Lighter than Air Architecture by aoibhin mcginley

l i g h t e r

t h a n

a i r

An Architectural Thesis

Scientific symbol for Air

C O NTENT S 01 Lighter than Air 02 Context 03 Concept 04 Material 05 Proposal 06 Structure 07 Layers 08 Research

Tempelhof Feld | Mining of the Sky

l i g h t e r

t h a n

a i r

An architectural thesis

his thesis investigates lighter than air architecture, the human desire to become ungrounded, to inhabit the sky and how the resultant architecture could redefine the relationship between the city, public space and energy provision.

Feld in the distant future, an antithesis to the weight of the past reaching over the city of Berlin. The design is suspended between speculation and reality, an architecture of fantasy, as buoyant and variable as the clouds it inhabits.

The thesis proposal was derived from the rich history of flight and innovation identified in our initial reading of the Tempelhof Feld site, a former airfield. The Wright brothers first test flights, lighter than air balloon testing and the Berlin airlift are all integral parts of the site’s narrative. These formative and pioneering activities have forged a strong link between field and sky for over a century. Today the field could be seen as a “contested void” with the Berliner’s having voted in a 2014 referendum against plans to further develop the park.

The continuous skyscape offers a journey through amplified atmospheres of weather, light, heat, air and movement as a consequence of the mining of the skies for renewable energy. We take two disparate elements of the city, power plant and public park and fuse them as one to create a new urban dynamic. Each layer of the proposal deals with a differing type of energy or element – hydro, kinetic, air and solar. This acts to reconcile the proximity of energy to urban life, by allowing visitors to interact with it directly, forming a unique and adventurous stage for questioning and re-informing our definitions of architecture, and the environments and lifestyles they foster.

The design proposal is for a horizontal layered skyscape floating above Tempelhof

G RO O UUN N D SD U RSF A TEM GR UCRE F- A CP EEL H O F

250M

S U P ER S U R F A C E

SUPERSURFACE - SKY REAPPROPRIATED

TE M P ELH O F | L a y e r s o f S u r f a c e

RECLAIMED

250M

SUPERSURFACE - SKY REAPPROPRIATED

GROUNDSURFACE - TEMPELHOF RECLAIMED

SUPERSURFACE - SKY REAPPROPRIATED

A cl oud does not know why i t moves i n just such a di recti on and at such a sp eed... It feel s an i mp ul si on... th i s i s th e pl a ce to g o n ow . B ut th e sky knows the reasons and the p atterns b ehi nd al l cl ouds, and you wi l l know, too, when you l i ft yoursel f hi g h en oug h to s ee bey on d h or i z on s . Ri chard Bach

“A cloud does not know why it moves in just such a direction and at such a speed... It feels an impulsion... this is the place to go now. But the sky knows the reasons and the patterns behind all clouds, and you will know, too, when you lift yourself high enough to see beyond horizons.” Richard Bach

S K Y S C A P E | N e w Va n t a g e s a n d B o u n d a r i e s

Te mpelhof Feld

B ERLIN | T h e P o l y c e n t r i c C i t y

District lines

Primary road

Berlin wall

Tram routes

U - bahn

Bus routes

S - bahn

Water

co n t e x t B e r l i n a n d Te m p e l h o f

he winds of change throughout Berlin’s history, its role as the capital of a united Germany and its openness to the world’s diversity have created the ideal conditions for innovation and creativity to flourish.

In the 1920s, the city was world-renowned as a site of cultural creativity spawned by an influx of foreign artists and intellectuals. During the Nazi reign, Hitler and other leaders despised Berlin’s cosmopolitanism. By the 1970s and 1980s, Berlin was again largely associated with free-thinkers and immigrants – this time represented by an alternative subculture of radical Germans alongside a large population of Turks and other “guestworkers.” Today, throughout the rest of Germany Berlin is often viewed as a “city of foreigners.” Weltoffenheit,“worldopenness,” is the German word usually used synonymously with Berlin and its cosmopolitanism. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, designers have flocked to the revitalized city on the Spree and have opened numerous agencies, studios, showrooms,and exhibitions. More and more creative people from all over the world are finding inspiration in Berlin’s experimental climate and are choosing to

move their professional and personal lives there. The city offers plenty of artistic freedom, extraordinary exhibition spaces, a low cost of living and rents, global networks and, not least, a public interested in design that is open to new ideas. These have helped drive the economic success and continued attractiveness of Berlin as a location. The complex past of the city have lead to a polycentricity within its built environment. It has been a city divided for 50 years. This unique history has resulted in an exciting urban tapestry somewhat lacking in spatial cohesion and giving rise to a number of secondary centres and contested voids such as Tempelhof Feld. However this past is also an ever present weight upon Berlin. Many symbols and reminders exist to commemorate, memorialise and reflect upon the darker times of Germany’s history. The number and prominence of these sites mean the past is inescapable when experiencing the city. These serve an important function in providing spatial and visual constructs for people to engage with the past. However we felt our proposal should oppose this weight and provide a space for thought, freedom, forgetting or escape. A visual expression of Berlin’s weltoffenheit and creativity.

4 5

8 11

KEY 1 2 3 4 5

The Berlin Wall Germania - Speerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s masterplan Palace of Tears Brandenburg Gate Berliner Stadtschloss

B ERLIN | W e i g h t o f H i s t o r y

6 - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe 7 - Berlin Victory Column 8 - Memorial to the German Resistance

9 - Former Nazi Air Force Ministry 10 - Checkpoint Charlie 11 - Topography of Terror 12 - Jewish Museum Berlin 13 - Tempelhof Terminal - site of Germanyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only concentration camp

Tempelhof History At the beginning of the 1920s, Tempelhof airport was built on the site. After the airport closed in 2008, the city of Berlin reclaimed the 386-hectare open space and one of the world’s largest buildings in a central location for public use.

Balloon & Atmosphere Testing - Began In 1890’S The Royal Meteorological Institute undertook balloon flights at Tempelhof to measure atmospheric pressure, air temperature and humidity at ever-increasing heights. They were seeking to investigate the atmosphere and undertook around 75 science-focused ascents. Our proposal takes cues from this interest in climate, atmosphere and ascent.

Wright Brothers Test FlightLINES At Tempelhof, DISTRICT July 1909

BERLIN WALL Throughout its history Tempelhof Feld has accomodated numerous feats of U - BAHN daring and invention that inspired the forward looking nature of the proposal. S - BAHN

PRIMARY ROAD

TRAM ROUTES BUS ROUTES WATER

Tempelhof Airport Under Construction Began In 1923 The existing airport terminal was another touchstone with its sweeping canopy, innovative structural steel design and sense of vast scale.

DISTRICT LINES BERLIN WALL “Candy Bombers” Over Tempelhof During The Blockade 1948 U - BAHN The mass intervention from the skies during the Berlin Air Lift meant Tempelhof field and its airspace above would have had a significant everyday presence to the Berliners. S - BAHN This is something we have looked to play off and rekindle.

TE M P ELH O F F EL D | F i e l d a n d S k y

PRIMARY ROAD TRAM ROUTES BUS ROUTES WATER

SKY CONTEXT Temp. varies massively between day (extreme heat) and night (close to absolute zero)

+1727

Temp. varies massively as high as thousands of degrees

-90

-66

noctilucent (special cloud form)

-2

-46 -56

nac

(sp

-56 cumulonimbus

-56 -56

+ cloud pressure

-56

-24

HIGH MIDDLE

-37

- cloud pressure

snow formation at high altitude freezing level varies

altocumulus

LOW

CLOUDS

-11

cirrocumulus

intracloud lightning

CLOUDS

-50

CLOUDS

charge at -15째c

cloud to ground lightning fog

cumulus

+15 precipitation - rain - hail - snow - sleet type based on air temp. & fronts

TE M P ELH O F F EL D | G a t e w a y s a n d L a y e r s

mulus

EXOSPHERE (600 KM ON)

1000

satellite

Shown here is an analysis of the vertical, from ground to exosphere. Some findings that inspired our direction moving forward were: - How spaces in the proposal may have different environmental and experiential conditions akin to the variability in the layers of atmosphere.

750

- The different cloud typologies. - How the human body reacts to altitude. - Humankinds constant focus towards the sky from architecture to travel.

500

THERMOSPHERE (95 - 600 KM)

spacecraft

250

polar lights 200-1000m

(48 - 95 KM)

MESOSPHERE

100

nacreous

STRATOSPHERE (11 - 48 KM)

weather balloon

(special cloud form)

40000m

meteors most burn up in mesosphere

16 14

ruppellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s griffon

11278m

cirrus

aeroplane 10000m

6500m

parachute 1000-4000m hot air balloon altostratus

mt. everest 8848m

10 8 TROPOSPHERE (0 - 11 KM)

cirrostratus

mallard duck

wildfowl sparrows 3500 -5000m

2000m bi-plane 3000m

4 2 1

stratus stratocumulus

0 proposal inhabitation occurs between 500m to 2000m

continual precipitation from this variety

tempelhof

burj khalifa

terminal 25m

830m

most birds 0-2000m

6 - 7.5km critical stage 60-69% 02 saturation organ failure & death 4.6 - 6km disturbance stage 70-79% 02 saturation severe impairment of body and mind usage 3 - 4.6km compensatory stage 80-89% 02 saturation drowsiness, poor judgement, effiency & co-ordination sea level - 3.048km indifferent stage 90-95% 02 saturation reaching high level decrease in night vision & breathlessness

S K Y C O NTEXT | M a n a n d N a t u r e

PARK COMPARISON

SCA

PROPOSAL BERLIN

953

TEM F

TEMPELHOF FELD

KELVINGROVE PARK

TIERGARTEN

GOLDEN GATE PARK

BERLIN

GLASGOW

BERLIN

SAN FRANCISCO

40 AC

ROSENBERG CASTLE GARDENS COPENHAGEN

VONDELPARK AMSTERDAM

PROSPECT PARK

CENTRAL PARK

BROOKLYN

NEW YORK

ROSEN CA GAR

P AR K C O NTEXT | C o m p a r i s o n

SCALES

293 ACRES PROPOSAL

1017 ACRES

953 ACRES

843 ACRES

TEMPELHOF FELD

585 ACRES 520 ACRES

120 ACRES

40 ACRES

85 ACRES

NTRAL ARK YORK ROSENBERG CASTLE GARDENS

KELVINGROVE PARK

VONDELPARK

TIERGARTEN

PROSPECT PARK

GOLDEN GATE PARK

CENTRAL PARK

P AR K C O NTEXT | S c a l e

ANNUAL VISITORS

DATES

PROPOSAL

1.5

TEMPELHOF FELD

1200

TEMPELH FELD

2.5

2 TIERGARTEN KELVINGROVE PARK

1 MILLION

ROSENBERG CASTLE GARDENS

PROSPECT PARK

10 MILLION

P AR K C O NTEXT | A n n u a l V i s i t o r s

VONDELPARK

GOLDEN GATE PARK

20 MILLION

CENTRAL PARK

30 MILLION

40 MILLION

1200

DATES OF INCEPTION

PROPOSAL

GOLDEN GATE PARK

1857

1200

CENTRAL PARK

TEMPELHOF FELD

1852 KELVINGROVE PARK

TIERGARTEN

1606

ENTRAL PARK

40 MILLION

ROSENBERG CASTLE GARDENS

1867

1865

PROSPECT PARK

VONDELPARK 1200

1425

1650

1875

2100

P AR K C O NTEXT | D a t e s o f I n c e p t i o n

WEATHER CONTEXT 2000m

the human body & wind speed

pr oposal dir igible r ange 1500m2000m

1800m

500mph+ possible death

1600m

70mph+ to lift the body 1400m

45mph+ or 20m/s to move or impede the body

altitud e (m )

