Post Graduation- Sem 3- Climate Resilient Water Safety and Security Plan

Climate Resilient Water Safety and Security Plan Anushka Patodi (PUI20056) Infrastructure Project Studio | Semester 03 Masters of Urban Infrastructure Guided by: Prof. Mona Iyer | Prof. Meera Mehta Mr. Siddh Doshi | Mr. Smeet Maniar CEPT University | Ahmedabad

Climate Cover Page Resilient ImageWater Source: Safety Author and Security Plan

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(Publishers Info) Cover photograph: © UNICEF/UNI372363/Pouget

Climate Resilient Water Safety and Security Plan Anushka Patodi (PUI20056| Infrastructure Project Studio | Semester 03 Masters of Urban Infrastructure

Under the guidance of: Prof. Mona Iyer | Prof. Meera Mehta | Mr. Siddh Doshi | Mr. Smeet Maniar CEPT University | Ahmedabad 2

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Executive Summary

Table of Contents

The project is a roadmap to make an area water safe and secure. This project acts as an effective way to address all the water related issues in the area. Ahmedabad is a city where a lot of interventions with respect to water services are in place, therefore just a little more effort in the sector will make the city water safe and secure. The project identifies the risks which can be prioritized and addressed and improve the water service efficiency, which further helps in achieving financial stability and economic benefits to the city. There is a sound water supply system already present in the city and system like SCADA has already been implemented with an accountable ULB under the operations and project department. Multiple projects of new WDS constructions and capacity increasing of WTP’s are going on therefore this project acts as a catalyst towards developing the projects in these departments to address the issues faced in the city. The project is developed by following multiple steps, and an action plan is formulated for replicating the project further in other parts of the city.

Acronyms List of Figures List of Tables

01. Sector Introduction

1.1 Overview of Water sector in Ahmedabad

02. Project Introduction

2.1 Background and Need of the Project 2.2 About the Project 2.3 Aim and Objective 2.4 Methodology

03. Water Safety and Security Frameworks: Case Reviews 04. Water Risk Assessment

4.1 Ahmedabad City Assessment 4.2 Site Selection 4.2.1 Understanding Zone With Respect to Land Use 4.2.2 Site Glimpses 4.3 South Zone Assessment 4.3.1 Issue and Gap Identification 4.4 Intervention Packages 4.4.1 Phasing of Packages 4.4.2 Stakeholder Identification

05. Prioritization of Projects from each Package 5.1 Cluster Details and Assessment 5.2 Technical Interventions 5.3 Financial Analysis 5.4. Funding

06. SOP / Action Plan for Water Safety and Security 6.1 Pathway towards Water Safety and Security at City Level

Annexures

1. Water Safety and Security: Case Reviewsvv 2. Ahmedabad Risk Assessment Matrix 3. Technical Interventions Details and financial analysis

References

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Climate Resilient Water Safety and Security Plan

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Acronyms AMC: Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation CPCB: Central Pollution Control Board CPWD: Central Public Works Depatment GWSSB: Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board IWA: International Water Association JMP: Joint Monitoring Program SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SDG: Sustainable Development Goal SSWM: Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management STP: Sewage Treatment Plant ULB: Urban Local Body WHO: World Health Organisation WSP: Water Safety Plan

List of Figures Figure 01: Proposed Interventions Figure 02: Guiding Steps Towards Water Safety Plan Figure 03: Project Formulation Rationale Figure 04: Aim and Objective Figure 05: Methodology Figure 06: Key Takeaway from Case Studies Figure 07: Issue Mapping Figure 08: Zone Map with Land Use Figure 09: Transect Walk Glimpses Figure 10: Issue and Gap Identification in South Zone of Ahmedabad Figure 11: Cluster Identification Figure 12: Intervention Packages Figure 13: Phasing of Intervention Packages Figure 14: Stakeholder and WSP Team Figure 15: Project Identification Figure 16: Cluster Detail Figure 17: Water ATM Project Figure 18: Cluster Profile Figure 19: Water Purification Toolkit Figure 20: Rainwater Harvesting Types, Benefits and Details Figure 21: Riparian Buffer Technical Details Figure 22: Funding Details of Clusters Figure 23: Action Plan

