THESIS REPORT

NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY, PERIYAKULAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B.Arch.

In

Architecture By

VAMSI KRISHNA POLUPARTHI [101111022]

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF TECHNOLOGY TIRUCHIRAPALLI-620015

MAY 2016

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project titled NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY, PERIYAKULAM, THENI is a bonafide record of the work done by

VAMSI KRISHNA POLUPARTHI [101111022] in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture of the NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI, during the year 2014-2015.

Dr. A.MEENATCHI SUNDARAM Guide

Dr. A.MEENATCHI SUNDARAM Head of the Department

Project Viva-voice held on 19th MAY 2016

Dr. K.THIRUMARAN Dissertation Coordinator

External Examiner

External Examiner

Acknowledgement This dissertation is an outright expression of my inquisitiveness to learn more about the making and lifestyles of the men in uniforms. I am greatly obliged to thank all those who helped me mould this.

My sincere thanks to my Thesis Guide and Head of the Department DR.A.MEENATCHI SUNDARAM and my Dissertation Co-ordinator DR.K.THIRUMARAN for their timely encouragement and support.

Also to all those who are directly and indirectly involved in making this venture worthwhile. I would like to thank all my juniors and also my seniors.

Last but not the least my Parents and Friends for their unfaked attention and Care through the thick and thin of the Dissertation times.

VAMSI KRISHNA P

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Contents INTRODUCTION……………………………….............................. 01-04 • Preface • Objectives • Scope and Limitations CASE STUDIES….………………………………………………….... 05-24 • National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla • Indian Military Academy, Dehradun LITERATURE STUDY & DATA COLLECTION……………………..... 25-36 • IIT Kanpur • University of Wisconsin • Pedestrian Circulation • Campus Planning • Color codes • Visual Aids • Construction of Ranges

SITE ANALYSIS..…………………………....……………………..... 37-45 • Site Comparison • Site Justification and analysis • Area Statement SPECIAL STUDY………………………………………………….….. 46-59 • Indian Military Architecture

CONCEPTS…………………………………………………...….….. 60-67 • Site Level Concepts • Building Level Concepts • Special Study Application FINAL DRAWINGS

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Preface

01 "Sweet is to die in battle, the path to heaven lies in fighting."

- MAHABHARATA

Today as never before there is a consciousness about our defences and an awareness in people to know more about our armed forces this defence consciousness has to be nurtured and is necessary for its healthy growth that, not only the scholars interested in military sciences but others too take a lively interest in getting informed of the Indian defence structure today unless this consciousness is kept vivacious, no matter how efficient and gallant the defence system is on land, at sea and at air, the success will be hard to come by.

As free and independent people, it is the sacred duty of everyone of us, particularly the youth of today who are the leaders of tomorrow to get 'military minded' and not 'war minded' of the many different ways to perform this duty, the one direct way is to serve for our defences presently, young people with any educational qualification belonging to any community, religion etc. stand a healthy chance to serve in the forces of the Indian defence structure there are many defence institutions in India which train the eligible young men and women and mould them into various ranks they not only produce men-at-arms but also men in para-military fields without whom the former would be invertebrate what is n.d.a?

The national defence academy is one of the several defence institutions in India, but is certainly the first of its kind in the world established in 1949 as the 'inter-services wing' of the Indian Military Academy, this institution trains 600 cadets every year in all the three wings of defence, the army, the navy and the air force after three years of service and academic training the cadets are awarded a graduate's degree in science or arts from j n u this academy has given about 25,000 trained officers to the armed services of India as well as many friendly countries celebrating 50 years of service to the nation, the academy is still vigorously performing its duty of producing men-of-arms.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Objectives  To create a new and suitable environment to accommodate the increasing number of volunteering individuals and train them02 in preliminary, refresher and advanced military courses.  To provide for an important centre where new ideas and modern techniques in warfare are tried out, tested and put into effect while ensuring systematic and progressive training both physically and mentally.  To effect an awareness about the glorious past of the academy, the services rendered by this institution to the defence structure and subsequently to the nation as a whole.  To arrive at effective solutions to the problems presently faced by the existing academy and incorporate them in the proposed design along with the inferences from the studies.

Scope and Limitations Classifying all the major activity spaces of the academy under four heads, the scope of the dissertation is as follows  An Administrative block which would house the commandant's office, cabins for the office bearers in charge of administration, training and education, and a number of clerical office spaces and other ancillary spaces.

EDUCATION  An Arts and Science block- the requirements of the block are:     

Lecture halls –workshops Audio visual rooms - club activity rooms Computer rooms - staff rooms Laboratories - clerical offices for Briefing rooms the various departments.

 A Central Library with a total strength of 1,20,000 books, a CD-ROMs section, internet and audio-visual facilities.  A Museum to display war, weapons and uniforms, military artefacts, the souvenirs and trophies presented to the academy.  An Auditorium to accommodate an audience of 2000-2500 capacity and having projection and theatre facilities.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Scope and Limitations TRAINING

03

 The requirements under this head are further classified under three sub heads as follows:  Army training team  Navy training team  Air force training team  The general requirements under each of the above stated categories are:  Lecture halls  Display areas  Briefing rooms  Audio visual halls  Computer rooms  Clerical offices  Officer's cabin Other than these requirements, each of the team needs the following special activity spaces.

THE ARMY TRAINING TEAM  Simulator rooms  Indoor and outdoor shooting ranges  Map reading facilities  Weapon and tactical training spaces THE NAVAL TRAINING TEAM  Docks  Boat store sheds  Spectator stands  Boat repair and maintenance sheds THE AIR FORCE TEAM  Hangar for 10-12 gliders  Gliding strips and helipads

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Scope and Limitations  An Indoor Gymnasium and health club.

04

 The Equitation lines with stables for 200 horses, a polo ground and other ancillary spaces.  A Outdoor Sports stadium with seating capacity of 5000 people.  The Swimming pools block with spectator stands to hold an audience capacity of 750-1000 people.  The Squadrons block with single rooms for 2000 cadets and a mess block with dining and cooking facilities for the same capacity.  The Officers mess block — cabins for 50 bachelor officers in rank with cooking and dining facilities.  Five types of married officer's quarters.

 A 50 bed military hospital which also caters the need of the local people also.  The quarter master's block — the stores for provisions, clothing and weapons for all cadets and officers in the academy.  A commercial centre with 50 shops.  A high school sufficiently designed to cater to a population of 22000 people.

Limiting the vast scope of the dissertation to the most important requisites for the campus, the buildings that to be designed are        

Lecture hall complex Laboratory block Cadets mess Faculty block Training areas Army training Navy training Air force training

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Methodology

PROJECT SELECTION NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY

OBJECTIVES OF THE DISSERTATION SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

CASE STUDY

LITERARTURE STUDY

SPECIAL STUDY

INFERENCES

FORMULATING REQUIREMENTS

SITE SELECTION SITE STUDY

AREA ANALYSIS

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN CONCEPT

LITERARTURE STUDY

INFERENCES

FINAL DRAWINGS OF THE DESIGN PROPOSAL

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

CASE STUDY

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

LOCATION: Khadakwasla CLIMATE: Tropical zone, ALTITUDE: 504m above msl

05

The national defence academy is located 15 k.ms away from Pune, at Khadakwasala, cradle carved out of shayadhri ranges this 8022 acre area at an altitude of 2000-3000 feet is an all weather habitat.

The attributes of this place are: nearness to sea, proximity to an air field, vicinity of army establishments, easy accessibility, excellent hilly terrain for long-range firing, map reading and tactical exercises and temperate climate.

SURROUNDING LAND USE To the western and northern sides of this huge campus are huge stretches of hilly terrain with sparsely placed rural settlements the khadakwasla reservoir forms the southern boundary of the academy.

