INTELLIGENT AND RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE

A DISSERTATION REPORT ON INTELLIGENT AND RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

By Christin wilson siby 2014-2015 VIDYAVARDHAN’S INSTITUTE OF DESIGN ENVIRONMENT AND ARCHITECTURE

(YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN

,

MAHARASHTRA OPEN UNIVERSITY, NASHIK ,MAHARASHTRA.)

INTELLIGENT AND RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE

- Christin wilson siby VIDYAVARDHAN’S INSTITUTE OF DESIGN ENVIRONMENT AND ARCHITECTURE

CERTIFICATE

Certifies that this is a thesis submitted to VIDYAVARDHAN’S INSTITUTE OF DESIGN ENVIRONMENT AND ARCHITECTURE Affiliated to

YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN MAHARASHTRA OPEN UNIVERSITY In partial fulfillment of requirement for degree bachelor of architecture for year 2014-2015

Thesis title :

Intelligent & responsive architecture

Name of candidate :

christin wilson siby

Signature of candidate

Internal guide (Ar.Rakhi takle)

Internal guide (Ar. Vivek saikhedkar)

Acknowledgements

I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all faculty members for their help and support.

First of all I would like to thank prof vijay sohoni for providing platform to work and my internal guide Ar. Rakhi takle and Ar. Vivek saikhedkar for their suggestion and criticism and I also like to thank Ar. Sachin gulve and Ar. Ali kadri for their support and knowledge I also thank my parents for the unceasing encouragement, support and attention. I am also grateful to my friends who supported me through this thesis.

I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all, who directly or indirectly, have let their

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hand in this project

Chapter 1 1.1 introduction

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1.2 abstract

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1.3 historical context

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1.4 limitation

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1.5understnding human comfortness

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Chapter 2 2.1 case study One peeking ,hong kong

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Cambridge library

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Gyeong gi complex

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L towers

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Editt tower

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Menara mesiniaga

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Rwe ag headquarter

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Thermobimetal

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2.2 double skin faรงade concept

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2.3 passive strategies

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Chapter 3 3.1 Conclusion

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3.2 Theoretical stand

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3.3 Analysis

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Chapter 4 4.1 thesis design typology

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4.2 design case studies

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4.3 site and climate understanding

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4.4 area requirements and study

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4.5 skin design 4.6 model views

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4.7 3d views

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CHAPTER 1

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Introduction The importance of passive design cannot be overstated. Paying attention to the principles of good passive design suitable for your climate effectively ‘locks in’ thermal comfort, low heating and cooling bills, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions for the life span of your home. Passive design utilizes natural sources of heating and cooling, such as the sun and cooling breezes. It is achieved by appropriately orientating your building on its site and carefully designing the building envelope (roof, walls, windows and floors of a home). Well-designed building envelopes minimize unwanted heat gain and loss The last two decade has witnessed a severe energy crisis in developing countries especially during summer season primarily due to cooling load requirements of buildings. The energy consumption in buildings is quite high and is expected to further increase because of improving standards of life and increasing world population. Air conditioning use has increasingly penetrated the market during the last few years and greatly contributes in the upsurge of absolute energy consumption.

According to the World watch Institute, buildings consume about 40% of the world’s energy production. As a result, buildings are involved in producing about 40% of the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides that cause acid rain and contribute to smog formation. Building energy use also produces 33% of all annual carbon dioxide emissions, significantly contributing to the climate changes brought about by the accumulation of this heat-trapping gas . In India, the building sector represents about 33% of total electricity consumption, with commercial sector accounting for 8% and 25 % respectively

Before the advent of mechanical refrigeration, ingenious use was made of the many means of cooling (e.g. damp cloths hung in draughts created by the connective stack effect in buildings).

So dwellings and life styles were developed to make best possible use of these sources of cooling. The introduction of mechanical refrigeration permitted not only the ability to increase the likelihood of achieving complete thermal comfort for more extended periods, but also a great deal of flexibility in building design, and simultaneously led to changes in life style and work habits. However, increasingly, the use of a 'higher technology' resulted in natural-cooling techniques being ignored. Now with the growing realization of the rapid depletion of nonrenewable energy sources and of the adverse environmental impacts of fossil-fuel dissipating processes, it is accepted that it is foolish to continue consuming vast amounts of non-renewable fuels for the air-conditioning of buildings, when our ancestors achieved thermal comfort by natural mea. Hence to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, caused by fossil fuels to power the cooling requirement of the buildings has stimulated the interest towards adoption of passive cooling techniques for buildings. This paper reviews and discusses in detail various passive cooling techniques with a special focus on solar shading techniques, as they are most economical and thus most suitable for houses in developing countries.

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ABSTRACT •

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As Derrick Jensen said“We cannot hope to create a sustainable culture with any but sustainable souls.” The building environment is very static around us it cannot behave of its own Building skin nowadays mostly used for aesthetical purpose ,they don’t react to environments . Human skin behaves when there is difference in temperature , human sweats when there is increase in temperature . skin of reptiles behave in hot weather , they have scales & thick skin in there body to protect from disturbing environment .Aquatic fishes have different scales to maintain its core temperature from freezing environment. The building should have some kind of skin that can react/behave of its own when required ,the skin should be sustainable , it should reduce the energy consumption of the building.

The environmental impact due to the process of extraction, production and transportation combined with its ever increasing cost have contributed to make energy related issues an ever more important issue within the broad context of sustainable architecture. Most of the measures to reduce energy consumption and implement sustainable design concepts are directed to improve the performance of buildings The main objective is to achieve human comfort level by maintaining the core temperature, The factors that affect humans pleasantly or adversely include: . Air , Material , Aesthetics , Acoustics , Lighting Understanding these factors that governs the comfertness of human space and achieving it through multiple screening and layering

Objectives- the main objective is to understand and apply passive design strategies to a built form façade by means of screening and layering or material (used in exterior) in order to achieve unstatic –dynamic- functional facade

Goals •Understanding passive architecture and limitation •Analyzing works of hassan fateh, laurie baker,doris kim sung ,sheila shivprakash etc • understanding factors that effects human comfort ( air, material ,aesthetics ,acoustics & lighting) and achieving it in a passive way through layering • analyzing technical data about calculations of different factors.

• understanding how these strategies is used in historical context

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Historical context •Hawa mahal •Fatehpur sikhri •Concrete brise soleil •Jali work done in rajputana architecture •Jali work done in mughal architecture •Jali work done in indo-sarcenic •Latticework -in indian context •Earliest record of double skin façade system is the one made by JeanBaptiste Jobard in 1849. Jobard (1849) described a “mechanically ventilated multiple skin façade •The earliest use of the DSF, on the other hand, is believed to be at during 1903 atSteiff Factory in Giengen, Germany as claimed by Crespo.The factory is a three-story structure with the DSF system as a result of considering maximization of daylight, the cold weather and strong winds of the region

Study of related literature Jeff vagilio – multiple screen façade del Castillo, N. Double skin facade.

Gilles, S. A. Double skin facade Kim, G., Lim, H., & Kim, J. sustainablehealthybuildings.

Mata, R. L. Double skin facade.

Poirazis, H. (2006). Double skin facades: Doris Kim Sung University of Southern CaliforniaChallenging the traditional presumption that a building skin should be static and inanimate, this investigation examines the replacement of this convention with a responsive system that is a prosthetic extension of man and a mediator for the environment

Scope It has a wide scope because These strategies can be used to a volume which has to be designed and also to a existing metropolitan space/volume. As in reference to development most upcoming building gets taller and bigger consuming more and more energy ,achieving passive strategies would be a sensitive approach toward environment but also achieving human comfortness parallely

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limitations To maximize the efficiency the enveloped volume should contain a function that would help to use it efficiently •Adding an extra layer to a building increases cost and resource and energy to produce it. •Additional maintenance and operational costs

Why this topic?

The building environment around us is very static . Applying a functional envelop to a building will make dynamic in a functional way

Can it be applied?

Yes it can be applied easily because nowadays buildings has been cladded with aluminum panels which is just a envelop, so instead of this a functional screen can be used that would assist the building in a efficient way

Is it relevant to do it?

Applying these strategies on existing metropolitan façade With the emergence of smart materials, an elevated interest in utilizing unconventional building systems and an urgent need to build sustainable structures, our buildings can be more sensitive to the environment and the human body, raising the level of effectiveness while altering our perception of enclosure It is relevant because this research would help to work on energy efficient projects as an architect .

How is this going to effect society in large These strategies would make the user understand the sensitive importance of non renewable energy and utilizing renewable energy in a efficient way with all modern/contemporary requirements The complete architecture scenario consist of existing structure which is to rigid .

Applying functional dynamic layering would make it unstaic and vibrant. Most important is to achieve human comfertness through these strategies .

These can be applied on a existing structure and to a upcoming building

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The procedure of understanding the calculation of different elements to achieve human comfortness 1. Air Indoor air and outdoor air both contain oxygen naturally, but the quality is not the same.

An important component of natural ventilation is the concept of air changes per hour.

•Air changes per hour is a rate used to describe the amount of ventilation moving through an area with respect to the size of the space.

•AC/hr is used to determine room pressure, whether it is positive or negative.

Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than exhausted and conversely, negative pressure occurs when more air is being exhausted than supplied.

•To establish AC/hr the room volume must be calculated first. Next, identify all supply and exhaust points in the room, these are where air enters and leaves the space.

Determine the area and cross sectional velocity for each supply or exhaust grill in the room. Then, calculate the flow rate for each and sum the flows .

Air change rate -air changes per hour -can be expressed in imperial Units as n = 60 q / V(1) where n= air changes per hour (1/h) q = fresh air flow through the room (Cubic Feet per Minute, cfm) V = volume of the room (Cubic Feet) Air change rate can be expressed in SI-units as: n = 3600 q / V(2) where n= air changes per hour q = fresh air flow through the room (m3/s) V = volume of the room (m3)

Building use and required fresh air (in cfm) per person: •Homes 5-15 •Offices 15-20 •Light commercial buildings 15-25 •Retail stores 15-20 •Classrooms 15 •Restrooms 35 •Conference rooms 20 •Restaurants 20 •Restaurants, smoking 25-30 •Exercise rooms 30-40 •Manufacturing 25-40 •Dry cleaners 30 •Hotel rooms 20-30 •Dance clubs 25-35 6 Image and data source –BSS prsentation sem-4 , Ar manju bele

The Indoor air quality determines the health of the building. It affects the comfort and health of the occupants. Thermalcomfort of humans depends upon the number of air changes.

The quality of air inside the room depends upon the efficiency of the local exhaust, combustion venting and segregation of living spaces from high pollution areas like garages and roads Ventilation is the most energy-efficient and healthy solution.

It affects thermal comfort along with other factors like air temperature and relative humidity The design objective should be to provide controllable means of ventilation that can supply adequate fresh air for occupants health and comfort

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7 fig3 Image and data source –BSS prsentation sem-4 , Ar manju bele

Natural ventilation is movement of outdoor air into a space without mechanical assistance Controlled by intentionally providing openings Controllable phenomenon whereby efficient rate can be achieved by proper design of openings and orientation Single window can ventilate a space up to 6-7 M depth  With cross-ventilation up to 15 M can be naturally ventilated stack effect can be used for deeper plan spaces Louvres can be used for providing control Turrets can be building integrated ventilation features Chimneys and Wind towers work on +ve and -e air pressure concept. fig4

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8 Image and data source –BSS prsentation sem-4 , Ar manju bele

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Heat loss in building 9

fig10 Image and data source –BSS prsentation sem-4 , Ar manju bele

2. Material /orientation • Building form: Compactness and Zoning • Orientation • Building components/ materials Building form can affect solar and wind access as well as heat loss or heat gain through the external envelope The design objectives should thus be: Compact building envelopes to limit exposure Sheltering and buffering of building mass for shading The basic idea of compactness is to modulate built form w.r.t built mass proportions, density and size, surface-to-volume ratio and zoning of the built form on site as per sun and wind geometry.

