Center for juvenile delinquents

University of Management and Technology

“Centre For Juvenile Delinquents” Prison, Yet Not A Prison SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

Internal advisors Dr. M. Yousuf Awan Dr. Saima Gulzar Ar. Ilyas Malik BY: Haider Ali (12002101-001) Batch 2 May 12, 2017.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

1|Pag e

Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Saima Gulzar, Dr. M. Yousuf Awan and Ar. Ilyas Malik, for their guidance and support throughout the process. Their supervision lead me to not only complete my project on time but also greatly enhanced my learning and knowledge regarding the subject matter.

I would specially like to thank my father, without his absolute support over all this time, I would not have been able to complete my journey. And my wife who really supported me throughout my final year, mentally as well as morally.

Finally a sincere gratitude to all the teachers and friends, I have made over the course of 5 years for their support, making this period enjoyable and a great learning experience for me.

In the end, I would like to specially dedicate my project to my mother. She definitely would have been very happy to see me completing my 5 year journey towards achieving B.Arch.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

2|Pag e

Abstract Criminal behavior in juveniles is hard to describe using a definition. Since no agreed definition can be found. But the anti-social acts and behavior of youngsters is often regarded as juvenile delinquency. Adulthood starts from 18 years of age and above, a person who commits a crime and is of or under 18 years of age is termed as a juvenile delinquent.

Over centuries, the role of a prison has been that of a dark dungeon, implementing cruel punishments. This has not only made the crime graph go higher but has also destroyed countless lives.

This report focuses on rehabilitation through architecture, employing environmental psychology and corrections through humane treatment of the prisoners while not compromising on security. Further, presents an insight in the conditions that prevail, and the number of juvenile prisons in Punjab, Pakistan. The data provides a detailed insight to the facilities provided, design patterns, security and counselling in the juvenile prisons. It further provides a proposed design for a juvenile prison to be built in Lahore, Pakistan.

Juvenile schools or prisons lack in number in our country as compared to the crime ratio and they are important as the common incarceration of adults and juveniles together can lead to a greater chance of negative influence on the minors.

Punjab has the highest percentage of juvenile offenders in the country and still there is not a single court dedicated exclusively to juvenile cases. Furthermore, there are only 2 juvenile prisons in Punjab which are long-standing and are least suitable for such facilities.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

3|Pag e

“Imagine for just a moment that you are 16 years old. You lie awake in your metal bunk-bed in a large unfurnished barracks-style room.

You look around the unit and see several other young men in their prisonissued uniforms, one part of a large secure facility serving 1000 persons.

You can’t help but wonder how your life got out of hand so quickly. You can barely remember the abuse that has scarred you so deeply. You haven’t seen your family for months. They live 150 miles away. You gently rub the bruised area around your eye and wonder when your rival will return from his isolation cell. He’s spent 3 days there, 23 hours a day, and has to be even angrier. The uniformed guards are across the way. You can’t remember their names, but it really doesn’t matter because everyone calls them “officer” or “sir”. You’ve learned to follow their commands. You can’t help but remember the judge telling you how tired the public is of your criminal activity. Could a prison really be worse?

You’ll probably find out, since you have a 50/50 chance of ending up there. Suddenly, you wake up, you’ve had a nightmare, and the same one lived everyday by young people in prisons around the country.”

(Anonymous)

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

4|Pag e

Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 1 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 8 Background.................................................................................................................................. 9 Project description .................................................................................................................... 10 Client’s brief .............................................................................................................................. 10 Architect’s brief ......................................................................................................................... 11 Aims and objectives .................................................................................................................. 11 Limitations and delimitations.................................................................................................... 11 Limitations............................................................................................................................. 11 Delimitations ......................................................................................................................... 11 Scope of work ............................................................................................................................ 12

Overview......................................................................................................... 13 General ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Definitions and terminologies ................................................................................................... 13 Crime ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Juvenile.................................................................................................................................. 14 Delinquency .......................................................................................................................... 14 Juvenile Delinquency ............................................................................................................ 14 Leading Factors to Juvenile Delinquency .............................................................................. 15 Incarceration ......................................................................................................................... 15 Imprisonment........................................................................................................................ 16 Classification of prisons............................................................................................................. 16 Prison .................................................................................................................................... 16 Jail.......................................................................................................................................... 16 Classification of Prisoners ......................................................................................................... 17 Convicted Prisoner ................................................................................................................ 17 Under Trial Prisoners ............................................................................................................ 18 CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

5|Pag e

Casual and Habitual .............................................................................................................. 18

Literature Review............................................................................................ 19 The Evolution of the Juvenile Justice System............................................................................ 19 History of Juvenile Laws ............................................................................................................ 21 The Borstal System .................................................................................................................... 23 Probation ................................................................................................................................... 27 Parole ........................................................................................................................................ 27 Death Penalty and International Standards .............................................................................. 27 Death Penalty for Juveniles ....................................................................................................... 28 The United Nations Resolutions................................................................................................ 28 Juvenile Justice System in Pakistan........................................................................................... 28 Salient Features of Juvenile Justice System Ordinance in Pakistan...................................... 29 Conclusions................................................................................................................................ 30 Prison Systems........................................................................................................................... 31 Origin..................................................................................................................................... 31 Purpose of Research ............................................................................................................. 31 Prison layouts ........................................................................................................................ 31 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 34

Case Studies .................................................................................................... 35 Borstal Institute and Juvenile jail Bahawalpur .......................................................................... 35 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 36 Halden Prison (Most Humane Prison in the World) ................................................................. 37 General .................................................................................................................................. 37 Staff ....................................................................................................................................... 37 Design.................................................................................................................................... 38 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 38 Long Creek Youth Development Center (Portland, Maine) ...................................................... 39 Details.................................................................................................................................... 39 General .................................................................................................................................. 39

Site and Site Selection ..................................................................................... 40 Location ..................................................................................................................................... 40 CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

6|Pag e

Site Selection Criteria ................................................................................................................ 40 Site ............................................................................................................................................. 41

Design Concept/Philosophy............................................................................. 42 Master plan ............................................................................................................................... 42

....................................................................................................................... 42 ................................................................................................................................................... 42 Developed Master Plan ............................................................................................................. 43 Building plans ............................................................................................................................ 44 Colonial architecture............................................................................................................. 44 Blend in local architecture .................................................................................................... 44 Clusters.................................................................................................................................. 45

Architectural Program ..................................................................................... 47 General ...................................................................................................................................... 47 Inmates ration ....................................................................................................................... 47

Areas............................................................................................................... 48

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

7|Pag e

FIGURE 1 I NCARCERATION RATE MAP OF THE WORLD ............................................................................................................................15 FIGURE 2 PENTON VILLE, COMPLETED IN 1842 ....................................................................................................................................31 FIGURE 3 PANOPTICON BY JEREMY B ENTHAM ......................................................................................................................................32 FIGURE 4 AUBURN/SING-SING LAYOUT ................................................................................................................................................32 FIGURE 5TELEPHONE POLE LAYOUT......................................................................................................................................................32 FIGURE 6 SELF-ENCLOSED PRISONS.......................................................................................................................................................32 FIGURE 7 COURTYARD LAYOUT.............................................................................................................................................................32 FIGURE 8 COURTYARD LAYOUT ............................................................................................................................................................33 FIGURE 9 FREE OR OPEN LAYOUT ..........................................................................................................................................................33 FIGURE 10 SKY SCRAPER PRISONS.........................................................................................................................................................33 FIGURE 11 HALDEN PRISON, NORWAY .................................................................................................................................................37 FIGURE 12 EXTERIOR WALL AMBIANCE.................................................................................................................................................38 FIGURE 13 GRAFFITI ON THE WALL .......................................................................................................................................................38 FIGURE 14 LONG CREEK YOUTH DEVELOPMENT CENTER.......................................................................................................................39 FIGURE 15 FIRST FLOOR PLAN .............................................................................................................................................................39 FIGURE 165 GROUND FLOOR PLAN .....................................................................................................................................................39 FIGURE 17 KEY PLAN...........................................................................................................................................................................41 FIGURE 18 I NITIAL MASTER PLAN .......................................................................................................................................................42 FIGURE 19 DEVELOPED MASTER PLAN ..................................................................................................................................................43 FIGURE 20 CLUSTERS FOR BARRACK DESIGN.........................................................................................................................................45 FIGURE 21 FORMATION FOR CELLS DESIGN...........................................................................................................................................46

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

8|Pag e

Introduction CENTRE FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS “Prison, Yet Not a Prison” “Today prisons are being built as buildings which are merely dens for the people rejected by our society. This is similar to building more and more hospitals for the sick rather than preventing the disease itself”. There is no other built form that requires more meaningful and effective structuring of the physical environment through architecture to induce and required responses from the target individual, other than a prison or a correctional facility.