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Sector Introduction

1.1 Overview of Water Sector in Ahmedabad

The existing situation assessment study of water sector in Ahmedabad includes background study of water sector, development of assessment framework, assessment of water sector through the lens of framework, identification of issues, listing of interventions and their prioritization. The vision of the group is, “To analyze the situation of water service provision for all to achieve equity and inclusivity by providing safe & secure water supply and attaining sustainable development goals.” The assessment framework prepared with this vision as basis has three themes namely, security, safety and inclusivity, comprising 9, 1 and 4 components respectively. This framework comprising of 33 indicators under respective components. As per the existing water supply profile, Ahmedabad gets water from four different sources which gets treated into three WTPs and is sent to 209 WDS. Then this water from Elevated Service Reservoirs (ESRs) and Underground Reservoirs (UGCRs), through the distribution line reaches the end users.

For getting data to assess the situation, data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Data collection from primary sources included four types of surveys, namely household surveys, focus group discussions in slums, bucket surveys and surveys of private water suppliers. Whereas secondary sources included government websites and offices and discussions with government officials. Using this data, all aspects in assessment framework were analysed and issues of the sector were identified. It is observed that, Ahmedabad is importing water from external source and there is high dependency on groundwater. The city does not have any alternative source of water and no wastewater is being reused for nonpotable domestic purposes. Unmonitored usage of groundwater by private water market is observed. Also, non-revenue water in Ahmedabad is higher than the Service Level Benchmark (SLB) standards and cost recovery and collection efficiency are lower. Groundwater contamination near Sabarmati River and Pirana dumpsite is observed. Various pockets in the city are facing problem of water borne diseases due to low water quality. Slums in Ahmedabad receive poor quality of water with low pressure and the purification techniques are unaffordable for them.

After assessing the city and identifying the issues, numerous interventions to solve these issues were listed down. Out of the listed interventions, five interventions are prioritized and selected which are shown in figure 1. This report details out the project titled as ‘Climate Resilient Water Safety and Security Plan’.

Figure 01: Proposed Interventions

List of Tables Table 01: Global and National Case Studies Table 02: Low Risk Matrix Table 03: Medium Risk Matrix Table 04: High Risk Matrix 6

Source: Author Climate Resilient Water Safety and Security Plan

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02.

Project Introduction and Scope

Water Safety Plan is an existing risk managing guide related to drinking water safety developed by WHO in JMP with IWA. The guide in detail explains various steps to be taken to make an area safe. While we know water safety is related to water quality, but it is to be noticed that water safety and water security goes hand in hand. Unless an area is water secure, safety isn’t guaranteed. The project act as a guide to safe and secure Ahmedabad, the project is formulated such that, it identifies the missing links which are causing hinderance towards water safety and security in the city. The risks and issues are identified by selecting a few steps from the existing safety plan and identifying the gaps from them. Due to limited time in the studio and constraints due to COVID-19, the scope was then defined to a zone of Ahmedabad by thoroughly understanding the water related issues and 4 clusters in the zone were then selected for detailing as pilot projects. The clusters are in detail studied and interventions are designed with respect to the need of the area and keeping the end users in mind. The Figure 02 shows the steps in the Water Safety plan, the highlighted steps are selected for making the guidelines with respect to Ahmedabad in this project.

Figure 02: Guiding Steps towards Water Safety Plan

2.1 Background and Need of the Project

After the assessment of the city, it was observed that the city needs focus on providing water safety and security with respect to the climate change that is happening at a rapid pace and is need of the hour. Therefore, to cater the needs the project on Climate Resilient Water Safety and Security was identified. A lot of efforts and interventions are already in place in Ahmedabad for water safety and security like SCADA, water importing from Narmada, etc. Therefore, the city needs a little push to make Ahmedabad water safe and secure for the future generations to come and Water Safety Plan will be the guide to it.