A compact building gains less heat during day and losses less heat during night.

The amount of solar radiation falling on surfaces of different orientation varies considerably depending on the view or exposure to sun In tropical climates Northward orientation has brief period of solar radiation early mornings and late afternoons on summer days East and west receive maximum radiation during summer Southward orientation has radiation during winters which can be potentially used during cold periods Sheltering and buffering of building mass for shading Orientation also affects wind and daylight factor Some building components to be considered for thermal design: Opaque surfaces Thermal insulation Transparent surfaces Shading devices

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Image and data source –BSS prsentation sem-4 , Ar manju bele

Passive heating strategies Design Criteria Reduce heat loss by insulation and infiltration Use passive solar elements for heat gain and storage Heating strategies: Mass and Trombe wall Remote storage wall Water wall Solar chimney

Passive cooling strategies Design Criteria Control amount of heat gain from solar radiation Minimise effect of unwanted heat gain within the building skin or through openings Reduce internal heat gains form appliances or occupants Use environmental heat sinks by applying strategies like listed below Cooling strategies: Evaporative cooling: wind tower system, Roof spray system Radiative cooling: Nocturnal cooling, Roof pond with moveable insulation Ground cooling: Earth berming, Geothermal cooling Ventilation

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Image and data source –BSS prsentation sem-4 , Ar manju bele

3.Acoustics In analogy with light rays, sound rays are reflected from hard plane walls in accordance with the lawsof reflection i.e. the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the surfaceat the point of incidence all lie in the same plane; the angle of incidenceis equal to the angle of reflection . Therefore sound rays incident ona curved surface will either be focused or dispersed depending on whether the surface is concave or convex . Diffraction of sound rays can and does occur but the effect is more noticeable for low frequency, long wavelength sounds than with high frequency sounds of short wavelength.

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12 Image and data source –BSS prsentation sem-4 , Ar manju bele

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Image and data source –BSS prsentation sem-4 , Ar manju bele

Absorbtions Porous materials obtained from synthetic fibres, such as mineral wool or glass wool, are commonly used for thermal insulation and sound absorption, because of their high performance and low cost. Their diffuse-field sound absorption coefficient is very high at mid-high frequencies

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Image and data source –BSS prsentation sem-4 , Ar manju bele

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CHAPTER 2

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One Peking ,Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong The designer chose to integrate the new development with the adjacent heritage site visually and spatially with a strong contrast between old and new. The main circulation areas in One Peking work on multiple levels as a result, with the lift lobbies located at a similar height as the former Marine Police Headquarters’ platform. Visual connection remains with the old building in clear view from the lift hall, seen The arrangement of entries and foyers frees valuable retail space at street level. The street fronting shopping areas house high-end retailers in double height spaces. The south elevation features innovative arrangements to reduce solar gain yet allow increased light transmission at the same time. Although standard ceiling heights in the development are 2,800 mm on office floors, inclined ceilings rise as they reach the windows, which gain extra height as a result. Outside the windows, aluminium sunshading fins serve as reflectors bouncing light up onto the angled ceiling to transmit more natural light inside while at the same time limiting the entry of direct sun. At night, these same fins are lit from below as architectural features.

fig19 •Image source-http://high-performancebuildings.org/casestudy.php

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CAMBRIDGE PUBLIC LIBRARY CAMBRIDGE, MA

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Double Skin Components 1 Exterior Glazing 2 Interior Glazing 3 Structural Frame 4 Operable Sun Shade 5 Sun Shade Canopy 6 Lower Operable Ventilation 7 Upper Operable Ventilation 8 Maintenance Catwalks fig23

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fig24 •http://tboake.com/pdf/double_facade_general.pdf

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Gyeong –gi complex seoul south korea The sites ecology is recreated with a matrix of viable habitats and species ,matching ecologies with the potential of green roof green walls sky court eco bridges and a range of landscapes The master plan introduce forestry not only to the landscape but with In the building themselves through the creation of extremely large sky court embedded into the tower’s form The forested sky court contains automated shutters that closes over the colder months during which these become the heated winter garden . These sky court are partially opened during the mid season And become fully exposed in summer month

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Image and data source –kean yang architecture-book

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L tower, kaula lumpur L tower is set on the edge of kaulalumpur’s commercial district and comprises of podiu on which sits the 40 storey food production building . Ramps spiral around the building connecting ground plane with roof top garden ,providing a continuous green corridor with sky court and screen constructed from a series of horizontally hung hydroponic tubes . The hydroponics screen also improves passive mode performance of the tower themseves ,controlling solar gains and providing a cooling effect

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Image and data source –kean yang architecture-book

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EDITT tower ,singapore Ecological design starts with looking at the site’s ecosystem and its properties. Any design that do not take these aspects of the site into consideration is essentially not an ecological approach.

From this hierachy, it is evident that this site is an urban “zero culture” site and is essentially a devastated ecosystem with little of its original top soil, flora and fauna remaining. The design approach is to re-habilitate this with organic mass to enable ecological succession to take place and to balance the existent inorganicness of this urban site.

The unique design feature of this scheme is in the well-planted facades and vegetated-terraces which have green areas that approximate the gross useableareas (i.e. GFA @ 6,033 sq.m.) of the rest of the building.

The vegetation areas are designed to be continous and to ramp upwards from the ground plane to the uppermost floor in a linked landscaped ramp. The design’s planted-areas constitute 3,841 sq.m. which is @ ratio 1 : 0.5 of gross useable area to gross vegetated area.

Design began with the mapping in detail of the indigenous planting within a 1 mile radius vicinity of the site to identify species to be incorporated in the design that will not compete with the indigenous species of the locality

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Image and data source –kean yang architecture-book

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Menara Mesiniaga

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The Menara Mesiniaga is the headquarters for IBM in Subang Jaya near Kuala Lumpur. It was first conceived of in 1989 and finally completed in 1992. IBM asked the office of T.R. Hamzah & Yeang for a building which was a hightech corporate showcase for their highly visible site and high-technology industry. Also, Ken Yeang designed this building as an example of his bioclimatic skyscraper fig36 practices and principles

Sun Shaders (yellow) / Garden Spaces (green)

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- An urban environment integrated with and by its landscape - An aesthetic model - the image of luxuriant tropical urban garden - An open way of life - community - all made possible by the tropical climate 21 Image and data source –kean yang architecture-book fig38

Responding in plan and form to the climate - Responding to the landscaping by introducing planting upwards and diagonally across the face of the built forms - Breaking surfaces from the straight plane to planes in context for the site - Linkages to the ground and surrounding base

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The roof is inhabitable. As part of Yeang’s fundamental idea of connecting the building back to land – the roof holds a pool and a gym. The roof acts as the capping social space of the building as well as an additional buffer between interior and exterior spaces.

The sun screen structure is made of steel and holds aluminium panels. The structure is capable of holding solar panels (if ever installed). The screen shades the pool as well as the roof of the building. The rain water collection system is also on the roof.

22 Image and data source –kean yang architecture-book

RWE AG Headquarters

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http://gaia.lbl.gov/hpbf/casest_j.htm

fig43 http://gaia.lbl.gov/hpbf/casest_j.htm

The RWE tower is the home of primarily, mid- and upper-level management of RWE, one of Germany’s largest power companies. The 120 meter tall circular tower was designed by Ingenhoven, Overdiek, und Partner

fig45 http://cmiserver.mit.edu/natvent/Europe/rwe.htm

Creating as transparent a building as possible is based on a desire to use daylight as much as possible in order to increase the quality of the working environment. A critical requirement of using daylight is to have very transparent glazing. In addition to day lighting, RWE specified that natural ventilation was to be used. Having operable windows in a skyscraper, at the time, was unprecedented. A third demand was to provide occupants with adequate sun protection without using interior-mounted devices.

The demands specified were fulfilled without compromise by using a double skin façade with a 50-cm wide airflow gap. The exterior wall of the RWE tower is made of flint glass that is fastened in eight locations; specialists from Gartner note that the exterior wall is “practically” invisible from the interior. In the façade channel, metal panels in the shape of a fish mouth form a transition from the inner to outer glass surfaces. Window cleaners can raise the top flap of the fish mouth to reach a flat walking platform.

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The inlet and outlet vents on the faรงade include louvers designed to prevent rain infiltration without the use of electronically controlled flaps. Arranging the inlet and outlet vents on top of each other was decided to be unacceptable because exhaust air would take the shortest path up to the floor above and enter it in the place of fresh environmental air. If this happened, air quality would decrease with every subsequent floor. Another concept was to have air flow from the bottom to the top of the faรงade; this was found to also be problematic. The final solution was to create diagonal air streams in the faรงade cavity. This required that supply and extract air vents were placed next to each other. This was achieved by alternately perforating the bottom and topsides of the double-paneled fish mouth platforms connecting the inner and outer glass walls. The final vent width was 120 mm.

The slatted blinds in the faรงade corridor have virtually the same effect as exterior sun shading.

The slats absorb solar radiation, which in turn causes them to heat up. The secondary heat transmitted by the slats remains within the infrared spectrum and is primarily deflected by the interior layer of glass. The exterior glass layer protects the blinds from wind, humidity, and other weather. fig47

http://cmiserver.mit.edu/natvent/ Europe/rwe.htm

http://www.alamy.com/stockphoto-epa04045736-the-rwetower-the-headquarters-ofenergy-company-rwe-in66281843.html fig48 http://www.mech.hku.hk/sbe/case_study/case/ger/RWE_Tow er/rwe_index.html fig46

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http://cmiserver.mit.edu/natvent/Europe/rwe.htm fig49

Various aspects were considered in the ventilation design of the RWE tower. They included: natural ventilation in windy conditions, natural stack ventilation of the entire building, ventilation in the double-skin façade, ventilation of the elevator tower, and natural ventilation of the ventilation duct network.

It was found that cross ventilation at medium wind speeds would produce up to a 40-fold air change rate. Thus, the double-skin façade reduces cross-ventilation sufficiently to prevent papers from flying around, as long as outside wind speeds were not in excess of 8 m/s. At that speed, there is around a 200-fold air change rate. Using past weather data, it was found that the double-skin façade would be able to reduce door opening forces to levels around 40-60 N for the majority of the time.

Because of the stack effect in stairwells and the elevator shafts, special attention was paid to where certain air locks and vents should be placed throughout the building. Through extensive wind tunnel and computer modeling, a design consensus was reached that would allow natural ventilation to be used as long as outside wind speeds did not reach an excess of 8 m/s (300 hours per year) or a temperature below 2 °C (100-250 hours per year).

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PROTOTYPING A SELF-VENTILATING BUILDING SKIN WITH SMART THERMOBIMETALS Doris Kim Sung University of Southern California Challenging the traditional presumption that a building skin should be static and inanimate, this investigation examines the replacement of this convention with a responsive system that is a prosthetic extension of man and a mediator for the environment. With the emergence of smart materials, an elevated interest in utilizing unconventional building systems and an urgent need to build sustainable structures, our buildings can be more sensitive to the environment and the human body, raising the level of effectiveness while altering our perception of enclosure. To test this thesis, an 8’ tall portable prototype with a responsive, self-ventilating building skin using sheet thermobimetal, a smart material never before used in building skins, was built. By laminating two metal alloys with different coefficients of expansion together, the result is a thermobimetal that curls when heated and flattens when cooled. As the temperature rises, this deformation will allow the building skin to breathe much like the pores in human skin.