1200m

YEAR

1000m

bur j k halifa 830m 800m pr oposal layer s flexible r ange 300m1000m

600m

within pr oposal r ange wind speeds of

e mp i re sta te 381m

8 to 22mph or 4 to 10m/s

400m

gentle br eeze to fr esh br eeze categor ization H-114m 5 0 0 0 kw

200m

H-80m 8 0 0 kw

SUMM

0m 0

wind spe e d (m/s)

WIND SPEED CONTEXT

WWIN I ND D

city core

500m

94%

a l t i t ud e (m )

400m

ou tski rts

98% 300m

op e n l a n d 75

90 95%

200m

61 51

100m

86 56

0m 0

Themost most frequent frequent wind with 21 21 % of The wind direction directionis iswest west with % all of hours, all hours, followedby bysouthwest southwest with with 16 followed 16 %. %.At Atboth bothwind winddirections directions windspeeds speeds>>44m/s m/s appear appearwith with the the most most frequency. wind frequency. North North and north east are represented as wind directions of least and north east are represented as wind directions of least frequency. frequency. - -the wind range ofge theofproposal layersalmean the wi nspeed d s peed r an t h e pr opos l ay er s m ean on a calm day moderate clothing would needed o n a c al m d ay m od er at e c l ot h i n g be woul d be n eed ed whils tatat e t op of wind t h e wi n d s range peed thermal/ r an ge t h er m al / whilst thet htop of the speed he av i er l ay er s woul be r equi r ed . heavier layers would bedrequired. - none of the expected regular wind speeds are - non e ofort himpede e expec t ed r egul wi n d s peed s ar e dangerous movement ofar people. d an ger ous or i m ped e m ovem en t of peopl e.

WINTE

w i nd spe e d (m/s)

80mm

S K Y AN D W IN D

|5 4

p rec i p it a t io n

wi n d s p eed m / s

Altitude and Inhabitation

3 2 1 0

Jan

Feb Ma r

Ap r M a y

Jun

Jul

Au g

Se p O c t

Nov

De c

60mm 40mm 20mm 0mm

Jan

Feb Mar

A pr May

Jun

Jul

A ug

S ep

H-114m 5000 kw

COLLEC

H -80m 800 kw

SUMMER

t he h uma n b ody & spe (m/s) wied n d speed

BATHE 50 0mph+ p ossible dea th

The most frequent wind direction is west with 21 % of all hours, followed by southwest with 16 %. At both wind directions wind speeds > 4 m/s appear with the most frequency. North and north east are represented as wind directions of least frequency.

70 mph+ t o lift the bodyopen land 95% 91

- none of t he e x p e cte d r e g ular wind spe e d s ar e da ng e rou s or i mp ede mo ve me nt o f pe o ple .

86 45 mph+ or 20m/ s t o mov e or 0 i m p ede the 5 body

GATHER

- t he w i nd sp ee d r a n ge o f the pr o po sal laye r s me an on a ca l m da y mode r ate clo thing wo uld be ne e d e d w hi l st a t t he t op of t he wind spe e d r ang e the r mal/ he a v i er l a yer s w ou l d be r e quir e d .

WINTER

YEAR

Site: Tempelhof Lat: 52.47

o po s a l rig i b l e a n ge Jul Au g 50 0m 000 m

500m p h+ p o s s i bl e Sep d e aOct th

p r ec i p i tati on Nov

6 0 mm

SOLAR DESIGN APPLICATIONS

2 0 mm

- Solar harnessing for energy is popular throughout Germany and Berlin. 0 Jan

Feb Mar

SPEED

HUMIDITY

Oct

temper atur e

gen t l e breeze to f re s h breeze ca t e g oriza tion Jul Aug Sep

Ap r M a y

Jun

Jul

Nov

Se p Oct

N ov

days

D ec

Jan

Feb Mar

AVER

hr s

RAINFALL

10˚c

max

150 hr s

Average annual rainfall varies from 563 mm to 855 mm. In Germany there is currently a growing interest in the promotion of household min rainwater collection particularly at local government level. 0

0˚c

Feb

Mar

Ap r

May

Jun

Jul

Au g

Se p

O ct

N ov

hr s Jan

D ec

Feb

Mar

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES

45m ph + or 20m / s t o m ov e o r im p e d e t he body

COLLECT Site: Tempelhof Lat: 52.47

Time: 12.00 Long: 13.4

21 / 06 / 2015 - Sun Angle 61° 27 / 01 / 2015 - Sun Angle 19° 21 / 12 / 2015 - Sun Angle 15° SOLAR DESIGN APPLICATIONS BATHE - Solar harnessing for energy is popular throughout Germany and Berlin. - Solar harnessing for energy is popular throughout Germany and

S O LAR

Berlin. time gives good sunlight levels which should be captured - Summer time gives good sunlight levels- Summer which should be captured for sustainable energy provision. for sustainable energy provision. - Proposal is orientated and programmed- Proposal to optimize and control is orientated and programmed to optimize and control solar gains and give appropraite levels tosolar differing gains activities. and give appropraite levels to differing activities.

all hours, d directions wit hNorth in p r o po s a l equency. r an g e w i nd tions of least

R A I N F A L L

speeds of

8 t o 22mph or l aye rs mean 4 t o 10m / s

RAINFALL GATHER

Average annual rainfall varies from 563 mm to 855 mm. In Germany Average annual varies from 563 mm to 855 mm. In Germany there is currently a growing interest in the promotion of rainfall household there is currently a growing interest in the promotion of household rainwater collection particularly at local government level.

al uld be n eeded n ge t hgerma en t le bl /re e z e

rainwater collection particularly at local government level.

to f r es h b r e e z e c a t eg o r iz a t i o n

pe e d s are e o ple . COLLECT SUMMER WINTER

rai n y d ay s

20 d a ys

Mar

Apr Ma y

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

N ov

Dec

S ITE C O N D ITI O N S | C l i m a t e 10 d a ys

0 d a ys

BATHE

Jan

Feb Mar

A pr

May

AVERAG

YEAR SUMMER

o p os a l a y er s exibl e a ng e 00m 21 000% mof

A pr May

- Proposal is orientated and programmed to optimize and control solar gains and give appropraite levels to differing activities. 300

20˚c

-10˚c Jan

Dec

Au g

- Summer time gives good sunlight levels which should be captured for sustainable energy provision. AVERAGE RAINFALL

30˚c

with i n proposa l ra n g e w ind sp e eds of 70m ph + t o lif t t he 8 t o 22mphb o d y or 4 t o 1 0m/ s

10 days

4 0 mm

0 mm

Dec

r ai n y days

20 21 / 06 / 2015 - Sun Angle 61° days 27 / 01 / 2015 - Sun Angle 19° 21 / 12 / 2015 - Sun Angle 15°

8 0 mm the human body & win d s pe e d

Time: 12.00 Long: 13.4

sunshine

WIND

Ap r M a y

J un

Jul

A ug

S ep O ct

N ov

D ec

EMPELHOF VISITOR STUDY R W ECAOT N H TEEW RXEC TTA OT N H TE ERX C T ONTEXT s e a t i n g b e n c h e s f o r r e l a xi n g + s o c i a l i s i n g 2000m

the human body & wi nd speed

the human body & wi nd sspeed ma l l e r

40 1800m

sanitary facilities proposal di ri gi bl e range 1 5 0 0 m2000m

fr equ enc y distribu tio n %

1600m

1400m

proposal 5 0 0 mph+ di ri gi bl e possi bl erange death1 5 0 0 m2000m

s ma l l e r w a t e r e l e me n t s

proposal 5 0 0 mph+ 5 0 0 mph+ di ri gi bl e possi e possi l abl r ge me a do w s f oblr el a y i n g range death1 5 0 0 mdeath

areas with flowers / planting ga s t r o n o mi c s p a c es

de s i ga n t e d n a t u r e r e s e r ve s p a c e 7 0 mph+ to l i f t the body

7 0 mph+ reliefied to l i f t the body

7 0 mph+

areas w i t h s ma l l s l o p e s / h i l l s to l i f t the body

me e t i n g + c o mmu n i c a t i o n p o i n t s f l o w e r b e ds p l a y gr o u n d s

alt it u de (m )

4 5 mph+ or 2 0 m/s to mov e or i mpede the body

1200m

0 within 1500

ad jace nt dis t rict s

ot he r dis t rict s

w i de r G e r ma n y

nature learning spaces

4 5 mph+ or

a r 2e0am/s s f o r a c t i ve r e2c0 rm/s e a t i o n + e xc e r c i s e

to mov e or Y E the AR i mpede body

to mov e or

Ae R d w a t e r b aYs iEnA R the n a t u r ai mpede l de Y s iEgn body

burj khal i f a 830m

proposal l ayers f l exi bl e range 3 0 0 m1000m

90 80

600m

70 fr equ en c y distr ibu tio n %

e m pire sta te 381m

empi re state 381m

50 40

H - 114m 5000 k w

H- 114m 5000 k w

H -8 0 m 800 kw

proposal l ayers f l exi bl e range 3 0 0 m1000m

0 particularly i mp o r t a n t proposal f o r ollayers de r a n d i mmi gr f l exi bla en t de morange gr a p h i c s 3 0 0 m1000m

wi thi n proposal range wi nd speeds of

8 to 2 2 mph or 4 to 1 0 m/s

gentl e breeze to f resh breeze categori zati on

gentl e breeze toPf resh o t ebreeze ntial categori zati on

city core 500m

510

1 01 5

al t it ud e (m )

0 5

X 25. 6

X 180. 6

SU M EnRt s Imm i gMra

t o uSrUi sMt sM E R

COLLECT

27. 90%

26. 71%

10. 52%

11. 70%

COLLECT

P e rc e n t a g e ≥ 6 5 y rs o f a g e

BATHE

61 51

510

30 0 10

86 56

051 0

510

WIND

GATHER

0 10

GATHER

- no ne o f t he e x -pe no cn t eedorfetghuel ar e x-w pn e i no cdnt e e sd poerfetd ghsuelar ar e xew pe i ncdt esd p er e g du s l ar ew i n d s p e e d s ar e 86 d a ng86e r o us o r i md pe a ndg eem r oouvseomr ei m nd tpan o e fdgp eeem ro oo p uvlseeo .m re im np t e od f e p emoopvl ee.m e n t o f p e o p l e .

BATHE

VISITOR POTENTIAL FROM EXISTING PARK ENTRANCES & DISTANCES

w ind s ope pe end-latrnhe adn gwei nodf st h pe epd -r otrh p an e o sgw al ei no ld ay f step hres em pdreoran an p og s al e o l ay f tehres p mre oan p o s al l ay e r s m e an ca lm d a y m oo ndae rcat alemcd l oay t h im nogo nd w aeoc ru at al l dembcd el oay nt h eim end g oedw deor at u l de b ce l on t hei e nd g ewdo u l d b e n e e d e d w hi l s t a t t he t o pwohil f tsht eatwti h ne d tso pp eweohdfi l tsr h an t eat gwetih nte d h etso rpm peal eod /f trhan e gwei ntdh es rpm eal e d/ r an g e t h e r m al / 95% 95% he a v i e r la ye r s whe o ulav d ib ee r l ray e qeur si r e wd hoe .uav ld ib e re l ay r e qeur si r e wdo.u l d b e r e q u i r e d .