2.2 About the Project

Water Safety and Security Plan is a step towards water safety and security in the Ahmedabad city. This plan broadly considers the issue of climate change and addresses the damage caused by human which hinders the water quality and supply and act as a roadmap for cities to meet the water demands of the city. The main focus of this plan will be to consider safe and sufficient supply of water, creating water security and safety in the area. It is further backed up by multiple projects as per the need of the area and which can further be replicated in different parts of the city. The water supply system in the city is sound and has a coverage of 98%, therefore, to reach the 100% efficiency the water safety plan is necessary.

This plan will act as a catalyst towards water safety, security and will help the city to achieve climate resilience and sustainability and fulfilling the SDG 6 and SDG 11 by 2030. It overall enhances the municipal water supply, public health, financial sustainability, etc. The project enables the ULB to secure health aspects with respect to water services. The project also addresses to the change in climate and proposes interventions keeping the extreme and adverse effects of climate change in mind. based on the current growth trends and the outgrowths along the AMC boundary in addition to the extent of the AMC boundary

2.3 Aim and Objective Note. The illsutration depicts the steps of Water safety plan as per WHO guide, Highlighted ones are selected for the city of Ahmedabad.

Source: Data from WHO, Illustraion by Author

The project requires to follow a systematic procedure for a guided output.This project will give an action plan towards making the area water safe and secure. For the same it was necessary to understand what is safety plan and why do one needs to bring it in place. Figure 03 below shows steps were taken up to formulate the project.

Figure 03: Project Formulation Rationale

The aim is to create a roadmap to water safety and security plan by identifying the missing components of the security and safety for the city of Ahmedabad through identification of vulnerable zone of the city. The zone is then assessed based on the ground situation in the pressure points of the zone and their implementable key projects which can further be replicated in different parts of the zone.

The project comprises of two main objectives namely, reducing the water stress in the area and improving water service in the area under which there are multiple objectives like, reducing dependency on ground water, monitoring of ground water usage, improving ground water quality, increasing the number of municipal water connections, reusing of water, and decreasing the water borne diseases. All the mentioned objectives will lead to enhancement of water services and eventually make the city water safe and secure.

Figure 04: AIM & Objective

Source: Author

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Source: Author

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2.4 Methodology

Figure 06: Key Take Away from Case Studies

The process started by reviewing multiple case studies and frameworks on water safety plan. Since the water safety plan is an existing framework and is applied for a city level the scope was very broad. Due to the time limitation and mandatory studio outputs, to limit the scope, parts of water safety plans were selected, and it was decided that the water safety plan will be made for a zone of Ahmedabad with a few key implementable projects. A risk matrix was then formulated to understand the areas of intervention in the city. After the risk matrix was formulated, a transect walk was conducted in the south zone which helped in identifying the issues in the zone. Post that, 4 clusters were identified as pilot projects. a detailed financial analysis and stakeholder identification was carried out which enetually leads to formulation of roadmap or pathway towards water safety and security in the city.

Figure 05: Methodology

Note. The figure shows the key takeaway from two cases, i.e. Srilanka and West Bengal. Detailed analysis of various case studies is done in Annexure 1 Source: Author

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Water Risk Assessment Note. The figure shows the process in which the project is formulated Source: Author

03.

