiter 1986, Reiter and Karasak 1986, Brainard 1994, as quoted by La Grace, 2004). Apart for these basic requirements, the users’ needs can be described by other attributes namely – the cause of the needs, the origin and purpose of the needs, the societal expression of the needs and environmental association with the needs. Murphy (1989) views human needs as an embodiment of behaviour, which is described by the psychologists as goal-directed activity with a unity of motive, perception, thought and action. He views user need as the controlling factor, which not only prompts behaviour response but also regulates the pattern of the individual person’s activities and sustains the activities in process. Walter H. Moleski (1978) expresses that within the envelope of the environment organism; the human needs are triggered by the perception, organized by the cognition to the space and conclude to regulate the spatial behaviour. 8

This holistic definition, as well as clear outcome measures tied to architectural features, forms a foundation for the work to advance the field of understanding and creating healing spaces. The term healing environment is prevalent in the literature, but there is no clear universal definition or description of a healing environment or healing space. There is evidence of the architectural contribution to the antecedents and consequences of healing, specifically, stress reduction, emotional stability, self-efficacy, social cohesion, and return or enhancement of function. The chapter tries to identify the links from the literature between architectural variables and the healing constructs discussed above. The six groups of variables found in the literature—homelike environment, access to views and nature, light, noise control, barrierfree environments, and room layout— directly affect or facilitate one or more dimensions of healing. The multiple relationships between these six architectural variables with the four healing constructs demonstrate the broad role that the architectural features play in healing.

The Rokeach (1973) provides a deterministic view on the user needs (physical, psychological) in the built environment by emphasizing the antecedent view on human value. He defines that human values are conceptualized as fundamental life goals or standards that serve as the guiding principles of life and essentially provide a basis for the formation of attitudes and act as guidelines for user behaviour in the environment. The individual’s human value on the quality of life is universal and representative of the society, and are groomed from the society they live-in and are nurtured by the cultural ethics they observe. For Carterette and Friedman (1975) the problem of perception is one of understanding the way in which organisms transform, organize and structure information that arises from the world in sense data or memory. These points to the difficulties that design teams have in providing single environment sets that are for the consumptive experience of a wide variety of people who occupy a given space, in various group sizes, at different times, for different periods of time, and from different cultures, backgrounds and incomes. Table below provides a listing of some of the stimuli discussed by Carterette and Friedman (1975). Many of these stimuli are of specific significance to personal or individual perception by way of information flows and reception of such data within the built environment context. 7 https://www.academia.edu/28775019/Healing_architecture 8 http://www.columbia.edu/~rmk7/PDF/HSP.pdf Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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Gauri Sawant became the talk of the country in 2001 when she adopted a daughter of a sex worker who succumbed to AIDS. Gauri was the first transgender to have made her way into motherhood, breaking the orthodox traditions and stereotypes prevalent in the country.

Ethel Percy Andrus was a long-time educator and the first woman high school principal in California. She was also an elder rights activist and the founder of AARP in 1958.

She challenged the norm that parenting is only meant for married couples or male/female genders.

Fig 2.5

Fig 2.6

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Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian social reformer who campaigned against child labour in India and advocated the universal right to education. In 2014, he was the co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Malala Yousafzai, "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education." He is the founder of multiple social activist organizations, including Bachpan Bachao Andolan, Global March Against Child Labour, Global Campaign for Education and Kailash Satyarthi Children's Foundation.

Fig 2.6

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2.9 References • Aptekar, L. (1994). Street children in the developing world: A review of their condition. Cross-Cultural Research, 28(3), 195–224. doi:10.1177/106939719402800301 • Bajpai, A. (2006). Child rights in India: Law, policy and practice (2nd ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. • Chopra, G. (2015). Child rights in India: Challenges and social action. New Delhi, India: Springer. • de Moura, S. L. (2002). The social construction of street children: Configuration and implications. British Journal of Social Work, 32(3), 353–367. doi:10.1093/ bjsw/32.3.353 • Hartjen, C. A., & Priyadarsini, S. (2012). The global victimization of children: Problems and solutions. Berlin, Germany: Springer. • Mathur, M. (2009). Socialisation of street children in India: A socioeconomic profile. Psychology Developing Societies, 21(2), 299–325. doi:10.1177/097133360902100207 • Panter-Brick, C. (2002). Street children, human rights, and public health: A critique and future directions. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 147–171. doi:10.1146/ annurev.anthro.31.040402.085359 • Phillips, W. S. K. (1994). Street children in India. Jaipur & New Delhi, India: Rawat Publications. • Save the Children. (2011). Surviving the streets: A study on street children in Delhi [News release]. Retrieved from https://www.savethechildren.in/news/surviving-thestreets-a-census-of-street-children-in-delhi • Save the Children India, & PwC India. (2015). Forgotten Voices: The world of urban children in India. New Delhi, India: Author. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.in/ assets/pdfs/publications/urban-child/urban-child-india-report.pdf • Schmitz, C. L., Traver, E. K. & Larson, D. (Eds.). (2004). Child labor: A global view. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. • Segal, U. A. (1999). Children are abused in eastern countries: A look at India. International Social Work, 42(1), 39–52. doi:10.1177/002087289904200105 • Subrahmanyam, Y. S., & Sondhi, P. (1990). Child porters: Psychosocial profile of street children. Indianl Journal of Social Work, 51, 577–582. Retrieved from https:// journals.tiss.edu/archive/index.php/ijswarchive/article/view/2227 • UNICEF. (2006). Behind Closed Doors: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children. Littlehampton, UK: The Body Shop International. Retrieved from https://www.unicef. org/media/files/BehindClosedDoors.pdf

Fig 2.7

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genderexclusion orientation traumarights injustice

disability

discrimination

people

human

criminal

abuse

rights

moral

intolerance

stereotype

sexism

03 Social Exclusion Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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Fig 3.1

3.1 What is Ostracism? The bird is lagging. Why is it laging? Can it not fly? Is it sick? Is it too young to fly? He is alone in the sky. There are many birds like him who is alone in the sky and around us. Who are they? They are what we call as the social outcast. An outcast is someone who is not accepted by a group of people or by society. Human is a social being and we have been like this traditionally, we have been living in groups form pre-historic times. So Humans have an innate sense of belonging to groups or communities. When a person is different either in their appearance/political views/physical appearance/gender identity, they suddenly finds themselves distaced from the group/ community that’s when he becomes a social outcast.

DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION

HATRED HATRED PARIAH PARIAH

OSTRACIZATION OSTRACIZATION REJECTION REJECTION

ISOLATION Fig 3.2

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

FREEDOM FREEDOM PEACE PEACE

EQUALITY EQUALITY DIGNITY DIGNITY HOPE HOPE

EDUCATION EDUCATION JUSTICE JUSTICE Fig 3.3 Design Disertation I

3.2 Key drivers of Ostracism The key drivers of social exclusion are very complex and multifaceted. The research identifies a number of high level exclusionary proceeses that impact on and maintain social exclusion. The research identifies four key forms of and causes of ostracism :• Political exclusion - This involves the denial of citizenship rights, such as political participation, the rule of law, freedom of expression and equality of opportunity (Bhalla and Lapeyre 1997). • Economic exclusion – this includes a lack of access to labour markets, credit and other forms of capital assets (Governance, Social Development, Humanitarian (GSDRC) Applied Knowledge Services 2014). • Discrimination, based on gender, ethnicity, age and disability. This discrimination reduces the opportunity for these groups to access services and limits participation in the labour market (Stewart and Langer 2007).

3.3 Ostracism and Homelessness

Fig 3.5

Homelessness, a typical example of ‘social exclusion’, is neither new nor rare across the world. The homeless are perhaps the most invisible section of society, with its ‘symptoms’ appearing as vagrants, vagabonds, tramps, beggars, bums, mendicants, idlers, indigents, itinerants and the underclass. All these symptoms are interrelated with social issues that create the gap between homeless people and the rest of society. Homelessness is a potent and evocative social issue that has become emblematic of social inequality and injustice in otherwise affluent societies (Barker, 2012). Although problems associated with home-lessness can be discussed in various spheres, social questions arise such as why homeless people ‘lack ambition’, why they are socially maladapted, why they are ignored by the larger part of society, and why they are considered to be a group lying somewhere outside the social system. These issues associated with homelessness have huge investigatory potential. 1

Fig 3.4

Many authors have identified homelessness as a major and growing worldwide social problem (Forrest, 1999; Marsh and Kennett, 1999; Chris, 2006). Moreover, the homeless have significantly higher rates of exposure to violence and drastically lower rates of social support (Kennedy, 2007). In the sociological enquiry of Durkheim, Parsons and Merton, homeless people were considered to be aimless people living outside society or on its fringes who had, for different reasons, given up their former lifestyle or behaviours that were considered normal (Barak, 1991). Attributed to various structural factors and individual issues, homelessness is a major social and public health concern worldwide. 1 https://www.academia.edu/39977285/Signposting

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3.4 Consequences of homelesness The effects of homelessness on homeless people are large. They range from health issues to personal entrapment. It is believed that many homeless individual failed in their lives to cope with their difficulties and this makes them alienate themselves from the rest of the world. There are many effects of homelessness on individuals. 1. . Health- homeless people often encounter a lot of health issues in their lives. Their health gets worse from time to time because they lack attention from people such as doctors, wives, husbands, and family members. And because of lack of necessities they suffer from multiple diseases such as: • • • • • • • • • • •

Cold Injury Cardio-Respiratory diseases Tuberculosis. Skin diseases Nutritional deficiencies Sleep deprivation. Mental Illness Physical and sexual assault Drug dependency Mortality HIV/AIDS

HOMELESS POPULATION CORE PRINCIPLES OF SOLUTION

CAUSES OF HOMELESSNESS • • • • • •

Breakdown in familial relationships (family dissatisfaction, separation, divorce, domestic violence, etc.) Financial difficulties & lack of affordable housing Constrained housing options & loss of independent tenancies Lack of political will & political stability Social exclusion/ignorance Forced migration due to economic & environmental problems

• • • •

1. Personal – at the time when a homeless person realizes that he/she won’t have a roof to live under forever. It is hard for them to believe. It is this fact of not dealing with reality that makes homeless people less able to take actions, but they suffer psychologically as a result. Here some of the consequences: • • • •

Loss of self esteem Becoming institutionalized Increase in substance misuse Loss of ability and will to care for oneself • Increased danger of abuse and violence • Increased chance of entering the criminal justice system • Development of behavioral problems

Affordable housing/social housing with basic amenities Income supports/social assistance/ Care Centre’s Providing Employment opportunities Universal access to health and education Demolish based on gender/race/abilities/sexualities/ placet

• • • • •

PRIMARY PREVENTION •

DIMENSIONS OF BEING HOMELESSNESS Physiological- lack of bodily comfort or warmth Emotional - lack of love or joy Territorial - lack of privacy Ontological - lack of rootedness in the world Spiritual - lack of hope and lack of purpose

SYSTEM BASED RESPONSE • • • •

Electoral representation Assuring legal right through Aadhaar/MNREGA/ Ration Card Providing social securities Creating awareness

EARLY INTERVENTION • • • •

Shelter diversion Social housing and accommodation Eviction prevention Food security and adequate nutrition

Figure 3.7 Multidimensionality of homelessness: Problems, consequence and solutions. Routes into homelessness are multiple, interlinked and multifaceted. Contemporary studies suggest that the extreme situation of homelessness may be more accurately portrayed as the result of the convergence of many factors that drive this phenomenon, including housing market dynamics, housing and welfare policy, economic restructuring and the labour market, and personal disabilities (Shlay & Rossi, 1992). 1

The intricacy of the triggers for homelessness increases with the age of the individual and the duration of their homelessness or episodic homelessness. The multifaceted triggers consist of biographical, structural and behavioural factors, when combined, increase people’s vulnerability to homelessness. Such triggers are also closely associated with weak social networks, poor self-esteem or confidence, few or no protecting factors and people on the margins of society. This worsens and quickens the process of homelessness. 1

Wright, J. D., & Devine, J. A. (1995). Housing dynamics of the homeless:

Figure 3.6 Overlap between experiences of homelessness and other social issues

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Figure 3.8 The links between housing and poverty

3.5 Relationship between housing and poverty The relationship between housing and poverty is complicated as there are a number of ways in which housing circumstances inform the risks and experiences of poverty at the household level across the world. It shows how a number of housing market drivers at both national and local level shape local housing market conditions. These conditions along with household circumstances to have a bearing on a range of housing variables - availability, cost, quality, location, and security - that can potentially create or exacerbate both material and non-material forms of poverty. For more simplicity, the figure

illustrates the potential negative impacts of housing. Evidently, the housing may also have a preventative or ameliorative impact on poverty where, for example, high-quality social housing reduces living costs and contributes to positive health and well-being. There are also clearly potential correlations between the variables. For example, a lack of social rented housing (availability) may force a household to take up expensive but poor standard PRS accommodation (cost and quality) some distance from local job opportunities (location). These variables may impact simultaneously 1

1 https://www4.shu.ac.uk/research/cresr/sites/shu.ac.uk Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

or sequentially, with a cumulative effect on household experiences of poverty. The figure does not reflect these interactions to avoid complexity but it is important to bear such possibilities in mind.

households in poverty, particularly if targeted at disadvantaged groups through ‘local labour’ clauses in planning and procurement agreements (While et al., 2016).

Finally, there are some more indirect relationships where housing can provide training and employment opportunities as routes out of poverty. These are not represented in the figure above as they do not directly relate to housing circumstances.

Housing providers might also create jobs in on-going services and maintenance of accommodation. Some housing providers deliver ‘housing plus’ employment support programmes for residents to support tenants to access training and jobs.

For example, housing development can act as a direct source of jobs that benefit 2

2 3

ncert.nic.in › textbook › pdf › keec107 www.diva-portal.org › get › diva2:457050 › fulltext01

Design Disertation I

3.6 Consequences of social exclusion The consequences of social exclusion highlight the importance of creating an inclusive society. There are multiple consequences of social exclusion, and exclusion can mean different things for different people in different contexts. The causes and consequences of social exclusion are also closely connected often resulting in individuals or groups experiencing multiple forms of disadvantage. Key consequences noted in the literature relate to health outcomes, inequalities and quality of life. The World Health Organisation identifies poor health status and inequalities as one of the key consequences of social exclusion (WHO 2008). They suggest that this inequity is driven by unequal access to resources, capabilities and rights. 1

WHO’s analysis of social exclusion also identifies the role of exclusion in restricting participation in economic, social, political and cultural relationships. They suggest that this impacts on personal health and independence. These in turn result in other forms of deprivation or exclusion; for example, absence of paid work leads to reduced income, poorer nutrition, and limited access to services, which reinforces a cycle of poor health and limited independence.

3.7 Vulnerable Communities Societal Community

Relationships

Understanding and knowledge

Expectation and capability

Discrimination and bullying

Experience of bullying

Accessibility and transport

Unfriendly environments

Technological supports

Family resource

Medial Portrayal

Lack of integrative practice

Sense of stigma

Body Image

Neighbourhood unfriendliness

Over-protection and sheltering

Policy and legislation

Perception of cost or productivity

Mental models that foster exclusionary attitudes and practice Perception of otherness Valued and devalued roles Structural and socio-economical drivers

• Lower educational achievements: Educational completion gaps are common across low-income and high-income countries. • Less economic participation: Ostracized people are less likely to be employed and generally earn less when employed • Higher rates of poverty: Socially exluded communities tend to experience higher rates of deprivations, including food insecurity, poor housing, and inadequate access to health care. • Increased dependency and restricted participation: Disabled people are often likely to be isolated and dependent on others. Reliance on informal support is common, and this can have adverse consequences for caregivers, including stress, isolation and lost socio-economic opportunities.

Self-Confidence Personal Safety and security Social and practical skills Access to support network Material Opportunity

Outcomes

Figure 3.9 Vulnerable communities

Many communities already face challenges such as discrimination, rejection, and legal battles; and physical and behavioral health battles, as well. Such problems are exacerbated when they are homeless and can become life threatening when they are unsheltered. Humans have an innate sense of belonging to groups or communities and that’s why a person different in their appearance, political views, sexual orientation, gender identity suddenly find themselves distanced from the society and that’s one they become a social outcast. Social exclusion has a profound emotional impact on some communities more than the others. Homeless children,elderely and transgender youths are comparitavely more vulnerable to the cruelty of homelessness and ostracism. These user groups largely form the the category Social outcast.

www.who.int › Newsroom › Q&A Detail Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Health and functioning

Poorer health and wellbeing Lower educational attainment Less social and community participation Less economical participation Higher rates of poverty Increased dependency

The WHO has identified five key consequences of exclusion that create significant disadvantage for disabled people (WHO 2011): • Poorer health outcomes: Disabled people tend to have poorer health than the general population, with greater vulnerability to secondary conditions and co-morbidities; they also have higher rates of risky health behaviours such as smoking and inactivity, and a higher risk of exposure to violence.

Individual

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3.8 References Abbot S, McConkey R. 2006. The barriers to social inclusion as perceived by people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities. 10 (3: 275‒287. Anaby D, Hand C, Bradley L, DiRezze B, Forhan M, DiGiacomo A, Law M. 2013. The effect of the environment on participation of children and youth with disabilities: a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation. 35(19):1589-98 Anderson I, Tulloch D. 2000. Pathways Through Homelessness: A Review of the Research Evidence. Edinburgh: Scottish Homes. Balibar E. 2005. Difference, Otherness, Exclusion. Parallax: 11:1, 19-34 Beatson P. 2000. The Disability Revolution in New Zealand: A Social Model. Sociology Programme, School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, Massey University. Beckman PJ, Barnwell D, Horn E, Hanson MJ, Gutlerrez S, Lieber J. 1998. Communities, Families, and Inclusion. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 13 (1): 125-150 Belfiore E. 2010. Arts as a mean of alleviating social exclusion: Does it really work? A critique of instrumental cultural policies and social impact studies in the UK. International Journal of Cultural Policy. 8(1), 91-106. Berthoud, R. 2000. Ethnic Employment Penalties in Britain. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 26:389–416 Berthoud R. 2003. Multiple Disadvantage in Employment: A Quantitative Analysis. York: York Publishing Services. Bhalla A Lapeyre F. 1997. Social Exclusion: Towards an Analytical and Operational Framework. Development and Change,28 (3): 413-433 Bines W. 1994. The Health of Single Homeless People. York: Centre for Housing Policy, University of York. Bodde AE, Seo S. 2009. A review of social and environmental barriers to physical activity for adults with intellectual disabilities. Disability and Health Journal. 2(2): 57-66.

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Briant E, Watson N, Philo G. 2011. Bad News for Disabled People: How the Newspapers are Reporting Disability. Project Report. Strathclyde Centre for Disability Research and Glasgow Media Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Bynner J. 2001. Childhood risks and protective factors in social exclusion. Children & Society. 15: 285-301. Das NK. 2009. Identity Politics and Social Exclusion in India’s North-East: The Case for Redistributive Justice. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. 6 (1) Buchbinder M, Timmermans S. 2011. Medical Technologies and the Dream of the Perfect Newborn. Medical Anthropology. 30 (1): 56-80.

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Exclusion is never the way forward on our shared paths to freedom and justice.

Social Outcast

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4.1.1 The situation in India The situation of street people in India has been well summed up by Phillips (1994, p.11): “The whole family lives on pavement, procreate on pavements.” The children belonging to street dwelling families grow up to engage themselves in work from a tender age, so that they may carry some bread back home for the family’s sustenance. 1

In Children In India 2012 — A Statistical Appraisal, the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (2012) stated: According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), “Born to parents who themselves were uneducated child workers, many child workers are forced to continue a tradition that leaves them chained to a life of poverty” (ILO, United States Policies to Address Child Labour Globally 2010). That is why child labour is a very complicated development issue, affecting human society all over the world. (Ch. 6) Researchers have cited various reasons for this rise in the street population, and in the number of working children. While Aptekar (1994) explains the increase with reference to factors like family status and the psychological condition of the child and his or her perceptions about life, others, like Epstein (1996), have highlighted abuses, armed conflicts, natural calamities, and an alteration in family structures as some of the causes. According to the Census of India 2011, the total urban population was 377 million, with a remarkable increase from 17% in 1950 to 31% in 2011 (Save the Children India & PwC India, 2015). Considerably, one of the major reasons for such increase is migration of people that also leads to the growing number of working children in the cities. 2

4.1 Children

Figure 4.1.1

Streetlife may be a challenge for survival, even for adults, and is yet tougher for kids. They live within the city but are unable to take advantage of the comforts of the urban environment and life. Findings disclosed that extreme poorness was the primary reason behind the increasing range of street children. Factors such as lack of an educational ambiance at home made it difficult for the children to work on their lessons outside the premises of the institution. Factors like lack of an academic ambiance reception created it troublesome for the kids to figure on their lessons outside the premises of the establishment. It was very evident that people living with their parents had better access to health care facilities than did those living on their own; however, nongovernmental organizations made significant efforts to adress this imbalance, setting up health check-up camps at regular intervals. Although exposure to harsh reality at an early age and childhood had resulted in a premature loss of innocence in most of the children, making them sometimes very difficult to work with, the non-governmental organizations were striving to ensure child participation and the growth of individual identity in the region. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act of 2015 is concerned with children in two broad categories: • Those in need of care and protection, and • Those in conflict with the law. Street children might fall under both the categories mentioned above, as they are not provided with proper care and protection will end up in conflict with the legal system.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

However, with observations I can say this growing problem can be tackled effictively by a systematic social organization which would not only spread awareness, but will also bring the street children back to the mainstream society.

4.1.2 How many of them? The precise numbers are not known, as they are not recorded in any national/international survey or study – they don’t have permanent safe shelters. However, in 2003, UNICEF estimated that there were at least 100 million street children in the globe. Though this figure is hugely found it is not seen to be based on any actual studies or survey. In 1994, UNICEF estimated that there were 11 million street children in India alone. This number is said to be a drastic underestimated. The Indian embassy estimated 314,700 street children in cities like Bombay, Pondicherry, Calcutta, Madras, Kanpur, Bangalore, and Hyderabad and around 100,000 street children in Delhi alone.

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In several areas of the world, children with disabilities are commonly abandoned, particularly in developing countries.” journals.uvic.ca › index.php › ijcyfs › article › download Bajpai, A. (2006). Child rights in India: Law, policy and practice (2nd ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press

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4.1.3 Role of social intervention

4.1.5 The three P’s

According to Chikarmane (1996, p. 37), “street identity is created by the media and social work interventionists”. The presence of the interventionists cutails the right of children to create their own identities is a debatable issue. AA contrary theoory remains that the destitue children gain moral support from social work interventions, which in return help them feel that they “belong”, that they “exist; and to know that they are no longer alone in the society if they are hurt or unwell (Chikarmane,1996, p.37)

A primary category of child rights includes the concept of the “three Ps” — Provision, Protection, and Participation. In other words, every child has the right to be provided with the important necessities of life, along with other services needed for healthy development; the right to be protected from certain acts and practices; and the right to do things, express oneself, and have an active and effective voice in matters affecting one’s life.

For children living without families, such social interventions may provide their only support, “their only anchor”, as Chikarmane (1996, p. 37) puts it. The type of intervention provided tends to affect the way these children are portrayed — as victims, villains, dependents, or deviants (Panter-Brick, 2002). Thus, it is really important for the people who act as social interventionists to take utmost care of the type, form, and degree of intervention they render upon the different types of street children.

Both methods of classification are useful in analysing and understanding. children’s rights. Where one classification shows us that children have no political rights, the other highlights the fact that they have limited rights with regard to participation in the

For instance, the kind of intervention required by working street children living with their parents is different from the degree of intervention of lone street children would need or desire. However, in contemporary times, interventionists have changed from a charitable to a rights-based approach, which includes working with children rather than for them, thus giving prime importance to child participation.