Everything from eating to sleeping, to working, to exercise need to be accounted for under one roof.

Most of the crimes in our society are committed because of low standards of living and poverty. Building prisons, just for punishment, as they are being built today wont lower crime rates. Western countries report that 60% of the criminals commit crime again within two years of release from prisons. Much more has to be done to eradicate crime from the society then just being putting criminals behind bars. One has to go to the root of the problem in order to solve it.

On the other hand, as children and teenagers are future of our country, dealing them with responsiveness is necessary. A children when commits a crime, intentionally or unintentionally, becomes a juvenile delinquent and should be incarcerated but must not be with the adults or in adult prison. Incarceration is important but must be under the standards set by the World Human Rights Organization for the prisoners.

Background The Punjab Prisons Department was established in 1854 for Custody, Care and Control of prisoners confined in various central, district and special jails in the province of Punjab. Dr. C. Hathaway was appointed as first Inspector General (IG) of Prisons.

At the time of independence, the Punjab inherited nineteen (19) jails whereas Twenty One (21) more jails have so far been commissioned in the province after independence.

Presently there are Forty (40) Jails functional in the Province including One (1) High Security Prison, Nine (9) Central Jails, Twenty Five (25) District Jails, Two (2) Borstal Institutions & Juvenile Jails, One (1) Women Jail and Two (2) Sub Jails. Three (3) new Jails are under construction at the moment.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

9|Pag e

Punjab Prisons is a progressive department which aims at ensuring the return of the offender to the society as a useful citizen. The gradual transformation of Prisons administration, in line with the correctional philosophy and rehabilitative approach towards the jail inmates, has resulted in a wholesome and healthy environment in jails. Today, the Department not only lays a great emphasis on the moral education of the inmates but also carries a holistic approach with a view to facilitating the post-release rehabilitation of the prisoners with the mainstream society.

Punjab Prisons Department firmly believes in "hate for crime but not for criminal". It also recognizes the fact that the notion of a safe society cannot be realized merely by detention unless the offender is corrected and reformed while being in prison. Towards this objec tive, the Department has undertaken a number of measures.

Project description My thesis project is to design a prison for juveniles in Lahore, as the city does not accommodate a juvenile prison presently. This facility will ensure the rehabilitation of the young ones with proper services like education, extracurricular activities and whatever they require for their betterment keeping in mind the fact that they are to be treated as criminals (juveniles).  TITLE: Center for juvenile Delinquents – “Prison, yet not a Prison”  CLIENT: Government of Pakistan, Punjab Prisons Department.  SITE: Peco Road, Near Quaid-E-Azam Industrial Estate (Kacha Jail Road), Besides Central Jail, Lahore.  USER: Inmates, Staff, Administration, Law Enforcement Agencies.

Client’s brief My client, the government of Pakistan, Punjab prisons department, wants me build a correctional facility (juvenile prison) accommodating 1000 juvenile inmates (currently), in Lahore in order to segregate juveniles from adults, present in District jail, Central jail Lahore and cities nearby Lahore. This prison is not to house male or female adults. The department realizes that the models on which Pakistani prisons are designed today are obsolete, and wants me to design an advanced prison which will be a model for the generation prisons. The department wants me to specifically focus on rehabilitation of prisoners in order to reduce crime rate.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

10 | P a g e

Architect’s brief The client wants a facility to be designed for a total number of thousand inmates (Juvenile Delinquents), which is possible as it is a need of time. Design of the facility will be based on factors necessary to encourage inmates towards positivity through rehabilitation. Architectural program for this facility will be including multiple activities for the inmates e.g. sports, vocational training, schooling, farming etc.

The activities mentioned above will keep inmates busy which is as much important as many other things in such facilities because the fewer activities prisoners have, more aggressive they will become. As already said by H.G. Bohn's, "Hand-Book of Proverbs," 1855, that “An idle mind is the devil's workshop”.

Aims and objectives     

The facilities provided to the prisoners are said to be present, but are they up to the mark? As they should be.

Create a better environment which ensures the psychological and spiritual learnings of the inmates.

Provide architectural solutions to the problems faced by Pakistani Prisons.

Make the prison design insurrected and escape proof.

Explore various effective rehabilitation techniques and provide spaces for them.

By providing better amenities and improving the living conditions of the local prisons, only then we can control and make them a good citizen to play their best part in the society.

Limitations and delimitations Limitations The quality of staff and their training is a responsibility of the client, thus an assumption would be made that the staff will be highly professional in terms of dealing Juveniles.

Delimitations  

The facility would not accommodate adult inmates (elder then 18 years of age).

The facility will not welcome patients needing mental assistance.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

11 | P a g e

 

Economic considerations Assuming that this facility would be fed with uninterrupted electricity.

Scope of work      

Master plan Detail design of Barracks, cells and offices.

Layout of school and Vocational Training school.

Understanding how to create Defensible Space.

Understanding how the prison layout works locally and in other parts of the world.

Providing architectural solutions to the problems of Pakistani prisons.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

12 | P a g e

Overview General Overcrowding in jails is common all over Pakistan, Punjab being no exception, and despite the living conditions of juvenile offenders improving over the years, problems still exist.

Besides overcrowding, malnutrition, physical, mental and sexual abuse, the lack of medical or legal aid is common.

Crimes that juvenile offenders are generally charged with include murder, attempted murder, robbery, dacoit, theft or sex and drug-related crimes.

Punjab has the highest number of juvenile offenders in the country, with the bulk of them coming from the poverty-stricken and deprived areas of South Punjab. Prisons in Punjab are housing 48,952 prisoners altogether as of June 1, 2016. Among them 48,036 are male prisoners while 916 are female prisoners, adding 647 juveniles with an exception of female juveniles against the authorized accommodation of 21,527 showing almost 100% of overcrowding and merging of juveniles and adult criminals. With the increasing crime rate, it requires more space for the placement of prisoners. Moreover, different blocks in reference to the age group are being ignored due to the lack of space and facilities, indulging the young prisoners in more criminal activities.

Not a single prison in Pakistan is self-reliant, and obtains expenses from the government. The government in turn relies on taxes. The fact that under trials and condemned prisoners will not be subjected to any labor will not help in solving the problem.

Definitions and terminologies Crime Crime cannot be defined in exact and specific manners, it is a set of human action, and has no limits attached to it. There is no subtle and pin picked definition to elaborate the true meanings of crime. The following are some of the definitions used to brighten the meanings of crime;  “Crime is a violation, of criminal laws regulating human actions.”  An act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law; especially: a gross violation of law CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

13 | P a g e

 Something reprehensible, foolish, or disgraceful  A crime is any act or omission of human conduct harmful to others which state is bound to prevent.

Juvenile According to “Juvenile Justice System Ordinance – 2000” (JJSO 2000), Pakistan’s Penal Code sets the age of criminal responsibility at twelve, with children between the ages of seven and twelve, believed criminally responsible if they have “attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge the nature and consequences of their conduct on that occasion.”

Children aged seven and older are therefore potentially eligible for the full range of penalties provided for in the Code, including death and life imprisonment.

Delinquency There are different types of definitions of delinquency: I. II.

III.

Legal definition holds that only those juveniles who have been officially labeled by the courts are considered delinquents.

Behavioral definition of juvenile delinquency holds that those juveniles whose behavior violates statuses applicable to them are delinquent whether or not they are officially labelled by the courts to determine their means are for unusual act.

In Pakistan Criminal Procedure or the Penal Codes do not define who juvenile delinquent is, JJSO only defines criminal liability that a person of 7 years and above can commit crime.

Juvenile Delinquency There is hardly any agreed definition of juvenile delinquency in Pakistan. But, universally it refers to anti-social acts of youngsters and children by omission or commission as forbidden by law. They should be below 18 years in age as adulthood starts from 18 years of age an above.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

14 | P a g e

Leading Factors to Juvenile Delinquency The main factors which may be responsible for juvenile delinquency can be categorized as follows:                

Broken home with criminal circumstances in primary groups.

Community delinquent environments and bad impacts of peer/school group.

Bad location (slum) with criminal social milieu of the neighborhoods.

Adverse effects of economic depression with unemployment and inflation.

Cultural conflict with undefined, national character.

Frontier areas for smuggling of arms and illicit drug trafficking as couriers.

War time and post war time effects on younger generations.

Disapproval of rowdy and uneven behavior from the parents.

Failure of the schools and higher education institutions to properly socialize.

Social impacts of the drug and sex starved criminal environments of the criminal subculture.

Interaction with delinquent gangs of school, community and society.

