SmartStepandStroadsRoads,Streets,, Prioritizing Mobility Options FranchescaModerator:Taylor, AICP Miami-Dade TPO Smart Step: Quick Wins Aileen Bouclé, AICP Executive Director, Miami-Dade TPO Driver Behavior Research Dr. Patricia Tice, PhD, PE, AICP UCF Safe & Smart Systems Lab Updating Florida’s Standards DeWayne Carver, AICP FDOT Roadway Design
Streets, Roads, and Stroads What’s the difference? Why does it matter? What should we do?
8000750070006500600055005000450040002005 2010 2015 2020 US Ped Fatalities AN EASY TARGET: 1009080706050403020100800075007000650060005500500045004000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Pedestrian Fatalities and Smartphone Penetration US Smartphone Penetration US Ped Fatalities Our Pedestrian Fatality Problem
AN INCONVENIENT MATCH: 160014001200100080060040020007000650060005500500045004000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Pedestrian Fatalities and Complete Streets Policies Complete Streets Policies US Ped Fatalities Our Pedestrian Fatality Problem
HALF MEASURES MAY BE WORSE THAN NO MEASURES AT ALL Find the pedestrian Find the cyclists Are we creating traps that look safe but really aren’t?
CanWhy?we replicate it? URBAN ENVIRONMENTS GET DIFFERENT BEHAVIORS. The Question:
NO BLAME ALLOWED We do the best we can with what we know, and when we know better, we do better. --Maya Angelou A Caveat:
THE RESEARCH
THE DATA SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study Google Earth The Research
THE SURPRISE TAKEAWAY: It’s all about seeing people. Narrow corridors Attention Frequent interruptions Vigilance Speed drops when you have tight places, short blocks, and people there regularly Crash rates show Safe Systems type tradeoffs Slow yields frequent fender-benders Fast yields rare catastrophes
The Research
Photo by Guilherme Stecanella on Unsplash
MOSTWHY?DRIVING IS AUTOMATIC Once we learn, we quit watching ourselves drive Automatic driving is very consistent Seeing people changes all that Credit: @Sapphire_achilles The Research
WHY? Facial recognition is tied into the dopamine and oxytocin pathways
Rypma, potential predicts fusiform BOLD activity recognition:
B., Fischer, H., Rieckmann, A., Hubbard, N. A., Nyberg, L., & Bäckman, L. (2015). Dopamine D1 binding
during face recognition performance. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(44), 14702-14707. Lopatina, O. L., Komleva, Y. K., Gorina, Y. V., Higashida, H., & Salmina, A. B. (2018). Neurobiological aspects of face
the role of oxytocin. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 195. The Research
TWO APPROACHES: Brute Force Laws of Physics In the roadway Spot specific Speed specific Negative consequences Shaping Social/Psychological Principles Everything speaks Wider area impact Speed + attention, awareness Secondary benefits
What
PRINCIPLES does it take to change behavior?
PRINCIPLE 1: CORRIDOR WIDTH MATTERS What does it take to change behavior? How far can you see a face or a moving body?
LIMITATIONS: Facial recognition: ~90 feet Biological movement: 150-300 feet 20 degree view Yields a 60’ wide corridor WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO CHANGE BEHAVIOR?
PRINCIPLE 2: INTERRUPTIONS MATTER What does it take to change Everybehavior?interruption reorients your attention
ACCESS MANAGEMENT: This: Not this: Google Earth Google Earth WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO CHANGE BEHAVIOR?
PRINCIPLE 3: PEOPLE SPACES ARE SMALL AND TIGHT What does it take to change behavior?Activity happens in small clusters (Even in big cities…)
Winter Garden
Park
Winter
Barcelona,We’reSpainnot
going to try to get this type of attention everywhere
3 SPEED DIMENSIONS 1. People 2. Narrow Corridors 3. Frequent Interruptions WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO CHANGE BEHAVIOR?
PREDICTING SPEED 3 Dimensions: People: Doorways per 100 feet Corridor width: visual width at eye height Can use building face width (different equation) Interruptions: Block Length A 130’ wide suburban setback between subdivision walls will have ~51 mph 85th percentile speed Predictive Speed Analysis Assumptions: no doors on the street, 1100’ block length 85th Percentile Speed (mph) Corridor Width at Eye Height (feet) 85th Percentile Speed in mph: (R2=0.615) -5.26 + 9.9 Ln(Corridor Width at Eye Height) 0.007 (Block Length) – 1.581 (Doors/100’) Speed = 21.753+14.18 Ln(Eye Width) R2=0.491 60’ 36 WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO CHANGE BEHAVIOR?
ARTIFICIAL SPEED LIMITS If you post a speed limit that is inconsistent with the predicted speed, all you get is speed variability Speed variability is the leading driver for crashes WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO CHANGE BEHAVIOR?
Urban design is different. If you don’t expect to see faces, you don’t drive like they’re there.
Bottom Line:
Roadway operations are governed by physics Street interaction is governed by psychology
“PICK ONE” DESIGN IntegratedSTRATEGY: design Bufferedor design (not both) Since I can’t guarantee drivers are paying attention, they must be protected Recommendation to FDOT:
STREETS: INTEGRATED DESIGN (E.G. TND) • Pedestrians and bicycles integrated into the street operations • 20 mph or less Target Speed • Low speed, tight corridors • Vertical elements very close to traffic • Think jaywalking and street play • Human activity is key: NO PEOPLE, NO BEHAVIOR CHANGE NACTO FloridaWest News Recommendation to FDOT: NACTO
ROADS: HIGH SPEED BUFFERED DESIGN • Buffer ped/bike from vehicle flows by distance • 40+ Target Speed • Wide roads • Clear zone (no killing prom queens) • Realistic speed limits Plan Hillsborough Recommendation to FDOT:
Recommendation to FDOT: Jonathan
STROADS: LOW SPEED BUFFERED DESIGN • Buffer ped/bike from vehicle flows • 25-40 mph target speed • Use breakaway and small trees to threaten and slow drivers • Ped/bike feels safer increased ped activity will change behavior over time • Adjust speed limit as behavior changes Alta Planning + Design
Gresham Smith GreenwayPhillips
Halfax Urban
MICRO-INTEGRATIONS (BUFFERED CONFLICT ZONES) • Make any InteractionPed/BikeOBVIOUS • Narrow at the crossing • Brute force strategy • Vertical deflection • Lane narrowing • Median fencing • Flashing lights, Neon signs • Obvious transit stops • Bonus: Artwork or park features near crossing • Bloomberg study!! • AsphaltArt.Bloomberg.org • 38.7% drop in crash rates • 61% drop in VRU crash rates US 441, Holden to 34th St Recommendation to FDOT:
Dr.QUESTIONS?Patricia Tice UCF Safe and Smart Systems Lab PatriciaTice@CREWSLLC.comPTice@UCF.edu
