Youth as a medium to change the image of Bihar_Design Dissertation_2021-22

Youth as a medium to change the image of Bihar By

Akanksha Avinash Neelam Singh GUIDED BY

Ar. Yashwant D Pitkar A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for SEM-IX The Degree

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE MUMBAI UNIVERSITY MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA. 5 TH YEAR, SEM-IX, BARD 911, NOV’2018

Conducted at: RACHANA SANSAD’S ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, UN-AIDED COURSE RACHANA SANSAD, 278, SHANKAR GHANEKAR MARG, PRABHADEVI, MUMBAI 400025.

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite and partial fulfillment of the requirement to the 5th Year Sem IX of Bachelor Of Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted.

This is to certify that this student MS. AKANKSHA AVINASH SINGH is a bonafide Final Year student of our institute and has completed this Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University & our Institute Thesis Committee.

It is understood that by this approval and certification the Institute and the Thesis Guide does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed, or conclusions drawn therein but approve the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfied the requirements laid down by our Thesis Committee.

Name of the Student: Date:

Ms. Akanksha Avinash Singh Tuesday 26th Oct’ 2021

Approved By

Principal Ar. Prof. Rohit Shinkre

Certified By

Thesis Guide Ar. Prof. Y. D Pitkar

Examined By

College Seal

External Examiner-1 ( ) (

Certified Seal

External Examiner-2 )

DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Youth as a medium to change the image of Bihar” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references. No material other than that cited and listed has been used. I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission. This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student

Name of the Student: AKANKSHA AVINASH SINGH Exam Roll No: 1738 Date:26th October 2021 Place: Mumbai

*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution.

Examples of forms of plagiarism include: the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

“Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources.

Acknowledgement With the completion of this dissertation, I am grateful for the opportunity to express my incalculable gratitude and sincere thanks to many individuals for their generous assistance and support.

It was an enriching experience and a great opportunity to conduct the following research on and about the most raw state of our countryBihar.

The work would not have been as clear as it is without the required motivation from my mentor Ar. Yashwant Pitkar. I would like to thank him for showing equal enthusiasm for this thesis topic as me and for guiding me throughout this process.

I am thankful to all of my mentors over these 5 years, who have pushed me to explore my potential and believe in myself. To Ar. Apurva Deshpande and Ar. Harshada B Shintre for teaching me the ‘FUN’ in design and instilling me with confidence. To Ar. Amit Jain for being the essential motivator in my early years of archiectural design. And also to my friends Ansh Gala and Salonee Shetty for all the love and support.

I would also like to thank Ar. Himalay Verma (Founder of SKILL Foods), Mr. Ashish kaushik (Founder of Undiscovered ventures) and Mrs. Jyoti Sinha (Scientist at Agricultural University, Nalanda) fr their precious time and invaluable conversation about my dissertation topic.

This has been a fullfilling journey and I would like to thank my family and friends for supporting me and believing in my quirky ideas.

Abstract Etymologically inferred from the word vihara- the quiet and serene Buddhist monasteries present-day Bihar has, in a brutal irony, been related with viciousness, rebellion, political turmoil, and economic stagnation. The generalization is so relentlessly inserted within the public imagination that the very mention of Bihar brings to mind, pictures of a political jungle raj and poor economic status. This unfortunate image has been covering minds for decades now.

By 2004, The Economist magazine said that “Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronize, casteridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties” The true picture of Bihar is quite the reverse. Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states regarding social and economic development for various reasons. But from 2004 to 2015, Bihar emerged as the fastest-growing state in India, clocking over 10 percent annual growth for the past decade and, in the process, more than doubling its economy.

The state was once known for its education, religious influence, culture, and art. In order to develop the state socially and economically, it is important to change the image of the state by making the citizens aware of the significant history and future. This can be done by influencing the most active community that is the youth of the state. By providing a place they can call home, where they can learn and be prepared to face any challenges in the society.

Despite progressive economic growth, human development challenges in the State are many and requires growth momentum to be continued for years to achieve the desired level of sustainable development.- Bihar Government Although this research aims to bring about gradual growth in the concerned sector, it is not possible to enable development in a state solely by

an architectural intervention. Thus, the scale of change will be limited and at a slow pace. Another limitation would be the time it will take to establish an image among the citizens.

Following is a diagram that shows the four major stages in the method of design dissertation: 1. Concern- exploring the root of argument and thus finding out the concern under research.

2. Contextualising- researching in depth to gather background data in order to strengthen the argument and connecting with the reader.

3. Hypothesis- product of all the research and experimentation to put forth a hypothesis.

4. Intervention- providing solidarity to the hypothesis using physical form that is architectural intervention.

Fig.1:Methodology diagram Source: Author Template: slidesgo.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement Abstract 1. Introduction

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01 03 1. Background 04 2. Why Bihar 06 3. History and timeline 4. Summary: From cultural capital to poverty 11 5. Aim & Objectives 13 6. Limitations 13 7. Hypothesis 1 13 Methodology 15 1. Demography 16 2. Statistics 18 3. Interests of the Youth 20 4. Conversations 21 5. Location and Scope- Bihar 25 6. Hypothesis 2: Skill developvment 29 Case studies 31 1. Program based- The Handloom School (Phase I) 32 2. Program based- The Ganga Maki Textile Studio (Phase III) 38 3. Identity-based- Bihar Museum 44 4. Courses structure based- NSDC 52 Site Selection 59 1. Historical Spots in Bihar 60 2. Comparison and analysis 62 3. About Nalanda 64 4. Harnaut in Nalanda district 71 5. Site Options 72 6. Site Details 74 Farther Context 75 1. Carriage Repair Workshop 76 2. Krishi Vigyan Kendra 77 Immediate Context 79 Program details 83 1. Sectors of Interest 84 Bibliography 94 Appendix 97

1.Introduction Perhaps many of us may have anecdotes about how personal experiences have influenced our research paths. Often, these narratives are enlightening and very informative, providing helpful insights into the foundation, inspirations and directions pervading the study. My research topic locates its roots from the state of Bihar, India. The paper finds its inspiration from a personal and social influence.

As Margaret J Wheatley has observed , “there is no power for change greater than a community discovering what it cares about.” Therefore the driving factor of this research is the working community- the youth of Bihar.

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Fig.2:Poster Source: Author

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Background Because of the cultures and civilizations that existed in this subcontinent, Indian history is a topic of interest to many people, including foreigners.

India has seen many phases of growth and decline on its way to the modern period. From great rulers to rich culture, from majestic architecture and intricate and intensive crafts, the country is home to many art forms, values, beliefs and lifestyle unique to itself. Under the different rulers and the influence of different religions and mythologies, India has gone through a phase of stagnation. Its journey of growth is remarkable.

A large of part of the country’s history and culture finds its roots in Bihar, a state that not only gave the best emperors and one of the first empires in the country, but also introduced one of the most influential religions in the world.

In the ancient period, Bihar bought glory to the country and constructed the enriching history it is known for today. Bihar’s ancient history dates back to the dawn of human civilization and is linked to the origins of the one of the first myths and legends of Sanatana Dharma and Mahabharata.

Mahabharata is the mythology that explains the origin of the country’s name “Bharata”.

Fig.3:Ancient India (II century)

Fig.4:Current India

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Why Bihar?

Bihar is India’s third most populous state, accounting for 9% of the country’s total population. If it were an independent country, it would be the world’s 13th most densely populated. Over 58% of the population of Bihar is in the working age group of 15-59 years.

Bihar has a distinct geographical advantage due to its proximity to the vast markets of Eastern and Northern India, as well as Nepal. Through its road, rail, and international airport networks, the state is well connected to the rest of India and international markets.

Apart from the trade advantages, the Fig.5:Source: Author significance of the state can be seen through its contrivution towards the rich history of India.

Beginning around 600 B.C., republics and kingdoms were established and “details of Indian history began to emerge with greater clarity.”1 The state played an active role in the successive phases of Indian nationalism. regions of Bihar such as Magadha, Mithila and Anga are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient India (Ramayana, Jainism).

Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social and economic development since the late 1970s. It is believed by several economists and social scientists that this is a direct result of the central government’s policies, such as the freight equalisation policy, its apathy towards Bihari, the lack of Bihari sub-nationalism, and the British East India Company’s Permanent Settlement of 1793.

By 2004, The Economist magazine said that “Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties” This shows the current image of the state, where it is widely known as the most backward state in the country with lack of social and economic growth.

1 Romila Thapar’s (1966) A history of India, Volume 1, devotes significant coverage to the history of Bihar while initiating the discussion on Indian history

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All of the rich heritage and hardworking citizens goes unnoticed and thus undeveloped. Therefore, there is a need to work towards turning around the image of Bihar to what it was centuries before.

Apart from the desidaratum of growth, Bihar also shows scope and potential for future growth. In the last decade there has been impressive growth in social and economic fields. With a hope for this momentum to continue, there are opportunities in Bihar that can be used to bring about change and evoke a sense of pride and possessability within the people.

Fig.6:Demographics Chart Source:investindia.gov.in

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History and Timeline Bihar’s historical background is one of the most diverse in India. It is divided into three distinct regions, each with its own history and culture. The area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power, learning, and culture in ancient and classical India. The Maurya empire, as well as one of the world’s most widely practised religions, Buddhism, originated from Magadha. Mithila, another region of the state, was an early centre of learning.