Impact of new inventions leading to delinquent acts.

Impacts of reference groups with delinquent background.

Individual imitation and self-inclination to delinquent environments.

Refusal and non-acceptance of individuality of the child by intimate groups.

Generation gap and frustration of over-expectant youth.

Incarceration The state of being confined in prison; imprisonment is termed as incarceration. The incarceration rate of Pakistan per 100,000 population is 43. Figure 1 shows the incarceration rate of other countries as compared to Pakistan.

Figure 1 Incarceration rate map of the world

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

15 | P a g e

Imprisonment Imprisonment is the restraint of a person's liberty, for any cause whatsoever, whether by authority of the government, or by a person acting without such authority. In the latter case it is "false imprisonment". Imprisonment does not necessarily imply a place of confinement, with bolts and bars, but may be exercised by any use or display of force, lawfully or unlawfully, wherever displayed, even in the open street. Usually, however, imprisonment is understood to imply an actual confinement in a jail or prison employed for the purpose according to the provisions of law.

Classification of prisons Prison A building to which people are legally committed as a punishment for a crime or while awaiting trial.

Jail A place for the confinement of people accused or convicted of a crime.

Although, prison and jail are the same things, but in Pakistan generally “Jail” word is used as prison. Correctional facility, detention center, gaol, jail, penitentiary, prison, or remand center, these are the different names used for Imprisonment in different parts of the world.

The total number of jails in Punjab Pakistan is 32 which are divided as:       

Central jail ( less than 2 years) District jail ( long term) Sub jail (temporary) Women jail Borstal jail Open jail Special jail

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

16 | P a g e

Classification of Prisoners There are different kinds and types of prisoners in different parts of the world.

According to the division of prisoners in Pakistan by Punjab Prisons Department, prisoners are divided into 2 categories: I. II.

Convicted Prisoners Unconvinced prisoners/Under Trial Prisoners

Convicted Prisoner “A convicted prisoner means any person under sentence of a Penal Code System, also includes such a person who is sentenced temporarily under a particular law”.

Generally, convicted prisoners are further classified into 3 classes:   

Superior Class Ordinary Class Political Class

Superior class includes A and B class prisoners, ordinary class comprises of prisoners other than superior class, political class comprises of prisoners who commit crime not for personal gain but for political motives. This class does not require reformative or correctional treatment.

Furthermore, Convicted Prisoners are divided into 3 classes: I.

A-class

Casual prisoner of good character by social status, education and habit of life have been accustomed to a superior mode of living. Those who have been convicted offences of minor violence and not been involved in element of cruelty, moral degradation, and personal greed, serious or intentional violence, serious offense against property, offense relating to the

Lahore region :

Total 7 jails 3 central jails 4 district jails

Multan region :

11 jails 3 central jails 6 district jails 1 women jail 1 Borstal and Juvenile

Rawalpindi region : 6 jails 1 central jail 4 district jail 1 sub jail Faisalabad region : 8 jails 2 central jails 5 district jails 1 Borstal and juvenile jail Faislabad

jail Bhawalpur CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

17 | P a g e

possession of explosives, firearms and other dangerous weapons with object of committing or enabling an offense to be committed.

II.

B-class

This class consist of prisoners, who by social status, education or habit of life have been accustomed to a superior mode of living, habitual prisoners can be included in this class.

III.

C-class

Those who are not categorized in class A and B fall in this category.

Additionally, prisoners in a prison are also evaluated on the basis of their daily routine and progress.

Under Trial Prisoners Any prisoner committed to study under warrant or under any court or authority exercising original jurisdiction or order of a court is called an under trial prisoner.

Casual and Habitual Convicted prisoners are categorized into casual and habitual prisoners.

Casual Casuals are first time offenders who lapse into crime because of criminal and account of their surroundings, physical and mental deficiency.

Habitual Habitual are classified into further two categories: I. II.

Ordinary habitual prisoners Professional or Repeaters

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

18 | P a g e

Literature Review The Evolution of the Juvenile Justice System Many ancient societies and their legal systems distinguished between adult and young criminals by fixing the minimum age of criminal responsibility. Despite the maintenance of this distinction between adult and juvenile offenders, and the fact that the young were not considered morally responsible for their behavior, children continued to be treated with adult criminals for a long time. Sentences were harsh, and even the death penalty was occasionally imposed on the young offenders. In the seventeenth century, which saw the beginning of the prison system, juvenile delinquents continued to be imprisoned together with minor misdemeanants, debtors, and other felons in dark, filthy, and overcrowded room.

Concern for the children in conflict with the criminal justice system was, however, developing. In 1648 a permanent asylum was established for wandering children by a Cathol ic organization in Europe, and in 1704, Pope Clement XI built the Hospice di San Michele in Rome for the homeless and incorrigible children.

The nineteenth century reform movement for the welfare of children corresponded with the influence of rehabilitationists on the penological thinking; and eventually laid the basis for a separate justice system for juveniles. It was felt that juveniles should be treated in a manner different from adult criminals, and the status of juvenile delinquency should be seen as somewhat different from and less serious than adult crime.

The cornerstone of this thinking was that children were victims rather than offenders and should be rehabilitated. The purpose of and response to delinquency should, therefore, be remedial, preventive and correctional rather than punitive or threatening. The new approach called for individualized justice for each child and emphasized the need for an informal, noncriminal procedure instead of legalistic, criminal procedure while dealing with juvenile offenders.

Thus, one of the foremost concerns of the juvenile justice system based on this line of thinking was to prevent as much as possible the coming into contact of juveniles with the formal court system; and thus to avoid children being stigmatized and to ensure that they retain the maximum contact with the society.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

19 | P a g e

It was believed that many disadvantaged youths begin by committing minor offenses that would not be considered a crime if done by an adult. But once arrested, convicted and sentenced, they are labeled as delinquents and treated like criminals. Imprisonment further increases the risk of their becoming full-blown criminals. The answer to this predicament, according to liberals, is to protect the juveniles from the harmful effects of the justice system.

One of the foremost ways to deal with a young offender has been through imprisonment since time immemorial. It, however, steadily began to be realized by the adherents to this so-called liberal approach that institutionalization of juvenile offenders was one of the most severe form of treatment for young offenders where the child is denied freedom to interact with the community; and lacks many of the facilities such as counseling, education, recreation, room and board that the institution is supposedly exclusively expected to provide.

Most societies inspired by this approach started to agree that confinement should be avoided at almost all costs since it does not help the child but rather make the child's problems worse. It was perceived that such denial of freedom almost invariably harmed the child's personality, self-conception, opportunity for personal growth, and probability of avoiding adult criminal acts.

A consensus thus emerged that institutionalization should be used as a last resort, and only when the justice system feels that it has to serve the interests of the society by protecting its peace and order. The child's previous violent, antisocial acts and lack of apparent resolution to discontinue such acts may understandably lead the judge to consider institutionalization as the only mean of controlling such violent actions, or limiting it to inside the walls of the institution.

As opposed to this liberal line of thinking and perhaps as a backlash to the growing rate of juvenile crime and the apparent inefficiency of the juvenile justice system in checking the rates of recidivism, the conservatives continued to call for stricter punishments to juveniles.

The conservative approach ascribes the high rate of serious and violent juvenile crimes to the lenient juvenile justice system which, according to them, encourages rather than deters delinquents. They believe that a small number of delinquents commit most of the crimes because they are confident that they can get off easily on grounds of their age.

The conservatives propose harsher punishments as a solution to solve juvenile delinquency, such as:     

Longer periods of detention for juveniles in guarded facilities Transfer of juvenile cases to adult criminal justice system for strict punishments.

Crackdown on adolescent drug abuse; Abrogation of privacy protection for delinquents; and More discipline in schools.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

20 | P a g e

History of Juvenile Laws In 1825, the first institution expressly for juveniles, called the House of Refuge, was set up in New York City, so that they could be kept apart from adult criminals. This House was designed to avoid harsh criminal penalties for unfortunate children, segregating pre delinquent children from hardened delinquents, providing proper moral, ethical, and social values and role models for deprived children, and treating such children as victims rather than offenders.

Another similar institution was established by the name of Chicago reform School in 1855 to serve, not punish, the same class of crime prone children.

By the middle of the nineteenth century, other States in the United States also started to form institutions for young offenders. After some time these shelters started including less serious offenders and dependent children and soon this movement spread throughout the United States and abroad. The regimen in these homes for the juveniles, however, remained strict and punitive.

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, it was, however, realized that special legal procedures were necessary for juvenile offenders. For this purpose, the States of Massachusetts in 1870 and 1880, and New York in 1892, began to afford special hearings for children in the court system. Slowly, the system of the juvenile court started to evolve and spread throughout the United States, and was also adopted by other countries.

