Aquaculture Magazine Volume 50 Number 1 February-March 2024

Celebrating 50 Years of Aquaculture Magazine: Bridging Pioneers in the Dawn of Commercial Aquaculture

Less disease. More growth. One energizing ingredient.

Motiv is a unique functional macro ingredient designed to activate nutrient utilization of the entire diet as well as a stronger immune response and a better stress resistance. Through a unique fermentation process, Motiv was developed to improve enzyme activity in the gut while inhibiting pathogen growth and enhancing stress resistance. It represents an entirely new category of shrimp nutrition developed to meet the increasing needs of the industry.

The force for growth and vitality. motivshrimp.com

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EDITOR’S COMMENTS

Celebrating 50 Years of Aquaculture Magazine: A Half-Century of Influence and Innovation

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Innovation in the Aquaculture Industry

INDUSTRY NEWS ARTICLE

Celebrating 50 Years of Aquaculture Magazine: Bridging Pioneers in the Dawn of Commercial Aquaculture

Exploring the Benefits of Geomembrane Liners in Aquaculture: A Sustainable Shift from Earthen Ponds

GREENHOUSES AND POND LINERS ARTICLE ARTICLE

Don’t Fall Behind: Stay Up to Date with How Technology Redefining Live Food Management in the Hatchery Use of Probiotics in Indian Aquaculture: Evaluating the Potential of Probiotic Supplementation in Improving Fish and Shrimp Health

Celebrating 50 Years of Aquaculture Magazine: Bridging Pioneers in the Dawn of Commercial Aquaculture

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Revolutionizing Shrimp Farming: The Unique Benefits of MOTIVTM ARTICLE

Salvador Meza / info@dpinternationalinc.com

Contributing Editor

Marco Linné Unzueta Editorial Coordinator

Karelys Osta / edicion@dpinternationalinc.com

Editorial Design

Perla Neri / Rozana Bentos / design@design-publications.com

Sales & Marketing Coordinator crm@dpinternationalinc.com

Sales Support Expert sse@dpinternationalinc.com

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editor`s comments

* Salvador Meza Editor and Publisher

Celebrating 50 Years of Aquaculture Magazine: A Half-Century of Influence and Innovation

Celebrating 50 years, Aquaculture Magazine has profoundly influenced global aquaculture, evolving into a digital leader that enhances industry knowledge, promotes sustainability, and fosters B2B connections. Its legacy as a pivotal resource continues to inspire and unite aquaculture professionals worldwide.

We commemorate the 50th anniversary of Aquaculture Magazine, it’s crucial to reflect on its pivotal role within the global aquaculture industry. Since its inception, Aquaculture Magazine has stood as a beacon of knowledge, innovation, and community for professionals, enthusiasts, and businesses alike. This editorial aims to highlight the magazine’s journey from a pioneering publication to its modern incarnation, embracing digital platforms and social media to foster a more interconnected and vibrant global aquaculture community.

The Foundational Years: Establishing a Voice for Aquaculture

» Pioneering Aquaculture Journalism: In its early days, Aquaculture Magazine broke new ground by providing a dedicated space for the discussion, analysis, and promotion of aquaculture practices. It served as an essential resource for information at a time when the industry was in its nascent stages,

contributing significantly to its growth and development.

» Advocacy and Education: Through its in-depth articles, research findings, and industry news, the magazine played a critical role in advocating for sustainable practices and educating its readership about the importance of responsible aquaculture.

Adapting to Change: The Digital Evolution

» Embracing the Digital Age: As the world shifted towards digital consumption, Aquaculture Magazine seamlessly transitioned online, expanding its reach and accessibility. This digital evolution allowed it to continue serving its core mission while adapting to the changing preferences of its audience.

» Social Media Engagement: By leveraging social media platforms, the magazine has not only broadened its audience but also fostered a more dynamic and interactive community. This modern approach has enabled real-time discussions, sharing of best practices, and enhanced networking opportunities among professionals.

A Platform for Growth: Knowledge Exchange and B2B Opportunities

» Facilitating Knowledge Exchange: The magazine has consistently

facilitated the exchange of knowledge and experience by featuring contributions from leading experts, emerging voices, and industry veterans. This diversity of perspectives ensures a rich and comprehensive resource for anyone looking to deepen their understanding of aquaculture.

» Catalyzing B2B Relationships: Beyond its role as an informational resource, Aquaculture Magazine has become a pivotal platform for B2B engagement within the industry. Its articles, advertisements, and digital presence offer unique opportunities for businesses to connect, collaborate, and grow together.

A Legacy of Influence and Connection

Celebrating 50 years of Aquaculture Magazine is not just about honoring its past; it’s about recognizing its ongoing influence and its role in shaping the future of the global aquaculture industry. As a medium of communication, a builder of interconnected audiences, and a facilitator of knowledge exchange and business opportunities, the magazine stands as a testament to the power of media in advancing industries. Here’s to the next 50 years of Aquaculture Magazine, as it continues to inform, connect, and inspire the global aquaculture community.

DSM-Firmenich extends Sustell benefits to cover sea bass and sea bream producers

The Swiss-Dutch company DSMFirmenich recently launched a marine fish module for Sustell, extending to the aquaculture producers of sea bass and sea bream the benefits of the project created in 2022 with leading salmon producer Bakkafrost as a development cooperation partner. With Sustell , the leading innovator in health, nutrition, and beauty brings to the producers the possibility of mapping the full environmental footprint of their operations.

“Now marine fish producers of species such as salmonids, seabass and sea bream can conduct full life cycle assessment at scale, ensuring a strong return on investment and providing a credible and accurate footprint, and a great user experience! Extending the Sustell platform to include sea bass and sea bream is a demonstration of DSM-Firmenich’s commitment and continued innovations to further develop the sustainable production of seafood through aquaculture,” said Louise Buttle, Sustell lead for Aqua & Global Key Account Manager at DSM-Firmenich.

According to the company, backed by robust methodology, ISO certification and data connectivity, Sustell is the leading life cycle assessment (LCA) solution for animal protein. For them, Sustell provides the food value chain with a credible, science-based approach to collecting farm data, measuring the environmental footprint, and mapping a course for further development of the animal protein industry.

Advanced platform

Sustell accurately measures the full environmental footprint and pro-

vides actionable insights on how to reduce the impact. Several years in development and continually updated, Sustell was developed in collaboration with key partners, including Blonk, recognized experts in the field of agri-food lifecycle analysis, as well as customers and users worldwide to reflect real-world needs of sustainable animal protein production.

Sustell is an advanced platform and additional consultancy service as required, that utilizes farm-level data to simplify the complexity of measuring, validating and improving the environmental sustainability of animal protein – transparently, scientifically, farm by farm, production system by production system.

Shrimp production

It’s good to remember that, last September, one of the top 5 shrimp producers in the world, Grupo Almar, and DSM-Firmenich, announced a joint multi-year commitment to measure and improve of the aquaculture company’s environmental footprint using Sustell. The both companies partnered to use the intelligent sustainability service across all their shrimp production as well as access DSMFirmenich’s sustainability experience and expertise.

According to the information, full environmental foot printing of Grupo Almar’s shrimp production will commence starting this month of January providing internationally validated footprint results for the full year 2024 onwards.

Aligned with the company’s vision “to become global leaders in sustainable aquaculture grounded on our high quality and efficiency standards”, Grupo Almar produces approximately

10% of Ecuador´s exports, by weight, with just 2% of farmable land.

Presence in almost 60 countries

DSM-Firmenich is a Swiss-Dutch company, listed on the Euronext Amsterdam, with operations in almost 60 countries and revenues of more than USD 13.6 billion. They have a comprehensive range of solutions, with natural and renewable ingredients and renowned science and technology capabilities, they think they work to create what is “essential for life, desirable for consumers, and more sustainable for the planet.”

With a diverse, worldwide team of nearly 30,000 employees, DSM-Firmenich aim to bring progress to life every day, everywhere, for billions of people, as they say. As innovators in nutrition, health, and beauty, the company reinvents, manufactures, and combines vital nutrients, flavors, and fragrances for the world’s growing population to thrive.

US secures supply of Atlantic salmon broodstock and eggs with new company SalmoGen

Cuna Del Mar, Builders Vision, Xcelerate Aqua and the Maine Penobscot Indian Nation have already received significant support

Afew days ago, the coalition between the companies Cuna Del Mar, Builders Vision and Xcelerate Aqua together with the Maine Penobscot Indian Nation was announced for the development of a supply of Atlantic salmon broodstock and eggs in the United States (USA) under the name SalmoGen. The partners revealed that they have been collaborating since late 2022 and expect to have their first products on the market by 2027.

In their launch announcement, SalmoGen members stated that the company is on track to develop a production capacity of 25 million eggs per year for domestic and international sales in the first phase of development, while aiming to mitigate what it sees as a limited egg market in the United States.

The project has received financial support from the Finance Authority of Maine (FAME) and partners that have joined the initiative include the US Department of Agriculture and the Universities of Maine, Idaho and Maryland.

New location to add to two existing ones

Since its genesis in late 2022, the company has had broodstock under development at two different partner locations, but has now also partnered with the Maine Penobscot Indian Nation to develop a new facility on Penobscot Trust Land in Maine.

While the Penobscot Nation provides the land on which to build, the founding members of the coalition, such as Xcelerate Aqua, bring their expertise in salmon aquaculture.

The Penobscot Indian Nation has long been interested in aquaculture,” said Chief Kirk Francis. “This project is a great fit for Indian Island, and we are excited to be part of the solution for the future development of aquaculture in the United States,” he added.

One of the committed partners

The new venture aims to alleviate biosecurity risks and barriers associated with access to salmon eggs and broodstock in the US.

Chris Perry, Chairman of the Board of SalmoGen, which is also associated with Cuna Del Mar, said: “We have been contemplating an Atlantic salmon farming opportunity for years and, in the case of SalmoGen, the pieces fell into place in a way that moved us to invest and also to be a committed partner to the industry”.

Cuna Del Mar is backed by investments from the Walton family - the founders of Walmart - and has developed a portfolio of aquaculture companies that includes Earth Ocean Farms, OpenBlue, Innovasea, Sol Azul, The Center for Aquaculture Technologies, Blue Ocean Mariculture and, most recently, LocalCoho.

Biosecurity risks

“Non-US strains of salmon eggs have been imported into the US with biosecurity risks,” members of SalmoGen

said. “In some states, only one egg option has been approved, while in other states, no egg options have been available, essentially creating barriers for the domestic industry,” they added.

SalmoGen members highlighted that their breeding development has obtained Atlantic salmon strains from the USDA as a “strategic genetic partner”, with an emphasis on performance in land-based systems. The company said it expects to have its first products on the market by 2027.

Long-term needs

Meanwhile, Xcelerate Aqua’s managing partner Erik Heim was involved in the founding of Nordic Aquafarms - a planned land-based salmon aquaculture facility in Maine - before leaving the project and starting Xcelerate Aqua with co-owner Marianne Naess, who was also part of the Nordic Aquafarms project.

Xcelerate is developing its own land-based salmon project in Millinocket, Maine.

“We are pleased to be part of an initiative that addresses a longterm need of the aquaculture industry in the US and also a US effort with many strong players involved,” Heim said. “The breeding strategies employed mark a path for the development of traits that will be attractive to producers.”

Thai Union launches new initiative to decarbonize thai shrimp supply chain

The world’s seafood leader Thai Union Group has launched in Boston, in the United States (US), an innovative program to significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the shrimp supply chain. The pilot program has a target of producing 1,000 metric tons of processed shrimp that is both lower impact and meets the highest product quality standards. The shrimp will be imported by Thai Union subsidiary, Chicken of the Sea Frozen Foods, and fully traceable from hatchery to the final point of shipment.

Ahold Delhaize USA, parent company of one of the largest grocery retail groups in the United States, is supporting the program. Two of its brands -Food Lion and Hannafordhave agreed to purchase shrimp from the program.

The Shrimp Decarbonization initiative, which was developed in collaboration with global environmental organization The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and Ahold Delhaize USA, marks a significant step towards more sustainable aquaculture practices.

Pioneering a model of shrimp production

According to the company, the initiative demonstrates Thai Union’s commitment to environmental stewardship and its ambition to lead the seafood industry towards a more sustainable future by driving towards its SBTi-approved 42 percent reduction in GHG emissions within its own operations and supply chain.

For Adam Brennan, Chief Sustainability Officer at Thai Union, “The

Shrimp Decarbonization program is not just about reducing emissions; it’s about transforming the shrimp industry into a more sustainable, efficient, and equitable sector. By proving that sustainable practices can lead to economic benefits, we aim to inspire and lead the way for the entire industry,” he added.

Primary focus

The program’s primary focus is making on-farm investments to enhance efficiency and productivity, reduce energy usage and increase sourcing of sustainable feed ingredients. Together, feed and farm optimization are identified as the key drivers for achieving productivity gains and emissions reductions.

Following the pilot’s success, Thai Union plans to scale these efforts across other shrimp farms in Thailand and beyond. This expansion will introduce sustainable interventions to support the farms’ transition to more sustainable practices.

The intervention packages, which are tailored for different farm types and can include installation of photovoltaic panels at the farms, will be implemented in two phases. These sustainability interventions are projected to reduce GHG emissions, showcasing the program’s potential to make a substantial environmental impact.