During the ancient and classical eras of Indian history, their capital Pataliputra, which is adjacent to modern-day Patna, was an important political, military, and economic centre of Indian civilisation. Aside from religious epics, many ancient Indian texts were written in ancient Bihar. The most notable play was Abhijñānaśākuntala.

Neolithic Age (10,800 to 3300BC) Mesolithic habitational remains at Munger are the oldest known evidence of human activity in Bihar. In the hills of Kaimur, Nawada, and Jamui, prehistoric rock paintings have been found. A Neolithic settlement was discovered for the first time in the midst of the alluvium, over the Ganges at Chirand.

The prehistoric livelihood and natural environment are depicted in the rock paintings. Bihar’s rock paintings are not only similar to those found in central and southern India, but also to those found in Europe and Africa.

Fig.7: Gehlaur Ghati Source: artworld.in

Iron Age (1500 to 200BC) The stories of Bihar’s significance during this period is mentioned in Puranas and ancient mythologies.

The Mahabharata mentions the Anga kingdom. The king of Anga was Karna, a friend of Duryodhana’s. Both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata describe Videha as encompassing parts of Bihar and extending into small parts of Nepal. Sita, the Hindu goddess, is described as Videha’s princess and Raja Janak’s daughter. Jarasandha, 6

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a mythical king who appears in the Mahabharatha as the “Magadhan Emperor who rules all India,” founded the Magadha. According to the Vayu Purana, his descendants ruled Magadha for 1000 years. these rulers are briefly mentioned in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain texts.

Magadha was ruled by a number of small kingdoms or provinces in the later Vedic Age. As early as 1000 BCE, many of these states were mentioned in Buddhist and Jain literature. The Mahajanapadas, or sixteen monarchies, spanned the Indo-Gangetic plains by 500 BCE. Out of which, Vajji engulfed modern-day North Bihar, Magadha covered Southwestern Bihar, and South-eastern Bihar was enveloped by Anga.

By 500/400 BCE, the time of Siddhartha Gautama, many of the sixteen kingdoms had merged into four major ones.

Magadha was one of the four.

Siddhartha Gautama acquired Fig.8:Mahabodhi Temple “enlightenment” in Bodh Gaya, Source: ancientbihar.in Bihar, in 537 BCE. Mahavira was born around the same time in the ancient kingdom of Lachuar, in the Jamui district of Bihar. He was the 24th Jain Tirthankara, and he preached a theology that would later become known as Jainism.

They have had a significant Fig.9: Nalanda University influence on Hinduism and Indian Source: ancientbihar.in spiritual orders’ practises. While Jainism’s geographical reach was limited to India, Buddhist nuns and monks eventually spread the Buddha’s teachings throughout Central and East Asia, Tibet, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. During 7

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this time, Bihar saw the establishment of Nalanda University and Vikramshila University, one of the oldest residential universities in the country.

Exiled general Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya dynasty with the help of Chanakya in 321 BC, which was inherited by Ashoka- the great emperor.

India was a flourishing and stable empire with great economic and military power under Ashoka, and its political influence and trade spanned Asia and Europe.

Medieval Period (1206 to 1526) Bihar experienced turbulent times during the medieval period as a result of foreign aggression and eventual foreign subjugation of India. The invasion of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, which destroyed many viharas as well as the universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila, led to the decline of Buddhism in Magadha.

During the 12th century, tens of thousands of Buddhist monks were slaughtered. Sher Shah Suri, a great Pathan chieftain, took northern India from the Mughals in 1540 and declared Fig.10:SherShah Suri Tomb Source: tourbihar.in Delhi his capital. During his reign, which lasted about six years and was based in Sasaram, mediaeval Bihar experienced a period of glory.

Colonial Period (1757 to 1947) After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, which took place just 115 kilometres from Patna, the Mughals and Nawabs of Bengal lost effective control over the territories that made up the province of Bengal at the time, which are now Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha. The diwani rights 8

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(rights to administer and collect tax revenue) for Bihar, Bengal, and Odisha were obtained by the British East India Company. In the 18th century, the rich resources of fertile land, water, and skilled labour drew foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British. Foreign entrepreneurs started a number of agriculture-based industries in Bihar. Patna became one of the most important commercial and trading centres in eastern India during the this period, followed

by Kolkata.

There was also the Golghar, a magnificent one-hundred-foothigh bell-shaped structure with a winding outer staircase leading to the top. It was designed to Fig.11: Golghar be a granary and be filled when a famine was expected. It was initially thought to be politically and logistically impossible.

I. F. Munnings, the architect, is credited with designing the huge and magnificent buildings of colonial Patna. The Patna Museum and the state Assembly, for example, show IndoFig.12: Patna Museum

Fig.13: Rajnagar Palace

Fig.14: Rajbhavan

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Saracenic influence, while the Raj Bhawan and the High Court show overt Renaissance influence. The General Post Office (GPO) and the Old Secretariat, for example, have pseudo-Renaissance influences.

The Champaran Satyagraha is a pivotal moment in India’s struggle for independence. Mahatma Gandhi initiated his pioneering civildisobedience movement, Champaran Satyagraha, from Bihar after his return from South Africa.

Freight Equalisation Policy (1952 to 1993) While the agricultural productivity in Bihar was reduced by Colonial India’s permanent settlement policy, independent India’s freight equalisation policy disrupted the state’s industrial aims. Freight equalisation policy was implemented by the Indian government in 1952 to ensure that essential commodities were available at the same price across the country discounting the transportation (freight) costs. The target was to allow all states regardless of access to natural resources, an equal chance to industrialise. Obviously, this meant that manufacturers established industries in coastal states with ports in order to easily export their final products. It was no longer necessary to be close to the minerals of Bihar.

Even after the policy was abolished in the early 1990s, these countries were unable to catch up to the more industrialised states.

“The removal of freight equalisation and licencing policies cannot compensate for the harm that has already been done,” West Bengal’s Commerce and Industry Minister complained in 1996.1

1 Aseema Sinha (2005). The Regional Roots Of Developmental Politics In India: A Divided Leviathan

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From Cultural Capital to Poverty From the time written records were available, Bihar as a political entity, either as a kingdom or as a state within the republic of India, has had its own identity. Romila Thapar, a well-known historian, compares the history of ancient India to the history of ancient Bihar.

Different states in India have followed different development paths since independence. Overall economic, sociological, and ecological factors influenced success in achieving development and addressing deprivations.

Bihar is one of India’s fastest-growing states. The remarkable economic growth in Bihar is the result of policy reforms and a good governance agenda that began in 2005-06.

Being known as the cultural capital of India, Bihar was renowned for the treasures of heritage, values and great rulers. Due to various different reasons, the state went down the wrong path leading to poverty and rise of naxalites and the atrocities. This changed the image of Bihar from a centre of learning and power to a centre of crime and ‘jungle raj’.

According to 2012 records, Bihar had the largest population below the poverty line among the BIMAROU states.

The acronym BIMARU is made up of the first letters of the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh in India. In the mid-1980s, Ashish Bose coined the phrase. BIMARU is similar to the Hindi word bīmār , which means “sick.” This was a term that was used to describe the poor economic conditions that existed within those states. Several studies, including those conducted by the United Nations, found that the BIMARU states’ performance was dragging down India’s GDP growth rate.

Apart from the economic development, another important sector that brings growth to a state is its imagibility. The first thing that one does before visiting a new place is reading about it on internet and checking the images to get an overview of the place. In context of Bihar, what comes up when you search the name will only show you the negative face of the state.

Images showing poverty, floods, riots, political issues and more is what bihar stands for according to the internet. Whereas, surfing other states like Uttar pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh etc shows better and positive results. The entire blame cannot be put on the algorithm and internet, because the internet only shows the recent and most googled pictures.

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From Cultural Capital to Poverty

Fig.15: Source: Author Pictures: Internet

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Aim & Objectives Research Questions 1. Why is Bihar considered as the most backward state in India?

2. What inspires the people in Bihar (Biharis) to grow and thus enable development?

3. How does the memory of a region change?

Aim The aim of this study is to understand the importance of memory of a region and how the image of a place can affect its social and economical growth. The focus of the project will be to pivot Bihar’s present picture and shift the concentration from its melancholy-ridden face to the promising and empowering future.

Limitations Although this research aims to bring about gradual growth in the concerned sector, it is not possible to enable development in a state solely by an architectural intervention. Thus, the scale of change will be limited and at a slow pace. Another limitation would be the economic viability of the proposal and the time it will take to establish an image among the citizens.

Hypothesis In order to execute the research and evoke a sense of responisibility to bring about change, the most effective way would be to target the most active members of this society- the working class. As it is well known that, thousands of people move out of Bihar in search of employment. The are the ones who have seen what the other cities feel like in the country.

Considering the fact that Biharis will not care about a new proposition unless it is a place that belongs to them. Thus by providing a place, that they can call their home, where the target user group can not only stay with their families but also learn within the same domain.

By providing a community housing, it can be made sure that the people will have a sense of possesability for that place and thus will be open to learn new things to boost their growth.

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2.Methodology In this chapter, along with empirical research, I have articulated a brief research methodology and research tools such as interviews, observations, and comparisons that will aid my study. The goal is to identify the target user as well as the location, and comprehend its potential.