At about the same time, the Chicago Women's Club, which was handling neglected young offenders, demanded introduction of separate provisions in the law for the juvenile delinquents. The Club's lobbying proved successful. The first juvenile court in the world was instituted in Chicago in 1899 by Julia Clifford Lathrop under the juvenile court law which became effective July 1, 1899 and was called the Illinois Law of July. The Law said that if the offender is young, the object of the Court procedure is not to discover whether he has committed a specific offense, but to determine if he is in such a condition that he has lost or never known the fundamental rights of childhood to parental shelter and guidance and control.

The motive for such a system was to refrain from the harsh treatment imposed on child offenders. It was realized that a child who committed a crime required care and treatment rather than criminal penalties.

The establishment of a law for young delinquents presented a new philosophy and strategy for handling difficult minors. It was understood that children required special dependent status and so should be provided appropriate guidance; and that if natural pa rents failed, then it was the State's responsibility to fill the void. Special facilities and procedures, therefore, gradually started to get developed for the youth which were different, in many ways, from the existing adult system.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

21 | P a g e

The year 1899 thus saw the beginning of a justice system for children in the United States, with separate legislation, separate court hearings, probation supervision, and institutional segregation. The concept of special treatment of children under law initially took the form of socialized juvenile justice system and was based on individualized justice for each child, with a rehabilitative and not a punitive approach. Sentencing could involve probations, institutionalization, or some other treatment mode. Later it became more constitutionalization, or some other treatment mode. Later it became more constitutional zed in that it gave the same constitutional rights of adult criminal defendants to juveniles, such as right to counsel, right to notice, right to proof beyond a reasonable doubt, right to fair evidentiary hearings, etc.

It also took away a great deal of discretionary powers of judges.

Elsewhere, in nineteenth century Britain, an analogous movement was taking shape. It was steadily being realized that an unruly child would most likely be rehabilitated with education and training rather than by retributive methods. The first British institution that was formed using these principles was in Warwickshire in 1818. It was a farm colony that took in around 20 boys from neighboring jails. These boys were made to work on the farm and also made to realize the advantages and comforts of living in a family environment while also providing them with religious education.

However, children continued to be arrested for minor crimes and kept in correction homes for years and made to do hare labor. Between the year 1851 and 1855, 9000 boys under the age of 17 were kept in the House of Correction in Westminster. Out of these, 945 were between the ages of 14 and 17, 398 between 12 and 14 and 209 were less than 12. These juveniles, some as young as six years old, were taken in for even petty crimes like throwing stones, blocking highways and illegally knocking at doors and were mad to wear the prison outfit. It is reported that as late as 1899, two boys of 11 and 13 were sentenced to hard labor in Portsmouth prison because they damaged a door.

It was 1838 that an official attempt was made to segregate juveniles from adult criminals. The Isle of Wight's Park Hurst prison was set up for boys who were sentenced to transportation, mostly between the ages of ten and 18, but there were some as young as eight and nine. These boys were given repressive treatment and were kept separate at least for the first four months. They were strictly disciplined and the establishment was guarded by armed patrolmen. Consequently, it has been recorded that in 1844, around 445 boys received approximately 4,105 punishment. This institution was obviously not an ideal prison for the young.

Between the years 1849 and 1853, three reformatory schools were established which were to be maintained by private charitable corporations. In 1854, Lord Palmerstone introduced an Act of Parliament under which courts were empowered to send juveniles to these schools with an initial imprisonment of 14 days. This Act led to the opening of reformatory schools by charitable persons and religious communities all around England. The CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

22 | P a g e

end of 1857 saw the formation of these schools in 33 out of the 42 English counties. In 1860, the Home Office was assigned their supervision.

Around 1861, the Home Office was also entrusted with the supervision of industrial schools mostly accommodated children who were sent under the Poor Law, like orphans or children whose parents were in prison. This was the beginning of the modern system where the reformatory and the industrial schools came to be known as the Home Office's 'approved schools'. These modern approved schools provided for every kind of unruly and neglected child and trained them according to their needs. Due to the efforts of Sir William Harcourt, in 1899, the compulsory imprisonment of children before going to a reformatory was abolished.

Until this time, the penal system in England, as in most other countries, was chiefly concerned with offenses rather than with offenders. The influence of the rehabilitationists and private philanthropy in England in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, gradually began to establish reformatories where the convicted children under the age of 15 years; there were, however, prisons for juvenile offenders convicted after their fifteenth year.

In 1895, the Paris Congress had raised the dividing line between the juvenile and the adult to 18 years of age; in the United States, the maximum age for reformatory treatment was raised to 30. Startling results were claimed under the Elmira system in the reformation of young adults. These reformatory experiences demonstrated that specialized and individual attention is essential in dealing with young criminals and such treatment is no feasible in ordinary prisons. It was also established beyond doubt that repeated sentences of short duration tent to accentuate rather than control the habit of crime; and that not much can be accomplished in less than 12 months. The reformers gradually came to the conclusion that normally sentences should not be less than three years and freedom should only be granted conditionally. The corner stone of this new reformatory system was the well-organized after-care association.

The Borstal System The separation of juveniles from adult prisoners, however, did not begin in England till the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. The Prison Committee of 1894 suggested that attention should be given to the youth who are too old for reformatory schools but too young for prisons. The Commission then taking up the suggestion tried experimenting on two prisons in England on the American pattern which had proven to be successful. This system, which was started in 1902, was called 'the Borstal System' named after the village of Borstal near Chatham where these methods were tried and experimented.

The results were so encouraging that the Parliament in 1908 passed an Act called the Prevention of Crime Act. This dealt with the special treatment of young offenders and gave the Borstal institutions legal status. These institutions usually kept the young for three years as it was thought that the industrial training provided to them would only be effective if they completed the course which took around two years. The Act also established that children CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

23 | P a g e

under the age of 14 were no to be sent to prison; and that children under the age of 16 years could only be imprisoned if the juvenile courts, established under the provisions of this Act, and in which the public were not permitted to participate, determined that they were unruly and depraved. Later on, these children were detained in a new form of institution called a Remand Home run by the local authority.

The authorities found through a 1928 Borstal Association report that most of the juveniles were deprived individuals. The report indicated that out of the 513 youths discharged in 1927, only 152 came from decent homes, while 30 were orphans, 41 had parents that separated and 38 had no home. This report also showed that nearly 71% percent of the young offenders whose first institutional treatment was that of the borstal were rehabilitated; while only 55% percent of the ones who had been sent to prison before borstal were rehabilitated.

Less than 49 % percent of the children were rehabilitated who were sent to both reformatory as well as prison beforehand. In view of these findings, it was decided that the aim of borstal institutions should be to change an illiterate, ill developed youth with little or no moral character with no means of livelihood into a fairly intellectual man who has sufficient knowledge of a trade so that he is able to earn his living honestly, and develop him with habits of self-control, temperance, and obedience to his superiors and the law.

In 1933, perhaps, partly inspired by the Borstal Association Report, the 1908 Children Act was replaced by the Children and Young Persons Act, which raised the age of children to 17 years that could be taken to a juvenile court. This latter Act emphasized the importance of a child's welfare regardless of whether he or she was an offender, neglected child of a child in need of protection. The Act required the juvenile court to protect the child and remove him or her from undesirable surroundings and provide the child with training and schooling. The philosophy behind the new approach was to avoid punishing the child and instead identifying what the child needs and providing for those needs.

In the newly established reformatory schools for the juvenile offenders in the early part of the twentieth century, the children receiving a Borstal sentence in any part of England were placed in a special section of one of the large prisons in London. They were kept separate from other prisoners and subjected to a close physical and psychological examination.

In accordance with this, they were classified and sent to the Institution which appeared to be most appropriate to their case. Children who had recently lapsed into crime were not mixed up with those who had been indulging in the criminal life since their childhood.

Punishments were avoided as much as possible; and usually the following were resorted to where necessary; • Warning. • Stoppage of Privileges.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

24 | P a g e

• Penal section involving the taking away of the privilege of association, and the task of stonebreaking.

• Dietary punishments.

• Corporal punishment in cases of assault or other serious offenses.

• Transfer to a prison for a definite period of three months.

• Alteration of sentence to imprisonment.

In a 1912 report on Borstal System, Borstal Institution were described as being ' the dustmen of the State;' that is to say, they receive that for which Society has no use. The report went on to say that: A part of what they receive cannot be made of use; the weak minded, the born-tired off-spring of the unfit, the vicious and the furious tempered, cannot be found an enduring space in the open. Another part has got into the Institutions as it were by accident through the fault of others, and may readily be restored to honorable uses. The largest part is dingy with misuse or broken or deteriorated by neglect, but it can be dusted and repaired into something merchantable, and that is the work of Borstal Institutions.

