Environmental Design Passive Housing Design [Case study with Design proposal for Row housing]

CASE STUDY OF MEDITERRANEAN & SEMI ARID CLIMATE BUILT FORMS WITH LITERATURE STUDY ON PASSIVE HOUSING DESIGN & DESIGN PROPOSAL FOR PASSIVE DESIGNED ROW HOUSING

K. Vineetha | 1917NB003 | Sem 1 | JBR Architecture College

CASE

Mediterranean Climate: Mild, Wet winters and Warm to Hot, Dry summers.

It is the rainfall pattern that makes the Mediterranean climate distinct.

Southern Portugal: CASA DO INFANTADO , PORTUGAL

Characterization of the climate:

Compact layout reduces the number of surfaces exposed to the sun.

The inland southern Portugal has a Mediterranean climate, sub-type Csa according to Köppen climate classification, hot and dry during summer.

In summer the mean values for maximum air temperature vary between 32-25°C, reaching sometimes maximum temperatures of 40ºC or 45ºC, being July and August the hottest months.

The annual average rainfall is below 500 mm, being July the driest month (below 5 mm).

Serves cool air by water evaporation.

N

On orientation, buildings seek the south quadrant to maximize solar gains in winter and to reduce them during summer.

Vegetation used to provide shade and to increase air moisture via evaporation process, helping to cool the air streams before reaching the building.

N

Narrow pathways and covered galleries protect residents from harsh summer periods.

Mutual shading within the site

Narrow pathways protect residents from harsh summer periods along with mutual shading in keeping the buildings cool at macro level.

N

STUDY

Layout and Building form: Compact urban layout reduces the number of surfaces exposed to the sun.

Narrow streets and covered galleries protect pedestrians from harsh summer periods.

Building’s form is compact and the presence of patios in urban areas is frequent.

On orientation, buildings seek the south quadrant to maximize solar gains in winter and to reduce them during summer.

Shading and use of Natural Ventilation: Proper shading for windows using screens (mashrabiya) or vegetation when heat gains are not desired.

The use of grids aims to foster cross air circulation in the building, ensuring privacy and thermal comfort.

Evaporative Cooling: Fountains and pools, usually placed in patios and cloisters, to serve cool air by water evaporation.

Materials and Thermal mass: The use of local materials, mainly earth and stone, is perfectly suited to local climate. Their good heat storage capacity stabilizes indoor temperature (that remain cooler during the day and warm at night).

Building’s Colour: The use of light-colours for the building envelope, and especially the roof which is the most exposed to the sun, aims to reduce heat gain by reflecting solar radiation.

Small Openings: Minimizing the size and number of openings reduces heat gains.

Use of vegetation: Vegetation is useful to provide shade and to increase air moisture via evaporation process, helping to cool the air streams before reaching the building.

INFERENCE

CASE

Semi Arid: Has a predominantly hot and dry climate. The areas covered by the Deccan Plateau are characterized by hot summers with relatively mild winters, the climate of a region that receives precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate.

Telangana:

ECIL HOUSING, HYDERABAD:

Characterization of the climate: It is predominantly hot and dry climate.

Summer starts in March, and reaches peak in May with average high temperatures of 42°C range.

The monsoons enter into the State in June and lasts until September with about 700 mm of precipitation.

The average or normal rainfall of the State is about 905.3 mm and about 80% of annual rainfall is received from the south-west monsoons alone during (June to September).

A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures in the range of 22–23°C(72–73°F).

Minimal Windows

Thicker Walls

Courtyards Closer Stacking

BLOCK LEVEL PLANNING

N

Dominant Wind Path utilized to design open spaces

Stacked in a North South Orientation

Blocs closer for Mutual Shading

Vegetation placed for Shading and Air Quality

SITE ANALYSIS

Staggering for better Views and Winds

Open Internal Spaces Semi Attached Units Closer Proximity

Non Linear Blocks

Dominant wind direction.

Prefabricated Roof

Planned Vegetation

Fins

Load Bearing Local Stone Wall

BUILD. LEVEL PLANNING

STUDY

Morphology: Building is sited so that in winter, as much of the yard as possible is exposed to the northern sun and neighboring houses do not shade the yard

Density: Mutual Shading, Closely arranged.

Maximizing night time cooling with internal windows and high level windows or vents in the center of the house to let out the hot air and draw in cooler air.

Arrangement: Using shaded courtyards or gardens areas, with ponds or water features, to cool the low level air that is drawn into the house

Circulation: Locating drive ways, waste water disposal trenches, clothes drying areas and other yard facilities away from the northern edge of the site.

Roof Form: Venting the roof space in summer, without using mechanical device

Surfaces: Thermo - cellular reflective insulation), to reflect heat and retain warmth or coolness.

Openings: Windows are placed to take advantage of any cooling breezes in summer Eastern and Western walls are well shaded

Shading: Using insulated thermal mass for all walls having very small, well shaded windows on the eastern and western walls Materials: The roof and walls are insulated with reflective foil & bulk insulation (or thermo - cellular reflective insulation), to reflect heat and retain warmth or coolness.