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Demography In order to achieve the desired results and execute the aim of this research, it is important to understand the people of this state and their mentality towards growth related concepts.

Bihar was India’s third most populous state in 2011, with a total population of 104,099,452, with nearly 89 percent of the population living in rural areas.

With 1,106 people per square kilometre, it was also India’s most densely populated state. Bihar, after Himachal Pradesh, has the second-lowest urbanisation rate in India, at 11.3 percent. Bihar had the highest proportion of people under the age of 25 in India, at nearly 58%.

Since they constitute the majority of the state’s population statistics, it is the youth of the state that can be targeted to grow and therefore provoke growth in the society. Although, the state has the highest proportion of people under the age of 25, not all of them are employed. A large proportion of people in the age-group of 15-29 join the work force without any skill training which results in high dropout rate. The statistics by Bihar Government state that in Bihar, educated and qualified youth are more likely to be unemployed than those who are illiterate or have a low level of education.

According to a document by Bihar Government, about 80% of the state’s population is employed in agriculture, which is above the national average.

Although, it cannot be validated since, many people migrate out of the state for jobs like labour work, cooking and cleaning, etc in different cities, whereas another portion of the population think farming is for the poor and so they choose the influence of criminals over small jobs.

The following chart shows the population distribution and majority as the youth in Bihar.

Fig.16: Age Demographics Source:Author

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Migration India is enduring political, social, and economic transformation. Over the last decade, the country has experienced rapid economic growth. Agriculture now employs a smaller percentage of the population than it did in the before.

People rely on rural patrons for work less than ever before as a result of popular movements and growing emotions against caste hierarchies. People are capable and willing to leave their ancestral villages in search of work, though such migration is usually only temporary.

Migration has long been a strategy for households in Bihar to seek better livelihoods outside the state and to support family members left behind. Since the 19th century, systematic and large-scale migration from Bihari households has been documented. While much of Bihar’s pre-independence migration was international and frequently permanent, post-independence migration has overwhelmingly been seasonal and within India. Before delving into the causes and patterns of migration, it’s worth noting that migration has had a significant impact on Bihar’s economy.

Bihar’s Net Migration Rate, adjusted for inmigrations, was 56 per 1,000 people in 2007, according to the NSSO. This is the largest volume of outmigration among the large states in the country. It also estimates that nearly 584 out of 1,000 Bihari out-migrants are economically active, and 524 out of 1,000 Bihari out-migrants send money home to their families, indicating strong ties to Bihar.

Even after accounting for migration for education or marriage, migration is just about universal in Bihar, excluding only the poorest of the poor or the very wealthy. Migrants have often been driven out of Bihar due to a lack of financially rewarding employment opportunities. As Bihar’s economy improves, the motivation for out-migration may fade, and economic development may bring back migrants with skills acquired through experience, which could increase the productivity of work in the Fig.17: Food source for migrants Source: theigc.org state’s already emerging services sector.

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Statistics

Fig.18: Education pattern in Bihar Source: Author

Fig.19: Population in big cities of Bihar Source: Author

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Fig.20: Economic Sectors Source: Author

Fig.21: Per capita income of the state Source: indiatoday.in

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Interests of the Youth Because employment is the primary source of income for most people, the working-age population is large and needs to be included in the state’s workforce. It has a significant impact on how women and men live and see their lives. A productive and well-educated workforce contributes to a thriving economy and an honourable society.

Although the impoverished state accounts for 8% of India’s population, it only employs 1% of the country’s workforce. According to the Annual Survey of Industries, Bihar had only 3,345 industries at the end of 2013. In comparison, leading industrialised states such as Tamil Nadu (16.6 percent), Maharashtra (13.03 percent), and Gujarat account for only 1.5 percent of the total (10.17 percent ). Only 116,396 people, or less than 1%, of the 12.9 million people employed in Indian industry came from Bihar.

Based on some interviews and personal experiences, it can be said that the youth of Bihar are looking forward for a better standard of living.

Because the state is unable to provide the basic necessities, people tend to look for opportunities outside in order to feed their families even though it costs them to stay away from the family. The mentality of the working class in Bihar shows that they believe it is disgraceful to work under somebody and do jobs like driving tractors, rickshaws or working as peon or waiter.

While they accept the same jobs or work as labours on construction sites in cities Delhi, Mumbai, etc. This mentality can be changed by providing the respect that these hardworking youngsters desrve and thrive for. It is possible to convince the Biharis to stay in their hometown and bring development to the state as well.

Many initiatives are proposed by the government to provide economic support for the needy. The state government has launched an innovative youth programme as part of its 7 nishchay.1 This programme is open to those between the ages of 15 and 25, who have completed class X. Basic computer skills, communication skills, life skills, and language training are being provided to them in order to make them employable for a better job.

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Kushal Yuva Programme as mentioned in SDG vision 2017 by Bihar Government

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Conversations To support these statements, following are a set of interviews and inferences conducted solely for this research.

Name: Mr. Ashish Kaushik Ashish is a student from Noida International University, who has turned his hobby into his profession. Based in Bihar, this young entrepreneur co-founded a venture named “Undiscovered”. He has been working with a lot of renowned brands to generate a base and support his main aim. That is to bring attention to the unexplored parts of Bihar.

Q1. What is your professional experience?

Through ‘Undiscovered Ventures Pvt.Ltd.’ , I have worked on shoots with different organisations like Forest department, Industry department, Balaji telefilms, General electrics(locomotive company based in Bihar), and more.

Furthermore, we are planning to begin an initiative called experience tourism (specifically for Bihar).

Q2.When did you start photography as a dedicated activity?

I have done my schooling till 12th from Bihar itself. Due to my lack of interest and family pressure, I had to opt for a science stream and i failed in that exam. That led me to finish my high school through commerce and by then I had managed to buy a camera using my savings. I was working in my father’s office for 3 to 4 months.

After a few years of study, I was called for an interview at Amar Villas, Agra through my Hotel management course that I pursued. Instead of going for that interview, I visited the Taj Mahal and clicked some pictures. That made me realise my passion for photography and thus I started looking for institutes where I could learn about the camera and film-making.

Q3. If there was an Institute in Bihar to teach you the same skills and knowledge, would you still choose to move out?

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One of the reasons behind moving out of my hometown was to gain exposure. Thus i believe, I would have still chosen a different city for my further studies. But, if the institute in Bihar would have been developed enough to attract students from other cities, i could have found my exposure here itself.

Q4.How many people in your friend circle have studied in Bihar by choice?

Why? None. All of them chose to complete their education and pursue their careers from difeerent cities outside Bihar. The reason behind this is lack of opportunities. Although the state has many good institutes and companies to work for, the amount of opportunities available here is very less compared to cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad,etc. For example, in my field there are only a few organisations like media houses or industries, and due to lack of awwareness as well youngsters like me are under the notion that these infrastructure can be found only in Patna.

Q5.Do you think there is a need of film making institutes in Bihar?

I think, every state should have policies for film industry. Everybody knows that Mumbai is the hub of Film Industry, but very few know that the industry is dominated by biharis and they move to Mumbai to fulfill their dreams, because Bihar is unable to give you those opportunities.

Q6. I have read your thesis on changing the image of Bihar through tourism, how do you aim to do that?

There is a concept known as ‘Experience Tourism’, where tourists pay to live in the nature and encounter the beauty of eating among trees under the stars and then go back home. Bihar being a raw state, where there are no resorts or lavish hotels but beautiful untouched destinations- turn them into experince tourism spots. We organise camping trips, tours and stargazing activities for people to come and explore the undiscovered raw places in Bihar.

Instagram: @callmekaushik 22

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Name: Mr. Himalay Verma Architect-city planner turned entrepreneur, he is the managing director of SKILL Foods founded back in 2009. SKILL Foods is a non-profit organisation whose mission is to create jobs in rural Bihar. SKILL Foods began operations with the production of Tillori and Adori with the help of Patna’s domestic workers.

Q1. In your organisation, since you provide employment to many locals, do you hire them based on their skills and experience or do you teach them after hiring?

Since it is agriculture and food related industry, it does not require much skills. Also, when I started off with the idea that I should be able to employ the people with least amount of skills. We hire people with basic communication skills and then teach them skills like management, accounts, driving, etc.

Q2.Can you share an example about the same?

There is a boy in our team by the Jogendra Yadav, who had an education upto VII, therefore he lacks basic calculation skills. Currently he manages our centre in Baka district, where he not only does the basic calculation but also manages the centre’s accounts. So when you work with this strata of the society(semi-literate), its the company that keeps a tab on the accounts and transactions.

Q3. How do you train these employs you hire?

We have small organisations called SKILL Foundations, where the youth are hired to manage the centres, learn basic skills and then after a point start teaching the same skills. These students are from the age group of 8 to 35 years, and the people conducting the skill development programs are from 15 years old to 25 years old or more.

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Q4. What are the activities/ programs taught in your organisation?

Apart from basic skills like mathematics calculation, we train young farmers how to read basic Hindi and English. Another skill that our organisation teaches is Management because there are many of our centres that are entirely managed by our once- students, so we make them capable by providing them required skills.

Q5. How much scoope do these students have in the future with respect to the industrial world?