The following year's report in 1913 continued on the same pattern as it read: Great are the difficulties of those who have to attempt the physical and moral reconstruction of boys whose souls have become dingy, their muscles slack, and their outl ook on life blurred.

The reformatory institutions in England saw it as their aim to change an illiterate, ill developed youth, with little or no moral character and probably no mean of livelihood, into a fairly intellectual man with an upright and well-knit frame, sufficient knowledge of a useful trade to enable him to earn him living honestly, and with habits of self-control, temperance, and obedience to his superiors and the law.

In addition to the moral and intellectual training, the question of formation of a habit of hard work was found to be important. Consequently the Borstal Institution as a 'State Training School' stressed upon the importance of moral, educational and mental, physical, and industrial training. The whole system was based on the postulates that:

• No prisoner, no matter what his age or past record, should be assumed to be incapable of improvement;

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

25 | P a g e

• The conviction may be in the public interest but it should not only be retributive and deterrent, but should also make and earnest effort for the reformation of the criminal; • The reformation is most likely to be accomplished by religious and moral instruction, mental quickening, physical development, and such employment as will place the prisoner on a good industrial basis; • The reformation system is incompatible with short sentences, and a relatively long period of reformatory treatment is more likely to be beneficial than repeated short terms of imprisonment under severe conditions; • Reformatory treatment should be combined with a system of liberation on parole under suitable guardianship and supervision on the advice of a suitable Board; • A system of special treatment be adopted for adolescent criminals whether recidivists or not; • Sentences should be of a sufficiently long period to permit the full application of all possible means of reformation; and • Sentences should admit the right of conditional liberation.

The prison Commissioner in their report for 1913 stated that “We have on many occasions during recent years called attention to the futility and harmfulness of repeated short sentences especially in the case of young offenders. The almost unanimous voice that comes to us from prisons, be it of official or voluntary workers, call for legislative remedy. Our concern is more especially with the thousands of young persons who are now graduating to the later sage of incurable recidivism under the futile system of recommitment for petty offenses”.

Again in 1929, the prison Commissioners submitted that while the decline in the number of imprisonments of young person’s continues, courts still appear to send to prison many youths and girls who might either be dealt with under the Probation of Offenders Act, or else committed to a Borstal Institution.

The reformers believe that the younger the detainee, the more promising are the chances of his or her ultimate reforms. In their report for 1928, the Borstal Association pointed out that many courts defer sending children to a Borstal Institution until they have several times been convicted, with long periods of unemployment and dishonest habits between the convictions.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

26 | P a g e

Probation Another method gradually used by the juvenile justice system for treating juveniles became probation which is often granted to first time offender and for less serious crimes. In the case of the juvenile justice system , when the child is not considered to be harmful to other he or she is placed, according to this system, under the supervision of an officer of the juvenile court and must abide by specific rules that are worked out between the officer and the child.

Probation has worked out to be a comparatively successful way of dealing with young offenders. Types of treatment under the probationary system and within institutions include psychotherapy, intensive individual sessions between the delinquent and a therapist, as well as guided discussions in small groups of delinquents. It is believed that in group therapy the discussions of common problems assists the delinquent to accept more readily the restrictions of society, and enables him to understand the child's behavior more easily in relation to other.

Parole Parole is another measure to tackle the juvenile delinquency problem. The system of parole is sometime also known as juvenile aftercare which takes place after the release of a youth from an institution. It began in the United States in the early nineteenth century but has only recently become an integral part of the correction and rehabilitation of young offenders.

Juvenile aftercare tries to counter the adverse effects of confinement in an institution a helps the offenders in readjusting got outside life.

Death Penalty and International Standards The death penalty was practiced extensively until the eighteenth century when writer like Voltaire, Montesquieu, Jeremy Bentham, Samuel Romello and Cesare Bentham began to deplore the practice in their writings. Gradually, as a major punishment it started to lose its importance so much so that it is now outlawed in most of Europe. However capital punishment is still popular and prevalent among many nations, especially in the Asian and African countries.

Supporters of the death penalty argue that this form of punishment deters others form committing major crimes; that it eliminates at least one serious offender; that is encouraged by the Mosaic law; and that it satisfies the social anger. Economic arguments for and agains t the death penalty have also been presents over the years. Those who favor it argue that it is economical because it is better than supporting prisoners for life, while the people opposing it argue gas chambers as they are not used often, and maintain electric chairs and gas chambers as they are not used often, and also that it is a problem keeping prisoners on death roll in overcrowded prisons.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

27 | P a g e

Death Penalty for Juveniles Despite the support for the death penalty, there is an almost global consensus that people who commit crimes when under 18 should not be subjected to the death penalty. This is not an attempt to excuse violent juvenile crime, or belittle the suffering of its victims and their families, but a recognition that children are no yet fully mature, and accordingly no fully responsible for their actions, and that the possibilities for rehabilitation of a child or adolescent are greater than for adults.

Indeed, international standard see the ban on the death penalty against people who were under 18 at the time of the offense to be such a fundamental safeguard that it may never be suspended, not even in times of war or internal conflict.

There are many indications of this international consensus. First of all, the provision of restricting the death penalty to offenders above 18 years of age is widespread. Secondly, many leading international instruments have set a minimum of 18 years for the imposition of the death penalty, and lastly, the death penalty is so rarely used against offenders under 18, even in countries where the law sets a minimum age lower than 18 or none at all.

The United Nations Resolutions The United Nations has repeatedly declared that children should not be executed. The ECOSOC (Economic And Social Council) through its resolution 1984/50, adopted on May 25, 1984, and endorsed by the UN General Assembly through its resolution 44/159, adopted on December 15, 1989, without a vote, and the Beijing Rules both prohibit execution of juveniles,.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights passed by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948, spoke of the universal dimension of humanity when it recognized that “the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world�.

Juvenile Justice System in Pakistan Even after six decades of independence, no serious effort has been made to redraft penal norms, radicalize disciplinary processes, humanize prison houses and make anti -social and anti-national criminals etc. incapable of escaping the legal coils.

Juvenile justice in Pakistan deals with crimes committed by Pakistani children. The minimum age for criminal responsibility in Pakistan is seven years. According to a SPARC report published in 2012 there were 1500 to 2000 juveniles (under-18 children) imprisoned in Pakistan. This figure, however, excludes thousands of under trials whose number is unknown.

One of the reasons for the large number of children coming into conflict with the law is the low CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

28 | P a g e

age of criminal responsibility, which is seven years under section 82 of the Pakistan Penal Code 1860. Additionally, section 83 of the Pakistan Penal Code says that nothing is an offense which is done by a child above seven years of age and under the age of twelve, who has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge the nature and consequences of his or her conduct on that occasion.

In July 2000, the then government under General Pervez Musharraf enacted the JSSO (Juvenile Justice System Ordinance 2000) according to SPARC(2001) its implementation is incomplete. A survey of juvenile prisoners lodged in 51 jails in the four provinces of Pakistan exposed most degrading conditions. Hardly any facilities existed for rehabilitation and often the punishment was too severe for the crimes committed. Most of the incarcerated children were found to be under-trials. Under-trial prisoners failed to obtain release on bail as their poverty prevented them from furnishing sureties.

Salient Features of Juvenile Justice System Ordinance in Pakistan Definition A child is defined as a person who, at the time of commission of an offence, is below the age of 18 years.

Arrest and Detention

  



  

The guardian of an arrested juvenile shall be informed as early as poss ible after the arrest.

The concerned probation officer has to be similarly informed.

A child arrested for a non-bail able offence must be produced before juvenile court within 24 hours, while a child arrested for a bail able offence must be released on bail even without surety.

It provides for children to be detained in Borstal institutions (which are defined in the JJSO as places where a child may be ‘detained and given education and training for their mental, moral and psychological development’). It also provides for resources and funding for the construction of these Borstal institutions around the country.

It prohibits any child from being handcuffed or put in fetters while he or she is in custody.

It prohibits any child from being forced to suffer corporal punishment / hard labor during custody or detention.

It prohibits keeping children in police stations for bail able offences.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

29 | P a g e

Trial and Sentencing

    

It provides the child with free legal representation, free medical treatment and appeal against a conviction within a 30 day period.

It prohibits any joint trial of a child with an adult.

Unnecessary delay in proceedings should be avoided by the authorities.

Offences carrying ten years punishment are made bail able for children less than 15 years of age and it is prohibited to publish proceedings.

It prohibits any child from being sentenced to the death penalty.