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26 image and data source -Doris Kim Sung University of Southern California-article

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27 image and data source -Doris Kim Sung University of Southern California-article

Thermobimetals: A Smart Material for Building Skins Once merely an element to build shelter, materiality has now become instrumental in the design of building skins. The experimental attitude to materiality has architects considering the use of materials in new and unexpected ways, in unconventional situations and conditions. Many of these newly developed materials are capable of reacting flexibly to the external conditions physically or chemically in response to changes in the temperature, light, electric field or movement. The term Smart Materials has been used to define these materials that have changeable properties and are able to reversibly change their shape or color. These materials are important to architectural skins in that they allow the building surface to be reactive to changes, both inside and out, automatically. “Energy and matter flows can be optimized through the use of smart materials, as the majority of these materials and products take up energy and matter indirectly and directly from the environment. �Ii This multifaceted investigation focuses on the development of an old industrial smart material used in a completely innovative application—for architectural skins.

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28 image and data source -Doris Kim Sung University of Southern California-article

Thermobimetals have been used since the beginning of the industrial revolution. A lamination of two metals together with different thermal expansion coefficients, it simply deforms when heated or cooled (Figure 3). As the temperature rises, one side of the laminated sheet will expand more than the other. The result will be a curved or curled piece of sheet metal (Figure 4). Reacting with outside temperatures, this smart material has the potential to develop selfactuating intake or exhaust for facades. Available in the form of strips, disks or spirals, thermobimetals are commonly used today in thermostats as a measurement and control system and in electrical controls as components in mechatronic systems. So far, however, few applications in architecture have been documented. Automatically opening and closing ventilation flaps have been developed and installed in greenhouses and for use as self-closing fire protection flaps, but nothing has been published on the development of this material for building skins.

Thermobimetals can be a combination of any two compatible sheet metals. The combinations of metals with different expansion coefficients and at various thicknesses can produce a wide range of deflection. TM2, the ideal thermobimetal for this investigation, had the highest amount of deflection in the temperature range of 0-120 degrees Fahrenheit. The low expansion material is called Invar, which is an alloy of 64% iron and 36% nickel with some carbon and chromium. The high expansion material is a nickel manganese alloy composed of 72% manganese, 18% copper and 10% nickel. This bi-metal is also called 36-10 and the ASTM name is TM2. Made corrosion-resistant by plating with chrome and copper, this material is available in sheets or strips in several thicknesses. It can be fabricated into disks, spirals and other shapes. The amount of deflection varies dependent on the size of the sheet, the air temperature, the position of clamping and the thickness of the material. The thickness selected for this study is 0.010�

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29 image and data source -Doris Kim Sung University of Southern California-article

Building Technologies: Detailing, Structure and Assembly Because this study focused on thermobimetals as a building material, it was important to retain the integrity of the material and not add other unnecessary materials to the assembly.

Like sheets of steel and aluminum, this material could be easily laser-cut and readily handled.

Various thicknesses of materials were tested for strength, pliability, weight and curvature before the final gauge of 0.010” was selected, a thickness similar to aluminum flashing.

Because the material was manufactured in rolls of 12”wide, this dimension determined the largest-sized pieces that could be cut from the metal sheets. A system of tiles, ranging from 2” to 12” long, was designed with connection details of tabs and slots, eliminating the need for added material. The horizontal connection of tabs/slots allowed movement along the slots up and down during assembly, but restricted the horizontal movement once in place. This restriction would limit the movement of the system to only allow the temperature to change the form when the individual tiles curved. The vertical connections, on the other hand, were designed with very little tolerances. These areas needed to provide structural tension by gravity . Again, horizontal movement had to be limited.

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fig58 image and data source -Doris Kim Sung University of Southern California-article

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image and data source -Doris Kim Sung University of Southern California-article

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image and data source -Doris Kim Sung University of Southern California-article

The thermobimetal is proving to have huge potential as a building material, especially as one that can be responsive to temperature change. There are, however, a few unanticipated problems learned from this exercise, that, although not insurmountable, must be addressed at this stage. The most obvious problem is that the ideal operating temperature range for the prototype is about 100-120 degrees Fahrenheit. Although the individual tiles demonstrate and the engineered data calculates the material to curl at a range of 70-100 degrees, the tiles perform differently when assembled in a weave. There are two potential solutions to this problem. The first is changing the actual alloys that are being laminated to ones that are more sensitive to temperature change at lower ranges. A larger differential between the two sides would possibly enhance the sensitivity. The other possible solution is to enhance the performance of the present material by adding more materials to the wall assembly. Adding a heat absorbing material on the outside and a temperature insulating material on the inside, the rate of reaction of the two opposing sides of the laminated metal sheet will be increased.

The sheet metal will curve at a lower temperature and with more deflection. Different materials are being considered such as Super Blackiv, a nanocoating that absorbs 99.6% of light and heat, and Aerogelv, a featherweight insulating nanomaterial. The final system is optimally intended to be lightweight, high-tech and fully operational at 80 degrees.

This research project has many areas that can be developed before it is ready for public consumption and standard architectural application. New weave patterns, material laminate systems and overall shapes/forms can be tested with the aid of various engineers and consultants. Every piece of new data or information leads to alternative connection details, tile shapes and curling patterns. Clearly, learning new complex digital software is critical to this process.

Indoor and outdoor installations are planned. An installation outside would have obvious purpose. It is the true testing ground for an exterior responsive skin design. If large enough, it can demonstrate the changes on the surface relative to changing ambient temperatures as well as direct sunlight. Coordination with several outdoor galleries is in progress and designs are underway. Unlike the outdoor installation, the indoor one would be in a controlled environment. A temperature-controlled chamber would house the prototypes or mockups, heating up to high temperatures and cooling to low temperate ranges. The special chamber would be able to test and demonstrate the performance of the wall at various temperature ranges, in quick-time and on-command. Ideally, this chamber would be portable and mobile. Funding is sought for the construction of this transparent testing chamber

33 fig65

image and data source -Doris Kim Sung University of Southern California-article

Understanding the General Principles of Double Skin Faรงade System The double skin faรงade is normally a pair of glass "skins" separated by an air corridor. The main layer of glass is usually insulating. The air space between the layers of glass acts as insulation against temperature extremes, winds, and sound. Sun-shading devices are often located between the two skins. All elements can be arranged differently into numbers of permutations and combinations of both solid and diaphanous membranes . fig66

fig67

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fig68

fig69

fig70

In the ventilated cavity system the construction cavities are ventilated with dry outdoor air and pressure relieved/controlled through a return or exhaust system.

In the pressurized cavity system the construction cavities are pressurized slightly above the indoor pressure of the building with preheated outdoor air without a pressure relief or return air system.

The pressurized system has been more successfully applied partly as a result of its less complicated/equip ment intensive design

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The Double Skin Façade Concept • Interior glazing: Insulating double glazing unit (clear, low E coating, solar control glazing, etc can be used). Almost always this layer is not completely glazed.

• The air cavity between the two panes. It can be totally natural, fan supported or mechanically ventilated. The width of the cavity can vary as a function of the applied concept between 200 mm to more than 2m. This width influence the way that the façade is maintained.

• The interior window can be opened by the user. This may allow natural ventilation of the offices.

• Automatically controlled solar shading is integrated inside the air cavity.

• As a function of the façade concept and of the glazing type, heating radiators can be installed next to the façade.

The air velocity and the type of flow inside the cavity depend on: • The depth of the cavity (both for mechanical and natural ventilation) • The type of the interior openings (both for mechanical and natural ventilation) • The type of the exterior openings (for natural ventilation)

fig71 Image source –kean yang architecture book

fig72

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Cavity the air exchange between the environment and the cavity is depending on the wind pressure conditions on the building’s skin, the stack effect and the discharge coefficient of the openings.

These vents can either be left open all the time (passive systems), or opened by hand or by machine (active systems). Active systems are very complicated and therefore expensive in terms of construction and maintenance.

• In an air tight façade: ¤ the depth of the façade is not really critical for the temperatures inside the cavity ¤ the windows are usually closed; opening the window does not guarantee good room ventilation ¤ the canal is open at the bottom and may be closed (by a valve) at the top ¤ the double-skin has virtually no noise-insulating effect (comparing to a convectional wall) ¤ owing to the air temperature rise in the canal (with solar radiation), the canal height is limited to 3 to 4 levels

• In a ventilated façade: ¤ the depth of the façade has to be determined precisely ¤ ventilation of the rooms is obtained by opening appropriate valves (sized floor by floor) ¤ the canal closed at its base, extends above the last floor level. ¤ Noise insulation can be improved when the double-skin screen is installed as the outer layer ¤ the allowed height depends on the canal sizing. An upper limit is nevertheless given by the allowed air temperature rise in the canal (10 to 15 storeys)

Selection of Glass For the internal skin (façade): Usually, it consists of a thermal insulating double or triple pane. The panes are usually toughened or unhardened float glass. The gaps between the panes are filled with air, argon or krypton.

• For the external skin (façade): Usually it is a toughened (tempered) single pane. Sometimes it can be a laminated glass instead.

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HVAC Strategy Full HVAC system (the Double Façade is not a part of the HVAC) which can result in high energy use. On the other hand, the user can select whenever he prefers a controlled mechanically conditions inside or natural ventilation with the use of the Double Skin Façade).

• Limited HVAC system (the Double Façade contributes partly to the HVAC system or is playing the major role in creating the right indoor climate).

In this way the Double Façade can play the role of ¤ the pre-heater for the ventilation air ¤ ventilation duct ¤ pre-cooler (mostly for night cooling) • No HVAC. The Double Facade fulfills all the requirements of an HVAC system. This is the ideal case that can lead to low energy use.

During the heating periods the outdoor air can be inserted from the lower part of the façade and be preheated in the cavity . The exterior openings control the air flow and thus the temperatures. Then, through the central ventilation system the air can enter the building at a proper temperature. During the summer, the air can be extracted through the openings from the upper part of the façade. This strategy is applied usually to multi storey high Double Skin Facades. This type provides better air temperatures during the winter but during the summer the possibility of overheating is increased.

fig73

Image source – article-del Castillo, N. (2013, April 2). Double skin facade. (A. M. Dalangin, Interviewer

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During the whole year, the double skin façade cavity can be used only as an exhaust duct without possibility of heat recovery for the HVAC system . It can be applied both during winter and summer to the same extent. The main aim of this configuration is to improve the insulation properties in the winter and to reduce the solar radiation heat gains during the summer. There are no limitations in individual control of the windows’ openings.

fig74

The possibility to use the Double Skin Façade as an individual supply of the preheated air also exists (figure 4.3). This strategy can be applied both in multi-storey and box window type. An exhaust ventilation system improves the flow from the cavity to the room and to exhaust duct.