The mutha river banks forming a sub urban residential belt forms the eastern boundary of the campus. It is a secluded campus has no offsite nuisances to complain about.

Approach roads & Nature of traffic The two main roads, Paschan Road and kondve road, leading to the academy are not more than ten to fifteen meters wide. The traffic on paschan road is moderate, the road being used only by the academy staff and officers. Only a few public buses use this road. The kondve road running amidst the residential area just outside the estate caters to the heavy traffic which vary from huge trucks to bicycles.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

PEACOCK BAY

In the academy...

06

The composition of the Academy Estate has been balanced by concentrating the Administrative the educational spaces in the Centre, the officers quarters to one side and the men’s quarters to the other. Listing the major activity areas of the Academy: _More than a kilometre wide and 17Kms long this lake ripples through an idyllic setting among slopes and gradients. _The academy uses this bay for using sailing, rowing, kayaking, lake swimming, wind surfing and boat pulling training and championship competitions and cadets.

Air field MAHARASTRA

ARABIAN SEA

 Sudan block  Habibullah hall  Museum  Vya’s library  Squadron blocks  Cadet’s mess  Science block  Khetapal parade ground  Bombay stadium  Officer’s mess  Peacock bay  Equitation lines  Gole market  Glider domes & air force trig, team  Military transport garages  Army and naval training teams

GOLE MARKET

Outdoor Spaces To briefly explain about the outdoor activity areas of the academy I’ll start with.....

_Serving as the commercial centre for the whole academy, the gole market has 43 shops which sell general goods, shoes, clothes, food and few other small shops. _Interaction space for the cadets. _Recreational spaces.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

07

EQUITATION LINES

PARADE GROUND

_The Equitation training team is entrusted to train cadets in horsemanship. _It comprises of 7 stables housing 24 horses per stable. _The other spaces in this place are the riding school, a huge lecture hall, Saddlery and polo stores and offices of the maintenance staff. _The medical care facilities for the horses and veterinarian’s office, a farrier shop and a segregation hall.

_To one side of the ground is a 99’7’ tall ships mast of a naval warship serving as the flag post. _To either sides of this are raked grounds to seat spectators during the parade. _This 60,000 SQ.MTS is completely hard and tarred to suit the drill and marching purposes.

KHETARPAL PARADE GROUND _The 400 X 150 metres N.D.A. parade ground sprawls in front of the science block. _In the background stands a fort- like structure of the quarter- master stores through which the passing – out cadets march into the ground. _The parade ground is used once every once six months rehearsals and final parade of the sixth termers.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

ADMINISTRATION

 No. of users- 500 to 700 people.  Amongst thearday of buildings, the Sudan block is the most impressive and symbiotic of the academy. Built with Jodhpur stone basalt rock and Italian marble this 3-storey edifice is the Nerve centre’ of this academy.  Being the Administrative block, this block houses the offices of the commandant and thirty other functionaries in rank.

08

 The main activity spaces of the block are:  Signals section  Establishment Section  Pay and account section  Training section  Printing Press  Lecture halls  Office and staff rooms for the maths, English, Hindi and Foreign languages departments.  The Plan oriented along the north-south axis is supposed to resemble a huge canon the elevation.  All the rooms are singly banked along long 3 M Wide corridors.

With an imposing façade 300’ long.  The block has a central dome go high jutting out of the other wise sloping tiled roof.  Located on the central rib of the valley, the structure has been designed on a Monumental scale. The ceiling heights of the entrance lobby and corridors and the thickness of the walls (600 to 1000 M) express the monumentalism of the structure.  The Arched openings and also reflect the same.  Since all he spaces are singly banked they are sufficiently lit and cross ventilated by the huge windows and openings.  Rooms are effectively reflecting the position on held by the occupant in the hierarchy particularly,  The commandant’s office size and interiors portray the power of his post.  The parking is open to sky and unorganised.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

09

PLAN

ADMINISTRATION BLOCK The layout

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

HABIBULLAH HALL

10

The academy assembly hall –cum-cinema hall with a multipurpose stage has an audience capacity of 2000 people. The major functions or activities of this hall are… _Convocation _Official Functions _ Mass lectures _Movie screening In plan the hall and the museum were designed to resemble a huge aircraft. Two majestic flights of stairs lead to the two tired balcony seating.

Recently proposals to centrally air condition this auditorium were approved before which air circulation and ventilation were achieved using ceiling and exhaust fans.

The scale of the auditorium interiors is again monumental to accommodate two balconies and the theatre cum- projection facilities.

The parking space for the hall is uncovered and inefficient in accommodating the large number of vehicles during functions.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

THE MUSEUM

11

_This Inter-services museum spreads over into four different galleries: 1. Motivation centre 2. Army gallery and activities.

3. Arms Gallery 4. Services Gallery _These galleries have been designed with no reference to the standards as recommended for a museum design.

The gallery

_The Interiors of the museum are dimly lit and ventilated by ventilators, in spite of the huge windows present, to safeguard the artefacts and exhibits from dust and direct sunlight. _The scale and portions have been maintained to suit the users i.e. the human scale.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

SQUADRON BLOCKS

12

_The corps of cadets at the academy are accommodated amongst 15 squadron blocks designed by the letters “A” to “O”. _The tri-service ethos of the academy is reflected in its organisation with battalions (army), squadrons flights (air force) and divisions (navy). _Each cadet has been allotted a well furnished single room or cabin.  The major activity areas of a single block are the squadron office with cabins for company commander and 2 platoon commanders.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

SQUADRON BLOCKS

13

 Ante-room, the total squadron of 129 cadets assemble for briefings and instructions everyday.  A small library and information room  A mini – gym

 Toilets for staff and cadets  Four squadron blocks are grouped together to form a cluster with a huge open court in the centre.  Paths leading to the four corners of the court forms the entry and exits for the officers during informal get-together.

 The corridors are doubly banked with cabins on either sides. All rooms are properly lit and ventilated.  The main entry to the G+2 structure is through a high roofed colonnaded portico.  Other than the front and the rear porches, the scale has been maintained at standard sizes.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

CADET'S MESS

14

 Staffed with 250 people as waiters, cooks and masalchis, this cadets mess. Feeds 1800 cadets every day, each meal duration being one hour.  It is also a venue for learning mess discipline table manners, customs, traditions and service oriented rituals and ceremonies.  This massive building is composed with  the following spaces …  3 huge kitchens with facilities for steam cooking, oven cooking and frying.  Bread cutting room  Potato Peeler room  Kneading room  Deep freezers  Cold stores  Dry ration stores  Fresh vegetable stores  Ice cube machine room  Water cooler room  Bakery and store  Pot store  3 Dish wash areas  Office spaces  Changing rooms  Cold storage plant

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla

Case study 1

 Entering through a massive columned porch flanked by two cloak rooms, the enormous dining hall has the capacity to seat 1864 cadets.

15

 Each cadet is assigned a specific place in a specific row based on whether he is vegetarian or non-vegetarian.  Long rows of tables & chairs arranged in order in the hall with central space barricaded from rest.  This space serves as the wooden dance floor during ceremonial dinners.  The commandant and other special guests have seats in a raised podium facing the dance floor.  The dinning can be entered from the long corridor, separating the kitchens from it, at numerous points.  The hall is ventilated and lit by clear storey windows above each dining square.  The kitchens are artificially lit ventilated by exhaust fans and chimneys. The kitchen equipment’s are electrically operated.