95% 77

WIND

BATHE

510

WINTER

wi n d s p eed ( m/s) wi n d sp e e d ( m /sw) i nd s pe e d ( m / s )

Nov

0 mm Dec

J an

Feb

20%

3 0 ˚c

80%

2 0 ˚c

60% 40% 20%

0% 0% rn MgaFye b Ju u gaD p n O ct ov M a r A pJ ra n M aFye b J uM n a r J uAl p Ja Au S eJu pMnar O ct AlprN A ov M y eSceJu Ju l NA u g D eSc ep

AVERAGE RELATIVEAVERAGE HUMIDITY RELATIVEAVERAGE HUMIDITY RELATIVE HUMIDITY

O ct

te mpe rature

40%

100% te mpe rature

60%

relat ive hum idi ty

80%

0 d ays No v DecJan

10 d ays

1 0 ˚c 0 ˚c

-1 0 ˚c J an Nov Dec

F eb

1 0 ˚c 0 ˚c

No v

AVERAGE RAINY DAYS AVERAGE RAINY DAYS AVERAGE RAINY DAYS

max

mi n

min

-1 0 ˚c -1 0 ˚c Mar Apr J an May F eb J un Mar J ul Apr J an Aug May F eb Sep J un Mar Oct J ul AprNov Aug MayDec Sep J un Oct J ul Nov Aug Dec Sep

P AR K C O NTEXT | U s a g e a n d W e a t h e r D a t a

10 d ays

0 0 d ays dJul aysApAug Feb Mar Ap rJan MayFeb JunMar rJan May Sep Oc t JulNo Oc t JulNo vAug DecSep Oc t FebJun Mar ApvAug r Dec MaySepJun

300 hrs

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES AVERAGE TEMPERATURES AVERAGE TEMPERATURES

rai ny day s

10 d ays

AVERAGE RAINFALLAVERAGE RAINFALLAVERAGE RAINFALL

AVERAGE WIND SPEED AVERAGE WIND SPEED AVERAGE WIND SPEED 100%

2 0 mm

0 mm 0 mm F eb Mar AprJ an MayF eb J unMarJ ul Apr Aug Sep Oct Dec J an May F ebJ un MarJ ulNov Apr Aug MaySepJ un Oct J ulNovAug DecSep Oc t

rai ny day s

2 0 mm

rai ny day s

2 0 mm

6 0 mm 4 0 mm

20 d ays

Oc t

150 max hrs min 0 hrs No v Jan Dec Feb

300 hrs

Mar

150 hrs

300 hrs sunshi ne

0 0 A p rJ aM n a yF e b J u nM aJr u l A pArJuag M n aSyFeepbJuOn Mct arJu N l Aov pr A uDe M g ay cS e pJuO n ct Ju lN ovA u De g cS e p O ct

6 0 mm 4 0 mm

20 d ays

sunshi ne

F e b M ar

6 0 mm 4 0 mm

sunshi ne

p re c ipi tati on

20 d ays

8 0 mm

te mpe rature

8 0 mm p re c ipi tati on

p re c ipi tati on

8 0 mm

6 wi nd spe e d m / s

wi nd spe e d m / s

relat ive hum idi ty

( i n h a b i t a nt s )

RAINFALL

Average annual rainfall Average varies annual from 563 rainfall Average mmvaries to 855 annual from mm.563 rainfall In Germany mmvaries to 855from mm.563 In Ge m there is currently a growing there is currently interest in a the growing there promotion is currently interest ofin a household the growing promotion interest ofinhouse the rainwater collectionrainwater particularly collection at local rainwater particularly government collection atlevel. localparticularly government at level. local g

ope n -latnhe d on a 90

o pe n la n d 75 90

200m 61

ou tsk irts 98%

300m

30 0m

R A I N F A L L 1500m RAINFALL

The most frequent wind The most direction frequent is west wind The with most direction 21 frequent % of is allwest hours, wind with direction 21 % of isallwest hours, with 21 % of all hours, followed by southwest followed with 16 by%. southwest At both followed wind with directions 16 by%. southwest At both wind with 16 directions %. At both wind directions wind speeds > 4 m/s wind appear speeds with> the 4 m/s most wind appear frequency. speeds with > the 4 North m/s most appear frequency. with the North most frequency. North and north east are and represented north east as are wind and represented directions north east of asleast are wind represented directions of asleast wind directions of least frequency. frequency. frequency. 98%

94% o u t s k i r9 t s0 98%

100m

500m

i mmi gr a n t s

WIND

94% 4 0 0 m o ut s k i r t9s0

D i s t a nc e t o P a r k E nt r a nc e s

COLLECT

P e rc eSnUtMaMgEeR

city core

94%

GN NSSO AP P LRI C S O L A R D E S I G NS O A PL A P LRI CDAE TS II O LA DA E ST I O G N SA P P L I C A T I O N S 50 60 70 80 90 100

Solar for energy is popular Germany energy is popular - throughout Solar harnessing Germany forthroughout energy and is popular thr fr equ en c-ySolar ( m u harnessing ltiple c h o for ic- es poharnessing ssible) Berlin. Berlin. Berlin.

- Proposal is orientated and programmed to optimize and co - Proposal is orientated and programmed - Proposal to optimize is orientated and control and programmed gains andlevels give appropraite levels differing activities. solar gains and givesolar appropraite solar to differing gains and activities. give to appropraite levels to

gentl e breeze o f toVif resh si t obreeze rs To t a l categori zati on

VISITOR DEMOGRAPHICS

Summer time gives good levels which shouldlevels be caw - Summer time gives good sunlight levels - Summer whichsunlight should time gives be captured good sunlight VISITOR PREFERENCES FOR PRO GRAM MA T I-C for sustainable provision. energy provision. provision. energy for sustainable A D D I T I O N S T O P A Rfor K sustainable energy

wi thi n proposal range wi nd speeds of

H - 80m 800 k w

wi n d sp ee d ( m /sw ) i nd s pe e d ( m / sw) i nd s pe e d ( m / s ) 0 ≤ 15 yrs 15-64 yrs ≥ 65 yrs WCI N OD N TSEPXETE DWCI N ODN TSEPXETE D of CO N T E X T of age age of age

10 05

H- 114m 5000 kw

H - 80m 800 k w

Site:Time Tem Lat:Lon 52.

e m pire state 381m

b a r b e q u e a r e as

a r e a s w i t h p a n o r a mi c vi e w s o f c i t y

800m

Site:Time: Tempelhof 12.00 Lat:Long: 52.4713.4

/ 0661° / 2015 - Sun 21 Angle 21 / 06 / 2015 - Sun 21 Angle / 06 6 / 0119° / 2015 - Sun 27 Angle 27 / 01 / 2015 - Sun 27 Angle / 01 1 / 1215° / 2015 - Sun 21 Angle 21 / 12 / 2015 - Sun 21 Angle / 12 1

a r e a s f o r c o mme r c i a l u s e

VISITOR PLACE OF ORIGIN bu rj k h alifa 830m

Site: Tempelhof Lat: 52.47

a r e a s f o r e n e r gy ge n e r a t i o n + s o l a r u s e

abroad

1000m

200m

+ playing

2000m

400m

l a r ge t r e es

the human body &

e n c l wi o snd e dspeed recreation space

150 hrs

0 0 hrs hrs Jan Feb Mar May Jun Oc Jul Aug Sep ApJan r May Feb Jun Mar Jul Ap r Aug May Sep Jun OcJul tAp rNo Aug v Dec Sep t No v Dec

AVERAGE SUNSHINEAVERAGE HOURS SUNSHINEAVERAGE HOURS SUNSHINE HOURS

Oc t

ARCHITECTURE AS MEDIATI ON

ARCHITECTURE AS AMPLIFICATION

AT MOSPHERIC VARIABLES

AMPLIFIED AT MOSPHERIC VARIABLES

Electromagnetic, thermodynamic, soundwaves, chemical composition

Localisied and intensified to create space

H U M AN C O NTEXT | T h e B o d y a n d A r c h i t e c t u r e

co n c e p t S Of the Site

1. Tempelhof ’s History of Flight | The inspiration for this was found in the rich history of flight identified in our initial reading the site Tempelhof, a former airfield. Events such as the Wright brothers test flights, “Lighter than Air Machines”, AKA Hot air balloon testing and the Berlin Airlift are all integral to the site’s narrative of invention. 2. The Contested Void | The studio theme for the thesis was the “Contested Void.” We thought of the contested void as a three dimensional space, focusing as much on the vertical as the vast horizons. We perceive landscapes as a being a combination of both and sky and earth. But too frequently when laying out landscapes for the likes of parks and gardens, designers only think about the ground surface. Surely a landscape of only ground design is incomplete? We began thinking about the void as not only on the ground plane but as a truly vast three dimensional space with Berlin. 3. Berliners and Tempelhof | No where has the nature of the contested void been more apparent than in the recent referendum to retain the park as an untouched public field. This touches on aspects of Berlin’s history as a place of protest, experimentation and change. The proposal seeks to respect the Berliner’s wishes in the referendum. By inhabiting the vertical we can enhance park experience by creating a broad range of park and civic space with new atmospheres, scales, and vantages giving the phenomenological pleasure of being ungrounded to Berliner’s and visitors alike.

co n c e p t S The Intangible of the Sky

4. Cloud | “A cloud is a new image for architecture. Clouds appear as phenomenon of nature. Architecture that floats lightly in the air...transparent and intricate like an airflow, vast and enormous but even then having no substance...in something lying between natural phenomena and built structure there may be new potential for architecture.” Junya Ishigami

2. Air | Air is the one of the main structural materials of the proposal. Air influences both natural and digital cloud forms. The proposal is therefore conceptually, technically and philosophically bound to air. At its most basic air supplies human and other planetary life with critical oxygen and provides non stop access to information for sustaining life. Air allows our bodies to become aware of our location whether it deep at sea or at altitude. Air acts as an information channel in nature by carrying scents of desire and danger to plants and animals along with electromagnetic, radiation and sound waves. Today humans saturate air with electronic data be it phone, mobile, email or satelitte. This contradicts the notion of air as empty or void. Humans have always had a fascination with lightness and the fantasy of becoming weightless. 3. Dematerialisation | “Neither pillars nor rafters not the construction itself is the goal of architecture. Since the erection of the totem pole, the goal has been dematerialisation. The dream has always neem release from the force of gravity.” Wolf D. Prix

^ 1 - altocumulus 2 - altostratus

^ 3 - cirrocumulus 4 - cirrostratus

5 - cirrus 6 - cumulonimbus

The sun and cloud cover combine to drench the sky in a variety of colour. Can these subtle shifts be mirrored in an architecture which adapts and reflects its immediate encroaching surrounds.

S K Y | C l o u d a n d We a t h e r

7 - cumulus 8 - stratocumulus

Behind a Little House Project Manuel Cosentino

noctilucent (special cloud form)

-90

100

-66

-2

50 nacreous (special cloud form)

-46

-56

18 cumulonimbus

-56

16 14

-56 + cloud pressure

high clouds

-56 -50

intracloud lightning

charge at -15°c

cirrus cirrocumulus

cirrostratus 10

- cloud pressure

low clouds

middle clouds

-37

-24

snow formation at high altitude

altocumulus

altostratus

-11 freezing level varies +2 +8 +15

cloud to ground lightning

stratus cumulus

stratocumulus

2 1

fog

precipitation - rain - hail - snow - sleet type based on air temp. & fronts

“A cloud is one new image for architecture. Clouds appear as a phenomenon of nature. Architecture that floats lightly in the air, soft and fluffy like a cloud, transparent and intricate like an airflow, vast and enormous but even then having no substance. In something lying between natural phenomena and built structure there may be a new potential for architecture.” Junya Ishigami SKY

| C l o u d a n d We a t h e r

Above | Shown is “cloud seeding,” which is the process of “sowing,” clouds by dispersing large quantites of condensed nuclei of silver iodine or other substances. This can create or prevent precipitation and clean pollutants.

