tyla/kkj.k
Revival of Traditional Water Infrastructure in Karmala
Design Dissetation by Niharika Tarang Shah 36 | Sem X (Sec A) Rachana Sansad’s Academy of Architecture (Aided), Mumbai.
INTRODUCTION Water Crisis: Background
Water on earth is finite. Although 71% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, only 3% of it is freshwater out of which only 0.5% is available to fit for consumption of humans and animals; the rest (2.5%) being trapped in the form of glaciers and icebergs. We depend on natural resources and water cycles to satisfy the demand for water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. With the limited amount of availability and the demand it has, water becomes a critical natural resource.
Little or no water scarcity Physical water scarcity Approaching physical water scarcity Economic water scarcity Not estimated
Figure 1: Global physical and economic water scarcity (Source: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, 2007, map 2.1, p. 63)
INTRODUCTION Water Crisis: India Decline in groundwater level due to constant extraction The percentage of water that gets replenished is less than the percentage of extraction. Water levels in major reservoirs have fallen to 21% of the average of the last decade.
(meters below ground level) Figure 4: India’s water crisis in percentage (Source: Aljazeera)
Low (>14.6) Low to medium (10.3-14.6)
India has already crossed the water stress line during the years 2001-2011 it is likely to reach water scares level by the year 2050 if we continue to exploit the resources as we are doing now.
Medium (5.9-10.3) Medium to high (1.5-5.9) High (<1.5) No data
Figure 2: Groundwater level in India (Source: WRI database 2010)
°° Climate change: Increasing pollution, deforestation are responsible for the change in precipitation patterns. °° Increasing population: The demand for resources increases with an increase in population. °° Depleting groundwater: 54% of India’s groundwater wells are decreasing, meaning that water is used faster than it’s replenished (Shiao et al., 2015).
Extremely high (>80%)
°° Neglected water infrastructure: Ignoring the fact that we even need to manage and maintain water transportation, treatment, and discharge systems, resulted in poor water quality, water pollution, water leakage through pipelines, and a limited amount of safe water supply.
High (40-80%) Medium to high (20-40%) Low to medium (10-20%) Low (<10%) Arid & low water use Figure 5: Villagers gathered around the well to fetch water in Kasara, Maharashtra. (Source: Business Standard)
Figure 3: Baseline water stress in India (Source: WRI database 2010)
°° Ignored natural infrastructure: Plants and trees are important for water to seep into the ground and replenish the groundwater source. Deforestation, overgrazing, and urbanization are limiting the natural infrastructure and the benefits it provides (Schleifer, 2017)
INTRODUCTION Water Crisis: Role of Traditional Water Infrastructure
trans-himalayan region Zing
western himalayas Kul, Naula, Kuhl, Khatri
Dongs / Dungs, Jampois
indo-gangetic plains
brahmaputra & barak valley
Ahars – Pynes, Bengal’s Inundation Channels, Dighis, Baolis
Apatani
eastern himalayas
thar desert
The traditional water structures that are emerged over the years are ideal example of water architecture going along with the ecosystem.
Kunds, Kuis/beris, Baoris/ Jhalaras, Nadi, Khandins, etc.
central highlands north-eastern hill ranges
Talab, Bandhis, Saza Kuva, Johads, Naada/Bandh, Pat, Rapat, etc.
eastern highlands Katas / Mundas / Bandhas
western coastal plains
eastern ghats
Virdas
Korambu
eastern coastal plains Eri / Ooranis
western ghats Surangam
deccan plateau Cheruvu, Kohli Tanks, Bhandaras, Phad, Kere
cold composite warm and humid hot and dry
the islands Jack Wells
Figure 6: Catagorizing the traditional water infrsstrutures accoring to climate and ecological regions. (adapted from indian water portal’s article ‘Traditional Water Conservation in India’)
India, having various climatic zones, has numerous such water structures to offer. The study of climate, geology with water infrastructure shows that these structures were planned according to the water conditionas and requirements of the society at that time. Currently the majority of water infrastrcture such as borewells, wells, dams are constructed according to the need and requrement of water without considering the resource management, which resulted into the water scarcity. There is a dire need ro recharge the groundwater level, harvest the rainwater and allow the excess amount to percolate in the ground. The traditional water infrastructrure, since planned according to the opographical conditions, help in the water conservation. Along with these structures, the science behind it should also need to be understood for the construction of water infrastructure that goes well with ecology.
LOCATION Why Maharashtra
India’s history and culture are dynamic, beginning with the culture around the Indus River in northern India and farming communities in southern India. Along with the physical aspects, the cultural differences between North and South India has been prominently observed in all aspects. °° Geographically, Maharashtra occupies almost the central position between South and North India, and this is reflected in the making of its society and culture °° Severe water crisis: physiology, uneven rainfall, excessive amount of borewells, basaltic aquifers
dravidian culture hindu culture tribo hindu culture hindu marathi culture hindu gujrati culture kashmiri culture ladakhi culture mixed culture hindu bengali culture
Figure 7: Location of Maharashtra at the border of two distinguished cultures of India. (map data adapted from Majid Hussain’s Geography of India page 13.41
°° Influence of different cultures on architecture due to various rulers: Delhi sultanate- Tughlaq Dynasty, Bahmani Empire, Swarajya under Chhatrapati Shivaji, Maratha Empire under Peshwa, British Raj.
LOCATION narmada river
tapi river
MADHYA PRADESH
godavari river
GUJRAT
bhima river coastal river
CHATTISGARH krishna river
120 km Ahmednagar
krishna river basin
threatened watershed region
godavari river basin
groundwater depleting region
tapi river basin
groundwater recharge priority region
narmada river basin
100 km Beed
Pune
18025’12”N
Osmanabad Karmala Tuljapur Satara
coastal river basin
drought prone region
Pandharpur Solapur
TELANGANA
Figure 9: Location of the Solapur district in Krishna river basin
Figure 10: Location of the Solapur district in Krishna river basin
The study of groundwater conditions in Maharashtra along with rainfall pattern, physiography, aquifer conditions and drought prone regions concluded with option of three districts that are severly affected by the water crisis
Solapur and Karmala
°° Solapur Sangli
75012’00”E
KARNATAKA
Figure 8: Location and Connectivity ( Source: Author)
The final site selected, Karmala is a small town and taluka place in Solapur district. The town itself showcase variation in architectural styles due to influence of Nizam, Maratha and British rulers.