Water Safety and Security Frameworks: Case Reviews

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Water safety and security has been observed as a key issue in multiple developing countries. Due to poor water quality, the countries and its people are more prone to water borne diseases causing multiple deaths. It is reported that on an average about 4,00,000 to 5,00,000 children die due to waterborne diseases in India every year (Mudur, 2003). Therefore, to understand the perspective and effectiveness of the water safety plans in different countries, multiple cases were studied. These studies helped in understanding the need of making a place water safe and secure, also how and when the plan can be implemented. It was found that there are multiple benefits of implementing a climate resilient water safety plan, like protection of public health and improving healthcare system, improvement of existing infrastructure and introduction of new infrastructure, improvement in water supply practices and better monitoring of the services, etc. Case studies of various countries and cities were done like Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Hyderabad, Maharashtra, etc. These studies were selected such that they resemble or somehow relate to the situation in India and most of them lie in global south thus are developing countries. These case studies helped in identifying the objectives, issues, and challenges with respect to the context of Ahmedabad. There were multiple key takeaways which are shown in Figure 03. The detailed analysis of 6 case reviewed, 3 global of context similar to thatof Indian and 3 national which are shown in Annexure 01.

Water risk assessment is a process where the risks related to water supply services are listed under a matrix from the catchment area to the consumer end, i.e., from catchment, treatment plant, distribution stations, storage reservoirs, distribution lines and to finally the end users. The risks are then further classified into the types of risk and are scored as per their frequency, likelihood, or pattern of occurrence in the city. This assessment helps in identification of the issues with respect to the value chain and the services that are being provided. I also help in identifying the priority area of intervention.

4.1 Ahmedabad City Assessment

The Ahmedabad risk assessment matrix was made to understand where does the city needs improvement therefore, after assessing the city, 9 risks were categorised as low risk under which 2 at source, 3 at treatment plant, 2 at storage reservoirs and 2 at pipeline. 11 risks were categorised as medium risks under which 2 at source, 2 at treatment plant, 2 at distribution station, 4 at storage reservoir, and 1 at pipeline.

6 were categorised as high risk, where 3 were at source, 2 at WDS and 1 at pipeline.

A detailed matrix is shown in Annexure 01 Figure 02

4.2 Site Selection

Multiple water related problems were observed in south zone of Ahmedabad like insufficient water, poor water quality, ground water contamination, water/ electricity cut offs, etc. noted by various newspapers. A detailed mapping of problems related to water was done based on the primary survey which is shown in figure 04 , number of vulnerable points identified, slums, and issues related to water, number of cases of water borne diseases, etc. The south zone not only had issues with water service but, multiple nuisance points were also located in the south zone.

For example, south zone has highest number of informal settlements amongst all the zones, there are 2 solid waste dumping sites present in the south zone of Ahmedabad namely, Pirana and Gyaspur resulting in groundwater contamination.

South zone also houses an equal share of industries resulting in industrial pollution in the natural water bodies, the river in south zone is the most contaminated as per the study conducted by Roy, Jeevan S L (2017),. All these issues clearly hinted that the south zone in Ahmedabad needs immediate attention as majority of the issues seems to be concentrated in the area. Therefore, the site selected is South Zone of Ahmedabad.

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Figure 07: Issue Mapping

4.2.2 Site Glimpses

To understand the situation and take a check on ground reality, a transect walk was taken which brought out the issues and conditions of the people living in the south zone of Ahmedabad. The south zone as identified is the most vulnerable area of Ahmedabad. The zone comprises of a gigantic landfill and has an equal share of industrial zone. The area also comprises of area related to the service for example sewage treatment plants thus leading to a lot of hinderance in the efficient water supply system in the area. Figure 06 shows the glimpse of transect walk depicting the issues in the area.

Figure 09: Transect Walk Glimpses

Note. Issue mapping of the Ahmedabad City, for selection of site for intervention/ key implementable project.

Source: Author

4.2.1 Understanding Zone with respect to Land Use

The south zone of Ahmedabad comprises of 40% of residential area towards the eastern side, 20% of industrial area, 10% area is under sewage treatment plants and remaining under general agricultural zone, gamtal and water bodies. A large part of the zone is under services like, STP, dumping ground, etc.

Figure 08: Zone Map with Land Use

Note. The images shows the issues observed in the area during the transect walk.