4.1.4 The right perspective In the twentieth century, with a shift in paradigm from a welfare approach to a rightsbased approach, there were two primary schools of thought that developed regarding child rights: the child liberationist model that uses concepts like independence, individualism, and self-determination to argue that children should be freed from adult control; and the child protectionist model that believes children to be naïve and consider them dependent on adult care. 3The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child was developed from both models (Chopra, 2015). All members of the United Nations have given formal consent to the Convention, except the United States. Child rights form an integral part of human rights all over the world and therefore every child is entitled to civil, social,economical and cultural rights. What children do not possess are institutionalized political rights. Civil rights of children include the right to a name and nationality, and protection from abuse, torture and ill-treatment, along with other special rules pertaining to their right to not be deprived of liberty or separated from a parent. Economic rights include the right to benefit from social security, the right to an adequate standard of living to ensure proper development, and protection from exploitation at work. Social rights of children include the right to the highest attainable standard of health and access to medical services, the right to education, the right to special care for disabled children, protection from sexual exploitation and abuse, and the right to adoption. Cultural rights include full participation in creative and cultural activities.

society.

rovision rotection articipation

4.1.6 Circumstances and causes The most of the children and their parents, poverty was the major reason they were living on the streets. This was true for the majority of the children in both domains of the study, with the children having been born on the streets. A survey called “Surviving the streets” which was conducted on street children in Delhi in 2010 as initiative by Save the Children (2011), mentioned that the cities of Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata caters to the largest number of street children. While street – dwellers would be adding more financial help to their families, the nation would see more street children in need of help.

3 https://www.scribd.com/document/423465723/18120-Article-Text-17190-1-10-20180319 Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Figure 4.1.2

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4.1.7 Lack of educational opportunuities

4.1.10 Vulnerability to exploitation

The study revealed that a majority of children, especially girls (females), had no access to educational facilities before the intervention period, and that several children who did have access to educational facilities had been recieving education below the national standard.

The majority of children in this study faced physical and mental abuse, mostly from parental beatings. Almost all of the children, irrespective of gender, said that they were afraid of their parents because their parents beat them when they were being naughty or not listening to them. The incidence of physical abuse for boys was higher.

The comparsion can be drawn that female education was not encouraged until intervention was provided to the children in the area, which resulted in a new awareness of educational opportunities among parents and society. The fact that the children had been benefiting from their exposure to the social intervention that was being provided was evident from the observation that majority of them showed interest in educating themselves, had set vivid ambition, and were “dreaming big and large” for themselves. This trend was more visible among the grown-up girls in the rural areas especially the ones residing in the night shelter, who constantly received intervention within the centre premises.

“Behind closed doors: Impact of domestic violence on children”, estimated that 27.1 million to 69 million children were exposed to domestic violence in India, while a study conducted by the Ministry of Women and Child Development in 2007 found that a total of 54.5% of street children reported incidences of sexual abuse (Save the Children India & PwC, 2015).

Even today, helping the uneducated become aware of educational opportunities seems to be one of the issues most in need of social intervention. However, with the rapid advent of NGOs and other civil society organizations that work is done extensively for and with the vulnerable, the issue of lack of public awareness is quickly being addressed, especially through the mass and digital media. For instance, advertisements, announcements over the internet, radio, and/or television, awareness camps conducted by various governmental and nongovernmental bodies which adress the issues of gender equality and importance of education to the girl child.

Another observation that was subtly evident from the study was the fact that the hardships of life as a street child could take away the innocence of childhood and lead one to become mature beyond one’s years.

4.1.11 Maturity beyond age

The phenomenon of street children has actually developed over many years, but now the world is increasingly concerned, along with the increasing number of street children in various major cities in the world. Street children is a person under the age of 18 who spends most or all of his time on the streets by engaging in activities to earn money or to sustain his life (Shalahuddin, 2010).

4.1.8 Livelihood Patterns

VIOLENCE ABUSE SEXUAL EXPLOITATION VULNERABLE

The majority of the homeless children were found to belong to a street family, to be staying under parental guidance, and are dependent on their uneducated parents, most of them daily wage earners in the case of fathers and domestic workers in case of mother.

POVERTY

The parents from the streets were generally unaware of the importance of education and importance for self-development and had a strong influence over their children’s conceptions about life. Children tend learn quickly from their environment, and also copy and abide by the norms and traditions that they have grown up with. Their identities are shaped by the socializations and societal conventions. The hope is that the children will eventually be able to educate their parents and society, and create identities of their own in the society.

EXPLOITATION ABUSE

4.1.9 Hygiene versus health

DRUGS

Most children suffered from ailments like malaria, tuberoclosis, cold and cough, waterborne diseases, and skin diseases, a results of their unhygienic living conditions. Although most had acess to proper toi;et, there were still a few unfortunate ones without. The inadequate sanitation facilities not only lead to illness, but pose an a special danger for young girls, who may be sexually harassed due to the lack of privacy. Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Figure 4.1.3 Design Disertation I

4.1.12 Role of government

4.1.14 Ground Realities

India, in its bid to become an ethical labour market to international corporations in 1991, ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Children in 1992.

The immense health and socioeconomic crises brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic have disproportionately hit underprivileged children in India. They could lead to a spike in poverty, child labor and child marriages.

Child rights go beyond just human rights, which exist to ensure fair and proper treatment of people across the world, and promote their well-being. Children, defined as any person under the age of 18, need more than just human rights due to a set of unique needs stemming from their vulnerabilities. Further, the rights as described in the Convention have been summarised into the following fundamentals with references to various articles. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The right to an identity (Articles 7 and 8) The right to health (Articles 23 and 24) The right to education (Article 28) The right to a family (Articles 8, 9,10,16,20,22 and 40) The right to be protected from violence (Article 19 and 34) The right to an opinion (Article 12 and 13) The right to be protected from armed confliccts (Articles 38 and 39) The right to be protected from explotation

All children deserve equality, despite their difference. They are entitled to all of these rights, no matter what race, colour, religion, language, ethnicity, gender or abilities define them.

Extremely vulnerable “Street children were the most vulnerable during the lockdown. If you see the nature of their livelihood, they are dependent on begging, vending or helping their families with work. Everything has been affected by the COVID situation,” Sanjay Gupta, director of Childhood Enhancement through Training and Action (CHETNA), an NGO that works with street children in Delhi and neighboring states,. According to a UNICEF report, COVID-19 poses a threat to the futures of 600 million children in South Asia. While 240 million children already live in “multidimensional” poverty, the crisis will push an additional 120 million children from the region into poverty. The report also said that India will account for a bulk of the deaths of children aged five and under. As many as 71 out of 100 homeless children in Pondicherry have no access to any form of education during the COVID-19 pandemic, says a study by the Information and Resource Centre for the Deprived Urban Communities (IRCDUC). 6

4.1.13 International conventions India ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child on 1992 and lists the following as the Rights of the Child, 5

1. The Right to Survival: According to the convention, the Right to Survival includes the right to life, the attainable standard of health, nutrition and an adequate standard of living. It also includes the right to a name and nationality. 2. The Right to Protection: According to the Convention, this right includes freedom from all forms of exploitation, abuse and inhuman or degrading treatment. This includes the right to special protection in situations of emergency and armed conflict. The aim is simple, to protect vulnerable children from those who would take advantage of them and to safeguard their minds and bodies. 3. The Right to Development: This right includes the right o be educated, to receive support for development and care during early childhood and to social security. It also includes the right to leisure, to recreation and to cultural activities. 4. Right to freedom of thought and expression: According to the Convention, the Right to Participation accords the child access to appropriate information and the freedom of thought and expression, conscience and religion.

4 https://www.savethechildren.in/child-protection/fundamentals-of-child-rights-in-india 5 www.unicef.org › child-rights-convention Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Figure 4.1.4

The hindu

Design Disertation I

4.1.15 Question that arise 1) Why is it essential to pay attention to the street children? Street children make a growing phenomenon in the world. Based on statistics available there are some are hundred million street children in the world. Naturally, a great number of these people are the ones who join labor and street children. Street children, due to their particular condition, are more vulnerable. A review of the existing statistics reveals the vulnerability of children in the world. • • • •

100,000,000 street children in the world are living agonizing lives. 250,000,000 children under legal working age are working in third world countries. 150,000,000 children in the world suffer from malnutrition More than half of African children suffer from diseases caused by water contamination and lack of hygiene. • Almost one-forth of 17,000,000 people who have died of HIV, have been children. The harmful effects of these traumas are not limited to childhood, and will continue till adulthood, and deprive a society of its efficient and qualified members. Childhood is the crucial period of development and nurturing of human being. Paying attention to it and providing appropriate facilities for a better life, are of our great responsibilities. Naturally, such children will provide themselves and their society with opportunity of improvement. 2) Where do they come from? Rural poverty and economic opportunities are the biggest push factors for massive migration from rural to urban areas. Children run away to urban settings because of abuse, both physical and sexual, failure and misplaced expectations — often with the misconception that where they are running to is better than what they are running from. 7

Children who live on their own without any adult/parental care, protection and guidance are the most vulnerable. They are often abused, even sexually, while they try to fend for themselves. After struggling to survive on the streets on their own, they too become numb and fall victim to the attractions that the streets offer — substance abuse, alcohol, sex or simply the tricks of making quick money. The problems of these children living in such conditions are complex. First, they are invisible and life on the street is hard. This makes them live on the precipice of mental hygiene and sanity. Despite the juvenile justice Act, children who are in conflict with the law are more often than not treated as adult criminals. The juvenile homes they are sent to are more like detention centres with very basic counselling and guidance facilities.

as being extremely resilient. They describe the word “street child” in a way that can be used in order to discriminate street children. It is a concept that is undesirable to be associated with, or even talk about. These children are not any different from any other child. 4) What can be done to reduce this phenomenon? We need to reverse the situation so that there is equitable and balanced growth, we need to make sure that every child on the street is taken care of. For that, we need to identify them. 8

Today, the numbers differ and we need to have uniform methods of counting them. Once we know the numbers and where the children are, we need to find out the extent of vulnerability. If they have, for instance, just arrived in the city or are willing to go back to the villages where they came from, explore the possibilities of repatriating them. A good example is the Jharkhand state office in Delhi, which is working with Save the Children to identify such children and make sure that they are sent safely back to their source destinations. 5) What can be done if sending them back isn’t ideal? If they come from abusive and dysfunctional homes, work with the communities in finding them foster homes. All this has to be done with the explicit understanding of the children and they should participate in those decisions. 9

If children can’t go back, the first thing to do is to help them come out of their invisibility. Invisibility is the major cause for their abuse and the denial of what they are truly entitled to. The drive by National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR), with the support of Ministry of Women and Child (MWCD) is path-breaking. They have created a step-by-step standard operating process (SOP) for the care and protection of street children. This has been launched in seven cities. More important, the drive is working with the municipalities to provide these children with Aadhaar cards, thus giving them an identity. This is the first step to access their rights and entitlement. The Aadhaar card distribution has already started in Delhi and Bhubaneswar. 6) How is India lacking behind? What India has in abundance are policies, but we remain slow in their implementation. Today, children living on the streets are not covered directly by any policy framework though there is indirect policy outreach. This lack of policy for street children also throws up obvious disadvantages such as there being no budget allocations by the government. With adequate policy coverage, budget allocations and making them more visible by giving them an identity, we will be making sure that our cities are safe for our children. 10

3) What is the role of local context? The local people admit that street children are viewed as vulnerable by the society and that these children fit into particular profiles when it comes to their personalities, such 7 https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/time-to-implement-policies-for-invisible-street-chil dren/story-jggwH8gtbcVYMrc8JZk2rI.html Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

8 sustainabledevelopment.un.org › futurewewant 9 unesdoc.unesco.org › Notice 10 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32540-1/fulltext Design Disertation I

Figure 4.2.1

4.2 Elderly

4.2.1 Ageing in India

As humans become old there are notable changes in both their physical and mental characteristics. These changes are of varyied degrees and are associated to a mixture of factors. The consequences of these changes result in the aged having to adjust their lifestyles and at times the location where they reside. These quick or gradual adjustments to their lives are at times disconcerting and result in dismay within the aged person. The chapter draws upon theories related to ageing, social integration and meaningful architecture. It explores two fundamental facets of ageing. It unpacks the physical and social impacts of ageing. It presents various needs and issues related to the elderly to inform the architectural approach that is required to promote care for the elderly. The architectural requirements of an environment that fosters care for the elderly is presented by various concepts that are linked to the overarching theories that define the discourse. Pertinent precedent studies that represent a modern and up to date approach to addressing the needs of the elderly are used to exhibit the manner the application of theory has been implemented in the built environment.

India is a vast country occupying an area of about 2,287,263 square kilometres. The Indian subcontinent is physically and culturally diverse. I11t is well known that there are vast differences in both quality and quantity of statistics about the elderly population (Kinsell & Taueber, 1992). In India there is no nation-wide registry of older people. Population ageing is the most important result of the process is called demographic transition. Reduction of fertility ends up in a decline in the proportion of the young within the population. Reduction in mortality suggests a longer life span for individuals. Population ageing involves a shift from high mortality/high fertility to low mortality/low fertility and accumulated proportion of older people in the total population. India is undergoing a demographic transition. In ancient India, the life span of hundred years was divided into four stages: the lifetime of a student, homeowner, forest dweller, and ascetic. There was a gradual move from personal, social to religious preoccupations with age. In most medicine literature, people above 60 years of age are considered as ’old’ and as constituting the elderly section of the population 11

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

www.pmc.gov.in › default › files › social_development

Design Disertation I

4.2.2 Aspects of aging As humans become older there are notable changes in both their physical and psychological characteristics. These changes are of variedg degree and are related to a combination of factors. There is however no general agreement on the age at which a person becomes old and each individual ages differently as a result of their mental and physical health. 12

This chapter describes both the physical and social aspects of ageing whereby the physical aspects shall describe the external, tangible aspects of the elderly whereas the social aspects shall relate to the social positions and social roles that have bearing on the elderly.

4.2.21 Physical aspects The physical aspects of aging relate to changes that occur within the human body. According to Morgan and Kunkel (1998), some of the superficial changes can be described as the greying and loss of hair and wrinkling of the skin. The physical aspects of aging are described as an amplified vulnerability to death combined with an everincreasing loss of healthy physical or mental energy (Comfort,1960 cited in Bond et al., 1993: 21). Bond is of the opinion that the expansion of the children population over their initial years can be dilleanated development as opposed to aging because the biological process at that stage is beneficial rather than damaging. Hence biologically, aging has a negative effect on the human body (Bond et al., 1993). • • • •

Ageing is a method that presents itself in every member of the world population. Ageing is a continuous pattern. Ageing is related to the specific nature of each individual organism. Ageing results in a decline in an individual organism’s former state of coherence, balance and integrity.

Some aged suffer loss of mobility to varyiable degrees with age, whereas others are fully able to commute without the hassle of mobility issues. The deterioration of health that comes with age may aditionally affect the individual’s sensory perception thus leading to weakening of vision, hearing, sense of touch, taste, and even smell. These changes, depending on their magnitude and the manner they are dealt with by the aged individual, can cause further decline in health. These changes in sensory perception however are not apparent in all older people and are related to the specific nature of each individual and can be addressed by adjustments in lifestyles and surrounding environments (Schiffman, 2007).

4.2.22 Social aspects The social aspects of ageing are described by Morgan and Kunkel (1998) as multifaceted and can be defined by the roles one plays in society, changes in social expectations and duties, perceptions of the elderly in the community and the process of entering what would appear to be the final stage of one’s life. 13

12 https://docplayer.net/95104628-Jameel-omarjee-supervisedby-mr-d-mhlaba.html 13 https://docplayer.net/95104628-Jameel-omarjee-supervisedby-mr-d-mhlaba.html Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Social structures have an inherent effect on people of all ages. In the urban context the social structure often related to ageing is retirement from the formal labour force. This structure is strongly influenced by the Disengagement Theory. According to Bond et al. (1993) the disengagement theory suggests a natural withdrawal of the elderly and society from one another. This sought of disengagement is promoted on the premise that the aged individual needs a smooth way out of employment to enter a well-deserved life of leisure and therefore effectively creating job opportunities for younger candidates who are physically fit. Conversely, the Activity Theory takes another view related to the process of aging. The theory suggests that for people to age well they must maintain social roles and interaction rather than remove themselves from the social sphere (Lemon, et al. 1972). Social expectations of all ages are strongly defined by age norms. Some norms are governed strictly by law, such as the prohibition of consumption of alcohol for teenagers under the age of eighteen or the retirement of people over sixty years of age from the formal labour force. Age norms are also dictated by the community and although not cast in stone, have a strong bearing on the manner individuals act due to these social expectations. These age norms relate to factors such as behaviour, dressing and speech (Morgan and Kunkel,1998). Perceptions and social status of the elderly are also outlined by the community based on religious and cultural beliefs that strongly define the respect and care that ought be offered to the elderly.

4.2.23 Economical aspects The shift in age structure makes issues of problem with social insuarance and economic support for elderely people teribly crucial. The pre-dominant concern of governments relate to the power of individual citizens to be economically independent in later years. In industrialied countries, public and/or private pension systems cover the economic needs of individuals. In most developing countries economic support still comes from families. Social security schemes are obtainable in India mainly for those retiring from the organized sector. Ninety percent of the entire force. However, is utilized within the informal sector. National old-age pension schemes provide assistance to destitute/ needy persons above 65 years. India, with it’s the predominantly agrarian-based economy, has inadequate social security provisions for it’s older people. The concept of social security implies that the state should make itself responsible for ensuring a minimum standard of material welfare to all it’s citizens. Although since independence India has been making efforts to realize the desirable goal of being a state , Social Security still covers only alittle proportion of the population. For schemes are the major security provisions. There are several acts that make provision for laborers in the organized sector. Among these only 40 percent are wage earners. Low wages, job insecurity, and lack of legal and governmental provisions to protect their rights, make this group vulnerable to economic hardships. A vast majority of women are housewives, and as such, ‘invisible workers’, depending on their families. Women’s work hardly quantified and monetized. Design Disertation I

4.2.3 Role of Government Elderlies are a treasure of knowledge and experience for the youngsters as well as the economy at large. As life expectancy improves, the geriatric population in India is expected to witness a boom. According to statistics, by 2050, the elderly population will account for around a quarter of the total population. Savings play a crucial role in such situations. Dealing with medical expenses becomes difficult as income might dwindle during retirement. As your age advances, susceptibility to various ailments increases, which in turn increases the need for a steady flow of income to cover the expenses for treatment as well as prevention. The government of India has launched various schemes in favour of senior citizens to protect their rights and maintain good health. 16

Nearly 60-75 you look after all elderly are economically hooked in to others, usually their children. Even people with pensions find their economic status lowered after retirement. This sought of disengagement is promoted on the premise that the aged individual needs a smooth way out of employment to enter a well-deserved life of leisure and therefore effectively creating job opportunities for younger candidates who are physically fit. Conversely the Activity Theory takes another view related to the process of ageing. The theory suggests that for people to age well they must maintain social roles and interaction rather than remove themselves from the social sphere (Lemon, et al. 1972). 14

Social expectations of all ages are strongly defined by age norms. Some norms are governed strictly by law, such as the prohibition of consumption of alcohol for teenagers under the age of eighteen or the retirement of people over sixty years of age from the formal labor force. Age norms are also dictated by the community and although not cast in stone, have a strong bearing on the manner individuals act due to these social expectations. These age norms relate to factors such as behavior, dressing, and speech (Morgan and Kunkel,1998).

1. Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Scheme 2. Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) 3. National Programme for the Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE) 4. Varishta Mediclaim Policy 5. Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana 6. Varishta Pension Bima Yojana 7. Senior Citizens’ Welfare Fund 8. Vayoshreshtha Samman 9. Reverse Mortgage Scheme 10. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

Perceptions and social status of the elderly are also outlined by the community based on religious and cultural beliefs that strongly define the respect and care that ought be offered to the elderly.

4.2.4 International Conventions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Older people’s right to freedom from discrimination Older people’s right to freedom from violence Older people’s right to social security Older people’s right to health Older people’s right to work Older people’s right to property and inheritance rights17

4.2.4 Ground Realities As India fights to stay afloat amidst the COVID 19 lockdown, the elderly are struggling to simply survive. Senior citizens have been the worst hit, as they are the most vulnerable especially those above 80 years of age who are at a high risk of succumbing to COVID 19. As per CDC, it is as high as 14.8%. For those above 70 years it is 8%. In India, government has been pro-active in taking a number of steps. Despite this, there is so much still be done, as our numbers are huge.18

Misbehave/Bad treatment Abuse mental torture Assault

Restricted social life Denial of basic needs other forms of harrasment

Figure 4.2.2

14 researchspace.ukzn.ac.za › Omarjee_Jameel_2013 15 https://docplayer.net/95104628-Jameel-omarjee-supervisedby-mr-d-mhlaba.html Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

16 https://www.india.gov.in/people-groups/life-cycle/senior-citizens 17 https://social.un.org/ageing-working-group/documents/C 18 https://www.helpageindia.org/covid-19-emergency-response/ Design Disertation I

4.2.5 Active Ageing Active ageing is a concept derived from the Activity Theory of Ageing. The concept is grounded on confidence that a positive relationship exists between meaningful activity and life satisfaction and keeping active is a means of promoting good health as we age. The following shall discuss certain measures that are suggested to promote healthy ageing and active participation of the elderly in the community.

4.2.51 Healthy ageing

Just as imbalance is caused by physical strain or poor nutrition so too is imbalance caused by emotional malnourishment causing physiological and psychosomatic ailments. Rowe and Kahn (1997) are of the opinion that successful ageing is widely perceived as the maintenance of good health, high levels of physical and psychological functioning and active engagement in the environment.

Behavioural determinants

Active Ageing

The state of being healthy goes beyond the mere understanding of lacking disease or successful bodily function. According to Day (2002), health is a state of being and living and the environment has a constant healing or poisoning effect on this state. A positive state of health can be gained by creating a holistic sense of balance in the body, mind and soul.

Health and social services

Personal determinants Physical Environment

• Giving the elderly the opportunity to learn new skills and make use of modern technological advancements. (Cox and Parsons, 1994) The built environment can contribute to empowering the elderly by providing facilities for such empowerment and by being composed in a manner that responds to the physical and social needs of the elderly. In light of the retiree, the activity theory recommends that they substitute employment with other engaging activity and maintain roles in the social sphere. The activity must result in positive aspects of achievement that the retiree would generally gain from working. 19

These aspects of satisfaction would be other than that attributed to financial gain and would add further beneficial meaning to life of the retiree. Opportunities for such activity may be provided by giving the elderly the preference to live within the community and allowing them freedom to participate in community activities. Activity may also be promoted by providing them access to life-long education, spaces that promote community development and volunteerism (Perkins, et al. 2004). 20

Social Determinants Economic determinants Figure 4.2.3

According to the World Health Organisation (2012) over and above education and facilities to manage health complications, physical and social environments should be created to also cater for the elderly and promote healthy activity (WHO, 2012).