°° Ahmednagar
Drought prone region
°° Osmanabad
Dire need of reforestation and water conservation
The criteria for selection was to understand the role and significance of traditional water systems as emerging from the locality in tackling the water related problems. hence presence of traditional water structures takes an important role in finalizing the site.
Presence of traditional water infrastructure Being a taluka place and weekly bazzar place for neighbouring villages there is a scope of being role model and influencing the surrounding villages
LOCATION Karmala
Selected site of Karmala lies in Kanola watershed region. The watersed is drained by Kanola river, a tributary of Sina river. Due to presence of basaltic aquifer, the region does nt hold groundwater for long duration. Hence it is necessary to constantly put efforts in racharging the groundwater. The immidiate surroundings of the Karmala (rural), the town and exsisting traditional water infrastructure is considered for the programe.
Figure 11: Kanola Watershed region with location of Karmala marked
Approaching the water crisis through a program that will demonstrate the effectiveness of watershed management and ecological conservation along with an institution that itself is promoting water harvesting and conservation through its architecture and curriculam.
UNDERSTANDING KARMALA Evolution with Water 12001700 CE
1700 CE
British Raj
1700 CE
1700 CE
The location of the traditional water infrastuctures was planned such that the structures are either near source of water or at low contour level. The two Pushkarinis, Saat Nalyachi Vihir are located near the water source while Laal Barav and 96 Payrya Vihir are constructed ate lowest contour level. If we observe the impact zone and capacity of each structues we can derive approximate size of the settlement during historical period.
1
1. Pushkarini (1200s): The structure was probably constructed for oldest temple in town Vishnu Mandir (now located inside the fort boundry). The settlemet was likely to be near the source of water.
2 Fort
2. Pushkarini (1700s): During the rule of Raja Rao Rambha, the fort and this structure was constructed, probably due to shortage of water supply foe growing settlement.
3 4 Devicha Maal
5
Figure 12: Location and approximate impact zone of traditional water infrastructures in Karmala (Source: Author)
3&4. Laal Barav & 96 Payrya Vihir (1700s): Constructed for the water requirements of temple compelx. Since the temple was constructed during the rule of Rao Rambha, it probably had dharmshala, garden attached and henece two structes were constructed to separate the water usage. 5. Saat Nalyachi Vihir (British Raj): Simply constructed to provide water for the entire town with overflow mechanism. The well was constructed near contour bund which collects surface runoff and allows it to percolate in the ground hence increasing groundwater table 1. Pushkarini (1200s): fort and its immediate context 2. Pushkarini (1700s): fort and its immediate context 3. Laav Barav (1700s): Shree Kamala Bhavani temple complex 4. 96 Payrya Vihir (1700s): garden for Kamala Bhavani temple complex and for travellers 5. Saat Nalyachi Vihir (British Raj): centralized supply of water to the town
UNDERSTANDING KARMALA Choice of Site
The idea of a creating awareness about water conservation and watershed managment defined the criteria for choice of site. The watershed management interventions will be conducted throughout the area of the immidiate watershed while the institution that will be the focal point of the change is proposed to be located near the source of water, Saat Nalyachi Vihir, that reflects effective way of water availabily through a simple design
Figure 13: Karmala with plot location and traditional water structures marked
UNDERSTANDING KARMALA Current Scenario
Figure 14: Figure and ground
Figure 15: Traffic density mapping
Figure 16: Vegetation across Karmala
Figure 17: Land Cover pattern
FIGURE AND GROUND
DENSITY MAPPING
TREE COVER
LAND COVER PATTERN
The figure and ground of the town shows dense and loose built forms. Its shows how the town might have progressed from its early stages during the period of Nizam.
The traffic density is high at the centre of town where the main market lies. The orange marked roads being narrow (upto 5-8m) further add into traffic congestion.
As one moves towards the Saat Nalyachi Vihir, high density of tree coverage is observed.
Majority of the structures on site are residential or mixed use. The dense central part of the town holds mixed use and commercial structures with many old Wadas.
This help to define the approximate impact zones of five the traditional water stuctures on site and which one can be the best to use for the intervention.
Also the same road has majority of old Wadas with street edge as a small shop. This help in determining the scale and nature of water trail interventions in selected spots.
Even though the town has its natural water swell, due to low rainfall, low water holding capacity of the soil and polluted water doesn’t allow much trees to grow. The ground around Saat Nalyachi Vihir has higher water level due to nearby bunding.
UNDERSTANDING KARMALA Architectural Diversity Devicha Maal (1700s) Shree Kamalabhavani Temple built by Rao Rambha Amalgamantion of South Indian temple architecture, Islamic minarets and arches with Hemadpanthi temple architecture
Karmala Gadhi (1700s) built by Rao Rambha I, Maratha sardar under the rule of Nizam
Old wadas across town Typical wada architectureal style with some showing British influence
Traditional Infrastructures
Water
Built by different patrons across the town. Figure 18: Site images (Source: Author)
SITE SURVEY Watershed: Groundwater Fluctuations in Kanola Watershed A study conducted by Pandurang Y. Patil and Pravin Saptarshi. Published in Indian Streams Research Journal, Volume 2, issue 12, Jan 2013 Karmala Taluka
Geological setting Karmala taluka Kanola watershed
Karmala tehasil
Karmala village
Alluvium High priority recharge
Kanola watershed
Moderate priority recharge
Karmala village
Natural streams
Figure 19: Location of Karmala rural in Kanola watershed (Source: adapted from Ground Water Fluctuation in Kanola Watershed Basin of Karmala Tehsil, Solapur, Maharashtra)
Figure 20: Groundwater priority map of Karmala rural (Source: adapted from GWSD database)
The Kanola region is formed of Deccan traps with shallow and limited aquifer conditions. The Basalt aquifers due to poor storage and transmission capacity get fully saturated during monsoon but post-monsoon season faces water shortage due to rejected recharge results of the rock. These aquifers also drain naturally due to high water table gradient formed by sloping and undulating topography. Water table in the area varies from 6-10mv
Groundwater conditions Due to the presence of basaltic rock, the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon conditions vary. And hence due to shortage of water during post-monsoon and in summer seasons, farmers tend to implement borewells to extract the water. Conclusion Research on Kanola watershed basin conducted by Pandurang Patil and Praveen Saptarshi concludes that the depth of groundwater level changes according to changes in the topography also the well situated near streams show less fluctuation in level as compared to the ones that are located at water divide. Lack of tree cove, water harvesting structures result in overland flow of rainwater in the Kanola Basin.