Source: Author

4.3 South Zone Assessment

The south zone risk assessment matrix was made to understand where the zone needs improvement and what is the major risk factor prevailing in the area. Through the risk matrix, the main problem identified or the problem which poses the highest risk is presence of dumpsites in the zone, presence of treatment plants in the zone, causing a lot of ground water contamination and presence of vulnerable communities or informal settlements in high numbers. Thus, the interventions need to be made keeping the risk factor and the end users in mind. The detailed matrix is shown in Annexure 03.

4.3.1 Issue and Gap Identification

Note. The figure shows the enlarged zone map, giving a glimpse of assigned land uses of the area.

Source: Author, AMC

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The south zone of Ahmedabad is the most vulnerable zone, as observed in the primary analysis. The zone has issues with the basic service provisions in terms of water. Due to high number of informal settlements in the area, the issues are not getting resolved and the ULB faces many challenges in carrying out activities related to water. During the transect walk various issues were observed which makes the zone week and it comprised of multiple pressure points which showed the need of immediate attention. There were issues like, ground water contamination due to proximity to landfill, unavailability of municipal piped water supply in few parts of the zone, presence of informal settlements and vulnerable communities, lack of infrastructure and high number of illegal connections due to low resources and facilities. Provision of drinking water through tankers in once in four day, lack of storage infrastructure and since there is a considerable amount of industries present around the lake, the dumping of effluents is also observed in the Chandola Lake ( C. Anushika, 2020). The Gap lies in the services and monitoring part as the provision of services in the informal settlements becomes a challenge for ULB and monitoring is not possible, therefore interventions related to same are needed.

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Figure 10: Issues and Gaps in Water Sector in South Zone of Ahmedabad.

Figure 11: Cluster Identification

Note. The rationale and location of the identified clusters Source: Author, Maps retrieved from google earth

After identifying the issues in the clusters, potential interventions based on the need and site analysis were listed under each cluster names as packages. These packages if implemented, can make the cluster water safe and secure. These packages not only take safety and security into account but also inclusivity, sustainability, and climate resiliency into account. These packages were identified after the transect walk, therefore are identified based on the observation and focused group discussions with the residents. Figure below shows the four identified intervention packages for the identified clusters.

Figure 12: Intervention Packages

Note. The issues and gaps were identified during the primary analysis.

Source: Author

4.4 Intervention Packages

The issue identification helped in understanding the pressure points of the zone, which needed immediate attention. Thus, through the issues identified, four clusters which needed immediate attention were identified with respect to the primary analysis. These four clusters were individual packages which comprised of multiple projects. Each package is made such that it takes in account both water safety and security in the area. The first cluster is near the Chandola lake, the lake is surrounded by informal settlements on eastern side, creating nuisance points around the lake, the people around the lake have tapped into water connections illegally thus issues with respect to availability and quality are usually observed.

Second cluster is a residential area surrounded by industrial area on all the sides.

The second cluster is a residential area in high proximity of Pirana dumpsite where ground water contamination is observed due to dumpsite. Issues of insufficient water are observed. Third cluster is a gamtal surrounded by industrial area on all the sides, hence a major issue of unavailability of municipal connections is observed.

The fourth cluster is the edge of the Sabarmati River along the downstream. The downstream of the river is viewed as the polluted area of the river due to multiple outfall points of industrial effluent. The area is surrounded by the treatment plants; therefore, the treated water is released in the area causing river pollution. Also, the riverbanks seems to have low vegetation thus, have a scare of erosion, prone to flooding, etc.

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Source: Author

4.4.1 Phasing of Packages

Any Water safety plan is to be designed for 10 years which comprise of assessment, preparation, management, and monitoring. The figure below shows the phasing of identified projects which have a span of 3-4 years post that management and monitoring is done. The phasing is done for all the identified projects under each package. These projects may have overlaps; thus, projects should be picked up based on the priority and need of the hour. The phasing of the packages is shown in the figure below. All the projects end within firts 5 years. Projects related to creating awareness, IEC, regulations and policy level interventions will go on till end of the project tenure, i.e. 10 years, starting in year 2022 till year 2032.