Proud to be partner

For his part, Marc Stolzman, Chief Sustainability Officer for Ahold Delhaize USA, said that “The Shrimp Decarbonization initiative represents a big step forward in sustainable aquaculture. We are proud to partner on this project, which we believe has significant potential for the retail sector and further advances our work to enable healthier people and a healthier planet,” he added.

Thai Union Group

Thai Union Group is a world’s seafood leader, bringing quality, healthy, tasty and innovative seafood products to customers across the world for 47 years. The company’s ongoing leadership in sustainability has been taken to the next level with the announcement of SeaChange 2030, the company’s expanded sustainability strategy with more ambitious goals for people and planet. Through SeaChange, the company was recognized and listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI) for the 10th consecutive year in 2023, ranked number one on the Seafood Stewardship Index (SSI) for the third consecutive time, listed in the S&P Global Sustainability Yearbook 2024, achieved a B rating from global environmental disclosure non-profit CDP, and was also named to the FTSE4Good Emerging Index for the eighth straight year in 2023.

Co-organized by the European Aquaculture Society and the World Aquaculture Society, AQUA 2024 will take place from August 26-30 in Copenhagen. It will comprise a scientific conference, trade exhibition, industry forums, workshops, student events and receptions. The event will highlight the latest aquaculture research and innovation to underpin continued growth of this exciting food production sector. It will be a showcase for Denmark, and its innovation leadership in several key technologies crucial for future aquaculture, but also a meeting and exchange platform for experts from around the world. The theme of AQUA 2024 is BLUE FOOD, GREEN SOLUTIONS.

We have identified a wide range of sessions - by topic and also by species - for the scientific conference and abstract submission is now open. Please submit your abstract to the session of your choice by the April 5th deadline. https://was.org/meeting/abstract/Submit/AQUA24

If you are a student, please submit your abstract before April 5 to have a chance of being selected for the AQUA 2024 Student Spotlight Award and the possibility to pitch your work at the opening plenary session to a global aquaculture audience.

We are also working with our partners to prepare exciting programs for the Industry Forum and Innovation Forum, as well as pre- and post-conference tours.

Hurry up to book your booth at the trade show. Over 80% sold today. https://was.org/Meeting/pdf/AQUA24ExhibitorInvite.pdf or contact mario@marevent.com.

Remember to register early for AQUA 2024 and to ensure that you pay the cheapest registration fee by joining EAS. https://aquaeas.eu/join-eas/benefits-overview After joining, head over to the registration page to get the Member Rate https://was.org/Meeting/Registration/Submit/AQUA24

Blue Food production must grow. Green Solutions will help it to do so.

We look forward to welcoming you to AQUA 2024 Copenhagen! August 25-29, 2024.

For more information: https://aquaeas.eu/, https://www.was.org/

The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics

Paul Krugman will be the keynote speaker in Skretting’s AquaVision 2024

For the 15th time, global leaders from the aquaculture industry will be gathering at AquaVision in Stavanger, Norway, between June 10 and 12 with the award-winning economist Paul Krugman as the keynote speaker. International company Skretting calls on more time to discuss the “blue food” of the future and the importance aquaculture will play in ensuring the world’s population has enough food in the future.

“It is a pleasure to share this year’s three main themes. The number of people suffering from acute food insecurity in the world grew 1.5 times between 2019 and 2022, and several external factors pushed food prices to new heights. It is now more important than ever to ensure the world’s population access to high-quality protein in a sustainable and futureoriented way. Innovations such as artificial intelligence and other new technology can increase the pace of change and support this. I look forward to discussing this and more at AquaVision 2024,” said Therese Log Bergjord, CEO of Skretting.

The main themes for AquaVision 2024 will be acting towards a sustainable future, dealing with market disruptions in an ever-changing world and beyond tomorrow.

Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics

Some days ago, Skretting announced proudly its new keynote speaker. As a highly respected academic and economics professor at The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Krugman is one of the world’s most recognized economists at the moment. In 2008, he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his

contribution to new trade theory and economic geography. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Krugman’s work has earned him wide recognition both in the international economics press and through a number of prestigious awards.

Meanwhile, Solveig van Nes, CEO and founder of Marine Prospects, will be a presenter during AquaVision together with the hosts Log Bergjord and Fulco van Lede, CEO of Nutreco.

AquaVision is known for having a number of inspiring and internationally recognized speakers. In the past, Nobel laureate in economics Joseph Stiglitz, UN leader Kofi Annan, Sir Bob Geldof, Lord Sebastian Coe and UN leader Ban Ki-moon have been keynoting speakers and shared their unique insights with the industry.

Registration opened

From the organization of the aquaculture conference in 2024 recalled that the registration for AquaVision 2024 is already open.

It’s important to remember that AquaVision is a business conference with a focus on discussions around the challenges and opportunities within the aquaculture industry. The conference is organized every two years and was created by Skretting in 1996.

Contribute to meeting the world’s food needs in a sustainable manner

Some days before to the announcement, the members of Skretting declared they believes that providing their customers with digital tools and services to enhance their productivity and simplify their operations is important as developing innovative nutritional solutions. And that is why the company developed Skretting 360+, a complete package of innovative tools and comprehensive services to optimize feeding, farming and health management.

The seeds of Skretting 360+ were in fact sown more than 30 years ago. “In Norway, we have been providing our customers with advice on topics such as farm and feeding management, stocking densities and fish health monitoring for more than 30 years,” said Kristoffer Tveit, Digital Innovation Director at Skretting.

“Growth and feeding models for salmon were developed by our Digital Team many years ago. All of this paved the way for what Skretting 360+ is today” he added.

Skretting 360+ allows users to benchmark the performance of each production cycle, and manage feed and harvest predictions through the collection and analysis of realtime data via their AquaSim app. The

concept was first rolled out in Ecuadorian shrimp farms in 2018, and it was met with great success – in part due to the collaborative efforts of Eruvaka, developers of cloud-based aquaculture pond management solutions, including real-time monitoring and smart feeders.

It wasn’t too challenging to prove to our customers in Ecuador that the digitalization of their shrimp farms could really make a huge difference in parameters such as gram per day and growth cycle.

Skretting’s ambition is to expand the concept’s reach and increase ef-

ficiency and productivity for their customers around the globe. Since the successful launch of Skretting 360+ in Ecuador, it has also been rolled out in other locations, including trout farms in Southern Europe, and vannamei shrimp farms in India.

Solar Oysters and Blue Oyster Environmental join forces to drive sustainable aquaculture innovation

Solar Oysters LLC, a sustainable aquaculture technology producer, is pleased to announce a new partnership with Blue Oyster Environmental LLC, a vertically integrated oyster aquaculture company. This strategic collaboration aims to revolutionize aquaculture technology by using solar energy for oyster production and to enhance environmental sustainability and efficiency.

Solar Oysters LLC is an aquaculture technology company in Baltimore, MD. Their Solar Oyster Production System (SOPS) is estimated to produce up to 200,000 oysters in a 0.02-acre space. Traditional oyster farms often require multiple acres to produce a similar amount. The SOPS prototype has solar panels that rotate 575 oyster cages on five ladders to a depth of 16 feet. This increases the oysters’ access to varying food availability, dissolved oxygen, and salinity and exposes them to sunlight, which can inhibit biofouling. The SOPS technology includes a spray wash system powered by solar energy.

Blue Oyster Environmental (BOE) is a vertically integrated oyster company in pursuit of re-establishing the eastern oyster as a cornerstone species of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. BOE is a leader in assisting oyster farmers in quantifying and selling nutrient credits. BOE owns Hoopers Island Oyster Company, a full-service oyster production business that grows oysters

and manufactures oyster aquaculture equipment. “We are excited to partner with Solar Oysters LLC to bring this innovative, game-changing technology to the aquaculture market,” said BOE CEO Jordan Shockley.

In late September 2023, the SOPS prototype was moved from the Baltimore harbor to Crocheron, MD. The SOPS prototype will operate on lease on Fishing Bay in 2024. This new partnership will further develop the SOPS technology and enhance its operation. Blue Oyster Environmental will be the North American distributor of SOPS as the partnership brings this innovative technology to the aquaculture market.

“We look forward to working with Blue Oyster Environmental as our partner in bringing this potentially game-changing technology to growers and those interested in oyster restoration,” said Solar Oysters LLC, Business Director Steve Pattison.

Solar Oysters provides innovative, sustainable technology for the aquaculture industry. Their first com-

mercially available Solar Oyster Production System (SOPS) is being sold for both oyster restoration and consumption. solaroysters.org

Blue Oyster Environmental is a vertically integrated oyster company enhancing the environmental vitality of the Chesapeake Bay and its surrounding communities by investing in essential infrastructure for oyster aquaculture and related activities. Through the cultivation, growth, and distribution of oysters, as well as the restoration of oyster reefs, BOE aims to promote water quality and support sustainable ecosystems. www.blueoysterenv.com

Hoopers Island Oyster Company is the leading provider of aquaculture grow-out equipment, seed, and branded Chesapeake Bay oysters.

With a national market in equipment supply, HOIC maintains strong partnerships with oyster aquaculture entities across the United States, including academic institutions, farmers, and municipalities. hoopersisland.com

* By Salvador Meza Celebrating 50 Years of Aquaculture Magazine: Bridging Pioneers in the Dawn of Commercial Aquaculture

Its continuous publication has not only documented the industry’s evolution but has also played a crucial role in shaping the future of sustainable aquaculture practices. This article delves into the significant impact of Aquaculture Magazine on the early days of commercial aquaculture, highlighting its role in the exchange of invaluable information among pioneers of the field.

The Early Days of Aquaculture: Challenges and Isolation

The dawn of commercial aquaculture was marked by enthusiasm tempered with challenges. Early practitioners were scattered across the globe, often working in isolation. With no internet or social media for instant advice or shared experiences, each step forward was a leap into the unknown. The magazine served as a critical lifeline, offering insights, breakthroughs, and a sense of community to those navigating the complexities of aquaculture based on trial and error. It provided a platform where successes and failures could be openly shared, fostering a culture of learning and innovation.

Aquaculture Magazine: A Beacon of Knowledge

From its inception, Aquaculture Magazine has been dedicated to the dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of the aquaculture industry. It filled a void, connecting pioneers across continents, sharing cutting-edge research, and spotlighting sustainable practices that would shape the industry’s future. Its pages have chronicled the evolution of aquaculture technologies, providing a repository of knowledge that has been instrumental in guiding the next generations of aquaculturists.

Impact on Global Aquaculture Communication

The influence of Aquaculture Magazine on global communication within the aquaculture community has been profound. By breaking down geographical and informational barriers, it has fostered a global network

For the past five decades, Aquaculture Magazine has been more than just a publication; it’s been the cornerstone of communication and progress in the commercial aquaculture sector. In an era when the digital landscape we take for granted today was unimaginable, this magazine emerged as the pivotal link among pioneering aquaculturists.

of professionals committed to the advancement and sustainability of aquaculture. This network has been pivotal in setting international standards, sharing best practices, and promoting innovation. The magazine’s role in creating a shared space for dialogue and exchange has contributed significantly to the industry’s growth and resilience.

Legacy and Adaptation in the Digital Age

In a pivotal shift towards embracing the future of digital communication, Aquaculture Magazine ceased its print publication last year, transitioning to a modern digital version. This strategic move has not only en-

hanced real-time interaction with its audience but has also significantly boosted engagement with readers and followers. By leveraging the power of digital platforms, Aquaculture Magazine has successfully fostered one of the largest global digital aquaculture communities. This transformation underscores the magazine’s commitment to staying at the forefront of industry trends and facilitating a more integrated and interactive community experience for aquaculture enthusiasts worldwide.

Furthermore, Aquaculture Magazine actively promotes emerging aquaculture entrepreneurs who are defining the future of fish and seafood production through inno-

vative and bold projects in closed recirculation systems, biofloc, or a combination thereof. These systems represent a leap towards automated aquaculture that can be implemented not just in coastal locations or the ocean but also near urban centers and consumption hubs. This approach aims to reduce the carbon footprint associated with production and offer products that are more appealing to the consumption patterns of new generations. By highlighting

these pioneering efforts, Aquaculture Magazine not only supports the growth of sustainable aquaculture practices but also ensures that its community remains at the cutting edge of industry developments.

Conclusion

Reflecting on 50 years of uninterrupted publication, Aquaculture Magazine’s journey is a testament to the enduring spirit of innovation and collaboration in the aquaculture indus-

The magazine’s role in creating a shared space for dialogue and exchange has contributed significantly to the industry’s growth and resilience.

try. It has played a pivotal role in connecting pioneers, sharing knowledge, and promoting sustainable practices, contributing to the industry’s growth and sustainability. As we look forward, Aquaculture Magazine continues to stand as a beacon of knowledge and community for aquaculturists around the world, embracing the challenges and opportunities of the future.