4.2.52 Solutions Empowerment is described as the act of giving, granting or permitting power. It is also the act of gaining power (Cox and Parsons, 1994). According to Torre (1985) the act of empowerment gives people the strength and ability to become involved in, have a say in matters of control and influence events and institutions that have a bearing on their lives. Empowerment becomes imperative in the lives of the elderly who have to certain degrees began to lose power as a result of social systems or the biological effects of ageing. According to Cox and Parsons, empowering the elderly in the social sphere can effectuated by: • Improving the attitudes about the aged • Allowing maximum scope for decision making and matters of control. • Giving the elderly a platform to express their wisdom and skills where possible. • Informing the elderly with regards to methods of self-care and healthy living where possible. • Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

19 https://www.coursehero.com/file/p5ohl2om/CONTEXTUALIZING-CARE-FOR-THE-ELDERLYThe-word-care-is-a-very-broad-term-and-has/ 20 https://www.coursehero.com/file/p5ohl2om/CONTEXTUAING-CARE-FOR-THE-ELDERLYDesign Disertation I

4.2.6 Question that arises

4.2.7 Sources

4.2.61 What are the challenges of the aging homeless population?

• Alexander, C. (1977) A Pattern Language, Oxford University Press

• Premature Aging -Homelessness can age a person prematurely and lead to life expectancies that can be years lower than the general population. Homeless adults aged 50 years and older have rates of chronic illnesses and geriatric conditions similar to or higher than those of housed adults 15 to 20 years older, including conditions often thought to be limited to the elderly, such as falls and memory loss.1

• Blaxter, L., Hughs, C., & Tight, M. (2006) How to Research. Open University Press, Berkshire.

Sleeping outdoors can be a health strain even for young, healthy individuals, but for older adults and for people who already have chronic health problems or disabilities, it is particularly harmful. It is much more difficult to manage illnesses like diabetes that require a refrigerator for medicine. Following a prescribed diet while relying on shelter food is also a challenge. Additionally, the inability to stay warm and get sufficient rest can cause health problems to worsen.2 • Crime In 2006, 27% of the homeless victims of violent crimes were between 50-59 years old.19 As a result, elderly homeless individuals may avoid shelters and other services due to distrust and become more likely to sleep on the street. 3 • Trouble Accessing Benefits The risk of institutionalization for homeless older adults is great, due to the lack of sufficient funding for, and development of, alternative housing solutions. Because many homeless older adults do have great health care needs and need support in activities of daily living, sometimes the only permanent shelter available to them is a nursing home; or worse, a jail or a psychiatric hospital. Individuals experiencing chronic homelessness are often caught in an “institutionalization circuit,”cycling between living on the street or in a shelter and living in an institution.

4.2.62 What are the solutions? • Increase Income Supports - Expand and protect safety net programs such as Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) so that they provide sufficient basic income and are accessible to those who qualify. • Make Health Care Affordable and Accessible - Expand medicare other health benefits so that senior’s out of pocket costs don’t threaten their economic security. • Target Health Care Programs • Create More Affordable, Accessible Housing • Expand the Availability of Low-Cost Legal Services That Serve Seniors

• Blumberg, B., Cooper, D.R., & Schindler, P.S. (2005) Business Research Method, McGraw Hill Education, Berkshire. • Blumberg, B., Cooper, D.R., & Schindler, P.S. (2005) Business Research Methods, McGraw Hill Education, Berkshire. • Bond, J., Coleman, P., Peace S., (1993) Ageing in Society, an introduction to social gerontology, second edition, SAGE Publications, California, London & New Delhi • Brown, L (ed.) (1993) The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press • Carmona, Heath, Oc, Tiesdall, (2003) Public Spaces Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design, Architectural Pres • Cheskin, L. (1948) Colors: What they can do for you, Liverright Publishing Corporation, New York • Clough, R. (1999). ‘Scandolous care: intepreting public enquiring reports of scandals in residential care’. In F. Glendenning and P. Kingston, eds., Elder Abuse and Neglect in Residential Settings. Binghamton, N.Y.: Haworth Press, pp. 13-27 • Mumford, L. (1956) “For Older People – Not Segregation But Integration.” Architectural Record 191-194. • Sime, J. D. (1986). Creating places or designing spaces? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 6, 49-63. • CSIR (1967) A guide to special housing for aged people, Research Report 245, National Building Research Institute - Bulletin 43 • WHO/INPEA (2002a). Active Ageing, a Policy Framework, Geneva: WHO’s Ageing and Health programme • WHO/INPEA (2002b). Missing Voices: views of older persons on elder abuse. WHO/ NMH/NPH/02.2. Geneva: WHO • WHO (2012). Good health adds life to years, Geneva: WHO’s Global brief for World Health Day 2012

1 Brown RT, Hemati K, Riley ED, Lee CT, Ponath C, Tieu L, Guzman D, Kushel MB. Geriatric Conditions in a Population-Based Sample of Older Homeless Adults. Gerontologist. 2016 Feb 26. Pii: gnw0111.[epub ahead of print]PubMed PMID: 26920935. 2 Hearth, Inc. and CSH, Ending Homelessness Among Older Adults and Seniors Through Permanent Supportive Housing, (December 2011), available at, http://goo.gl/EfskJs. 3 The National Coalition for the Homeless, Homelessness Among Elderly Persons, (September 2009), available at, http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/Elderly.pdf. Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

4.3 Transgender community

Figure 4.3.1

In the society of men and women, there exists Tritiya Prakriti the third sex called Hijras, in India. The transgender community had been part of Indian society for centuries. The theory of ‘Tritiya Prakriti’ or ‘napumsaka’ had been part of Hindu mythology, epics, folklore, and Vedic literature for a very long time. In India, they are mostly recognized as people peculiarly dressed in saree but look like males, clapping, and moving from one place to another in a peculiar way. They are often seen begging either on street or in the shops or in the trains etc. they carry stories of glorious past but now their life is becoming pathetic and harder day by day. Earlier earning money by begging was very simple because of the superstitious nature of man but now because of the pace of life and also the extent of education they do not get enough money even to feed themselves which has given rise to extortion and criminal behavior. Hijras today are perceived as scary and intimidating by common people. In mainstream society, they live on a small basis and chawls. In spite of living their own life without interfering in other matters, they are disdained by the people. People are still unaware of the fact that they are also normal human beings who are different from the societal idealistic view but can work, act, feel, and sense as others do, the only thing that they need is opportunity and scope. Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

All over the globe, the hermaphrodites are born, eunuchs are formed but there is no such community existing anywhere, why? That is because they are given the same opportunity as others. Transgender and architecture have an uneasy relationship. On the surface, both couldn‘t seem less alike. Architecture stands firm; transgender is at heart an ethos of change design. 1Transgender is a type of identity; architecture is an aesthetic production. Architecture excludes and divides; transgender encompasses, includes, and bends boundaries and binaries. In just the last two years alone, trans and queer cases for gender-neutral space and accessibility. This chapter seeks to find the answers to the questions that explore the problems of transgender community. If the hijras has to be properly and perfectly established in the society, there has to be a key of contact between them and the main stream because most of the people are scared of the hijras, which prevents them from knowing them well or end up knowing nothing but the myths about them. Their work area will serve as one key of bringing both of them together at the same place.

Transgender Architectonics: The Shape of Change in Modernist Space

Design Disertation I

4.3.2 Myths and facts 4.2.2.1 Every Transgender Person Is A Hijra While those who are ignorant and insensitive often use Hijra as a derogatory term to mock and abuse effeminate boys and transgender individuals, what most people in India don’t realise is that the hijra community is a socio-cultural community comprising of transgender people who may belong to India and even a few neighbouring countries. They have their own set of rules and customs, and only a transgender person who accepts to become a part of this community can only be called a Hijra. 2

4.2.2.2 Trans People Are Incapable Of Doing Significant Jobs in several parts of India, people still believe in stereotypes and refuse to give jobs to trans people. Not only is a lot of awareness needed regarding this, but proper education and skills should be imparted to trans people so that they can become a productive workforce. Many trans people drop out of school/college because they suffer bullying and harassment.

4.2.2.3 Being The Parent Of A Transgender Child Is Shameful Parents who see their children through the eyes of society often don’t realise that to be progressive, a society needs to evolve and necessary changes need to be made with time as we learn new things. It is our responsibility to make it better, more inclusive and progressive by ushering in the necessary changes. .

4.2.2.4 Letting Trans people use the bathroom or locker room matching their gender identity is dangerous. Transgender people generally prefer using the bathroom or locker room that matches their gender identity, not the one that corresponds with the gender they were assigned at birth.

4.2.2.5 All trans people medically transition. Not everyone who is transgender prioritizes or desires procedures, such as hormone therapy and gender-affirming surgeries, required for a full medical transition. While some undergo medical transitions for cosmetic, psychological, or health reasons, many won’t because they can’t afford it, face some other obstacle, or simply don’t want to.

4.2.2.6 Transgender people are mentally ill Gender dysphoria — a state of emotional distress caused by how someone’s body or the gender they were assigned at birth conflicts with their gender identity — is a widely recognized medical condition. If untreated, it can lead to severe mental health issues, including debilitating depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. And not all trans people deal with severe dysphoria. It’s barely or not present for some Trans people, while it’s mentally excruciating for others. 2

Figure 4.3.2

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Design Disertation I

4.3.3 History of transgender community

4.3.3.3 Criminalization under the colonial rule

The historical evolution of the transgender community in Mughal period, British period, Post-Independence and contemporary period. In the Mughal period the transgenders were in high position and they were political advisor and administered in empire. In the British era the transgenders were benefited by the provision of land and rights of food. In contemporary period, the government of India implemented new policy and schemes for the social protection and welfare schemes of transgender community.

Through the onset of colonial rule from the 18th century onwards, the situation changed drastically. Accounts of early European travelers showed that they were repulsed by the sight of Hijras and could not comprehend why they were given so much respect in the royal courts and other institutions. In the second half of the 19th century, the British colonial administration vigorously sought to criminalize the hijra community and to deny them the civil rights. Hijras were considered to be separate caste or tribe in different parts of India by the colonial administration.

4.3.3.1 Mughal Period Hijras played a famous role in the royal courts of the Islamic world, particularly in the Ottoman empires and the Mughal rule in the Medieval India. They rose to wellknown positions as political advisors, administrators, generals as well as guardians of the harems. Hijras were consider clever, trustworthy and fiercely loyal and had free access to all spaces and sections of population, thereby playing a crucial role in the politics of empire building in the Mughal era.

4.3.3.4 Contemporary Period The transgender in India is possibly the most well known and popular third type of sex in the modern world. The Supreme Court declared for transgender as third gender. The third genders in India have emerged as a strong faction in the LGBT rights. In the contemporary time the Government of India introduced so many welfare policy and schemes such as, census, documentation, issuing of the citizenship ID Cards, issuing passports, social-economical development and constitutional safeguards for the transgender people.

The Hijras also occupied high positions in the Islamic religious institutions, especially in guarding the holy places of Mecca and Medina the person of trust, they were able to influence state decisions and also received large amount of money to have been closest to kings and queens. Thus hijra frequently state the role of their status in that period.

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a major initiative of the 11thFive Year Plan period which brought employment opportunities for transgender people. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation is the National Urban Livelihood Mission and Healthcare facilities.

4.3.3.2 British Period In the beginning of the British period in Indian subcontinent hijra used to accept protections and benefits by some Indian states through entry into the hijra community. Furthermore, the benefits incorporated the provision of land, rights of food and smaller amount of money from agricultural households in exact area which were ultimately removed through British legislation as because the land was not inherited through blood relations.

1500BC – 500BC • The Vedas describe individuals belonging to one of three separate categories, according to one’s nature or prakriti.

9 BC

200 BC – 200 AD

• Eunuchs have existed since 9th century BC. The word has roots in Greek and means keeper.

• The foundation work of Hindu law , Manu Smriti explains the biological origins of the three sexes.

3rd Century • The earliest tamil grammar, the tolkappiyam (3rd century BC) Also refers to hermaphrodites as neuter gender.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Figure 4.3.3

Mughal Period • Had well known positions as political advisors, administrators, generals as well as guardians of the harems.

British Period • The provision of land, rights of food and some amount of agriculture households.

Design Disertation I

1871 – Colonial Rule • Criminalization and marginalization post-independence. • The criminal tribes act, 1871 and section 36A.

1952 – Marginilization post independence • The act was repealed in 1952 and it’s legacy continues and many local laws reflected the prejudicial attitudes against certain tribes, including against Hijras.

Contemporary Period • Supreme court – third sex, LGBTI tights and social procation of welfare policy and schemes for transgender people)

4.3.4 Socio-economic conditions of Trasngenders Hijras are often considered as one of the most marginalized groups within the country. Since their origins are mostly associated with ancient Hindu texts, they had a close affinity with the mother goddess through which Hijras considered themselves as an ambivalent figure of lord Shiva signifying their identity. Hijras have a recorded history in the Indian subcontinent from antiquity onwards as mentioned in the Kama Sutra period. 3

This history features a number of well-known roles within subcontinental cultures, part gender luminal, part spiritual, and part survival. Hijras were once an accepted group in Indian culture. The Vedas and ancient Hindu texts, include eunuchs and characters with both male and female characteristics.

•

Discriminatory treatment, which can take place in a range of everyday settings, including workplaces, schools, family homes and hospitals. Without national laws prohibiting discrimination by third parties on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity, such discriminatory treatment continues unchecked, leaving little recourse to those affected. In this context, lack of legal recognition of same-sex relationships or of a person’s gender identity can also have a discriminatory impact on many LGBT individuals.

Due to low population and gender variants, they undergo severe discrimination and abuse from all the sectors which led to various social and economic factors like low literacy rate, low income, and social stigmata which in turn affect the life of Hijras. Due to literacy low rate, they mostly engaged in prostitution as a means of survival which can be a great threat to diseases like AIDS or HIV. Other occupations may also include collecting alms in streets, temples and receiving payments for newborn babies. Due to their gender variants people are not willing to employ them, which gave them a minimal chance to express their ideas and talents (Jennifer Loh, 2011) both male and female characteristics. One of the greatest achievements was the freedom to franchising their vote in an election which represents freedom of expression and speech in the society as Justice Radhakrishna has also said that ‘transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law, enabling them to access jobs, healthcare, and education’. In addition, a bill has been passed in the Indian parliament to ensure that transgender people get the same benefits as SC/STs and with this, steps have been taken to make sure that they get enrolment in primary, secondary schools, government jobs, and protection from sexual harassment. (Salsa V/S U.O.I. Case, 2014). 4

4.3.5 Forms of human rights violation affecting LGBT people The UN human rights office has documented a wide range of human rights violations committed against individuals on the basis of their sexual orientation and gender identity. These include: • Violent attacks, ranging from aggressive verbal abuse and psychological bullying to physical assault, beatings, torture, kidnapping and targeted killings.

Figure 4.3.4

• Discriminatory criminal laws, often used to harass and punish LGBT people, including laws criminalizing consensual same-sex relationships, which violate rights to privacy and to freedom from discrimination. • Discriminatory curbs on free speech and related restrictions on the exercise of rights to freedom of association and assembly, including laws banning dissemination of information on same-sex sexuality under the guise of restricting the spread of socalled LGBT “propaganda.” 3 4

jrar.com › upload_issue › ijrar_issue_20543558 www.nytimes.com › india-third-gender-hijras-transgender Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

4.3.6 Exclusion

4.3.6.1 Exclusion from social and cultural participation

A large population of people thinks of gender as a kind of inalienable property of individuals, as something we either are or have. Hence, when gender non-conformity is evident and confirmed in a person, exclusion of that person is being practiced even in their family of orientation. Although the transgender community has recognition in Hindu society to some extent, in a contemporary context, their gender non-conformity makes them socially excluded.

Exclusion from family and society in general, Indians tolerate, accept, and respect a wide range of differences in cultures, religions, languages, and customs. Despite Indian society’s general climate of acceptance and tolerance, there appears to be limited public knowledge and understanding of same sex sexual orientation and people whose gender identity and expression are incongruent with their biological sex.

Exclusion from socio-cultural participation

Exclusion from political participation Social exclusion of transgenders

Exclusion from economic activities

Human rights violations against sexual minorities including the transgender communities in India have been widely documented. Most families do not accept if their male child starts behaving in ways that are considered feminine or inappropriate to the expected gender role. Consequently, family members may threaten, scold or even assault their son/sibling from behaving or dressing-up like a girl or woman. Some parents may outright disown and evict their own child for crossing the prescribed gender norms of the society and for not fulfilling the roles expected from a male child. Parents may provide several reasons for doing so: bringing disgrace and shame to the family; diminished chances of their child getting married to a woman in the future and thus end of their generation (if they have only one male child); and perceived inability on the part of their child to take care of the family. Some parents may straightaway disown and evict their own child for crossing the prescribed gender norms of the societal standards and for not fulfilling the roles expected from a male child. Folks may provide several reasons for doing so: bringing disgrace and shame to the family; diminished chances of their children getting married to a woman in the future and which is end of their generation (if they have only one male child); and perceived inability on the part of their child to take care of the family. Sometimes, the child or teenager may decide to run away from the family not able to tolerate the discrimination or not wanting to bring shame to one’s family. Some of them may eventually find their way to Hijras communities. This means many Hijras are not educated or uneducated and consequently find it difficult to get jobs. Moreover, it is hard to find people who employ Hijras/TG people.

4.3.6.2 Exclusion from political participation Legal, civil, and political rights in 1871, the British enacted the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871, under which certain tribes and communities were considered to be ‘addicted to the systematic commission of non-bail able offences’. These communities and tribes were perceived to be criminals by birth, with criminality being passed on from generation to generation. In 1897, the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 was amended and under the provisions of this statute, “a eunuch [was] deemed to include all members of the male sex who admit themselves or on medical inspection clearly appear, to be impotent” In July 2009, the Delhi High Court ruled that consensual same-sex relations between adults in private cannot be criminalized. Soon after that judgment, appeals in the Indian Supreme court objecting to the ruling were lodged; the Indian government has yet to submit a formal response.

Figure 4.3.5

Legal issues can be complex for people who change sex, as well as for those who are gender-variant. Legal issues include: legal recognition of their gender identity, same-sex Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

4.3.4 Statistics

marriage, child adoption, Inheritance, wills and trusts, immigration status, employment discrimination, and access to public and private health benefits. Especially, getting legal recognition of gender identity as a woman or transgender woman is a complicated process.

According to 2011 census, 4,87,803 lakhs are been classified as transgender out of which 54854 is below 6 yrs. and literacy rate is 56.07%.Maximum number of concentration are found in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra consisting of 28 and 8% respectively. Beside that Andhra Pradesh stand in number 2 position with 9% followed by Madhya Pradesh Transgender and west Bengal with 6%Population ,Tamil Nadu with 4% and Rajasthan and Punjab with 3 and 2 % respectively (Census, 2011). Chattisgarh Jammu & Kashmir

4.3.6.3 Exclusion from Economic Particiaption and Lack of Social Security Hijras/TG communities face a variety of social security issues. Since most Hijras run away or evicted from home, they do not expect support from their biological family in the long run. Subsequently, they face a lot of challenges especially when they are not in a position to earn (or has decreased earning capacity) due to health concerns, lack of employment opportunities, or old age. Some of the important issues and concerns faced by Hijras/ TG communities in relation to social security measures are given below. Lack of livelihood options most employers deny employment for even qualified and skilled transgender people. Sporadic success stories of self-employed Hijras who run food shops, or organize cultural programs are reported in some states. However, those are exceptions. Lack of livelihood options is a key reason for a significant proportion of HIV and health-related risks.

associated

Only the Department of Social Welfare in the state of Tamil Nadu has recently established ‘Aravanis/Transgender Women Welfare Board’ to address the social welfare issues of Aravanis/Hijras. No other state has replicated this initiative so far. Lack of access to Life and Health insurance schemes Most Hijras are not under any life or health insurance schemes because of lack of knowledge; inability to pay premiums; or not able to get enrolled in the schemes. Thus, most rely on the government hospitals in spite of the reality of the pervasive discrimination (UNDP. 2010) The below figure explains the socio – economic exclusion of Hijras in the society.

cisgender gender discrimination

orientation

human

bisexual

fluid pansexual

queer

transgender gay

binary

rights

lesbian

They/them

identity

genderqueer

Figure 4.3.6

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Punjab 2% Assam 2%

Haryana 2%

Chattisgarh 1%

Rajasthan 3% Karnataka 4% Orissa 4%

Transgender Population

Kerala 1% Jammu & Kashmir 1%

Uttarakhand 1%

Maharashtra Bihar

Kerala 1%

West Bengal Tamil Nadu MP UP 29%

Rajasthan 3% Karnataka 4%

Tamil Nadu 5% West Bengal 6%

Figure 4.3.7

MP 6%

Orissa

Maharashtra 8%

Bihar West Bengal Tamil Nadu Orissa

Punjab

Tamil Nadu 5% Maharashtra West Bengal 8% Bihar 6% Bihar 8% 8%

Maharashtra

Rajasthan

Assam

Andhra Pradesh 9%

Andhra Pradesh

Gujarat

Andhra Pradesh 9%

Karnataka Jharkhand

Orissa 4%

MP 6%

UP Andhra Pradesh

Delhi 1%

UP 29%

Gujarat 2% Jharkhand 3%

Delhi 1%

Haryana 2%

Punjab 2% Assam 2%

Gujarat 2% Jharkhand 3%

Uttarakhand 1%

Karnataka Rajasthan Jharkhand Gujarat Assam

Haryana

Punjab

Chattisgarh

Haryana Chattisgarh

Jammu & Kashmir Uttarakhand Delhi Kerala

4.3.5 Occupation The term Occupation is often associated with social identity which reflects the position of an individual’s in a society determining the relationship through various works and thus this relationship are dialectical in every sphere of human activities because just as occupation shaped the identity similarly identity also shaped the occupation. While defining the nature of occupation of Hijras the answer remain ambiguous. Due to low literacy rate the proportion of working group is below 45 % as a main worker as whereas, other are engaged in prostitution as a means of survivals.

4.3.6 Prevelance of Transgender in India In Indian census has never recognized the third gender, i.e., transgender while collecting census data for years. However, in the Census of 2011, data of transgender were collected in the category of “Others” under Gender with details related to their employment, literacy, and caste. The census revealed the total population of transgender to be around 4.88 lakh. The data have been primarily linked to the males section as they are usually counted as men, but on request, they may be counted as women. Due to this, it is impossible to comment on the actual transgender population, though the census has provided an approximate estimate. The 2011 census also reported 55,000 children as transgender identied by their parents Design Disertation I

4.3.7 Transgender People HIV and AIDS

4.3.7.2 HIV prevention for transgender people

4.3.7.1 What puts transgender people at risk of HIV?

Transgender people can have very diverse HIV prevention needs. Targeted prevention approaches that respond to the specific needs of individuals are essential to reducing HIV infections. In addition, prevention initiatives that empower transgender people and enable them to take the lead in meeting the needs of their own community are the most effective.9

Overlapping social, cultural, legal and economic factors contribute to pushing transgender people to society’s margins. Transgender people are more likely to have dropped out of education, had to move away from family and friends, and faced workplace discrimination, limiting their educational and economic opportunities. They can encounter problems accessing basic goods and services and even public spaces. These challenges are exacerbated by a lack of legal recognition of their gender and the absence of anti-discrimination laws that explicitly include transgender people.6 5

Sex work

Social exclusion, economic vulnerability and a lack of employment opportunities means that sex work is often the most viable form of income available to transgender people, and a high proportion of transgender people engage in sex work. For example, the proportion of transgender people who sell sex is estimated to be up to 90% in India, 84% in Malaysia, 81% in Indonesia, 47% in El Salvador and 36% in Cambodia.7

Injecting hormones

Sexual health care for transgender people is often inadequate, with many policy makers and service providers failing to address the needs of transgender women as a population distinct from men who have sex with men.20 Only 39% of countries in 2014 had specific programmes targeting transgender people in their national HIV strategies.10 Percentage of countries addressing transgender people in their National HIV strategies

39%

It is common for transgender people to obtain injectable hormones, the most common form of gender enhancement, and carry out the injecting themselves. Without counselling on safe injecting practices, people going through this process may be very vulnerable to HIV transmission because of the risk of sharing needles with others.8

Strategic plans addressing transgender people

61%

KEY POINTS • •

Transgender people are 49 times more at risk of living with HIV compared to the general population. Transgender people often face social and legal exclusion, economic vulnerability, and are at an increased risk of experiencing violence. Disempowerment and low self-esteem make transgender women, in particular, less likely or less able, to negotiate condom use.