Conclusions “How far that little candle throws its light So shines a good deed in this naughty world.”

(Shakespearian verse) Crime is something that cannot be completely broken down but can be controlled. It has been around 16 years that Juvenile Justice System Ordinance (JJSO) 2000, originally enacted in 2001 and is awaiting implementation as underage law offenders are continuing to be treated like grown up criminals against the provisions of this law. The main reason of such negligence is the implementation of law and absence of juvenile courts.

Punjab has the highest number of juvenile offenders in the country, with the bulk of them coming from the poverty-stricken and deprived areas of South Punjab.

Currently there are no exclusive courts designated for juvenile offenders in the province.

In an effort to fill this void, the chief justice of the Lahore High Court has notified the session’s courts and all first-class judicial magistrates to function as juvenile courts, since the government has not established separate courts to try juvenile offenders. These courts are functioning jointly as juvenile courts while taking up other criminal cases.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

30 | P a g e

Prison Systems Origin Prisons haven't been around as long as you may think; at least, not in the way that we define them today. They were, however, one of the first public buildings put into place in the New World, stemming from the British's need for a "house of detention". And while this sounds like the prisons that we currently use today, they weren't exactly the same.

Largely, the purpose of prisons since the conception of the institution in the 18th century in Europe has been to instil punishment by depriving inmates of their freedom.

Prison architecture is the epitome of hard architecture, designed to erase human dignity by constantly enforcing on criminal minds the notion of punishment for misdeeds done.

Prison is a built form purely based on modernistic approach of “form follows function”.

It is totally a functional building as security can’t be compromised in design. The building cannot negate the concept of punishment in a prison, by introducing comfortable spaces. All this makes prison a building whose form will and has to be dependent on its function for the most part.

Purpose of Research     

Purpose of research on prison designs will lead to understand the functionality of early prisons.

Will lead to understand the outcomes of the different prison layouts.

To comprehend the surveillance methods and patterns.

To grasp how prison design can effect on inmates.

Will lead to understand the emergence of outdoor and indoor spaces.

Prison layouts I.

Radial Prison Layout/Panoptic on

The first prison built according to the radial layout was the Eastern State Penitentiary in the United States in 1829, a design that was later copied over 300 prisons worldwide.

The Panoptic on is a type of institutional building designed by the English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

Figure 2 Penton Ville, completed in 1842

31 | P a g e

Bentham in the late 18th century. The concept of the design is to allow all inmates of an institution to be observed by a single watchman without the inmates being able to tell whether or not they are being watched.

The architecture incorporates a tower central to a circular building that is divided into cells, each cell extending the entire thickness of the building to allow Figure 3 Panopticon by Jeremy Bentham inner and outer windows. The occupants of the cells are thus backlit, isolated from one another by walls, and subject to inspection both collectively and individually by an observer in the tower who remains unseen.

II.

Auburn/Sing-sing layout

The Auburn/Sing-sing layout with long cell houses containing cells inside suitable only for maximum-security prison.

III.

Figure 4 Auburn/Sing-sing layout

Telephone Pole layouts

Modified telephone pole layouts, with outside or inside cells contained in separate blocks planned along a central corridor and suitable for any type of institution. The advantage of this is easy access to all parts of the prison, cell blocks are well-lit and easily ventilated, administration and supervision and supervision is easier.

IV.

Figure 5Telephone Pole layout

Self-enclosed prisons

Self-enclosed institutions, where the prison building forms the outer boundary wall. This is used for maximum-security prisons. Proper classification of prisoners is not possible because of the restricted space.

Figure 6 Self-enclosed prisons

V.

Courtyard layout

Courtyard layout with cell houses arranged around a central court and connected by covered corridors. These are usually maximum and medium security prisons. The main faults with these institutions are: Figure 7 Courtyard layout

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

32 | P a g e

  

VI.

They are very expensive to build.

The corridors are excessively long.

The cell houses are too far from each other and from the other facilities.

Figure 8 Courtyard Layout

Unit Plan or open campus layout

Unit plans or open campus layout with separate cell houses or cottages planned to enclose one or a series of courts. Usually used for medium and minimum – security system.

VII.

Free or open layout

Completely free and open layout, confirming to no definite architectural patterns. This is usually for juvenile institutions and for minimum – security prisons.

VIII.

Sky Scraper Prison

Figure 9 Free or open layout

Skyscraper prisons, either radial or rectangular in plan, used mostly for remand, and short sentences, and serve maximum and medium security. The advantages claimed for a skyscraper prison are:    

They are necessarily secure because of their height.

Classification and segregation is possible within a limited space and with no loss of centralized administration and supervision.

Where space is restricted in a city a skyscraper prison can be fitted on to a small site; the smaller the ground area the more easily guarded.

Skyscrapers are often cheaper to build.

Figure 10 Sky scraper prisons

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

33 | P a g e

Conclusion Good juvenile facility design derives largely from understanding the needs of those who will use the facility, the young people who reside there and the agencies responsible for the youth in their care. It is not simply a matter of creating a given amount of space or a handsome facade. Rather, good design depends on developing space that is responsive to resident and staff perceptions and behaviors, to the demands of daily programming, and to the need for safety, security, and positive management at all times. Above all, a good facility design must take into account the overriding premise of the juvenile justice system, i.e., effective intervention in the lives of youth. It may also be the last chance to redirect youthful behavior before a life of serious crime ensues. To this end, it is essential that spaces, programs, and staff combine to create a residential environment that encourages positive resident response and cooperation - and a willingness to take advantage of opportunities.

Juvenile facilities, in recent years, have tended to assume more of the character of adult jails, with larger capacities, bigger housing units, and increasingly restrictive construction materials and hardware. But for most justice system professionals, juvenile facilities are not jails. They are safe places that, in the best circumstances, offer some hope for a better future for the youth they serve.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

34 | P a g e

Case Studies Borstal Institute and Juvenile jail Bahawalpur The word Borstal means reformatory. Reformatory is a place for those who commit crimes due to various reasons. The underlying reasons vary from one individual to another. Thus these factors should be studied and remedies should be sought. The total area of this institute is 33 acres; of which 6 acres is the residential area, 13 acres for Jail area and 14 acres for agriculture.

The authorized space in this jail is 434.

The building was built in 1866 but in 1965 it was established as a juvenile jail. All juveniles in the district jails in all over Punjab once convicted are sent to this institute. There are under trial juveniles from the district of Bahawalpur.

The institute is divided into various sections and these are as follows:    

Hospital Kitchen + storage Barracks School

The hospital has a general ward, dispensary, isolation ward and a doctor's room. The isolation ward is for the-tuberculosis patients. The juveniles themselves under an instructor cook the food. The facilities available in the kitchen are the kneading machine, tandoor and 2 stoves. The storage is connected to kitchen.

The factory compound is a row of rooms accommodating different activities for juveniles.

The courses offered to them are tailoring, electrical, wood work, hosiery and carpet weaving.

These courses are not more than a period of 8 -12 months.

As coming towards the barracks; these too are placed in a row and facing each other having premises of their own. There are 6 barracks and each of them have a courtyard and a small place where stoves are installed where they can heat and cook food if they wish. Juveniles are divided according to their age.

Children aged between 10 to 15 years, are put together in one barrack. The number of juveniles is around 29-40. They don’t have any private space where they can site in isolation if they wish so. Each of them has a space of about 3, *6’ where they sleep and keep their belongings.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

35 | P a g e

The segregation cells are used to keep those juveniles who violate the prison rules. The cells are 6’ *8’ including the w.c, a tap for water and sleeping berth which is actually not present. 3 at a time use the space. The curtain wall covering the w .c is 2' *6’ high from the floor level of the cell. Each cell has an open yard which is not more than 5'*6'.

The school section comprises of separate classes from prep to graduation. The juveniles take examinations and test in order to be promoted next class. When a juvenile reaches class 10, he is prepared to take matriculate examinations. The central jail Bahawalpur becomes the center for them to sit examinations whether of secondary school, inter or bachelors.

The ones who are learning the Holy Quran and the ones who recite the Holy Quran sits in a separate class. The ones who are learning the Holy Quran -do not attend school as they only concentrate on learning by heart. The facility of library is also available. The mosque also lies i n the premises of the school.

They are allowed to play in the playground. As I was conversing with them: surprise 19% has a negative attitude, they don't play or participate in activity others and are not friendly at all.

Some are introvert and-some are extrovert.

These children are not children what have happened to them that made them abnormal though they seem normal, but they need love and affection to completely eradicate criminal behavior of their personality and conduct. They peed to felt normal human beings that can live in normal settings.