As we celebrate the remarkable milestone of 50 years of publication, Aquaculture Magazine extends its heartfelt gratitude to all our readers, followers, clients, and sponsors for their unwavering loyalty and support. Your dedication has been the cornerstone of our journey, enabling us to maintain this vital channel of communication within the aquaculture community. Your engagement and faith in our mission have propelled us forward, shaping Aquaculture Magazine into a leading voice for the industry. Here’s to acknowledging your role in our shared history and looking forward to continuing our journey together, embracing the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in shaping the future of aquaculture. Thank you for being an integral part of our story, for every contribution that has made Aquaculture Magazine a beacon for innovation, sustainability, and community within the aquaculture sector. *Salvador

Exploring the Benefits of Geomembrane Liners in Aquaculture: A Sustainable Shift from Earthen Ponds

Aquaculture is an expanding sector crucial for global food security. Traditional earthen ponds used in shrimp farming often encounter issues like water leakage, biosecurity, and performance variability. To overcome these challenges, innovative technologies like crosslaminated polyethylene geomembrane liners have been developed, significantly enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of shrimp farming. Implementing these solutions ensures operations remain sustainable, environmentally friendly, and economically viable.

* By Aquaculture Magazine Editorial Team

Geomembrane liners, made from highquality polyethylene materials, have become increasingly popular in aquaculture for their durability and flexibility.

The Shift Towards Geomembrane Liners

Geomembrane liners, made from high-quality polyethylene materials, have become increasingly popular in aquaculture for their durability and flexibility. These liners provide a waterproof barrier that significantly reduces water loss through seepage, a common issue in earthen ponds. Farmers can maintain optimal water levels and quality by choosing geomembrane liners, which are crucial for the health and growth of aquatic species.

1. Introduction to CrossLaminated Polyethylene Geomembrane Liners

Cross-laminated polyethylene geomembrane liners, such as Permalon® (Reff Industries Inc.), are engineered

for durability, resistance to environmental stressors, and longevity. These liners are designed to withstand harsh conditions, including UV exposure and extreme temperatures, making them ideal for aquaculture applications.

2. Benefits of Using CrossLaminated Polyethylene Geomembrane Liners

» Durability and Resistance: These liners offer exceptional tear and puncture resistance, reducing the risk of leaks and extending the lifespan of shrimp ponds.

» Water Quality Management: By preventing soil and other contaminants from entering the pond, these liners help maintain optimal water conditions for shrimp health and growth.

» Cost-Effectiveness: Although the initial investment may be higher, these liners’ durability and low maintenance make them a costeffective solution over time.

» Environmental Sustainability: With reduced water usage and lower risk of environmental contamination, cross-laminated geomembrane liners contribute to more sustainable shrimp farming practices.

3. Comparative Analysis with Traditional Pond Liners

Compared to traditional pond liners or natural basins, cross-laminated polyethylene geomembrane liners offer superior performance in terms of durability, water conservation, and ease of maintenance. Traditional methods often require frequent re-

Compared to traditional pond liners or natural basins, cross-laminated polyethylene geomembrane liners offer superior performance in terms of durability, water conservation, and ease of maintenance.

pairs and pose higher contamination risks and water loss.

4. Case Studies and Practical Applications

Several case studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of crosslaminated polyethylene geomembrane liners in improving shrimp farm productivity and sustainability. These real-world examples showcase the significant advantages of adopting this technology in aquaculture. The use of cross-laminated polyethylene geomembrane liners represents a forward-thinking approach to addressing the challenges

of shrimp farming. By offering a durable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution, these liners are poised to revolutionize aquaculture practices, contributing to the sustainable growth of the shrimp farming industry.

This overview provides a foundation for further exploration and detailed analysis of cross-laminated polyethylene geomembrane liners in shrimp farming. Through continued research and practical application, these innovative liners have the potential to significantly impact global aquaculture sustainability and productivity.

5. Water Quality and Biosecurity

One of the primary benefits of using geomembrane liners is the enhanced control over water quality. Unlike earthen ponds, where soil particles can dissolve into the water, altering its chemistry and clarity, lined ponds prevent such interactions, ensuring the water remains clean and conducive to aquaculture. Moreover, the risk of diseases and invasive species is markedly reduced with geomembrane liners, as they can be easily cleaned and disinfected between harvests, promoting a biosecure environment for aquaculture operations.

6. Economic and Environmental Advantages

From an economic perspective, while the initial cost of installing geomembrane liners may be higher than digging an earthen pond, the long-term savings are substantial. Reduced water treatment costs, lower risk of disease outbreaks, and minimal maintenance requirements make geomembrane-lined ponds a costeffective choice for aquaculture businesses. Additionally, these liners are designed for longevity, with a life expectancy far exceeding that of traditional ponds, making them a sustainable investment.

Environmental sustainability is another critical aspect of geomembrane liners. By preventing water leakage, these liners conserve water, a vital resource, especially in waterscarce regions. Furthermore, they prevent nutrients from aquaculture feed from leaching into the surrounding soil and groundwater, mitigating the environmental impact of aquaculture practices.

7. Customization and Flexibility

Geomembrane liners offer unparalleled customization and flexibility, catering to various aquaculture needs. Available in different thicknesses and materials, they can be tailored to suit specific site conditions, species farmed, and environmental factors. This adaptability ensures that each aquaculture facility can optimize its operations for maximum productivity and sustainability.

For those considering the transition to geomembrane-lined ponds, exploring options like Permalon® aquaculture drop-in tank liners pro-

vide a glimpse into the future of efficient and sustainable aquaculture practices. Additionally, understanding the comprehensive benefits and applications of Permalon® pond liners can guide stakeholders in making informed decisions that align with their operational goals and environmental responsibilities.

8. Implementation and Maintenance: A Closer Look

Implementing geomembrane liners in aquaculture systems marks a significant advancement in operational efficiency and sustainability. However, the success of these liners is not solely dependent on their installation but also on their ongoing maintenance and management practices. Understanding the key considerations for effective implementation and maintenance strategies can significantly impact aquaculture operations’ long-term viability and productivity.

9. Key Considerations for Effective Implementation

» Site Preparation: Proper site preparation is crucial for the optimal installation of geomembrane liners. This involves leveling the ground, removing sharp objects that could puncture the liner, and ensuring a stable base to prevent uneven settling.

» Liner Selection: Selecting the appropriate liner material and thickness is vital. Factors such as the type of aquatic species, water chemistry, climate conditions, and UV exposure must be considered to ensure the liner’s durability and performance.

» Professional Installation: While some aquaculture operations might consider self-installation to save costs, professional installation by experienced technicians can ensure the liner is correctly positioned, secured, and sealed to prevent leaks and extend its lifespan.

10. Maintenance Strategies for Longevity

» Regular Inspections: Routine checks for punctures, tears, or signs of wear and tear are essential. Early detection of damages allows for timely repairs, preventing leaks and potential system failures.

» Cleaning Procedures: Keeping the liner clean from algae buildup, debris, and sediment can prevent damage and maintain water quality. Specific cleaning protocols, depending on the liner material, should be followed to avoid damaging the liner.

» Water Level Management: Fluctuations in water levels should be carefully managed. Rapid changes can strain the liner, leading to potential damage. Implementing controlled water fill and drain practices can mitigate these risks.

11. Embracing the Future of Aquaculture

The transition from traditional earthen ponds to geomembrane-lined systems is a testament to the aquaculture industry’s adaptability and commitment to sustainability. As we look towards the future, the continuous improvement of materials and installation techniques will undoubtedly open new avenues for enhancing aquaculture’s environmental and economic sustainability.

Don’t Fall Behind: Stay Up to Date with How Technology Redefining Live Food Management in the Hatchery

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By INVE Aquaculture

The cost-efficient production of live food such as Artemia and rotifers remains one of the crucial success factors for fish and shrimp hatcheries worldwide. This is why a growing number of hatcheries rely on the latest technologies to streamline their live food management. By moving away from traditional harvesting methods (e.g. double sieving or chemical decapsulation of Artemia cysts), more and more hatcheries are embracing safer, more efficient, and more sustainable ways to get the most Artemia out of every euro/dollar spent.

New and Better Bays to Harvest Artemia

The key to harvesting Artemia is getting a maximum number of viable nauplii and efficiently separating the nauplii from the empty cyst shells. One of the most significant developments in this regard has been the introduction of SEP-Art technology by industryleading Artemia supplier INVE Aquaculture. Thanks to the application of a unique magnetic coating to Artemia cysts, hatcheries can benefit from a simplified and efficient way to harvest their live food.

How Does SEP-Art Technology Work?

The patented SEP-Art technology allows INVE to treat Artemia cysts with a non-toxic magnetic coating. This makes it possible to collect the nauplii and separate them from their cyst shells far more easily using specially designed magnetic tools. The process is faster, more efficient, and significantly reduces the labor involved in food recovery.

INVE’s Patented SEP-Art Technology Offers Several Benefits

1. Improved cost-efficiency and sustainability

» SEP-Art decreases the operational costs linked to producing Artemia nauplii significantly. Compared to the decapsulation method, up to 10 USD/kg of product can be

saved (no need for chemicals and reduced labor).

» It reduces the amount of remaining empty shell material, and thus improves the biosecurity in the larval tanks (less risk of bacterial load, e.g. Vibrio).

» It reduces the risk of gut obstruction or failed ingestion caused by empty shell material.

» It is better for the environment because it eliminates the use of hazardous chemicals, the discharge of waste or by-products, and the accumulation in the food chain.

2. Safer, simpler, and more comfortable work

» SEP-Art eliminates the use of hazardous chemicals and the release

of toxic fumes or gasses during the Artemia harvesting process.

» The SEP-Art method maximizes the recovery of the hatching output and speeds up the harvest and collection of the nauplii thanks to specially developed and easy-touse magnetic tools

INVE SEP-Art AutoMag is a fully automatic tool that was especially designed to harvest medium to large hatching volumes (up to 15 kg of SEPArt cysts) with minimal labor input and maximum biomass outcome. The system can be connected to the Artemia hatching tank and has integrated piping for clean sea water, air, and oxygen. As the hatching tank is emptied into the AutoMag, the builtin magnets capture the magnetized cysts and empty shells while the nauplii are instantly concentrated and rinsed. The result: a dense and

clean suspension of pure nauplii only. The self-cleaning system of the AutoMag evacuates the collected cysts, leaving clean magnets for the next batch of Artemia

The AutoMag’s fully automated process allows fast harvesting: typically, a 5-ton hatching tank (10 kg of EG SEP-Art 240 cysts hatched at a density of 2 g/L), is handled in less than an hour. Similar SEP-Art tools are also available in manual (SEP-Art HandyMag) and semi-manual (SEPArt CysTM 2.0) versions, tailored to the needs of different hatchery sizes.

The SEP-Art technology drastically improves the quality of live food. By simplifying the harvesting process, maximizing the output of high-quality live food, and reducing risks by preventing unwanted material from being transferred to the larval tank, it plays a crucial role in facilitating a more predictable and

standardized post-larvae (PL) and fry production. In addition, the Artemia SEP-Art tools are a sustainable solution designed to maintain quality nauplii, reduce losses and ensure safety for workers and the environment. These benefits establish SEPArt cysts as an indispensable tool in modern hatchery practices.

Embracing the Future of Feed Management with Automated, AI-powered Live Food Quantification

During Aquaculture Europe in Vienna, INVE Aquaculture introduced yet another leap forward in aquaculture technology. Together with Aris, INVE has developed SnappArt: a revolutionary AI-powered live food counting device that automates the quantification of rotifers and Artemia. The project was supported by Eurostars, a European funding instrument for collaborative R&D and innovation projects.

The End of Manual Inspections

Until now, the adequate production and quality control of Artemia and rotifers demanded meticulous manual inspections. These labor-intensive and error-prone procedures conducted on limited sample sizes often lead to inconsistent feed administration. Moreover, skilled staff is hard to find, and sampling methods are not globally standardized. All the above too often jeopardizes the

predictability of high-quality shrimp and fish production. Representing a monumental shift in live food quantification, SnappArt replaces conventional manual counting with a method that requires far less time and effort while offering unparalleled precision. This ground-breaking technological innovation propels hatcheries towards more time- and cost-efficient, sustainable, and consistent live food production.

Easy-to-use Device with Advanced AI-driven Software

Designed with advanced computer technology, the SnappArt device looks deceivingly modest. The real innovation, however, lies in the AIdriven image analysis software that ensures rapid, precise analysis of samples. And a highly intuitive user interface makes the device remarkably easy to operate

When implemented in the fish or shrimp hatchery, SnappArt revolutionizes the assessment of Artemia and Rotifer quality, ensuring consistent and reliable results. With reduced inspection time and datadriven decision-making, hatcheries can boost their profitability, optimize growth ratios, and improve their overall production efficiency.

This innovative tool is set to rapidly become a must-have for any hatchery wishing to ensure the consistency and reliability of their production practices thanks to:

With the introduction of SEP-Art technology and the SnappArt counting tool, the aquaculture industry is on a new path toward more streamlined, efficient, and sustainable hatchery practices.

1. Speed and efficiency: The automated tool swiftly processes large volumes of samples, significantly reducing counting time and freeing up valuable human resources.

2. Accuracy and consistency: By eliminating the inherent subjectivity and variability associated with manual counting, the AIbased tool provides highly accurate and consistent results, ensuring precise feed management.

3. Data tracking and analysis: The tool generates comprehensive data reports, enabling hatcheries to monitor live food, and optimize live food utilization strategies.

4. 24/7 access to expertise: Automation of the counting process reduces tedious but very important labor, saving both time and costs for hatcheries. At the same time, the device relies on expert knowledge that is accessible to the hatcheries 24/7, securing and standardizing knowledge yearround.