•

HIV-related stigma and transphobia create barriers to the access of HIV testing and treatment services by transgender people.

•

More targeted prevention approaches are needed in combination with increased welfare and employment opportunities to address the specific needs of transgender people.

5 Winter, S., et al (2016) ‘Transgender people: health at the margins of society’, The Lancet 6 UNAIDS (2017) Blind Spot: Reaching out to men and boys[pdf] 7 UNAIDS (2014) ‘The Gap Report’ [pdf] 8 Herbst J. H. et al (2008) ‘Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of transgender persons in the United States: a systematic review.’ AIDS and Behaviour 12 (1) Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Strategic planning do not include transgender people

4.3.7.3 The way forward

Figure 4.3.8

There is a critical lack of data and limited funding for, and research about, transgender people and what drives their vulnerability to HIV.11 More effort is needed by researchers, governments and NGOs to collaborate to find ways to combat HIV among transgender communities – particularly in places where their legal rights are not respected. Initiatives should be developed in partnership with transgender communities, and should link health with advocacy, social justice, and human rights. It is vital that transgender people around the world are informed about safer sex and how to protect themselves from HIV, however, until their rights are protected by law and respected by society they will continue to be vulnerable to HIV. Interventions that have focused exclusively on sexual health have not achieved expected results as they failed to address the social exclusion that leads to high-risk behaviours 9 Center of Excellence for Transgender Health (2012) ‘8 best practices for HIV prevention among trans people’ 10 UNAIDS (2014) ‘The Gap Report’ [pdf] 11 Theron L. B. et al (2012, September 9th) ‘Transgender in Africa: Invisible, inaccessible, or ig Design Disertation I

4.3.8 National Framework

4.3.10 Summary

• The Bill defnes a transgender person as one who is partly female or male; or a combination of female and male; or neither female nor male. In addition, the person’s gender must not match the gender assigned at birth and includes trans-men, transwomen, persons with intersex variations and gender-queers • A transgender person must obtain a certifcate of identity as proof of recognition of identity as a transgender person and to invoke rights under the Bill • Such a certificate would be granted by the District Magistrate on the recommendation of a Screening Committee. The committee would comprise a medical officer, a psychologist or psychiatrist, a district welfare officer, a government official, and a transgender person. • The Bill prohibits discrimination against a transgender person in areas such as education, employment, and healthcare. It directs the central and state governments to provide welfare schemes in these areas. • Offences such as compelling a transgender person to beg, denial of access to a public place, physical and sexual abuse, etc. would attract up to 2 years’ imprisonment and a fne.12

4.3.9 International standards on LGBTQ+ rights

Protect people from homophobic and transphobic violence. Include sexual orientation

and gender identity as protected characteristics in hate crime laws. Establish effective systems to record and report hate-motivated acts of violence. Ensure effective investigation and prosecution of perpetrators and redress for victims of such violence. Asylum laws and policies should recognize that persecution on account of one’s sexual orientation or gender identity may be a valid basis for an asylum claim.

Prevent the torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of LGBT persons in

detention by prohibiting and punishing such acts and ensuring thatvictims are provided with redress. Investigate all acts of mistreatment by State agents and bring those responsible to justice. Provide appropriate training to law enforcement officers and ensure effective monitoring of places of detention.

Repeal laws criminalizing homosexuality, including all laws that prohibit

private sexual conduct between consenting adults of the same sex. Ensure that individuals are not arrested or detained on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity, and are not subjected to baseless and degrading physical examinations intended to determine their sexual orientation.

Prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Enact

At the international level there is no binding legal framework explicitly making reference to the principle of non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity or sex characteristics. However, States obligations to protect LGBT rights is clear under human rights international law. Specifically, two fundamental principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: equalit

comprehensive laws that include sexual orientation and gender identity as prohibited grounds of discrimination. In particular, ensure non-discriminatory access to basic services, including in the context of employment and health care. Provide education and training to prevent discrimination and stigmatization of LGBT and intersex people.

1. and non-discrimination 2. Moreover, United Nations human rights treaty bodies have repeatedly confirmed that sexual orientation and gender identity are included among prohibited grounds of discrimination under international human rights law.

Safeguard freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly for

LGBT and intersex people. Any limitations on these rights must be compatible with international law and must not be discriminatory. Protect individuals who exercise their rights to freedom of expression, association and freedom of assembly from acts of violence and intimidation by private parties.

12 http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack 13 https://www.unfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/International-Human-Rights-Law.pdf Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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4.3.11 Ground Realities

4.3.12 Question that arises

COVID-19 is a new global pandemic and people with HIV may be particularly vulnerable. Gender identity is not reported, therefore data are absent on the impact of COVID-19 on transgender people, including transgender people with HIV. Baseline data from the American Cohort to Study HIV Acquisition Among Transgender Women in High Risk Areas (LITE) Study provide an opportunity to examine pre-COVID vulnerability among transgender women.

• What are the key issues faced by the community?

Transgender women with HIV may be particularly vulnerable to pandemic harms. Mitigating this harm would have positive effects for everyone, given the highly infectious nature of this coronavirus. Collecting gender identity in COVID-19 data is crucial to inform an effective public health response. Transgender-led organizations’ response to this crisis serve as an important model for effective community-led interventions. Figure 4.3.9

1. The Supreme Court has held that the right to self-identifcation of gender is part of the right to dignity and autonomy under Article 21 of the Constitution. However, objective criteria may be required to determine one’s gender to be eligible for entitlements. 2. The Bill states that a person recognized as “transgender” would have the right to “self-perceived’ gender identity. However, it does not provide for the enforcement of such a right. A District Screening Committee would issue a certifcate of identity to recognize transgender person 3. The defnition of “transgender persons” in the Bill is at variance with the defnitions recognized by international bodies and experts in India 4. The Bill includes terms such as “trans-men,” “trans-women,” persons with “intersex variations,” and “gender-queers” in its defnition of transgender persons. However, these terms have not been defned

4.3.12 Sources Census 2011, Govt of India Craddock E (2012) Altered Bodies and Alternative Lives:Thirunangi Communities in Tamil Nadu. Presentation- American Academy of Religion Annual Meeting 2012, Chicago Custodi A (2007) Show you are a Man! Trans-sexuality and Gender Bending in the Characters of Arjuna/Bahuchara and Amba/Sikhandin (I) in Simon Brodbeck and Brian Black (eds.) Gender and Narrative in the Mahabharata, London: Rout ledge, 208–229. Gayatri R (2010) With respect to sex: Negotiating Hijras Identit in the south. Chicago. University of Chicago press, EBook library. Nanda S (1990) Neither Man nor Women: The Hijras of India Belmont, California: Wadsworth publishing company Simon Brodbeck (2007) Gender and Narrative in the Mahabharata. Routledge. Tissy TM (2013) Monograph on clan cultural of Hijras: An exploration to gender identity and status of Hijras inside and outside Gharanas. Centre for research-projects. Christ University Bangalore. UNDP V (2010) Hijras / Transgender Women in India: HIV, Human Rights and Social Exclusion. UNDP, India 1-15. Preeti Sharma, “Historical Background and Legal Status of Third Gender In Indian Society”, IJRESS, Vol.ED – 2 (12), December. 2012.

Figure 4.3.12 Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

K.S. Radhakrishnan, J. In the supreme court of India Civil original jurisdiction Writ petition (civil) No.400 of 2012 National legal services authority, j u d g m e n t 2013. Design Disertation I

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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05 Inclusion Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

5.2 What is inclusion? Social inclusion is the process by which efforts are made to ensure equal opportunities that everyone, regardless of their background, can achieve their full potential in life. Such efforts include policies and actions that promote equal access to (public) services as well as enable citizen’s participation in the decision-making processes that affect their lives. 1

“A shared purpose is what brings people together and makes them strong.”

Figure 5.1

5.3 Pillars of Inclusion The 7 Pillars of Inclusion is a broad framework that provides organisations a starting point to address inclusion and diversity. Each pillar represents the common aspects of inclusion–the things that are similar regardless of who we seek to involve in society. Importantly the 7 Pillars focuses on habits, the things we do, that either enable inclusion or don’t. By identifying these habits, we can begin to make changes that enable and promote inclusion. In this way the 7 Pillars provide a starting point for achieving diversity and can be used to address the ‘how to’ of achieving inclusion. 2

5.31 Access Access explores the importance of a welcoming environment and the habits that create it. 5.32 Attitude Attitude looks at how willing people are to embrace inclusion and diversity and to take meaningful action

5.1 Introduction This planet is dominated by the human species but there are other species which are also inclusive in our world but with a minor role. But even within the this dominant human world there are different smaller world in which there’s a heirarchy living of human beings and these heirarchies prevent people who naturally don’t belong to be excluded from the society. What makes them not be a part of our human world? This chapter explores the different ways by which the humans form their own cults and community. If we lose sight of other people and if they are not part of our daily life, we will lose something very valuable, the ability to constantly redefine ourselves in relation to others. We need to start creating spaces differently, that creates and facilitates encounters between different people to share rituals and activities. We need to understand the fact that humans work with different people. It’s important because it’s the connection between an individual and someone else different that makes the person they are.

5.33 Choice Choice is all about finding out what options people want and how they want to get involved. 5.34 Partnerships Partnerships looks at how individual and organisational relationships are formed and how effective they are. 5.35 Communication Communication examines the way we let people know about the options to get involved and about the culture 5.36 Policy Policy considers how an organisation commits to and takes responsibility for inclusion 5.37 Opportunities Opportunity explores what options are available for people from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Adversity brings unity, tolerance, and nostalgia. Though no one wants adversity, yet adversity proves a blessing in disguise. 1 https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/sib/inclusive_society/social%20inclusion.html 2 https://inclusivesportdesign.com/planning-for-inclusion/7-pillars-of-inclusion Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Design Disertation I

93 so they joined with others to hunt or farm. Or they may have formed a community to protect themselves from other groups that wanted their resources. Often people shared a common interest, such as a religion, which gave them a sense of community. Members of a community typically feel a sense of responsibility to one another.

5.5 Importance of communities Communities play an important role in every aspect of our lives. We have communities in our friends, our families, our employment, our neighborhoods, and in so many other places. We find community in the sports teams we support, or the artists we enjoy, even the food that we like. Having a sense of community unites us. Being a part of a community can make us feel as though we are a part of something greater than ourselves. It can give us opportunities to connect with people, to reach for our goals, and makes us feel safe and secure. 4

It’s important for every person to have a sense of community. A strong community can greatly benefit families and businesses in a variety of ways. In an age where technology both connects us ands separates us, a local community can greatly benefit our well being and can increase our contentment in day-to-day life. As we get older, it can sometimes get harder to connect with the people around us. But, that connection will ultimately ease stress and feelings of loneliness. 5

Figure 5.2

5.3 Family “What is family? They were the people who claimed you. In good, in bad, in parts or in whole, they were the ones who showed up, who stayed in there, regardless. It wasn’t just about blood relations or shared chromosomes, but something wider, bigger. We had many families over time. Our family of origin, the family we created, and the groups you moved through while all of this was happening: friends, lovers, sometimes even strangers. None of them perfect, and we couldn’t expect them to be. You can’t make any one person your world. The trick was to take what each could give you and build your world from it.” - Sarah Desen Characteristics that may be applicable to family networks include the extent to which members communicate with one another, are emotionally close, exchange assistance, and are available as potential help givers in times of need.

5.4 How are communities formed? Communities are distinguished from groups by the fact that they share a common interest, background, or purpose that gives them a sense of cohesion. Although any collection of people can be called a group, not all groups could be called communities. 3

Throughout history, groups of people have formed communities to increase their chances of survival. They may have shared an interest in providing food for their families 3 https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/identity-and-community/what-community Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

A strong community is a place of opportunity. Big or small, a community can provide countless opportunities for growth and experience. With a community of people looking out for your best interests and working together for a common goal, there is no shortage of opportunities to strive for something that you want. Whether that is looking for your first job or starting your own business, a strong community can give the support you need to succeed. A strong community provides an environment of safety and security.

5.6 Acceptance Acceptance is defined as the process of deliberately and non-judgmentally engaging with negative emotions (Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002). It is conceptualized as an active process that leads to greater emotional awareness and understanding, and is thus not the same as resignation (Segal et al., 2002). Acceptance is the opposite of avoiding negative emotion and has been shown to lead to lower negative affect, across experimental and clinical intervention studies (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006a; Ma & Teasdale, 2004; Twohig et al., 2010). 6

5.6.1 Age and increassed acceptance Several theoretical and empirical considerations suggest that acceptance of negative emotional experiences may be constant or even increase with age. First, acceptance seems not to rely on cognitive functions that generally decline with age such as working memory and processing speed (Craik & McDowd, 1987; Schloss & Haaga, 2011). Acceptance may therefore be an emotion regulation strategy that aging populations can rely on in the face of some cognitive declines. 4 https://dunmorepa.gov/news/importance-strong-communities 5 https://everythingwhat.com/why-is-a-sense-of-community-important 6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Design Disertation I

Second, older individuals frequently encounter experiences that may foster the use of acceptance because they are beyond individuals’ control. For example, older individuals experience more uncontrollable life events such as death of loved ones (Lang, 2001). Because acceptance is a strategy that may be easier to employ in the context of uncontrollable vs. controllable life events (e.g., loss; Bonanno, Wortman, & Nesse, 2004), higher levels of acceptance may be expected for older individuals. 7

5.7 Shared pain bring people together The researches suggests that, despite its unpleasantness, pain may actually have positive social consequences, acting as a sort of “social glue” that fosters cohesion and solidarity within groups. Undoubtedly, crisis brings unity, tolerance, and nostalgia. Though no one wants crisis, yet crisis proves a blessing in disguise. Let’s see how it happens. 9

Further theoretical support for the idea that age is associated with increased acceptance comes from the literature on wisdom. Wisdom has been defined as a knowledge system that governs the conduct and understanding of life (Baltes & Smith, 2008). A key component of wisdom is acceptance of uncertainty, unpredictability, and impermanence, and the negative emotions that often accompany these experiences (Ardelt, 2000). Provided that wisdom generally increases with age (Clayton, 1982; Grossmann, Na, Varnum, Park, Kitayama, & Nisbett, 2010; Tentori, Osherson, Hasher, & May, 2001), and that acceptance is a key component of wisdom, it seems likely that acceptance increases with age.

Whenever there is a crisis such as floods, earth-quake or war with a neighboring country, people become united. They forget all their differences and stand together, helping one another. Their sympathy and empathy become active. They forget their old differences and become cooperative and helpful to one another.

Preliminary empirical evidence is consistent with the idea that age is associated with increased acceptance. For example, older individuals demonstrate an increased willingness to experience unpleasant emotions related to physical and cognitive declines (Butler & Ciarrochi, 2007; Efklides, Kalaitzidou, & Chankin, 2003; Leung, Wu, Lue, & Tang, 2004). Additionally, older, compared to younger, adults have a tendency to use acceptance when faced with socio-emotional problems (Blanchard-Fields, 2007) and in the context of frustrating interpersonal conflicts (Charles & Carstensen, 2008).

Similarly, homeless individuals fare vulnerable to similar discrimination and threat. When a group of people undergo similar discrimination and ostracism fromt he socciety they come together and form communities to empower each other.

Their tolerance level also rises up. The crisis conditions make person tolerant as he knows he can’t do anything to deal with the enormity of the situation. An individual also forgets his self-centeredness and selfishness.

Thus, we can conclude that shared adversity brings people together. 9 https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/shared-pain-brings-people-together.html

7 https://europepmc.org/article/med/23276266 8 https://www.researchgate.net/

Figure 5.4 Figure 5.3 Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

5.71 Stonewall Movement

5.72 Gender is where the feminist and LGBTI movements meet

The Stonewall riots (also referred to as the Stonewall uprising or the Stonewall rebellion) were a series of spontaneous demonstrations by members of the gay (LGBT) community.

Stonewall Riots- New York 1969

Patrons of the Stonewall, other Village lesbian and gay bars, and neighborhood street people fought back when the police became violent. The riots are widely considered to constitute one of the most important events leading to the gay liberation movement and the twentieth century fight for LGBT rights in the United States. Stonewall movement saw a atrog support from other ethnic minorities from America who were already facing similar disscrimination on a legal front due to their differences.

On 24 October 1975 90% of all women in Iceland went on strike. Twenty-five thousand women – more than 10% of the country’s population – made their way to the parliamentary square to rally for their rights. Since that day, Iceland has been at the forefront of women’s rights, and since 2009 it has been at the top of the World Economic Forum global gender gap index. That doesn’t mean the fight is won though, and Icelandic women continue the battle for true equality – not just for women, but for the LGBT community too. Despite a reputation for being one of the most progressive nations towards LGBT people, Iceland has in fact not always gone as far as it could.

Stonewall rights was one of the early movements in the history which saw people from different communities coming together and raising thier voice for the same cause.

A recent bill – a form of self-identification for trans people – has moved the country further along. The prime minister of Iceland, Katrín Jakobsdóttir, was the driving force. For her, it was a way to ensure that Iceland was again setting an example for the world.

10 http://universa.unijales.edu.br/stonewall_a_building_an_uprising_a_revolution_eng.pdf

11 https://www.theguardian.com/

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5.8 How integrational connections benefit both old and young When older adults contribute to the well-being of youth, it cultivates a sense of purpose and extends benefits both ways. Social scientists say that this age segregation also gives rise to ageism (discrimination and misunderstanding about older and younger people). As a result, there is a missed opportunity for the young and old to serve one another and their communities. 13

Such relationships are important for society. They can help ensure that children and teens receive the kind of attention and mentoring they often lack, especially among the most vulnerable populations, the Stanford scholars said. These relationships also offer older adults opportunities to learn about new technology and trends, and experience the excitement of seeing the world through a younger perspective.

5.81 Elders as resources for the young • Research shows that children need as many as 4-6 involved and caring adults in their lives to fully develop emotionally and socially. Figure 5.7

5.73 Gauri Sawant Transgender activist Shreegauri Sawant has a striking personality and an unmistakable charm about her. Popularly known as Gauri Sawant, you will often find her at events in a crisp cotton saree, sporting a large bindi. While Gauri dons many hats, the one role she is most content playing is mother to 17-year-old Gayatri. 12

Gayatri was orphaned when she was all of 5 and had a bleak future ahead of her, till Gauri came into her life. Gauri took Gayatri under her wings and from then on, they developed a special bond. Gauri would do everything for Gayatri that a mother would. She would bathe her, cook for her, comb her hair, buy her new clothes and play with her. Gayatri too would’ve become a victim of human trafficking, like so many other children around the world. It’s because of ‘mummy’ that she can dream of a good life and a bright future. Gauri knows how vulnerable children like Gayatri can be. That’s why she has founded ‘Nani Ka Ghar’ to ensure that such kids have a safe upbringing and a productive childhood. By raising an orphaned Gayatri as her own daughter, Gauri has changed the very definition of motherhood. Gauri’s life is full of bold decisions, but becoming a mother, was perhaps the boldest one.

12 https://www.thequint.com/voices/women/transgender-single-mother-gauri-sawant Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

• Old and young people can also just be friends, sharing insights that both bring value to the conversation. What a wonderful way for elders to pass on a collection of life memories to children. • One study showed that when a child is mentored by an adult, they are: 46% less likely to begin using illegal drugs, 27% less likely to begin using alcohol, and 52% less likely to skip school.

5.82 The young giving back to their Elders Conversely, young people can also give back to the seniors, particularly those who are isolated and lonely. Studies show that when elders who are isolated experience regular visits from young people, their loneliness seems to ease and their overall health seems invigorated. It can pull them out of isolation and loneliness, giving them a “purpose” in life again. 14

Children can also help older people, particularly those facing health challenges or other losses, see the world anew again, through a child’s eyes. In addition to companionship, younger generations can also help seniors with practical tasks and activities. 15

5.83 Benefits for unpriveleged Chlidren A large proportion of youth lack the resources needed for success, their educational pathways and well-being impeded by poverty, perpetuating an ever deeper gulf between those who succeed in life and those who struggle. The opportunity exists for older adults to fill these mentoring roles, Carstensen said. Children now in grade school will grow up in societies filled with old people. Young adults require emotional skills to 16

13 https://homecareassistance.com/blog/intergenerational-connections-benefit-old-young 14 https://tf.um-stroy.ru/66 15 www.legacyproject/legacyproject.org › guides › intergenbenefits 16 https://news.stanford.edu/2016/09/08/older-people-offer-resource-children-need-stanford-report-says/ Design Disertation I

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succeed in life These are the attitudes, behaviors and strategies required to operate as a productive adult in an increasingly complex and technical world. And they are the types of skills and experiences that older adults have in abundance due to their life experiences. Parents matter, of course, but the research shows that significant benefits exist for children who have an older adult mentor in addition to their parents. Creating a social norm that encourages generativity (the concern for establishing and guiding the next generation) will require institutional and cultural change. More co-existing spaces should be designed while keeping the users in mind which will encourage them to come together and grow as an individual by benefitting from the other vulnerable humans around them.

5.9 How can architecture bring Communities together? Architecture embodies everything it is to be human. It is a rich field that touches on issues of national and individual identity, society, economics, politics and culture, and as architects we must strike a balance between these different subjects. In this sense, we often find ourselves negotiating at the threshold. Most fundamentally, architecture is the enclosure of space, the distinction between what is inside and outside. The threshold is the moment at which that changes; the edge of what is building and what is something else. Communities are comprised of a diverse mix of people, functions, and uses. The built form that we give to communities helps to foster connections and communication: it becomes the stage for our culture. Single destination buildings serve a single function, obviously, so they become like a single experience, rather than a layered multiplicity of experiences. Think about a shopping mall on the edge of town. When stores are open, this mall becomes a destination, however when the mall is closed, there is no life and no purpose to the destination. But today we are seeing an increasing trend in architecture towards creating multi-point experiences through community-focused design. How can architecture act as a catalyst to make this social shift?

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It is critical that we embrace the challenge to rethink even our most familiar sapces. We have responsibility to use design to support basic rights for everyone and the evlving needs of our communities.” - Darryl Condon

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Figure 6..1

6.1 Socially inclusive architectue All-inclusive design is an architectural strategy used to create buildings that accommodate people of all types. Whether building a school, civic center, or healthcare facility, every design decision made could potentially exclude or alienate end users. To ensure that you support all members of the community, you need to consider the design details that will help everyone feel comfortable and welcome in the building’s spaces.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

6.1.2 Why Socially Inclusive Architecture Is Crucial ? Socially inclusive architecture that supports all age groups is important in every design, but especially in civic buildings. Community centers, libraries, courthouses, and other civic spaces serve all members of society, no matter their age or background. Everyone must have equal access to the vital services these buildings provide.

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6.1.3 The demographic factors

6.1.5 Socially inclusive architecture for aging Population

To accomplish this, architects look at a number of demographic factors:

Many elderly people find traditional civic buildings difficult to navigate and uncomfortable to visit. Create clear, unobstructed paths. To prevent falls, keep the main walkways clear of all obstacles. Large open hallways and entrances are easier for everyone to move through. Use solid floor colors. High-contrast floor colors and busy patterns can trick the eye into perceiving obstacles that don’t exist. If elderly visitors think they see a step or a hole in the floor, they may trip or fall. Patternless light-colored floors are easier to see clearly. 1

Age Gender Education

Figure 6..2

Religion

Sexual orientation Cultural beliefs

Language

Ethnicity

Education

Physical Capabilities

Mental Health

All of these factors can impact how an end user experiences a facility. By creating allinclusive spaces and implementing features that speak to the needs and comfort of people from all walks of life, you can reduce end-user stress and provide everyone with comfortable and efficient access to all of a building’s services.