Extra conditioning of air is needed in every room by means of VRV system or radiators. This solution is not applicable for the summer conditions since the air temperature inside the cavity is higher than the thermal comfort levels. Also in this case there are no limitations in individual control of the windows’ openings.

fig75

Image source – article-del Castillo, N. (2013, April 2). Double skin facade. (A. M. Dalangin, Interviewer

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the Double Skin Façade cavity can be used as a central exhaust duct for the ventilation system . The air enters through the lower part of the cavity and from each floor. Supply ventilation system stimulates the flow through the room to the cavity. The recovery of air is possible by means of heat pump or heat regenerator on the top of the cavity. The windows cannot be operable due to the not fresh air in the cavity.

fig76

Double Skin Façade with controlled airflow through the cavities . The façade is a multi-storey with no opening junctions that allow the air to be extracted out. There is only one inlet for the ventilation airflow at the bottom of the façade. It is controlled by an air damper such that the air supply to the cavity is just enough for ventilating all the rooms above. The controlled trickle ventilator delivers the desired airflow to each room (80 m3/h)

fig77

40 Image source – article-del Castillo, N. (2013, April 2). Double skin facade. (A. M. Dalangin, Interviewer

There are no open junctions on each floor, no controlled airflow in the cavity and no dampers at all in this system . Additionally, the upper part of the façade is open allowing the air to be extracted.

fig758

There are open junctions between the outside and the cavity on each floor, which cause heat exchange between air inside the cavity and outside air. The main airflow is the same as in the second system . The authors claim that “This should be the best system for summer time when cooling is required, but due to the open junctions preheating of the cavity air will be much lower than in the other systems with closed junctions”.

fig79

Image source – article-del Castillo, N. (2013, April 2). Double skin facade. (A. M. Dalangin, Interviewer

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“The most important parameters in designing the double skin façade are dimensions of the cavity, its height and width. Dimensions have the greatest influence on the heat and flow performance in the double skin façade.

• A high-rise building with a very thin cavity may not ensure the airflow in the cavity needed for ventilation purposes.

• In general double facades with airtight junctions and properly airflow control in the cavity is an interesting pre-heater for ventilation air. In a four storeys building and a cavity width of 0.2 m an overall heat recovery efficiency of 40% can be obtained. This efficiency can be increased to 72% if the ventilation flow inside the cavity is properly controlled. In that case the second skin can compete with a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery. A disadvantage is the vertical temperature gradient inside the double façade. It gives less comfort or higher cooling capacities at higher floors.

• From the previous conclusion and simulation results it can be concluded to split cavities of high rise buildings in separated parts by combining for example four storeys with their own inlets and outlets.

If this is done for each floor the efficiency will drop to 35%.

• In order to use the double façade as well as for night cooling, as for heat recovery controlled dampers in the open junctions are necessary.

In summer they should be fully open.

• The asymmetric behaviour of the double façade gives less comfort or higher cooling capacities at higher floors”.

fig80

a) View of Kista Science Tower b) View of the cavity c) Shading devices

Image source – article-del Castillo, N. (2013, April 2). Double skin facade. (A. M. Dalangin, Interviewer

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Advantages of the Double Skin Façade concept Acoustic insulation: In view of some authors the sound insulation can be one of the most important reasons to use a Double Skin Façade.

Reduced internal noise levels inside an office building can be achieved by reducing both the transmission from room to room (internal noise pollution) and the transmission from outdoor sources i.e. heavy traffic Thermal Insulation: Many authors claim that the Double Skin Façade System can provide greater thermal insulation due to the outer skin both in winter and in summer.

Night time Ventilation: During the hot summer days, when the external temperature is more than 26°C there is a possibility that the interior spaces may be easily overheated. In this case, it may be energy saving to pre-cool the offices during the night using natural ventilation. In this case, the indoor temperatures will be lower during the early morning hours providing thermal comfort and improved air quality for the occupants.

In the same time, the use of natural night time ventilation affects the heat storage of the surrounding materials (furnishing, ceilings, walls, etc). If on the other hand windows and doors are closed and if the mechanical ventilation and cooling systems cease to work at night, the heat will be trapped inside causing discomfort the early morning hours. One main advantage of the Double Skin Facades is that they can provide natural night ventilation that is both burglar proof and protected against the weather.

Better protection of the shading or lighting devices: Since the shading or lighting devices are placed inside the intermediate cavity of the Double Skin Facades they are protected both from the wind and the rain.

Reduction of the wind pressure effects: The Double Skin Facades around high rise buildings can serve to reduce the effects of wind pressure .

Natural Ventilation: One of the main advantages of the Double Skin Façade systems is that they can allow natural (or fan supported) ventilation.

Different types can be applied in different climates, orientations, locations and building types in order to provide fresh air before and during the working hours. The selection of Double Skin Façade type can be crucial for temperatures, the air velocity, and the quality of the introduced air inside the building. If designed well, the natural ventilation can lead to reduction of energy consumption during the occupation stage and improve the comfort of the occupants 43

Debis headquarters fig81

a) South façade Debis headquarters (Space modulator – http:// www.nsg.co.jp/spm/sm81~90/sm87 _contents/sm87_e_debis.html). b) Cavity of Debis headquarters (Compagno, 2002, p. 145). c) Openable exerior skin (Space modulator – http://www.nsg.co.jp/ spm/sm81~90/sm87_contents/sm87 _e_debis.html

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CLASSIFICATION OF DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE SYSTEMS BY TYPE:

The double skin façade is normally a pair of glass "skins" separated by an air corridor. The main layer of glass is usually insulating. The air space between the layers of glass acts as insulation against temperature extremes, winds, and sound. Sun-shading devices are often located between the two skins. All elements can be arranged differently into numbers of permutations and combinations of both solid and diaphanous membranes

As there are numerous variations in the construction types for double skin facades, it is necessary to create a classification system in order to assess and compare the merits of the various systems as well as the “environmental success” of one building’s skin versus another. In North American based typology three types of general systems are recognized. These refer to the method of classification contained in the Architectural Record Continuing Education article titled, “Using Multiple Glass Skins to Clad Buildings”,

by Werner Lang and Thomas Herzog. Lang and Herzog cite three basic system types: Buffer System, Extract Air System and Twin Face System. The three systems vary significantly with respect to ventilation method and their ability to reduce overall energy consumption.

fig82

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Buffer System: These façades date back some 100 years and are still used. They predate insulating glass and were invented to maintain daylight into buildings while increasing insulating and sound properties of the wall system. They use two layers of single glazing spaced 250 to 900 mm apart, sealed and allowing fresh air into the building through additional controlled means – either a separate HVAC system or box type windows which cut through the overall double skin. Shading devices can be included in the cavity. A modern example of this type is the Occidental Chemical/Hooker Building in Niagara Falls, New York. This building allows fresh air intake at the base of the cavity and exhausts air at the top.

Extract Air System: These are comprised of a second single layer of glazing placed on the interior of a main façade of double-glazing (thermopane units). The air space between the two layers of glazing becomes part of the HVAC system. The heated "used" air between the glazing layers is extracted through the cavity with the use of fans and thereby tempers the inner layer of glazing while the outer layer of insulating glass minimizes heat-transmission loss. Fresh air is supplied by HVAC and precludes natural ventilation.

The air contained within the system is used by the HVAC system. These systems tend not to reduce energy requirements as fresh air changes must be supplied mechanically. Occupants are prevented from adjusting the temperature of their individual spaces. Shading devices are often mounted in the cavity. Again the space between the layers of glass ranges from around 150 mm to 900 mm and is a function of the space needed to access the cavity for cleaning as well as the dimension of the shading devices. This system is used where natural ventilation is not possible (for example in locations with high noise, wind or fumes).

Figure 83 Wall section of the Hooker Chemical Building illustrating a classic buffer façade application that does not allow for fresh air nor mixes the cavity air with the mechanical system.

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Twin Face System: This system consists of a conventional curtain wall or thermal mass wall system inside a single glazed building skin. This outer glazing may be safety or laminated glass or insulating glass.

Shading devices may be included. These systems must have an interior space of at least 500 to 600 mm to permit cleaning. These systems may be distinguished from both Buffer and Extract Air systems by their inclusion of openings in the skin to allow for natural ventilation. The singleglazed outer skin is used primarily for protection of the air cavity contents (shading devices) from weather. With this system, the internal skin offers the insulating properties to minimize heat loss. The outer glass skin is used to block/slow the wind in high-rise situations and allow interior openings and access to fresh air without the associated noise or turbulence.

fig84

Figure Winter condition of the south façade of the CCBR at University of Toronto

Windows on the interior façade can be opened, while ventilation openings in the outer skin moderate temperature extremes within the façade. The use of windows can allow for night-time cooling of the interior thereby lessening cooling loads of the building's HVAC system. For sound control, the openings in the outer skin can be staggered or placed remotely from the windows on the interior façade. The Telus Building in Vancouver and the proposed CCBR at the University of Toronto would all typify the Twin-Face type.

The above classification system presumes a façade comprised principally of glass layers. The students investigated “other” methods of using double skin systems, that included more opaque elements, and screen elements that are used to control the amount of heat, solar gain, and ventilation in buildings. It was recognized that these buildings did not conform to the three primary categories. A fourth category was added that could accommodate variations of the twin-face and extract-air systems.

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Hybrid System: The hybrid system combines various aspects of the above systems and is used to classify building systems that do not “fit” into a precise category. Such buildings may use a layer of screens or non-glazed materials on either the inside or outside of the primary environmental barrier. The Tjibaou Center in New Caledonia by Renzo Piano may be used to characterize this type of Hybrid system.

fig85

Cross section of the Tjibaou Center by Piano illustrating the use of a hybrid system

The Air Space: Appropriate design of the air space is crucial to the double façade. Variations allow for improved airflow, sound control and other benefits. The actual size of the airspace (non leasable area), not the expense of the additional glass layer, can be the economic factor that deters commercial implementation of these systems. The cavity in the Occidental Chemical building is 1.5 m wide. The cavity in the Caisse du Depot et Placement in Montreal is 150 mm wide. As a result of the reduction in air space with, to the casual observer and office occupant, the wall section at the CDP does not greatly differ from a traditional façade system that incorporated both fixed and operable glazing panels.

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The Undivided Air Space: The undivided façade benefits from the stack effect. On warm days hot air collects at the top of the air space. Openings at the top of the cavity siphon out warm air and cooler replacement air is drawn in from the outside. However, without openings at the top of the cavity, offices on the top floors can suffer from overheating due to the accumulation of hot air in the cavity adjacent to their space. The undivided air space can be transformed into atria, allowing people to occupy this "environmentally variable interstitial space".The atria/air cavity can be used programmatically for spaces with low occupancy (meeting rooms or cafeterias). Plants are used in these spaces to filter and moisten the air as well as act as shading devices.

The Divided Air Space: The divided air space can reduce over-heating on upper floors as well as noise, fire and smoke transmission. Floor-by-floor divisions add construction simplicity of a repeating unit and in turn can produce economic savings. Corridor façades (commonly used in twin-face façades) have fresh air and exhaust intakes on every floor allowing for maximum natural ventilation. Shaft facades (divided into vertical bays across the wall), draw air across the façade through openings allowing better natural ventilation. However, the shaft façade becomes problematic for fire-protection, sound transmission and the mixing of fresh and foul air.

Cleaning the Air Space: The design of the air space also impacts cleaning. The continuous cavity, as can be seen in both the Hooker and Telus buildings, uses either a bosun’s chair or platform, similar to a windowwashing rig, to access the interior of the space for cleaning. Any louvers that are located within the cavity must be able to be moved to facilitate access. In some air spaces designers put open grates at each floor level. These still permit airflow through the space but provide a platform upon which to stand when cleaning the cavity floor by floor. In some instances, where the cavity is more divided, the interior windows, whether operable for ventilation or not, will function as access panels for cleaning crews to enter the space for maintenance. Where there has to be occupation of the air space for cleaning, the interior clear dimension is usually in the 600 to 900 mm range. Where the dimensions are small, cleaning is done from within the office space and requires that interior window panels open fully to provide adequate access for cleaning.