Figure 21: Rainfall and Static Groundwater level Fluctuations
Figure 22: Average pre and post monsoon groundwater levels, average rainfall and average fluctuation in groundwater level
Hence the selected site interventions can be considered as a practical modules or guidelines that will help in restoring the groundwater.
SITE SURVEY
Constructed at lower contours near the natural stream. Water from higher topography gets collected
Traditional Water Structures: Restore and Reuse PUSHKARNI (STEPPED POND), KARMALA
Location
- 18.409621, 75.192177
Use
- The drawn water was probably used for pooja and other religious activities
Impact
- Immidiate surroundings of the pond, Vishnu Mandir
Access
- There are two paths to access the pond 1.Single flight of staircase leading to the pond from the road 2. Closed gate coming from inside the fort
Status
-Stagnent and polluted water with garbage thrown. -Vegetation growth on structure
Year of construction - 12th Century Water source
- Ground water
Material
- Basalt,lime mortar
Type
- Stepped pond
Shape and size
- Square in plan - approx 50’x50’ and 15’ deep
SITE SURVEY
Constructed at lower contours near the natural stream. Water from higher topography gets collected
Traditional Water Structures: Restore and Reuse PUSHKARNI (STEPPED POND), KARMALA
Location
- 18.4088779, 75.1920183
Use
- Drinking and cleaning purposes.
Year of construction - 17th Century
Impact
- Within the boundries of the old fort
Water source
- Ground water
Access
- Two staircases diagonally opposite leading to the water source
Material
- Basalt,lime mortar Status
Type
- Kund
Shape and size
- Square in plan - approx 71’x48’ and 15-20’ deep
-Stagnant and polluted water with garbade thrown. -Vegetation growth on the structure. Construction of Public toilet at the edge
SITE SURVEY
Constructed at higher contours along the slope. The exposed strata at the base allows slow percolation in the ground
Traditional Water Structures: Restore and Reuse LAAL BARAV, KARMALA
Location
- 18.4053895, 75.2092777
Use
- Religious and drinking purpose catering to the temple complex and the surrounding settlement
Impact
- Roughly covering the area of temple complex and surroundings
Access
- Single flight of stircase throughout the width of the kund on the eastern side leading to the water source.
Status
- Stagnant water, in need of areation -Growth of vegetation on structure
Year of construction - 17th Century Water source
- Ground water
Material
- Basalt,lime mortar
Type
- Kund
Shape and size
- Rectangular in plan - approx 140’x78’ and 30’ deep
Constructed along the slope. The depth of the structure allows it to tap the groundwater table and its locaton along the slope also addas to the flow of groundwater in the well
SITE SURVEY Traditional Water Structures: Restore and Reuse
96 PAYRYA VIHIR (96 STEPS WELL), KARMALA
Location
- 18.404822, 75.210358
Use
- Majority of the drawn water was used for gardening.
Impact
- Area in front of the Eastern gate of the temple complex
Access
- Linear staircase leading to octagonal well
Year of construction - 17th Century Water source
- Ground water
Material
- Basalt,lime mortar
Type
- Stepwell, moat system
Shape and size
- Octagonal in plan - approx of 55’ dia and 108’ depth
Constructed on the opposite side of a bund that collects overland flow and allows it to percolate. As a result the well constructed on the other side gets ample amount of groundwater.
SITE SURVEY Traditional Water Structures: Restore and Reuse
SAAT VIHIR, KARMALA
Location
- 18.399161, 75.186944
Use
- The drawn water was used for drinking and hosehold purposes.
Impact
- Throughout the karmala. the well has connection to 5 undergroung tanks which distribute water to the city
Access
- Since the well is used as a storage unit, it doesn’t have high walls and steps
Year of construction - British period Water source
- Ground water, rainwater harvesting
Material
- Basalt, lime mortar
Type
- Concentric wells
Shape and size
- Circular in plan - approx of 120’ diameter
DESIGN INTENT With a consistent fluctuations in groundwater level, drying of water bodies, and water scarcity prominent all over India, how will architectural intervention help in fighting the said problems and how does it help the community, tradition along with ecology?
The intent of the programe is to develop awareness about water harvesting and conseravtion in the community by piquing their intrest toward sustainable living. The programme envisions the site as a prototype and role model in water conservation which will eventually inspire the neighbourhood to practice the same. Programe An institution that itself will be a small scale practical model different techniques of of rainwater harvesting and water conservation through its built form and landscaping. A immidiate watershed region of the town that will be utilised for various watershed mangement interventions with the objective of recharging and minimizing the fluctuations of the groundwater level.