Clouds change shape, setting into an array of forms depending on various conditions and stable qualities found in the surrounds.

S K Y | C l o u d a n d We a t h e r

Above | Effects of cloud seeding Alto-stratus clouds over Green Bay, Labrador 45 minutes after seeding commenced

Stages of cloud growth

Representations of the meteorologist James Glaisherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s balloon expedition through the clouds in 1863. On the journey he encountered rain, thunder and fog, and experienced temperature extremes from the blazing heat of summer to the biting cold of winter. This inspires a contemplation of architecture where the vast scale of the sky can inspire direct shaping of our internal environments. As with the sky and cloud this architecture could also blend completely in with its surrounding environment whilst engaging season, weather and scenery.

Smog & pollution over New York (above). Clouds reflect the current state of the atmosphere, rather as a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s face reflects their moods. Whereas atmosphere is often regarded as invisible, clouds by their presence or absence are a visible and constant reminder of the state of our environment.

SKY

| C l o u d a n d We a t h e r

GRO GU RO ND U SNUDRSFUARC FA E C- ET E -MTPEEML H PE OLFH R OEFCRL EACI M LA E IDM E D

N 2 5 0 M2 5 0 M

S U PSEURPSEURRSFUARC FA E C- ES K-Y SRKEYARPEPAR POPPRROI AP TREI A DTED

S K Y | A N e w F i e l d f o r Te m p e l h o f , a N e w P e r s p e c t i v e o n B e r l i n

A cloud A cloud d oesd oes not not know know why why it mov it mov es inesjust in just suchsuch a d irection a d irection and and at such at such a speed... a speed... It feels It feels an impulsion... an impulsion... this this is the is the place place to go to now. go now. But the But the

sky reasons the patterns all will will you you lift yourself lift yourself highhigh enough enough to see to see beyond beyond horizons. horizons. M ATERIAL | A L i g h t e r t h a n A i r A r c h i t e c tsky u rknows e knows - theDthe e -reasons m aand t eand r i athe l i patterns s a t behind i o nbehind oallf clouds, S uclouds, r f and a c and eyouayou n dknow, B know, o utoo, n too, dwhen a -when Richard Richard Bach Bach

250M

M INING THE S K Y | R e n e w a b l e

Energies

GAS COAL

building materials PEAT OIL

past

SOLAR

KINETIC

HYDRO

fu t u r e We look to a sustainable future where extracting fossil fuels as our main energy source is a thing of the past. We envision further environmental initiative that benefits all mankind.

urban squeeze

up l i f t Today global population increases have resulted in overpopulated cities leaving the earths atmosphere largely uninhabited.

P R O P O S AL C O N C E P T S | A t m o s p h e r e

energy

l a n dsc a p e Our proposal seeks to merge recreational landscape and energy production - combining the beautiful with the useful. This will redefine the relationship between energy and the city.

n e w l a n dsc a p e The result is a skyscape that fuses experience with energy resulting in a new architecture of amplified atmospheres and environmental engagement.

c l oud fo r m

co n t i n uous skysc a p e

The layered skyscape is influenced by cloud forms and creates a continuous journey through different amplified atmospheres and experiences. The standard journey entails arrival at the top layer and subsequent descent through each unique layer.

Intra layer circ.

Secondary direct circ. to public forum

dirigible access to layers of skyscape

Cental Circ. 2 x Express dirigibles to top layer 2 x Regulat dirigibles stop at each layer

a sc e n t & d e sc e n t Access to the skyscape is via dirigibles connected to the centralised cable system. There are a number of circulation options with express ascent to the top layer taking 10 minutes. This slow ascent is a deliberate lo-fi journey of experiential pleasure.

P R O P O S AL C O N C E P T S | F o r m

cables held in tension by dirigibles

structural cross bracing

cables in tension tethered at ground level

s t r uc t u r a l susp e n s i o n The extremely lightweight graphene structure is tethered to the ground and held in tension by hydrogen filled dirigibles at 1500-2000m (H at low pressures). The cross bracing cables act in both tension and compression like a stent structure.

summer expansive / open

winter tighter / protective

altitude variablility dependeant on air temp, pressure & weather

s e a so n a l & d i u r n a l The skyscape changes height and form diurnally and seasonally dependant on the air pressure, temperature and severity of weather. This will have a fluxuating impact on the hydrogen in the dirigbles. The changes of height will be a highly visual expression of time and season.

void for rainwater to collect on hydro layer

perimeter rainwater collection

H20 by product of hydrogen

H20 for aeroponics

cloud lake

R/W basin Heated pools

air & water Air and water are architectural materials in this project providing atmosphere, experience, heat and cooling. Water changes state within the cloud creating an architecture of constant flux.

2d material 1 atom thick

graphene

F LEXI B ILIT Y

weather Nanoengineering graphene will enable response to human interaction and weather, creating new architectural language, atmospheres and experiences.

P R O P O S AL C O N C E P T S | W e a t h e r

concave

windbine diffusers

windbine diffusers convex

topography

wind break edge

W IN D

A C O U S TI C S

Wind strategy consists of a partially porous wind break edge diffusing incoming wind at source. Additionally undulating topography creates areas of relief within. These are responsive to the wind direction. The windbines on the surface above and below also act as diffusers and harness the wind energy.

The windbines and responsive undulating topography act to direct, amplify or deaden sound depending on requirements. This is particularly important for audible comfort from wind in relief areas.

translucency /mid season voids

transparency / regular state

opaque / overheating

uplift

V ENTILATI O N

LIGHT C O NTR O L

The incoming winds provide airflow throughout. Porosity throughout the structure avoids tunneling effects and takes advantage of any stack effect to aid structural uplift.

radiant heat fields

indoor fissure

Variation and resposiveness is crucial to seasonal and dirurnal light control. The tunable nature of graphene allows switchable surfaces that can oscillate between opacity, transparency and translucency providing an array of lighting qualities.

solar heated water indoor fold

e x t e r i o r HEATE D S P A C E / i n t e r i o r s Outdoor heated zones provide respite from the elements. Solar heated water is pumped under the surface skin, creating radiant heat fields.Indoor support areas are architectually integrated by using geological forms of fissures, cracks and folds within the surface to create spaces.

ENERG Y S O U R C Es All sources that run the skyscape are fully renewable and sustainable. The solar field provides heat and electricity. Hydrogen and electricity are created from air. Aero & hydroponics air scrub and provide produce. Kinetic energy and electricity are harvested from wind and movement. Rainwater is harvested throughout.

GRA P HENE | C o n c e p t I m a g e f r o m t h e N e w Yo r k e r

M a t e r i a l Graphene

ighter than air architecture is not conceivable with traditional building materials. We began exploring cutting edge materials and processes that could potentially achieve the performance required for the design. Graphene is an innovative material under significant research today. Graphene’s inherent strength, lightness and flexiblility make it the perfect material from which to create a lighter than air proposal.

Graphene is a single layer of graphite. It is called a 2D material as it extends in only two dimensions, length and width; the third dimension, height, is considered to be zero as the material is only one atom thick. Alongside its exciting mechanical properties graphene exhibits amazing optical, thermal, chemical and electrical qualities and tunability. The proposal capitalizes upon these to enhance and speculate upon future energy generation. A holistic integration of aesthethics, tectonics and energy is made possible. Today graphenes potential extends to the electronics energy storage and biomedical fields. With further innovations these applications will have architectural implications. Our thesis explores these boundaries with the intention

of finding a new architectural language of de-materialization and ephemerality. Attempts to isolate graphene on other single surface crystals had been on-going since the 70s but strong interactions with these surfaces had always prevented its isolation. This was until 2004 when two researchers at the University of Manchester, Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov managed to isolate a single layer of graphene by an extremely low tech process, continually sticking and unpeeling tape to a crystal of graphite. The thin residue on the tape was then studied at the nano level. The results caused an explosion of excitement across the scientific community. According to Geim, the influx of money and researchers has speeded up the usual time line to practical usage. “We started with submicron flakes, barely seen even in an optical microscope,” he says. “I never imagined that by 2009, 2010, people would already be making square metres of this material. It’s extremely rapid progress.” He adds, “Once someone sees that there is a gold mine, then very heavy equipment starts to be applied from many different research areas. When people are thinking, we are quite inventive animals.”

“Our research establishes graphene as the strongest material ever measured, some 200 times stronger than structural steel. It would take an elephant, balanced on a pencil, to break through a sheet of graphene the thickness of cling film.” James Hone, Professor of Mechanical Engineering - Columbia University

graphite (3D) carbon nanotubes (1D)

fullerenes (0D)

graphene (2D)

diamond (3D)

“It’s the thinnest possible material you can imagine. It also has the largest surface-to-weight ratio: with one gram of graphene you can cover several football pitches... it’s also the strongest material ever measured; it’s the stiffest material we know; it’s the most stretchable crystal. That’s not the full list of superlatives, but it’s pretty impressive.” Andre Geim, 2010 Nobel Prize winner in Physics for his work on graphene

GRA P HENE | E x p e r t V i e w s

GRA P HENE | P r o p e r t i e s

GRA P HENE | T h e N a n o S c a l e

The elegance of graphene under magnification inspired aspects of the proposals language. The materials lightness and ephemerality extends to the nano scale, sparking a desire in our thinking to think beyond the traditional architectural scales.

architectural Use Graphene has been utilizied within architecture in a number of real and speculative ways including those shown above. 1 - Santiago Calatravaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, Spain | Graphene paint 2 - Hydra Tesla Skyscraper | Graphene as hydrogen and electricity generator 3 - Space Elevator | Graphene as structural material

GRA P HENE | C u r r e n t C o n t e x t

cou n t r i e s w i t h mos t g r a p h e n e p a t e n t s

t op t e n i n s t i t u t i o n s w i t h t h e mos t p a t e n t s

graphene patents The diagrams above demonstrate how many patents and papers have been filed for graphene in the last number of years showing that its development is at the forefront of both science and economics today.

M ATERIAL | H i s t o r y o f I n v e n t i o n

M.I.T Self Assembly Lab 4D Printing - Self-Folding Strand into 3D Cube

Graphene Aerogel is currently the lightest material in existence.

Stereolithography Printing Rapid advancements in speed and intricacy.

Nano Engineering and Design at Caltech Individual components are inherently strong at the nano level.

M.I.T Self Assembly Lab - Complex Self-Evolving Deformations

M.I.T Self Assembly Lab - Adaptable infrastructure: pipes that expand and contract according to need. M ATERIAL | P r e s e n t a n d F u t u r e I n n o v a t i o n s

S P E C TRAL P RE S EN C E | P r o p o s a l a b o v e T e m p e l h o f

P R O P O S AL Skyscape

From the beginning we envisioned our roles as architects for the proposal as that of an explorer, discovering new boundaries, material qualities and atmospheres.

Therefore the goal is for a universal and symbolic statement, that aesthetics and experience can be combined, or directly derived, from the complex tectonics of sustainable energy provision.

Traditionally architecture has been seen as walls and energy as a fuel for filling these walls. In the current climate a more holistic and integrated approach is required to meet the challenges of today head on.

The proposal threads the line between architecture, infrastructure and landscape. Each layer looks to build a new type of energy relationship with the people through engaging the senses on a journey of discovery and activity.