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THE COMPONENTS OF DOUBLE SKINS FAÇADES AND PASSIVE DESIGN: The double skin façade incorporates the passive design strategies of natural ventilation, daylighting and solar heat gain into the fabric of the high-rise building. These are the key components of the double skin façade in respect to energy efficiency and comfort that are controlled by the occupants of certain types of double skin façades.

Natural ventilation allows the inhabitant access to air-flow that can be used to cool and ventilate the space. This passive use of air currents over mechanical means of air-conditioning reduces the energy consumption of the building and in turn reduces the CO 2 output of the building in the operational phase of the building. The exterior glazing of the double skin creates a layer of air next to the exterior wall of the building that is not affected by high velocity wind. This buffer zone, a key component to the double skin façade, is typically the region accessible by the inhabitants for natural ventilation. In some instances the use of operable windows in the exterior glazing skin is also used for natural ventilation. These operable windows would be subject to the high velocity winds prevalent at the higher altitudes of multistory buildings.

“The reduction of wind pressure by the addition of the extra pane of glass means that the windows can be opened even in the uppermost floors of a high-rise building. Natural ventilation of offices by fresh air is much more acceptable to the building’s users and it has the additional benefits of reducing investment in air handling systems and also reducing energy consumption.”

A typical strategy of the double skin façade is to compartmentalize the buffer zone into separate regions with air supplied by grilles or vents at each level or individual zone, as in the Stadttor building in Duddeldorfer by Petzinka, Pink and Partners. This compartmentalization eliminates the impact of noise, sound, smoke and heat transfer from one section, level or room to the next area. The use of vents or grilles allows for the control of the incoming air by reducing air velocity, protecting from rain and reducing noise transmission from the exterior. It is this control that allows occupant access to natural ventilation in high-rise constructions. “most effective ways to reduce building services energy consumption is to "exploit natural means and depend less on mechanical techniques"

Solar Heat Gain: The control of solar heat gain with the double skin façade is obtained through the use of shading devices contained in the air cavity, typically horizontal blinds, as well as the ability of the cavity itself to absorb some of the incoming solar radiation. Various configurations for these horizontal blind shading devices exist; they can either be fixed elements or, typically, operable units that are either controlled by the occupant or by sensors within the building.

On multistory building unprotected external devices are expensive because of installation costs and safety concerns. They are typically fixed and not usually effective for all sun angle conditions especially with low sun angles in the morning or late afternoon. The double skin is important because it offers protection from the elements for the shading devices. The most effective manner to keep incoming solar radiation from heating a room above comfort levels is to prevent heat from initially entering the space. External shading devices are the most efficient means of reducing solar heat gain in a highly glazed building. The horizontal blind allows for continued use of daylighting and maintains some of the view to the exterior.

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The air space itself has the ability to draw off some of the initial solar radiation captured in this zone. Convection currents carry the heated air upwards and would then be extracted to the exterior through the venting arrangement at the top of the cavity.

“A double-skin façade also reduces heat losses because the reduced speed of the air flow and the increased temperature of the air in the cavity lowers the rate of heat transfer on the surface of the glass. This has the effect of maintaining higher surface temperatures on the inside of the glass, which in turn means that the space close to the window can be better utilized as a result of increased thermal comfort conditions” This aspect of the buffer zone allows for the increased use of the perimeter zone of the space that typically requires heating or cooling mechanisms against the exposed glazing. Also, with the use of improved solar heat transmission values for glazing the absorption and reflection of heat can be manipulated to minimize solar heat gain. This can be accomplished through the use of what is referred to as ‘spectrally selective glazing’;

Day lighting: Day lighting is important in two ways; first it reduces the amount of electrical lighting required and second is that the quality of light from daylight is preferential to electrical lighting. The double skin façade with its increased glazing coverage improves the access to day lighting in the space. Also important to daylight penetration is floor to ceiling height and floor plan depth.

The increased day lighting component of the completely glazed façade introduces excessive glare and heat at certain times of the day. These increases require further measures in design to combat their negative effects. Solar shading devices are designed into the air space to decrease solar heat gain through the glazing and reduce the amount of glare caused by the increased access to day lighting.

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Passive strategies

There has been a drastic increase in the use of air conditioning system for cooling the buildings all around the world. The last two decade has witnessed a severe energy crisis in developing countries especially during summer season primarily due to cooling load requirements of buildings. Increasing consumption of energy has led to environmental pollution resulting in global warming and ozone layer depletion. Passive cooling systems use non-mechanical methods to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature and are a key factor in mitigating the impact of buildings on the environment. Passive cooling techniques can reduce the peak cooling load in buildings, thus reducing the size of the air conditioning equipment and the period for which it is generally required.

Passive cooling of buildings A ‘passive’ solar design involves the use of natural processes for heating or cooling to achieve balanced interior conditions. The flow of energy in passive design is by natural means: radiation, conduction, or convection without using any electrical device. Maintaining a comfortable environment within a building in a hot climate relies on reducing the rate of heat gains into the building and encouraging the removal of excess heat from the building. To prevent heat from entering into the building or to remove once it has entered is the underlying principle for accomplishing cooling in passive cooling concepts. This depends on two conditions: the availability of a heat sink which is at a lower temperature than indoor air, and the promotion of heat transfer towards the sink. Environmental heat sinks are: Outdoor air (heat transfer mainly by convection through openings) Water (heat transfer by evaporation inside and / or outside the building envelope) The (night) sky (heat transfer by long wave radiation through the roof and/or other surface adjacent to a building Ground (heat transfer by conduction through the building envelope)

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Passive cooling techniques can reduce the peak cooling load in buildings, thus reducing the size of the air conditioning equipment and the period for which it is generally required. The important cooling concepts like shading are discussed in details:

Solar shading Among all other solar passive cooling techniques solar shading is relevant to thermal cooling of buildings especially in a developing country owing to their cost effectiveness and easy to implement. Rural India and developing countries in Middle-east region has witnessed a steep rise masonry houses with RCC roofs. However the availability of electric power in the villages especially during summer is limited. These RCC roofs tend to make the indoor temperature very high around 41°C: This is due to high roof top temperature of around 65°C in arid regions. Solar shading with locally available materials like terracotta tiles, hay, inverted earthen pots, date palm branches etc. can reduce this temperature significantly.

Shading with tree reduces ambient temperature near outer wall by 2°C to 2.5°C. On an average a depression of six degree centigrade in room temperature has been observed when solar shading techniques are adopted . Officials evaluated the performance of solar passive cooling techniques such as solar shading, insulation of building components and air exchange rate. In their study they found that a decrease in the indoor temperature by about 2.5°C to 4.5°C is noticed for solar shading. Results modified with insulation and controlled air exchange rate showed a further decrease of 4.4°C to 6.8°C in room temperature. The analysis suggested that solar shading is quite useful to development of passive cooling system to maintain indoor room air temperature lower than the conventional building without shade .

Shading by overhangs, louvers and awnings etc Well-designed sun control and shading devices, either as parts of a building or separately placed from a building facade, can dramatically reduce building peak heat gain and cooling requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of building interiors. The design of effective shading devices will depend on the solar orientation of a particular building facade.

For example, simple fixed overhangs are very effective at shading south-facing windows in the summer when sun angles are high

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General Shading concepts Fig86

However, the same horizontal device is ineffective at blocking low afternoon sun from entering west-facing windows during peak heat gain periods in the summer. It shows the different types of shading devices

Fig87 http://www.sustaim.com/Documents/SUSTaim_Passive_Design_Strategies.pdf

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Shading of roof Shading the roof is a very important method of reducing heat gain. Roofs can be shaded by providing roof cover of concrete or plants or canvas or earthen pots etc. Shading provided by external means should not interfere with night-time cooling. A cover over the roof, made of concrete or galvanized iron sheets, provides protection from direct radiation. Disadvantage of this system is that it does not permit escaping of heat to the sky at night-time Fig88

A cover of deciduous plants and creepers is a better alternative. Evaporation from the leaf surfaces brings down the temperature of the roof to a level than that of the daytime air temperature. At night, it is even lower than the sky temperature

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Fig869 Image source-http://www.southface.org/factsheets/PSD-Passivesolar%2000-790.pdf

Covering of the entire surface area with the closely packed inverted earthen pots, as was being done in traditional buildings, increases the surface area for radiative emission. Insulating cover over the roof impedes heat flow into the building.

However, it renders the roof unusable and maintenance difficult . Broken china mosaic or ceramic tiles can also be used as top most layer in roof for reflection of incident radiation.

Fig90

Another inexpensive and effective device is a removable canvas cover mounted close to the roof. During daytime it prevents entry of heat and its removal at night, radiative cooling. Fig. 5 shows the working principle of removable roof shades.

Painting of the canvas white minimizes the radiative and conductive heat gain

Fig91

56 Image source-http://www.southface.org/factsheets/PSD-Passivesolar%2000-790.pdf

Shading by trees and vegetation Proper Landscaping can be one of the important factors for energy conservation in buildings.

Vegetation and trees in particular, very effectively shade and reduce heat gain. Trees can be used with advantage to shade roof, walls and windows. Shading and evapotranspiration (the process by which a plant actively release water vapor) from trees can reduce surrounding air temperatures as much as 5°C. Different types of plants (trees, shrubs, vines) can be selected on the basis of their growth habit (tall, low, dense, light permeable) to provide the desired degree of shading for various window orientations and situations.

The following points should be considered for summer shading

1.Deciduous trees and shrubs provide summer shade yet allow winter access.

The best locations for deciduous trees are on the south and southwest side of the building. When these trees drop their leaves in the winter, sunlight can reach inside to heat the interiors.

2. Trees with heavy foliage are very effective in obstructing the sun’s rays and casting a dense shadow. Dense shade is cooler than filtered sunlight. High branching canopy trees can be used to shade the roof, walls and windows.

3. Evergreen trees on the south and west sides afford the best protection from the setting summer sun and cold winter winds.

4. Vertical shading is best for east and west walls and windows in summer, to protect from intense sun at low angles, e.g. screening by dense shrubs, trees, deciduous vines supported on a frame, shrubs used in combination with trees.

5. Shading and insulation for walls can be provided by plants that adhere to the wall, such as English ivy, or by plants supported by the wall, such as jasmine.

6. Horizontal shading is best for south-facing windows, e.g. deciduous vines (which lose foliage in the winter) such as ornamental grape or wisteria can be grown over a pergola for summer

shading.

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Shading by textured surfaces Surface shading can be provided as an integral part of the building element also. Highly textured walls have a portion of their surface in shade. The increased surface area of such a wall results in an increased outer surface coefficient, which permits the sunlit surface to stay cooler as well as to cool down faster at night Fig92

Image source-http://www.southface.org/factsheets/PSD-Passivesolar%2000-790.pdf

Insulation The effect of insulation is to reduce heat gain and heat loss. The more insulation in a building exterior envelope, the less heat transferred into or out of the building due to temperature difference between the interior and exterior. Insulation also controls the interior mean radiant temperature (MRT) by isolating the interior surfaces from the influence of the exterior conditions, and also reduces draughts produced by temperature differences between walls and air. Insulation is of great value when a building requires mechanical heating or cooling and helps reduce the space-conditioning loads. Location of insulation and its optimum thickness are very important. In hot climates, insulation is placed on the outer face (facing exterior) of the wall or roof so that thermal mass of the wall is weakly coupled with the external source and strongly coupled with the interior. Use of 40 mm thick expanded polystyrene insulation on walls and vermiculite concrete insulation on the roof has brought down space-conditioning loads of the RETREAT building in Gurgaon by about 15% .