There are a lot of manufacturing companies who hire people from such background with a particular set of skills. Since we are not a traditional manufacturing company, to increase our reach we need our people within those leading companies. Thus our people need to be trained through different organisations to be skillful enough in order to work in bigger companies.

Now we are also planning to get into processing, for which we will need more trained people, for eg. to set up a bottled water unit, we will need people to know how it works.

Q6. How necessary is it to have a cohesive skill development institute in Bihar?

I think it is the desperate need of the state in order to develop, because we have manpower but we lack the right skills. Due to this pandemic, many experienced and skilled people have come back to Bihar, but they will not stay because of the lack of facilities and scale of income. Thus having a skill development institute wiill encourage these working groups to stay in the state, teach skills to others as well as have all facilities and keep growing.

Q. Do you charge the people in SKILL foundation for training or is it free?

This foundation is completely free, because the students who join us for training are kids from very depressed economic classes, whereas people like Joginder, they learn while they are working.

Linkedin: @ Himalay Verma 24

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Location and Scope- Bihar The Ganges River, which flows through the middle of Bihar Plain from west to east, divides it into two unequal halves (North Bihar and South Bihar).

Bihar’s land has an average elevation of 173 feet above sea level. North Bihar, a fertile agricultural region, has a plethora of agricultural-related industries.

Patna, Magadh, Saran, Tirhut, Darbhanga, Koshi, Pernea, Bhagalpur, and Munger are the nine divisions of Bihar. Furthermore, for administrative purposes, Bihar has been divided into 38 districts. The old Bihar state had a lot of resources. Following the carving out of Jharkhand, the remaining Bihar state is not as resource-rich.

North of Ganges River

North Bihar, a fertile agricultural region, has a plethora of agriculturalrelated industries. Throughout the area, there are numerous sugar factories.

Many rice and edible oil‐mills also dot the landscape. The area is a heavily populated alluvial plain. There isn’t much forest, but there isn’t much mineral wealth.

Agriculture is the mainstay of the region’s economy.

Despite having the highest yield per hectare, the people’s per capita income is the lowest in the Fig.22: River Ganga dividing the state Source: testbook.com region. This is due to excessive population pressure on land, inequitable land distribution, annual flooding, and lower-than-optimal levels of activity in the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. The area has a high concentration of sugar mills. The region has also seen the construction of some massive industrial complexes (such as the Barauni Refineries and Fertilizers Factory).

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Bihar Industrial Areas Development Authorities has two regional offices in this region, one in Muzaffarpur and the other in Darbhanga, to oversee the region’s qualitative and quantitative industrialization.

South of Ganges River

This is an alluvial plain to the south of the Ganges River that is primarily used for agriculture. Minerals in small quantities are also available in the area.

Stone quarries, rice mills, and a few sugar factories are the main industries.

There are a lot of handlooms and powerlooms there. In comparison to North Bihar, the region’s Small Scale Industrial activities are improving. District Industries Centres in each district of the region, as well as MSME-DI in Patna, are responsible for the development of small scale industries in the region. In addition, the Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority has an office in Patna that oversees the activities of Small Scale Units operating in the region’s various Industrial Area Estates.

Land Utlisation Pattern

In comparison to other Indian states, Bihar has a high proportion of total land dedicated to agriculture. This is due to its topographical location, which is in the Ganga basin’s riverine plains. Agriculture is critical to the state’s food and nutrition security, as well as its overall development. The agricultural sector relies heavily on land. As a result, any change in land use pattern has a significant impact on food security for the state in particular and the country as a whole. The state of Bihar is divided into three agro-climatic zones: Zone I, Zone II, and Zone III. Zones I and II are situated north of the Ganga and are known as the North Western and North Eastern Alluvial Plains Zones, respectively, while Zone III is located south of the Ganga and is known as the South Bihar Alluvial Plains Zone.

Farmers have put their land in fallow due to the devastating flood threat causing damage to their crops in Zones I and II, which are flood prone areas.

Land under trees and groves has also seen a positive proportion change and growth rate over the last decade, which could be another reason for the state’s net sown area decline. The diminishing net sown area is a major concern in order to feed the growing population.

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Fig.23:Land Utilization Pattern Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

Fig.24:Land Utilization Pattern

Source: Author Data: Table shown above

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While floods are generally not part of the growth determinants framework, they are a common feature in Bihar and therefore affect growth in the state. Bihar is one of the most flood-prone states in India, and the magnitude of the flood-induced shock has increased significantly since it was divided, with the 4,444 flood-prone areas remaining in Bihar.

These 4,444 floods are neither new nor unexpected, and records dating back to the days of British rule indicate a systematic pattern of these floods in relation to the many rivers that cross Bihar. These rivers flood during monsoon season and change course to wreak havoc, resulting in significant loss of life and property, and negatively impacting state revenue.

This makes flood management and control in Bihar an international issue.

Rorabacher (2008) analyzes the failure of coordination between Nepal and India in relation to flood control that arises in Nepal and flood the plain in India.

Fig.25:Flood Hazard Map of Bihar Source: BMTPC-Vulnerability Atlas

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Fig.26:Source: Author Data: Table no

Hypothesis Based on the research and study, the initial idea of proposing a community housing in order to build a connect between the building and its user requires modification. The need of the hour is an institute where the major proportion of the population can be educated and taught the skills required to grow in the professional world. Thus the aim of this research is to build a selfsufficient (atma-nirbhar) institute, in order to boost the growth momentum of the state and therefore convince the people of the state to stay in their hometown and appreciate its resources.

Fig.27:Evaluation Source: Author

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3.Case Studies The Case Studies in this chapter is to understand and analyse executed examples of institutions. In order to achieve a connect with the user, it is not only important to provide all necessary amenities but also to create a healthy and motivating space for the users to learn new things and expand thier potentials. Thus the case studies include Program based project, Identity based project and a project to study the courses structure.

This will help in achieving a strong and effective identity of the proposed institution and also provide a wide range of programs with its respective space quality.

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THE HANDLOOM SCHOOL (PHASE 1) Aim of the Casestudy: To identify the requirements of a skillbased institute and understand the quality of spaces.

Location: Maheshwar, Madhya Pradesh User: Weavers Client: WomenWeave Area: 150 x 50 sqft for Phase 1(The completed School is intended to be 3 acres) Architect: Sian Pascale The Handloom School’s Phase 1 is being treated as a prototype. It has four functional areas: a) Classroom b) Dormitory c) Handloom unit d) Lawn where students can unwind and play games.

WomenWeave has established a handloom weaving school in collaboration with the National Institute for Design in order to encourage young Indians aged 18 to 30 to learn weaving, create jobs, and demonstrate that weaving is a marketable skill with international appeal. Their goals are to preserve the wonderful local tradition of handloom weaving while also providing opportunities for local women from underprivileged backgrounds to learn and work in this craft in a safe environment.

According to Sian Pascale, her aesthetic always seems to be a by-produt of her architectural training in Australia and Denmark, as well as a deep love of ethnic craft and the use of local resources.Further she says, she rarely uses bright colours and prefer to keep the overall palette neutral with materials that are true to their nature — where wood looks like wood, concrete is raw, steel is black, and bricks are natural or white. This allows the furniture to serve as a decorative element.

The mud floor was kept in an earthy tone, the walls were kept neutral, and the columns were decorated with beautiful handwoven scarves.

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Fig.29:An existing derelict bus shelter was the site. Source: borderandfall.com

Fig.28:Maheshwar is a rural town near the city of Indore. Source: borderandfall.com

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Fig.30:Illustrated sketch plans as the main concept. Source: borderandfall.com

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Construction on the site necessitated close collaboration with local workers and the use of locally available, cost-effective materials. It was very much a case of designing and building at the same time, as well as trial and error. Some tasks went smoothly, such as making a lovely light out of a brass rat cage found at a local hardware store. Other tasks, such as hanging electrical conduit straight, painting neatly, levelling floors, and creating a straight edge to the building, necessitated successful micro-management. In rural India, designing and building is a hands-on experience.

Inferences: 1. The spaces designed as a prototype of a Handloom school considers the fact that the school is designed in a rural context and the spaces succeed in reflecting that rawness and simplicity in it.

2. The choice of materials are also an impression of the towns feel, the true to life art form of handloom weaving and the simplicity behind the whole thought of encouraging young weavers. From mud flooring to using rat cages as light fixtures, from terracotta pots as basin to using stones and net as protection from mosquitos, the design solutions are subtle thus the attention tends to be diverted towards the vibrant and colourful fabrics used in the weaving school.

3. The choice of this site that was earlier a dilapidated bus shelter, was later transformed into a multipurpose, flexible, training school for young weavers. The intention behind choosing a place like Maheshwar and not already famous places like Varanasi or Kanchipuram was to show the impact of establishing a school at this scale. This will not only empower weavers from small towns to step out and learn new techniques but also create a bigger market for these young talents and thus bring funding for economic viability.

4. Another extension to the project is at a 10 minutes distance and closer to the Narmada river. This might be the next step towards making the locality as eco-friendly as possible while inviting urban India in its rural parts.

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Fig.31:Simple, economical and elegant solution to mosquitos. Source: borderandfall.com

Fig.32:Open interiors to bringing attention to colorful fabrics. Source: borderandfall.com

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Fig.33: Using local objects-rat cage as light, terracotta pot as basin Source: borderandfall.