Improve the lighting in every room. Elderly visitors may have visual impairments that make it hard to see in dim light. Having a combination of natural light and soft artificial lighting in the space solves this problem. Test the acoustics. Some elderly people use hearing aids. While many modern aids effectively filter out background noise, some don’t. Architects can make civic buildings more welcoming to those who use hearing aids by dampening excessive noise. Soft furnishings and textured walls prevent rooms from getting too loud. Make bathrooms more accessible. A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study found that more than 50 percent of the aging population experience some urinary incontinence. By increasing the number of bathrooms on every floor, you can support this population. Have at least one single-occupancy bathroom per floor. Private bathrooms are more comfortable for people who have incontinence because they can change sanitary pads or their clothes in privacy. These bathrooms are also larger, making it easier for caregivers to help their clients use the toilet or change.

6.1.4 How to support all inclusive design? Get community feedback. Conduct community-wide surveys and/or hold meetings with support groups in the area to understand exactly what people need and don’t need in a building to feel comfortable. 1

Acknowledge your biases and privilege. Do research to gain awareness of the issues that impact members of your community. You might not be aware of their hurdles if you don’t experience them on a daily basis. Focus on equality of experience. Provide easy, comfortable access so that all users share in your building’s experience and amenities. Meeting the bare minimum accessibility standards isn’t enough. You must seamlessly incorporate all-inclusive design details and solutions in ways that feel natural to everyone and that don’t singleout some visitors from others. For example, closed-captioning on every video screen not only helps the deaf community, but it’s also useful for people who want to enjoy content in a noisy environment. 1 https://hmcarchitects.com/news/all-inclusive-design-how-architects-build-for-humanity-fromcradle-to-grave-2018-12-21/ Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Offer discrete disposal areas for medical waste. Medical conditions should never be a source of embarrassment. Having a place where people can dispose of sanitary pads, diabetic test strips, or other medical waste in privacy is very important. You can install waste bins inside of each bathroom stall or place a discrete bin just outside of the bathroom. Use durable seating materials. Some elderly people who have incontinence are afraid to leave their homes in case they have an accident in public. A common worry is that they will stain or damage seats. Dark-colored seats made from a spill and stain-resistant material puts visitors at ease. Make seats more comfortable. Varying seat heights, sturdy chair arms, and ergonomic support make everyone feel more comfortable, especially aging populations. They can more easily get in and out of their seats, even if they have limited mobility. 1 https://hmcarchitects.com/news/a-space-for-all-ages-socially-inclusive-architecture-atwork-2019-07-12/ Design Disertation I

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6.1.6 Socially inclusive architecture for children Although children usually don’t have as many physical limitations as elderly visitors, young visitors still have particular needs that civic architects should address. Most civic spaces are designed with adults in mind. The furniture is large and the counters are tall, and this makes the building intimidating to a small child. Use child-sized furniture. Small chairs and tables show children that you made a space specifically for them. Short, modular ottomans are another great option. Children can sit on them or move them around the room to get more comfortable. When they’re not in use, adults can rest their feet on them. Include bright colors and child-friendly imagery. If the space is meant for children, make this clear by painting the walls cheery colors (like yellow or green). Fun motifs and wall murals also make a room look more whimsical and inviting to a small child. We used this technique when we designed a room for young readers at the Idyllwild Library in California. Use stain-resistant materials. Durable chairs and tables allow children to play without limitations. If they spill juice or get marker ink on the furniture, it can be wiped away easily. Give children something to do. In areas where children might gather, like lobbies, waiting rooms, or community activity centers, include a few child-friendly activities or play areas. This could be a mini library shelf filled with books, a few toys, or a tablet where kids can play games. Figure 6..3

6.1.7 Universal washrooms and change rooms

Figure 6..4

This sub-topic explores the benefits of universal washrooms and change rooms and their provision in community and recreation facilities. It is intended to be a resource for designers, municipal staff, facility planners, building operators and managers, and anyone interested in understanding more about this topic and why they are increasingly part of evolving best practice considerations across project and building types. The objectives of this document are to provide context, identify opportunities and challenges, and share design strategies that promote inclusivity for a wide variety of users. 1

Inclusivity for people with disabilities • Inclusivity for families • Inclusivity for transgender and non-binary people • Increased privacy and safety • Increased efficiency • Forward-thinking design They also intend to help mitigate common concerns regarding safety and privacy for various users. The five strategies are: • • • •

Strive for inclusivity and access for all Use openness to enhance safety through activity and shared monitoring Create privacy where most needed to enhance comfort Welcome everyone with signage that emphasizes function and is clear, inclusive, and positive • Ensure supportive staff operations and communications

1 Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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6.2 Healling architecture The relationship between the built environment and human behavior is complex and confounding. Psychologist Roger Barker (1951) states that the ecological environment does not demand much but permits some behavioral pattern to take place naturally, while in the built environment, it tends to act as a catalyst in providing space for the users to perform ,and also as a despot in making the users alter their needs and behavior to the built setting. In the case of co-existing spaces, the functional intricacy adds further to this conflicting connection between the built environment and the user, making his experience appalling and multifarious in built space. 1 The application of science to design has had a remarkable impact on healthcare facilities and healthcare over the years. Evidence-based design (EBD) uses scientific methods to build links between design and outcomes such as safety and efficiency to support design decision-making in healthcare. EBD creates safe, efficient spaces, but patients and families come to healthcare organizations seeking a healing experience. Is there a difference between a safe, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing environment and a healing space? [Jenifer DuBose] The definition of healing developed by the Samueli Institute provides a good foundation and starting point. ‘‘Healing is a holistic, transformative process of repair and recovery in mind, body, and spirit resulting in positive change, finding meaning, and movement towards self-realization of wholeness, regardless of the presence or absence of disease’’ (Firth et al., 2015, p. 12). This definition allows for the possibility of healing even when cure is not possible. While ‘‘cured’’ is a definitive end state, ‘‘healing’’ is a journey with many possible routes; the role of this literature review is to identify the possible spatial influencers of healing as a process and experience. 2

The chapter attempts to understand the complexity by discussing the broad theories and concepts in the generic and specific context of these co-existing spaces. This is done by first understanding the user’s physical and psychological needs and behaviour in the built environment. The user needs based on their perception, cognition and their response to space (indoor and outdoor) in a shelter setting are discussed in the chapter.

“Architecture cannot change society but it can under write and enhance the basic activities of those who work in it.” - Charles Jencks, The Architecture of Hope

6.2.1 Healing quality of natural light “The world of ostracised individuals can become very dark and depressing. Filling the environment we live in with an abundance of natural light promotes a strong sense of well-being and vitality, lifting the spirits not only of residents but of staff and visitors as well” - Kipling D Williams 3

“Natural daylight is life-affirming”.As people age, some of their senses may start to diminish but the ability to feel the heat of a ray of sunlight as it warms one’s skin can still provide a sense of comfort. Access to sunlight can also allow people to maintain a sense of time, as the light and corresponding shadows change throughout the day. However, there may be times where sunlight must be controlled and, in some cases, eliminated as the patient’s condition diminishes, whether precipitously or gradually, many tend to begin the process of shutting down, and in so doing crave darkened spaces. therefore, the lighting in a room must be flexible; equally conducive to letting in sunlight as well as providing a darkened environment should the resident request for it. Window placement, height and hardware are also important factors to be considered, especially for seniors who may have diminishing physical capabilities. Of equal importance is what the window is framing and the view that the room looks out onto.A window serves a dual purpose, as a view out into the exterior and a frame of the interior, therefore making it an important architectural element to consider. 3 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110510151216.htm

1 http://www.ijetmr.com/Articles/Vol5Iss2/08_IJETMR18_A02_252.pdf 2 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1937586716680567

6.2 Healling Spaces

Internal

Interpersonal

Behavioural

Healing Intention

Healing Relationships

Healthy Lifestyles

Healing Organizations

Integrative Care

Personal Wholeness

External Healing Spaces Ecological Sustainability

Figure 6.6 6.5Outcast Kood - An Integrated Commune forFigure the Social

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6.2.2 Inside outside connection

6.2.3 Community privacy

“As we age and become less mobile, it becomes more critical to provide the elderly with a sense of the outdoors to combat their sense of isolation from the world around them. Generous windows with low sills that are well located to provide attractively framed views bring the outdoor experience directly to the residents. Easy barrier-free access to outdoor therapeutic gardens must be fully integrated into the design”. Using nature to simulate a familiar environment, Kenyuen Home for the Elderly utilizes nature as a means of rehabilitation to help the elderly regain control over their lives. The building was designed specifically for farmers and fisherman whose lives revolved around the cycles of nature and the rhythm of the sea. As such, the building is situated in the heart of nature: at the southernmost point of the Japanese mainland on a cliff, overlooking the Pacific Ocean in Wakayama Regional Park.

The outdoor garden gives an opportunity to bring aspects of nature into the building. It can also act as a source of activity for the inhabitants – a vegetable and herb garden for the residents to maintain and take responsibility for. The harvest from this garden can also be used as the ingredients in the preparation of the meals that are provided within the facility. Although this garden may only be small and of a manicured or controlled nature, it can still contribute to improving the entire ethos of eldercare.

Developing meaningful relationships and finding companionship becomes increasingly more challenging for the ostracied in long term care. Designing public spaces of different scales and character draw residents together, which are naturally complemented by more private bedrooms for quiet repose is critical to the overall success of the home. As a co-existing model that combines home-based and center-based services, Carefirst One-Stop Multi-Services Centre demonstrates the importance of designing multi-functional spaces that provide a stimulating environment that can on the one hand, provide opportunities for socialization and on the other hand, provide moments of privacy and respite. As such, it is crucial to look carefully at the programming of the building and introduce spaces as thresholds were necessary to create a scaled gradient. One can step out from their bedroom into a communal living room, then into a small community space before entering a larger common facility. The introduction of small-scale spaces and the addition of a residential-like distribution of programs will help soften the transition between the small private environment of one’s bedroom and the larger scale of the building as a whole.

In addition to the benefits of the human spirit, the inclusion of plants inside a building can also help to improve the overall indoor air quality. Plants can increase the relative humidity and decrease the number of bacteria in the air: “Nature has built into plants the ability to use our wastes for their nourishment… [It’s] about time we humbled ourselves and used this system”.

4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6388289/

5 https://opentextbc.ca/socialpsychology/chapter/close-relationships-liking-and-loving-over-thelong-term/

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8 Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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6.2.4 Inclusive Architecure According to Lefton and Brannon (2002), 70% of our sensory information comes from vision (as cited in Steinfeld, 2012, p. 109). However, when sight is not available for those with vision loss or when sight is not enough, people depend on other senses for additional information through sound, touch, smell, and taste (Figure 7.4). Hearing, for instance, plays an important role detecting information 360 degrees outside the field of view, even though people focus on one direction (Steinfeld, 2012, p. 119). Mainstream society never uses a single sense for perception. We can close our eyes, but we cannot close our ears. Therefore, people always use more than one modality of sense, creating a multi-sensory experience. This further creates sensory stimulation for growth and learning. Kevin Lynch (1960) states these various senses reinforce one another to enhance each other’s abilities (p. 83). 6

Thus, our understanding of the world is constructed using nearly all our senses, creating fragments which form an overall image of the environment. In this section, a discussion on sensory experience, lighting, acoustics, colour, and materials are important to consider within an inclusively designed building in order for people with diverse abilities to orient themselves easily.

6.2.5 Integrate non-visual form of wayfinding

Figure 6.10 Within inclusively designed buildings, integrating multiple senses in search of cues (Figure 7.5) to form a mental map through perception ultimately creates situational awareness, which is guided by previous experiences (Steinfeld, 2012, p. 109). According to Cohen, Weisman (1991), Regnier, and Norman (2002), situational awareness maintains the concept of familiarity to preserve independence and ease of usability of familiar products and environments (as cited in Steinfeld, 2012, p. 149). This benefits everyone including the aging population and people with dementia. Furthermore, situational awareness allows us to make decisions for spatial orientation, ensuring safety and usability for wayfinding. 8

6.2.6 Soundscape sensory Within the built environment, acoustics assist with wayfinding created by the quality of sound, reverberation, and design of spaces (Standards Development Committee, 2010, p. 90). Holl, Pallasmaa, and Gómez (2006) argue, “we stoke the edges of the space with our ears” (p. 31). People with visual impairments depend on responsive acoustic cues provided by our environment to ensure safety. The soundscape of the acoustical environment allows people to hear using a hearing aid, orient themselves, and increase situational awareness in order to understand their surroundings. 9

Figure 6.9 We have five different senses in total. The hierarchy of these senses consist of eyes to see for perceiving distance and is the only visual sense, followed by non-visual senses including ears to hear to detect distance, nose to smell, mouth to taste, and hands to touch (Holl, Pallasmaa, & Gómez, 2006; Arthur & Passini, 200, p. 34-35).7 In The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses, Pallasmaa (2005) focuses on how our senses is an ongoing dialogue interacting and enhancing each other (p. 12). Vision alone somewhat disconnects us from the environment. Though, when integrating multiple senses into the design of buildings and the built environment, it helps people engage an understand their surrounding better. He argues that skin (haptic) is the oldest sense which truly connects the body to the surrounding (Pallasma, 2005, p. 12 6 https://frl.nyu.edu/sound-and-vision/ 7 issuu.com › hargobindsingh6 › docs › thesis_report Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Within interior settings, acoustics define areas spatially, have different sound qualities depending on the size and function of the space, and create a mental map of the visual world to determine which path of travel to take. Schafer (1997) argues that it is importance to provide soundscapes, such as sound signals (alarms), keynotes (distinct background sounds), and sound marks (waterfalls), to help users navigate through the environment (as cited in Steinfeld, 2012, p. 279).

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digital.library.ryerson.ca › datastream › OBJ › download digital.library.ryerson.ca › datastream › OBJ › download

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6.2.6 Perception of color Colour plays an important role in our everyday life. It affects our mood, speaks a language, and is beautiful to our eyes creating variety in our colourful world. Every colour has a meaning and a function. However, how can we experience and understand colour equally and fairly, including people with different levels of colour blindness? They cannot differentiate colours from one another when placed side-by-side (Steinfeld, 2012). Thus, colour within an inclusively designed building and environment must be designed effectively in order to benefit everyone. By accommodating for people with vision loss, we can meet the needs of the general population as well. 10

Figure 6.12

Lighting further enhances colour creating an ambience for people to experience. Thus, the selection of colour used within interior environments has an impact on people’s behavior and within ID, this is important to determine who it is designed for and how it is used. Since colour is only a visual perception, it must be supplemented with another form of information to serve a broad population such as sound or touch. Colour is also used for emphasis to enhance a meaning (10 Reasons to Use Colour, 2014). Our eyes are attracted to high contrasting colours. We naturally search for meaning when objects stand out. According to Health Facilities Management, children are attracted to bold colours to stimulate their minds for growth and learning (Creating a Sense of Adventure, 2009). Thus, colour provides an understanding of the environment which is further integrated with non-visual information to accommodate a diverse group of users within inclusively designed buildings.

6.2.7 Flexibility of use Figure 6.11 Colour psychology affects our mood and behaviour interacting with the human eye and brain. It consists of hue (colour), saturation (lightness and darkness of a colour), and value (greyness of a colour) (Steinfeld, 2012, p. 290). All of these contribute to creating an emotional response which people experience unconsciously. This is one of the functions of colour. Many designers either intentionally or unintentionally select a colour to achieve a specific atmosphere which benefits occupants. For instance, green replicating the outdoors has an effect on the healing process for patients within healthcare (Bright & Egger, 2008, p. 109) (Figure 7.6). Not only is this functional but this is also visually pleasing. This is further enhanced with the addition of lighting. Colour is influenced by light. They are never considered in isolation from one another (Bright & Cook, 2010, p. 22).

The guiding principles of universal design should be applied throughout the design for the inclusive spaces. This has resulted in highly amenable yet flexible spaces which support a multitude of uses and allow easy access for residents with limited mobility or other special needs issues. The trend away from dedicated to flexible spaces has created more dynamic environments in the homes, spaces that can be used for groups of varying sizes and spaces that draw in the community for special events. Higher more concentrated levels of activity brings energy and liveliness to the home, making it a far more positive environment to live in, visit or work in A highly amenable yet flexible space can be achieved through creating a polyvalent, multi-functional space or through an open plan. According to architecture professor Bernard Leupen, polyvalent spaces allows for the possibility to change functions and activities between rooms. Therefore the spatial relationship, programming, and circulation between the rooms is very crucial. On the other hand, an open plan is a generic empty space in which the function is undetermined. This gives the residents an opportunity to fill the space and use it for whatever function they choose.

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Identity

6.2.8 Maintain visual connection

Social Place

Figure 6.13

Activity

Providing information about the environment allows people to become aware of the surrounding to enhance safety and usability. Within an inclusively designed building in terms of social participation, maximizing sightlines by creating visual connection supports this idea on two levels: personally and architecturally.

Relationships

Figure 6.14

6.2.9 Integrate circulation spaces as social spaces Social activity is a form of contact occurring spontaneously in many spaces and places(Gehl, 1987, p. 15). However, spaces and places differ within the built environment. Space is anundefined area with a sense of placenessless, whereas place has a meaning and is a more tangible(Schroeder, 2012). Within an inclusive setting, public places provide opportunities for human interaction, which benefit everyone as no individual user group can survive without constant informal contact with other members of society (Alexander, Ishikawa, Silverstein, 1977, p. 618). 11

This, along with ID, signify the acceptance of differences by helping and learning from each other. There are three fundamental aspects to creating a social place (Figure 3.3.2a). They are identity which have a defined space and image, activity referring to use and function where people interact, and relationship in terms of proximity and walkability (The Place Diagram, 2012). These social places can be separate or can be integrated as part of an existing space within a building. However, they have the choice of continuing their path or are attracted to human activities and stay behind. This allows people to settle down longer when it is a semipublic space and create an identity within a complex building, which can assist with orientation (Figure). Thus, these social places represent all three elements which benefit the general population maintaining safety, enhance usability, and encourage places for interaction. Figure 7.9

11 Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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6.2.10 Relationships between architectural features and healing constructs

Figure 6.15

6.2.10 Conclusion There is evidence of the architectural contribution to the antecedents and consequences of healing, specifically, stress reduction, emotional stability, self-efficacy, social cohesion, and return or enhancement of function. The figure shows the links from the literature between architectural variables and the healing constructs discussed above. The six groups of variables found in the literature—homelike environment, access to views and nature, light, noise control, barrier-free environments, and room layout— directly affect or facilitate one or more dimensions of healing. The multiple relationships between these six architectural variables with the four healing constructs demonstrate the broad role that the architectural features play in healing. Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Figure 6.16 Design Disertation I

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07 Case Studies Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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7.1.2 Overview • As a member of CIAM and then a founding member of Team 10, van Eyck held strong opinions on post-war architecture. The Amsterdam Orphanage was van Eyck’s opportunity to put his opinions in practice through his first large scale built project. • Van Eyck criticized early post-war architecture as lacking a human element. In the Amsterdam Orphanage he sought to design a modern building with a new urban vision from those of his CIAM predecessors. • CIAM, Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne, was an organization of architects founded between 1928 and 1959 to promote and discuss the principles of modern architecture. • Team 10 was formed as a reaction within CIAM around 1953. As CIAM began to dissolve, van Eyck and a small group of young architects formed their own organization. While they remained autonomous as designers, the Team 10 architects met to share and discuss their work, including van Eyck’s Amsterdam Orphanage.

7.1.3 Initial Ideas

“a small world within a large, large world within a small one, a house as a city, a city as A home“.

a rupture with the contemporary concept of spatial continuity

7.1 Amsterdam Orphanage Figure 7.1.1

Name - Amsterdam Orphanage Type - Orphanage for war affected children

The tendency to erase all articulation between spaces, that is, between outer and interior, between one space and another.

Architect - Aldo Van Eyck+ Floors - 2

In contrast, he tried to articulate the transition through defined intermediate places that induce the simultaneous awareness of what is meant on each side “(Aldo van Eyck)

Completion - 1960 Location - Amsterdam, Holland Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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Figure 7.1.2

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7.1.4 Form The aftermath of WWII in Holland gave rise to tremendous opportunities for architects. But with reconstruction came a sense of placelessness, and the destruction of the pre-existing social fabric of the city. “The material slum has gone”, van Eyck declared, “ but what has replaced it? Just mile upon mile of organized nowhere, and nobody feeling he is somebody living somewhere” (Lefaivre, 1999). It is into this context that Aldo van Eyck entered as a young architect. The form of Aldo van Eyck’s Amsterdam Orphanage is a rooted in the creation of a strong social fabric and a sense of place, and the merging of classical and contemporary typologies. It is a response to program and access to daylight. This paper will explore the form of van Eyck’s orphanage from the vantage point of the architect and through the lens of the class readings completed to date. Additionally, alternative uses for the building will be proposed based on its form. Van Eyck was a humanist whose aim was to create an architecture of community and a sense of place. The creation of community was of exceptional importance in this project, as the residents had little or no connection to family outside of the institution. Van Eyck carefully conceived of a series of meeting places connected to one another by a network of pathways. “The whole scheme of the orphanage was interwoven around a number of centres dened from the beginning as points of interaction and exchange between various areas of the facility.” He called this creation of networks and nodes inbetweening. This was accomplished through carefully studied circulation patterns. It was to be “an architecture not only of ‘product’ but of ‘process’ and ‘mobility’ to use the terms of the time” (Lefaivre, 1999). In this sense, the plan of the building was its most important dimension.

Figure 7.1.3

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

In the reading Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Jameson says that “disalienation ... involves the practical reconquest of a sense of place, and the construction or reconstruction of an articulated ensemble which can be retained in memory and which the individual subject can map and remap along moments of mobile, alternative trajectories. Van Eyck seems to believe the same, and has implemented this notion into the design of his orphanage. He says that space becomes a place “through the combination of memory and anticipation. Places remembered and places anticipated dovetail in the temporal space of the present. Memory and anticipation, in fact, constitute the real perspective of space; give it depth.” (Lefaivre, 1999) In the design of his orphanage, van Eyck connected contemporary architecture of the time with the classical canon as a device for ordering space...”it could be analyzed in terms of metopes, stylobates. The classical rules of composition -- taxis, tripartition, symmetry” (ibid). The project also reected the rigorous minimalism of the avant-garde movement. To this van Eyck added non-Western design elements, borrowed from the Dogon people of Mali (ibid). In reference to the orphanage, Lefaivre reects that “as opposed to the post-modernist buildings that were to appear fteen years in the future, the result was not a historicist pastiche but a totally new innovative fusion where mutually exclusive (typologies) came to be reconciled in a newly dened,harmonious ...whole” (ibid). Jameson cites historicity and nostalgia as key culprits in the creation of social fragmentation, but “there are no nostalgic or Utopian visions in the use of geometrical patterns by van Eyck in his Orphanage. It does not cite or arouse concrete images either of past or future worlds. There is history, but in the form of knowledge and rules extracted from precedents, and future in the form of normative structures of space... there is history, but no historicism.” (Lefaivre, 1999)

Figure 7.1.4

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House and City

Single and diverse

Static and dynamic

Clear and complex

Compact and polycentric

7.1.5 Concept

Classical

Regular geometrical order

The orphanage devised by Aldo van Eyck quickly became known throughout the world due to the exemplary concept of the building, a home for 125 children of all ages, articulating a revolutionary synthesis in the consideration of the individual and the group, the inner and outer space, Of large and small areas. Van Eyck readopted a concept previously formulated by the fifteenth-century architect L.B.Alberti, the analogy between house and city, “a small world within a large, large world within a small one, a house as a city, a city as A home “, creating a home for children was the goal of Aldo van Eyck.