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Figure 13: Stakeholder and WSP Team

05.

Prioritization of Projects from each Cluster

After looking at issues in each cluster, the priority identified projects from each cluster are- from cluster 1- water ATM. This project ensures drinking water safety in the area and caters the vulnerable groups equally thus ensuring inclusivity.

From cluster 2- Water purification toolkit. Due to the presence of dumping site in the high proximity, the ground water is contaminated. The people in the area are using the contaminated water for purposes other than drinking, therefore this toolkit will help them in reducing the risk of water borne diseases. From cluster 3- rainwater harvesting. The area receives water through municipal water tankers, also the ground water is contaminated therefore need of alternate water source is need of the hour. From cluster 4 riparian buffer. It is necessary, to secure the edge and work on the betterment of the river. The riparian buffer also acts as a catalyst towards achieving climate resilience. All these projects are selected keeping the Safety, security, inclusivity, and climate resilience in mind and looking into the need of the area. The figure below shows, the selected projects.

Figure 15: Project Identification

Source: Author

4.4.2 Stakeholder Identification

Anyone who is directly or indirectly related to ensuring water safety and security will be a stakeholder in this project. Thus, after analyzing the issues and needs the stakeholders were categorized in broadly five categories namely, government, residents, organizations, research, and academia and print and media. Stakeholders like AUDA, AMC, CPCB, PWD, GWSSB, Residents of the site area, NGO’s working in the water sector, universities, private water suppliers, etc. were identified and a team was formed based on the projects formed and keeping the pre-requisites of the water safety plan guidelines in mind. The figure below shoes the stakeholders and team of water safety plan. A detailed matrix of stakeholders is shown in Annexure 01, Figure 03.

Figure 14: Stakeholder and WSP Team

Note. Priority project from each package.

Source: Author

5.1 Cluster Details and Assessment

The four-cluster identified have multiple issues. These issues helped in the identification of pressure points and their point of intervention.

Cluster 1 has issues like, dumping of effluents from the industrial area, encroachment by slum dwellers in and around lake, dumping of waste and creation of nuisance points on lake edge, blockage of lake connecting line, and unavailability of drinking water due to informal settlements. Cluster 2 has issues like, presence of Pirana dumpsite in the vicinity, surrounded by industrial area on all the sides, ground water contamination, and provision of drinking water though tankers once in 4 days. Cluster 3 has issues like, surrounded by industrial area on all the sides, ground water contamination, provision of water though tankers, and unawareness about potential of alternate water source. Cluster 4 has issues like, stop dam leading to low flow of water, dumping of industrial effluents in the downstream of the river, dumping of treated water from treatment plants, Narrow River; waste dumping, and less vegetation, leading to soil erosion. The areas of the intervention are shown in the maps below Figure 16: Cluster Detail

Source: Author

Note. Maps shows the pressing issues in the area.

Source: Author, Maps retrieved from google earth.

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Cluster 1

To address the above-mentioned issues, Water ATM is proposed which is a smart, low cost, market-based solution for water security in urban poor. It ensures water safety, security, inclusivity, and reduce water borne diseases, minimize plastic waste.

It is an automated water dispensing unit with 24 x 7 access. It is solar powered, cloud connected, has RFID card-based transaction system, provides remote/online tracking of each transaction. The user has to pay-per-use from the smart card.

The water undergoes reverse osmosis and UV treatment. There are 7 water ATMs proposed in cluster 1 which serves 5 different informal settlements and around 20,800 people.

Figure 17: Water ATM Project

Note.Rationale for the project and details of the machine are shown.