“The greatest challenge facing architecture and our broader society today is the need for advancements in harnessing energy,” Sean Lally

“The new type of art will be more like a power station, a producer of new energy.” Alexander Dorner

W EATHER S E C TI O N | L a y e r s o f P r o p o s a l

Sun - solar

Air - hydrogen

Wind - kinetic

Wa t e r -hydro

Distribution - dirigibles

Dirigible Ascent

LA Y ER S | P r o g r a m

WIND SPEED KEY 120%+ 100%-120%

< Wind Direction

Wind break edge condition forms to meet strong prevailing winds when required. This reduces stronger wind speeds at periphery meaning a safer boundary condition.

The edge graphene material is transparent & semi porous creating a more sheltered zone behind with little turbulence and minimal distruption to views.

Undulating landscape can form to break the flow of stonger winds providing relief areas behind.

60%-80% 50%-60%

10m wind break

40%-50%

80%-100%

30%-40% 20%-30% below 20%

SECTIONAL RESPONSE - KINETIC LAYER

WIND STRATEGY

Relief & shelter directly behind wind break edge allows views to be experienced & periphery inhabitation

Relief & shelter directly behind wind break edge

South west edge & Prevailing wind Direction

Whiter areas signify highest wind points

Dips in landscape provide relief

ARCHITECTURE AS MEDIATION Extent of edge movement (20%)

Smart nodes connected to vertical structure manipulate landscape to respond to wind.

Edge of plane can adjust to suit wind condition

ARCHITECTURE AS AMPLIFICATION

N 0

PLAN RESPONSE - KINETIC LAYER

100m

2100 1875

VONDELPARK

1865

1606

1200 GOLDEN GATE PARK

1 MILLION

10 MILLION

VONDELPARK

ROSENBERG CASTLE GARDENS

TIERGARTEN

KELVINGROVE PARK

2.5

PROSPECT PARK

10 TEMPELHOF FELD

1.5

ANNUAL VISITORS

A S C ENT | V i e w f r o m T e r m i n a l

20 MILLION

30 MILLION

40 MILLION

CENTRAL PARK

PROPOSAL

1200

TEMPELHOF FELD

1425

DATES OF INCEPTION

KELVINGROVE PARK NEW YORK

AMSTERDAM

VONDELPARK

ROSENBERG CASTLE GARDENS

GLASGOW BERLIN

COPENHAGEN

SAN FRANCISCO BERLIN

PROSPECT PARK

GOLDEN GATE PARK TIERGARTEN KELVINGROVE PARK TEMPELHOF FELD

BROOKLYN

CENTRAL PARK

40 ACRES

ROSENBERG CASTLE GARDENS

85 ACRES

120 ACRES

VONDELPARK

1650

ROSENBERG CASTLE GARDENS

TIERGARTEN

1852

TIERGARTEN

KELVINGROVE PARK

CENTRAL PARK

1857

1867

PROSPECT PARK

GOLDEN GATE PARK

GOLDEN GATE PARK PROSPECT PARK

585 ACRES 520 ACRES TEMPELHOF FELD

953 ACRES BERLIN

PROPOSAL

SCALES PARK COMPARISON

PROPOSAL

CENTRAL PARK

843 ACRES

1017 ACRES

PROPOSAL

293 ACRES

W IN D D E S IGN | R e s p o n s i v e A r c h i t e c t u r e

0m 25 50

4 2

3 7 6

extent of kinetic layer

1 2 3 4

05 SOLAR

a s ce n t t o k i n e t i c l a y e r ( a f o o t ) d e s ce n t t o ci r c. l a y e r ( a f o o t ) a s ce n t / d e s ce n t p o i n t ( d i r i g i b l e ) lake

5 - rainwater harvesting pool 6 - heated and cool pools 7 - interior support spaces

02 WATER

3 5 4

1 2 3 4

EROPONICS

a s ce n t t o w a t e r l a y e r ( a f o o t ) m a i n a s ce n t / d e s c e n t p o i n t ( d i r i g i b l e ) p u b l i c f o r u m a s ce n t / d e s c e n t ( d i r i g i b l e ) i n t r a l a y e r a s ce n t / d e s c e n t ( d i r i g i b l e )

5 - main control at supersurface level

01 CIRCULATION

6 1

1 - m a i n a s ce n t / d e s c e n t t e r m i n a l ( d i r i g i b l e ) 4 - p a v i l l i o n s 2 - s e co n d a r y a s ce n t / 5 - existing runways d e s ce n t p o i n t (d i ri g i b l e ) 3 - m a i n co n t r o l + e n e r g y d i s t r i b u t i o n

03 KINETIC

LA Y ER S | P l a n s

00 GROUND SURFACE

150m

LAYER PLAN

4 2 5

1 - d e s ce n t t o h y d r o g e n l a y e r ( a f o o t ) 2 - a s ce n t / d e s c e n t p o i n t ( d i r i g i b l e ) 3 - photovoltaic responsive surface

4 - solar to electrical energy processing + distribution 5 - heated viewpoints throughout

05 SOLAR

1 2 3 4

a s c ent t o kinet ic la yer (a foot ) d es c ent t o c ir c . la yer (a foot ) a s c ent / d es c ent point (d ir ig ible) la ke

1 2 3 4

a s c ent t o w a t er la yer (a foot ) m a in a s c ent / d es c ent point (d ir ig ible) pu blic for u m a s c ent / d es c ent (d ir ig ible int r a la yer a s c ent / d es c ent (d ir ig ible)

2 1 5

04 HYDROGEN

1 2 3 4 5

ascent to solar layer (afoot) descent to kinetic layer (afoot) ascent / descent point (dirigible) hydrogen creation hydrogen + electricity processing + distribution 6 - aeroponics and hydroponics

AEROPONICS

1 2

7 3

1 2 3 4

a s ce n t t o h y d r o g e n l a y e r ( a f o o t ) d e s ce n t t o w a t e r l a y e r ( a f o o t ) a s ce n t / d e s c e n t p o i n t ( d i r i g i b l e ) public forum

5 - k i n e t i c m a ze 6 - k i n e t i c f i e l d w i t h h e a t e d zo n e s 7 - kinetic to electrical energy processing + distribution

03 KINETIC

1 - m a in a s c ent / d es c ent t er m ina l (d ir ig ib 2 - s ec ond a r y a s c ent / d es c ent point (d ir ig ible) 3 - m a in c ont r ol + ener g y d is t r ibu t ion

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Architecture may be something between artificial and natural; perhaps when we speak about a cloud-like architecture, we could imagine architecture made up of air and light rather than a wall.â&#x20AC;? Sou Fujimoto

Air Layer | Cloud Seeding

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Anyone who should see in the sky such a globe should be aware that, far from being an alarming phenomenon, it is only a machine made of light canvas covered with paper, that cannot possibly cause any harm, and which will someday prove serviceable to the wants of society.â&#x20AC;? French government proclamation issued to allay confusion about the first balloon flights, 1784.

K INETI C LA Y ER | P u b l i c F o r u m

S TR U C T U RE | O v e r v i e w i n S e c t i o n

S t r uc t u r e Principles and Assembly

tudying natural cloud forms and qualities provided inspiration to generate a structure which concerned itself with dematerialisation of structural elements and boundary which in turn can create ethereal spatial atmospheres.

The cloud in the 21st century can also be an invisible network of connectivity and information. These formless forms are an interesting parallel with the goal to dematerialise the structure and material of the cloud. “Architecture depends on its time. It is the crystallization of its inner structure, the slow unfolding of its form.” Ludwig Mies van der Rohe The proposals layers are located within the 500m to 1500m altitude range with an ability to move flexibly within that range. The entire structure is tethered to the ground via structural cables and held in tension by hydrogen filled dirigibles at 2000m. The proposal is primarily external space with some internal support space. The structure can be envisioned as somewhat like a giant space frame holding the layers rigid in all directions. The hydrogen created by the proposal is stored within the build up of each layer providing constant buoyancy and uplift. The hydrogen is stored at low densities and temperatures meaning risk is negated. At the ground level directly below a central hub exists which monitors and controls aspects of the proposals position, movement and transport links.

“The design of matter should matter to designers.” Peter Yeadon The proposals construction and assembly works on the principles of Programmable Matter and 4-D printing. Programmable Matter is the science, engineering and design of physical matter that has the ability to change form and/or function in a programmable manner. 4D Printing, where the 4th dimension is time, is one recent example of P.M. that allows objects to be printed and self-transform in shape and material property when subjected to energy. The materials can exhibit actuation, sensing and material logic. The potential of these emerging technologies are applied within the proposal. The concept is to print a lightweight structure and skin using graphene that can respond to small electrical and thermodynamic energy inputs to transform its form. These inputs can be from human interface or the surrounding weather and conditions. The entire structure becomes a central nervous system, intelligent and responsive. The system extends from the macro to nano scales. A stent structure is present at all levels in skin and structure meaning the proposal deals equally well with tension and compression. This dynamic structure offers new possibilities for peoples interaction with architecture and environment.

< 10 KG

GRAPHENE SAMPLE

4-D PRINTING + SELF ASSEMBLY

TOTAL WEIGHT OF STRUCTURE

S EL F HEALING M ATERIAL

DIRIGIBLE + PLANE BUOYANCY FROM HYDROGEN

S TENT n a n o S TR U C T U RE

At the nano level the graphene contains a designed stress-sensitive catalyst incorporated at printing stage. This reacts to mechnaical stress or damage by sending a signal that starts a polymerization reaction, reinforcing the material precisely at the place and the time it is needed and that can make reactions happen again and again.

Again at the micro level the graphene adopts a stent shaped structure and principles. This allows the entire strucutre to deal with varying levels of tension and compression, taking advantage of graphenes ability to extend 20% beyond its original length and return to that state without degradation.

solar energy energy routes

solar energy centre

centre pavillion

brain H energy centre hydrogen route to below

electrical energy route to below

energy route to city energy distribution

ENERG Y r ou t e s

C o n t r o l & d i s t r i bu t i o n

Each layer contains a energy centre which processes and converts the raw energy produced by the graphene layers. This is then sent through dedicated structural cables to where it is needed or to an energy distribution centre on the ground below.

The â&#x20AC;&#x153;brainâ&#x20AC;? of the proposal is located centrally underground and tied into the entire graphene structural nervous system sending electrical signals upward for control & action. Below this is an energy distribution hub sending electricity and hydrogen to the city grid.

S TR U C T U RAL C O N C E P T S | S t r u c t u r e a n d M a t e r i a l

cable tie chamber

Input Movement controlled by human interface. The graphene based surface is thermally + haptically senstive.

Reaction By touching the surface with your palm, electrical signals are sent throughout enlivening the surface and allowing the creation of different small scale forms.

Output Endless patterns of use become possible limited only by imagination.

Variance No two visits to the cloud become the same.

Climate Creation of micro climates and reaction to climate changes at a local scale become possible. S U R F A C E SCUO S| v ePm R FNACCE EP TC O NMCo E T Se n|t , IRnet se pr of ancs ee aa nn dd RVeasrpi oa nb is lei t y

SSTTRRUUCCTTUURRAALL DDEEVVEELLOOPPM MEENNTT

S TR U C T U RAL C O N C E P T S | S k e t c h S t u d i e s

STRUCTURAL RESEARCH

100m

Adding in a second layer of offset columns to densify the structure creating structure at 50m grid diagonally might alleviate the lack of cross bracing.