Figure 7.1.5

Van Eyck focused on the development of the project in balancing the elements that allowed him to create a house and a small city at the outskirts of Amsterdam. The building was conceived as a configuration of clearly defined intermediate places, which does not imply a continuous transition or an endless postponement with respect to place and occasion. On the contrary, it implies a rupture with the contemporary concept of spatial continuity and The tendency to erase all articulation between spaces, that is, between outer and interior, between one space and another. In contrast, I tried to articulate the transition through defined intermediate places that induce the simultaneous awareness of what is meant on each side

Figure 7.1.7

Traditional

Modern

Transversal Centrifugal Figures

Roots Classsical

Figure 7.1.6

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Figure 7.1.9

• All spaces are related to the center established by the large domes of the inner courtyard, the axial lines of the grid generated by the small domes and the doors placed axially.

Architecture

Geometric order

Columns Slender

• The “immutability and rest” of the classical tradition is assimilated and traversed by the dynamic order of the new reality.

Classical Order

Architraves Concrete

Concrete Beams

Domes Central Slits

Figure 7.1.10

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• The centrality established by architectural “order” is limited to the spaces mentioned above, and is countered almost everywhere, both in the design of the specific equipment and in the overall composition. • The focus of the inner courtyard is a circular seat marked by two lamps, which instead of occupying the geometric center of this space move about 4 meters diagonally. And if this place is in fact the center of the whole settlement, it does not dominate as such since the different volumes are dispersed in all directions, becoming the fixed point from which it develops and delimits the decentralization.

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7.1.5 Technique There are many aspects of van Eyck’s technique that can be identified and borrowed by others for reapplication. This section will reiterate van Eyck’s techniques that have been identified in the form and body portion of this paper, as well as relate his orphanage project to concepts of technique that have arisen in class readings. Finally, the combination of van Eyck’s and Otto’s techniques will be explored. Van Eyck’s humanist approach is evident in his wide application of daylighting into interior spaces, his well considered creation of inbetween spaces, the abundant access to fresh air, and the limited creation of social hierarchy in section. In addition, van Eyck legitimizes the child through architecture, creating spaces that are responsive to their physical and mental states, and creates opportunities for kinaesthetic learning. He employs a clear formal technique that combines classicism, minimalism and Dogon tribal typologies.

Figure 7.1.11

Figure 7.1.12

In the article entitled Coevolution, Kelly makes the case that increased interdependence is good for species and society. The emergent behaviour that results is of general benefit for all involved. Van Eyck’s emphasis on the intermingling of orphans and staff within the orphanage increases the opportunities for emergent behaviour, thereby strengthening the community.

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Figure 7.1.13

Kuhn, in his article Mechanization, Instrumentality and Science, talks about the process of creating new paradigms and new knowledge. In essence, new knowledge seems to come through mastering old knowledge, and through the recognition of anomalies when they appear. In a sense, van Eyck’s orphanage is something of a social experiment that satisfies the programmatic requirements specified by the client, and embodies his humanist approach through the techniques outlined above. As an architect, he may not have mastered the modern techniques of the time, but he was sufficiently familiar with them to react against them and create an architecture that was as much a response to the built environment around him, as it was the proposal of a new way of organizing space and social relationships. It is evident through his work, however, that the use of the word man is synonymous with the word human. This is apparent in van Eyck’s desire to physically represent the child in architecture, and his depiction of genderless abstract human form. “Van Eyck was concerned with the visual importance of the child in architecture”(pgr, 84). In his orphanage, this was expressed by integrating new types of play objects into the project, mainly made of concrete and metal. Some of these objects included sand pits, somersault and climbing frames, and concrete play tables. Van Eyck’s somersault frames were often constructed for children of dierent heights. Bars were placed at 80, 90 and 100cm.

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Figure 7.1.14

1. BOYS – 14-18 2. GIRLS – 14-18 3. BOYS – 10-14 GIRLS – 10-14 4. KIDS – 6-10 5. KIDS – 4-6 6. KIDS – 2-4 7. BABIES 8. INFIRMARY 9. FESTIVE HALL 10. THEATRE/GYM 11. (TOP FLR. : NOT SHOWN) TRUSTEES, 12. PSYCHOLOGISTS 13. STAFF ROOMS 14. ADMINISTRATION AND ARCHIVES 15. LIBRARY 16. MAINTENANCE AND SERVICE ROOM 17. GARAGE 18. MAIN LINEN ROOM 19. MAIN KITCHEN AND DIRECTOR’S RESIDENCE 20. TEAM LEADER’S RESIDENCE 21. CYCLE SHED Design Disertation I

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7.1.6 Spaces After a decade of experimentation with elemental forms and their interrelations, Van Eyck’s views were synthesized in an iconic building, the Amsterdam Municipal Orphanage. In it he managed to reconcile a great quantity of polarities. The Orphanage is a house and city, compact and polycentric, unique and diverse, clear and complex, static and dynamic, contemporary and traditional, rooted both in the classical and the modern tradition. The classical tradition lies in the regular geometric order found at the base of the plan. The modern is manifested in the dynamic centrifugal space that crosses the classical order. The archaic tradition appears in several aspects of the formal appearance of the building. Due to the soft biomorphic domes that cover the different spaces, the first impression it evokes is that of an archaic settlement, reminiscent of a small vaulted Arab city or an African town. The design reconciles the advantages of a centralized structure with the decentralized pavilion patterns. The system of pavilions with two module sizes is transformed into a continuous, but perforated volume, within which both the pavilions and the main block are identified. The smaller modules were used for the residences and the larger ones for the common spaces.

Figure 7.1.15

The building is constructed out of two sizes of modules, a smaller size for the residences, and a larger size for community spaces.

Figure 7.1.14

Within the Orphanage, units of program are laid out on an orthogonal grid. The units project off two diagonal paths so that each unit has multiple exterior facades. By projecting off of a diagonal within the grid, van Eyck creates an equal amount of negative spaces from the positives he’s formed. Each individual unit is then neighbored by its own outdoor space.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Figure 7.1.16

A larger courtyard is offset diagonally from the residential spaces, and the entrance and administrative spaces connect with the street, the large courtyard, as well as the residential units. Van Eyck avoids creating a central point within the Orphanage by allowing for such fluid connections between all spaces. Design Disertation I

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7.1.7 Structure The geometrical order of the building is articulated by a contemporary version of the Classical Orders, composed of columns and architraves. The columns are thin concrete cylinders with the fine grooving on the left side of the formwork. The architraves are concrete beams, each with an oblong slit in the center. Its united extremities give the impression of a capital, although the capitals as such are absent.

7.1.8 Materials The buildings have been built with reinforced concrete panels and both opaque brick, dark brown, and translucent glass. The floors are also made of concrete.

7.1.9 Domes Figure 7.1.17

The residential units are arranged in a staggered formation, thus allowing each of them to have communication with an individual outdoor space and with the internal street. The result is a polycentric building, with a joint of large and small spaces, inside and outside, in successions of units, sets of 9 modules, each defined in its own right, while it is interlaced rhythmically, also with domed covers in This case greater.

The central area of the project is covered with a hundred pyramidal domes of square base, 3.36m of side, prefabricated in concrete and some of them with a central skylight. The domes are supported by a grid of equal dimensions created by round pillars and concrete T-shaped jigs made in situ.

7.1.10 Skylights Some of the domes are covered with skylights that allow the entrance of natural light. The rays of light penetrate the semi-dark rooms creating images of great visual interest. Along the main corridors are glass walls that overlook the many courtyards of the building, allowing for beautiful views, in addition to providing light to most areas of the orphanage

Figure 7.1.18

Figure 7.1.19

The modules consist of four round columns at the corners with a domed roof of precast concrete on top. The floor is also concrete. The many facades in the building are either a glass wall or a solid wall made with dark brown bricks.

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6.12 References https://failedarchitecture.com/orphan-city/ http://www.archdaily.com/151566/ad-classics-amsterdam-orphanage-aldo-van-eyck/ http://www.pinterest.com/aranzacja/aldo-van-eyck/ http://www.cca.qc.ca/system/items/1947/original/Mellon12-FS.pdf?1241161450 Agrest, D. (1993). Architecture from Without: Body, Logic and Sex. pp173-195. Colomina, B. (1997). The Medical Body in Modern Architecture. Anybody, MIT Press, pp228239. Jameson (F), Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism Kelly, K. (1994). Coevolution, in Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems and the Economic World, 69-90. Kuhn, T. (1996) The Nature and Necessity of Scientic Revolutions. In: the Structure of Scientic Revolutions. Lefaivre, L, et al (1999). Aldo van Eyck Humanist Rebel: Inbetweening in a Postwar World010 publishers, Rotterdam Merleau-Ponty, M. (1968). The Synthesis of One’s Own Body. Phenomenology of Perception. pp 148-153. Figure 7.1.20

7.1.11 Inferences Pros

Cons

The form of is rooted in the creation of a strong social fabric and a sense of place, and the merging of classical and contemporary typologies. It is a response to program and access to daylight.

Amsterdam Municipal Orphanage housed children without parents. Meanwhile, views on orphanages and child upbringing had changed and the orphanage became increasingly outdated.

The creation of community was of exceptional importance in this project, as the residents had little or no connection to family outside of the institution.

The designing ideology was very rigid and not flexible

The whole scheme of the orphanage was interwoven around a number of centers dined from the beginning as points of interaction and exchange between various areas of the facility.

The location of the orphanage was far away from the urban centre making it abandoned from the outside world. It has stood empty, isolated from nearby large-scale urban developments

Sensitive design considering the emotions of the users. A good example of elementary forms and their interrelations. The orphanage references the human body of the growing child with great consideration. He has taken into consideration the physical size of the body, the gender of the children, and the activities of interest that accompany age and gender.

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Perez-Gomez, A. Architecture and the Crisis of Modern Science Strauven, F. (1998). Aldo van Eyck, The Shape of Relativity. Architectura & Natura Press, Amsterdam. Strauven, F. (2007). Aldo van Eyck – Shaping the New Reality From the In-between to the Aesthetics of Number. Study Centre, Mellon Lectures. Spuybroek, L. (2004). The Structure of Vagueness. NOX Machining Architecture.352-359

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7.2 Jeeva Nivas, Pondicherry Type - REFUGEE FOR CHILDREN WITH AIDS/HIV Architect - Ar.Poonam Malchandi Floors - 3

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7.2.1 Profile This project was commisioned by Arul Ashram, Pondicherry, India. The ashram provides a refugee for children with AIDS/HIV. The home is a stepping stone for young HIV+ orphans to live an independent life; a place where teenagers grow into young men who can manage their health and pursue higher education or a trade.

7.2.2 Design Approach

BUA - 450 m2 Completion - 2008

The requirement of areas, functions and their relation was quite complex. The building was to host 15 youth, 1 special educator, 2 volunteers, a cook’s family. Due to the site surface area limitation, the built form had to be extruded vertically to be able to accommodate all these multiple functions. Also the principle wind direction was on the narrow end of the site. A composition of vertical load bearing wall fins was devised as the main structure. These wall fins were staggered to allow cross ventilation even in the rooms on the far side of the wind direction. The interiors provide a dean and organized living environment, which, by design, stays very cool in the summer, without mechanical ventilation.

Location - Pondicherry

7.2.3 Structural Load Bearing Rammed Earth walls that allow for column beam free built structure and allowing for a more open plan structure which, in turn, renders it climatically conducive.

7.2.4 Climatic response and drawbacks The building is aligned in the direction of the prevalent winds of the region to take in maximum advantage of the site features. The intention of the long rectilinear plan with the large cut-outs and openings were to ensure there is through cross-ventilation throughout the building during all seasons. But this approach to ventilation and lighting did not carry through to the shower and service area where they are heavily required. In fact, discouraging the flow of wind through the whole length of the building. The large openings ensure utilization of natural daylight. But the monsoon rains lash inside through the openings due to insufficient overhang of the sun shade.

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7.2.5 Vertical Zoning The zoning of the building is presumably done on the basis of privacy, with the public level where outsiders are entertained at the ground level. Semi-Private on the first floor consisting of the prayer hall, recreation and study rooms (for the boys), and accommodation/office for the volunteers. Private on the third floor which is the sleeping quarters for the boys. Space/floor entirely for their needs

7.2.6 Attention to detail Special attention is paid to details, for example, niches in the walls to keep brooms and other objects in a non-cluttered manner. The walls have cut-outs from floor to ceiling, ensuring cross ventilation and visual connectivity between the segregated sleeping areas. A single vertical circulation core is placed centrally in the planning of the building. Cut-outs on the wall engulfing the staircase enable one to observe the activity that is going on at the level he is approaching towards. The cut-out also ensures movement through the building is always observable and transparency is ensured.

Figure 7.2.2

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Figure 7.2.3

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7.2.8 Inferences

Inferences Shorter sides face EastShorter sides face EastWest. Openings that allow West. Openings that allow in wind andand natural light in wind natural light

Vertical stacking of spaces according to user activities. The design ensures there’s free interaction between the inmates. The building is aligned in the direction of the prevalent winds of the region to take in maximum advantage of the site features. interaction and exchange between various areas of the facility. Bearing Rammed Earth walls that allow for column beam free built structure and allowing for a more open plan structure which, in turn, renders it climatically conducive. .Special attention is paid to details, for example, niches in the walls to keep brooms and other objects in a non-cluttered manner.

Cut-outs and large openings that allow for air Cut-outs and large openings that allow for air flow flow and visual and visual connectivity connectivity

Vertical rammed earth structural fins. Vegetation on the building to protect Shorter sides face East-West. Openings that allow in wind and natural light Figure 7.2.5

6.28 References https://www.poonam-mulchandani.com/built-projects/jeeva-nivas/ https://issuu.com/merita_joy/docs/snehalayam_-_architecture_thesis_re

Vertical rammed earth structural fins. Vegetation on Vertical rammed earth structural fins. Vegetation the building to protect from on the building to protect harsh sun and dust Figure 7.2.4

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7.3 SOS Children village, Pondicherry

7.3.1 Profile

Type - Orphanage for children affected by Tsunami

Completion - 2007

Architect - Mistry Architects

Location - Pondicherry

SOS Children’s Village is an independent, non-governmental, international development organization that has been working to meet the needs, protect the interests and rights of children since 1949. It was founded by Hermann Gmeiner in Imst, Austria. The organization’s work focuses on abandoned, destitute, and orphaned children requiring family-based childcare. The SOS Children’s Village in Pondicherry mainly houses children that were orphaned by the December 26th, 2009 tsunami. The age of the children ranges from 1 to 23years and houses both boys and girls. The children are all of different castes and religions and freely allowed to practice the religion they believe in. There is a total of 158 children in the facility at present.

7.3.2 Concept The system is such that there are family homes’ each housing up to 10 children. The ‘family home’ is a fully functional home with 3 bedrooms, a living room, dining room, kitchen, common toilets, and a backyard. All of the above-mentioned spaces are arranged around a central open to sky courtyard which acts as the informal gathering space within the house. The children of the same religion or faith arc housed together in each home. They are all of the different age groups and it is mixed accommodation until the boys turn the age of 14. Once the boys cross that age they move into the home for the older boys within the same campus. Each of these homes is also provided with a ‘Mother. The Mother is responsible for the well-being of the children on all terms at the respective house. When it comes to the masterplan arrangement of the village, the residential spaces are tucked away with circulation having to pass by the Directors’s residence and other official administrative areas. Therefore form a vantage point for invisible supervision.

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7.3.3 Inferences

Inferences

The design symbolizes the connection between sea to the site and the people. The design respects, understands and translates the site it is set in. The homes have a community space in the front where the kids come together to play. The structures are made of locally available stone and bricks as a composite wall which gives a good thermal insulation. the overhanging roofs and the traditional double grooved tiles laid on the precast R.C.C rafters protects us from harsh sun and rain. Figure 7.3.4 Figure 7.3.2

6.3.4 References http://mistrys.com/project-social/sos-childrens-village-puducherry-2/ https://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/india/sos-childrens-village-puducherry

Figure 7.3.3

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7.4.1 Profile Aji cha Ghar will be safe and friendly home for the abandoned girl children and destitute Senior Transgenders. It is a project under Sai Sawli Trust. This is a dream Project of the Founder member Gauri Suresh Sawant.the foundation roots of Aji Cha Ghar lies in two true incidents of Gauri’s life.

7.4.2 Inspiration It all started when Gauri learnt that her loving old aged Co - Guru Ketna Shivaji Sawant, once shared her that at that old age she wished to be a granny to small children ,play with them, love them, bathe and feed them. As the Guru was speaking , Gauri could not only understand the love and affection in that old eyes but also realized that a woman feels incomplete if she doesn’t play a granny’s role of the life. It was on that day she decided to make a home for called as Granny’s Home for all the senior and loving Transgenders. But before the dream could meets its success Gauri lost her beloved Guru Ketnaji. The other incident is about a girl called Sitara from Bangladesh who wished to become a heroine in the film industry and one day found herself in the red streets of Mumbai where she was sold away by her own father.

7.4 Aajicha Ghar (Proposed) Name -Aajicha Ghar Type - Home abandoned girl children and destitute Transgenders Founder - Gauri Suresh Sawant

Sitara was the eldest daughter in her family was already suffered a lot as her mother had died when she was very young and had a mentally retarded sister who was molested by her own father. Sitara couldn’t even run back to her family. She decided to stay and work as a sex worker. One day when she gave birth to a girl child and decided that she will make her a sex worker which will be helpful to her in her old age. As days passed and motherhood started rising in Sitara she was unable to make the child a sex worker instead she gave her to a family for two lakhs so that her financial conditions could be settled. That night sitara couldn’t sleep due to the guilt of selling away her own child. Next day she donated the amount in the kali temple. After learning this Gauri thought no child or women should suffer lie this and she would make a home for the girl children of prostitutes called as AAJI CHA GHAR.

7.4.3 Vision • To save girl children • Nurture girl children, make them empower with education and good moral values

Floors - 3 Location - Karjat, Maharashtra, India

• To provide care to the lives of the helpless and destitute old Aged Transgender in the society and even those neglected by the society and did not get proper care due to poverty, so that they live as valued members of the society with a peace of mind before going to their eternal home. • Old aged trans genders can take care of infants ,young growing girl children by sharing love and values

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7.4.4 Goals/Mission To ensure safe and friendly environment for the upbringing of destitute girl children under the roof of aged Transgender with love care and disciplined culture.

7.4.5 Purpose of the project Ensure access of 40 (forty)poor helpless and destitute Old Aged Transgender persons and girl children for safe accommodation, tender love, proper care, nourishment, health service and other basic needs through establishment and operation of a sustainable Aaji Cha Ghar. .

7.4.6 Purpose of the project 1. To establish a well constructed, well managed, community participated and safe Old Aged home at Karjat, District Raigad, State Maharashtra. 2. To ensure adequate nourishment and clothes and shelter for the targeted the poor 3. helpless and destitute an Old Aged Transgenders and girl children. 4. To nuture and foster abondened girl children of prostitute. 5. To restrict the girl children from entering the business of prostitution. 6. To spread awareness regarding health and hygienic issues. 7. To create an effective and friendly learning environment for the poor helpless and destitute an Old Aged Transgenders and girl children within AAJI KA GHAR so that they can live peacefully as their own Home. 8. To provide an Old Aged persons access to fellowship activities, recreational facilities, mental support, social affairs and spiritual well-being. 9. To educate the girls and make them self-dependent and to nurture them with good moral values so that they become a resource for developing India 10. To promote resource generating activities for financial sustainability of AAJI KA GHAR beyond donor funding. 11. To make provision for girl child adoption. 12. To make provision of their marriage with an appropriate person at proper age.

7.4.7 Constrution The Old aged Home will be a 2000 square feet semi-concrete building consisting of one male’ living room, one female’ living room, one common room, one dining room, one office room, guest room, sick room, three living rooms for the home staff, kitchen and toilet facilities. A deep tube well and water tank will be constructed for supply of safe water. A local contractor will be selected for construction of the old Aged Home through bidding process according to the procurement guideline of CAF. The construction work will be completed by the first 3 months of the project.

Figure 7.4.1

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7.4.8 Equipping the Old Aged Home The Old Aged Home will be equipped with the following equipments and facilities: • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Beds (Single deck for Old aged person) – 30 Beds (single deck for staff) – 5 Beddings – 30 sets Benches – 32 numbers Tables – 16 number Plates & drinking glasses – 30 set Cooking equipments Water filters – 4 numbers Indoor Sports equipments Outdoor Sports equipments and facilities Musical instrument Drum & guitar etc. First aid medical equipments Computer with accessories (1 one)

A procurement Committee will procure these equipments/facilities according to the procurement guideline of CAF.

6.4.5 Impact of the project The ultimate impact of the project will be that the poor helpless and destitute an Old aged person from the remote Bandarban will enjoy a sound and fulfilling old aged life toward achieving a promising life through their physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual development and well being. More specifically: • The poor helpless and destitute old Aged will have a safe accommodation an placement where they will enjoy their old aged life in family environment. • Gaining adequate nutrition, physical exercise and quality healthcare the poor helpless and destitute old aged will lead a healthful life. • Tender love and provide care will bring a pleasant and enjoyable old aged life for the old aged persons and offer them emotional and release from mental depression and anxiety. • Finally, the old Aged home will contribute to build the life of the poor helpless and destitute old aged person so that they can be an active person having love, fellow feeling and responsibility for significantly contributing in overall development and reformation of the society, country and nation.

6.4.5 Reference https://aajichaghar.com/all-project-list/aajicha-ghar/ https://aajichaghar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/project-proposal-aajichaghar. pdf Figure 7.4.2

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7.5.1 Profile Asha Niketan is a home for men and women with intellectual disabilities. It’s a residential setup for the people it cares for along with a volunteer accommodation facility. They do not take in children and all its member are off 20 years and above. The home follows a secular outlook in its beliefs and house 15 permanent members all assisted by appointed assistants. Apart from the permanent members at the home, there is also the member that come as day scholars to take part in the workshops at the home. These hand-made products are then later sold for fundraising.

7.5.2 Location Situated in Bangalore the site is not large enough to construct a home for disabled. It contours diagonally from north to south by two metres. The site is lined by a single row of trees on one side with a few scattered arbitarily in the middle.

7.5.3 Design The architect provided the residents the liberty to move around in an undisturbed flow of spaces with a choice to enjoy a space of their liking. The design has the spaces with optimal privacy for small groups and small niches for those who seek privacy as an individual. The courtyard space forms the central focus of the building, overlooked by a majority of rooms. Varying levels and spaces formed due to contoured site overlook into one another creating sense of interest amongst spaces. Visual Connectivity form a reverent concept of design.

7.5 Asha Niketan 1. Cenirifocal B,C,D Subsidary Centres 2. Gathering space for small groups with optional privacy 3. Place for large groups, large volume leads to courtyard 4. Intimate group or individual who seeks privacy

Type - Home for adults with disabilities Architect - Ar.Navanath Kanade Floors - 2 Completion - 2008 Location - Bangalore

Figure 7.5.1

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7.5.4 Courtyard The building is a fascinating amalgam of open and semi-open spaces. All the rooms spill out into the verandahs which further open out into the courtyard The generous incorporation of courtyards around the form the mainstay of the design. These areas not only provide the perfect setting for outdoor interactions but are an important source for light and ventilation throughout the building. Figure 7.5.2

7.5.5 Ramps Providing access to the subsidiary centers at various levels ae ramps the ramp in the central courtyard functions as a waiting lounge as well as the main interaction space.

Figure 7.5.5

Figure 7.5.3

7.5.6 Other Rooms

Figure 7.5.4

The room’s inner walls are lined with a facade of bricks. This leads to temperature moderation. Few roos especially those next to the ramp are slightly dingy as they lack enough natural light. The ground floor accommodates common spaces like workshops, common gathering areas, dining areas, kitchen, and administrative offices. The first floor consists of the remaining rooms, the director’s house, staff residences. few smaller workshops and numerous terraces both open and semi-covered.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Figure 7.5.6

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7.5.7 Material and construction technique The architect has broken out of the conventional modes of construction and illustrated with great resourcefulness the art of material used. Locally available materials have been used to create an ingenious system of construction that contributes to the structural strength, aesthetic appeal, etc. The success of the design of this building lies in the fact that it is not lusting another institutional building that shelters its inhabitants from the outer world which they eventually end up perceiving as harsh and frightening.