Air cavities within walls or an attic space in the roof ceiling combination reduce the solar heat gain factor, thereby reducing space-conditioning loads. The performance improves if the void is ventilated. Heat is transmitted through the air cavity by convection and radiation.

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Induced ventilation techniques -Solar chimney A solar chimney is a modern device that induces natural ventilation by the thermal-buoyancy effect. The structure of the chimney absorbs solar energy during the day, thereby heating the enclosed air within and causing it to rise. Thus air is drawn from the building into an open near the bottom of the chimney. The air exhausted from the house, through the chimney, is replaced by ambient air. However, if the latter is warmer than the air inside the house, as it usually is during the day in hot climates, the continued use of the solar chimney will then begin to heat the structure of the building previously cooled overnight . The solar chimney is used to exhaust hot air from the building at a quick rate, thus improving the cooling potential of incoming air from other openings. Thus solar chimneys having a relatively low construction cost, can move air without the need for the expenditure of conventional forms of energy, and can help achieve comfort by cooling the building structure at night. They can also improve the comfort of the inhabitants during the day if they are combined with an evaporative-cooling device.

Air vents Curved roofs and air vents are used in combination for passive cooling of air in hot and dry climates, where dusty winds make wind towers impracticable. Suited for single units, they work well in hot and dry and warm and humid climates. A hole in the apex of the domed or cylindrical roof with the protective cap over the vent directs the wind across it . The opening at the top provides ventilation and provides an escape path for hot air collected at top. Arrangements may be made to draw air from the coolest part of the structure as replacement, to set up a continuous circulation and cool the living spaces. The system works on the principle of cooling by induced ventilation, caused by pressure differences.

Fig93

59 Image source-http://www.southface.org/factsheets/PSD-Passivesolar%2000-790.pdf

Wind tower In. a wind tower, the hot ambient air enters the tower through the openings in the tower, gets cooled, and thus becomes heavier and sinks down. The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool air movement. When an inlet is provided to the rooms with an outlet on the other side, there is a draft of cool air. It resembles a chimney, with one end in the basement or lower floor and the other on the roof. The top part is divided into several vertical air spaces ending in the openings in the sides of the tower . In the presence of wind, air is cooled more effectively and flows faster down the tower and into the living area. The system works effectively in hot and dry climates where diurnal variations are high. shows the section and detail of a wind tower

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60 Image source-http://www.southface.org/factsheets/PSD-Passivesolar%2000-790.pdf

Radiative cooling The roof of a building can be used both as a nocturnal radiator and also as a cold store. It is often a cost-effective solution. During the night the roof is exposed to the night sky, losing heat by long-wave radiation and also by convection. During the day, the roof is externally insulated in order to minimize the heat gains from solar radiation and the ambient air. The roof then absorbs the heat from the room below

Diode roof The diode roof eliminates the water loss by evaporation and reduces heat gains without the need for movable insulation. It is a pipe system, consisting of a corrugated sheet-metal roof on which are placed polyethylene bags coated with white titanium oxide each containing a layer of pebbles wetted with water. The roof loses heat by long-wave heat radiation to the sky and by the evaporation of water which condenses on the inside surface of the bags and drops back onto the pebbles. By this means, it is possible to cool the roof to 4°C below the minimum air temperature

Roof pond In this system a shallow water pond is provided over highly conductive flat roof with fixed side thermal insulation. The top thermal insulation is movable. The pond is covered in day hours to prevent heating of pond from solar radiation. The use of roof pond can lower room temperature by about 20°C. While keeping the pond open during night the water is cooled by nocturnal cooling. The covered pond during the day provides cooling due to the effect of nocturnally cooled water pond and on other side the thermal insulation cuts off the solar radiation from the roof. The system can be used for heating during the winter by operating the system just reverse. The movable insulation is taken away during day so the water of pond gets heated up by solar radiation and heating the building. The pond is covered in night to reduce the thermal losses from the roof and the hot water in the pond transfers heat into building

Evaporative cooling Evaporative cooling is a passive cooling technique in which outdoor air is cooled by evaporating water before it is introduced in the building. Its physical principle lies in the fact that the heat of air is used to evaporate water, thus cooling the air, which in turn cools the living space in the building. However passive evaporative cooling can also be indirect. The roof can be cooled with a pond, wetted pads or spray, and the ceiling transformed into a cooling element that cools the space below by convection and radiation without raising the indoor humidity

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Passive downdraft evaporative cooling (PDEC) Passive downdraft evaporative cooling systems consist of a downdraft tower with wetted cellulose pads at the top of the tower. Water is distributed on the top of the pads, collected at the bottom into a sump and re-circulated by a pump. Certain designs exclude the recirculation pump and use the pressure in the supply water line to periodically surge water over the pads, eliminating the requirement for any electrical energy input. In some designs, water is sprayed using micronisers or nozzles in place of pads, in others, water is made to drip. Thus, the towers are equipped with evaporative cooling devices at the top to provide cool air by gravity flow. These towers are often described as reverse chimneys. While the column of warm air rises in a chimney, in this case the column of cool air falls. The air flow rate depends on the efficiency of the evaporative cooling device, tower height and cross section, as well as the resistance to air flow in the cooling device, tower and structure (if any) into which it discharges . Passive downdraft evaporative cooling tower has been used successfully at the Torrent Research Centre in Ahmedabad . The inside temperatures of 29 –30 °C were recorded when the outside temperatures were 43 – 44 °C. Six to nine air changes per hour were achieved on different floors.

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Passive Downdraught Evaporative Cooling in Torrent Research Centre, Ahmedabad

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Roof surface evaporative cooling (RSEC) In a tropical country like India, the solar radiation incident on roofs is very high in summer, leading to overheating of rooms below them. Roof surfaces can be effectively and inexpensively cooled by spraying water over suitable water-retentive materials (e.g., gunny bags) spread over the roof surface. Wetted roof surface provides the evaporation from the roof due to unsaturated ambient air. As the water evaporates, it draws most of the required latent heat from the surface, thus lowering its temperature of the roof and hence reduces heat gain. Therefore, the wetted roof temperatures 40°C are much lower than the ambient air about 55°C. However, the water requirement for such arrangement is very high and it is a main constrain in the arid region to adopt this technique

Earth coupling This technique is used for passive cooling as well as heating of buildings, which is made possible by the earth acting as a massive heat sink. At depths beyond 4 to 5m, both daily and seasonal fluctuations die out and the soil temperature remains almost constant throughout the year. Thus, the underground or partially sunk buildings will provide both cooling (in summer) and heating (in winter) to the living space. A building may be coupled with the earth by burying it underground or berming. Figure 9 shows the functioning of earth berming during summer and winter

Earth air tunnel The use of earth as a heat sink or a source for cooling/heating air in buried pipes or underground tunnels has been a testimony to Islamic and Persian architecture. The air passing through a tunnel or a buried pipe at a depth of few meters gets cooled in summers and heated in winters . Parameters like surface area of pipe, length and depth of the tunnel below ground, dampness of the earth, humidity of inlet air velocity, affect the exchange of heat between air and the surrounding soil.

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Fig96 Image source-http://www.southface.org/factsheets/PSD-Passivesolar%2000-790.pdf

Earth berming In an earth sheltered building or earth bermed structure the reduced infiltration of outside air and the additional thermal resistance of the surrounding earth considerably reduces the average thermal load. Further the addition of earth mass of the building acts like a large thermal mass and reduces the fluctuations in the thermal load. Besides reducing solar and convective heat gains, such buildings can also utilize the cooler sub-surface ground as a heat sink. Hence with reference to thermal comfort, an earth sheltered building presents a significant passive approach. The diagrams shows the working principle of earth berming during summer and winter conditions.

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Desiccant cooling Desiccant cooling is effective in warm and humid climates. Natural cooling of human body through sweating does not occur in highly humid conditions. Therefore, a person’s tolerance to high temperature is reduced and it becomes desirable to decrease the humidity level. In the desiccant cooling method, desiccant salts or mechanical dehumidifiers are used to reduce humidity in the atmosphere. Materials having high affinity for water are used for dehumidification. They can be solid like silica gel, alumina gel and activated alumina, or liquids like triethylene glycol. Air from the outside enters the unit containing desiccants and is dried adiabatically before entering the living space. The desiccants are regenerated by solar energy.

Sometimes, desiccant cooling is employed in conjunction with evaporative cooling, which adjusts the temperature of air to the required comfort level

Buoyancy-driven stack ventilation Buoyancy-driven stack ventilation or displacement ventilation (DV) relies on density differences to draw cool, outdoor air in at low ventilation openings and exhausts. diagram shows the schematic of stack ventilation for a multi-storied building. A chimney or atrium is frequently used to generate sufficient buoyancy forces to achieve the needed flow.

However, even the smallest wind will induce pressure distributions on the building envelope that will also act to drive the airflow.

Fig99 Image source-http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/Inive%5CIBPSA%5CUFSC6.pdf

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COURTYARD EFFECT • Due to incident solar radiation in a courtyard, the air gets warmer and rises.

• Cool air from the ground level flows through the louvered openings of rooms surrounding a courtyard, thus producing air flow.

•At night, the warm roof surfaces get cooled by convection and radiation.

• If this heat exchange reduces roof surface temperature to wet bulb temperature of air, condensation of atmospheric moisture occurs on the roof and the gain due to condensation limits further cooling.

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Fig101 Image source-http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/Inive%5CIBPSA%5CUFSC6.pdf

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• If the roof surfaces are sloped towards the internal courtyard, the cooled air sinks into the court and enters the living space through low-level openings, gets warmed up, and leaves the room through higher-level openings.

• However, care should be taken that the courtyard does not receive intense solar radiation, which would lead to conduction and radiation heat gains into the building.

Earth cooling effects •Daily and annual temperature fluctuations decrease with the increase in depth below the ground surface.

•At a depth of about 4 m below ground, the temperature inside the earth remains nearly constant round the year and is nearly equal to the annual average temperature of the place.

•A tunnel in the form of a pipe or otherwise embedded at a depth of about 4 m below the ground will acquire the same temperature as the surrounding earth at its surface.

•Therefore, the ambient air ventilated through this tunnel will get cooled in summer and warmed in winter and this air can be used for cooling in summer and heating in winter.

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Fig104 Image source-http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/Inive%5CIBPSA%5CUFSC6.pdf

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Vertical farming concepts

Hydroponics and Aeroponics, benefits of a soilless culture Hydroponics and Aeroponics are two technologies that revolutionized water use in agriculture. Combined in a "closed loop" system these two methods have the potential of conserving up to 95% of the water used as well as eliminating agricultural run-off and the negative repercussions it has on the environment and human health in general .

Hydroponics Hydroponics is a soilless culture where plants are grown using a mi neral nutrient solution instead of soil. Soil in itself is not essential for plant growth but has two main functions. First, it supplies physical support and second, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir. When the nutrients found in the soil dissolves in water they become available for absorption by the plants rooting system. In hydroponics instead, plants are grown with their roots either directly in the nutrient solution or in a supporting medium such as sand, gravel, perlite or other. Soil is now no longer required for plants to grow and thrive (Statemaster.com). In fact, experience has proven that plants grown using hydroponics have shown to grow at a faster rate, ripen earlier and produce up to ten times the yield than that of soil-grown plants as well as providing a greater nutritional value .