From calculations done to calculate the span/depth of graphene it was determined that a span of 2.5mm would span 100m without defelction. (see table above)

Densifying columns + layer proximity

Wind loading

The initial structural grid investigated proposed was with straight cables and horizontal planes.

pro: simplicity of construction cons: While the spans could be achieved the lateral support could be an issue

Adding in a second layer of offset columns to densify the structure creating structure at 50m grid diagonally might alleviate the lack of cross bracing.

Altering the height of the planes where activity might be located was also investigated allowing the structure to have less affect on the planes

pro: simplicity of construction cons: This would require doubling of hydrogen ballons which would not be an efficient use of this resource.

S TR U C T U RAL IN V E S TIGATI O N | D e v e l o p i n g t h e F o r m

Altering the height of the planes where activity might be located was also investigated allowing the structure to have less affect on the planes

pro: simplicity of construction cons: This would require doubling of hydrogen ballons which would not be an efficient use of this resource.

STRUCTURAL RESEARCH

When we examined a more complex grid system we looked at the implications this would have on the elastic properties of Graphene.

The structural cables system we found to be most suitable was where cables intertwined but was not overly coplicated.

Wind loading resisted by intetgral cross braced structure

While this pleated cable option started to create a more complex aesthetic ondition and more structurally sound proposal it would be extremely complex to allow 20% growth in the structure with this many points of contact with skin

pro: architectural language cons: Too complex for structural flexibility and over engineered

It acts somewhat like a space frame which is one of the most efficient steel forms. With the lightness of Graphene we propose this as an efficient structural solution.

pro: architectural language simple and elegant

THE â&#x20AC;&#x153;STRUCTURALâ&#x20AC;? NERVOUS SYSTEM

The planes and cables are printed in a 4D graphene material composite that responds to energy inputs. The structure is reactive like a central nervous system which embedded electronics and pneumatics and sensors that respond to electric signals dynamically changing the form and space resulting in changing constant evolution in the design.

design based on tree like structure

03 cable splits into further 4 1/4 and is printed into layer 02 Cable printed in 4 1/4 of original cable and is bonded to reach wider grid

01 Balloon and cable printed

< D E T AIL C ABLE / PLANE

The planes and cables are printed in a 4D graphene composite that responds to energy inputs. The structure is reactive like that of a central nervous system. The embedded electronic and sensory capabilities of graphene mean that the structure can pick up and send signals to allow constant change in form and space.

S TR U C T U RAL P RIN C I P LE S

| Structural Nervous System

Cables at max 25m intervals throughout structure changing in height to accommodate different programme

THE “STRUCTURAL” NERVOUS SYSTEM The layers and cables haev an elasticity of 20% before deformation this is utilised to manipulate the structure to create different spaces The dirigibles keep the structure in tension pulling against the fixed points at ground level.

20% of length MIT SELF ASSEMBLY LAB Programmable materials concept for water tubes- above couldare beMITs utilised in structural cablesresearch. to Shown Programmable materials transfer water / hydrogen thecables tension This research could be applied and in thecontrol structural to in structure transfer water or hydrogen and control the tension within the structure

MIT SELF ASSEMBLY LAB

Programmable carbon reacting to input

S T R U C T U R E W I T H I N S K IN

The layers and structural cables use graphene’s ability to extend or stretch 20% above its original length and return to it without deformation. This allows structural flexibility and the creation of different spaces and seasonal responses.

Control System

4D Printers arrive on site Printable Graphene Solution

1 . Site excavated with provision for 3d printing equipment- horizontal and vertical. The Control System where the design is loaded will be installed. This will be connected wirelessly to printers and communicate the design

4 . The Graphene Hydorgen filled Balloons (GHB)are the first structural element to be printed as they will create tension in structure and suspend the horizontal layers as they print.

7 . When the cables have been to designed height the horizontal printer bed will kick into action printing the horizontal planes around the vertical structure.

P RINTING P R O C E S S | G r o w i n g t h e S t r u c t u r e

2 . Stereo-lithogrpahy tanks installed on on 50m grid which will be the production system for the Vertical Structure

5 . The GHB push through the roof which is printed of intelligent programmable graphene nanocomposite that can self seal. See section 01

8 . This combination of vertical and horizontal printing continues until the complete structure is printed. The balloons are then inflated to full size and lift the structure to full height providing tension. The printing system acts as control center for the structure.

2 . 4D printing machines installed on site. The first application of the 4D printers is to print the roof structure that will protect the rest of the process from wind damage or chemical interference while process is underway

6 . The Balloons are connected to the (nervous system that connects through the complete structure) and react to signals to lift structure and create necessary tension.

9 . Graphene as a material has 20% elasticity before deformation. This trait is utilised in structure manipulating the skin via cable structure to create different environmental and experiential spaces within the design.

PRINTED PROCESS These sectional diagrams attempt to explain the process of structure unfolding from the ground using the tension

4D material can react to energy input to open and close

1. The Graphene Balloons filled with Hydrogen will push through the roof skin

4. When the cables have reached the required height the horizontal plane is printed.

2. These Balloons will push through the roof skin to designed height

3. The graphene is 4D printed self assembling into programmed structural from

5. The planes and cables are retained under the roof to keep the structural integrity before it is released.

6. The structure continues to grow upward from the base with planes being printed into cables

COMPRESSION AND RELEASE OF PLANES

7. When the printing is completed the roof is removed and the strucuture unfolds like an accordian. The planes are tensioned around cables using the electromagnetic control that runs through the whole structure.

Planes are flattened and compressed under protective roof until structure is fully printed

8. The cable and planes are connected and released via the electronic signals embedded in both. these allow the planes to be fixed at the correct height in the structure as it is released.

As they are released the cables are also released allowing the planes to move up with the pull of balloons

When the planes have reached the correct height the cables will be fixed in place by electric charge sent throught the structural nervous system

P RINTING P R O C E S S | G r o w i n g t h e S t r u c t u r e

PRINTING THE DIRIGIBLES

The dirigible would also need to be suppling the resin and at a certain altitude this might be difficult to feed

A Printer head attached to the dirigible that prints vertically as it moves upward was a possibility we considered

Hydrogen pumped into dirigible via structural cable when it is printed Cables pull balloon vertically from Resin vat

Laser/ UV light

HOW M

The main issue with this idea being that how would to create quality control in bad weather conditions. Building a protective structure would be inefficient way to proceed with this project

Molecular Engineered Resin

Resin source from main supply

24M DIAMETER DIRIGIBLES 133â&#x20AC;&#x2122;549 L HYDROGEN

V E R TPLANESICAL PRINTING: 9.2kG printing bottom up - proposed option

VERTICAL PRINTING : printinting top down

CABLES 0.0173MG/M2

While the structure itself weighs at most dead loads of people, furniture, water a add significant loads to the structure.

We have calculated that if 1000 people cloud at once that would be a loading If we are to process and store rainwater year that is another 5000 tonnes approx

I have allowed some room in these calc approximations- see table above.

DEAD LOADS 5000 TONNES LIVE LOAD 80 TONNES

HOW MANY BALLOONS?

FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING current process and scale

STEREOLITHOGRAPHY current process and scale

24M DIAMETER DIRIGIBLES 133â&#x20AC;&#x2122;549 L HYDROGEN

PLANES9.2kG

The Hydrogen filled balloons have a lift o result in dirigiblesof 24m diameter to off The dirigibles should therefore be sized a allow for greater upward thrust to allow and variability in the structure.

As graphene is impermeable to hydrog be constantly refilled but only topped u tension and dirurnal and seasonal cycle also be transported and stored at low p dangers.

Although the main space is loacted at a on the building are not going to be trad would be seen on a regular buildign du the structure and the structures ability a with teh building. Therefore we believe considerably less than average of 1200N

While the structure itself weighs at most 10kg the live loads and dead loads of people, furniture, water and hydrogen storage add significant loads to the structure. We have calculated that if 1000 people were to occupy the cloud at once that would be a loading of roughly 80 tonnes If we are to process and store rainwater for various uses for a year that is another 5000 tonnes approximately I have allowed some room in these calculations as they are approximations- see table above.

CABLES 0.0173MG/M2 DEAD LOADS 5000 TONNES LIVE LOAD 80 TONNES

The Hydrogen filled balloons have a lift of 1.2kg / l which would result in dirigiblesof 24m diameter to offset these loads The dirigibles should therefore be sized at 24 m diameter to allow for greater upward thrust to allow for increased tension and variability in the structure. As graphene is impermeable to hydrogen it would not need to be constantly refilled but only topped up for these changes in tension and dirurnal and seasonal cycles. The hyrdogen would also be transported and stored at low pressures to avoid any dangers. Although the main space is loacted at altitude the wind loads on the building are not going to be traditional loading that HISTORY OF PNEUMATIC DEVICES AT TEMPLEHOF would be seen on a regular buildign due to the thinness of How many weight can a structure like this carry the structure and the structures ability and intention to move with teh building. Therefore we believe the wind load will be considerably less than average of 1200N/M2

P RINTING P R O C E S S | D i r i g i b l e s

FUTURE PROPOSAL: CONCEPT How much weight would a structure like

SERVICES DISTRIBUTION

GRAPHENE CABLES Location - Throughout proposal

VERTICAL CABLE DISTRIBUTION VThe E Rprimary T I C A Lstructure C A B L EofDvertical I S T R I Bcables U T I Oact N to distribute services such as water, power The structure of the vertical cables act to andprimary heat throughout proposal. distribute services such as water, power and heat throughout the proposal. As the cables are As the cables are graphene based and graphene based and already crucial to the structure already crucial to the structure of the of the proposal they can work to do both jobs. The proposal they can work to do both jobs. graphene make up make them ideal transfer devices due to graphenes inherent electrical, thermal, The graphene make up make them mechanical and chemical properties. ideal transfer devices due to graphenes inherent electrical, thermal, mechanical and chemical properties.

MULTI WALL CABLE DISTRIBUTION MULTI WALL CABLE DISTRIBUTION Where numerous services are transferred through the one cableare a multi wall set up Where numerous services transferred through the one cable a multi wall set up is proposed. is proposed. Each layer has a specific function e.g. electrical / thermal. A graphene buffer film enclosing Each layer has a specific function e.g.each layer acts to seperate the various functions from electrical / thermal. one another and ensure safety of operation and transfer. A graphene buffer film enclosing each layer acts to seperate the various functions from one another and ensure safety of operation and transfer.

WATER DISTRIBUTION W A T E R cables D I S T Rwill I B change U T I O N shape to help Specific water move from storage basins. This helps Specific will change shape to help water to savecables energy. move from storage basins. This helps to save energy. Geometric is embeddedininthe the Geometric codecode is embedded material in the 3-d printing process that material in the 3-d printing process that allow shape and respond to specific allowit ittotochange change shape and respond to signals. The code gives measurements that specific signals. dictate how it should change shape when confronted with outside inputs such as water, The code gives measurements that movement or a change in temperature. dictate how it should change shape when confronted with outside inputs such as water, movement or a change in temperature.

References Info & Fig D Above Randy Rieland, (May 22, 2013), Forget the 3D Printer: 4D Printing Could Change Everything, Last Accessed: 27/01/15, Available - http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/Objects-That-Change-Shape-On-Their-Own180951449/?no-ist

S TR U C T U RE AN D ENERG Y | D i s t r i b u t i o n R o u t e s

Variability within the Surface Neutral flat state to begin.

Vertical Cable Surface Build Up

Macro Scale Movement controlled by primary structure / vertical cables at 50m spacings.