OFFICER’S MESS & BOMBAY STADIUM  The Bombay stadium has an 8-lane track for athletics, a central pitch for cricket and as such the whole ground is used for football matches and equestrian games.  Its north block shed is used to seat the cadets and men and the officer’s mess gallery is used by the officer’s. Totally they accommodate 5000 spectators when needed.  The officer’s mess is the living for unmarried officer’s posted at the academy.  Each officer is allotted a single room which has an attached toilet, dressing and balcony.  The other spaces of the mess are ante-room, a small library, billiards room, office room, the gallery and the grand stand.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Academy, Dehradun Case study 2

LOCATION: Dehradun, UP. ALTITUDE: 750 m above msl CLIMATIC ZONE: cold region APPROACH ROAD: Width 15 metres NORTH: Tons River SOUTH: Tea gardens EAST: Forest Research Institute, D’dun WEST: Residential Zone SITE AREA: 2550 acres NATURE OF THE TRAFFIC: Highway

16

 The Indian Military Academy is located 10 Kms away from D’dun main city, and is about 2550 acre area.  The attributes of the place are nearness to waterbody; vicinity of army establishments, easy accessibility, and excellent hilly terrain for long-range firing, map reading and tactical exercises.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Academy, Dehradun Case study 2

SURROUNDING LAND USE

17

 To the northern side u have the tons river, and tea gardens towards the south. The forest research institute forms the eastern boundary of the academy.  A sub urban residential belt forms the western boundary of the campus. The approach roads have a width of 15m, and he nature of traffic is highway traffic.  Formerly, functioning as the railways staff training campus this place was chosen to serve as the army cadet's college of the national defence.  The Indian military academy is presently training 1100 cadets in army They specialise weapons and tactical methods related only to ground defence.

 Situated on either sides of a busy highway, the academy does not possess the privacy id seclusion that's characteristic of all defence organisations.  Secondly, functioning in a campus not designed for it, the academy is using the very w permanent structure and a numerous emergency and temporary structures to it its purposes. With many new proposals to revamp the whole campus, the academy is aiming to create the suitable work environment for itself.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Academy, Dehradun Case study 2

18

In the academy...

Being one of the few permanent structures of the academy, the CHETWODE BUILDING houses the  Administrative activities  Commandant& Deputy Commandant Office  All office bearers  Library & Computer labs  Clerical sections etc  Museum cum auditorium  Typical of the tradition of defence campus, the chetwode building forms the backdrop for all passing out parades of the cadets that takes place in the parade grounds placed in front.  Characteristic of any administrative block of a training institution, the chetwode has an impressive facade with dominant elements such as the clock tower, huge columns, pitched roof, arched etc.  All the interior spaces are well-lit by huge windows and open courts. The hierarchy of activity zones within the building follow the hierarchy in organisation.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Academy, Dehradun Case study 2

19

 That is the commandant office and the deputy commandants office have the necessary degree of privacy in spite of sharing the roof with many public utility spaces such as the computer labs, library.  The library forming a part of the chetwode has a huge volume of 100,000 books. There are stacks, A.V library and reference section with books ranging from military history to religion. religion.  The balcony of the two storey high roofed multipurpose hall functions as a small museum.  Also, the long corridors connecting various spaces, banked by cabins serve as memory lanes and display avenues.  The fourth major function in the chetwode is the teaching and communication activities. A full-fledged computer section with 150 terminals has internet and other programming facilities.

Interior view of the admin block

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Academy, Dehradun Case study 2

20

ADMINISTRATION BLOCK  Coming to the most important activity space ADMINISTRATION OFFICE OF ACADEMIC TRAINING. Housed in one of the emergency structures,  It holds offices of the Social science department, Science department,  English department, Academic programming section and Indoor clubs such as arts, Camera, Workshops, Computers rifle and Pistol club.  The Army Training Team of the academy forms a major part of the whole organisation.  A number of the Officers-in-charge hold offices in here under various sections such as: # Coordinating and programming section # The physical training section # The weapon training section # The equitation section # The signals section # The Engineers section

PLAN

Outdoor spaces

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Academy, Dehradun Case study 2

OTHER SPACES IN THE ACADEMY

21

 The other permanent structure of the campus is the cadets accommodation block housing one of the four battalions.  Each battalion quarters provides for 300 cadets living and other related activities. Each battalion has its own mess and kitchen.  Other than living and dining, the activity related to a battalion quarters are Clerical offices, office carer's cabins, gymnasium, computer rooms, ante-rooms, and all gamefields.  Each cadet is given a single room but common toilet facilities. Ante-rooms have a very formal ambience about them, it is used for briefing and "Orders Fallen", relaxing, play billiards and table tennis.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Academy, Dehradun Case study 2

OTHER SPACES IN THE ACADEMY

22

 The other spaces are the lecture rooms, briefing room, simulator rooms, clerical offices, stores etc. One of the recent and the modern construction of the academy is the KHETARPAL AUDITORIUM with an audience capacity of 1500 people, it is used for screening movies, conducting mass lectures and official functions.  The other physical training zones are stadium, swimming pools block, equitation lines, shooting ranges, map reading areas.

 The quartermaster's stores provide administrative support provisioning for the ordinance store, army service core store military establishment stores and station store. Their main functions are procurement, storage and supply of goods needed for the academy's smooth functioning.  On the whole, the campus of the I M A is anarchy of activity spaces fitted into the already built structures whichever suited best.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Inference

23 Case study 1 : NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY, KHADAKWASLA  Proximity to a naval base, an air force station and other military establishments.  Need for temperate climatic conditions to suit the rigorous training methods.  Need for vast stretches of hilly terrain for the training purposes. Need for an adjoining water body.  Scale down the extent of the campus to suit human needs.  A level of interaction, to be maintained among the officers-in-charge and cadets.  Formal atmosphere in the campus to be kept up Hierarchy in the organisation to be maintained both at work place and living quarters.  Monumental scale to be incorporated in the institutional buildings. Avoid wastage of time in movement but maintain the conditions and privacy of each space.  Privacy and seclusion of campus is necessary. Easy accessibility from and to the campus, from adjoining cities and towns.  No pedestrian or vehicular traffic in and around the training grounds So they are to be placed to the ends of the campus  All facilities to be provided for a population of 20,000 people.

Case study 2 : INDIAN MILITARY ACADEMY, DEHRADUN  Need for a huge campus to accommodate all training and educational facilities.  Large group facilities to be provided.  Hierarchy in the organization to be kept in mind in designing, both works spaces and living spaces and zones.  Ornamental, monumental and formal characteristics of the buildings to be maintained.  Need for a water body is strongly recommended.  Need for a hilly terrain and cool climatic conditions to suit the various tactical and weapon training exercises  Weapon training areas are to be secluded to avoid causalities.  The need for the privacy and seclusion of campus is strengthened by the problems faced by this IMA campus which is located on either sides of a busy state highway.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Area requirements

24

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

LITERATURE STUDY

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Literature study 1

OBJECTIVES AND COURSES OF STUDY Functioning as an autonomous body under the central government, the courses of study are similar to that of other NTs. There is a basic difference in objectives, which has had an important effect upon the design of the campus. Most important to the institution was the decision to establish a curriculum designed to evoke interaction between students and teachers of various disciplines. The old idea of separating activities by departmental divisions was discarded and planning by function, rather than by discipline, controls the development of the campus.

25

NATURE OF THE CAMPUS COMMUNITY The site is flat with a canal on one side and a transportation route on the other, linking it to the city. The academic complex, centrally located on the site is a single entity, supported by an infrastructure of buildings, spaces, landscape and service systems. The arrangement provides spatial variety-within an ordered unity. Pedestrian and vehicular traffic is completely segregated to keep the core of the academic complex free from noise and conflict. Places of interaction in corridors and courts provided along the pedestrian movement system, which is on more than one level.

T, buildings are harmonious " in character utilizing exposed concrete frames and red brick curtain walls. The campus provides for 2400 students and 500 staff with the Possibility of doubling the capacity.