Source: Author, Sarvajal

Cluster 2

To address the issues of cluster 2, Water purification toolkit is proposed. It is observed that low-cost interventions at the household and community level are capable of dramatically improving the microbial quality of household stored water and reducing the risks of water borne disease wherein we know that the water borne diseases. For the same, a toolkit is designed for the distribution to people in the area for HH level treatment to create water safety and security in the area through CSR activities. The total number of toolkits required are 1750 and the total capital cost is calculated. The toolkit that is to be distributed comprises of basic purification methods like sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and safe water storage. The toolkit costs around 570 Rs. Figure 19: Water Purification Toolkit

Note. Distribution kit with basic treatment techniques Source: Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management

Cluster 1 comprised of 5 informal settlements. To find out the capacity of ATMs profile of cluster was analysed. The details of the same are shown in the figure below. The location of ATMs and its costing is shown in Annexure 01 Figure 18: Cluster Profile

Figure 20: Rainwater Harvesting Types, Benefits and Details

Note.Details like name, population, land status, number of households, average household size, area and water connectivity is shown.

Source: AMC Slum Atlas, map retrieved from google earth.

Note.Details of rainwater harvesting project Source: Author, SSWM

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Cluster 4

To address the issues of cluster 4, a riparian buffer is proposed. A riparian buffer is a vegetated area near a stream, usually forested, which helps shade and partially protect the stream from the impact of adjacent land uses. It is made in a way where 3 zones are created namely forest, filter strip and saturated buffers. It helps in increasing water quality in associated streams, rivers, and lakes, thus providing environmental benefits. With the decline of many aquatic ecosystems riparian buffers have become a very common conservation practice aimed at increasing water quality and reducing pollution (Tyndall & Bowman, 2016). The details are shown in the figure below.

06.

SOP / Action Plan for Water Safety and Security

After undergoing through the above discussed process, this is a representation of the roadmap for water safety and security in the city. It is to be noted that while the existing plan has safety plan in the sequence of preparation, assessment, monitoring and management but the project proposes that it should be done in the sequence of assessment, preparation, management, and monitoring. The detailed action plan is shown in the figure below.

Figure 23: Action Plan

Figure 21: Riparian Buffer Benefits and Technical Details

Source: Author

Note.Details of riparian buffer Source: Tyndall & Bowman, 2016

5.3 Financial Analysis

The cost of the selected projects from the 4 clusters is calculated. Detailed calculation for each project is shown in Annexure 01.

5.4 Funding

For cluster 1 the government would pay to install ATMs that the AMC would own.

Although Sarvajal would maintain them, the idea is to fill them with municipal water in areas with no water connection. The partnership will bring a financial return for the government. For cluster 2, it will be carried out through CSR activity. Cluster 3 will be done at individual HH level, where tax rebates to be provided by govt. For cluster 4, either the funding can come from parks and gardens department of AMC Figure 22: Funding Details of the Clusters

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Source: Author Climate Resilient Water Safety and Security Plan

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Annexure 01

1. Water Safety and Security Framework: Case Reviews

2. Ahmedabad Risk Assessment Matrix

Table 01: Global and National Case Studies

Table 02: Low Risk Matrix

Source: Author

Table 03: Medium Risk Matrix

Source: Author

Source: Author

Table 04: High Risk Matrix

Source: Author

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3. Technical Intervention Details and Financial Analysis Cluster 1

The images below depicts the location of ATM, rationale for selecting the location and number of ATMs installed in the area, followed by the costing of the project.

Location of the proposed ATMs

Cluster 3

Total cost of the rainwater havesting projectSite Area- 61000 Sq m Population- (Area * Population Density of the area) =6.1 Hectare * 128 pph =780 People = 173 HH Cost of 1 System= 7000 Rs. Total cost of Project= 12,11,000 Rs

Cluster 4

Source: Author

Location of the proposed ATMs

Total cost of Riparian BufferLength of the river for creating riparian zone= 11000 m Total Length of Roparian zone = 22000 m Width of Riparian buffer= 18 m Forest Buffer- Zone 1 = 6 m Area- 22000*6 = 1,32,000 Sq m =32.60 Acres Vegetative Filter Strip- Zone 2= 6 m Area= 22000*6 =1,32,000 Sq m =32.60 Acres Saturated Buffer- Zone 3 = 6 m Area= 22000*6 =1,32,000 Sq m =32.60 Acres Buffer Zone Wise Costing