Fig.34: Mud flooring Source: borderandfall.com

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THE GANGA MAKI TEXTILE STUDIO (PHASE 3) Aim of the Casestudy: To understand the response to context and identify the requirements of a skillbased institute.

Location: Bhogpur, Uttarakhand User: Weavers Client: WomenWeave Area: 1300 sq m Architect: Studio Mumbai, Bijoy Jain Architect Bijoy Jain and Japanese weaver Chiaki Maki dive deeper into the earth in the Himalayan foothills to create a sustainable and strikingly beautiful workspace that facilitates local artisans.

Gangamaki is a living, breathing weaving centre named after the river and Maki, the weaver. But when you’re sitting atop a sloping hill in the middle of a landscape with only a few houses, you realise there’s a lot more to the name than just the name. Gangamaki rises like a colossus, in stark contrast to the winding dirt road that leads up to it. It’s imposing yet serene, like the river and the woman after whom it’s named. Of course, there’s the architect who designed it. Maki Textile Studio is based in Tokyo, Japan, with a Ganga Maki Studio in India, where fibre and dye plants are grown, yarns are reeled, spun, and dyed, and fabrics are woven on hand looms and stitched.

Spaces for dyeing and dining can be found on one side, up a cobbled path that has been meticulously hand-laid with stone. A patchwork of paddy and indigo fields, as well as clusters of pomegranate trees, can be found on the other side. There’s a forest behind it. It’s possible that the environment isn’t entirely conducive to work. But when it comes to creating, the air is thick with ideas.

During the monsoons, the trees turn a brilliant green colour, grey clouds threaten to burst into showers, and violent thunderstorms engulf the entire area. “The climate in this area is extreme,” says Jain, “from very cold to very hot.” And Gangamaki’s fortress-like quality is nothing more than “a response to the cumulus of that,” he concludes.

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Fig.35:During construction Source: borderandfall.com

Fig.36:Use of local materials Source: borderandfall.com

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Fig.37:Site Plan

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Source: architectural-review.com

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Fig.39:Maki’s private studio in the facility

Fig.38:Interior and Outdoor spaces

Source: architectural-review.com

Source: borderandfall.com

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Fig.41:Studio spaces

Source: borderandfall.com

Fig.40:Locally sourced brick, lime, and stone used.

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Source: borderandfall.com

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Fig.42:Schematic sections through gallery and workshops

Source: architectural-review.

The structure is made of bamboo frames, plastered with mud mixed with dung, and topped with a transparent roof with a bamboo trellis beneath, giving it the appearance of an elegant earthen house. The dyeing workshop, guest dining, and other amenities are located north of the central courtyard.

The owner and guest residences are located at the very top of the campus.

A gallery greets visitors at the entrance; the double-height space is topped by a translucent white marble roof, which sits atop walls plastered by local artisans trained by Japanese and Swiss artisans.

Inferences: 1. The choice of subtle materials provide a familiar yet quality space for the local artisans. The materials not only define the space but also supports the economic factor of the project whilst hiring the local workers to build the space using their skills. Thus, it is an example of build by the people, for the people.

2. The placement of activities within the site creates pockets of interactive spaces while allowing the user to isolate self for some inspiration from nature.

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THE BIHAR MUSEUM Aim of the Casestudy: To understand the importance of creating an identity for the user through architecture.

Location: Patna, Bihar User: Universal Client: Bihar Government Area: 25410 sq m Architect: Fumihiko Maki Associates, Opolis Fumihiko Maki envisioned the Bihar Museum as a campus with an interconnected landscape of built-up and open spaces with a humble but dynamic profile, in harmony with the land, inspired by the generous site.

Entrance, education, exhibition, and administration are the four main zones on the campus. Within the complex, each wing has been given a discrete and recognisable form.

The Bihar Museum is situated on a 5.3-hectare plot of land adjacent to Bailey Road, near the Patna High Court. With a built-up area of 25,000 square metres, the museum serves as a supplement to the nearby 100-yearold Patna Museum.

Working with the Bihar government has proven to be a positive experience, demonstrating that state governments care about their citizens. It is hoped that this project will serve as a model for future government-led public projects, not only in terms of design but also in terms of implementation and bureaucratic involvement. On a typical day, the museum receives 2500 visitors.

The Bihar Museum has been the only government project built through an architectural competition since independence, that won an international competition. The Bihar State Government, Maki and Associates in Tokyo, and Opolis Architects in Mumbai collaborated on the design and execution.

The new museum’s main goal was to “celebrate the rich ancient past and instil a sense of pride in modern-day Biharis.”

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Fig.43: View from the external courtyard.

Source: Author

Fig.44:Entrance lobby with central concave in the roof.

Source: Author

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Fig.45:Schematic map showing spaces and their proportion in the museum Source: Author

The map shown above represents the placement of all exhibition and display galleries, courtyards and visible storage on the upper floor. The location of classsrooms, toilets and cafeteria is also mentioned.

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Seven exterior courtyards linked these independent, smaller-scaled forms, ensuring that all spaces were connected to the surrounding landscape while remaining sheltered and comfortable throughout the year. Each courtyard had its own theme, layout, and spatial quality, and several were strategically placed to protect the site’s existing trees.

Gravely recessed openings and modern versions of traditional jali screens characterised the connecting cloisters. These allowed natural light in while also keeping the spaces cool. Throughout, spatial depth and layering were used to create a sense of anticipation that culminated in the meditative Buddha courtyard, channelling the Japanese concept of oku.

The identity design of the museum was assigned to a branding firm called Lopez Design, founded by Mr.Anthony Lopez.

Based on the conversation with him, about what facts about the state were taken into consideration while building an identity, it can be concluded that their priority user group were the local people and the students. He aimed on addressing the youth powerfully and meaningfully since they might not visit the institution in search of an identity but might find it while moving around the campus.

Another important factor considered while designing the identity was the recent history which was challenged in order to present this building as a catalyst or fulcrum for every narrative to be built around.

Fig.46: Source: Author

Ref: https://youtu.be/UtCcSEw6Srs (45mins & 56min)

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Fig.47:Space quality

Source: Author

Fig.48:The cloister leading to the main galleries Source: Author

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Fig.50:Entrance plaza Source: Author

Fig.49:Courtyards and landscaping

Source: Author

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Fig.51:The bridge overlooking the Buddha courtyard Source: architecturaldigest.in

Fig.52:Spaces restricted from visitors’ access Source: Author

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Fig.53:Schematic site plan Source: socialdesignlibrary.in

Inferences: 1. The design decision of using a japanese concept as inspiration in an institution built for the sole purpose of connecting Bihar’s past and present and glorifying its rich history, appears to be contradicting.

2. This can be seen in the way these beautifully designed courtyards are left unused. All of the breakout spaces and courtyards are inaccessible to the visitors because of the chaos they create while playing (interacting) with the space.

3. The use of material and flow of the form stands out in its context due to the existing buildings that have a touch of ancient architectural style.

Even though it attracts enough attention, the building does not look out of place and merges in the surrounding landscape.

4. The internal movement of the space is a tiring activity because of the long corridors and cloisters. Although these long passages are developed in terms of light and space quality allowing the user to visually interact with the courtyards.

5. The choice of materials and landscaping decisions complement each other and allows the users’ eye to move freely.

6. The face wall (with the logo and name of the museum) at the museum entrance itself speaks as an identity of the state due to the significance of tree symbol (also the state symbol).

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NATIONAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Aim of the Casestudy: To understand the working of a skill development institution and analyse its economical feasibility Location: Delhi User: Working group Client: Ministry of Finance By providing financial support to enterprises, companies, and organisations that provide skill training, the NSDC acts as a catalyst for skill development.

It also creates models for enhancing, supporting, and coordinating privatesector initiatives. NSDC achieves its goal as a not-for-profit organisation by conducting government-funded activities as well as providing funding to private skill-training enterprises, companies, and organisations.

The National Skills Development Corporation (NSDC) aims to promote skill development by assisting in the establishment of large, high-quality, for-profit vocational institutions. Furthermore, the organisation invests in the development of scalable and profitable vocational training programmes.

It also has the responsibility of enabling a support system that focuses on quality assurance, information systems, and training the trainer academies, either explicitly or through collaborations.

NSDC was set up as part of a national skill development mission to fulfil the growing need in India for skilled manpower across sectors and narrow the existing gap between the demand and supply of skills. “There is a compelling need to launch a world-class skill development programme in a mission mode that will address the challenge of imparting the skills required by a growing economy. Both the structure and the leadership of the mission must be such that the programme can be scaled up quickly to cover the whole country.”1

1

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Vision of the facility - NSDC, as mentioned on their official website.

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Fig.54:Overview of statistics Source: nsdcindia.org

Role: The strategy of NSDC is to form partnerships with a variety of stakeholders and to build on existing efforts. Thus, it plays three major roles.

1. Funding- This entails providing loans or equity, as well as grants and financial incentives to selected private sector projects to improve economic viability through tax breaks and other means. The type of funding (equity, loan, or grant) will be determined by the segment’s profitability or attractiveness.

2. Providing Support- Curriculum, faculty training guidelines, quality management, technology platforms, student placement processes, and other inputs or support services are all required by a skills development institute. In these support services, NSDC plays a key effective role, most notably in the establishment of standards and accreditation systems in collaboration with industry associations.