Arrangement of spaces around entrance courtyard.

A variety of opens, semi-open, enclosed, and multi-level spaces are interwoven to create an interesting assemblage of spaces that encourage the inmates to shrug off their inhibitions and come forth to explore, interact, and be one with everyone else and nature. These spaces nurture the inhabitants by providing them warmth and comfort The predominant craft is the innovative use of material throughout the budding in multiple ways. The materials used in Asha Niketan are natural and eco-friendly thus making the building sustainable. The different materials used are GRANITE, BRICK-IN-TERNAL WALLS, MUD INSULATOR, KOTA STONE FLOORING, AND KADAPA STONE.

Entrance courtyard/ focal point of home

Vertical rammed earth structural fins. Vegetation on the building to protect from harsh sun and dust Figure 7.5.7

Figure 7.5.8 Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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7.5.8 Inferences

Inferences The design ensures that there is free interaction be-tween all the inmates of the community through the: Centrally located courtyards, Freedom of movement on the ground floor with the help of the ramps, The double-height multifunctional area The double-height dining room. While ensuring this freedom of communication, he also provided small pockets around the building that allows the residents to have a sense of privacy even if it's outside of their rooms. The terraces on the second floor ensure the same. The entire atmosphere of the place set amongst the tall trees gives a sense of a homely feel, so the residents feel like they are in their own homes giving them peace of mind during their stay. The building is a good example of the seamless movement between the open, closed, and semi-opened spaces. The ramp allows the free movement from one level to the other with a consideration of a 2m slope difference. While the central staircase provides for the vertical movement from one floor to another. Figure 7.5.9

6.3.4 References http://larchefmrindia.org/communities/asha-niketan-bangalore/ https://issuu.com/ishikamukherjee/docs/thesis_report

Figure 7.5.10

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7.6.1 Profile Occupying a beautiful seven acre beachfront compound approximately 5 km north of Puducherry (formerly known as Pondicherry), Quiet Healing Center is Auroville’s natural healing facility with superb views on the Indian Ocean. It’s a retreat relaxation and alternative healing short stay residential centre and spa. Rehabilitation through alternative therapies like sound therapy, water therapy etc.

7.6.2 Location 10 KMs away from Puducherry city 2 KM away from Auroville township spread away from Auroville township spread over a 7 acre campus.

7.6.3 Design Located outside the busy city and traffic giving it a quite atmosphere crucial to healing. Access through a secondary road with the site at a dead end. The limits throughout are traffic and further decreases noise levels at site. Very low percentage of g round cover deotes maximum open spaces is left free for roaming. Interaction with greenery Low density built space gives rise to a more free flowing environment. Views to the sea can be calming. The sea also brings in white noise that drains out the noise coming from outside the site. Noise level measured site. Noise level measured at site 35dB.

7.6 Quite Healing Center Name - Quiet Healing Centre, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu Type - Meditation Retreat Architect - Pino Marchese Floors - 2 Completion - 1999 Location - Pondicherry, India

Figure 7.6.1

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7.6.5 Form

7.6.4 Materplan

6.5.1 Zoning Therapy space is zoned to be accessible from all other zones. Guest privacy is maintained by placing accomodation away from main cicrculation area. Proximity of guest accomodation to main entrance would be to concern if the patient was mentally unstable.

Figure 7.6.2

Figure 7.6.4

Gueust services - Laundry and kitchen are combined in a single structure and placed closer to accomodation .

Figure 7.6.5

Figure 7.6.3

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7.6.6 Inferences

Isolated locations are naturally quiet.

Inferences

Natural features like the beach are ideal settings for healing. More time is spent outside by the users, with larger freedom of movement. Intimate scale and domed shell makes the patient feel mindful with a sense of enhancement of oneself that one would feel inside a temple or sanctuary or womb. Uniform diffused lighting throughout the building. Simple construction method gives a uniform design language that can be adapted while with future expansion.

Small courtyards are used to isolate one buidling from another making one trnverse through a gardencourtyard instead of a corridor.

White is known to exemplify feelings of peace and serenity. It is also easy to repaint during yearly maintenance.

6.3.4 References Palm tree planttions and row of trees towards edge of aite onto beach help prevent soil erosion and control wind speeds.

Case study - Sahana https://www.quiethealingcenter.info/ https://www.quiethealingcenter.info/

White ceramic tiles sre used on domes as they reflect sunlight falling on it and keep it cool. They are also a sustainable building materials as they are obtained from waste tiles

Figure 7.6.7

Paving is made of stone and brinck and is wornout closer to the landscaped areas as the brick has worn out with direct contact with moisture. This makes using a wheelchair on this pavement cumbersome. Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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Vikas community centre

• The creation of this community was based on a particular spirit, life style and appropriate architectural design. • The extensive use of environmentally sound materials, appropriate building technologies, (earth and ferrocement), renewable energies (solar and wind) and ecological water management (watershed harvesting and biological waste water treatment), were the basis of its material implementation. Individual apartments, a few individual houses and common facilities were built. • This project was the first development in Auroville, which used stabilised earth right from foundations to roof. Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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7.7.1 Vikas Community The Vikas Community was built in Auroville by the Earth Institute (formerly the Auroville Building Centre / Earth Unit) in several periods from 1992 to 1998. This project was the first development in Auroville which used stabilised earth from foundations to roof. Vikas community was a finalist for the World Habitat Award 2000.

Common kitchen for 50 people

7.7..2 Vikas Spirit

Figure 7.7.1

The creation of this community was based on a particular spirit, life style and appropriate architectural design. It was related to Sri Aurobindo’s integral yoga and Auroville’s ideal. The extensive use of environmentally sound materials, appropriate building technologies, (earth and ferrocement), renewable energies (solar and wind) and ecological water management (watershed harvesting and biological waste water treatment), were the basis of its material implementation. Individual apartments, a few individual houses and common facilities were built

7.7.3 The first development This project was the first development in Auroville, which used stabilised earth right from foundations to roof. To date, Vikas community still represents the most synthetic holistic development, which has been materialised in Auroville.

Reservoir and wind pump

The community was built in several steps, from 1992 to 1998. First the community kitchen was built, so as to emphasize the communal aim. Then a first block of 4 apartments was built and later on a second block with 5 apartments. The third block with 13 apartments was built on four floors: a basement floor with three floors above it. The concept of this building was such that it should be self-sufficient for its soil needs. The soil was dug from the basement floor (1.20m below the original ground level) to produce compressed stabilised earth blocks for building the structure of 819m2, carpet area, on 4 floors.

Figure 7.7.2

The foundations were done with stabilised rammed earth and the 13.40m high walls were done with CSEB of 24 cm thick. All floors and roofs were made of very flat vaults and domes for the living rooms. These vaults and domes were built with CSEB, by using the “Free-spanning” technique. All stabilisation used 5 % cement by weight. The experiment of Vikas found its roots in Auroville’s ideals. Nonetheless, its material developments could be implemented elsewhere in the world. Vikas community was a finalist for the World Habitat Award 2000.

First block of 4 apartments

Figure 7.7.3 Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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7.7.4 Construction of the structure

7.7.5 Construction

Earth was used, from the first developments of Vikas, in all parts of the buildings, from foundations to roof. The proper management of earth resources was always the first priority. The quarries where the soil was taken from were always planned first. This procedure allowed a perfect integration of the excavations with the buildings and landscape. The first and second developments of the collective kitchen and 10 apartments on two floors could integrate the quarries as a garden reservoir and for wastewater treatment. The soil needs for these developments were already exceeding the outcome of excavations, and some soil had to be supplied from elsewhere. The soil requirement for the third building, which had four floors, was tremendous and the development of Vikas did not require any hole. Thus it was not possible to integrate any earth excavation in the project and therefore this building was planned with a basement floor, which was half underground (1.20m below the original ground level). The volume of this basement floor was equivalent to the volume of soil, which was needed to produce the blocks and all the various works of the third building. Thus, the amount of soil generated by the basement was enough to build 819 m2, carpet area, on 4 floors. To protect the basement from the inflow of rainwater a particular landscape was designed. The immediate surrounding has been shaped like a shallow crater to drain rainwater into a percolation pit. This landscape design generated even more soil than needed for the building sites at Vikas. It was given to other projects in Auroville, which could not implement the concept of a basement floor. .

Figure 7.7.5

7.7.6 Materials

Excavation of the basement floor of the third building

Excavation of the basement floor – 1.2 m below ground level Figure 7.7.4

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7.7.7 Water Management

Water management

Rainwater harvesting

Figure 7.7.7

Solar pump

Section of the third building

Lagoon System

Figure 7.7.8

This system consists of two distinct phases: an anaerobic decantation-digestion, followed by a macrophyte water treatment and the progressive re-establishment of aerobic conditions. The anaerobic treatment takes place in a watertight pit called the “decanter-digester”, which is open at the top, and which gets covered by the accumulated floating matter.

Ventilation system through the vaulted structures towards the solar chimney

Figure 7.7.9

Percolation system of the third building

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• Lagoons are pond-like bodies of water or basins designed to receive, hold, and treat wastewater for a predetermined period of time. • Much of the treatment occurs naturally, but some systems use aeration devices to add oxygen to the wastewater. Aeration makes treatment more efficient, so that less land area is necessary. Aerators can be used to allow existing systems to treat more wastewater. • An important design considerations for lagoons includes the amount and type of wastewater to be treated and the level of treatment required by regulations Design Disertation I

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7.7.8 Biological Waste water treat ment by Lagooning

• This system consists of two distinct phases: an anaerobic decantation-digestion, followed by a macrophyte water treatment and the progressive re-establishment of aerobic conditions. • The anaerobic treatment takes place in a watertight pit called the “decanter-digester”, which is open at the top, and which gets covered by the accumulated floating matter. • The macrophyte water treatment is covered with diverse species of floating aquatic plants. The first 2/3 of the watertight pit is fully covered and the plant covering in the last third is restricted to 20 % of the surface to promote more reoxygenation and photosynthesis. • The aquatic plants were at the beginning water hyacinths and duckweeds. • This wastewater treatment worked well but it is a fragile system, which requires a lot of maintenance.

Figure 7.7.10

Disadvantages

Advantages • Lagoon systems can be cost-effective to design and construct in areas where land is inexpensive. • They use less energy than most wastewater treatment methods. • They are simple to operate and maintain and generally require only part-time staff.

• Lagoon systems require more land than other treatment methods. • They are less efficient in cold climates and may require additional land or longer detention times in these areas. • Odor can become a nuisance during algae blooms, spring thaw in cold climates, or with anaerobic lagoons and lagoons that are inadequately maintained.

• They are very effective at removing disease-causing organisms (pathogens) from wastewater. • The effluent from lagoon systems can be suitable for irrigation (where appropriate), because of its high-nutrient and low pathogen content.

• Unless they are property maintained, lagoons can provide a breeding area for mosquitoes and other insects.

Figure 7.7.10

• They are not very effective at removing heavy metals from wastewater.

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7.8 Comparitive Analysis Sr. No

Name of the projecet

Amsterdam Orphanage

Who

Name of the Site Floors Who Completion Architect Climate projecet

Amsterdam Orphan Children Aldo Van Eyck+ 1 Amsterdam Orphanage

Unprivelelged Youth

Jeeva Nivas

SOS Children Tsunami affected Village orphan children

Architect Sr. No

Asha Niketan

Adults with disabilities

Pondicherry Jeeva Nivas

Mistry 3 Architects

SOS Children Tsunami affected Pondicherry 1 2007 Village orphan children

Quiet Healing Center

Meditation Retreat

Ar.Navanath 5 Kanade

Floors

Completion Light and Ventialtion Climate

Capacity

BuildingLight Techniques and Ventialtion

Unprivelelged 3 2008 Youth

The building is aligned in the direction of The building is aligned in the direction of the prevalent winds of the region to take the prevalent winds of the region to take 15 Youth 15 Youth Bearing Rammed Earth walls that allow for Bearing Rammed Earth walls that allow for in maximum advantage of the site in maximum advantage of the site 1 special column beam free built structure and column beam free built structure and 1 special Hot and features. The intention of the long Ar.Poonam features. The intention Hot of and the long allowing for a more open plan structure Pondicherry educator 3 2008 allowing for a more open plan structure educator Humid rectilinear plan with the large cut-outs Malchandi rectilinear plan with the Humid large cut-outs 2 volunteers which, in turn, renders it climatically which, in turn, renders it climatically 2 volunteers and openings were to ensure there is and openings were to ensure there is conducive. A cook's family A cook's family conducive. through cross-ventilation throughout the through cross-ventilation throughout the building during all seasons. building during all seasons. Mistry allows and ample 158 Children Central courtyard R.C.C spaces allows ample Hot and 158 Children Central courtyard spacesHot Pondicherry 1 2007 amount offor light and ventilation Architects Humid 20 Caretakers amount of light and ventilation Humid 20 Caretakers Maglore tiles roofs

Home abandoned 40 orphan girl 40 orphan girl girl children and Gauri Suresh children and children and Karjat, Hot and Karjat, Large openings towardsHot theand north side R.C.C towards the north side Large openings Proposed Sawant old aged Aajicha Ghar 3 destitute old aged 3 Proposed Mumbai for diffused lighting Humid CSEB Mumbai Humid forWalls diffused lighting Transgenders (Founder) transgender transgender people people

15 Ar.Navanath Moderate handicapped Bangalore Kanade Climate adults

Locally available materials have been used to create an ingenious system of construction that contributes to the structural strength, aesthetic appeal, etc. The generous incorporation of 15 The generous incorporation of Moderate 2 courtyards 2008 around the form thehandicapped courtyards around the form the Climate GRANITE, BRICK-IN-TERNAL WALLS, MUD mainstay of the design. adults mainstay of the design. INSULATOR, KOTA STONE FLOORING, AND KADAPA STONE

Asha Bangalore Niketan

Adults with 2008 disabilities

Quiet Healing Pino Marchese 6 Pondicherry Center

The openings towards the courtyard and Hot and Meditation Hot and 1999 Pino Marchese Pondicherry sea2flushes the 1999 structure with uniformed Retreat Humid Humid light and ventilation The buildings were designed to respond to environmental factors such as wind direction and heavy rains.

The openings towards the courtyard and sea flushes the structure with uniformed CSEB Walls light and ventilation

Communites in Auroville

Vikas Community Auroville Center

Communites in 4 1998 Auroville

Hot and Humid

Auroville

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

R.C.C Maglore tiles for roofs

R.C.C CSEB Walls

Locally available materials have been used to create an ingenious system of construction that contributes to the structural strength, aesthetic appeal, etc. GRANITE, BRICK-IN-TERNAL WALLS, MUD INSULATOR, KOTA STONE FLOORING, AND KADAPA STONE

CSEB Walls

The buildings were designed to respond to environmental factors such as wind direction and heavy rains.

Large windows for light and ventilation Vikas Community Center

Building Techniques

RCC RCC The modules consist of four round Daylighting into of interior spaces, his well Daylighting into interior spaces, his well The modules consist four round considered creation of inbetween columns at the corners creation with a domed roof columns at the corners with a domed roof considered of inbetween Humid Humid Orphan 1 Children 1960 Aldo Van Eyck+ 125 Amsterdam Children spaces, 1 the abundant 1960 access to fresh 125 air,Children of pre-cast spaces, concrete the abundant on top. The access floortoisfresh air, of pre-cast concrete on top. The floor is and Rainy and Rainy and the limited creation of social also concrete. and The the limited many facades creation in of thesocial also concrete. The many facades in the in section hierarchy in section building are eitherhierarchy a glass wall or a solid building are either a glass wall or a solid wall made with dark brown bricks. wall made with dark brown bricks.

Ar.Poonam 2 Malchandi

Home abandoned girl children and Gauri Suresh destitute Sawant4 Aajicha Ghar Transgenders (Founder)

Capacity Site

Large windows for light and ventilation Earth building technologies & ferrocement Earth building technologies & ferrocement Windows with sunshadesHot andand used extensively Windowsthroughout with sunshades the buildings, and used extensively throughout the buildings, 4 1998 pronounced overhangs; improved Humid soil frompronounced the site excavation overhangs; usedimproved for CSEB soil from the site excavation used for CSEB ventilation with the increased velocity of block production. ventilation with the increased velocity of block production. wind through pier walls; a solar chimney wind through pier walls; a solar chimney that creates a natural stack effect draft that creates a natural stack effect draft inside the apartments through the inside the apartments through the temperature differential inside the temperature differential inside the chimney. chimney.

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8.1 Pondicherry

8.3 Population

Pondicherry is part of the geographic and linguistic-cultural region of the South Indian peninsula. Like the other South Indians, the people of Pondicherry are primarily Dravidians. The Union Territory of Pondicherry includes four enclaves located in three states of South India. It includes the coastal towns of Pondicherry and Karaikal in Tamil Nadu, Yanam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahe in Kerala. Pondicherry is 160 kms. South of Chennai. Karaikal is situated 150 kms. further down south from Pondicherry. While Pondicherry and Karaikal and Yanam are on the East coast bound by the Bay of Bengal, Mahe is on the West coast bound by the Arabian Sea. Pondicherry is surrounded by South Arcot District, Karaikal by Thanjavur District Yanam by East Godavari District and Mahe by Kannur District.

The population of Pondicherry (Census, 2001) is 9.74 lakhs. As a proportion of the countrys total population, it is 0.09%. Women and men constitute exactly 50% of the population (4.87 lakh). The average annual exponential growth rate (1991-2001) of population is 1.87% as against 1.93% for the whole of India. The UT has registered significant reduction in population growth rate compared to the previous decade (19811991) which was 2.90%. Population growth rate in Pondicherry is also impacted by migration from Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.

8.2 History Legends associate old Pondicherry with the great Hindu sage Agastya. It is believed that Agastya established an Ashram there and the place was known as Agastiswaram. An inscription found near Vedapuriswara temple built and rebuilt many times lends credibility to this legend.

8.4 Density The UT occupies the third rank in the country amongst States and Union Territories with a population density of 2,029 per sq.km. This reflects an addition of 346 per sq.km. compared 1991 when it was 1,683 per sq.km. Density in the UT is seven times that of India as a whole.

Figure 8.1

Excavations in the region of Arikamedu, south of Pondicherry town, indicate that there was a Roman settlement there between 2nd Century B.C. and 2nd century A.D. Ancient Roman scripts make mention of Poduca or Poduke as one of the trade centres along the Indian coast. Historians and geographers have identified it as the present Pondicherry. Pondicherry was part of the Pallava Kingdom of Kanchipuram from about the 4th Century A.D. It came under the Chola dynasty of Thanjavur in the 10th Century A.D. and later under the Pandya kingdom in the 13th Century. Still later it came under the Vijayanagar Empire which controlled the whole of South India until early 17th Century. Several thousands in Pondicherry opted for French nationality at the time of independence. A large number of Tamil residents in Pondicherry still have French Passports, having chosen to remain French nationals. Today, nearly 20,000 Pondicherry people live in France and nearly 14,000 French nationals live in the Territory of Pondicherry. Continued bonds with France and Pondicherry have made the Union Territory rather unique.

Pre Colonial

Figure 8.2

Dutch by textiles Dutch set up a factory French Rule Dutch Rule French Rule British Rule French Rule British Rule French Rule British Rule French Rule Independence of India Independence of Pondicherry

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8.5 Topography Flat Plain

15 metres

Backwaters/ Rivers

Figure 8.3

River Gingee Pennaiyar Lagoons Lakes

The Puducherry region is located on a flat plain with an average elevation of 15 m from Mean Sea Level (MSL) and a number of sea inlets, referred to as “backwaters” can be found. The region is intersected by the deltaic channels of River Gingee and the Pennaiyar and other streams forming the two main drainage basins interspersed with lagoons, lakes and tanks. The presence of shallow lagoon along the east coast give rise to the present continuity of land of Puducherry region.

8.6 Regional Connectivity

Puducherry region is well linked with other states of India through railway network. Puducherry region has one major railway station connected to Chennai metropolitan region on daily basis. Bangalore is also other important IT city of India reachable by railways from Puducherry via salem and Hosur. The other railway station within the Puducherry Planning area is Villianur railway station situated along the NH45A. The Puducherry region currently has an airport facility, which is yet to be brought under major civil aviation network. As of now flight services are operated to Bangalore and Hyderabad. The nearest major functional domestic and international airport is in Chennai which is almost 135 km proximity from Pondicherry region. The Bangalore is also easily reachable through airways from Chennai airport. 8.6.3 Airways The Puducherry region currently has an airport facility, which is yet to be brought under major civil aviation network. As of now flight services are operated to Bangalore and Hyderabad. The nearest major functional domestic and international airport is in Chennai which is almost 135 km proximity from Pondicherry region. The Bangalore is also easily reachable through airways from Chennai airport. 8.6.4 Port The Puducherry Port is situated in the East Coast between two major ports viz., Chennai and Tuticorin. Puducherry Port is at about 150 Km south of Chennai Port. The other nearest Port is Cuddalore port and karaikal Port situated at a distance of about 28 km and 140 Km respectively.

8.2.6 Natiural drainage network

Roadways Port

Figure 8.4

Backwaters/ Rivers

Airways Railways

8.6.1 Roadways

Gingee

Pennaiyar

north-west to south-east

southern border

140 small and two big tanks

Puducherry is well connected through roads to major cities/towns towards northern, southern and western side. The major metropolitan area adjacent to the planning area is Chennai and is easily reachable by roadways through NH-45A and East Coast Road (ECR). The SH 49 road also connects to Chennai Via Marakanam. Tindivanam connects through NH 66, Northwestern side of Puducherry region. It is the municipality in the district of Villupuram in the state of Tamilnadu with an area of around 22 sq kms and population of 72,796 as per Census of India, 2011. Villupuram connects through NH 45A in Western side and Cuddalore through NH - 45A in Southern side of Puducherry region. Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Figure 8.5

Puducherry region lays scattered as islands surrounded by the state of Tamilnadu, poses challenges in drainage system. There are two major rivers passing through the region. One is Gingee river, which traverses the region diagonally from north-west to south-east and the other is Pennaiyar river, which forms the southern border of the region. About 140 small and two big tanks are present in the region. These tanks are interlinked and act as water storage for agricultural purposes as well as to recharge the groundwater. Design Disertation I

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Figure 8.6

8.7 Soil Type The soil of Puducherry region has developed from various parent materials like sandstone, limestone and alluvium. Pondicherry soil are coarse loamy. Ariyankuppam soils are influenced by alluvium of river Penniar and also by old alluvium resulting in heavy soil texture.

8.8 Natural Vegetation There is no forest cover in Puducherry region, however the natural vegetation available is diverse throughout the region.The natural vegetation of the region consists of vegetation of tropical dry evergreen forest, tropical dry evergreen scrub, scrub savanna and thorn forest.

Figure 8.7

Mangrove vegetation is also present in the estuaries along the Ariyankuppam and Thengaithittu village.

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8.9.2 Government Schemes

Pondicherry High number of homeless people Established chain of NGO working Together

Like in other parts of the country, in the UT of Pondicherry also Poverty Alleviation Programmes are being implemented Swarn Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana, Indira Awas Yojana, Restructured Central Rural sanitation Programme and Employment Assurance Scheme. The overall expenditure (2001-02) was less than Rs. 2 crore.