Conclusion

With the introduction of SEP-Art technology and the SnappArt counting tool, the aquaculture industry is on a new path toward more streamlined, efficient, and sustainable hatchery practices. By simplifying the recovery process, improving the quality of live food, and introducing a reliable counting method, these in-

novations are pushing the boundaries of what is possible.

These technologies represent the industry’s commitment to continuous improvement, innovation, and sustainable practices. With the rapidly increasing adoption of innovations such as these, the aquaculture industry continues to grow profitably and sustainably while meeting the world’s increasing demand for seafood.

This article is sponsored by: INVE Aquaculture.

The application of probiotics in aquaculture not only holds the potential to reduce disease occurrence but also offers several other benefits. Probiotics can help maintain a balanced microbial community in aquaculture ponds or tanks, promoting better water quality and nutrient recycling. Moreover, they may reduce the dependence on antibiotics, which can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and harm non-target organisms in the environment. This article explores the potential benefits and challenges associated with the use of probiotics in Indian aquaculture.

* By Nayan Chouhan and Bhavesh Choudhary

Aquaculture plays a vital role in meeting the growing global demand for seafood. In India, aquaculture is a significant economic activity, contributing substantially to food security, employment, and foreign exchange earnings. However, the industry faces various challenges, including disease with intensification and expansion of aquaculture as the fish grown in

densely populated environments. Disease consequences can be devastating, leading to mass mortalities, economic losses, and environmental impacts. In recent years, the use of probiotics in aquaculture has gained attention as a potential solution to enhance fish and shrimp health, bolster disease resistance, and improve overall production. To tackle this challenge, researchers have been

exploring alternative methods of disease prevention and control in aquaculture. One promising approach is the potential use of probiotics for immunization. Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that, when administered to aquatic species can positively influence their health and boost their immune systems. By introducing specific probiotic strains into aquaculture systems, the natural defense

Use of Probiotics in Indian Aquaculture: Evaluating the Potential of Probiotic Supplementation in Improving Fish and Shrimp Health

mechanisms of the farmed organisms can be enhanced, making them more resilient to pathogens.

The application of probiotics in aquaculture not only holds the potential to reduce disease occurrence but also offers several other benefits. Probiotics can help maintain a balanced microbial community in aquaculture ponds or tanks, promoting better water quality and nutrient

recycling. Moreover, they may reduce the dependence on antibiotics, which can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and harm non-target organisms in the environment. While the concept of using probiotics for immunization in aquaculture is promising, further research is needed to identify the most effective probiotic strains for specific species and disease challenges. Understand-

ing the mechanisms through which probiotics interact with the host’s immune system is crucial for optimizing their application. Additionally, ensuring proper dosages, delivery methods, and timing of probiotic administration will be essential for maximizing their benefits. This article explores the potential benefits and challenges associated with the use of probiotics in Indian aquaculture.

What are Probiotics?

Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. These beneficial bacteria are known to promote a healthy microbial balance within the gastrointestinal tract and the surrounding environment. In aquaculture, probiotics are commonly used as feed additives or water supplements to foster beneficial gut bacteria and suppress harmful pathogens.

The Rationale for Probiotic Use in Indian Aquaculture

1. Disease Control: Disease outbreaks in aquaculture can result in substantial economic losses. Probiotics have shown encouraging results in improving fish and prawn immune responses, making them more resistant to diseases, and can competitively exclude or restrict the development of harmful bacteria in the aquatic environment (Irianto and Austin, 2002). Probiotics can help lower the occurrence and severity of illnesses in aquaculture systems by boosting the immune system. Probiotics when supplied in sufficient quantities, provide health advantages to the host by producing an environment that is less favorable to disease development. Probiotics have been discovered to boost the host’s immune system, enchancing disease resistance in Indian aquaculture. Probiotics prevent harmful organisms from colonizing the stomach through competitive exclusion, lowering the risk of disease. Adoption of probiotics in Indian aquaculture not only aids disease management, but also corresponds with the rising need for environmentally friendly and sustainable practices. Nonetheless, the use of probiotics in Indian aquaculture has a lot of potential for disease management, offering a natural and ecologically benign way to preserve fish and prawn populations.

2. Growth Promotion: In fish probiotics can aid in nutrient digestion and absorption, thereby improving feed utilization efficiency. This can lead to enhanced growth rates, better feed conversion ratios, and ultimately increased production yields and reduced susceptibility to diseases. The use of probiotics in Indian aquaculture has emerged as a promising and innovative approach to enhance the growth and development of aquatic species (Lara-Flores, 2011). Probiotics help maintain a healthy microbial balance in the aquatic environment, which in turn enhances nutrient absorption, digestion, and immunity in the fish resulting in better feed utilization, increased growth rates, and reduced susceptibility to diseases.

3. Water Quality Improvement: Aquaculture ponds often face water quality issues due to excess organic matter and nutrient buildup. Probiotics can contribute to the degradation of organic waste and nutrient recycling, leading to improved water quality and a healthier environment for aquatic species (Boyd and Gross, 1998). Probiotics contribute to the breakdown of organic matter, such as uneaten feed and fecal waste, through natural processes like fermentation and digestion. This reduces the accumulation of pollutants and prevents the deterioration of water quality. Moreover, probiotics aid in nutrient cycling by converting ammonia, a toxic waste product excreted by fish, into less harmful forms like nitrate and nitrogen gas through nitrification and denitrification processes. This reduces ammonia levels in the water, which is crucial for the health and survival of aquatic organisms.

4. Reduced Antibiotic Dependency: Excessive use of antibiotics in aquaculture can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing risks to human health and the environment. Pro-

Probiotics can help lower the occurrence and severity of illnesses in aquaculture systems by boosting the immune system.

biotics offer a more sustainable alternative, potentially reducing the reliance on antibiotics while still promoting animal health. In this context, probiotics offer a viable alternative to antibiotics. To effectively implement probiotics in Indian aquaculture and reduce antibiotic dependency, it is crucial to conduct rigorous research and develop specific probiotic formulations tailored to the needs of different aquatic species (MuñozAtienza et al., 2013).

Mechanisms of Action

Probiotics work through various mechanisms to support the health of aquatic animals. These may include:

1. Competitive Exclusion: Probiotics can outcompete pathogenic microorganisms for resources and space, lowering their number. Probiotic bacteria colonize the gut and cling to the intestinal lining, forming a protective barrier. These helpful bacteria aggressively struggle with prospective infections for space and nutrition, preventing them from establishing and multiplying. Probiotics contribute to the maintenance of a varied and balanced gut microbiota, which is essential for healthy digestive and immune system function. Competitive exclusion is especially important when hazardous bacteria or pathogens enter the stomach via contaminated food or water. Probiotics can effectively suppress the development and activity of

these dangerous microorganisms, lowering the risk of infections and gastrointestinal illnesses.

2. Production of Antimicrobial Substances: Some probiotics can produce compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics also produce various antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocins, organic acids, and hydrogen peroxide. These compounds create an unfavorable environment for pathogenic bacteria, further enhancing the competitive exclusion process. In addition to competitive exclusion, probiotics can also modulate the

host’s immune response, promoting the production of beneficial anti-inflammatory compounds and enhancing the gut’s overall immune function.

3. Enhancement of the Immune System: Probiotics can stimulate the immune response of the cultured fish, making them more resistant to infections. This immune modulation can further contribute to the probiotics’ ability to prevent and manage gastrointestinal infections. Overall, the mechanism of action through competitive exclusion highlights the importance of probiotics in

maintaining a healthy gut environment and promoting overall well-being. By crowding out harmful bacteria and supporting the body’s immune response, probiotics play a vital role in optimizing digestive health and reducing the risk of various gastrointestinal diseases in fish.

4. Improvement of Digestion and Nutrient Absorption: Probiotics can help break down complex compounds in the digestive system, making nutrients more available to the aquatic animals. Firstly, probiotics help maintain a healthy balance of gut flora. The

gastrointestinal tract is home to a vast array of bacteria, both beneficial and harmful. When this balance is disrupted due to factors like poor diet, stress, or antibiotic use, it can lead to digestive issues. Secondly, probiotics produce enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. These enzymes supplement the body’s own digestive enzymes, facilitating the more efficient breakdown of food particles into smaller, absorbable nutrients. As a result, essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and amino acids are more readily available for absorption in the small intestine. Thirdly, probiotics help strengthen the gut lining. The intestinal wall acts as a selective barrier, regulating the passage of nutrients and other sub-

stances into the bloodstream. A compromised gut barrier can lead to “leaky gut” syndrome, allowing harmful substances to enter the bloodstream and trigger inflammation. Probiotics have been shown to enhance the integrity of the gut lining, reducing the risk of leaky gut and promoting better nutrient absorption.

Furthermore, probiotics can influence the gut environment, making it more favorable for beneficial bacteria to thrive. By producing shortchain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactic acid, probiotics create an acidic environment that inhibits the growth of harmful pathogens while promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria. This shift in the gut microbiota composition can positively impact digestion and nutrient utilization. Lastly, probi-

otics can modulate the immune system. A well-balanced gut microbiome is essential for maintaining a healthy immune response. Probiotics interact with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and promote the production of regulatory T-cells, which help prevent inflammation and immune overreactions. A healthier immune system can indirectly support better digestion and nutrient absorption.

The mechanisms of action by which probiotics improve digestion and nutrient absorption are diverse and interconnected. By restoring gut microbial balance, enhancing enzyme production, strengthening the gut lining, shaping the gut environment, and modulating the immune system, probiotics play a vital role in maintaining gastrointestinal health and overall well-being. Incorporating probiotic-rich foods or supplements into one’s diet can be a beneficial strategy for promoting optimal digestive function and nutrient utilization.

Probiotic Strains Used in Indian Aquaculture

Various probiotic strains have been tested in Indian aquaculture settings. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Bacillus spp, Streptococcus spp, Vibrio spp, Pseudomonas spp, and yeast-based probiotics are among the most common choices. These strains have shown promising results in terms of disease control, growth promotion, and water quality enhancement.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits when administered in adequate amounts.

Probiotics can effectively suppress the development and activity of these dangerous microorganisms, lowering the risk of infections and gastrointestinal illnesses.

Conclusion

Probiotics have enormous potential in Indian aquaculture to improve fish and prawn health, disease resistance, and productivity. Aquaculture producers may improve the health and well-being of their stock by leveraging the benefits of beneficial bacteria, resulting in a more robust and efficient sector that meets the growing global demand for seafood while minimizing environmental impact. The aquaculture industry may embrace more eco-friendly and responsible techniques. To fully exploit the promise of probiotic supplements in

Indian aquaculture, further research, thorough field trials, and clear regulatory criteria are necessary. Finally, including probiotics into aquaculture methods can boost the industry’s development and profitability while also ensuring the production of safe and nutritious fish for consumers. However, more research, education, and collaboration among government agencies, research institutions, and farmers are necessary to maximize probiotics’ applicability and benefits in Indian aquaculture. Furthermore, raising awareness and providing technical advice to farm-

ers on the proper usage and dosage of probiotics is crucial for their successful implementation. By using this ecologically friendly method, the aquaculture industry may assist to protect biodiversity and secure a healthy future for both aquatic life and human consumers.

References and sources consulted by the author on the elaboration of this article are available under previous request to our editorial staff.

*Nayan Chouhan and Bhavesh Choudhary College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210

Revolutionizing Shrimp Farming: The Unique Benefits of MOTIVTM

* By Aquaculture Magazine Editorial Team

Addressing the Shrimp Industry’s Challenges

The shrimp industry is grappling with several critical challenges, including disease outbreaks, the need for sustainable feed sources, and the demand for higher growth rates without compromising the environment. Traditional feed solutions often fall short of providing a balanced approach to these issues, leading to the need for a more innovative and sustainable solution.

In the quest for sustainable and efficient shrimp farming, the industry faces numerous challenges, from environmental sustainability to the health and growth of shrimp. Enter MOTIVTM, a proprietary fermentation product by Cargill® designed to address these issues head-on. This article delves into how MOTIVTM is setting new standards in shrimp feed, improving immune response, and optimizing nutrient utilization for better energy and growth.

Introducing MOTIVTM: A Proprietary Fermentation Product

MOTIVTM stands out as a groundbreaking solution developed through Cargill®’s proprietary fermentation technology. It is not merely a protein source but a macro-ingredient designed to enhance the nutritive and functional benefits of shrimp diets. By utilizing specific strains of microorganisms, MOTIVTM is produced in a controlled environment, ensuring high quality and consistency.

The Science Behind MOTIVTM

The proprietary fermentation process that creates MOTIVTM involves cultivating select microorganisms that are beneficial for shrimp nutrition. This process results in a product that is rich in essential nutrients, including amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, crucial for the optimal growth and health of shrimp.

MOTIVTM stands as a superior fermented corn protein concentrate, boasting an impressive protein content of 69%, with very low carbohy-

MOTIVTM stands out as a groundbreaking solution developed through Cargill®’s proprietary fermentation technology.

drates 1.7% free from antinutrients, and abundantly rich in beneficial health nutrients. The secret behind MOTIVTM’s efficacy is a specialized fermentation process that unlocks more potential from protein to improve growth, feed conversion rate, and survivability, especially to bring health benefits for shrimp to overcome stress and disease challenges. MOTIVTM is, therefore, to serve as an excellent source of premium & functional protein for shrimp & marine fish feeds.