°° REGENERATION of ecology through watersed management °° RESTORATION of traditional water structures to improve water quality °° EDUCATION of water harvesting and conservation techniques through the institution °° EXHIBITION of the projected vision of the town as a model that can be followed Figure 23: Rehydrated stream in the village of Surdi after application of watershed management techniques (Source: Author)
NARRATIVE Programme Generation
Institution
INSTITUTION
°° to aware and educate people about ways and importance of watershed management °° to implement water conservation programme °° make people sensitive towards water and ecology Watershed Management °° to achieve the improvement in groundwater level °° to make water available °° community managed project-interactions Providing water (policy level) °° providing water to the town °° example of implementation of traditional ways Restore and reuse (policy level) °° reusing the water structures
Figure 24: Graphical diagram of programme
°° trying to preserve the culture around it
NARRATIVE Programme: Institution
The institution is visualized as a place°° which maintains and monitors water conditions of the town; °° where community can learn about the water conservation, harvesting and will be advised over suitable cropping pattern through appointments; °° which restores and maintains the existing traditional water structures on the site; °° which can be trasformed into exhibition spaces, performance space, community gatherings °° which will disply and demonstrate water harvesting through its architecture and curriculam Spaces such as °° flexible halls that can be modifies according to the requirement and capacity of function °° a courtyard that can hold performance and community gatherings °° a solar powered kitchen demonstrating the use of unconventional solar radition energy for cooking, which will function as a community kitchen space °° offices for management staff °° laboratories for water testing, soil testing and monitering the meteorological data which can then be provided to nearest weather station °° quarters for reserachers who are willing to stay for the research on the site Figure 25: Sadarecha Sopa: entrance courtyard
NARRATIVE Plot Data
187m
117m
ite
Area: 26749 sqm. approx 6.6 ac
on s
Saat Nalyachi Vihir
Nat
ural
hyd ro
logy
156m
RTO office
Barren/ Unculturable/ Wasteland, Scrubland
Agriculture, Plantation
Built up, Urban
Wetland/ Water bodies, Reservoirs/ Lake/ Pond
8m wide ro
ad
87 m
°° Setback: 6m from all sides °° Permissible FSI: 1.00 °° Premium: 0.2
Civil & Criminal Court
°° Road width- if length is up to 75m, width is 12m °° Groundwater Condition: moderate recharge priority °° Rainfall: 568.7mm (avg. annual) °° The maximum height of a building shall not exceed 1.5 times total of the width of road abutting
Figure 26: Selected site for architectural interventions
°° In the future, the plot is likely to be transformed into a urban land use since there is construction happening adjacent to it on the northern side.
DESIGN STRATEGIES Inspiration from Past
Figure 27: A typical courtyard in small Wada (Source: Author)
Figure 29: Entrance (Source: Author)
Figure 28: Verandah (Source: Author)
Figure 30: Saun: vent in roof (Source: Author)
Figure 31: Thick mud walls with niches (Source: Author)
°°
Ecofriendly Material of Constructions
°°
Passive Design Strategies
°°
Choreography of the spaces
°°
Balance of open and Enclosed Spaces
°°
Sustainable
DESIGN STRATEGIES Morning 08:00
Passive Design Strategies
CROSS VENTILATION The site receives wind from all directions hence the strcture is designed with large openings on opposite walls and verandahs. Afternoon 15:00
ORIENTATION
Two structures are also arrane such that their openings align with each other. Addition of courtyad with trees further help in cooling of the space.
Orienting the longer facade of the built along EW direction so that heat gain due to morning and evening sun can be minimized. Further tilting the built form can further reduce this heat gain.
Along with easy ventilation, large openings light up maximum indoor space. As a result load on electricity is reduced.
Mirror work on the wall (Source: Google imagery)
China mosaic tiles on roof (Source: Google imagery)
SHADING VEGETATION The Western side that receives harsh sunlight and warm winds is shielded with trees of large foliage so that the structure could not receive direct raditions. Similarly on Eastern side trees with small foliage cover are planted since this side require less covering.
The structures are planned with courtyards to maximize the cross ventilation, while doing so the built of the western side is deliberately kept higher so that it will block harsh afternoon sun. With addition of vegetation again majorly on the western side of structures or within the courtyard help in loweing the temperature along with blocking the sunlight.
REFLECTIVE SURFACE Reflective surfaces or light coloured surfaces help in reducing the heat gain due to radition. The surfaces such as roof, walls are either pained or laid with refloective element as china mosaic tiles, mirror.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Design with Nature
ORIENTATION
VEGETATION
SHADING
CONNECT
COLLECT
The structures are design without dusturbing the natural hydrology on the site with longer side perpendicular to the site edge on northen side.
The orientation of the structure, slightly tilted from the NorthSouth ditection to ensure the solar radiation in the afternoon will fall on minimum of the facade.
The structures are designed with passive design strategies with courtyards and shading of spaces.
The courtyards become spaces that can segeragate functions, allow spill out space while acting as a passive cooling device thet help in vetilation.
The stormwater, overland flow, rainwater all are collected in a single tank through series of water channels on site.
Further the southwest facades of the structure are shaded with vegetation.
The block on southwestern side having more hight shades the courtyard during afternoon radiations, hence reducing the temperature on the site.
The functions are segeragated with interconnected courtyards
The location of tank is decided a per the hydrology so as maximum amout of water gets collected. The water on the is not forced to flow into the tank but is allowed to percolate into the ground.
JALSANDHRAN Sustainability | Built
Saat Nalyachi Vihir
8m wide ro
ad
RTO office
Civil & Criminal Court
Figure 32: Context Plan
1. Sadarecha Sopa- entrance courtyrad 2. Kacheri- Administration, offices a. Project Manager office b. Directors office c. Meeting hall/AV room 3. Chauk- courtyard 4. Prayogshala- laboratory
5. Kendra- central courtyard 6. Varg- learning spaces/ hallvs 7. Jaltarang- an exhibition, performance space 8. Baithak- stepped seating 9. Swayampak ghar- kitchen a. solar kitchen b. open to sky seating with loose furniture
c. semiopen dinning space with fixed furniture d.courtyard e. vegetable garden 10. Aavasi Parisar- accomodation 11. Orientation space with RWH tank underneath 12. Karyashala- workshop spaces a. small scale workshop space
b. Paar- seatings around trees 13. Open area for composting of sludge from toilets 14. Nursary of local vegetation 15. Parking 16. Storage T. Twin Pit Pour Flush Toilet
JALSANDHRAN Ground Floor Plan REFLECTIVE FACADE
T 10
mirror work on the facades plastered with mud mortar help in reflecting the rediation
7
9e 6d 15b 9a
8
CLOSURES
6c
9b
12a 5 12b 9c
wooden louvered folding doors and windows desined over large openings.
9d
VARG: flexible space for learning
16 6a
1
6b
Imagined as a space that can hold a seminar, an exhibition, a class.