Government schemes

Good network of community housing and engagement

Tourism

Figutre 8.8

8.9 Why Pondicherry? 8.9.1 Poverty

The poverty head count in the Union Territory of Pondicherry is less than the national figure. With 21.67% of the population living below poverty line, the State is close to Tamil Nadu. However, the poverty ratio of the UT is far higher than of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. In all the States under comparison, urban poverty is higher than rural poverty. 1

There has been a drastic reduction in rural and urban poverty in Pondicherry during the 25-year period from 1973-74 to 1999-2000 as in the rest of India. The figure of rural poverty in Pondicherry has come to be far lesser than the All India figure in 1999-2000,

A substantial number of Self Help Groups have also been set up in the rural as well as urbanareas with multiple objectives including poverty alleviation. They have accessed micro credit both from the commercial banks and Government programmes.

8.9.3 Protection laws in Pondicherry Tamil Nadu State government has shown unprecedented efforts to address the social protection needs of aravani or thirunangai (male-to-female transgender people). In April 2008, Tamil Nadu Aravanigal (Transgender) Welfare Board was formed as the nodal body to address the social protection needs of transgender people. TGWB has introduced TG-specific schemes of its own and has facilitated transgender people’s access to existing social protection schemes of the State and Central government. TGWB addresses these needs as: An agency that designs and implements schemes exclusively for TG people focusing on income/employment, housing, education and health care needs of TG people. The National Planning Commission in its approach paper to Twelfth Five Year Plan has clearly articulated “lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) community” as a group that has traditionally been neglected and pointed out the need to meet their health and mental well being. Figutre 8.10 Social protection needs

Income/Jobs

while it was marginally higher than the All India figure in 1973-74.

Housing/Shelter

Education

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Facilitating access to existing schemes government State Govt. Schemes

Self-employment grants (up to INR 20, 000) to small business entrepreneurs

Loans to TG Self- help Groups (SHGs)

Material support for selfemployment (e.g., sewing machines) Short-stay home for TG people in crisis

Vocational trainings to TG people (beautician, drawing)

TG SHG formation and Vocational training (e.g., jewellery- trainings (governance and making tailoring) management)

http://ncwapps.nic.in/pdfReports/Gender_Profile_Pondicherry.pdf

Figutre 8.9 Government of India, Planning Commission

TG-specific schemes formulated and funded by TGWB

Free registered land

Individual grants

Health

Free Health insurance

Food

Ration/Food cards

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Central Govt. Schemes

Facilitating Access to Institutions and Services Initiatives to employ TG insurance (LIC) agents Access to employment opportunities by registering in the government employment exchange

Grants for building houses (Indira Awaas Yojana IAY) or free supply of materials to build house Government colleges are open for transgender people Free sex reassignment surgery in select government hospitals

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Figutre 8.11

8.9.4 Chain of NGOs Sr.N o

Name of VO/NGO

Sectors Working in

Hope NGO

To empower the marginalised sections of the society to access the information related to their rights and express their views in all matters affecting them.

Puducherry Women’s NGO

Women Empowerment

Rainbow trust foundation

A safe space for Transgender community and to empower them by giving access to the information

Voluntariat India

Scolarization of young children, care of young troubled people, professional insertion of disabled people in the weaving workshop, care of destitute seniors, an agricultural production

Doctor’s united

To provide free quality medical services to the poor and needy along with creation of medical and Social awareness in the society.

Sharon Society of Pondicherry

HIV/AIDS,Art & Culture,Education & Literacy,Aged/Elderly,Health & Family Welfare,Human Rights,Legal Awareness & Aid,Micro Finance (SHGs),Prisoner's Issues,Vocational Training,Any Other

Ouicare

Managing a home for underprivileged children providing maternal-care, child-care and opportunity for formal education.

Sri – Aurobando Society

To bring a dynamic spirituality into material life and all its activities, so that the global problems can find a true solution, and the dreams of humanity, through the ages, can be realized.

SOS Children Village

emergency relief to families who had been affected by the tsunami and in 2008 we began our permanent work in Puducherry.

Sahodran

To empower all sexual minorities to reach their full potential by providing a safe haven of community support, outreach, and activism.

Resource institution of Social Education

Youth Affairs,Agriculture,Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries,Art & Culture,Children,Civic Issues,Dalit Upliftment,Differently Abled,Disaster Management,Drinking Water,Education & Literacy,Aged/Elderly,Environment & Forests,Health & Family Welfare,HIV/AIDS,Housing,Human Rights,Land Resources,Legal Awareness & Aid,Micro Finance (SHGs),Minority Issues,New & Renewable Energy,Nutrition,Women's Development & Empowerment

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

8.9.5 The cultural importance

Figutre 8.12

Koovagam is a village in the Ulundurpettai taluk in Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu. The Koovagam festival is the biggest transgender festival of India that takes place for 18 long days in the month of Chaitra (April/May). This festival is the only festival that unites all of the transgender and transversatile community from all across the country with the cis community. For a period of a little more than two weeks, this festival is celebrated by one and all without any room for judgements or discrimination. 1

This festival is of utmost importance to the entire transgender community in India as they feel that it’s the only place and time when they’re truly acknowledged for who they are. It’s also a place where they can meet new people and make new associations. It’s high time that our society stops this unfair discrimination against the LGBTQ+ community and begin to understand that there is absolutely no difference between the cis community and the LGBTQ+. 2

1 https://safecity.in/koovagam-festival/#:~:text=Koovagam%20is%20a%20village%20in,Chaitra%20(April%2FMay). 2 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/tamil-nadu-transsexual-fest-at-koovagamcalled-off-this-year/articleshow/75042316.cms

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09 Site Analysis Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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9.1 Thengaithittu

9.4 Thengaithittu Landuse data

Landuse

• The total area of Ariyankuppam Commune Panchayat is 24.38 sq.km. • It is situated on the SouthEastern side of the planning area, bound by the Thengaithittu and Murungapakkam revenue villages of Puducherry Municipality on northern side, Tamilnadu state on western and southern side.

9.2 Road Networks • The main road network that cuts through Thengaithittu is East Coast road. • NH 45-A is can be accessed through East coast road. • Primarily there are two bridges and one secondary 3m bridge which connects Thengaithittu island to the rest of Pondicherry.

9.3 Landmarks • The major landmarks which falls within the Ariyankuppam Commune Panchayat are Arikamedu ASI Site, Paradise Beach, Le Pondy Resort, Kailash Beach Resort, Timber Market etc. • Thengaithittu is also known for it’s mangrove Protected Forests.

Figure 9.1

• Many NGOs and social working organisation are set around the location. (Refer image 8.11)

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Agriculture

Commercial

Waterbody

Industry

Mixed Landuse

Recreation

Public and Semi-Public

Residential

Traffic and transportation

Vacant

Figure 9.2

Sr. No

Land Use

Area in Sq.Km

Percentage total area

Agriculture

10.93

44.84 %

Commercial

0.27

1.09 %

Waterbody

5.30

21.73%

Industry

0.25

1.04 %

Mixed Landuse

0.05

0.22 %

Recreation

0.02

0.07 %

Public and semipublic

0.59

2.41 %

Residential

3.18

13.05 %

Traffic and Transportation

1.6

6.80 %

Vacant

2.13

8.75 %

Total

24.38

100.00

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Figure 9.3

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Figure 9.4

9.5 Thengaithittu Landuse plan

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178.4 m

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Figure 9.6 Figure 9.5

9.6.1 Analysis of proposed site

9.6 Analysis of proposed site • The site is located Thengaithittu revenue village of Union Territory of Pondicherry/ Puducherry. •

The site settlement in close proximity to the site are primarily the agricultural land and village settlements engaged the fishing industry

• The site is located at a distance of 750m from the beach and 1.8 kms from the nearest highway (East Coast Road) • Within 3 kms of radius government hospitals and schools are located.

• The proposed site has total area of 5.86 acres/ 23,670 m2. The site area left after considering the government regulation of leaving necessary offsets the final area awaiting for the construction purposes is 4.5. • The neighbouring context of site contains coconut plantations which makes the chosen site suitable and fertile for plantations. • The site can be accessed by the 5 meter roads on both north- west and south side of the site. Apart from this there’s also an option of 3m access from the northerneastern corner of the site.

• The Pudducherry railway station is located in 2kms Radius.

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9.6.2 Landuse • The site is surrounded by a school on the west face, fishing harbour in the south, agricultural field in the North and protected mangroves in the east. Mangroves

Commercial/Institutional

Public zones

Agricultural Field

9.6.3 Circulation • Site can benefits from the road network in all three sides except the eastern face. • Two primary entrance can be proposed in the West and South face and one secondary entry point in the North face. Road Network

Figure 9.8

Entry points

9.6.4 Sensory • The site is located near a fishing harbour in the southern face and a school in the west face across the road. • This results in noise during specific time of the day.

Figure 9.7

• Since the site is located near the mangroves and backwater it will face the water odour depending on the cleanliness of the water.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Road

Site Figure 9.9

9.6.5 Physical Features of proposed land • Designing according to the slope would be beneficial for the project. • As shown in the contour diagram the highest point is towards the road which is at 9m and lowest is at 4m. Design Disertation I

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9.6.8 Water Table Levels The region despite being close to the beach, it does face problems of water shortage in summer months and has to depend on either government or private entities for the supply of water for essential purposes.

Figure 9.11

Therefore the knowledge of verified data illustrating the water table levels in the pre and post monsoon months is vital not only from a construction point of view but also lays out and idea on how self-sufficient and self-reliant the home can be in it’s internal needs.

9.6.9 Soil type and Natural Vegetation The soil type found to be is off the Sandy Clayey/ sandy loamy type. This particular type of soil allows for a range of construction techniques with earth. The site has natural sea shell deposits that can be converted into calcium hydroxide (Lime) by chemical processes that can be carried out on site and used for stabilization processes. The natural vegetation of the region consists of vegetation of tropical dry evergreen forest, tropical dry evergreen scrub, scrub savanna and thorn forest. Mangrove vegetation is also present in the estuaries along the Ariyankuppam and Thengaithittu village.

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.10

9.6.7 Understanding movement of sun over proposed site Being located in very close proximity to the Equator and with a hot and humid type of climatic features close attention needs to be paid to the intensity of the incident solar radiation. Understanding the intensity, glare annually is integral information to be taken into consideration while formulating the design solution. Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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9.6.10 Pollution

9.6.11 Temperature

Air Pollution • Local Administration Department near Bharathi Park (Residential • Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Anna Nagar (Residential cum Commercial) • PIPDIC Industrial Estate, Mettupalayam (Industrial)

The region despite being close to the beach, it does face problems of water shortage in summer months and has to depend on either government or private entities for the supply of water for essential purposes. Therefore the knowledge of verified data illustrating the water table levels in the pre and post monsoon months is vital not only from a construction point of view but also lays out and idea on how self-sufficient and self-reliant the home can be in it’s internal needs.

Land Pollution Land is one of the most important and limited resource and it is directly or indirectly linked to most of the sectors like industrial, agricultural, residential etc. Water Pollution

Figure 9.13

Backwaters in Ariyankuppam are facing a serious threat of pollution due to domestic waste water, agricultural drainage and untreated industrial effluent discharges into the streams which reaches the inner harbour waters especially during rainy season.

Figure 9.15 Average minimum and maximum temperature

Average minimum and maximum temperature

Figure 9.14

Average precipitation Figure 9.16 Average(rain/snow) percipitation - Rain

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Figure 9.17 Cloudy, sunny and percipitation days

Cloudy sunny and precipitation days

Figure 9.19

8.2.8 4.1Tides and Cyclones

The tidal currents observed in the vicinity of Ariyankuppam river mouth indicates unidirectional current from north to south during flooding as well as ebbing tides and the maximum strength of current as observed is 0.26m/ sec.

Figure 9.18 Graph for wind speed

Graph for wind speed 9.6.12 Precipitation

The northeast monsoon sets in during the middle of October and Puducherry gets bulk of it’s rainfall during the period from October to December. During South west monsoon between March and September, winds blow pre-dominantly from south. During June, July and August, strong wind is experienced from South West direction in mornings from South during afternoons and from South East during nights.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

Figure 9.20

Design Disertation I

The coast is affected by the storms occurring during the north-eastern monsoon (October to december). The occurrence of the storm in these region is about once in three years.

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9.6.14 Permissible uses within the settlement and agricultural land use zone 1. Plot coverage – For a plot above 1000sq.m – 33% of the area of the plot can be used for built up space 2. Floor area ratio - The maximum area ratio in this zone shall not exceed 150 3. Front set back line - Depth of the plot above 40 metres – 7.5 metres setback 4. Rear set back - Every residential building shall have a rear set back of an average width of 1.75 metres. 5. Side set back - 3 metres on either side for a plot above 500 sq.m. 6. Service Lanes - The minimum width of a service lane shall be 4.5 metres and it may be reduced to 3 metres in case if low cost housing scheme sponsored by Government, Semi Government or other public bodies.

Figure 9.21

9.6.13 Permissible uses within the settlement and agricultural land use zone

1. 1. Professional consulting offices not exceeding 40sq.m. 2. Petty shops not exceeding 40sq.m. 3. Nursery, primary school library not exceeding 300 sq.m. 4. Park, playgrounds, farms, Plant nurseries. 5. Craft centres 6. Orphanage/Old age homes 7. Assembly hall not exceeding floor area of 300 sq.m. 8. Clinics, dispensaries, health facilities not exceeding 300 sq.m. 9. Department store not exceeding 100 sq.m. floor area. 10. Daily or weekly markets 11. Burial grounds, crematoria. 12. When serving only one plot and length of the passage exceed 120 m minimum width passage of 7 meters. 13. Mandatory rain-water harvesting 14. Mandatory waste water harvesting system installation 15. When extent layout extends 10,000 sq.m. then it is mandatory to reserve 10% of the site area for communal and recreational space. 16. Parking areas are such that floor areas upto 3000 sq.m. – 1 car space and 1 two wheeler space for every 100 sq.m. and for floor area exceeding 3000 sq.m. – 1 car space and 1 two wheeler space for every 150 sq.m.

9.6.15 Permissible uses within the settlement and agricultural land use zone 1. The water bodies (ponds/Lakes) within conurbation area should follow the 20m buffer from the edge of the water body boundary. 2. The ecological sensitive areas such as Bahour lake, Oussudu lake and Thengaithittu mangrooves should have the buffer of 50 m. 3. To avoid further deterioration of the mangrove, it is proposed to declare the Thengaithittu mangrove area as protected area. 4. To mitigate water issue, it is mandatory to store the fresh water i.e. rainwater. The rainwater harvesting provisions are given in the building bye- laws. 5. There is a lack of green spaces/recreational area in the planning area. Thus, after the detail study the city level and neighbourhood level parks/playgrounds are proposed.

Mangrove vegetation is also present in the estuaries along the Ariyankuppam and Thengaithittu village.

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9.7 SWOT Analysis

Strength

Weakness

WeaknessOpportunities

Opportunities

Threats

Adjacent 1. Adjacent plots comingto Flooding 1. Prone 1. Prone to Flooding 1. Away from the dense 1. Away from 1. the Might dense cause flooding 1. Might in cause1.flooding in plots coming under protected area case of unusual heavy city city case of unusualunder heavyprotected area ensures good light, ensures good 2. light, Change in micro-climate 2. Change in micro-climate rains. rains. ventilation and viewventilation and ifview the protected if the protected 2. Quiet 2. Quiet points mangroves are mangroves are 2. Fish odour will be 2. there Fish odour will points be there reclaimed and usedreclaimed for and used for 3. Fertile land 3. Fertile land due to nearby market due to nearby market 2. Collaborative activities 2. Collaborative activities construction. construction. possible with nearby possible 3. No direct access thedirect access 4. Government schools 4. Government schools 3.toNo to the with nearby schools and fishingschools and fishing and hospitals in nearby beach. and hospitals in nearby beach. community. community. vicinities vicinities 3. Being 3. Being a quiet location it a quiet location it will be a comfortable will be a comfortable place for users. place for users. 4. Plantation possible due 4. Plantation possible due to the fertility of land. to the fertility of land.

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9.8 Built form to climate response On analysis of the data the following conclusions are observed, hot and sticky conditions with continual presence of dampness in the air and environment. There is very little temperature variation between day and night and the incident solar radiation during the incident solar radiation during the is primarily of the diffused nature. Wind speeds are lowo to almost non-existant. There are long periods of stagnant air with very little natural air drafts. Therefore introducing areas of low and high pressure to facilitate air movement is of primary importance. Louveres is a common fenestration detain in this climate but care should be taken in the way it is positioned as it may drive the wind up towards the ceiling and away from the living zone.

Form and planning

Rain trees form an extrordinary outdoor space by providing a canopy effect creating a comfortable microclimate.

Double roof construction to disspute air heated by the roof before it reaches living spaces.

Green cover on roofs and walls protects from solar radiant heat, cooling, regulating humidity effects, stabilizes microclimate, filters dust from the air.

Canopies divert air flow upwards

Sashes divert air flow upwards.

Roof-forms for dissipation unnecessary hot air.

Open plans with movable partition walls for privacy when needed.

Modified louvers that diverts the wind into the living spaces and prevent driving rain from lashing in.

Raised of the ground to protect from flooding and avoid stagnant hot air heated by the ground. Large solid surface creates a larger pressure build up and this pushes the air stream in the opp. direction in plan and section. Hence opening s should be evenly spaced.

Shading trees, wide over-hanging roof, raised floor, free flow of air through the building.

Normal louvers diverts the wind up. Driving rain also lashes inside.

Fenestration that keep out rain, provide privacy, still allowing air flow.

Effect on air movement with unresponsive internal wall arrangments.

Pivot sash dwnwards

divert

air

flow

Constant wind directions small inlet desired increased velocity through the living zone.

High set inlet openings cause the air flow to take place near the ceiling and away from the living zone.

Openings should be low set to achieve, max comfort.

Figure 9.23

Figure 9.22

Source : Manual of Tropical Housing and Building, World Wide Web

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

A gap left between the building ensure down-ward pressure.

Variable wind direction large inlet desirable increased volume movement through living zone.

Source : Manual of Tropical Housing and Building, World Wide Web

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10 Design Program Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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10.1 User Groups

10.2 Design Concept

1unit/ Family

Shared services

1unit/ Family

Community Spaces

Children

Elderly

Transgender Youth

Shared services

1unit/ Family

Community Spaces

Social Workers

1unit/ Family

As dissertation focuses research proposes a safe space along with site and several programmes which looks at helping these groups achieve their full potential through a systematic structured programme that begins with providing them shelter, education,

1unit/ Family

healthcare and essential infrastructure for growth as is available to their able-bodied

Shared services

4-9 years – 2 nos. 10-15 years - 2 nos Elderly - 2 nos

1unit/ Family

Transgender Parent - 2 nos

peers. The centre would serve as a physical manifestation of acceptance, well-being, and understanding on the civil rights and well being of the community to seek refuge in.

The design program focuses on family strengthening concepts. Hence, the design has been divided into One family per unit. The One unit will comprise of 2 younger children,

Philosophy of a healthy family

Mutual trust

Personal space

Growth

Nurturing

Recognition

Healing

Reliance

Communication

Shelter

Security

Opportunities

Belonging

2 Teenagers, 2 Elderely and 2 transgender Parent who would take care of the family. Philosophy the institution

Each family will be provided food, educational support, as well as medical advice and treatment. In order for families to generate income, career counselling, vocational training will be provided. Other than that the site is a fertile land with the capability of farm-

The different user group would co-exist together in this space. The design program is designed considering many moral values which would focus on the defination of family.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

ing. This will ensure that the families and the center will be self-reliable and interdependednt on each other.

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223 吀漀琀愀氀匀椀琀攀䄀爀攀愀㴀㔀⸀㈀㐀䄀挀爀攀猀 10.3 Area Program

10.2 Design Brief 10.2.1 Site Details • The total site area is 21,240 sq.m.

10.2.2 Creating the Design Brief 1. Children

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• According to the Pondicherry By-laws, the maximum permissible ground coverage is 33% of the site area. 33% of 21,240 sq.m is 7009.2 sq.m • The max permisible FSI is 1. Therefore the maximum allowable built-up area is (21,240 sq.m x 1) ie. 21,240 sq.m.

The intervention will focus on providing a shelter and child friendly sapces for 40 younger children aged 3 - 8 years and teenagers of 9 - 13 years. The design program ensures spaces where the child will be trained and has a family to provide them with guidance and support.

3. Transgender adults The intervention will provide shelter to the vulnerable transgender community who recently came to streets and is in a vulnerable situation. The center will help them live the elderly and children where they would recieve enough love and acceptance. The transgender adults will be given training after which they can stay and serve in the center as a care taker for the family or can work with the Transgender NGOs located near the site. The center will provide shelter to 40 Transgender adults.

Pondicherry sees alot of tourists throughout the year. Most of them chose to stay in the organisations where they can help the vulnerable communities and share their knowledge. The center will consist of such spaces where the people from outside can come and interact with the communities and also chose to stay at the center.

Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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吀漀琀愀氀

3. Social Workers

愀爀攀愀 ⠀猀焀洀⼀瀀攀爀⤀ 愀爀攀愀 ⠀猀焀洀⼀瀀攀爀⤀

吀漀琀愀氀

刀䔀䌀刀䔀䄀吀䤀伀一䄀䰀匀倀䄀䌀䔀匀

The center will provide shelter to 40 elderly people of all genders.

匀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀倀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀

䄀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀漀昀昀椀挀攀

匀琀愀昀昀䰀漀甀渀最攀

2. Elderly The aging population often face physical and psychological challenges such as decreased mobility, higher risk of slipping or falling, incontinence, loss of senses and feeling loneliness. The brief puts special focus on the elderly needs and tries to solve it with the help of design by providing more community spaces and self-help programs. The elderly community will be taken care by a trained transgender adult and being surrounded with children will help them out of loneliness and in return the elderly can guide both children and transgender adult.

伀挀挀甀瀀愀渀挀礀一甀洀戀攀爀䰀漀愀搀

吀礀瀀攀猀漀昀匀瀀愀挀攀猀

吀漀琀愀氀䈀唀䄀

Design Disertation I

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伀挀挀甀瀀愀渀挀礀一甀洀戀攀爀䰀漀愀搀

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Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

匀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀倀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀愀爀攀愀 ⠀猀焀洀⼀瀀攀爀⤀ 愀爀攀愀 ⠀猀焀洀⼀瀀攀爀⤀

吀漀琀愀氀愀爀攀愀 ⠀猀焀洀⤀

䌀礀挀氀椀渀最吀爀愀挀欀猀伀瀀攀渀䜀爀漀甀渀搀匀攀渀猀漀爀礀最愀爀搀攀渀䘀愀爀洀椀渀最愀爀攀愀䬀椀搀✀猀瀀愀爀欀伀瀀攀渀攀砀栀椀戀椀琀椀漀渀愀爀攀愀⼀愀洀瀀栀椀琀栀攀愀琀爀攀匀眀椀洀洀椀渀最倀漀漀氀䌀漀挀甀渀甀琀昀愀爀洀

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伀倀䔀一匀倀䄀䌀䔀匀 ⠀洀椀渀椀洀甀洀漀昀㌀㌀─ 漀昀琀栀攀瀀氀漀琀愀爀攀愀琀漀戀攀氀攀昀琀昀漀爀爀攀挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀⤀

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Conclusion The research and architectural intervention looks to move beyond the standardized practices & beliefs followed in the past to help create an all- inclusive, equitable society that provides for all members of the human race. Inclusive design ensures that people are not forced out of their communinty and are encouraged to live an independent live. The time has come for such a world to co-exist and create economic, socio- cultural and anthropological advancements for humankind through the formation of universally accessible and inclusive communes. The creation of safe environs for growth of all these vulnerable groups in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals gives governments across the world a shared goal for progressive human habitats. The future of a technology driven society also assumes and demands an integration of knowledge, resources, opportunities, and possibilities for the extant human population to continue growing forward.

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Kood - An Integrated Commune for the Social Outcast

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Design Disertation I