The residential areas adjoin the academic complex to provide a planned neighbourhood unit with provision for such community needs as shops, school, hospital, post office and bank, The campus spreads over 800 acres of land.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Literature study 1

SIGNIFICANCE FOR TODAY

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

26

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Literature study 2

THE CAMPUS

The University of Wisconsin– Madison (also known as University of Wisconsin, "UW", or regionally as, UW–Madison, or simply Madison) is a public research university in Madison, Wisconsin, United States.

Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848, UW– Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin, and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System. It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state.

It became a land-grant institution in 1866. The 933-acre (378 ha) main campus includes four National Historic Landmarks.

The UW is one of America's Public Ivy universities, which refers to top universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League. UW–Madison is also categorized as an RU/VH Research University (very high research activity) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.

Wisconsin is a founding member of the Association of American Universities.

27

Expansion Over time, additional campuses were added to the university. The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee was created in 1956, and UW–Green Bay and UW–Parkside in 1968. Ten freshman-sophomore centres were also added to this system. In 1971, Wisconsin legislators passed a law merging the University of Wisconsin with the nine universities and four freshman-sophomore branch campuses of the Wisconsin State Universities System, creating the University of Wisconsin System and bringing the two higher education systems under a single board of regents.

Campus pattern _The university follows a clustered pattern, with radial flow of spaces from central core of the campus. _ All the spaces inside the campus are interconnected and also following the clustered spacial organisation

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Literature study 2

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

28

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Campus planning Literature study

THIS PURPOSE AND ROLE From four to six of the most impressionable years in the lives of the youth are spent in the campus environs. They are the years of maximum potential development and preparation for a life of service to the nation, a commitment far more important than simply meeting Educational requirements for specific jobs.

If the role of the universities is understood to be so significant, the campuses being built in India today have the potential to become powerful instruments in fulfilling the aspirations of the nation They can mould this generation for the nation. In the rapidly changing contemporary world, universities are undergoing profound changes in their scope, functions and Organization and are in a process of rapid evolution. Their tasks are no longer confined to the two traditional functions of teaching and advancing knowledge.

There is a danger of losing our bearings unless universities are able to play this role adequately by involving themselves deeply in the study and evaluation of the social process.

For this purpose, it is necessary a first step, to develop universities themselves into communities where such values are prized and practiced. In short, the university environment must and will serve, if well designed, as an island of excellence, the place where progressive forces of the nation will be generated and disseminated, and the place where the aspirations of the nation are fulfilled.

THE IDEAL CAMPUS The campus is the physical environment created when buildings are constructed to allow the university idea to flourish A university campus has been compared to a city on a small scale because it provides most of the needs for the university community The campus, therefore, ought to be a closely knit, unified cluster of buildings with intimate pedestrian open spaces providing a unique environment for living and studying. The university and the region in which it is located will mutually benefit The spaces 'between university buildings if properly designed provide areas where students can congregate informally in large numbers to participate in extra-curricular activities. The campus also provides hostels that offer opportunities for students to identify themselves with a small family group who share basic living facilities, In short, a university campus should be a place where the student is confronted with realities of living and working with other people in an environment that provides a wide variety of conditions for the best kind of relationships, It thus sets the stage for him to enter the mainstream of life and make his contribution to the society Campuses should and could be living labs for experiments in planning and design. There is a unique opportunity for full-size demonstrations of ideal community design.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

29

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Campus planning Literature study

PATTERNS OF GROWTH

30

Campus design is usually aimed at finding solutions, which minimize strict predetermination of the pattern of future development Despite the need for flexibility, the factors that affect the ultimate form of the campus are limitations implicit in early design decisions, such as the selection of a site with strong characteristics, and this includes the choice of a system of growth There are various types and patterns of growth which can be identified as follows    

The concentric pattern of growth The zonal pattern or American pattern The molecular pattern and The linear pattern.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Campus planning Literature study

31

ROADS AND LAYOUT A road should sequence buildings in a campus Moving from one place to another must be a pleasant experience Roads normally occupy 7 5% to 13% of total campus area Existing features of site such as may affect Road layout: _Soil condition _Ecological character of site _Visual character of site _Influence &impact of project on environment _Contours of site _Site surroundings _Existing on-site and off-site traffic routes _Site boundary _Space allocated for building construction.

Depending on the above factors the various road layouts proposed for a campus are as follows 1. Rectangular 2. Rectangular and diagonal 3. Grid iron pattern 4. Radial in conjunction with rectangular 5. Radial in conjunction with circle 6. Topographic

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Campus planning Literature study

32

CAMPUS DEVELOPMENT

FLEXIBILITY

The guidelines for the development of the campus can be divided into three major categories.

1. EXPANSION Identification of the form of future expansion with projection for land requirement Selection of site for imminent construction and reservation of sites for long range construction and expansion.

EFFICIENCY 1. BALANCED GROWTH To promote functional efficiency by arranging campus activities in a manner which reflects coordination of academic activities between various parts of the campus Identification of priorities for development of campus amenities beginning with the campus core

2. DESIGN APPROACH High density and homogeneous built form leaving adequate area for future expansion.

IMAGEABILITY

2. USE

Establishment of use areas in conformity with long range academic goals Creation of precincts for university activities in the form of central campus areas.

Freeing the central part of the campus from the uses which would be better located at the periphery such as continuing education, parking and services.

3. CIRCULATION Campus restructuring through realignment of the major circulation systems and the reallocation of the uses Elimination of through traffic from the campus core.

1 SYMBOLIC FORM The integration of campus built environment with the precinct fabric to symbolically bring together the social and physical structure of the campus 2. STRONG IDENTITY Development of design controls by land reserves, density and open space standards to meet long range requirements Structuring of open space systems and built form to provide legibility and richness.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Color codes Literature study

33

COLOR CODES People are affected-sometimes overtly and sometimes subtly-by the colors that surround them Color abuse can impede a trainer's efforts to set a tone that invites participants to open up. MaryLou Dellafiora provides the following guide for the "hidden meanings of color . __Red signifies intense, almost violent, emotion Trainers can use red to dramatize or to make bold statements. __Blue is soothing Blue rooms invite rest, ease tensions and bring tranquillity to their occupants __Yellow is cheerful and joyful. Yellow rooms offer replenishment. Green revitalizes and nourishes. __Green rooms are both calming and confidence boosting. __Brown represents safety and security. Many board rooms are panelled in dark brown woods to conjure the feeling of security and stability.

Opinion is divided about whether color affects adult learning, Elizabeth Lean in an article on color and its effects in Training & Development Journal cites conflicting studies. Some studies show that colour, in and of itself, does not improve learning.

Others believe that color is very useful.  Many training-room designers try to establish a comfortable setting by mimicking the earth tones of nature How many training rooms are in reality that have dark carpet, mid-tone walls, and a light ceiling? Earth tones are a sound, inoffensive, middle ground between passionate red and passive blue.  One study showed that actions and ideas emerged in red surroundings. Red should be avoided in rooms where tests are given, since the color tends to raise the blood pressure and pulse rate of people in the room Warm colors are appropriate in reception areas and break rooms.  Blues and other cool colors tend to have the opposite effect from red, lowering pulse and blood pressure of people in the room Greens are especially good for meditation and task fulfillment. Cool colors are also very restful and are appropriate in sleeping areas.  Color can also be used to change the perception of an architecturally unsatisfactory room. Darker and more arousing colors lower the perceived height of ceilings. Painting the long, opposing walls in a long, narrow room darker and lighter shades of the same color makes the room appear wider. Generally, lighter shades create a feeling of spaciousness, while darker colors create a feeling of closeness.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Visual Aids