3. Creating- The NSDC will seed as well as provide acceleration for largescale participation by private players in skill development in the near future. It also plans to identify vital skill groups, develop skill development frameworks, and recruit potential private players, as well as support these efforts.

Methods: In the functioning of this facility, NSDC manages to succeed by using various schemes and policies by the Government of India. It creates effective business models which in turn attracts private stakeholders as well thus the economic

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feasibility is taken care of. After admitting young population interested in developing skills for the industrial world, these students are provided with internship programs for practical training and financial support. Following are a few schemes and initiatives involved with NSDC: Pradhan Manthri Kaushal Vikas Yojana(PMKVY) Pradhan Manthri Kaushal Kendra India International Skill Centre(IISC) Network Technical Intern Training Seekho Aur Kamao Swades Funding: NSDC developed an efficient network of training partners, including 302 funded, 115 non-funded, and 14 innovation partners, as well as 39 operational Sector Skill Councils, according to its annual report, and distributed 1453.70

Fig.55:Funding Guidelines Source: nsdcindia.org

Crore (roughly US$210 million) funding to skills training programmes through the partnership network.

Apprenticeship: Apprenticeship is a Skill Training programme in which a person is hired as a trainee by a company and receives classroom (theory) learning preceded 54

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by on-the-job (practical) training. Apprenticeships are required by law for all institutions with more than three employees (including contractual employees). A tried-and-true method for creating and nurturing industryready talent. The Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE)

Fig.56:Apprenticeship training Instructions

Source: nsdcindia.org

has imposed an extensive set of instructions and details for the implementation of Apprenticeship training.

Skill Loans for Students: Over half of India’s population is under the age of 25, providing an excellent opportunity for the country to develop a highly skilled workforce. Given

Fig.57:Initiatives for Skill Loans. Source: nsdcindia.org

the recent emphasis on skill development, efforts have been made to enable both the current and future workforces to obtain high-quality skill training across all industries. A need for loans was identified in order to ensure equal opportunities for all.

What is Vidya Kaushal?

It is a platform that allows any Indian citizen to apply for financial aid or a loan to pursue skill development training. It aims to provide seamless 55

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access to skill loan funding, in line with the national vision of creating job opportunities and marketable skills by developing a skilled India.

Awaresness: To create awareness aong the individuals, NSDC creates ad endorsements and collaborates with Initiatives like World Skills India and Skills India.

NSDC Training Centres: According to the NSDC website, there are 17 training centres in Nalanda district itself. These centres are at at very small scales and thus caters to a limited scope and user group. It also has 16, 154 and 36 training centres in Madhubani, Patna and Vaishali repectively.

Inferences: 1. This institution manages a number of other training centres which result in skill development and employment opportunities for the youth throughout the nation.

2. They provide for the growing demand and the need of hour. Because the corporation works on a very huge scale, its economic feasibility becomes a challenging topic. Thus, they take help from the private stake-holders as well as the government schemes and initiatives.

3. The main NSDC office is based in Delhi, while there are a handful of smaller training centres in almost every city around the country. The scale of these training centres are small and are not effective in terms of space quality and location.

4. Proposal of a bigger institute for skill development specifically catering to Bihar will prove more effective and welcoming for the citizens, because a learning and creative environment can be created in a self sufficient institution.

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Fig.59:Training workshops Source: nsdcindia.org

Fig.58:Site Plan

Source: Google Earth

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4.Site Selection After analysing a variety of projects, there was clarity in what factors to consider to choose the most suitable site for this proposal. In this chapter, there are site options based on a few factors that will enable and evoke a sense of pride and possessability within the user as well as the surrounding.

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Historical Spots in Bihar Bihar is one of those places where the ethnic and cultural values are well-known. The cities and towns of Bihar, whether due to their diversity of religions or historical significance, make this place worth visiting. Bihar has become a destination where you can find an array of old monuments and praying areas because it is home to various religions such as Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism. This state is home to many famous attractions, including the holy sight of Bodhgaya and the ruins of Vaishali.Bihar’s rich culture and colourful festivals provide visitors with some of the most interesting, thrilling, and fun-filled activities. These historical sites provide insight into the country’s cultural, traditional, and architectural splendour.

From magnificent age-old forts and stunning mausoleums to carved intriguing caves and informative museums, these ever-charming historical sites offer something for everyone.

All the 38 districts shown in the map hold a unique significance in terms of historical depth. But in order to house an institute, it is important that the location follows certain factor.

Factors to consider: • User group • Proximity to main roads • Proximity to Industrial/ Educational hub.

• Residential neighborhood • Cultural importance Considering the above factors, four districts can be shortlisted namely Patna, Nalanda, Vasihali and Madhubani. All of these locations are culturally very rich, thus will be able to maintain a connect with its user.

Furthermore, the above metioned districts can be compared based on a few heads in order to arrive at the most appropriate location for the proposal.

Such that, the location chosen will become a medium to evoke interest and awareness while building a connect with the residents of Bihar. By having a historical background to the location, the building proposed can achieve a wider following and become a celebrated institute eventually.

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Fig.60:Map showing all the spots of historical and cultural importance. Source: Author

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Comparison & Analysis

Fig.61:Comparison between four shortlisted districts

Source: Author

The table shown above discusses positive and negative points about all four districts, based on factors like popularity, what kind of crowd is attracted to that state, accessibility to the city Patna, postive things that the place is known for and whether the place has any influence of Buddhism. Since Buddhism is one of the dominant religions in Bihar and it also connects the state with other states and countries as well.

Madhubani Madhubani is the fourth-largest city in Bihar, with a population of 44,87,379 people and a land area of 3,501 square kilometres. There are 70 villages that are uninhabited (out of 1,110 total villages).

Vaishali The district is said to have been named after King Vishal. Vaishali is known for its close relationship with the Buddha. It has one of the best-preserved Ashoka Pillars, with a mono Asiatic lion atop it.

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Nalanda In ancient Magadha (modern-day Bihar), India, Nalanda was a renowned Buddhist monastery and university. Located about 90 kilometres (56 miles) southeast of Pataliputra, near the city of Rajagriha (now Rajgir) (now Patna). Nalanda is a popular tourist destination in the state, drawing visitors from India and abroad.

Patna Patna is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Bihar. It was previously known as Pataliputra and Azimabad (for a brief period of time). Its urban agglomeration is India’s 18th largest, covering 250 square kilometres (97 square miles) and housing over 2.5 million people. It was a major trading and commercial centre in India until the 19th century.

Location for the proposal: NALANDA After comparing all the four districts, Nalanda proves to be the most appropriate choice. Not only the place is popular around the world due to its deep roots in the field of Buddhism and Education, it also attracts the international population from Gaya and Patna. The proximity of the location from the main city that is Patna makes the accessibility smooth and easy for a wider range of user group. Another advantage of this location is the fact that Nalanda is an important part of Indian history and Buddhism. This has bought a lot of recognition to the place from within the country as well as from Nepal, China, and other East Asian countries.

Considering the fact that Bihar is an important part of the origin of Buddhism and Jainism, Nalanda represents that history too.

Some other important stats to consider before designing in Nalanda are mentioned below: • High Flood Level is 54.017 m • Whole District is under Earthquake Zone 5.

• Average literacy rate of 71.06% Since majorly the entire state falls under the earthquake zone as well as flood risk zone, it is forseeable that this ditrict will face the challenges too.

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About Nalanda For improvement in higher education Patna, Gaya, and Nalanda would be developed as an educational hub for the region, with sub-centres in different districts. Reputed private universities are also being incentivized in the state.

- Document by Bihar government

Fig.62:Map of Nalanda district in Bihar.

Source: Internet

Nalanda was among the first residential universities in the world. This monastery campus housed over 10,000 students and 2,000 teachers. The Mahavihara, which was constructed of red bricks, was regarded as an architectural masterpiece. There were eight different compounds and ten temples, as well as numerous meditation halls and classrooms. The library 64

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was housed in a nine-story structure that produced valuable copies of texts.

The acclaimed teachers’ subjects covered every field of study, attracting students and scholars from all over the world, including Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia, and Turkey.

Nalanda, which lies in a desolate landscape, was historically one of the most important centres for learning extensive Buddhist literature. From the 5th to the 12th century AD, it was Asia’s most famous university, attracting students and travellers from all over the world. Nalanda was a hub for scholars from all over the world during its lifetime, and was frequently graced by the presence of Buddha himself. Hieun Tsang, a Chinese Buddhist monk who first visited the city in the 7th century, described how the city’s name was inspired by a serpent in his writings. This is also where Lord Buddha’s follower Sariputra was born.

In 1193 AD, an army of the Muslim Mamluk Dynasty led by Ikhtiyar adDin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji vandalised and destroyed Nalanda.

The remnants of the ancient Nalanda Mahavihara now cover 14 hectares, with the majority of it unexplored. Thousands of tourists visit Nalanda, Rajgir, and Bodhgaya each year because of their historical significance.

Means of Accessibility Air The Loknayak Jaiprakash Airport in Patna is the closest airport to Nalanda (78 km). Flights connect it to all of India’s major cities.

Rail The nearest rail station is Rajgir (12 km). The station is served by trains from Delhi, Patna, and Gaya.

Road Nalanda is well connected to all parts of India via motorable roads and good highways. From Patna, Bodh Gaya, and Rajgir, state-run buses move frequently.