Their family can come and meet them once a week in the visiting section. They can even meet twice a week if there is an emergency. They do not have any access to the telephone. The visiting section is composed of two rooms joined by a double grated iron curtain. On one side is the visitor and on the other side is the juvenile.

Conclusion The inmates of the prison are not much happy with the design of the Jail and why they should be as this facility is old enough that one would ever imagine of. Inmates need to be motivated towards positivity, which is lacking due to system. The major aim of the Juvenile Prisons is the correction, which, with such facilities is not possible.

The behavior of the staff with the inmates must be friendly and polite but in this facility, inmates do not behave as they should and in return, staff members try to be as strict as they could be.

The prison has adequate staff that fulfills the requirement of dealing with all sorts of situations. The prison provide opportunities to the inmates to equip them with craftsmen skills e.g. knitting, mechanical training, etc. Routine schedule of the jail is strictly followed by the inmates as well as by the staff.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

36 | P a g e

Halden Prison (Most Humane Prison in the World) General Halden Prison is a maximum-security prison in Halden, Norway. It has three main units and receives prisoners from all over the world, but has no conventional security devices. The second-largest prison in Norway, it was established in 2010 with a focus on rehabilitation; its design simulates life outside the prison. Among other activities, sports and music are available to the prisoners, who interact with the unarmed staff to create a sense of community.

Praised for its humane conditions, Halden Prison has received the Arnstein Arneberg Award for its interior design in 2010 and been the subject of a documentary, but has also received criticism for being too liberal.

Figure 11 Halden prison, Norway

Location: Halden, Norway Status: Operational Security class: Maximum Capacity: 248 - 252 Population: 251 (2015)

Staff 



  

Opened: April 8, 2010.

Managed By: Norwegian As of 2012, Halden had 340 staff members, including Correctional Services teachers, healthcare workers, personal trainers, and Area: 75 acres (30 ha) guards.

The philosophy of "dynamic security", which encourages the staff and the inmates to develop interpersonal relationships, helps prevent potential aggression and guarantees safety.

Guards eat meals and play sports with the inmates, and are typically unarmed because guns can produce intimidation and social distance.

The interaction between prisoners and the staff is designed "to create a sense of family," The guard stations were also designed to be tiny and cramped, to encourage officers to interact more with the inmates.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

37 | P a g e

Design "Let the inmates see all of the seasons."

Halden's architects preserved trees across the 75-acre site to obscure the 20-ft.-high security wall that surrounds the perimeter, in order to minimize the institutional feel. The maximum sentence in Norway, Figure 12 Exterior wall ambiance even for murder, is 21 years. Since most inmates will eventually return to society, prisons mimic the outside world as much as possible to prepare them for freedom. At Halden, room include en-suite bathrooms with ceramic tiles, mini-fridges and flat screen TVs. To ease the psychological burdens of imprisonment, the planners at Halden spent roughly $1 million on paintings, photography and light installations. There's also a recording studio with a professional mixing board. In - house music teachers — who refer to the inmates as "pupils," never "prisoners" work with their charges on piano, guitar, bongos and more.

Every 10 to 12 cells share a kitchen and living room, where prisoners prepare their evening meals and relax after a day of work. None of the windows at Halden have bars.

Conclusion 

     

Figure 13 Graffiti on the wall

Norway's strategy of building inmates up, rather than tearing them down, works. In the U.S. and the U.K., between 50% and 60% of freed inmates wind up back in prison. The comparable figure in Norway is just 20%.

This prison proves the goal of incarceration is rehabilitation instead of punishment.

The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons. (Fyodor Dostoyevsky) "The only thing that is nice is the building," he says. "People think that you are staying in a five-star hotel, but prison is prison. They lock you up." (A Prisoner) So far there have been no escapes, or attempts.

Halden is one of Norway's highest-security jails, holding rapists, murderers and pedophiles.

A good environment can bring a positive psychological influence on the inhabitants.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

38 | P a g e

Long Creek Youth Development Center (Portland, Maine)

Details Figure 14 Long Creek Youth Development Center

       

Owner: Maine Department of Corrections Augusta, Maine.

Type of Facility: Juvenile Detention Center Site Area: 41.5 acres Area of Building: 170,423 sqft Capacity: 120 beds Cost of Construction: $26.2 million Status of Project: Completed in 2001 Architect: SMRT Architecture, Engineering and Planning, Portland, Maine

General Long Creek Youth Development Center is a complete raining Center with dorms, cottages, and separate food service, administration, health care, education, and recreation buildings. The facility houses living quarters and services under one roof. Each pod incorporates a dayroom and two adjoining classrooms. There are seven pods with 120 beds for the adjudicated; low-, medium- and high-security; sex offender. Most of the pods are further divided into three living areas allowing for better age segregation.

Recreational and educational activities are the focus for the total rehabilitative environment the center offers. Residents are provided an intensive day of classes, counseling, and recreation. The facility also includes inpatient and outpatient health care and mental health services.

Figure 165 Ground Floor Plan

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

Figure 15 First Floor Plan

39 | P a g e

Site and Site Selection Location Locating a juvenile detention facility within a neighborhood context would achieve a few objectives. Firstly, it is considered beneficial by most in the corrections field to have easy access for family visitation during a juvenile’s time in residential placement. Encouraging consistent exposure to familial support figures is thought to benefit the inmate both during and after their detention as they normalize back into society. In order to best allow for this, the facility will be situated in the community and along public transportation routes. Another aspect concerning transportation is the proximity to the local courthouse. Shorter travel times are deemed ideal as being safer and more efficient. The most unorthodox reason for siting a juvenile detention facility in the neighborhood would be as a barometer from which to gauge the community’s collective effort in reducing crime. By being a highly visible element, the facility will act as a constant reminder of everyone’s responsibility to society and the punishment incurred for those tempted down the wrong path. As the detention center gradually transforms into a community center, the neighborhood can have the pride and satisfaction of knowing that not only has the overall climate become safer, but through their continued efforts the area will stay that way. With the new responsibility of tending to a community center focused on outreach and opportunity for those that need it, a stronger community bond with the overarching theme of success will be reached.

 Peco road, near Quaid e Azam Industrial Estate (Kacha jail Road), besides Central Jail Lahore.

Site Selection Criteria Site selected for the facility has been chosen on the basis of following points:           

Accessible to community services Access to and from courts.

Access to local law enforcements Access to relatives and friends for those in custody Access for emergency vehicles and fire services Availability of infrastructure Location to major roads and/or transportation networks Access for facility staffing Availability of useable land Adequate soil conditions Community acceptance

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

40 | P a g e

Site

Figure 17 Key Plan

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

41 | P a g e

Design Concept/Philosophy Design concept and philosophy is the base of any project. When a project is to be perceived then a story is to be built up through the theories in architecture to start working on particular project. A concept in architecture is basically an idea, a thought or notion, perceived by an architect from its mind to execute it on the ground keeping in mind the various factors necessary e.g. function, aesthetics etc.

Master plan The master plan is developed under the considerations of the site and its surroundings. Initially, zoning was done in order to develop a rough plan as per the data collection. The planning of master plan was done on the basis of an idea of “Defensible space� which was presented by Oscar Newman in 1917. The idea was originally proposed for neighborhood safety and crime prevention through design strategies. According to the author this idea is applicable to any type of designed space.

Oscar Newman identified 4 factors that create defensible space: 1.

2.

3.

4.

Territoriality Natural Surveillance Image Surroundings

Figure 18 Initial Master Plan

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

42 | P a g e

Developed Master Plan

Figure 19 Developed master plan

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

43 | P a g e

Building plans Developing building plans were not easy as the buildings were divided into different blocks and the connection between the blocks was necessary and difficult to develop. Relationship charts were developed in the process, and the buildings were divided as per the function and keeping in mind the environmental factors.

Building plans. Were based on functionality. Roof design was proposed as per the hot environment and air circulation, windows and other design features were designed in accordance with the colonial architecture.

Colonial architecture Under British Rule (1849-1947), colonial architecture in Lahore combined Mughal, Gothic and Victorian styles. Under British rule, Sir Ganga Ram ( sometimes referred to as the father of modern Lahore) designed and built the General Post Office, Lahore Museum, Aitchison College, Mayo School of Arts (NCA), Ganga Ram hospital, GC university and many more. He also constructed Model Town, a suburb that has recently developed into a cultural center for Lahore’s growing socioeconomic elite.