3
14
2c 2
2a
4
2b
T
T 13
NICHE niches of diffrent sizes- one small for a lamp and the other large enough to sit
15a
11
BASIN OF TANK slopinf surface around the water tank for water to flow in.
Figure 33: Ground Floor Plan
9f. Large concave mirrors 17. Granthalaya- library a. enclosed space for books b. semiopen space with loose furniture 18. Terrace with reflective china mosaic flooring utilized for outdoor lab equipments
JALSANDHRAN First Floor Plan
GUNA TILE ROOF catenary roof constructed with conical tiles helps in lowering down the temperature and is cost effective 17a
JACK ARCH FLOOR
17b
using concrete encased ISMB sections, the floor also can be made with mud-cement moratar and CSEB blocks
9f
18a
REFLECTIVE SURFACE
18b
roof and terraces are covered with reflective tiles to further reduce the heat gain 18c
4
JALCHAKRA: Water Guides desigened along natural swell on the site to guide rainwater and surface runoff into RWH tank
RECHARGE PIT stormwater is collected in the pit and is allowed to recharge. demonstration of one of the groundwater recgarge technique Figure 34: First Floor Plan
JALSANDHRAN Roof Plan B
A NATIVE FOREST SPECIES adding tree cover with an aim to reduce the evaporation, erosion and shading of facades
WATERSHED MODEL
C
C
small scale practical watershed model to display different techniques on conceptual level
WINDROW COMPOSTING decomposed sludge from the toilet is mixed with vegetable waste twice its volume to form a compost
STONE CONTOUR BUNDS stone bund of 30cm height laid along the contours to restrict surface runoff
RAINCHAIN rainchains are installed insted of downtake pipes at regular intervals and are allowed to freely fall on the ground B
A
Figure 35: Roof Plan
JALSANDHRAN Site sections
Figure 36: Sections
Figure 37: Section through Kendra: central courtyard and water channel
Figure 38: Varg: leaarning spaces
JALSANDHRAN Site sections
Figure 39: Section through Swayampakghar: solar kitchen
JALSANDHRAN Site sections
Figure 40: Section through Kendra: central courtyard
Figure 41: Kendra: central courtyard with water channels and learning spaces around
SUSTAINABILITY Construction Materials COMPRESSED STABILIZED EARTH BLOCKS (CSEB) (Source: Data for Auroville and Pondicherry, India, 2005.)
Compressed Earth Blocks are fabricated with raw or stabilized soil, usually, the soil used is stabilized with cement or lime and hence the blocks are even known as Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks. The soil can be compressed manually or using a mechanical press. For example, the Auram press 3000 proposes 18 types of moulds for producing about 70 different blocks.
With minimal use of concrete, only for foundations and ferrocement channels used for roof, the entire structure is constructed using mud and natural materials.
Mud Plaster
°° The soil used for fabrication is extracted from the site itself
Pure mus plaster consists of mud and admixtures. These admixtures reduce cracking and help in binding the plaster. Admixture such as cowdung is added for better binding, antiseptic and water repelling quality, while bark and leaves of Neem keep termites away.
°° Cost and energy effective material
The admixtures are decided according to their availability.
°° The embodied energy of CSEB is 10.7 times less than country fired brick.
Mud-Lime Mortar
°° Carbon emissions of CSEB are 12.5 times less than country fired brick.
Similar to CSEB, the mortar requires some binding material for additional strength. Admixtures such as hay, sheep hair, cowdung can also be added, but they do not provide as much strenth as lime can.
Sustainability And Environmental Friendliness
Advantages °° Local material: Save transportation, fuel, time and money °° Biodegradable material: The structures build with CSEB can withstand heavy rains and snowfall with minimum maintenance. If at all in future the structure falls down or gets demolished, the materials used will not harm nature. °° Energy-efficient and eco friendly: Requiring only a little stabilizer the energy consumption in an m3 can be from 5 to 15 times less than an m3 of fired bricks. The pollution emission will also be 2.4 to 7.8 times less than fired bricks. °° Cost-efficient: Fabricated with natural resources available on-site reducing the cost of transportation and fuel with semi-skilled labour.
Advantages: °° Energy efficient °° Less toxic °° Environmentally conscious °° Easily repaired and inexpensive °° Mud plasters resist water penetration but are permiable to water vapour
°° Transferable technology: The fabrication is easy to learn and simple villagers will be able to do it with few weeks of training. °° Job creation opportunity: Due to easy fabrication, unskilled and unemployed people can also learn it and get a job. °° Reducing imports: Import of expensive materials or transport over long distance is avoided due to local production. °° Flexible production scale: Equipment for CSEB is available from manual to motorised tools ranging from village to semi industry scale.
MUD PLASTER AND MUD-LIME MORTAR (Source: www.thannal.com)
SUSTAINABILITY Construction: Foundation STABILIZED RAMMED EARTH FOUNDATION (Source: Data for Auroville and Pondicherry, India, 2005.)
The soil used for construction of rammed earth wall is excavated from the foundation trenches itself. The excavated soil is sieved, measured and mixed with stabilizer (cement or lime) and sand. The ratio of the ingraduents is to be determined according to the soil quality and local requirements.
240
The top of the foundation is usually in line with the ground level, but in case of contoured land it can be taken higher for leveling.
Composite plinth beam
The section of the foundation should always be kept square. It could be deeper but not wider since the point load created by wall can develop cracks.
Flooring Stabilized mud mortar 25 10
Scrid
60
Generally a 12cm layer of mix is poured in the trench and is measured at several places to asure its level. Then the laver is rammed till the rammer is no longer printing on the layer. The process is repeated till the foundation trench is filled.
CSEB (240x240x90mm) with 5mm mud mortar
Backfilling of waste 400
The rammed layers are stepped for overlapping the courses.