Aeroponics Aeroponics, takes water conservation even further than hydroponics. The name is derived from the Latin meaning of air and essentially refers to plants grown in an air culture, compared to hydroponics which uses water as a growing medium.

Aeroponics requires no substrate to operate. With this technology, plants are grown with their roots suspended in a deep air or growth chamber while periodically sprayed with a fine mist of nutrient solution (Statemaster.com). Aeroponics provides excellent aeration to the roots and takes water conservation even further than hydroponics as it can operate with up to 70% less water than hydroponic technologies

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CHAPTER 3

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Conclusion The continuing increase of energy consumption of air conditioning suggests a more profound examination of the urban environment and the impact on buildings as well as to an extended application of passive cooling techniques. Appropriate research should aim at better understanding micro-climates around buildings, and to understand and describe comfort requirements under transient conditions during the summer period. Also of importance are improving quality aspects, developing advanced passive and hybrid cooling systems, and finally, developing advanced materials for the building envelope

Theoretical studies have shown that the application of all the above techniques in buildings may decrease their cooling load up to 50% - 70%. Generally, concern for energy consumption is only marginal in the majority of architectural-design practices, even in the developed countries. Passive solar energy-efficient building design should be the first aim of any building designer, because, in most cases, it is a relatively low-cost exercise that will lead to savings in the capital and operating costs of the air-conditioning plant. In today’s architecture, it is now essential for architects and building engineers to incorporate passive cooling techniques in buildings as an inherent part of design and architectural expression and they should be included conceptually from the outset. Incorporation of these passive cooling techniques would certainly reduce our dependency on artificial means for thermal comfort and minimize the environmental problems due to excessive consumption of energy and other natural resources and hence will evolve a built form, which will be more climate responsive, more sustainable and more environmental friendly of tomorrow.

Theoretical stand Applying sustainable strategies through layering, multiple screening , exterior material machanical systems in built form to make it functionally dynamic.

The built volume will have a membrane or a system that would have features of passive architecture and will be co-ordinated with sensors and IC , And it would cater to the factors that affect humans pleasantly or adversely which include: . Air , Material , Aesthetics , Acoustics , Lighting etc

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Analysis

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As the cavity between the skin and the building is sealed ,during night time the air in the cavity can be heated with infra red tubes ,and the heated air acts as a insulator in cold winters

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During hot summers the wind is deflected with the skin faรงade and the cavity is used as insulator to maintain the core temp at human comfort lvl

Fig113 As the air in the cavity become hot it raises creating a pressure that can be used to pump out the stagnated layer with in the building

Fig114 The out door normal air can be channelized into the building with the help of skin and duct to provide fresh air in the building

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The building volume can be designed in such a way that there can be cavity or open space in the building from where the wind can enter the building and also can pass through it.

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The wind can be cooled down by passive down draft method and then can pass through filters to pump in pure air Fig117

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Multiple screens can be used to control light intensity which direct effect the indoor temperature

Automated smart glass louvers can be designed to control human comfort

For ventilation of toilet and service zone . A chimney can be designed that can be heated by active energy and then the stagnated layer can be channelize to it.

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Final skin design approach Vertical and horizontal arrangement of rhombic pyramid Each vertical strip is controlled by mechanical system to channelize the wind to the building or to reflect or divert it.

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The panels of rhombic pyramid ,which are made of smart glass can be configured to control light intensity with in the building.

This would indirectly control the temperature with in the building

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Fig128 The skin facing the toilet block is covered with photovoltaic cell that can generate energy that may balance with the energy consumption Fig130

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Vertical landscaping can be achieved through hydroponics or aeroponic system

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CHAPTER 4

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IT offices •

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• • • • •

Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise..

The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones.

Several industries are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer services Data storage Database management system Data retrieval Data transmission Data manipulation

•maintaining the operation of your systems •networking of computers, printers and scanners •desktop user support •managing server performance •network security management •data backup Network Services Installation, setup and management of a company-wide network is a critical part of most businesses’ operation. Network maintenance and management forms a large portion of the work handled by an IT support company . A well-designed network provides access to company data from all authorized workstations in the firm. The network is monitored remotely around the clock to keep it operational, and to optimize the network up-time and efficiency. Network security protocols help to defend your IT systems from hacking, viruses and spyware, and these services are managed by your support company.

Infrastructure Management Your chosen IT support company should have a solid knowledge of hardware and software, and be able to manage patches, security and updates for all the company’s workstations. The technicians on call provide first level support by phone or email for problems experienced by users, and send a technician to your premises to deal with problems that cannot be resolved remotely. The IT support company has personnel who specialize in different aspects of IT management, and is able to send a technician with the right skills for each problem.

Website Management This is an additional service provided by some companies. If your IT support company offers website management, it typically includes creating a website that conforms to your requirements. These may include the following aspects: •website design •development of site functionality •eCommerce, such as online purchase options •content development, such as copywriting •ongoing content management Business website design also includes technology solutions to integrate the website with your brand identity and which merge creativity and technology seamlessly, such as automated eNewsletter management tools.

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Search Engine Optimization Optimizing your website for the search engines to be able to find it is an ongoing responsibility. If your IT support company manages the content on your website, it will ensure that the site make use of the appropriate keywords, headings and meta tags. It will commission fresh content to be written and update the site regularly with quality material that is written around the keywords. The company’s SEO reporting tools will continuously monitor your page ranking, measure the performance of your website and the success of your online marketing activities. An IT support company may also offer optimization of your exposure in local directories and online map sites, such as Google Places, Bing Local and Yelp.com.

Additional Services A company may choose to focus only on hardware and software support, or it may offer a variety of additional technology services, such as email marketing and social media management. Email is a particularly cost effective form of marketing, based on the number of users it can potentially reach. An IT support company that offers email marketing services will help you build substantial email databases, create compelling email content, design templates, send out bulk emails, analyze the success of campaigns and evaluate changes for future campaigns.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation

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While some companies prefer to employ an in-house IT team others find it more cost effective to outsource IT support. This leaves more time for new IT initiatives which support company growth and revenue. Here are some of the ways that you can outsource IT support to a qualified IT support provider: •Network Setup and Administration: If your small business has less than 50 employees it is likely you may not have the staff resources to setup a network and oversee network administration on a routine basis. In this case, you can seek the services of a qualified network administration to oversee this important aspect of your business for much less than the cost of employing an IT staff around the clock.

•Network Security: Network security can be a significant challenge for small businesses and at the same time it is a necessity in today’s business environment. By outsourcing network security tasks to a quality IT provider you guarantee your network is safe from the latest threats and your network is continually monitored for vulnerabilities. Outsourced IT support for network security also means that your network stays updated with the latest security patches, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems which ensure critical data stays secure.

•Desktop and End-User Support: For small businesses providing ongoing desktop and end-user support can be a costly but necessary part of maintaining business continuity. Tapping into a professional IT support provider in this area provides an affordable way for you to ensure your employees remain productive with proactive monitoring and managing of your desktop environment.

•Data Backup and Recovery: It is a known fact that most small businesses fold up within a year following data loss. Why? Data backup and recovery can be a costly venture and one that most small businesses cannot afford. By using an IT support provider which offers data backup and recovery you can securely backup critical data and obtain access to it in the event disaster strikes. Also, when you use a cloud solution, it is much more cost effective than deploying other offsite methods for protecting small business data.

•Email Services: Most small businesses rely heavily on email for daily communications and quality customer service. Around the clock email productivity and protection is a must but the costs of monitoring the architecture can take a big bite out of small business profits. IT support providers which provide email services can help you to manage, monitor, and protect your email systems at a much lower cost than if you deployed the necessary infrastructure in-house

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http://www.grohe.com/29612/references/commercial/micros oft-european-headquarters/

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Cloud computing is computing in which large groups of remote servers are networked to allow centralized data storage and online access to computer services or resources. Clouds can be classified as public, private or hybrid .

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The software industry includes businesses for development , maintenance and publication of software that are using different business models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (onpremises) or "Cloud based" (such as SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, MaaS, AaaS, etc.). The industry also includes software services, such as training, documentation, and consulting

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http://www.rediff.com/business/report/tech-unlike-infosysno-spark-in-tcs-q3-results/20150116.htm

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Motion, light and climate sensors

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Sensors can operate by movement, weight or vibrations.

Sensors are, as the name suggests, devices designed to 'sense' changes in the environment in and around your home. Sensors can be used to detect changes in temperature, light levels, motion and weight, among other things. Using the signals sent back from sensors, your home automation system can decide what sort of functions need to be activated, and when.

What types of sensors are used in home automation?

There are many different types of sensors used in home automation. Below is a list describing some of the more commonly used varieties: •Light level sensors - These sensors evaluate the amount of light available.

•Motion sensors - Also known as occupancy sensors, these sensors detect movement.

•Temperature sensors - These sensors detect the temperature in a given area or on a surface.

•Smoke sensors - Most often found in smoke alarms, these sensors detect smoke in the air.

•Carbon Monoxide sensors - These sensors detect high levels of deadly carbon monoxide.

•Contact sensors - These sensors are used to indicate when a door or window is opened or closed.

•Glass-break sensors - These sensors use a microphone to detect strong vibrations on windows.

•Humidity sensors - Also known as hygrometers, humidity sensors measure the humidity in the air.

•Stress sensors - These are installed under floors or driveways to detect when an area is being used. .

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How are sensors used for home automation?

Sensors can be used in many different ways, and for many different purposes, but are normally employed to improve comfort, security or energy efficiency.

Lighting automation Light level, motion and temperature sensors can all be used to automate lighting in your home. Lights can be turned on or off when people enter or exit a room using motion sensors, and light level and temperature sensors can be used to make sure that blinds and curtains make the most of available daylight, and provide privacy when the sun goes down.

Climate control Temperature and humidity sensors contribute to maintaining the climate in your house. Temperature sensors act to determine the temperature both inside and outside of your home, and can be used to control your heating, cooling or ventilation systems accordingly. They can also be used to determine when windows and blinds should be opened and closed for the purpose of climate control.

Humidity sensors provide a reading of the humidity in the air, which can be used for the purpose of regulating your ventilation. Some bathroom exhaust fans are automatically activated using built-in humidity sensors.

Security and safety Motion, contact, glass-break and stress sensors are useful devices for security in your home, while smoke and carbon-monoxide sensors will ensure your family's safety against dangerous gases. Motion and contact sensors can be used in alarm systems to ensure all doors or windows are properly sealed, while glass-break and stress sensors can be used to alert you if there are intruders in your home. Stress sensors can also be programmed to directly contact emergency services, or can even be installed under a driveway to automatically turn things on when you get home.

Smoke and carbon-monoxide sensors will alert you to increased amounts of smoke or carbon-monoxide in your home. If they're installed in different parts of the house, the alarm from one sensor can allow you to understand exactly where the danger is coming from and how best to avoid that area. Changing the batteries in your smoke alarm when daylight savings time changes is a good way to ensure your batteries are always fresh

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Working scenario of offices

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CASE STUDIES

G tower

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Masdar Headquarters Masdar City, United Arab Emirates

The Masdar Headquarters building will go beyond zero net energy; it will be the world’s fi rst mixed-use, large-scale positive-energy building. The building will utilize pioneering, never-beforeseen technology in the creation of the aesthetically astounding, functionally profi cient and experientially superior development that will represent the city.