The General Post Office and YMCA buildings in Lahore commemorated the golden jubilee of Queen Victoria, an event marked by the construction of clock towers and monuments all over British India. Other important British buildings included the High Court, the Government College University, the museums, St. Anthony's College, the National College of Arts, Montgomery Hall, Tollinton Market, the University of the Punjab (Old Campus) and the Provincial Assembly. Even today, Mall Road retains a variety of Gothic and Victorian style buildings built during the British Raj. At one end of The Mall stands the university, one of the most prestigious universities of Pakistan. The British also launched the city's first horse-racing club in 1924, starting a tradition that continues today at the Lahore Race Club. Other renowned buildings are Punjab Assembly Hall, Lahore High Court, General Post Office (GPO), Punjab University, Tollinton Market and the Lahore Railway Station.

Blend in local architecture The style of the buildings designed will help in blending into the local architecture of Lahore. As the buildings today are to be designed, lack the ability to blend in the hierarchy of the building s in Lahore.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

44 | P a g e

Clusters The clusters were formed for the connection of barracks and the cells within themselves.

Barracks

Figure 20 Clusters for Barrack design

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

45 | P a g e

Cells

Figure 21 Formation for cells design

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

46 | P a g e

Architectural Program General     

The program is designed to facilitate the juveniles in Lahore as well as in the outskirts of Lahore.

The aim is to mold convicted juveniles into a better person to play their best part in the society, through the environment created within the prison w.r.t design.

Locked up with better facilities then outside doesn’t mean that the criminal will force to live within a boundary, freedom is what one wish for.

This prison will also be helpful in resolving the various problems, the prison department is facing.

Segregation of criminals as juveniles and adults is very important in order to avoid the teen in progressing towards the negativity.

Inmates ration Barracks Prisoner Housing: 800 Cells Prisoner Housing: 200 Total Inmates: 1000

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

47 | P a g e

Areas DESCRIPTION

CALCULATION

AREA (SQFT)

15x20 12x18 (10X15)4 (10x12)12 3000 20x30 (10x15)2 30x40 50 Vehicles 128x50 21x150 20x20

7656

(10x50)4

2000

ADMINISTRATION S.P office Additional S.P office Deputy S.P office A.S.P office Garage For Police Vans Store Toilets Ammunition Room PARKING Cars Motorcycle CONTROL ROOM CORRECTIONAL PROGRAM Counselling Rooms CLINICAL SERVICES Psychologist Sociologist EDUCATION Primary And Secondary Higher Education Religious Clases Computer Clases VOCATIONAL TRAINNING Factory Clases Factory Workshops

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

9550

400

200 10x10 10x10 (22x30) class for 30p (22x30)8 (22x30)3 (22x30)3 (22x30)3

27220

5504 (16x18)8 (20x20)8

48 | P a g e

DESCRIPTION

CALCULATION

LIBRARY

Seating for 100 readers 100x35(sqft) = 3500 8x10 = 80 8x6 = 48

Librarian Office Magazine Room commissary (shop) Barber Shop Laundry Cinema/Movie Room MEDICAL SERVICES Waiting Consulation Rooms Gen. Treatment Room Clinical Lab X-Ray Ward Pharmacy Dental Care Examination Dental Treatment Hospital Kitchen Store FOOD SERVICES Class Room Kitchen (cooking) Storage Washing Area Lounge Bathrooms RECREATION Badminton Courts Volley Ball Football Table Tennis Cultivated/plantation Area

12x15 30x40 25x60 10% of population is expected everyday 100x10 = 1000 (10x12)2 = 240 14x12 = 168 8x10 = 80 18x20 = 360 3% population = 30p = 2550 (85sqft/p) 10x10 = 100 12x10 = 120 15x12 = 180 10x20 = 200 15x10 = 150

AREA (SQFT) 3628

300 180 1200 1500 5148

2385 22x30 40x20 15x20 12x20 12x20 (5x5)3 181497 (20x40)2 (30x60)2 345x220 (5x9.5)5 100,000

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

49 | P a g e

RELIGIOUS SERVICES Islamic Prayer Areas Prayer Areas For others RECEPTION AND DISCHARGE Scan/ Search Room Interview Room Record Room Medical Examination Clothing Issued Shower Area VISITS Open visits Closed visits Prisoners Waiting Attorney Rooms Visitor Waiting Reception Search Lockers CORRECTIONAL PROGRAM BARRACKS Total 800 inmates 1 barrack should accommodate a max. of 20 inmates CELLS

5700 (2.5x3.5)600 (15x10)3 20x20 12x18 10x10 20x15 10x15 20x30 30x10

2066

For 25 meetings at a time

6700

3000 (8x10)5 3000 15x20

12.71 sqft/inmate 12.71x800

10168 255

20x12.71 96 sqft/inmate 96 x 200

TOTAL GROSS AREA

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

19200

3,30,302 SQFT

50 | P a g e

References 

Alexander, Travis et al. "Correctional Facility Analysis and Design". Undergraduate. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2006. Print.



Canada, Gabriela. "Juvenile Justice System: Pros and Cons". Kidsnotadults.blogspot.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 5 Sep 2016.



"Concertina Wire". En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 8 Dec 2016.



Danawala, Mariya. "Central Jail And Reformation Centre | Mariya Danawala - Rethinking The Future - RTF". Rethinking the Future - RTF. N.p., 2016. Web. 13 Nov 2016.



"Disciplinary Architecture". En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 16 Nov 2016.



Finkel, Ed. "Juvenile Detention Centers: On the Other Side of ‘Lock ‘Em Up,’ But Not Quite Trauma-Informed". Juvenile Justice Information Exchange. N.p., 2016. Web. 2 Oct 2016.



Gardner, Robert A. "Crime Prevention through Environmental Design". Crimewise.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 4 Oct 2016.



"History | Punjab Prisons". Prisons.punjab.gov.pk. N.p., 2016. Web. 4 Oct 2016.



"Juvenile Detention - Child Trends". Child Trends. N.p., 2016. Web. 4 Oct 2016.



"Juveniles Prisoners | Punjab Prisons". Prisons.punjab.gov.pk. N.p., 2016. Web. 12 Oct 2016.



Karpinski, Anna. "Breathing Through Bars: A Brief History on the Prison System in America". Soapboxie. N.p., 2016. Web. 16 Oct 2016.



Karnam, Murali, Maja Daruwala, and Pujya Pascal. Conditions of Detention in the Prisons of Karnataka, 2007-08. 1st Ed. New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2010. Print.



KIMBLE, JULIAN. "The 50 Craziest Prisons and Jails in the World36. HM Prison Dartmoor". Complex UK. N.p., 2016. Web. 3 Nov 2016.



Law, Ashraf. "Juvenile Justice System in Pakistan". Academia.edu. N.p., 2016. Web. 7 Nov 2016.



Lynn Petersen, Erika. "Jacksonville Juvenile Detention [Community] Center: An Application of Adaptive Architecture". Master in Architecture. Savannah College of Art and Design, 2013. Print.



McMillen, Micahel. Juvenile Facility Design. 1st ed. National Institute of Corrections. Print.



Newman, Oscar. Creating Defensible Space. 1st ed. Darby, Pa.: Diane, 2008. Print



Newspaper, From. "Number of Juvenile Prisoners Declines: Report". DAWN.COM. N.p., 2016.

Web. 11 Nov 2016.



"Pakistan | World Prison Brief". Prisonstudies.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 13 Nov 2016.



PENAL REFORM INTERNATIONAL. Global Prison Trends 2016. Penal Reform International, 2016. Web. 13 Nov 2016. Global Prison Trends.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

51 | P a g e



Sandifer, Steven, and Givoni B. "Thermal Effects of Vines on Wall Temperatures-Comparing Laboratory and Field Collected Data". AMERICAN SOLAR ENERGY SOCIETY; AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS (2002): n. pag. Print.



Sanyal, Niharika. "The Architecture of Incarceration: Changing Paradigms in Prison Architecture". Academia.edu. N.p., 2016. Web. 26 Nov 2016.



"Stanford Prison Experiment". En.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 26 Nov 2016.



Stott, Rory. "A Radical New Approach to Prison Design". ArchDaily. N.p., 2016. Web. 27 Nov 2016.



Subramani, A. "TN Borstal Schools Cramped For Space - Times of India". The Times of India.

N.p., 2016. Web. 12 Dec 2016.



Thigpen, Morris L., Micheal A. O'Toole, and Tom Reid. Jail Design Guide. 1st ed. U.S. Department of Justice, 1998. Print.



"Types of Plants for Arches and Pergolas". HGTV. N.p., 2016. Web. 16 Dec 2016.



United Nations. Human Rights and Prisons: A Manual on Human Rights Training For Prison Officials (Professional Training Series, 1020-1688; No. 11). 1st ed. United Nations, 2005. Print



"Wisteria Grafted". Plants.com.pk. N.p., 2017. Web. 7 Jan 2017.

CENTER FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

52 | P a g e