INFERENCE

LITERATURE Passive House: It’s a comfort standard and a methodology.

It is designed to be extremely energyefficient so that it doesn’t take a lot of power to heat or cool.

To be designated as a passive house, a building must embody a set of specific best practices that seal it from outside temperatures while maintaining a stable inside temperature and high air quality.

How does a Passive House work?

When a space is to naturally maintain its temperature whether it’s as small as a thermos or as large as a home they to be following many of the same rules.

Passive homes need to be Air-tight, Have continuous insulation, Triple-paned windows, System for controlling air quality.

What to eliminate?

The home’s design also needs to eliminate a phenomenon called "Thermal Bridging".

Which occurs when the temperature of one material transfers to another through physical touch, Like a room feeling cold in winter because the steel beam supporting the floor is touching the freezing brick on the facade.

By thermally sealing off the interior of a space, a home’s internal temperatures are more stable by default.

Implementing passive house techniques is enough to make a home 90 percent more energy efficient than the average house.

Why passive house?

Passive houses are so energy-efficient, heating and cooling them costs dramatically less than in other homes.

The internal air temperature is so consistent, passive homes are more comfortable than a house where the inside temps oscillate between sweltering and freezing.

The air quality in a passive house will also be exceptional, eliminating any staleness or fumes.

Air in a passive house is constantly circulated and filtered.

Even without electricity, the home will stay at a comfortable temperature for far longer than the average building.

Shading: Shading of house and outdoor spaces reduces summer temperatures, improves comfort and saves energy.

Effective shading — which can include eaves, window awnings, shutters, pergolas and plantings — can block up to 90% of this heat.

Passive cooling:

To be effective, passive cooling techniques need to cool both the house and the people in it with elements such as Air movement, Evaporative cooling Thermal mass.

STUDY

LITERATURE

Thermal mass: Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb and store heat energy.

A lot of heat energy is needed to change the temperature of high density materials such as concrete, bricks and tiles: these materials have high heat storage capacity and are therefore said to have high thermal mass.

Lightweight materials such as timber have low thermal mass.

INFERENCE Shading: Use plant materials (bushes, trees, ivycovered walls) especially on the west to minimize heat gain (if summer rains support native plant growth)

Openings: Use open plan interiors to promote natural cross ventilation, or use louvered doors.

Openings position: To facilitate cross ventilation, locate door and window openings on opposite sides of building with larger openings facing up-wind.

Skylights: Skylights can make a major contribution to energy efficiency and comfort.

They are an excellent source of natural light, perhaps admitting more than three times as much light as a vertical window of the same size, and can improve natural ventilation.

Windows: Minimize or eliminate west facing glazing to reduce summer and fall afternoon heat gain Screening: Screened porches and patios can provide passive comfort cooling by ventilation in warm weather and can prevent insect problems

Roof: Light colored flat roofs.

Glazing: High performance glazing on all orientations should prove cost effective (Low-E, insulated frames) in hot clear summers or dark overcast winters Stack ventilation: To produce stack ventilation, maximize vertical height between air inlet and outlet (open stairwells, two story spaces, roof

STUDY

SITE Road towards Chilkur

Road towards TSPA

SITE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS MRUGAVANI DEER PARK Opposite to the site

14 M wide main road

Nearest bus stop

from r e v o nd c u o r g er ct.

O Green o t June

v. o N from r e v co d n u ro y Dry g to Ma

CONSTRUCTION SITE On the North West of the site

CRICKET GROUND On the South of the site Lowest point of the site

Steep ground; lowest point i.e, water catchment point

Direction of dominant South - Western winds

Moderate ground; for construction

Eastern winds in the Non wet season N

20 KM from Airport 23 KM from Railway junction [Secunderabad] 16 KM from Metro station [Raidurg] 1 KM TSPA junction

Plain ground; for construction

SITE AND ITS CONTOURS

WEATHER DATA

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES

TEMPERATURE RANGE

WIND VELOCITY RANGE

Units; Meters Highest level: 537 above sea level Lowest level: 533 above sea level

SUN SHADING CHART

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

ANALYSIS

SITE

SITE AND ITS EXSISTING VEGETATION

CONCEPT: Step 1

Exsisting vegetation Vegetation that can be retained

Step 2: Arrangement of the Row houses side by side

Step 4: Turning at an angle of 40 degrees in the direction of dominant wind direction to allow maximum ventilation

Step 3: Staggering of units to allow minimum shared space as well maximum unshared space & lighting

SITE ZONNING

Road towards Chilkuru

14 M wide main road

Electrical substation

2 M wide vegetative buffer zone

4 BHK units

Club house

Recreational space

3 BHK units

Plantation to prevent the south western solar heat gain

N

9 M wide subarterial road

Visitor's parking

Compost pit area Water catchment area

Road towards TSPA

Recreational space

Staggered planning for ventilation

Oriented with longer sides on North & South

12 M wide Arterial road 9 M wide set back

Park

ANALYSIS