In the realm of aquaculture nutrition, fermentation is a critical process that enables microorganisms to transform proteins into smaller, more absorbable units known as

peptides. MOTIVTM leverages this process to produce a protein source with superior digestibility and a robust profile of essential amino acids, predominantly present in these peptide chains. These peptides, particularly rich in bioactive amino acids, become highly accessible in the shrimp’s digestive system, supporting gut health, reducing stress, and providing antioxidant, antibacterial, and immune-boosting effects. The fermentation process also enriches MOTIVTM with high levels of organic acids and naturally occurring carotenoids. Moreover, the resultant fermented biomass acts as a prebiotic, fostering the proliferation of beneficial gut bacteria

and suppressing harmful Vibrio populations through a mechanism known as quorum sensing.

Optimizing Aquaculture with MOTIVTM: Proven Results in Shrimp Growth and Health

Understanding the intrinsic nature of shrimp as rudimentary organisms reveals their acute vulnerability to stress, necessitating rapid nutrient assimilation from their straightforward digestive systems. In contrast, marine fish exhibit a voracious carnivorous appetite, necessitating feed composed of highly concentrated protein with minimal carbohydrates and devoid of antinutrients for the creation of optimal diets. Herein lies

the ingenuity of MOTIVTM, a tailored feed component ideal for both shrimp and marine fish, acclaimed for its minimal carbohydrate content and absence of antinutrients. Extensive research and field trials underscore the efficacy of MOTIVTM when incorporated at 7.5% to 10% in shrimp feed formulations, demonstrating substantial enhancements in growth and health outcomes. The proven benefits of MOTIVTM for aquaculture include:

1. Boost in Shrimp Growth: Averaging a notable 11% increase in shrimp weight alongside an 8% reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR), indicating a more efficient growth process.

2. Elevated Survival Rates: With MOTIV, shrimp demonstrate an average 4% increase in survival rates, contributing to more robust harvests.

3. Enhanced Shrimp Coloration: An improvement of 1.5 points in color scoring on average, indicating better overall quality and marketability.

4. Cost Efficiency for Feed Mills: The integration of a minimum of 7.5% MOTIVTM can lead to significant cost savings, eliminating the need for 25 ppm of astaxanthin and re-

ducing expenses by US$ 31.50 per metric ton of feed.

5. Additional Savings: The same inclusion rate also cuts down the usage of lactic acid by 5.4 kg, equating to a cost reduction of US$ 8.64 per metric ton of feed.

MOTIVTM‘s effectiveness in feed formulations not only enhances shrimp health and growth but also promotes economic and ecological efficiency, positioning it as a leading choice for the forward-thinking aquaculture industry.

Improving Nutrient Utilization

Efficient nutrient utilization in shrimp farming is critical for enhancing growth rates, minimizing feed waste, and reducing environmental impact. The foundational principles of nutrition science and aquaculture research provide valuable insights into how innovations like MOTIVTM can address these issues:

1. Improving Digestibility: The key to efficient nutrient utilization lies in enhancing the digestibility of feed. This involves the formulation of feeds that are easily broken down and absorbed by the shrimp’s digestive system. Prod-

ucts like MOTIVTM are designed with this principle in mind, using fermentation processes to break down complex nutrients into more accessible forms.

2. Optimizing Nutrient Absorption: Beyond digestibility, the effective absorption of nutrients is crucial. This entails not only the physical breakdown of food but also the biochemical processes that allow nutrients to be transported and utilized within the shrimp’s body. Enhancements in feed formulations aim to optimize these processes, ensuring that nutrients are not only available but also effectively used by the shrimp.

3. Reducing Waste Through Precision Nutrition: Precision in feed formulation helps match the nutrient content of the feed with the specific needs of the shrimp at various stages of their growth. By aligning the feed’s nutrient profile with the shrimp’s requirements, waste can be minimized and efficiency maximized. This precision nutrition approach contributes to the sustainability of shrimp farming by reducing the excess nutrients that can contribute to environmental pollution.

4. Environmental and Economic Benefits: Efficient nutrient utilization has significant environmental benefits. By reducing feed waste, the load of uneaten feed and excretory products in the water is minimized, leading to improved water quality and reduced impact on the aquatic environment. Economically, improved nutrient utilization translates to lower feed costs per unit of shrimp produced, enhancing the profitability of shrimp farming operations.

5. Innovations in Feed Technology: Innovations like MOTIVTM, which leverage proprietary fermentation technology, play a pivotal role in advancing efficient nutrient utilization. By enhancing the bioavailability of nutrients and improving shrimp’s digestive health, such innovations offer a path toward more sustainable and productive aquaculture practices.

Beyond Protein: MOTIVTM as a Macro-Ingredient

MOTIVTM transcends the role of a conventional protein source in shrimp feed. As a macro-ingredient, it brings a comprehensive solution to the diet, offering both nutritive and functional benefits. This dual approach ensures that shrimp are not only receiving the necessary nutrients for growth but also benefiting from enhanced health and resilience, paving the way for more sustainable and productive shrimp farming.

Conclusions

MOTIVTM’s innovative approach to shrimp feed through a unique fermentation process provides a holistic solution to the shrimp industry’s challenges. Its impact on improving immune response and nutrient utilization not only promises healthier and faster-growing shrimp but also contributes to the sustainability of

shrimp farming practices. The scientific community’s findings on the benefits of probiotics in aquaculture further reinforce the potential of such innovations in transforming the industry, providing a solid foundation for the continued exploration and adoption of advanced solutions like MOTIVTM

This article is sponsored by: CARGILL® References Novriadi,

Established in 2017, the “Stronger America Through Seafood” (SATS) coalition unites leading voices from the seafood supply chain to champion the growth of sustainable U.S. seafood production via offshore aquaculture. With the endorsement of industry companies like Zeigler Brothers, Merck, Inova Sea, Cargill, Highliner Foods, and Fortune Fish & Gourmet, SATS is at the forefront of addressing America’s seafood trade deficit. The coalition’s strategy is centered around boosting domestic aquaculture seafood production, which is essential for ensuring a reliable seafood supply, generating employment opportunities, and reinforcing the economic stability of America’s working waterfronts.

With a strategic emphasis on offshore aquaculture, the “Stronger America Through Seafood” initiative is pioneering a movement toward sustainable seafood production. Championing methods that promise swift scalability, ecological responsibility, and a substantial role in satisfying worldwide protein needs with a reduced carbon footprint, the coali-

Exploring Sustainable Seafood

Futures:

A Comprehensive Interview with Drue Banta Winters, Campaign Manager of “Stronger America Through Seafood” – Insights from Aquaculture America 2024. The coalition’s key focus is offshore aquaculture due to its potential for rapid growth, minimal environmental impact, and significant contribution to meeting the global demand for protein with a low carbon footprint.

tion stands at the forefront of a seafood revolution. This forward-thinking approach not only addresses the urgent demand for sustainable protein sources but also propels the United States into a leadership position in the global aquaculture industry.

Legislative efforts, primarily through the AQUA Act, education of Congress members and their staff, and advocacy for appropriate federal funding, form the cornerstone

of their strategy. They aim to dispel myths about aquaculture’s environmental impact, emphasizing advances in technology and sustainable practices that reduce risks such as fish escapes and disease.

SATS actively engages with various stakeholders, including Congress, to raise awareness about the success of offshore aquaculture globally. They encourage participation from the seafood industry and the

public to build a robust support system for their cause. The organization spreads its message through media outreach, educational briefings, and participation in key industry events like Aquaculture America 2024.

In conclusion, SATS is at the forefront of a movement to revolutionize U.S. seafood production through offshore aquaculture. While there are hurdles, such as regulatory uncertainties and financing challeng-

With a strategic emphasis on offshore aquaculture, the “Stronger America Through Seafood” initiative is pioneering a movement toward sustainable seafood production.

es, the coalition remains optimistic about the future. Their efforts to educate policymakers and the public, coupled with strategic partnerships, are vital steps towards establishing a more self-sufficient, environmentally responsible, and economically viable seafood industry in America. With continued advocacy and education, SATS is dedicated to turning the tide towards a stronger America through seafood.

In the pivotal world of sustainable aquaculture, Drue Banta Winters stands at the forefront as the Campaign Manager for “Stronger America Through Seafood” (SATS), shaping a vision for the United States that balances ecological integrity with economic vitality. Our insightful conversation with Winters unveils the strategic endeavors and collaborations with industry vanguards that SATS spearheads to revolutionize U.S. aquaculture production, nurture job growth, and sustain our treasured marine ecosystems. Join us as we delve into the initiatives that could redefine America’s seafood industry and secure its role in a globally competitive market.

Aquaculture Magazine: Drue, it’s fascinating to hear about “Stronger America Through Seafood.” Could you enlighten us about the genesis and core mission of this remarkable coalition?

Drue Banta Winters: Absolutely. “Stronger America Through Seafood” stands at the forefront of advocating for sustainable U.S. seafood through the expansion of offshore aquaculture. Since our inception in 2017, our coalition, which includes industry companies like Zeigler Brothers and Merck, Inova Sea, has been tirelessly working to pass federal legislation and harness executive actions to grow offshore aquaculture in the United States.

Aquaculture Magazine: What steps have you taken from the outset to further your objectives?

Drue Banta Winters: One of our pivotal actions was proposing the AQUA Act in Congress. Besides that, a significant part of our journey involves educating Congress members and their staff about offshore aquaculture’s benefits and environmental sustainability, combating longstanding myths with solid scientific evidence and technological advances in the field.

Aquaculture Magazine: The organization’s focus on offshore aquaculture is particularly intriguing. Why is this area singled out?

Drue Banta Winters: Offshore aquaculture presents the most promising avenue for scalable seafood production, which is crucial for addressing global protein needs sustainably. It’s not just about bolstering U.S. seafood production and reducing trade deficits; it’s about doing so with minimal environmental impact, creating jobs, and enhancing food security.

Aquaculture Magazine: In what ways have you engaged with the broader community and legislators to promote offshore aquaculture?

Drue Banta Winters: Engaging with the community and legislators has been multifaceted, from media outreach to Capitol Hill educational briefings. We also emphasize the importance of firsthand experiences, like farm visits, to dismantle misconceptions about aquaculture. Moreover, encouraging dialogues between scientists, farmers, and political rep-

resentatives plays a vital role in our advocacy efforts.

Aquaculture Magazine: Looking toward the future, what outcomes do you anticipate for offshore aquaculture in the U.S.?

Drue Banta Winters: Though challenges remain, especially in terms of financing and regulatory clarity, we’re optimistic about establishing offshore aquaculture in the U.S. It’s a question of “when” rather than “if”. Success here means not just economic and community benefits but also a robust, resilient seafood supply chain in the face of global challenges.

Aquaculture Magazine: What advancements do you consider achievable in the near future?

Drue Banta Winters: Our primary aspiration within the sector of offshore aquaculture is to drive legislative progress. The journey to enact significant legislation, especially for an emerging industry, is quite challenging. What we earnestly need is an amplified chorus of advocacy on Capitol Hill to shape a conducive political environment for legislative success. Concurrently, our collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Office of Aquaculture is ongoing, especially in securing funding to identify and develop Aquaculture Opportunity Areas.

For several years, the “Stronger America Through Seafood” (SATS) has actively supported increased funding for NOAA, enabling them to further their aquaculture initiatives. We are also backers of NOAA’s National Seafood Strategy, aligning our efforts with those of the current administration to endorse offshore aquaculture as part of the broader ocean climate policy and national seafood strategy.

Recently, a new economic plan pertinent to offshore aquaculture was unveiled, and SATS is poised to contribute insights to this development. Our commitment extends beyond mere advocacy; it is a concerted effort to foster informed policy-making that supports sustainable growth within our industry. This, we believe,

is integral as we persist in our endeavors on Capitol Hill.

Aquaculture Magazine: With the establishment of the first offshore aquaculture farm on the horizon, what are your projections for longterm success, and do you have a timeline for when we might expect to see tangible results?

Drue Banta Winters: Discerning the exact timeline for the realization of the first offshore aquaculture farm in the U.S. is challenging without a proverbial crystal ball. Nonetheless, it is a question of “when” rather than “if” these developments will occur. The path is beset with obstacles, particularly regarding financing for farmers, stemming from regulatory uncertainties and a lack of definitive federal jurisdiction over offshore aquaculture. These are significant barriers that must be addressed to facilitate the establishment of aquaculture farms.

Once we navigate through these initial challenges, I am confident that the broad spectrum of benefits, including economic enrichment for communities and the availability of additional seafood resources, will become evident. As for legislation, it inherently requires time to pass, contingent upon the composition and priorities of Congress, as well as the influence of the committees in charge.

While I may not have the foresight to predict the exact timing, it is crucial that knowledgeable stakehold-

“Stronger America Through Seafood” stands at the forefront of advocating for sustainable U.S. seafood through the expansion of offshore aquaculture.

ers continue to advocate for offshore aquaculture. With the presence of entities disseminating misinformation, it is paramount that those well-versed in the science of aquaculture come together to champion this cause and steer the conversation toward a collaborative and informed discourse.

This version aims to encapsulate the original essence while ensuring clarity, engagement, and a more structured narrative.

Aquaculture Magazine: In fostering collaboration within the seafood industry, what strategies do you employ to integrate stakeholders such as buyers and sellers into the advocacy group, ensuring they, too, can benefit from domestic aquaculture advances?