Vertical Cable

Layer 2

Inter-meshed Connection Flexi-Joint

Horizontal to Vertical Connection Detail The inherent flexibility of graphene allows it to stretch to 20% of its lenght and return to its original state with no negative effects. This allows a malleable connection controlled by electrical currents & CPU inputs giving dynamic movements in the architecture. Meso Scale Movement facilitated by surface / skinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flexible properties and controlled via electrical signals.

100 nm

10 nm

Layer 1 - Surface Membrane - Nano Scale Micro Scale Movement controlled by human interface (thermal + haptic). Allows alteration & creation of small structures.

50 nm Nano Scale Inherent flexibility and strenght at nano level of smart material. Allows intellgent signals, sensors and control.

Layer 2 - Structural / Nervous System - Nano Scale

100 nm S TR U C T U RAL C O N C E P T S | S c a l e s a n d C o n n e c t i o n s

20 nm

10 nm

Layer 3 - Hydrogen Storage Layer - Nano Scale

Structural interface of the Vertical and Horizontal Graphene Dirigible

The structural principles of the proposal is inspired by the connections evident at the nanoscale of graphene. The structure uses graphenes inherent excellent mechanical properties to allow fluid and evocative flows throughout the structure over the course of time ensuring no two visits are quite the same.

Vertical Graphene Cable

The mesh like structure of both the vertical and horizontal are connected in unison during the production process. (see detail) Two planes of horizontal mesh merge into the vertical cables which are held in tension by dirigibles at high level.

Diagonal Graphene Cables (50m grid)

Localisied human interface & engagement

Layer 1 Surface Membrane

Layer 2 Structural /Nervous Mesh

Layer 3 H Storage Layer

Layer 4 Structural /Nervous Mesh

Layer 5 Surface Membrane

Layer 1 - Surface Membrane - The process weaves together the layers of graphene to create a new type of membrane. - The interwoven structure lets individual layers shift over each other, so that the collective layers become extremely pliable and rsepond to movement. This also allows load to be distributed across the structure evenly. e.g people, water. - Graphenes supreme hardness and flexibility ensure no degradation or wear of surface over time. - Chemical tunability would allow functionality appropraite to its location e.g optical transparency variability, visual display, excellent electrical insulator in Hydrogen generation layer, good heat conductor in surface areas manipulating temperature. - Localisied control of membranes surface allows human scale structures to be created by thermal and touch interface with the human body.

Layer 2 - Structural / Nervous System - Graphene strands are woven together to create a hexagonal grid structure. - This layers function is two fold. - One is to attach the complete build up of the surface back to the vertical cable structure as per the detail shown above. - The second is to transmit electrical signals through the entire stucture that along with the vertical rods control the movement. The layer acts as the nervous system of the proposal, sending high speed data and signals and detecting any defects or degradation ensuring the proposal lives up to it’s “smart,” billing.

Layer 3 - Hydrogen Storage - Graphene is considered an ideal candidate for hydrogen storage due to it’slight weight , superior structural stability and flexibility. - This layer consists of a tailor–made, compact, light nanomaterial that can absorb H at ambient conditions. - The material has tunable pores that can open and close at will to absorb or release the hydrogen and displays high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen storage capacity.

Layer 4 - Structural / Nervous System - Serves same function as layer 2 providing structure and flexibility beneath layer 3. Layer 5 - Surface Membrane - Similar to layer 1 but no localisied control by human interface as it is high above. Optically and chemically tuned to provide luminescene at night or when required to layers below.

- The material functions at low temperature and low pressures due to its large surface area avoiding any of the dangers associated with past and current applications. - Variance is inherent to the layer as it slowly inflates whilst hydrogen is being created and stored. Once peak capacity is reached the layer slowly deflates sending hydrogen power back to the grid. This gives a dynamic sense of movement, variance and time in the architecture.

S TR U C T U RAL B U IL D U P | E x p l o d e d V i e w

S TR U C T U RAL LANG U AGE | M o d e l R e s e a r c h

Graphene Skin - demonstrating stent like flexibility and expandible structure which pushes current 3-d printing to its limit. The structure allows the proposal to deal with its altering tension and compression states.

Graphene structure at the nano scale. Pristine hexagonal 1-D structure gives it itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s numerous mechanical and electrical qualities.

Graphene Vertical Cable showing numerous self contained layers for transporting energy and signals throughout the structure.

Hydrogen Storage structure at center of each layer. Flexibility allows expansion and contraction akin to the proposal breathing.

P RINTING P R O C E S S | R e s e a r c h M o d e l s

LA Y ER S E x p e r i e n c e a n d Te c t o n i c s

We perceive landscapes as a being a combination of both sky and earth. By inhabiting the vertical we can create a new broad range of park and civic space with new atmospheres, scales, and vantages, providing the phenomenological pleasure of being ungrounded. Harnessing, manipulation and engagement with the environment are critical to the proposalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goal in inviting, educating, provoking feeling and channelling users through a range of climatic and spacial experiences. The vision is for an experiential landscape that has a positive effect on visitors, the environment, the space below and the wider city context. To order these aspirations each layer has a specific energy generation function and subsequent activity and programme for visitors to the skyscape. There are five layers in total. The first is the distribution layer consisting of arrival and departure points along with intra proposal circulation. All transit is via hydrogen filled dirigibles offering a slower and lo fi means of movement letting visitors embrace each new view and experience in a immersive fashion. The second is the water layer. Here hydro power is harnessed and rainwater collected. The moist atmosphere of the layer has varying areas of cool and heat, creating invisible boundaries. The central void basin collects water that has passed down Space is offered for sailing, bathing and wild swimming all at breathtaking altitude offering new ways of experiencing these activities. The third layer is the wind layer. Kinetic energy is created from the billowing

winds. A kinetic field and maze produce electricity for the proposal and the grid via movement. This provides visual expression to visitors of their energy. It also produces natural exhilirating sounds due to the use of graphene windbines. The programme of the layer revolves around provision of recreational and gathering space for the public in which to relax, escape and provoke. The fourth layer harnesses the power of air. Hydrogen is generated through a graphene field. This hydrogen also provides power via fuel cells to the proposal and grid. The by products of this process is heat and water providing a dramatic space enveloped by fog and cloud to distort and suprise inhabitants. They are then guided to respite with sudden and unexpected views of the sky and landscape below. Aero and hydro ponics are also grown on this layer addressesing future urban problems we will face. Less land will be available in urban areas and clean water supply may become scarcer. This highly visible method of growing points to other sustainable options we can embrace and explore. The fifth and final layer captures the power of the sun to generate electricity to serve heating needs throughout the proposal (interior space and water). The graphene enhanced solar field glistens and moves in response to the sun throughout the day. This barren expanse at the top of the layers offers unparalleled panoramic views of Berlin and an immediate connection to sky and the elements. The viewer is treated to spectacular views down through the proposal layers which oscillate between transparency and translucency, becoming an ephermal visual filter for both ground, sky and weather.

On rainy days space is formed in a limited area by rainclouds and raindrops. Just as walls in architecture rain can create smaller spaces amid the greater expanses of the landscape.

W ATER LA Y ER | R a i n w a t e r H a r v e s t i n g V o i d

Cloud seeding provides precipitation in dry periods Rainwater Cloud

Nano porous graphene surface provides usable area for people & protects stored water from open air

RW Storage Basins

GRA P HENE F ILTRATI O N - Nanoporous graphene can filter water at a rate that is 2-3 times faster than todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s best commercial desalination technology, reverse osmosis. - Superior water permeability could lead to a point where actual water flows through membrane freely and impurities are extracted by size exclusion. - This process is less energy intensive. - Currently it works under low pressure. - This may have the potential to alleviate any water crisis.

ANN U AL R . W . HAR V E S T

Expand until defined capacity is reached

- Catchment area = 30,000 meter 2 Amount of annual rainfall = 571 mm (average 106 days of rainfall per year) Collection efficiency= 0.95 % Annual Rain Fall Harvest = 162.735 meter 3 = 162,735,000 Litres

Vertical Cable Structure

STAGE 1 R ainwater C ol le c t ion

applied pressure

Vertical cables pull upward to create downward pressure in basin

Nano porous graphene surface closes when basin capacity reached

cl na

h2o

Section view of the nanoporous graphene filtering impurities and producing fresh, filtered water.

Vertical cables at edges pull outward keeping top layer taut

Graphene filter membranes located at supply cable connection points Pressure pushes water through filters into supply cables

S TAGE 2 Filtration & Provision

C O LLE C T

B ATHE

Efficiency of graphene membranes in relation to other types.

GATHER

Average annual rainfall varies from 563 mm to 855 mm. In Germany there is currently a growing interest in the promotion of household rainwater collection particularly at local government level. TE C T O NI C S | R a i n w a t e r H a r v e s t i n g

â&#x20AC;&#x153;I believe I have found a way to make a machine lighter than air itself. . . We live submerged at the bottom of an ocean of the element air.â&#x20AC;? Francesco de Lana de Terzi, the first to propose a flying machine based on sound scientific principles, 1670.

W ATER LA Y ER | C l o u d S a i l i n g

TYPE A RAIN W ATER + S A F ET Y PROVISION 1m rise at edge for safety. Transparent graphene used does not obscure views. Shallow dip toward RW channel

TYPE B RAIN W ATER + W ATER B A S IN E D GE

Undulating drop edge provides infinity edge for basin and safety for swimmers + small canoes /boats. Channel recycles water back to filter and basin

TYPE C V ERTI C AL B O U N D ARIE S F O R INTERI O R SPACE Full height transparent graphene walls protect the interiors from the elements of wind, rain and the cold.

These are intermeshed with the horizontal planes in the printing / construction process.

Flexibility of printing process and graphenes properties allow fluid junctions between the vertical and horizontal elements

TE C T O NI C S | R a i n w a t e r H a r v e s t i n g TE C T O NI C S | E d g e C o n d i t i o n s

Archaeology of clouds - a science for the angels. Yes, without clouds everything living would die. They are inventors: No fire without them, no electric light. Indeed, in exhaustion, anger and despair it is recommended that the eyes be turned to the sky. Hans Magnus Enzensberger

W IN D LA Y ER | K i n e t i c F i e l d

0.2m- 5m height

Windbine nano-structure

W IN D B INE D ETAIL S K IN B U IL D U P : 1- surface membrance 2 - central nervous mesh 3 - hydrogen storage

heated zones

K INETI C F IEL D S E C TI O N Section highlights movement of Windbines.

walkway

movement range of Windbines

hydrogen storage

HEAT Z O NE S - Heated water is pumped underneath the surface of the skin in concentrated areas creating a radiant field of heat. This heating is powered by energy from the windbines. This heat provides a range of temperatures and allows people to lounge and relax even in winter time. Different groupings of heat zones exist giving differing ranges and power of thermal comfort and experience.

sheltered heated zones

kinetic zones

P O W ER O U T P U T 7 4 3 4 0 M W H / Y EAR

3 4 , 4 0 2 h om e s

K INETI C F IEL D This layer provides sheltered heated zones amongst a kinetic field of Windbines. The Windbines move in the breeze harnessing the wind energy and translating the wind patterns into an architectural form. Based on our calculations we estimate that the area of 257,250m 2 with Windbines ranging in length from 0.2m - 5m will provide 74340 mwh/yr. This is based on previous studies done with similar systems and taking int o consideration the higher wind speeds at this hieght above ground level. This is will produce the required electricity for the equivilant of 34,402 homes. TE C T O NI C S | K i n e t i c F i e l d

â&#x20AC;&#x153;to faintly shade from the sun, to faintly protect one from the rain, to faintly suggest a territory.â&#x20AC;? Sou Fujimoto

W IN D LA Y ER | K i n e t i c M a z e - P u b l i c F o r u m

N O R M AL AIR M O V E M ENT

AIR P ENETRATI O N W ITH P LANE S

AIR P RE S S U RE W ITHIN P LANE S

PROCESS piezoelectric enabled structure oscillating planes views through planes

M AZE B IR D S E Y E / LE V EL 1

graphene structural mesh / electrical conduit

Adjacent layers omitted for clarity

graphene battery

ramps to maze levels above public forum

Walkways and lookout points are etched throughout providing a sense of adventure as one explores upward through the maze, creating unexpected and disorientating connections to sky and users on adjacent layers.