Damp proof course
95
Stabilized earth plaster
365
500
Stabilized rammed earth footing
500
Steps for overlapping layers
Measuring the thickness of layer before ramming
Wetting the rammed layer before staring the next
(All dimensions are in mm) Figure 42: Stabilized rammed earth foundation detail
SUSTAINABILITY Construction: Roof GUNA TILE ROOF (Source: Dataset of Centre of Science for Villages, Wardha)
Constructed using the burned tapering clay pipes (Guna in Telagu) stocked in each other over a span forming a catenary arch.This roof construction type help to reduce steel and timber in the roof and can withstand imposed load of 1000kg/sqm. Being light in weight, 120 kg/sqm, the guna tile roof reduces the load on fondation. The cost of construction of the roof works out to be Rs. 20/sq.ft Advantages: °° Air inside the hollow-tiled roof protects from heat and cold. A 10o temperature difference is observed in slab roof and guna vault roof. °° It has no under structure, yet can bear weight of 1000 kg/m2. °° It is fabricated and ready for use within 3 days. °° Requires no maintenance and has life span of more than 50 years. °° It is not affected by rain, hail or wind. °° Being light in weight (less than 12 kg/sq.ft). the vault roof is safe even in earthquakes. °° Even if the mud walls collapse, the roof remains intact residing on pillars and beams
Fabrication of vault on a framework
Ventury Effect: Open ends of the vault are closed with bricks jali and the Guna tiles
Figure 43: Guna tile roof detail
SUSTAINABILITY Construction: Roof JACK ARCH FLOOR (Source: Data for Auroville and Pondicherry, India, 2005.)
The floor is constructed using Compressed stabilized earth blocks, Plain Half Block (120x240x90mm) leveled with mudcement mortar and shahabad stome flooring. The main advantage of jack arch flooring is its unlimited length.
Fabrication of vault on a framework Figure 44: Jack arch flooring detail
Figure 45: Kendra: central courtyard
SUSTAINABILITY Stormwater JALCHAKRA: Water Guide
Inspired from the traditional water structures observed in forts and various complexes, the natural swell on the site is developed with a amphitheatre inspired from traditional stepwell construction. The material used for the construction are CSEB blocks, shahabad stome slabs and mud-cement mortar for binding. The retaining walls are lined with the CSEB blocks and the foundation is a rammed earth foundation. Shahabad stone slab of 20 mm thickness is used for cladding and defining the swell. RWH tank
Recharge pit
Defined water swell (300x150mm)
Amphitheatre
The idea behind not using any waterproffing except for the stone slab is that the water should be allowed to percolate, even though it is getting guided through some channel.
Figure 46: Jalchakra: water channel detail
Figure 47: Swayampaak Ghar: solar kitchen
SUSTAINABILITY Solar Potential SOLAR KITCHEN (Source: SECMOL Institute, Leh)
The basic idea of converging sun rays at a point to generate heat. Concave mirrors allow the parallel sun rays to converge at a point. The first reflector is a large concave mirror that is oriented such that it chatches maximum sunlight and reflects it towards a niche on the wall opposite which has a secondary reflector that again reflects the rays vertically towards the cooktop.
Stabilized rammed earth wall
Reflector 1
50mm thick stone slab
Reflector 2
Solar kitchen at SECMOL
Woman cooking rice Figure 48: Solar kitchen detail
SUSTAINABILITY 5/17/2021
SPIN - Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Energy Efficient Appliances
Your budget 500
Sq. m. Sq. FeetSOLAR % of Roof Top Area available 50
% 1100
ENERGY
(Source: SECMOL Institute, Leh)
501265171500 50
2. Select State and Customer Category
Renewable solar energy will be used for all interior lighting, outdoor MAHARASHTRA Social Sector lighting requirements along with ventilation mechanisers like fans and air conditioners. Extra energy generated as can be seen from the calculations 3. What is your average Electricity Cost? : below6 will be given back to the grid Rs. / kWh 420
648121620 6
Calculate ×
The active ventilation strategy used for this project is usage of BEE 5-star rated ceiling fans that reduce the electricity load of the building, hence improving the energy efficiency. BEE 5-star rated fans operate at a lesser wattage, consume less electricity, and despite being slightly costly for the initial investment, offer a good offset in the electricity bills.
Solar Rooftop Calculator Average solar irradiation in MAHARASHTRA state is 1266.52 W / sq.m 1kWp solar rooftop plant will generate on an average over the year 5.0 kWh of electricity per day (considering 5.5 sunshine hours) 1. Size of Power Plant Feasible Plant size as per your Roof Top Area :
25.0kW
2. Cost of the Plant : MNRE current Benchmark Cost :
Rs. 38000 Rs. / kW
Without subsidy (Based on current MNRE benchmark) :
Rs. 950000
With subsidy 0 (Based on current MNRE benchmark) :
Rs. 950000
3. Total Electricity Generation from Solar Plant : Annual :
37500kWh
Life-Time (25 years):
937500kWh
4) Financial Savings : a) Tariff @ Rs.6/ kWh (for top slab of traffic) - No increase assumed over 25 years : Monthly :
Rs. 18750
Annually :
Rs. 225000
Life-Time (25 years) :
Rs. 5625000
Carbon dioxide emissions mitigated is
Solar Universe India SUI 200W 24V Solar Panel Polycrystalline (Single Piece)
769 tonnes.