Drue Banta Winters: Engagement and inclusion are at the core of

our approach to strengthening the domestic seafood market. We are actively seeking partnerships with companies that are eager to endorse and participate in our initiatives. There are numerous avenues for collaboration, and we welcome dialogue with all potential allies. For instance, our board members are present at key industry events, such as the Boston Seafood Show, to facilitate direct communication and encourage more entities within the seafood industry to align with our objectives.

The imperative for a reliable and stable seafood supply cannot be overstated. With various international dynamics affecting the importation of seafood, it is essential that we bolster our national supply chains to withstand such disruptions. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the

Offshore aquaculture presents the most promising avenue for scalable seafood production, which is crucial for addressing global protein needs sustainably.

vulnerabilities in our supply chains. Offshore aquaculture represents a resilient solution in this context, promising consistency and stability in our seafood supply against the backdrop of climate change and other potential crises.

With various international dynamics affecting the importation of seafood, it is essential that we bolster our national supply chains to withstand such disruptions.

Aquaculture Magazine: With multiple organizations advocating for offshore aquaculture, is there an opportunity for a unified effort? How do you address the potential for fragmentation within the movement?

Drue Banta Winters: Certainly, the landscape of offshore aquaculture advocacy is not without its variety of players. While there may be divergent approaches and proposed pieces of legislation aiming to address the same challenges, dialogue, and collaboration remain at the core of our strategy. We are actively engaging in discussions and seeking opportunities for synergy. The prospect of consolidating efforts under a singular legislative framework is on the agenda, and we are open to exploring any avenue that would accelerate progress in the industry.

Aquaculture Magazine: What mechanisms are in place for you to maintain dialogue and connections with aquaculture farmers and industry stakeholders in America?

Drue Banta Winters: “Stronger America Through Seafood” (SATS) maintains robust communication channels with industry professionals. Our website, strongerthroughseafood.org, is a hub of information, while our monthly newsletter, “Tipping the Scales,” is a conduit for the latest updates and insights, to which anyone can subscribe via our website. Our outreach is expansive, but we

also conduct industry briefings and participate in relevant conferences to stay connected. Our board members facilitate personal outreach to farmers, ensuring we keep the lines of communication open and productive.

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to Drue Banta Winters for the enlightening dialogue in her recent interview with Aquaculture Magazine. Her insights provide an invaluable perspective on the strides being made in sustainable seafood practices and the growth of aquaculture in the US. As advocates for progress and innovation within the industry, we are proud to align ourselves with the efforts of

“Stronger America Through Seafood” (SATS). We commit to amplifying the reach of their initiatives, further propelling the narrative of aquaculture sustainable growth and ecological responsibility within the U.S. seafood supply chain.

*

Interviewer: Salvador Meza Editor and Publisher Aquaculture Magazine

Interviewed: Drue Banta Winters, Campaign Manager for “Stronger America Through Seafood” (SATS)

Sensors and automatic feeders are just the beginning of the technological revolution we will see in aquaculture in the coming years, which we could call Aquaculture 4.0.

* By Antonio Garza de Yta, Ph.D.

Firstly, I would like to wish all readers of this magazine a successful and dream-filled 2024, filled with good health and energy, and surrounded by loved ones. In 2023, we returned to a sense of normalcy after a difficult time due to COVID, which had brought the world to a standstill. The World Aquaculture Society hosted events on every continent, allowing us to meet in New Orleans, Australia, Pan-

ama, and Zambia. It was a pleasure to see many of you in the hallways during these conferences. It confirms that aquaculture is growing and advancing, providing protein for future generations and improving the quality of life for those associated with our beautiful activity.

I began this year in Spain, where I visited Fish Farm Feeder. During my visit, I had the opportunity to interact with several world-renowned spe-

cialists and technicians who specialize in the manufacture of automatic feeders. During my conversation with Miguel Arostegui, the CEO, and Javier Alvarez Osuna, the Research and Development Director, I gained insight into the progress and obstacles they have encountered while transitioning from rustic to precision aquaculture. I credit them for the content of this column. Designing technologically advanced equipment that can

Aquaculture 4.0... Automatic Feeders Are Just the Beginning

withstand harsh working conditions in inhospitable areas with varied climates and understanding an industry that was once a black box are not the only challenges. Meeting customer needs and generating a useful and profitable product for operators are also crucial.

In what I consider the early stages of precision aquaculture, we now monitor and control the environment and water quality using sensors

for physicochemical parameters and activate aerators or liquid oxygen. Additionally, we have implemented feeding controls through automatic feeders and sensors that detect the vigor with which our cultured animals feed. We are gradually incorporating sensors to monitor the growth of organisms and analyze their behavior to assess their well-being. Additionally, we are implementing harvesting models to optimize our

We are gradually incorporating sensors to monitor the growth of organisms and analyze their behavior to assess their well-being.

inventory and meet customer demands using advanced instruments and automatic harvesters.

The next significant step is integrating these systems. They have been developed separately and do not communicate with each other. Although they are useful individually and aid in decision-making, the accumulation of data and the use of Big Data technology can lead to what we call Aquaculture 4.0. This allows for the utilization of all available tools for strategic decision-making, including consideration of price trends and market requirements.

As we can see, the use of sensors and automatic feeders represents only the initial phase of the technological revolution that will shape the future of aquaculture. This industry is

As a result, job quality is expected to improve significantly. There will always be a need for skilled technicians who understand the principles and processes of aquaculture and can handle new technologies.

poised for growth, and as such, it will require a highly skilled workforce. As a result, job quality is expected to improve significantly. There will always be a need for skilled technicians who understand the principles and processes of aquaculture and can handle new technologies. Despite concerns that technicians may become expendable, their expertise remains essential. The transparency of aquaculture is increasing, bringing us closer to the goal of minimizing its environmental footprint. This consolidates its position as the most sustainable form of animal protein production.

*Antonio Garza de Yta is Senior Fisheries and Aquaculture Advisor for AWJ Innovation, Vice President of the International Center for Strategic Studies in Aquaculture (CIDEEA), President of Aquaculture Without Frontiers (AwF), Past President of the World Aquaculture Society (WAS), Former Secretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Tamaulipas, Mexico, and Creator of the Certification for Aquaculture Professionals (CAP) Program with Auburn University.

Using Influencers in Your Social Media Strategy

* By Sarah Cornelisse

Along-valued promotional tactic in marketing strategies is building positive word-of-mouth among consumers. A recent survey indicates that 89% of consumers trust recommendations from people they know (Navarro, 2023). Traditionally word-of-mouth recommendations have occurred in-person, however social media platforms have largely either replaced or complimented inperson recommendations.

As social media sites and their algorithms have become more complex, advertising on social media platforms has increased in importance to businesses’ social strategies. At the same time, the general popu-

As social media sites and their algorithms have become more complex, advertising on social media platforms has increased in importance to businesses’ social strategies. At the same time, the general population of social media users has also become more sophisticated in their understanding of and receptiveness to social media marketing. As a result, businesses are embracing influencer marketing.

lation of social media users has also become more sophisticated in their understanding of and receptiveness to social media marketing.

As a result, businesses are embracing influencer marketing. In fact, 71% of survey respondents indicate that they trust advertising about brands and products by influencers; a higher percentage than online video ads (67%), ads on mobile devices (66%), or ads on social networks (64%) (Navarro, 2023). Influencer marketing can be described as “the practice of encouraging individuals with strong social media reach over your target audience to post positive content relating to your brand” (Vgenopoulos, 2017).

Why consider influencer marketing? Not only do most people seek out the opinions and recommendations of others (friends and family) before making purchases, 67% are “at least a little more likely to purchase a product after a friend or family member shared it via social media (Kapadia). Think of the potential return if you can tap into even a small number of influencers with high follower (friends and family) engagement.

Influencers can be grouped into the following categories – celebrity, mega, macro, micro, and nano – primarily due to their celebrity status or follower numbers. The table below provides some guidance regarding categorization and follower count,

While small businesses are unlikely to land a celebrity or mega-influencer, developing relationships with micro- or nano- influencers can be just as beneficial, if not more so.

however, there does not appear to be a universally accepted measurement. While small businesses are unlikely to land a celebrity or megainfluencer, developing relationships with micro- or nano- influencers can be just as beneficial, if not more so. Micro- and nano- influencers have the following identified characteristics:

» “Large” audiences. Individuals “have a large following compared to their peers and have demonstrated experience and success in running their social media ac-

counts—they tell a story, have an eye for good content, and usually rack up likes and comments” (Mintel, 2018). They have a closer relationship with followers and may feel a responsibility to followers to be authentic and transparent, thus building a level of trust. Nano-influencers have six times the engagement rate of influencers (Talbot, 2018).

» Credible, knowledgeable and trusted. “Influencers were seen as more impactful compared to an average person based on the fol-

lowing characteristics: more credible and believable (94% vs. 83%), more knowledgeable (94% vs. 84%), and better at explaining how the product works or could be used (92% vs. 83%)” (Kirkpatrick, 2016).

» Relatable. These individuals typically are going through the same, or similar, experiences as their followers.

» Specialization in a topic. For individuals seen as an expert or highly skilled in something (baking, cooking, crafting, etc.), their followers are more likely to trust recommendations that fall in their area of expertise.

Research has found that “the informative value of influencer-generated content, influencer’s trustworthiness, attractiveness, and similarity to the followers positively affect followers’ trust in influencers’ branded posts, which subsequently influence brand awareness and purchase intentions (Lou, C. and Yuan, S., 2019).

Who these individuals are, for you and your business, will depend on your product(s), location, target customer groups, and other factors, but you likely have an idea.

It’s not uncommon to be able to identify individuals that your customers respect or want to emulate. Who these individuals are, for you and your business, will depend on your product(s), location, target customer groups, and other factors, but you likely have an idea.

Ideas on how to use micro- and nano-influencers as part of your business’s marketing strategy include:

» If they’re a known customer or user of your products, ask them to share how they use your products on their social media.

» Invite them to special events in hopes they will write something positive about your business.

» Start a paid business relationship with the influencer(s). Micro- and nano- influencers can provide cost effective marketing, with many charging less than $250 per post (Wiltshire, 2018). However, the Federal Trade Commission

(FTC) requires that paid relationships be transparent with appropriate wording or disclosures in the post, such as the use of the hashtag, “#ad.”

» Connect with causes that you believe in. Influencers who are also connected are likely to share info about these causes and you/your business may benefit as a result.

» Promote influencer(s) by mentioning them in your posts or imbedding their content in yours.

Success with influencer marketing comes from building a mutually beneficial relationship with the influencer(s). Make certain that they understand your business, values, and goals and will represent them well. As it is important that posts from influencers are genuine, authentic, and fit with their other posts and social media activity, take the time to research suitable influenc-

ers and once a partnership is created, work together with them to create effective content.

References and sources consulted by the author on the elaboration of this article are available under previous request to our editorial staff.

*Sarah Cornelisse is a Senior Extension Associate of agricultural entrepreneurship and business management at Penn State University in the Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology and Education. Sarah has expertise in direct marketing, valueadded dairy entrepreneurship and marketing, the use of digital and social media for agricultural farm and food business marketing, and business and marketing planning and decision making. Originally from New York State, she has a B.A in mathematics from the State University of New York at Geneseo, and M.S. degrees in Agricultural Economics and Animal Science, both from Penn State University. Correspondence email: sar243@psu.edu

1)

Strategies to Control Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS/EMS) and the Highly Lethal Vibrio Disease (HLVD/GPD/TPD) (Part

* By Ph.D. Stephen Newman

Much as with EHP and WSSV and other obligate pathogens that impact farmed shrimp, early mortality syndrome (EMS), acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome or disease (AHPNS or AHPND) continues to harm shrimp farmers in almost every country that farms shrimp. Recently, novel strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) have been associated with another serious disease. The strains that cause HLVD (highly lethal vibrio disease) also known as translucent post-larvae disease (TPD) or glass post-larval disease (GPD) do not contain the toxins responsible for AHPNS. Some estimates are that AHPNS alone has caused over USD 40 billion in losses to date. It has shaped the global industry into what it is today and is impacting how it will evolve in years to come. This new VP strain is wreaking havoc and is causing significant losses in many countries. Recent reports suggest that a newly discovered virus may also be associated with some cases of GPD. These issues reiterate the need to keep pathogens out of production systems whenever possible.

Some countries deny that the strain of VP that causes AHPNS is present in their stocks, further increasing the chances of spreading it. More than likely this perspective will persist with GPD. For AHPNS, the conditions under which the toxins are produced, the relative roles of the two toxins, PIRa and PIRb, and what the options are in terms of eliminating the impact have been the subject of intensive study. For GPD, studies are also being conducted to better understand how the cluster of toxins causes the disease.

These vibrios should be considered to be super-pathogens. While eradication starts with the broodstock, this by itself is not usually sufficient to keep them entirely out of one’s production system. The data suggests that AHPNS can be considered an environmental disease. Cultural practices damage the microbiome allowing this unusual bacterial

Some countries deny that the strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome or disease (AHPNS or AHPND) is present in their stocks, further increasing the chances of spreading it. More than likely this perspective will persist with highly lethal vibrio disease (HLVD/GPD/TPD).

strain to proliferate. More than likely, this will be similar with GPD.