M AZE S E C TI O N Adjacent layers omitted for clarity vantage walkways to public forum

event spaces within

piezo electric structure

edge views

views within

views out

public forum diffused wind exits

westerly wind entry

Concept - The kinetic maze acts as a giant generator which harnesses wind energy through the oscillations of its lightweight and transparent graphene planes. It also acts as a baffle, orientated to shelter the layer from strong prevailing westerly winds. This invisible power of wind is made visible and audible to people in a manner which connects architecture, landscape and energy. Theory - Physics demonstrates that two layers of paper will stick together when wind blows between them due to a change in air pressure. Using this physical property, the lightweight graphene planes move closer to each other and spring back to their original places as high winds pass through. The movement of the planes generates electricity and is passed along the vertical piezo electric structure to a graphene battery elsewhere on the plane. TE C T O NI C S | K i n e t i c M a z e

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Architecture is nothing but a special effects machine that delights and disturbs the senses.â&#x20AC;? Liz Diller

AIR LA Y ER | H y d r o g e n G e n e r a t i o n

ENERGY GENERATION - HYDROGEN

BUILD UP / PROCESS

creation of warm/cold front above allows moisture to gather in air conductive

PROPOSAL LAYER KEY

hydrogen membrane disperses heat production from fuel cells layer 0 intake

H distribution to storage within to within vertical dedicatedcircuit cables energy structure load or battery

H stored within all graphene layer buildcircuit ups for electricaland deflation of - allows inflation current skin

hydrogen containing gas H+O molecules

water outlet

graphene / boron nitride membrane

water byproduct from generation stored in basin for use on hydroponic layer

H store

creation of warm/ cold

H transfer to fuel cell

BUILD

graphene UP enhanced fuel cell

conductive membrane disperses

Flexible surface build up: - graphene membrane - graphene structural hydrogen mesh - graphene containing membrane

0 intake

gas

circuit to energy load or battery

H+0 molecules graphene / boron nitride membrane

graphene circuit for electrical current

H store H transfer to fuel cell graphene enhanced fuel cell

water outlet to H storage within layers of proposal

Flexible surface build up: - graphene membrane - graphene structural mesh - graphene membrane

excess H sent to grid for city use

transfer via dedicated vertical structural cables

FUEL CELL supply

to H storage within

current

water byproduct from generation stored in basin for use on hydroponic layer reaction

h20

h2 supply (protons)

Graphene Membrane permeable only to h STORAGE STRUCTURE

excess H sent to grid for city use

S T -O R A G E S T Rwrapped U C within T U the R Ehoneycomb cells of the H storage layer on Hydrogen molecules transferare via - Hydrogen molecules are wrapped within the honeycomb cells of the H storage layer on each level of the proposal. dedicated vertical each level of the proposal. The material structural has tunablecables pores that can open and close to absorb or release the hydrogen - The-and material has tunable pores that can open and close to absorb or release the hydrogen displays high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen storage capacity. and displays high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen storage capacity. hydrogen stored at at low low temperature lowlow pressures due to its large area - The- The hydrogen is isstored temperatureand and pressures due to itssurface large surface area avoiding of the dangers associatedwith with past applications. avoiding any any of the dangers associated pastand andcurrent current applications. TE C T O NI C S | H y d r o g e n G e n e r a t i o n

Morning mist dissolves in but a moment. It begs the question of permeanance in our architecture. Is there justification in this when considering our natural environment?

AIR LA Y ER | A e r o p o n i c s

Hydrogen generation

Aeroponics and Hydroponics

Byproducts of process are water and heat which creates a fog/moisture in the air above

Byproducts of processes are carbon dioxide absorption, oxygen production, bird habitat and food production.Leads to creation of an experiential journey with haptic, visual and smell experiences.

H Y D R O GEN AN D P LANT GR O W TH RELATI O N S HI P

heat byproduct from hydrogen sent to be used in planting heated zones

Water course from hydrogen to planting

flexible transparent layer above allows differing conditions of shelter, heat and light

AER O P O NI C S

walkways above at intervals

Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil. The word “aeroponic” is derived from the Greek meanings of aero- (air) and ponos (labour).

hanging aeroponics from minimal open gridded structure

This is combined with hydroponic growing which is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil.

aeroponic sprinkler head - releases nutrient solution down through columns porous pocket plates. - once solution reaches bottom recycled into pool.

The hydroponics are used as an emergency “crop saver” – backup nutrition and water supply – if the aeroponic apparatus fails. less water usage & water is reused

no soil needed less labour intensive

30-50% faster growth than soil plants

aeroponic column - transparent - UV resistant - pockets for planting leave roots exposed to nutrient spray & o2

less disease

hydroponic pool -plant roots exposed to nutrient / o2 rich water - uses water from hydrogen generation - recycled after use

fewer pesticides used

air stone & pump sends solution to aerponics and keeps water o2 rich

The plants basic needs remain the same and are provided for -

light - levels controllable through flexible layer above water - readily available byproduct of hydrogen process air - abundant as located high altitude minerals ph levels temperature - cooler at altitude so cold season species grown.

walkways above at intervals

hydroponic pools

aeroponic columns

nutrient store connected to pump

graphene layer build up

AER O P O NI C AN D H Y D R O P O NI C S Y S TE M

walkways between green zones

hanging aeroponics

moisture release

kinetic windbine zones

S E C TI O N O F S Y S TE M

This method of growing addresses future urban problems we will face. Less land will be available in urban areas and clean water supply may become scarcer. The concept also looks to build on ideas from historic touchstones of planting and architectural innovation such as the Crystal Palace and Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

TE C T O NI C S | A e r o p o n i c s a n d H y d r o p o n i c s

â&#x20AC;&#x153;To hear Never- Heard Sounds, To See Never - Seen Colours and Shapes, To try to understand the imperceptible, Power prevading the world; to fly and find pure etheral substances that are not of matter but of that invisble soul pervading reality.â&#x20AC;? Dejan Stojanovic

S U N LA Y ER | S o l a r F i e l d

Site: Tempelhof Time: 12.00 Lat: 52.47 Long: 13.4 21 / 06 / 2015 - Sun Angle 61째 27 / 01 / 2015 - Sun Angle 19째 21 / 12 / 2015 - Sun Angle 15째

Vertical Structure

Vertical cables continue to dirigibles at high level above

Surface layer moves in relation to the sunpath

M O RNING East Sun 8.00 am

Orange outlines extent of Photovoltaic Field Direction of surface movement in response to sunpath

M O RNING East Sun 8.00 am

Allows variability like a natural cloud in relation to surrounding environment

Rainwater Harvesting Area

NOON South Sun 12.00 am

Circulation Zone

NOON South Sun 12.00 am

Create new internal experiences for users on layer below

E V ENING West Sun - 4.00 pm

GRA P HENE S O LAR F IEL D - The strength and flexiiblity of graphene allow superior performance in how the solar field operates. - The layer exhibits thermodynamic properties in response to the sun. This was inspired by the principles of the Solar sail used in spacecraft for propulsion. - As the sun moves over the course of the day the graphene surface build up readjusts its position and angle to allow maximium efficiency in solar harvesting and power generation. - This is controlled and facilitated by the flexible vertical cables and the inherent dynamic and responsive qualities of the skin.

TE C T O NI C S | S o l a r F i e l d

â&#x20AC;&#x153;would now the wind but had a body; but all the things that most exasperate and outrage mortal man, all these things are bodiless, but only bodiless as objects, not as agents.â&#x20AC;? Herman Melville - Moby Dick

S U N LA Y ER | S o l a r F i e l d

F LEXI B LE P H O T O V O LTAI C C ELL S Location - Top layer of proposal 1 - Transparent & Conductive Graphene Coating - protects cells from moisture / impact 2 - Graphene Electrode Layer - transparent, highly conductive, ultra thin, joins to external circuit to transfer power

3 - Polymer Interlayer (CDS & CIGS) - allow binding of graphene and nanowires Power flow to external circuit and graphene enhanced battery

▲

4 - Zinc Oxide Nanowires - high efficiency, low cost due to carbon make up, stability and predictability of structure, high speed transfer of electrons

▼

5 - Light Absorbing Polymer or Quantum Dots - acts as ‘donor,’ material

Charges

6 - Thin Layer of Molybedenum Oxide - thermal stability 7 - Layer of Gold Nanoparticles bound to layer 6 - Scatter and absorb light, improve efficiency 8 - Flexible Surface Build Up - as described in surface dwg - thermal dynamics and response allow the solar field to alter position to follow sun path over the day

P O W ER O U T P U T 16,463MWH/YEAR

7 , 1 3 3 HOMES

Flexible PV Light

Charge Controller DC Current

Inverter

DC Current

AC Current

Graphene Enhanced Battery

Power to Grid

Power to Proposal

A D V ANTAGE S

P O W ER O U T P U T

- lightweight - transparent - flexible - low cost - abundant carbon makeup - mechanical strenght - chemical robustness - ever increasing effiencies - low maintenance - Can be integrated into build up in the 3-D printing process.

- Tests show 35% more efficiency in graphene enhanced cells. This is achievable today so with more advances even greater strides are probable. - The full top layer of the proposal is designated for solar fields. This plane of the proposal is 15 acres. - Therefore a conservative estimate of 7.41 acres at 35% more efficency than standard cells = 1 6 , 4 6 3 M W H / Y E A R - 16,463MW is enough to power 7,133 homes

TE C T O NI C S | S o l a r F i e l d

EARLY CONCEPT SKETCH

C REATING A LANG U AGE | S i l k a n d T h r e a d

RE S EAR C H M o d e l Te s t i n g | C a p t u r i n g t h e E p h e r m a l

odels played an integral role from the beginning of our investigation. Each model helped crystalize and verify the proposals concepts, atmospheric and material qualities throughout the design process.

Using graphene as our primary material meant traditional architectural model making would not be appropraite to develop and represent the language of the

proposal. Because of this light and delicate materials such as silk, acrylic and thread were used to represent the ephermality and transparencies inherent in the design. Scale models of the site Tempelhof Feld were also created to communicate and investigate its vast size and what area the proposal would inhabit within the boundaries of the field.

THE S I S TE S TING | M O D EL 0 1 | V ERTI C AL AN D H O RIZ O NTAL GATE W A Y S The model looks at the idea of transforming the existing dominant 2-D horizontal plane of the park into a more three dimensional experience via cloud structures/ balloons/blimps/airships etc. The idea is to give Tempelhof a more visual presence in the surrounding city along with tapping into and restoring the spirit of flight in the park in a visually symbolic way.

THE S I S TE S TING | M O D EL 0 2 | AERIAL NET W O R K This dodecahedron based model was influenced by the work of architect / artist Tomas Saraceno. It examines the idea of a network of connecting spaces set within the sky. It acts as a mediation on hierarchies of future living, The models structure also resulted in our first investigatiions into nanomaterials.In the end we moved away from this form as the emphasis needed to shift to a more ethereal spacial resolution.