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Economy Agriculture is the economy’s spine, with agriculture employing the majority of the population. The main crops are rice, wheat, maize, pulses, potato, fruits, and vegetables. At Nalanda, a newly established Ordnance Factory, one of 41 in India, was established by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India, to manufacture artillery shells by then-Defense Minister Shri George Fernandes.

Then there’s the railway coach maintenance plant in Nalanda’s Harnaut Block.

Tourism, without a doubt, is critical to the development of Nalanda’s economy. It is one of 36 districts in Bihar receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Program (BRGF). As a result, efforts are now being made to enhance the industrial sector of Nalanda’s economy.

Industrial Scenario

Fig.63:Investment opportunities

Source: udyogmitrabihar.in

The ‘Nalanda Dairy Plant,’ Eastern India’s first fully automated dairy and tetra-packaging project, has been established in Nalanda. The plant makes a significant contribution to the economy of Bihar in general and Nalanda in particular, with a processing capacity of 4 lakh litres of milk and a tetra packaging

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capacity of 6,600 litres per hour.

This is seen as an effort to increase the state’s milk production and make it sel f-su f f icient in this area.

Another major accomplishment is the establishment of the Ordinance Factory.

The women’s spawn production lab in Nalanda proves to be a boon.

They have turned to mushroom cultivation as a Fig.64: Source: DICnalanda-Bihar side business to supplement their income. To help create job opportunities and boost Bihar’s economy, the government is planning to build an IT city in Nalanda near the upcoming International Nalanda University.

Administrative Headquarters Nalanda city is the administrative centre of the Nalanda district, which is one of the state’s 38 fast-growing districts. It was previously a part of the Patna division, but in 1972 it became a separate entity. The city’s administrative structure is complex. For administrative purposes, the district of Nalanda has been divided into three revenue sub-divisions and 20 Blocks, each with 1084 Revenue villages. These are some of them: Bihar Sharif is the most urbanised division in the state.Hilsa consists 67

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primarily of a rural and agricultural division. Rajgir consists of Rajgir city, Nalanda ruins, and Pawapuri, all of which are primarily tourist destinations.

Nalanda is one of the 40 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Bihar, India’s easternmost state. Asthawan, Biharsharif, Rajgir, Islampur, Hilsa, Nalanda, and Harnaut are the seven Vidhan Sabha segments.

Major Rivers The rivers Phalgu and Mohane run through Nalanda’s district. Biharsharif, Rajgir, and Hilsa are the district’s various sub divisions. The Hindus regard the Phalgu river, which flows through Nalanda, as sacred.

Climate Nalanda has a hot summer climate and a cool winter climate.

Rainfall ranges from moderate to heavy. The annual rainfall averages around 120 cm.

Summer lasts from May to mid-July, with temperatures reaching around 44°C. The region is blasted by hot winds known as loo, which are extremely Fig.65: Source: climate-data.org harmful and can cause sunstroke. In the summer, the minimum temperature may be around 17°C. Winter lasts from November to February, with temperatures as low as 4°C on occasion. The climate, on the other hand, is very pleasant and ideal for tourism.

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Topography Nalanda is located at an elevation of 67 metres above sea level and covers an area of about 2367 square kilometres. It is bordered on the west by Gaya and Jehanabad districts, on the south by Nawada district, on the north by Patna district, and on the east by Sheikhpura district. Despite the fact that Nalanda’s rugged topography makes agriculture difficult at times, agriculture is the main source of income.

Fig.66:Hydrogeological Map of the district Source: cgwb.gov.in

The district of Nalanda is divided into two parts: The hills of Rajgir and Giriyak are made up of two parallel ridges that stretch for 65 kilometres. Between these two ridges are a number of historical sites that are sacred in both Buddhism and Jainism.

Paddy, potatoes, and onions are the most common crops grown on Cultivated Agricultural land. Unprofitable holdings and land fragmentation are just a few of the issues that need to be addressed.

Demography Nalanda recorded a population of 2,877,653,[7] roughly equal to the country of Jamaica[8] or the US state of Kansas, according to the 2011 census. There are 1,220 people per square kilometre (3,200 people per square mile) in the district. Over the decade 2001-2011, its population

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grew at a rate of 21.18 percent. There are 921 females for every 1000 males in Nalanda, and the literacy rate is 66.41 percent. The population of

Fig.67:Source: Internet

Scheduled Castes and Tribes is 21.12% and 0.05%, respectively.

The district’s population spoke Magahi, 37.28 percent Hindi, and 5.69 percent Urdu as their first language, according to the 2011 Indian Census.

Physical Conditions Flood The terrain of Bihar is defined by a number of perennial and non-perennial rivers, the majority of which originate in Nepal and are known to transport large amounts of sediment that are then deposited on the plains of Bihar.

The majority of rainfall in this region occurs during the three months of monsoon, when river flows can increase by up to 50 times, causing floods in Bihar.

Earthquake Bihar is located in a high seismic zone near the Bihar-Nepal border, on the boundary of the tectonic plate joining the Himalayan tectonic plate, with six sub-surface fault lines moving in four directions towards the Gangetic planes. The Vulnerability Atlas of India classifies major parts of the state as seismic zones IV and V, indicating that they are highly vulnerable to earthquakes and have the potential to cause massive devastation.

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Harnaut in Nalanda district

Fig.68: Source: Internet

Harnaut is the point of entry to Nalanda and is located in the Nalanda District of Bihar, India. Near Harnaut are the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain pilgrim centres of Nalanda, Pawapuri, Rajgir, Bodh Gaya, and Vaishali.

Harnaut is located at a height of 49 metres (161 feet) above sea level (MSL).

It is a well known block in the ditrict, located 55 kilometres from Patna, the state capital of Bihar, and 23 kilometres from the Nalanda Ruins. It is located on the Panchane River’s bank. Harnaut’s land is extremely fertile. Several rivers in the area deposit alluvial soil. At a distance of 10 kilometres, the Ganges River runs through the area. This city currently lacks a municipality and is administered by the Sabnahua Panchayat. The residents of this city are demanding that it be subdivided. The Bihar government issued a draft plan in 2016 to turn Harnaut into a Nagar Panchayat, combining nine villages.

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Site Options After identifying a district with a strong cultural importance and physical viability such as easy access and future government policies to support the proposal, the next step would be to locate a plot considering the immediate context within the district.

The plot and its context OPTION 1

Fig.69: Source: Author

The first option for proposing an institute is near Chandi village in Harnaut. The site is located along the highway and overhears the sound of a train passing by through the distant railway tracks. The landuse on this site is mostly residential but the cover is sparse. One can also find a number of food joints along the highway and a banquet hall at the junction. Moreover, the undeveloped land near the site are not agricultural but open land. The highway passing along the selected plot connects to other districts like Patna and further.

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OPTION 2 The second plot option for a learning institute is closer to Harnaut railway station. At a walking distance is the highway that connects to other cities and towns. The landuse in this context is mixed with majority portion as residential. The face of the street is occupied by small shops and carpentry workshops. The street connecting the station and market area is active

Fig.70: Source: Author

throughout the day and stays busy due to the connection. There are a lot schools in the vicinity of the plot. The plot chosen is along the road with very few developments to its east and busy residential area to its west. The open spaces visible in the map indicate agriculture lands.

Thus the comparison between the two options shows that, Option 2 has a mixed pouplation to cater to and it is also more accessible to the existing railway track and highway. Following map shows the details of the plot’s

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Site Details

Fig.71: Source: Author

Total site area: 20,000 sqm The selected site is surrounded by farmlands on one side and schools on the other. The access to this plot is convenient for people from Harnaut as well as for outsiders. The road along the site is shared by CRW (Carriage Repair Workshop) and a Kendriya Vidyalaya (Government School).

Harnaut’s Carriage Repair Workshop provides India’s East Central Railway with bogie maintenance services. Coaches must undergo preventive maintenance every eighteen months, according to Indian Railways regulations. The facility employs 1,000 people and processes 50 units per month. In front of the plot, is another distinctive building called the DAV Public School and a small shop attached to a residential house. Apart from these, rest of the area is used as farmlands by the residents. Far behind the site, one can see a long stretch of embankment. As per the local people, the area gets flooded during heavy rains. The same issue is faced by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Agricultural University), as they have around 15 acres of land as farms for the learners to practise during workshops.

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Farther Context The plot is located close to the Harnaut railway station and there are two major landmarks around the plot.

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CARRIAGE REPAIR WORKSHOP, HARNAUT

Fig.73:Inside the CRW

Fig.72:Administrative building at CRW, Harnaut

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KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, HARNAUT

Fig.74:View of the accomodation facility- “Kisaan Ghar”

Also known as Bihar Krishi Kendra, it comes under Bihar Agricultural University. The aim of establishing a KVK in Nalanda district, like other KVKs, is to propagate improved agricultural and allied technologies to practising farmers, rural youth, and farm women by organising need-based skill-oriented short and long-term vocational training courses. Although the campus has a provision for residential training, the facility is in a bad condition.1 1 Based on the conversation with Mrs. Jyoti Sinha- Scientist (Home Science)

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KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, HARNAUT

Fig.75:Inside the campus

Fig.76:Road leading to the campus

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Immediate Context Immediate vicinity of the plot consists of some schools, a railway crossing and a street at the junction. Apart from these built forms, rest of the vicinty is dedicated as farmlands.