High levels of mortality have been reported due to GPD. These strains of VP carry Tc toxins. These are well characterized and much as with PIRa and PIRb toxins appear to have originated in non-vibrios. These strains are lethal and can rapidly disseminate throughout aquatic ecosystems and dominate. It is probable that GPD will become firmly entrenched along with AHPNS intensifying the negative impact of these vibrios. This makes it imperative to control the presence of these vibrios to the greatest extent possible.

Background

Vibrio species are critical for the normal functioning of marine ecosystems. They play an important role in the recycling of chitin, a component of arthropod exoskeletons. More than 140 species of vibrios have been identified to date with many more likely to be characterized. As is typical of all bacteria, each species has many different and distinctive strains within it.

These strains are often characterized by the production of compounds that are unique to the specific strain. These may be toxins or the ability to grow in the presence of what would be growth limiting conditions for other strains.

The species Vibrio parahaemolyticus is widespread throughout all aquatic ecosystems. Some strains are human pathogens. These can cause acute food poisoning (usually from eating contaminated shellfish) while others are responsible for rapid fulminating septicemias that can result in death in less than 24 hours after an initial infection, often from a minor puncture wound. Some are unique fish and shrimp pathogens. The presence of VP, in of itself, in production systems is not necessarily a problem as most strains are opportunistic and not obligate pathogens. Obligate pathogens produce disease in healthy animals while opportunistic pathogens produce disease in weakened animals.

Published observations state that EMS/AHPNS first appeared in China in 2009. This strain spread and was

Healthy (top) and infected (bottom) shrimp with AHPNS showing characteristic pathology.

Tran 2013. GAA Advocate. Gross signs of AHPNS with an empty stomach, a pale HP and an empty midgut.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

When PLs are infected in the hatchery more than 90% die within 24 to 48 hours after the pathogen is observed to be impacting animals.

subsequently reported in Vietnam in 2010, Malaysia in 2011, Thailand in 2012, Mexico in 2013, the Philippines in 2015, and South America in 2016. It is likely that almost every country that farms shrimp has this obligate pathogen present. Geographical isolation may help keep it out.

When the disease first appeared, it killed primarily post larval shrimp (PLs) in the hatchery, and eventually shrimp post within the first three to four weeks post stocking. Thus, the name “early mortality syndrome” (EMS). As the pathogen spread mortality was not confined solely to this early stage of production. The pathology seen is consistent between geographic areas and likely contributes to secondary infections due to opportunistic pathogens. Affected animals do not eat and the hepatopancreas shows extensive damage to the tubules. The hepatopancreas is pale because of this. While this damage is indicative of the disease process (the technical term is pathognomonic),

there are other things that can damage the tubules. Accurate diagnosis requires isolation of the specific pathogen or the use of real time PCR.

Vibrios, much as with most bacteria, readily exchange genetic material within their own genus as well as with other genera. Dogmatic approaches towards marine microbiology state that TCBS green colonies (of which most strains of VP are an example) should be kept out of hatcheries or farms. The reality is somewhat different. Focusing solely on TCBS green colonies is at best naive and at worst a formula for failure. Many TCBS yellow vibrios are obligate pathogens including highly virulent strains of Vibrio alginolyticus. The strains of VP responsible for GPD have been reported as being weakly yellow unlike the strains that cause AHPNS.

The goal should be to focus on producing clean, healthy, stress free, genetically improved animals which have been shown to be refractory to infection. Minimizing the presence of

vibrios overall regardless of whether they are yellow or green on TCBS is not always practical and it can result in the presence of other opportunistic pathogens.

Bacteria produce disease in many ways. The strain of VP that causes AHPNS produces two pore-forming toxin proteins, PIRa and PIRb, that are very similar amino acid wise to a toxin that kills insects produced by Photorhabdus luminescens strains. They are also very similar in terms of structure and activity to the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal insecticidal (Cry) toxin.

Wet-mount microscopy: melanized HP tubules, Chronic AHPND.

Figure 3.

These genes are present on a conjugative plasmid, a small circular piece of DNA that is easily transferred between other vibrios and potentially other genera. This plasmid has been found not just in this specific strain of V. parahaemolyticus but also in strains of V. owensii, V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. punensis and Micrococcus and Shewenella. It has also been introduced into Escherichia coli in the lab. Since bacteria exchange genetic material very freely with other bacteria, there are many different strains of VP that carry this plasmid. Some produce only one of the toxins. Others produce very small amounts. Some produce large amounts. Some produce a lot of one and a little of the other. Some have one copy of the plasmid and others have many. These toxins are excreted by the bacteria and damage the shrimp eventually to the point where the shrimp are unable to gain adequate nutrition and in this weakened state, they are easily invaded by the strain producing the toxin and other opportunistic pathogens.

The toxins are water borne. Although the VP strains associated with AHPNS form biofilms and there are reports of biofilm formation in the immediate production environment, this does not appear to be an absolute requirement for the shrimp to be affected as lab studies have shown that the formation of biofilms may not always be a critical element for toxin production. There is substantial evidence that another trait of this strain, an antibacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) allows it to dominate in environments over other vibrios and other bacteria. This

is a potent tool by which the vibrio wreaks havoc on the microbiome allowing it to dominate quickly. This trait is critical for the ability of these bacterial strains to spread, and it appears necessary for the ability to produce disease. It also appears to be present only in the plasmid carrying strains and not in other wild type VP strains. The VP strains that cause GPD also have this trait. These properties make them super-pathogens.

GPD was first reported in China in 2019. It has spread to many shrimp farming countries although the extent to which it is impacting these is not well understood.

GPD is much more lethal than AHPNS. When PLs are infected in the hatchery more than 90% die within 24 to 48 hours after the pathogen is observed to be impacting animals. Infected animals have a pale to colorless hepatopancreas and digestive tracts that appear very similar to shrimp with AHPNS. Unlike the PIRa and PIRb toxins the Tc toxin complex is not excreted and requires the bacteria to die for the toxin to be present in the environment. Originally characterized in Photorhabdus luminescens, Tc toxins have an important role in the control of certain plant pathogens. More than likely, they made their way into VP via horizontal gene transfer much as the PIRa and PIRb toxins are thought to have found their way into VP strains as well. As mentioned, these strains also express T6SS.

PIRa and PIRb toxins. This is probably similar in GPD.

In theory one could stimulate an immune response against these strains that might be useful, although the nature of the toxins (at least the PIRa and PIRb toxins) are such that they can produce pathology even when the pathogen is not present. Shrimp cannot be immunized in the classic sense of the word. There is no specificity to their immune response. They can be stimulated in a largely non-specific manner which will increase their ability to tolerate higher pathogen loads and there is evidence that this might be the case with many of the vibrios. There is data that supports that this could afford some protection, enough to require higher levels of exposure before shrimp are impacted.

The best way to control pathogens is to exclude them. This is the basis of proactive animal health management strategies. The concept is to reduce the environmental load by reducing the numbers of potential carriers and thus spreaders. This would seem to be simple but with the specific strain of VP that causes AHPNS, it is only part of the solution. By keeping it out of broodstock and thus PLs the occurrence of an early acute phase of the disease is less likely. Since GPD can cause also cause acute mortality it is also imperative to keep it out of the broodstock as well. Chronic mortality can occur from exposure to low levels of

b a

Healthy shrimps (top) and GPD affected shrimps (bottom).

Figure 5.

Glass post larval disease (GPD) or translucent post larval disease (TPD) affected PLs.

Figure 4.

Overall animal fitness is critical for ensuring that shrimp will grow as fast as they are genetically capable of doing so and that they can resist infection. The best production environments ensure that the animal has all that it needs to protect itself from disease. Eradication of pathogens is rarely easily accomplished (when it is even possible) so a logical place to start is to gradually reduce the environmental load.

Cultural practices need to ensure that every reasonable step is being taken to lower the levels of obligate pathogens. In the case of water borne toxins this is challenging. Since one can have strains that produce very high levels of the toxin and there are all too often design flaws in production facilities that preclude readily being able to eliminate all biofilms, there are going to be instances where

there is evidence of damage from the toxins, but the VP strain responsible cannot be found using PCR or culture. Although the Tc toxins produced by VP strains that cause GPD are not excreted like the PIRa and PIRb toxins are it is likely that they could also cause pathology in the absence of the bacteria being present.

These vibrios must be eliminated from the broodstock. If broodstock are held in non-biosecure environments in an area where the disease is endemic, there is a good probability that they will be carrying the bacteria. Elimination can only be accomplished via individual testing of animals to ensure that broodstock are free of pathogens and held in properly constructed maturation facilities with no movement of animals from outside and the high levels of biosecurity required to maintain the

More than 140 species of vibrios have been identified to date with many morelikely to be characterized.

pathogen free status. Historically this is not the norm and if this is ignored the diseases will not be eradicated.

Hatcheries often have several possible entry points. Even if the broodstock are free of the pathogen, there are other ways for vibrios to enter the hatchery. Vibrios can be wind borne. They are in the air in environments near the ocean or other bodies of water that might be carrying them, such as discharge canals or ponds. Hatcheries that do not have positive air flow systems, i.e., air pressure in the hatchery that ensures that airborne bacteria cannot enter, are at risk. Careless biosecurity measures can move it with employees or equipment that is not properly disinfected. The toxins can be present even when standard techniques such as PCR, RT PCR and culture fail to find the bacteria. Low level exposure to PIRa and PIRb toxins is not invariably fatal although it will damage the HP and increase the likelihood of problems with secondary pathogens. Animals

will grow poorly and succumb to infections that they would not otherwise. With GPD although it stands to reason that it could be similar.

Enrichment is a standard technique employed in microbiology. When one is looking for certain types of bacteria that might be present at very low levels, samples are added to a generic broth and allowed to grow up. These are then tested for the organism of interest via standard techniques. Since the plasmid that encodes for the toxin genes in AHPNS can be present in many copies, a relatively small number of cells could be responsible for pathology.

If routine animal health screening shows that there is damage to the HPs that is characteristic of the presence of these toxins and testing fails to reveal the presence of VP, enrich-

ment may be needed to confirm its presence. Of course, it is also possible that another species of bacteria is producing the toxin.

It is not possible to consistently eliminate all vibrios or to selectively eliminate some and not others although there are some who will try and convince you otherwise. They are ubiquitous and while there have been no observations yet of these Tc toxins being transferred to non-vibrios in the wild, we know that this is possible. The goal should be to keep the loads as low as is practical and avoid those activities that might allow the strains to proliferate.

The following edition will cover the environmental component related to AHPND and GDP, along with recommendations for controlling these diseases.

*Stephen G. Newman has a bachelor’s degree from the University of Maryland in Conservation and Resource Management (ecology) and a Ph.D. from the University of Miami, in Marine Microbiology. He has over 40 years of experience working within a range of topics and approaches on aquaculture such as water quality, animal health, biosecurity with special focus on shrimp and salmonids.

He founded Aquaintech in 1996 and continues to be CEO of this company to the present day. It is heavily focused on providing consulting services around the world on microbial technologies and biosecurity issues.

sgnewm@aqua-in-tech.com

www.aqua-in-tech.com

www.bioremediationaquaculture.com

www.sustainablegreenaquaculture.com

* By The Fishmonger

The Fishmonger was appalled to read that fake meat products (also known as cellcultivated meat products) were being trialed on school children through the various breakfast and lunch programs offered in the USA.

Fortunately, the news of this incredibly shocking behavior has found its way to the U.S. Senate and two Senators, Mike Rounds (R-S.D.) and Jon Tester (D-Mont.), have now introduced legislation that would ban fake

meat products from being served in school lunches through the School Lunch Integrity Act of 2024 and will prohibit the use of cell-cultivated meat under the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and the School Breakfast Program (SBP). The NSLP is the federally assisted meal program in public and nonprofit private schools and residential childcare institutions. It serves over 4.9 billion lunches annually to over 30 million children in about 100,000 schools.

An interesting aside is that Tester is the Senate’s only working farmer and has led the charge to support Montana ranchers and increase competition for American family farms and ranches. Last year, Tester introduced bipartisan legislation to ban Paraguayan beef imports and suspend Brazilian beef imports until experts can systematically review the commodity’s impact on food safety and animal health. USDA Secretary Tom Vilsack has been continually

questioned by Tester on suspending Brazilian beef imports to the U.S. and addressing consolidation in the ag industry, citing that JBS – one of the four big packers controlling more than 80 percent of the beef industry – is based in Brazil. Who is doing that for seafood in the corridors of power where you live?

Supported by environmental activists, many companies globally, have started to research and produce cell-cultivated protein. It is reported

Feeding our Children

The Fishmonger was appalled to read that fake meat products (also known as cell-cultivated meat products) were being trialed on school children through the various breakfast and lunch programs offered in the USA.

that the first cell-cultivated protein product was generated in 2013, and it has become a popular scientific exercise to develop fake meat/protein products. These doctor-developed products aim to eliminate the need to raise livestock.

There can be no doubt that recent actions by these groups undermine the vital work of all livestock producers.

Commentators have advised that The U.S. Department of Agriculture

(USDA) has issued grants of inspection for cell-cultured meat production, allowing two companies to produce cell-cultivated chicken products but they have yet to issue any guidance on cell-cultivated protein in the NSLP and the SPB. Clearly, a lack of demonstrated research on cell-cultivated protein raises several questions about the safety of these products. Parents, you need to be checking that your children are not being used in guinea pig trials you have not approved!

It is reported that the first cell-cultivated protein product was generated in 2013, and it has become a popular scientific exercise to develop fake meat/protein products. These doctor-developed products aim to eliminate the need to raise livestock.