Literature study

VISUAL AIDS

34

 The effectiveness of visual aids often depends on the size of the room in which they are used. The following tips are a good rule of thumb for determining their best use .  Flip charts should be used only in small rooms those holding less than 30people.  Chalkboards are not effective in rooms holding more than 60 people. Dark surfaces, such as blackboards, are easier to view if the contrast between the board and the chalk used is not too great. Green and brown chalkboards are easier on the eyes than blackboards.  Light surfaces, such as those found on dry-marker boards, are easier to view if the contrast between the board and the ink is great Black or another dark color have the best visibility. The high contrast aids legibility without causing eye strain or fatigue LIGHTING TIPS FOR SPECIFIC VISUAL AIDS  Displays include models, flip charts, chalkboards, dry-marker boards and exhibits While these most basic of visual aids are effective with only ambient lighting, they can be highlighted by a spotlight while ambient lighting is used for the rest of the room.  Overhead projectors are used with ambient lighting This is a great advantage when the trainees , are expected to take notes.  Film, videotape, and slides- Light should be dim' for slide, video and film presentations. If such a presentation is scheduled, the trainer should make sure that lights above the screen and over the audience can be dimmed This can cause problems if the participants need to take notes or if their energy level is low.  Screens used with overhead projectors, films and slides should have a white matte surface. The bottom of the screen should be 42 Inches from the floor. To determine appropriate screen size, use the following rules: The distance from the screen to the last row of seats should equal six times the width of the screen; the distance from the screen to the first row of seats should equal twice the width of the screen. Under these rules, if the distance from the screen to the last row is 36 feet, the screen would be 6 feet wide and he distance from the screen to the first would be 12 feet.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Construction of Ranges Literature study

CONSTRUCTION OF CLASSIFICATION RANGES

35

25 YARDS 25 YARDS ranges are suited to all situations and to all classes of range practices These ranges should be constructed at all stations/head quarters where there are sufficient troops to Justify the expenditure Each regular unit/District Police Lines should posses its own 25 yards range when possible A fire conducting officer, is essential to be conversant with the construction, specifications, danger area, safety and security measures of ranges.

SELECTION OF SITES FOR '25 YARDS RANGES  No danger area is required beyond the Stop Butt wall.  The range should be sited, if possible, facing north.  As 25 yards range is constructed within the campus, (generally), the noise caused by firing at this range is much greater than on an open range Such a range should not be sited, if avoidable, within 400 yards of private residential houses, hospitals, or such other ..buildings from which complaints of nuisance caused by the noise of fire might arise.  An ideal site for a 25 yards range should afford maximum accessibility and safety with a minimum of nuisance from the noise of firing. - If possible, there should be a clear space of 80 to 100 yards for an assault course/bayonet assault course to adjoin the range behind the firing point.

CONSTRUCTION OF 25 YARDS RANGE Normally a standard 25 yard range is designed for the width of 24 ft. and with the lying position firing point at 25 yards For Pistol/Revolver fire and for some practices of CM. fire, standing position firing points are also marked at 10 yds. and 15 yds. The fire trench for standing position at 30 yds., is optional.

STOP BUTT WALL The height of Stop Butt Wall must not be less than 18ft. The thickness of the wall will vary according to the height On a range where no ricochet pit is provided the height of the stop butt wall must not be less than 24 ft. The length of the stop butt wall for the standard range is 24 ft., In rifle fire a minimum of 4 ft., space should be given for each firer.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Construction of Ranges Literature study

36

WING WALLS__Wing walls are set off from the main stop butt wall at an internal angle of 160 degrees and it should correspond with the main wall in thickness and height The length of wing wall is constant at not less than 15 feet.

BULLET CATCHER__It should be constructed according to the dimensions The body of the bullet catcher may consist of earth, clay or any available material This is the best composed of an equal mixture of sand and sawdust and should not be less than 3 ft. thick at any point A timber board should be fixed along the foot of the bullet catcher.

TARGET SLOT__This should be built immediately in front of the bullet catcher and be 2" wide by 6" deep The length is 16ft.

TARGET TRENCH - This is constructed to accommodate snap shooting apparatus It should be 30" wide by 9" deep, the length being the same as the target slot.

RICOCHET PIT __This should be slope from in front of the firing point to a depth of 6 ft in front of the target trench The surface of the pit should be turfed or covered with sand and free from stones or any material liable to cause ricochets Timber steps should be constructed from the bottom of the ricochet pit to the target trench.

FIRING POINTS__The lying position firing point should allow 4 ft. for each firer, the standard range being 24ft It should not be less than 9ft wide When possible the firing points should be turfed. The firing trench is optional but, if required it can be constructed at 30 yards.

PISTOL AND SMG FIRING POINT__Two steps across the ricochet pit should be levelled up for a width of 4ft so that their forward edges are the distance required from the target slot Normally these are levelled at 10 yards and 15 yards The ground at 20 yds. is level TARGET STORE__Unless there is an existing suitable building close to the range a small shed should be provided for the" storage and repair of targets. The size of the shed should be 10' x 6', this will allow to accommodate landscape targets which are the largest required.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

SITE ANALYSIS

Site Comparison Site analysis

SITE C

SITE B

SITE A

CRITERIA

SITE A

SITE B

SITE C

Plot

1,500 acres

450 acres

870 acres

Location

Periyakulam Theni

Binola village Gurgaon

Nanmangalam Chennai

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

37

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Site Comparison Site analysis

Latitude

10° 7'17N

28°18'19.3"N

12°56'01.4"N

Longitude

77° 32'38E

76°51'44.3"E

80°10'03.6"E

Altitude

356 meters

227 meters

15 meters

38

NH 45 Grand southern trunk Road on South East direction.

3 roads Delhi-Ajmer road on SE direction, Bilaspur-Pataudi road on SW direction&Jamalpur-Fazalwas Road.

4 roads Main roads on all sides of the site, Nanmangalam lake on NW direction, Dr.Ambedkar road between lake and the Site.

Land use

River based settlement city, Foot hills of the High ranges Agricultural land, with periyakulam lake and forest area around

Open agricultural land with access from all three sides

Scrubland around an abandoned granite quarry.

It’s a Reserved forest and residential areas around the site

Topography

Placed amidst the high ranges, the site is eventually contoured.

Flat terrain because of the agricultural land

Flat land with a hill in the centre of the site

Soil type

Fertile laterite hill and forest soil

Sandy to loamy soils

Fertile Red soil

Linkages

-9.5km from Periyakulam town at Southuparai -2km from periyakulam bus stand -Trains till dindugal and kodaikaal -On dindugal-theni-kottarakarra highway NH-45 -Near Govt. hospital bus stop Periyakulam village

-29km from Gurgaon bus complex -33km from Railway tation(Gurgaon) -Binola village bus stand -Access from NH-8

-Velachery tambram main road -Medavakkam main road -24km from egmore railway station -10km from tambram railway station -9km from Velachery MRTS station

Site Access

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Site Comparison Site analysis

39

Traffic

Moderate traffic even it is on NH-45 since it is located near the High ranges

High traffic as the site is on the highway

High traffic as the site is surrounded with traffic and residential areas

Noise

Low noise levels as is it located in the village

Low noise levels as is it located in the village

Moderate noise levels as is it located in the residential area.

Very less polluted area as it is agricultural land and even though it is located near highway very low traffic and hence less polluted, and the site is in the foothills of the Western Ghats.

There is more traffic as it is abducted by the highway the site is moderately polluted and also due to its surrounding industrial areas.

Lot of busy streets around the site and more polluted, no hygiene and health care, the water bodies covered with moss and not maintained well

Agricultural land and new settlements or residential zone Tourist spots nearby

Agricultural land and industrial zone

Reserved forest area with bird sanctuary for some part of it, residential zone and commercial zone on the main road abducted by the site

Located near the highway but less traffic and less noise from the highway. Situated in the agricultural area and is easy to access. Periyakulam lake nearby and mountain ranges on one side, soil is very fertile moderate temperature through out the year.

Pleasant environment for campus establishment and training.