This installation will be equivalent to planting 1230 Teak trees over the life time. (Data from IISc)
https://solarrooftop.gov.in/rooftop_calculator
2/3
Crompton Entrust 50
Crompton Super Glow
Sweep: 1200mm (48”) Wattage: 50W Voltage : 220-230V Power Consumption: 75W Air Delivery: 215 Cu M/Min
Wattage: 36 Length: 4ft
SUSTAINABILITY Rainwater Harvesting Since the institute provides a one day programme, the residents on the site are not much. But the number of visitors is greater. The RWH tank constructed is of large capacity of approxmimately, so as to collect as much water that can be collected during the rainy season A small tank of 5.4 cu.m capacity is also provided for everyday use near the quarters. Rainwater harvesting Supply Runoff Vol = Surface area x Runoff Coefficient x Rainfall Runoff coefficient = 0.95 (For flat tiled roof Source:IGBC Guide) Runoff coefficient = 1.00 (For inclined tiled roof) Runoff coefficient = 0.35 (For unimproved area) Runoff coefficient = 0.95 (For pavement) Rainfall (avg annual) = 568.7mm Surface area = 6228.6+1591+928.15+8505.35= 17253.1 sqm Runoff vol = 17253.1 x 0.5683 = 9804.93673 cu.m
OHT of 2.7 cu.m capacity UGT (5.4 cu.m) and RWH tank Solar panels
SUSTAINABILITY Sanitation: Twin Pit Pour Flush Toilet TWIN PIT POUR FLUSH LATRINE (Source: Technical Guidelines on Design, Construction and Maintenance of Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines, Gov of India)
DETAIL: Twin Pit Pour Flush Laterine Plan 115
75mm dia PVC non pressure pipe
115 115
225
115
800
115 900
Leach pit Conventional water flush toilets are normally flushed with 10-14 litres of water from a cistern attached to it. In a Pour Flush (PF) latrine, as the name suggests, the excreta is “hand” flushed by pouring about 1.5 to 2 litres of water into the pan. In relation to conventional sewage or septic tank, the PF latrine is a low cost sanitation system. Functioning: The laterine is composed of two leaching pits, a squatting pour flush pan attached to waterseal trap.
115
1130
1500
115
1000
115
1050
One of the drains to be blocked to allow flow in one pit
Only one pit is used at single time. The Y juction where pipes diverge to two difftent pits, is been provided with diversion mechanism so that only one pit can be utilized at a time. Leach pit
The holes in the pit lining allows infiltration of liquid and gases into the soil, hence vent pipe is not provided. The drain is diverted to anoter pit when the first one gets filled. That filled pit is left unattened for approximately 2 years so that the fecal matter is decomposed. Two leach pits are alternately used. After decomposition the pit is desluged useng vacuum tanker.
Figure 49: Twin Pit Pour Flush toilet plan
SUSTAINABILITY Sanitation: Twin Pit Pour Flush Toilet TWIN PIT POUR FLUSH LATRINE (Source: Technical Guidelines on Design, Construction and Maintenance of Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines, Gov of India)
DETAIL: Twin Pit Pour Flush Laterine Section 25mm thick cement concrete 1:2:4 over 75mm thick cement concrete 1:11:12 Ceramic pour flush pan
Junction chamber 75mm dia PVC non pressure pipe
Sand filling Rammed earth filling 20 mm thick Flooring
75mm thick RCC slab 1:2:4 Solid brickwork in cement mortar
For composting, the sludge is mixed with vegetable waste two or three times its volume and to keep it aerobic, the mix is tured several times for first few weeks. Later on the mix is arranged into windrows ( long heaps, 2m wide and 2m high with sides sloping at 450) for several weeks. The compost will be generated and is ready to use as land-conditioner and fertilizer (Source: Emptying Latrine Pits by John Pickford and Rod Shaw)
75 300
Brick 115 225
Cement Concrete
Brick work in cement mortar 1:6 with honeycombing in alternate brick coursed upto invert layer of pipe or drain
Figure 50: Twin Pit Pour Flush toilet section
1000
Compost
75 75 300
The sludge can be converted in to compost or can be used for making of biogas.
75
The sludge extracted from leach pits can not be disposed off in any water body or dumped on the land because of environmental pollution and health risks.
450
WHAT TO DO WITH DECOMPOSED SLUDGE
NARRATIVE Programme: Watershed
The immidiate watersed region surrounding the town is applied with different watersed management interventions with an aim to recharge the groundwater level of the region. Along with these techniques, plants of native species which require small amount of water are planted across the watershed and even utilized for landscaping of the institute. Along with these some policies are defined to maintain and manage the watershed effective through community efforts and voliteer work Policies °° The person who intends to cut trees should first plant some beforehand and also take care of those °° Defining patched of land as sacred grooves °° The water structures and water resources available on site should be maintained clean and hygienic. Nominal fine should be charged for those who fail to follow the rule. °° Regular maintenance of watershed management structures should be done. The community should participate in the activity of desilting. °° Whoever uses the water should maintain its source °° Deciding a cropping pattern that will go hand in hand with the water conditions of the site °° Keeping regular check on the water level of the site °° Every household should try to harvest and conserve the rainwater on their level °° Maintaining the traditional water structures and not damaging them °° March 22, world water day- community gathering around the water bodies to celebrate the presence of water- tell stories/myths/facts related to the specific water structure, importance of water in indian culture °° Limiting the extraction of groundwater from deep aquifers to the minimum Figure 51: Karmala: watershed region. Existing bund to trap water (Source: Author)
UNDERSTANDING WATERSHED For watershed management the natural hydrology of the site is identified with prominent streams and water collection areas. Series of groundwater recharge techniques such as: Percolation tanks Continuous Contour Trenches (CCT) Deep Contour Trenches Small Earthen Dams Contour Bund tree plantation of local species along the length of CCT, water collection tanks, etc. The existing water stream on the site is desilted, cleaned and by tree plantation the riparian zone of the stream can be restored. With the policies defined to restrict the construction of structures in these riparian zones, the stream can be rejuvenated. Natural stream
Natural swells according to contours
Existing percolation tank
Proposed percolation tank
Figure 52: Karmala: watershed region
JALASANDHARAN Watershed Management Toolkit 1. WATER ABSORBING TRENCHES (WAT) (Source: Paani Foundation handbooks on watershed management)
Figure 53: Water Absorbing Trench at village Surdi, Barshi(Source: Author)
Figure 54: Overflow of Water Absorbing Trench lined with boulders (Source: Author)
Water-absorbing trenches are shallow excavations designed along the contour slopes of a site. They create temporary sub-surface storage of stormwater runoff, thereby enhancing the natural capacity of the ground to store and drain water. WAT
Located at the highest contour to collect rainwater, these trenches are designed to collect approximate 30,000 liters of water. Each trench is 5m in length, 2m in width and 3m deep. The structures are located at 33m from each other. Construction °° Trench dimension: 5m x 2m x 3m, constructed at interval of 33m along the contours. °° The trenches are aligned to the contour with their longest side. °° The excaveted soil is utilized to create small bunding for the trench. °° Stone are placed at the overflow outlet which is directed towards lowar contour. This ensures minimal erosin of soil. °° The trenches are regularly disilted.