Senator Rounds said, “Our students should not be test subjects for cell-cultivated ‘meat’ experiments. South Dakota farmers and ranchers work hard to produce high-quality beef (and protein) products. These products are often sold to South Dakota schools, where they provide the

necessary nutrition to our students. With high-quality, local protein readily available for our students, there’s no reason to serve fake, lab-grown meat products in the cafeteria. I’m pleased to introduce this bipartisan legislation that benefits South Dakota producers and protects students

from the unknown effects of cell-cultivated ‘meat’ products.”

“Montana ranchers grow the best meat in the world, that’s a fact – and our students ought to be getting the best in their school breakfasts and lunches daily,” said Tester. “This commonsense bill will ensure our

Japanese farmed Scallops served Mediterranean style.

schools can serve real meat from our ranchers, not a fake substitute grown in a lab.”

As you would expect, the legislation is endorsed by the U.S. Cattlemen’s Association, R-CALF USA, National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, and South Dakota Pork Producers. “The claim that cell-cultivated meat grown in a laboratory is as safe and healthful as real, natural meat has not yet been definitively determined,” said Bill Bullard, CEO of R-CALF USA. “So, subjecting children to this nascent, scientific experiment is bad public policy. We applaud Senator Rounds’ bill to ensure our children and grandchildren will not be encouraged to consume this controversial and unnatural product at school.”

Ethan Lane, Vice President of Government Affairs at the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, was reported as saying, “The federal government should not allow lab-grown protein in school lunch and breakfast programs without knowing the long-term health effects on children. The lack of nutrition and allergen research related to lab-grown proteins creates unnecessary risks for children, while traditional beef provides essential nutrients that provide health benefits to children. School cafeterias are not test labs, and we appreciate Senator Rounds and Senator Tester for standing up for our children and cattle producers.”

The Fishmonger asks you these questions – as aquafarmers and others engaged in the seafood chain, what are your children or grandchildren eating? Are you getting seafood on their plates and making it a keystone of the weekly home menu? If you are not, are you failing as a parent or aquafarmer?

The Fishmonger still hears some doctors warn pregnant women against eating seafood – this needs to change and change quickly. Of course, to be cautious, pregnant women have critical advisories about some species, raw seafood, and some cooked seafood. There are many options outside those that present incredible outcomes for mother and baby.

Anyone in doubt should obtain a copy of the Joe Hibbeln-inspired study (Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study by Joseph R Hibbeln et al), which highlights that despite seafood being the predominant source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for optimum neural development that women in USA are advised to limit their seafood intake during pregnancy to 340 g per week. Joe and his team used the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to assess the possible benefits and hazards to a child’s development of different levels of maternal seafood intake during pregnancy. Nearly twelve thousand pregnant women completed a food frequency questionnaire assessing seafood consumption at 32 weeks gestation.

The findings were that maternal seafood intake during pregnancy of less than 340 g per week was associated with an increased risk of their children being in the lowest quartile for verbal intelligence quotient (I.Q.), compared with mothers who consumed more than 340 g per week. Low maternal seafood intake was also associated with an increased risk of suboptimum outcomes for prosocial behavior, fine motor, communication, and social development scores. For each outcome measure, the lower the intake of seafood during pregnancy, the higher the risk of suboptimum developmental outcome.

Maternal seafood consumption of less than 340 g per week in pregnancy did not protect children from adverse outcomes; instead, they recorded beneficial effects on child development with maternal seafood intakes of more than 340 g per week, suggesting that advice to limit seafood consumption could be detrimental. These results show that risks from the loss of nutrients were more significant than the risks of harm from exposure to trace contaminants in 340 g of seafood eaten weekly.

The Fishmonger notes that the American Academy of Pediatrics

Low maternal seafood intake was also associated with an increased risk of suboptimum outcomes for prosocial behavior, fine motor, communication, and social development scores.

(AAP) encourages parents to dish up more fish for their kids. Their last technical report, “Fish, Shellfish, and Children’s Health: An Assessment of Benefits, Risks, and Sustainability,” outlines evidence of the health advantages of eating fish while helping pediatricians point parents to the safest sources. Fish, the report states, should be a welcome part of a child’s diet.

They report that in addition to being protein-dense with no saturated fat or sugar, many types of fish are high in vitamin D and calcium, and many are a rich source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, which are used by the body to build nerve cells in the brain and eyes. Seafood consumption may improve infant neurodevelopment and decrease cardiovascular disease risk. A growing body of research shows that introducing fish early in a child’s diet may even help prevent allergic diseases such as asthma and eczema.

Lead author Aaron Bernstein, MD, MPH, FAAP, an executive committee member of the AAP Council on Environmental Health, reportedly said, “For families who eat meat, fish should be a welcome part of a child’s diet. We encourage pediatricians to ask families about fish and shellfish consumption −since most children don’t eat much beyond the occasional fish sticks/fingers− and advise them on the healthiest choices.”

It should be noted that U.S. children’s seafood consumption has declined yearly since 2007.

It should be noted that U.S. children’s seafood consumption has declined yearly since 2007. The main reason, the report outlined, was that many families avoid feeding their children fish, and women avoid it during pregnancy because of the scare tactics of environmentalist agitators in promoting the idea of methylmercury pollution. Seriously, how many people has this impacted?

No one could argue that eating contaminated fish could harm a child’s developing nervous system. Mercury is a naturally occurring metal released into the air primarily by burning coal and some types of mining. When it settles into water, bacteria convert mercury into a more dangerous form, methylmercury. Methylmercury can build up in fish--typically those that eat other fish and live longer. These tend to be larger ocean species, such as sharks, swordfish, and orange roughy, but freshwater fish also can contain mercury, depending on where it is caught.

However, according to U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency guidance, the AAP says exposure to mercury in fish can easily be minimized or avoided. The agencies recommend that pregnant or breastfeeding children and women eat 1-2 weekly servings of a variety of fish among the choices identified. Families who eat freshwater fish they catch locally should check advisories and limit servings to once a

week if the body of water where they fish is not monitored.

Dr. Bernstein said learning about different types of fish and shellfish and adding more of it to children’s diets should be a goal of every family, adding, “For most types of seafood, the nutritional benefits far outweigh the risks.”

Despite the favorable nutritional and sustainability profile of fish and shellfish, children in the United

States eat relatively little compared to other animal protein sources, and seafood consumption by children has declined to levels not seen since the early 1980s. Evidence suggests that federal mercury advisories on fish consumption pushed people away from eating fish in general and canned tuna in particular. Evidencebased expert guidance has essentially advised that seafood should be more prominent in the American

The Fishmonger says if he has to eat other than seafood then this is favorite.

Despite the favorable nutritional and sustainability profile of fish and shellfish, children in the United States eat relatively little compared to other animal protein sources, and seafood consumption by children has declined to levels not seen since the early 1980s.

(read global) diet. And yet it seems okay to serve cell-cultivated food to school children!

The Scientific Report of the U.S. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, has stated, “The Committee concurs with the Joint WHO/FAO Consultancy that, for the majority of commercial wild and farmed species, neither the perceived risks of mer-

cury nor organic pollutants outweigh the health benefits of seafood consumption, such as decreased cardiovascular disease risk and improved infant neurodevelopment.”

The Fishmonger will be talking more about seafood consumption, food security and nutrition, and other vital issues at Aqua Farm 2024 (www. aquacultureconference.com.au), the

event occurs at SeaWorld, an excellent place for families/kids – see you there!

Vietnamese Vannamei PTO Shrimp 26-30 with pasta.

FEBRUARY 2024

AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2024

Feb. 18-21, 2024

San Antonio, Texas, USA

T: (+1) 760 751 5005

Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003

E: worldaqua@was.org

W: www.was.org

iPEL SHOW 2024

Feb 22-25, 2024

Teheran, Iran

T: 021-41074000

E: info@IPELSHOW.com

W: mashhad.ipelshow.ir/#

AQUAEXPO SANTA ELENA 2024

Feb. 28-29, 2024

Santa Elena, Ecuador

T: (+593) 4 268 3017 ext. 124

E: cmosquera@cna-ecuador.com

W: www.aquaexpo.com.ec/

MARCH 2024

SEAFOOD EXPO NORTH AMERICA 2024

March 10-12, 2024

Boston Convention and Exhibition Center

Boston, USA

T: +1 207-842-5504

E: sales-na@seafoodexpo.com; info-na@ seafoodexpo.com; customerservice@divcom.com

W: www.seafoodexpo.com/north-america

SALON DE LA CONCHYLICULTURE ET DES CULTURES MARINES 2024

March 20-21, 2024

La Tremblade, France

T: 05 46 36 99 17

E: salon@la-tremblade.com

W: https://www.salon-conchyliculture.com/

AQUASUR. FOR A BLUE TRANSFORMATION

March 19-21, 2024

Puerto Montt, Chile

T: +56 9 8188 8565

E:info@aqua-sur.cl

W: www.aqua-sur.cl

APRIL 2024

THE GLOBAL SEAFOOD MARKETPLACE

April 23-25, 2024

Barcelona, Spain

T: +1 207-842-5590

E: sales-global@seafoodexpo.com; customerservice@divcom.com; cperkins@ divcom.com

W: https://www.seafoodexpo.com/global/

MAY 2024

AQUACULTURE UK 2024

May 14-15, 2024

Macdonald Aviemore, Scotland

T: +44 (0)1273 063841

E: aharrison@divcom.co.uk

W: https://aquacultureuk.com/

empyreal75.com

MOTIV INSIDE COVER

W: motivshrimp.com

EVENTS AND EXHIBITIONS

AQUA 2024 BLUE FOOD / GREEN SOLUTION . 47

August 26 - 30, 2024. Copenhagen, Denmark.

Tel: +1 760 751 5005

E-mail: worldaqua@aol.com www.was.org

AQUACULTURE AFRICA 2024

Nov. 20-23, 2024. Hammamet, Tunisia

T: (+1) 760 751 5005

Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003

E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org

ASIAN-PACIFIC AQUACULTURE 2024

July 2-5, 2024. Surabaya, Indonesia

T: (+1) 760 751 5005

Fax: (+1) 760 751 5003

E: worldaqua@was.org W: www.was.org

AUSTRALIAN CONFERENCE AQUA FARM 2024

May 14-17, 2024

Gold Coast, Australia

T: +61 0416000202

E: rakshith.kumar@aquacultureconference. com.au

W: https://aquacultureconference.com.au/

AQUAEXPO MANABÍ 2024

May 15, 2024

Manabí, Ecuador

T: (+593) 4 268 3017 ext. 124

E: cmosquera@cna-ecuador.com

W: www.aquaexpo.com.ec/

aquaculture events upcoming advertisers index

GUATEMALA AQUACULTURE SYMPOSIUM .....

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May 22-24, 2024. La antigua Guatemala, Guatemala

Tel: (502) 5596-8781

E-mail: simposiodeacuiculturag@agexport.org.gt

https://simposio.export.com.gt/

LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN AQUACULTURE 2024

Sept. 24-27, 2024. Medellín, Colombia

T: (+1) 760 751 5005 E: worldaqua@was.org

W: www.was.org

XXI INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FISH NUTRITION AND FEEDING.

May 27-31, 2024. Puerto Vallarta, Mexico

T: +52 (55) 1090 2474

E: isfnf2024secretariat@gmail.com, isfnf2024sponsor@gmail.com

W: http://isfnf2024.com/

47

47

47

GUATEMALA AQUACULTURE SYMPOSIUM

May 22-24, 2024

La antigua Guatemala, Guatemala

Tel: (502) 5596-8781

E-mail: simposiodeacuiculturag@agexport. org.gt

https://simposio.export.com.gt/

XXI INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FISH NUTRITION AND FEEDING. BLUE AND GREEN AQUAFEEDS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE

May 27-31, 2024

Puerto Vallarta, México

T: +52 (55) 1090 2474

E: isfnf2024secretariat@gmail.com, isfnf2024sponsor@gmail.com

W: http://isfnf2024.com/

5

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AQUACULTURE MAGAZINE 15 Design Publications International Inc. 401 E Sonterra Blvd. Sté. 375 San Antonio, TX. 78258, USA Office: +210 504 3642

Office in Mexico: +52(33) 8000 0578 - Ext: 8578

Subscriptions:

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Sales & Marketing Coordinator

crm@dpinternationalinc.com

Cell: +521 33 1466 0392

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Cell:+521 333 968 8515

PANORAMA ACUÍCOLA MAGAZINE

REEFER CARGO MSC BACK COVER

T: +52 55 5091 7070 www.msc.com/seafood

TANKS AND NETWORKING FOR AQUACULTURE

REEF INDUSTRIES 1

9209 Almeda Genoa Road Z.C. 7075, Houston, Texas, USA. Contact: Gina Quevedo/Mark Young/ Jeff Garza.

T: Toll Free 1 (800) 231-6074

Empresarios No. #135 Int. Piso 7 Oficina 723 Col. Puerta de Hierro, C.P.45116 Zapopan, Jal. México

Office: +52 (33) 8000 0578

Contact 1: Subscriptions

E-mail: suscripciones@panoramaacuicola.com

Office: +52 (33) 8000 0629 y (33) 8000 0653

Contact 2: Sales & Marketing Coordinator. crm@dpinternationalinc.com |

Cell: +521 33 1466 0392

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