Located near the highway with moderate traffic and noise from the highway. Situated in the agricultural area and is easy to access to the site and away from urban areas. This is a suburb located in binola village 32km from Gurgaon.

Nanmangalam is surrounded with main roads and easy to access the site.

Pollution

Surrounding land use

Strengths

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Site Justification

Where?

The need for a suitable site for the proposed NDA campus and the subsequent search led to the discovery of the potential of PERIYAKULAM as the site.

LOCATION Located in the Tamil Nadu state placed amidst the high ranges, the site is eventually contoured. The slopes in the site varies from 1:4 to 1:12. Compared to the extent of the site the slopes appear gentle and it is in the foot hills of the Western Ghats.

40

 Inferring the site requirements from the case studies conducted, PERIYAKULAM substantiates its selection as follows:



Proximity to the port 180km from the town. Kochi has an excellent port catering to international sea traffic.

 Nearness to airbase…Coimbatore has one of the south India’s Air force station. 

Location of the site in periyakulam

It is located at the foothills of the Western Ghats bordering the neighbouring state of Kerala. It is one of the most fertile places in the state of Tamil Nadu. Agriculture is the primary occupation for the population here. It is also known as the "Mango City", as a major supply of mangoes from this city goes into Tamil Nadu's mango output.

Climate Periyakulam Town has an area of 21 km2, within an Semi urban area now extending over as much as 55 km2 and it is located at10.07°N 77.33°E It has an average elevation of 356 meters above mean sea level. The climate is dry and hot, with Northeast monsoon rains during October–December.

Temperatures during summer reach a maximum of 40 and a minimum of 26.3 °C, though temperatures over 43 °C are not uncommon.

In vicinity of army establishments, Ooty, Kodai and Coimbatore are Major centres of the army.

EASY ACCESSSIBILITY… Periyakulam is accessible from all the main cities Madurai, Coimbatore, Kochi. It is located in the centre of all the major cities.

There is also reliable transport services from both states.

View of the periyakulam lake from the site.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

Site analysis

Why Periyakulam?

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Site Justification Site analysis

41

THE SITE : Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu : 10° 7'17N Latitude : 77° 32'38E Longitude : 356 meters Altitude : 9.5 kms from the Locality periyakulam town Shape of the site : Irregular polygon Plot area : 1500 acres Location

Contours of the site Periyakulam Site area 1500 acres Topography Landform…placed amidst the high ranges, the site is eventually contoured. The slopes in the site vary from 1:4 to 1:12. Compared to the extent of the site these slopes appear gentle and it is in the foothills of western Ghats.

Soil condition Owing to the cultivability of the site the soil is fertile laterite hill and forest soil. It is one of The most fertile soils of Tamilnadu firm slopes with less erosion due to surface runoff.

Water The southuparai reservoir forms the eastern boundary of the site. The water surfaces spread to more than 2km in length and is about 800 to 950m wide.

Water fall from the dam

Surface Drainage The surface run-off in all directions is attributable to the varying slopes and hugeness of the site.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Climate

Site analysis

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

42

Periyakulam Town has an area of 21 km2, within an Semi urban area now extending over as much as 55 km2 and it is located at 10.07°N 77.33°E It has an average elevation of 356 meters above mean sea level. The climate is dry and hot, with Northeast monsoon rains during October–December. Temperatures during summer reach a maximum of 40 and a minimum of 26.3 °C, though temperatures over 43 °C are not uncommon. Winter temperatures range between 29.6 and 18 °C. The average annual rainfall is about 135 cm.

SEASON VARIABLES Season

Months

Peak Season

April–June

Low Season

Feb-March; July–September

Second Season

October–January

SUN PATH DIAGRAM

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Design Guidelines Site analysis

MAHONY TABLE DESIGN CONDITIONS  Layout orientation north and south (long axis east-west)  Spaced to have Compact layout of estates  Double banked rooms, temporary provision for air movement  Light walls, short time-lag  Light, well insulated roofs  Protection of opening from heavy rain necessary  Size of openings, Medium, 25-40%  Position of openings in north and south walls at body height on windward side, openings also in internal walls  Light, low thermal capacity walls and floors  Light, reflective surface, cavity roof  External feature that has adequate rain water drainage

43

ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2004 - DESIGN CONDITIONS 1. Extra insulation (super insulation) might prove cost effective, and will increase occupant comfort by keeping indoor temperatures more uniform.

2. Steep pitched roof, with a vented attic over a well-insulated ceiling, work well in cold climates (sheds rain and snow, and helped prevent ice dams)

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Design Guidelines

3. Small well-insulated skylights (less than 3% of floor area in clear climates, 5% in overcast) reduce daytime lighting energy and cooling loads.

Site analysis

44

6. Provide enough north glazing to balance day lighting and allow cross ventilation (about 5% of floor area

4. Organize floor plan so winter sun penetrates into daytime use spaces with specific functions that coincide with solar orientation.

7. Use high mass interior surfaces like slab floors, high mass walls, and a stone fireplace to store winter passive heat and summer night ‘coolth’.

5. If soil is moist, raise the building high above ground to minimize dampness and maximize natural ventilation underneath the building.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

THE TAMIL NADU MUNICIPALITEIS BUILDING RULES, 1972 (G.O.Ms.No.1009, Rural Development and Local Administration, May, 1972)

Bye laws

Site analysis

45

A. Location of building Every person, who constructs, reconstructs, or alters or add to building, shall wherever the site is within 15 metres of any tank, reservoir, water-course, river, fresh water channel or well, carryout such measure as may be necessary or as the Executive Authority may direct, for the purpose of preventing any contamination of or any risk of the drainage of building passing into, such tank, reservoir, water-course, river, fresh water channel or well.

B. Plinths (1) Every person, who constructs, reconstructs, adds or alters, a building shall comply with the following requirements: The ground floor or lowest floor of the building shall be at such level as will allow of the effectual drainage of that floor. Unless the Executive Authority, having regard to the circumstances of the case, directs otherwise, it shall be not less than 45 centimetres above the ground or site level.

(2) Sub-rule (1) shall not apply to a cellar of granary below in the ground floor which is intended for storage only and constructed on dry soil or in such manner as to be impervious to moisture.

C. Space about buildings and height of buildings (1) In the case of a public or private street not being a conservancy lane, no building (except a plinth steps and other similar structure not being above the ground floor level of the building and a fence or compound wall not exceeding 2.4 metres in height) shall be built(a) within 1.3 metres of the boundary of the street; and (b) in the space between the building line and the street alignments as defined under section 166 of the Act. (2) The height of a building shall not exceed one and a half times the width of the street immediately abutting it plus the open space between the street and the building provided that this height may be exceeded to the extent of 1 metre for every 30 centimetre D. The Site Plan 1. It should be drawn to scale of not less than 1 centimetre to 4 metres, provided that where circumstances are such as to make a smaller scale necessary or sufficient, the plan may with the consent of the Executive Authority to be a scale of one centimetre to 8 meters.

2. It should show the boundaries of the site or plot for building.

3. It should give the survey number of the site or plot.

4 It should give accurately the dimensions of the site or plot.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

SPECIAL STUDY

Indian Military Architecture

HISTORY OF INDIAN MILITARY ARCHITECTURE

Special Study

Military architecture in ancient India thoroughly dealt with the designing and construction of offensive, defensive and logistical structures for intensive warfare. This was considered one of the most dynamic fields of engineering, where innovations were looked at as inevitable. The sum of money spent and the research work carried out in this field perhaps exceeded that of every other. And this had wholly been the case for the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. During that extensive period umpteen architectural innovations had taken place in the military domain. Military architecture in ancient India can hence be divided into three chief eras.