JALASANDHARAN Watershed Management Toolkit 2. CONTINUOUS CONTOUR TRENCHING (Source: Paani Foundation handbooks on watershed management)
Figure 55: Continuous Contour Trenches at village Surdi, Barshi (Source: Author)
Figure 56: Deep Continuous Contour Trenches (Source: Author)
Figure 57: Stone covering at the eges of bunds (Source: Author)
Contour trenches are ditches along the contour lines of the slope running perpendicular to the flow of water. There are two type of contour trenches Continuous Contour Trenches (CCT):
CCT
Deep CCT
These are shallow ditches along the contour line of land. CCT can be constructed along any slope having 0-33% gradation and the spacing and length of segment of CCT lines is decided according to the slope, e.g steep slope have CCT located closely with short segments while gradual slope have CCTs far away with longer segments Deep Continuous Contour Trenches (Deep CCT): Deep CCT are as the name suggest deeper than CCTs. They are usually located on gradual slopes. For both CCT and Deep CCT, the segments are staggered such that the overflow of higher CCT runs off into lower CCT. The ends of these segments are again coverd with stone to minimize soil erosion.
JALASANDHARAN Watershed Management Toolkit LOOSE BOULDER STRUCTURE (LBS) (Source: Paani Foundation handbooks on watershed management)
Figure 58: Loose Boulder Structure along natural swell (Source: Google imagery)
Loose boulder structure, as the name suggests is constructed using loose boulders. It is constructed in the swells or small streams to reduce the speed of flowing water so that soil erosion can be reduced. Along with minimized erosion LBS also traps the silt that is flowing along with the water resulting in flow of considerablly clean water Where to construct °° At the location where depth of swell is greater than 1m and width is 5-10m, and with hard base thet can withstane load of structure. °° The locatetion that have abundant boulders nearby °° Swell having slope 4-33% It is important that the silt collected due to LBS to not be removed, and any kind of plants growing on it should kept intact. The vegeation helps in natural water conservation. Plants which require small amount of water such as Chinch, Bamboo, Karvand, etc should be planted on the side of the structure that is facing lower contours.
JALASANDHARAN Watershed Management Toolkit PERCOLATION TANK/ EARTHEN BUND (Source: Paani Foundation handbooks on watershed management)
Figure 59: Percolation tank constructed in the village Surdi, Barshi (Source: Author)
Percolation tanks are constructed to collect the surface runoff and rainwater. They are located at the lowest point of contour before the natural water body such as lake. The purpose of the tank is to trap the silt, and collect runoff and allow it to percolate.Excess water that runs off from WATs, CCTs, Deep CCTs, LBSs ia collected in the tank and is allowed to percolate in the ground. Construction °° The retaining wall of the tank is covered with boulders so that flowing wter will not damage the construction. °° Retaining wall is constructed using the same soil that is excavated while constructing the tank. After first rain, plants that require small amount of water are planted on the bund °° The tank is provided with overflow outlet so that excess water can flow out to lower contours and wont damage the bund. °° Similar to LBS, these are constructed across the swell but on gentler slope of 4-8% gradation °° The structure is usually constrcuted with black soil since it has maximum water holding capacity. But if the site doesn’t have black soil, the structure is made from the same soil that is available. °° The shape of bund is made concave so that it will collect water more effectively and even sustain heavy impact of flowing water
JALASANDHARAN Watershed Management Toolkit STONE CONTOUR BUNDS (Source: Paani Foundation handbooks on watershed management)
Figure 60: Stone Contour Bund (Source: Google imagery)
250-300
300-400
Stone contour bunds are constructed along the contout lines of farmland or gently sloping land. They obstruct the flow of water and trap the silt hence reduce soil erosion. Since the height of these bunds is not much they cannot be constructed on steep slope because the strong water flow can wash of these bunds. As the bunds are constructed only using stone, the gap between the stones allow water flow to lower contour. Bunds trap water for short duration, but they are essential in percolation of water and hence help in recharging the sub-surface storage of stormwater When constructed in farmland, the bunds trap the silt and prevent the top nutritious layer of soil from getting washed off.
Natural stream
Existing percolation tank
Proposed area for intervention of CCTs
JALSANDHARAN
Natural swells according to contours
Proposed percolation tank
Proposed area for intervention of WATs
Proposed Watershed Masterplan
The areas indicated by blue colour are the highest elevation points. WATs are constructed within these areas
The areas indicated by yellow colour are constructed with CCT, Deep CCTs and are majorly planted with native species.
The dark dotted lines show natural swells on the site which are constructed with LBS.
At last the dark blue and light blue blobs with yellow line as bund are the percolation tanks constructed at lower elevation where maximum swells converge.
Figure 61: Karmala watershed: proposed masterplan for watershed management
JALSANDHARAN Market Yard, Karmala
Water Trail
Karmala Fort
Jai Maharashtra chowk
Underground water channels providing water across the town through tanks at regular intervals. The immediate context around these water tanks are designed as per the need of the context. The primary aim of the water trail is to provide water across town with simple water overflow mechanism and provide breakout water spots
Police line
College ground in front of YMC Karmala
The provision of these water trails make water available throughout the town as well as the presence of water help in loweing the temeperature of immidiate surroundings. Along with these two factors, the simple technique of overflow demonstrated the effectiveness of simplicity without powe consumption
Figure 62: Small water tank locations across town with images (Image source: Author)
A STEP AHED...
The dissertation attempts to create an ideal model of a village where the community can learn about water conservation, where they can see the practical application and where they can participate in reviving the environment. The project aims to derive guidelines to achieve a ‘Swayampurna Gaon’, a village republic. °° understand climate, topography, geology of the locality °° understand the groundwater conditions over the years °° understand reasons for water crisis °° formulate a watershed management toolkit °° demonstrate the techniques for better understanding °° atempt to educate and aware the community A success story of one inspires many. The project was attempted in a hope that it will inspire the neighbourhood to follow the path and spare a moment to think about nature.