The seven-story, 134,662-square-meter structure (which includes landscaped areas) will accommodate commercial, retail and cultural uses. The building’s form, sculpted in response to extensive environmental analysis, adapts the ancient science and aesthetics of Arabic wind towers, screens and other vernacular architecture, which emphasize natural ventilation, sun shading, high thermal mass, courtyards and vegetation. Masdar HQ’s signature architectural feature is a collection of eleven wind cones which provide natural ventilation and cooling (drawing warm air up to roof level, where wind moves it away) and form oasislike interior courtyards and/or fl exible spaces, each with its own theme, at ground level. The cones also provide soft daylighting for the building’s interiors

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99 Image and data source -Adrains mith-gordan gill-MASDAR HEADQUARTERS portfolio

Other key sustainability design features, systems and strategies include a vast roof canopy, which provides natural shading and incorporates one of the world’s largest photovoltaic and solar-panel arrays. The roof’s undulating understructure facilitates the roof pier’s structural performance. High-thermal-mass exterior glass cladding provides solar heat blocking while remaining transparent for views. Thermal technology in the project also includes earth ducts which reduce temperature of outside air and provide underground pedestrian passages that connect public garden space with the proposed mass transit system. And a lush sky garden on roof level creates a microclimate that includes water features and restful community spaces landscaped with indigenous vegetation. Masdar HQ will be the world’s greenest mixed-use building, yielding zero carbon emissions and zero waste (both liquid and solid) and a sustainable measure beyond LEED platinum. It will consume 70 percent less water than typical mixed-use buildings of the same size, and be the lowest energy consumer per square meter for a modern Class A offi ce building in a hot/humid climate. It will also be the fi rst building in history to generate power for its own assembly via one of the world’s largest arrays of photovoltaics on its roof canopy, which will also provide shade for workers during construction of the structure’s lower levels.00

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Sky one

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Sky One -a 1,85,000 SqftHigh rise Commercial / Corporate development Project comprises of a High rise Tower and an Annex building Showrooms and Premium corporate offices Designed & executed to meet the Multi-National standards Floor plates planned to give flexibility in interiors layout planning Specifications based on the global requirements and Environment, Health & Safety parameters Double –height entrance lobby with reception, lounge seating & concierge Three -level parking in two basements and ground floor

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The Site shape and roads on both sides helped the design with additional flexibility in vehicle movement and the project layout in general ď Ź A tower and an annex building planned with Column free large floor plates ď ŹBasement ramp entrance strategically placed without disturbing other design components ď ŹFire Tender movement all around the project

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106 Data and image source- skyone by lunkad reality,pune brochure

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Micro-level architectural detailing, efficient co-ordination with other disciplines & methodical documentation ď ŹThe complete podium laid out to the best possible grid of granite stone ď ŹPeriphery designed with to meet international style and specifications ď ŹExterior spaces & driveways take in consideration human and vehicular movement including Fire Tender

Fig171

107 Data and image source- skyone by lunkad reality,pune brochure

Micro-level integration of Principal Architects with all consultants on board at concept stage Column-free office spaces Maximum ease in accessing from the vertical movement core and service lobby General Pantry / VIP & Visitors Pantry on each floor Service staircase & service elevator provided in Service zone House-keeping staff Rest rooms, General Staff Rest rooms, VIP Rest rooms on each floor Provision of shafts and ducts, Server zones, Lunch areas, Electrical rooms on each floor

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Fig172 Data and image source- skyone by lunkad reality,pune brochure

Fig173

Column less office space .

That provides flexibility to arrange interior working spaces

Fig174

Composite construction in pt slab and steel column

109 Data and image source- skyone by lunkad reality,pune brochure

Fig175

OPTIMIZING FUNCTION IN DESIGN Orientation of tower & open spaces designed to achieveprivacy, light & air ventilation to all offices Building, basements, service installations, walkways & driveways Integrated at micro-level MINIMIZING COST IN DESIGN Clean Line Architecture with minimum redundancies Micro-level & methodically planned locations of private & public spaces Optimum layout & network of services

Fig176

110 Data and image source- skyone by lunkad reality,pune brochure

OPTIMIZING FUNCTION & COST IN DESIGN: 6.0 M wide linear grid driveways Maximum parking efficiency Micro-level integration & distribution of services with spaces assigned to WTP, Bio Compost room, STP, Janitors, Drivers' room etc

Linear driveways & parking lots Linear service lines with minimum cross-overs

Fig177

Fig178

111 Data and image source- skyone by lunkad reality,pune brochure

Fig109

Landscape garden wall

Fig179

Pump room Fig180

112 Data and image source- skyone by lunkad reality,pune brochure

Fig181

BIO COMPOST –WET WASTE MANAGEMENT Organic Waste Composter to Manage and recycle the wet-waste generation from the project 7 –day process to convert the waste into manure

Fig182

DIESEL GENERATOR WITH ACOUSTICS & MECHANICAL VENTILATION Sound pollution kept in control by acoustics Mechanical Ventilation to keep temperatures in the desired range Data and image source- skyone by lunkad reality,pune brochure

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ENERGY CONSERVATIONECO-FRIENDLINESS

Fig183

SEWAGETREATMENTPLANT&WATERRECYLING  SewageTreatment Plant installed to clarify and recycle water for various utilities like Flushing,Irrigationetc Waste Management Excel make Bio Compost plant installed for wet garbage management. Sewage Treatment Plant installed RainWater Conservation  Rainwater recharge techniquesa dopted to replenish the groundwater Lighting General Lighting with Energy Efficient PL/CFL lamps controlled by automated Timer system. (To minimize energy consumption while midnight to early morning period.) All Lights with electronic chokes. Adequately lit up Façades. Specialized designed lighting with low energy consumption & timer control. Thermal Insulation Thermal Insulation Boards of ‘ISOBOARD’ make imported from Kuwait used for top terraces. ISOBOARD is manufactured from ‘Extruded Polystyrene panel having sealed cells linked to one another. It has High Water Vapor resistance, minimum water absorption & has uniform density Waterproofing by an Elastomeric based on special acrylic polymers. It forms a seamless, water & weather tight membrane. It reflects more than 90% of the Sun’s radiation. It can perform in wide temperature range from –5:C to + 8:C

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Parinee i,mumbai

Fig184

Image source –arch daily

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Fig186 Image source –arch daily

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119 Image source –arch daily

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Site & climate understanding

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Ahmedabad lies at 23.03°N 72.58°E in western India at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north-central Gujarat. It covers an area of 464 km2 (179 sq mi) Ahmedabad lies at 23.03°N 72.58°E in western India at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north-central Gujarat. It covers an area of 464 km2 (179 sq mi) Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is 41 °C (106 °F), and the average minimum is 27 °C (81 °F). From November to February, the average maximum temperature is 30 °C (86 °F), the average minimum is 15 °C (59 °F), and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from midJune to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about 800 millimetres (31 in), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature recorded is 48.5 °C (119.3 °F).

The site is near IIM Ahmadabad adjacent to nyay marg .

The main objective of the site is that it is situated near a well known landmark of education and also situated at the center of the city that means accessibility is established .

The thought behind the building concept is for a sustainable cause . So the location of the site should at a place which is noticeable .

The main architectural typology around the site is residential , which is a advantage to the site

.

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Climate analysis

21 dec

21 march

Notes: On the 21st December, the sun will rise 80° east of due south and set 80° west of due south.

21 june

On the 21st March/21st September, the sun will rise 91° east of due south and set 91° west of due south.

On the 21st June, the sun will rise 102° east of due south and set 102° west of due south.

21 September Fig197

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124

Wind direction

jan

mar

may

july

sept

nov

125

Area requirement zone

nos

area

Parking lobby

4

280m2

Main lobby

1

490m2

Building management room

1

730m2

Training room

6

40m2

Large conference room

1

720m2

Guest room

18

20m2

CafĂŠ (ground)

1

200m2

CafĂŠ(recreational)

2

200m2

Office A

8

730m2

Office B

6

855m2

Office c

4

1100m2

Recreational zone

As per design

As per design

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Redrafted sketches

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Wind movement around building

Fig198

128

Exposure of building façade and approx area of the façade

8 am –4pm As the temperature rises the opacity of the skin can be controlled to control light and thereby controlling the temperature. And parallel pumping in chilled and fresh air with the help of passive downdraft cooling technique will ensure thermal comfort with in the building

4pm—7pm As the temperature tends to move down the skin can be complete transparent and the cold or hot wind can be deflected back because of skin

Fig199

6am --8am As the temperature is normal or cold during winter days the external and internal skin can act as double glazed and the cavity air can be warmed up to a certain lvl to control the interior temperature

7pm—6am In summers the cavity itself will act as a insulator during night hours and in winters the cavity air can be heated to act as a insulator from cold winds

129

Final skin design approach Vertical and horizontal arrangement of rhombic pyramid Each vertical strip is controlled by mechanical system to channelize the wind to the building or to reflect or divert it.

Fig200

Fig202

Fig203

The panels of rhombic pyramid ,which are made of smart glass can be configured to control light intensity with in the building.

This would indirectly control the temperature with in the building

Fig201

Fig204

Fig205 The skin facing the toilet block is covered with photovoltaic cell that can generate energy that may balance with the energy consumption Fig207

Fig206

Vertical landscaping can be achieved through hydroponics or aeroponic system

130

Final skin design approach The skin can behave differently according to the needs the opaque can be used as a outer shading device ,the skin in south faรงade can have solar cells. etc

Fig208

The out door normal air can be channelized into the building with the help of skin and duct to provide fresh air in the building

Fig209

Fig210

As the air in the cavity become hot it raises creating a pressure that can be used to pump out the stagnated layer with in the building

During hot summers the wind is deflected with the skin faรงade and the cavity is used as insulator to maintain the core temp at human comfort lvl

As the cavity between the skin and the building is sealed ,during night time the air in the cavity can be heated with infra red tubes ,and the heated air acts as a insulator in cold winters

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Model views

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3d views

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http://www.sustaim.com/Documents/SUSTaim_Passive_Design_ Strategies.pdf http://www.southface.org/factsheets/PSDPassivesolar%2000-790.pdf http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/Inive%5 CIBPSA%5CUFSC6.pdf http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/17346.pdf Batty W. J., Hinai H. and Probert S. D. Natural-Cooling Techniques for Residential Buildings in Hot Climates, Applied Energy, UK, Vol. 39, pp. 301-337, 1991.

Kumar R., Garg S. N. and Kaushik S. C. Performance evaluation of multipassive solar applications of a non air-conditioned building. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, Vol. 5, No.1, pp.

60-75, 2005 http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab082771.pdf http://www.silascience.com/articles/29112012150107.pdf http://constructii.utcluj.ro/ActaCivilEng/download/atn/ATN2012(1)_ 8.pdf http://cmiserver.mit.edu/natvent/Europe/rwe.htm • International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:10 No:06 •Acta Technica Napocensis: Civil Engineering & Architecture Vol. 55, No. 1 (2012) Journal homepage: http://constructii.utcluj.ro/ActaCivilEng •http://high-performancebuildings.org/case-study.php •http://tboake.com/pdf/double_facade_general.pdf •del Castillo, N. (2013, April 2). Double skin facade. (A. M. Dalangin, Interviewer) •Gilles, S. A. (2013, April 2). Double skin facade. (A. M. Dalangin, Interviewer) •http://www.sustainablehealthybuildings.org/PDF/ •BEE. Energy Conservation Building Code User Guide. Bureau of Energy Efficiency, New Delhi, 2009.

•Ken yeang –eco architecture 144