The first one comprises the Ancient period, in which sling balls and the likes were constructed by man to protect their cattle. From this nomadic stage men learned to cross over into a more civilized life, signifying dwelling at one place and protecting it from enemies and animals. This led to the development of unique fortifications. An outstanding treatise on

46

the art of fortification, 'Arthashastra' was written by Kautilya precisely during this time. The Medieval period was overshadowed by the Mughals, who ushered in a cultural society and architecture of their own.

This led to the conceptualisation of a new system of architecture called the Indo-Saracenic Architecture. India happened to be one of the richest countries in those days. This is clearly visible in the elegance and majesty of the many Mughal forts constructed during that time. The forts became even more colossal and were also profoundly embellished as opposed to those during the ancient period. This was fundamentally the time of intensified fortification.

As time passed by, the hostility of numerous unimportant kingdoms within the country further dampened the military situation in India. These hostilities paved way for the imperial rule, bringing in an altogether new and the most modern system of military architecture to India, which included bunkers, pill boxes, trenches etc.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Architecture

Special Study

47

Military architecture in the second half in ancient India was largely borrowed from ancient European warring strategies The early 10th to 15th centuries for example had seen widespread diffusion of empires, facilitating structures that would safeguard army men and their wars.

Such fascinating annals on the primeval culture have been broadly explained in Indian historical sections. Although Indian history owns a considerable amount of fascinating studies on separate forts, all of these generally incline to focus on the aesthetic, art-historical aspects and much less on functional characteristics.

The same can be spoken for numerous studies on temples and cities. From the point of view of an art historian, their defensive systems are the least motivating.

Leaving the art historians aside, (which are at times excellent), descriptive accounts of early archaeological surveys as well as the more modern fieldwork on sites like Hissar, Nagaur, Firozabad, Vijayanagara and Daulatabad are worth mentionable to comprehend military architecture in ancient India.

But apart from these more segregated studies; Jean Deloche's enthralling work on pre-Islamic fortifications in southern India is the first factual attempt at a more comprehensive analysis.

On the whole, it appears that a steady transformation in ancient Indian military architecture did take place. Although, most dramatically, the transformation could be noticed during the early Muslim period, approximately from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Architecture

Special Study

This transformation in ancient Indian military architecture could have been the outcome of superior siege technology, particularly the invention of new gunpowder devices and ballistae, which followed India's intensified interaction with Central Asia and Iran.

48

What could then be witnessed, for instance, was the appearance of round bastioned towers which might have been concentrated against sappers who would have found trouble-free cover at the tower's corners. In other places, earlier massive walls were supplied with inner vaulted chambers and depots, as well as machicolations and barbicans.

These stunning military architectures greatly improved the ability to provide counter-fire against attackers alongside the walls. To reimburse for the building of these inner chambers and gangways, walls became much thicker and were more sturdily built.

At some other places, like at Tughlaqabad in Delhi, the ever-increased threat of mining and trebuchets might also have led to the building of, often double-line, projecting bastions.

Such bastions were also often provided with a base of scraped rock and sloping bolster plinths. The moats in front of these were additionally deepened and widened.

Whatever were the reasons tor these adaptations, a fundamental aspect was mostly fort; aspect otten when dealing with military architecture in ancient India. That niGect was that any siege operation called for a gargantuan logistical rformance, especially from the expansionist armies of northern India which had to defend very extensive supplylines. Thus) apart from some upheavals in siege technology, the aspect of possible logistical developments were taken into account as well, keeping the future perilous prospects in mind. The various demanding properties were the varying availability of cash and various means of transport, such as horses, dromedaries and oxen.

The introduction of the true cannon during the second half of the fifteenth century engendered some additional changes under military architecture in ancient India.

These changes primarily involved the making of additional portholes with enhanced covering, as well as the levelling of towers and walls to make room for the installation and movement of guns. These changes increased the firing power of the defenders and made it even more bothersome for the besiegers to draw near the walls.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Architecture

Special Study

The early medieval forts long continued to dictate over the Indian countryside. It even appears that forts re-emerged as the strongholds of new martial elites of Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas, Nayakas and others.

They not only served as defensive bulwarks against persistent trespassing and nomadic war-bands, but also, more importantly, as nerve centres of agrarian and commercial exploitation.

49

Military architecture in ancient India gradually looked towards a more European side, making use of sophisticated weaponry.

Although firearms were introduced simultaneously with cannon, they became widely used only during the seventeenth century.

India during those times possessed specialized groups of sharp-shooting infantrymen, as compared to the Swiss and German Lands-knechte in Europe. And these skilled shooters often came from the mawash, i.e. the less-fertile environs of sedentary society such as the Mawa Its from the Western Ghats or the Berars from the eastern jungles of the Deccan or perhaps even more important, the shooters arrived from areas that were beyond the range of action of large-scale cavalry armies, mostly at the fringe of both agrarian fields and pastures. Warfare in these fringe areas followed different strategic and tactical rules and demanded an assortment of weaponry.

Both at home and in Foreign Service, these 'infantry' units, a new entrant in the ancient Indian military architecture, often served behind trenches or other cover and hardly in the open field. Employing these devises, they kept up a continuous fire. However, these infantry units cannot be considered the Indian counterparts of the drilled and well-trained squares or tercios of musketeers and pike men.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Architecture

Special Study

For a very long time, the standard Indian musket remained the home-made matchlock musket, which most likely had entered South Asia from Eastern Europe through Middle Eastern channels. Indian infantry did not, until rather late, take up the flintlock mechanism. This might Partly be due to the lack of first-rate flints but, more importantly, adopting flintlocks only made sense when engaged by drilled units. scloricif during the second half of the eighteenth century, Indian armies, this time trained by European officers, took up both flintlocks and socket bayonets. It is only from this time onward that infantry became the most powerful tool of war in India. What made the noteworthy difference was the crucial combination of professional drill with modern fast-firing firearms.

50

It should be stressed here that the emergence of 'modern' infantry and artillery was not an exclusively European achievement, The radical tactical changes during the eighteenth century were also the outcome of a process of interactive learning between European and Asian armies.

Several historians for instance, pointed out the very competent, often superior, performances of the Maratha and Afghan armies, compared to their counterparts of the British East India Company.

Historians also took issue against Surendranath Sen. It is sometimes claimed that the Marathas should never have abandoned the speed and mobility of 'guerrilla' tactics. That the reason they were ultimately defeated by the British was their shift to the more positional warfare of infantry and artillery, a department where the British were much superior.

The convincing rising graph is demonstrated by the effectiveness of late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century Maratha artillery and infantry against their more primitive British rivals at times. An infantry revolution however did not occur in South Asia before the second half of the eighteenth century.

The rapid changes after approximately 1750 were sparked off by the extraordinary European example at Plassey and other battlefields, but were developed further in the ongoing interplay between European and Indian armies.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Architecture

Special Study

Apart from the technological advantage, the sharp difference between British and Indian war aims, based on two different political systems, decided the outcome of the colonial wars.

51

Returning to the theme of military revolution, it can be stated that India very cautiously adjusted to the enhanced capabilities of artillery and infantry, perhaps most borne out by the belated or failed adoption of the trace italienne and the flintlock.

On the other hand, military architecture in ancient India was fully part of the earlier revolution involving the war-horse. Besides, the country's military architecture was transformed, most probably following better siege technology and logistics.

Until the second half of the eighteenth century, not gunpowder, but the horse and the fort remained the prerequisite of Indian warfare and state formation. It appears that during that time infantry, unless drilled in the European manner, could hardly make an impression against the sheer size of Central and South Asian cavalry armies. The latter consisted of light mounted archers and heavy shock-troopers protected by bullet and arrow proof body armour.