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Fig.77: 1. Walking towards the site from the Harnaut station road

Fig.78: 2. Walking away from the site towards the railway crossing

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Fig.79: 3. DAV Public School in front of the plot

Fig.81:Key Plan

Fig.80: 4. RPS College next to the plot

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5. Program Details Based on the research and inferences, it can be concluded that a selfsufficient skill development institute is the need of the hour. A place where the youth of the state can be catered to in order to hone their skills and prepare them for the professional field. Along with an educational instittute, it is important that the users connect with the building and develop a sense of responsibility which can be achieved by providing accomodation facilities for them to call the institute home.

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Sectors of Interest Bihar has enormous potential to become one of India’s most financially developed states. It has the country’s most valuable mineral reserves. It also has resources that are essential for economic growth, such as surface and ground water, fertile land, disciplined and skilled labour, and so on. These factors have created a natural draw for both Indian and foreign investors looking to invest in the state.

Bihar has a diverse range of industries, from agro-based (food processing, silk, and tea) to leather and nonmetallic minerals, with the small-scale sector dominating.

Fig.82:Source: PHD research bureau

Based on the research, it can be inferred that there are particular sectors of industries that have been flourishing in Bihar, and some art forms that the state is famous for since its ancient period. Thus, encouraging the youth of the state to participate in these fields and develop their skills can boost the economic and social development of the individual as well as the state.

Following is the list of fields for skill development programs in the proposed institution:

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Fig.83:Source:udyogmitrabihar.in

Handloom Weaving The rich handloom sector in Bihar with several globally acclaimed art forms, such as Sujani and Sikki are not recognised enough to provide some economic support to the artists. People buy their artforms more as souvenirs and less as a usable product.

Wooden Furniture A blend of plan, craftsmanship, and style is required in the furniture industry.

It wasn’t long ago that working in the furniture industry was considered a myth in India; now, more than 500 job openings are posted daily on various job portals by leading furniture companies. Bihar has a rich background in this skill field, thus the artists can be developed to compete for leading companies.

Embroidery The current generation of practising Handloom weavers, the majority of whom are skilled weavers but lack literacy, market exposure, and technological and communication skills, must be taught the necessary skills. Embroidery

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is a craft that is passed down from mother to daughter in Bihar. Young girls embroider coverlets and children’s garments in the Mithila region, primarily with folk or religious motifs, as well as stripes, lines, and animal motifs.

Leather based It provides a competitive and comparative benefit to a potential client in this sector due to a large raw material base (in terms of hides and skins produced in the state), plenty of cheap as well as skilled and semi-skilled labour, and a large domestic market for consumption. According to the Governement of Biahr, it is one of the priority sectors.

Tourism Tourism is one of the major fields of state economy. Although Bihar is not very well known in the country for its historical spots, there are many spots of interests for the foreign visitors and investors. Nowadays, young entrepreneurs have strted coming together to promote tourism in the state by exploring the undiscovered places in the state.

Agriculture Since agro & food industry is the main economy source of Bihar, it demands for skilled labours and interested employees to boost this sector.

Every industry necessitates a specialised set of skills, and the agriculture industry is no exception. It means that the most important aspects of agricultural jobs can range from technology to management to manual labour. While each division of the agricultural industry will have identified key skills that are required to advance, there is a substantial foundation that an individual will need to advance in their career.

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Bibliography References: 1. Rural urban migration in Bihar: https://www.theigc.org/project/ruralurban-migration-in-bihar/ 2. A Silent Breakthrough: https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/state-ofstates-bihar/story/20181119-a-silent-breakthrough-1384199-2018-11-11 3. Human development submission: https://www.bvm.bihar.gov.in/ content/3752/humandevelopmentsubmission 4. SDG Vision document by Bihar Government: https://state.bihar.gov.in/ planning/cache/8/11-Jul-21/SHOW_DOCS/SDG-Vision-Doc-2017.pdf 5. Udyog Mitra Bihar: http://www.udyogmitrabihar.in/priority-sectors/ leather/ 6. NSDC India: https://nsdcindia.org/about-us 7. Skill Foundation: http://www.skillfoundation.com/contactus.html 8. Embroidery of Bihar: www.craftandartisans.com 9. An overview of Leather industry in India: Need for skill development: www.nationalskillsnetwork.in 10. Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises: msme.gov.in 11. Rock Paintings Of Kaimur Bihar || Bihar Unexplored || India || 2020: www.youtube.com 12. MuMe Matters: Event #3: The Bihar Museum branding story with Anthony Lopez: www.youtube.com 13. Maki & Associates-Designed Bihar Museum At Patna Is Now Fully

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Operational: worldarchitecture.org 14. THE BIHAR MUSEUM - A SOCIAL DESIGN LIBRARY: socialdesignlibrary.in 15. The Bihar Museum, Patna: by Maki and Associates, Japan + Opolis, Mumbai: www.tfod.in 16. 376-377 | MATTER: thinkmatter.in 17. Bijoy Jain: “Architecture Is Not About an Image, It Is About Sensibility”: www.archdaily.com 18. WOMENWEAVE - HANDLOOM SCHOOL - Sian Pascale: cargocollective.com 19. Progressive Weaving Facilities - Part I - Border&Fall: www. borderandfall.com 20. Economy | District Nalanda, Government of Bihar: nalanda.nic.in 21. Geography of Nalanda, Topography and Climate of Nalanda 22. History | District Nalanda, Government of Bihar | India: nalanda.nic.in 23. Incredible India | Nalanda: www.incredibleindia.org 24. About District | Official Website of Vaishali District | India: vaishali.nic. in 25. Ashish Kaushik: The 24-year-old showcasing ‘Undiscovered’ places in Bihar through his videos: 30stades.com 26. It’s raining jobs in parties’ manifestos in Bihar but unemployed youth keep them on tenterhooks: theprint.in

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27. Dignified employment for youth n Bihar, India - United Nations Partnerships for SDG: sustainabledevelopment.un.org 28. Bihar Skill Development Mission: www.skillmissionbihar.org 29. Bihar youth: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Bihar youth: timesofindia.indiatimes.com 30. Freight equalization hit Bihar growth, says Prez: www.hindustantimes. com Documents: 31. Bihar State Profile 32. Bihar Building Byelaws-2014 33. Bihar-The State profile-June2012(Economy) 34. Master plan for 15 Bihar cities on cards _ Patna News - Times of India 35. PaperonLandUtilization_IVpaper_ 36. Roy_2016_Policy brief 37. Vulnerability Atlas_VAI_3rd2019 38. Bihari Changemakers_2019 39. Nalanda University Act_2010 40. Nalanda_ City development plan- Biharsharif 41. Nalanda_ District plan 42. Nalanda_ Industrial Profile 43. BIHAR TOURISM ANNUAL STATISTICS REPORT _2005

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Appendix (List of figures) List of figures

Description

Source

Fig.1

Methodology diagram

Author

Fig.2

Poster illustrating the thesis argument

Author

Fig.3

Map of Ancient India

mapsindia.in

Fig.4

Map of Current India

mapsindia.in

Fig.5

Urban and rural proportion in Bihar

Author

Fig.6

Demographics Chart

investindia.gov.in

Fig.7

Cave paintings at Gehlaur Ghati

artworld.in

Fig.8

Ancient painting of Mahabodhi Temple

ancientbihar.in

Fig.9

Ancient painting of Nalanda University

ancientbihar.in

Fig.10

Sher Shah Suri Tomb at Sasaram

tourbihar.in

Fig.11

Golghar at Patna

mapsindia.in

Fig.12

Patna Museum

tourbihar.in

Fig.13

Rajnagar Palace

tourbihar.in

Fig.14

Ancient painting of Rajbhavan

ancientbihar.in

Fig.15

From cultural capital to poverty

Author

Fig.16

Age demographics chart

Author

Fig.17

Food source for migrants in destination cities

theigc.org

Fig.18

Education pattern in Bihar

Author

Fig.19

Population in big cities

Author

Fig.20

Economic sectors in Bihar

Author

Fig.21

Per capita income of the state

inidatoday.in

Fig.22

River Ganga dividing the state

testbook.com

Fig.23

Land Utilization pattern

GOB

Fig.24

Land Utilization pattern

Author

Fig.25

Flood Hazard map of Bihar

Vulnerability Atlas

Fig.26

Total unculturable land

Author

Fig.27

Evaluation of both Hypothesis

Author

Fig.28

Maheshwar town

borderandfall.com

Fig.29

Derelict site

borderandfall.com

Fig.30

Illustrated site plan

borderandfall.com

Fig.31

Design elements

borderandfall.com

Fig.32

Internal Spaces

borderandfall.com

Fig.33

Local objects

borderandfall.com

Fig.34

Mud flooring

borderandfall.com

Fig.35

During construction

borderandfall.com

Fig.36

Use of local materials

borderandfall.com

Fig.37

Site plan

architecture-review.com

Fig.38

Interior and Outdoor spaces

borderandfall.com

Fig.39

Maki's private studio

architecture-review.com

Fig.40

Locally sourced brick, lime and stone

borderandfall.com

Fig.41

Studio spaces

borderandfall.com

Fig.42

Schematic sections

architecture-review.com

Fig.43

External view

Author

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