Practice

Source: Author

Average Cost per Acre (INR)

Costing (INR)

Forest Buffer

23100

7,53,060

Vegetative Filter Strip

16310

5,31,706

Saturated Buffer

25200

8,21,520

Source: Author

Cluster 2

Total number of toolkits required for distribution calculated as folowsSite Area- 615402 Sq m Population- (Area * Population Density of the area) = 61.54 Hectare * 128 pph =7877 People Average Household Size of Ahmedabad- 4.5 Total number of households= Population / Average HH size = 7877/4.5 = 1750 HH Therefore total number of toolkits required for distribution = 1750 Costing of the toolkitsPrice of 1 Toolkit- 570 Rs. Total cost = Households * Price of 1 Toolkit= 1750*570 = 9,97,500 Rs 24

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References 1. Mudur, G. (2003, June 14). India’s burden of waterborne diseases is underestimated. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). Retrieved November 25, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151007/.

2. WHO (2009). Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinkingwater suppliers. Geneva, World Health Organization. (www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publication_9789241562638/en/)z 3. WHO (2010). Think big, start small, scale up: A road map to support country-levelimplementation of Water Safety Plans.

Geneva, World Health Organization. (www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/ WHS_WWD2010_roadmap_2010_10_en.pdf) 4. GoB (Government of Bangladesh) (1997) Bangladesh Drinking Water Standards, Government of Bangladesh.

5. World Health Organization (WHO)/InternationalWater Association (IWA). Global Status Report on Water Safety Plans: A Review of Proactive Risk Assessment and Risk Management Practices to Ensure the Safety of Drinking-Water; World Health Organisation: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. Available online: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/global-status-reporton-water-safety-plans/en/ 6. Riparian Area Information and Fact Sheets, Riverways Program, Department of Fish & Game, Boston, Massachusetts, 1997.

7. Dutta, R., Debojit, B., and Kanta, S. S. (2011). Influence of riparian flora on the river bank health of a Himalayan River before being regulated by a large dam in North East India. Annals of Biological Research, 2(4), 268-280.

8. SSWM. (n.d.). Water Safety Plans. SSWM - Find Tools for Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management! Retrieved 2021, from https://sswm.info/sswm-solutions-bop-markets/improving-water-and-sanitation-services-provided-public-institutions-2/water-safety-plans

About the Studio

This studio focuses on developing integrated infrastructure projects for stormwater, water, sanitation and solid waste management for a given city and its immediate periphery. This year the case city was Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Infrastructure development activities for these sectors whether in public or private domain, involves plan preparation, project formulation and implementation. This requires to be supported with appropriate institutional, technical and financial analysis. The learning from this studio equips students of the wider understanding of plan formulation process; tools and techniques of project identification, costing and phasing to ensure service performance improvements and resource efficiency for aforementioned key water­ sanitation sectors. The projects are identified with due consideration to on­going national programmes and emerging sectoral concepts of integrated urban water management, water sensitive urban planning and design, circular economy, fecal sludge and septage management.

Anushka Patodi

anushka.pui20056@cept.ac.in

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About the Project

It is a step towards water safety and security in a part of Ahmedabad. This plan broadly considers the issue of climate change and addresses the damage caused by human which hinders the water quality and supply. The main aim of this plan is to consider safe and sufficient supply of water, creating water security in the area. It is further backed up by multiple projects as per the need of the area and which can further be replicated in different parts of the city. The water supply system in the city is doing well, therefore, to reach the 100% efficiency the water safety plan is necessary. This plan will act as a catalyst towards water safety, security and will also help the city to achieve climate resilience and sustainability. It will overall enhance the municipal water supply, public health, financial sustainability,

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Climate Resilient Water Safety and Security Plan

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