ANCIENT INDIAN WARE FARE Details about warfare in ancient India can be obtained from the great epics of Rarnayana and Mahabharata and the Puranas. In ancient Indian army Chariots and horses were hugely employed they were more for dignity and show than for obtaining tactical superiority. Indian chariots were massive, made of either wood or iron, and elaborately decorated in gold. Some of the chariots held more men the largest could hold up to seven men. Indian chariots were large and heavy and that required around four to six horses for pulling them.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Architecture

Elephants and chariots also formed a part of the armies during campaigns. Both Ashoka and Samudra Gupta, two great conquerors of ancient India also laid great emphasis on this aspect of warfare. In his edicts Chanakya laid down strict rules for statecraft and warfare as also for spies and envoys.

Proper warning was always given to an adversary before the actual fighting took place.

Special Study

52

During the battle sword met sword, spear struck spear, mace struggled with mace, arrow crossed arrow and when all arms had been broken or exhausted, the warriors met each other in unarmed combat. Great attention was paid to the development of the physique and personality of the soldier. Lord Rama won his consort in an open tournament/art when prowess and the a of war were given the fairest trial and in which warriors and leaders of men from far and near participated.

In the ancient times, it was necessary to maintain so large an army because of the unsettled conditions of the times in which weak states had very little chance of survival. Officers and men were paid regularly. The crown prince was the highest paid person in the army.

The practice of allowing extra allowances in advance to the army before a campaign also prevailed at the time. Uniforms were provided to the regular army by the state for which implications were made from their pay.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

With these compensations the military budget must have amounted to near about fifty percent and even more of the total revenues of the state. Modes of payment varied from division to division. Some were paid in cash and some in kind. Some received it both in cash and kind. Soldiers were also given a part of the booty in war force was to consist of 45 chariots, 225 horses, 675 men and as many servants to attend upon the horses, chariots and elephants.

The number of chariots in the front could be increased, if required, until the total number was twenty one. In the same manner the surplus horses had to be balanced and thus no confusion was occasioned during fighting. According to Sukraniti the foot-soldiers (infantry) had to be four times the cavalry, oxen one-fifth of the cavalry, camels one-eighth, elephants one-fourth of the camels, chariots half of the elephants and cannon twice the chariots.

Indian Military Architecture

Special Study

53

Further, the sounding of a trumpet six palikas (two and two-fifth of an hour) before sunrise and after sunset prohibiting the movement of people, is surely a forerunner of the present practice of sounding reveille and retreat in cantonments and military camps.

These bugles and trumpets were an essential accompaniment to an army. All important commanders carried their conch-shells. A flag was a symbol of the strength, unity and inspiration and was prominently displayed by the king and commander during a battle.

The field army was divided into five different groups namely centre or uras, flanks or kaksas and wings or paksas. Great stress was laid on reserves which had to be the 'flower' of the army and one was never supposed to fight without them.

These had to be detached and kept in a favorable position from where they could be usefully employed. Battle formations were divided into various classes namely Staff, Snake, Circle and Detached order.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Architecture

Special Study

54

For a demoralized army the standard served as a rallying point. According to historical records, it is claimed that during most of the great battles the fighting was severe around the flag.

Many a battle was lost due to the loss of the standard, as then the soldiers had nothing to fight for and would hurriedly retire or give up.

The capture of the enemy's standard has always been considered to be a great honor and even now some of them, though two hundred years old, adorn military messes and halls.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Students Life @ NDA

CADETS

Special Study

55

Three informative bonding and feelings of oneness with the alma-mater. Breaking bread and training together engender the spirit of camaraderie which in the bread analysis forms the bedrock of inter-services co-operation in times come: Herein are sown the seeds of ‘Jointmanship', the new mantra of coordinated inter-services strategy.

The cadet during his sojourn at the NDA holds many a thing close to his heart. By merging his identity with he gains the solace of a herd, the power of a team and the leverage of a group. This attribute of solidarity stands him in good stead during testing times and crunch situations.

Training Pattern All the cadets joining the NDA after their 10+2 Examination, are trained in the Academy for three years culminating into graduation in B.A/B.Sc. or B. Sc. (Computer Science) degree of Jawaharlal Nehru University. Apart from academic training they are also trained in outdoor skills, like Drill, PT and games. The emphasis in NDA is on character building, esprit-de-corps, mental and physical robustness, leadership and a sense of keen observation.

'IDA has an excellent infrastructure for all-round training of cadets and vast array of facilities like spacious and well maintained classrooms, well equipped labs, two Olympic size swimming pools, a Gymnasium, 32 football grounds, polo grounds, a cricket stadium and a number of squash and tennis courts The academic year is divided into two terms, viz, Spring Term (january to May ) and Autumn Term (July to December).

Here a cadet has to undergo training for a total of six terms before he passes out from NDA.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

56

The Air Force Training Team (AFTT)

Aims at training Air Force cadets in the basics of military aviation through ground training and flying training. Ground training is conducted with the help of modern training aids, aircraft models, and cross-sectional models of aero-engines and instruments, Radio Telephony simulators and Flight simulators.

Flying training consists of a minimum of eight sorties on the Super Dirnona aircraft. Cadets also get an exposure to deflection firing through Skeet shooting. Visits to key Air Force training establishments, Air Force Stations and civil aviation centers are also undertaken to give cadets first - hand experience of aviation activities.

Flying training at the AFTT is fully backed by an Automatic Weather Station, Air Traffic Control Station, a paved runway and a dispersal for six aircraft.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Architecture

Army Training Team

Special Study

57

Cadets are imparted a blend of outdoor and indoor training.

Outdoor training is carried out in the hilly and wooded terrain in and around the NDA campus.

Indoor training includes theoretical and practical simulated training. Cadets are taught subjects such as Tactical Training, Weapon training , Map Reading, Military Writing, Field Engineering, Organization and Administration and Radio Telephony. A five-day camp is an additional feature of the training. Training visits to operational military establishments and the bases are also incorporated to enhance the practical content of the training.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Architecture

Special Study

The Naval Training Team

58

The Naval Training Team is the oldest of the Training Teams at the NDA The main task of theTraining Team is to trained V and VI term naval cadets on Specialist Service Subjects both theoretical and practical.

The major emphasis is laid on Navigation, Seamanship and Communication A total of 328 theoretical classes which are currently under revision are conducted for VI term naval cadets.

NTT has been holding a huge repository of Watermanship equipment at Watermanship Training Centre, Peacock Bay located on the waterfront of Khadakwasla lake

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Indian Military Architecture

Special Study

Passing Out Parade

59

I t is the m os t s pec tacul ar am ong the end -of- term events at the NDA. I t is also the culminating event of another successful term, The unique parad e hel d at the Khetarpal Parad e Ground c omprises over one thousand participating cadets bidding farewell to their senior colleagues , A mas terly display of drill movements, synchronized with the accompanying band ingrains long lasting memories in participants as well as viewers. The haunting strains of 'Auld Lang Syne' and the Adjutant on his charger accompany the passing out cadets to The Final Steps.

In the closing moments, the mast at the Quarter Deck is manned by the cadets of the junior most course to cheer on the passing out course as they go past the Quarter Deck in slow march.

At the final step, engulfed by a flood of nostalgia spanning three eventful years, each cadet can feel Justifiably proud of his achievement. Three years ago, he had entered the portals of this hallowed institu tion with a l ittl e trepidation perhaps, he leaves now a young man strong in body and mind, confident and assured and proud of values imbibed here. He is well on his way to achieving the ideals of an officer and a gentleman.

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

CONCEPT

Site Zoning Concept

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

60

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Academic Block – Circulation Site Level Concept

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

61

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Academic Zone – Circulation Site Level Concept

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

62

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Administration Block – Building level concept

Concept

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

63

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Building level concepts Concept

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

64

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Cadet’s Mess – Building level concepts Concept

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

65

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Special Study Application – Campus Planning Concept

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

66

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

Special Study Application

Concept

@ DISSERTATION ’16

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

67

VAMSI KRISHNA P 101111022

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI

FINAL DRAWINGS