A dissertation submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelors of Architecture (B. Arch)
by Archana A SDepartment of Architecture
TKM College of Engineering, (An Autonomous Institution)
Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
November,2022
© TKM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KERALA, 20___ ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
T.K.M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Geriatric friendly urban open spaces in Kerala context, submitted by Archana A S to the Department of Architecture as part of Semester IX subject in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture, is a bonafide record of work done by him under my supervision. The contents of this dissertation, in full or in parts, have not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or certificate of this Institute or of any other institute or university.
Designation Head
Dept. of Architecture
T K M College of Engineering
Valued by
Dept. of Architecture
T K M College of Engineering
Prof. Gadhi. M Dr./ Prof. Annie JohnI would like to express my profound gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this report. I deeply express sincere thanks to my guide Prof. Gadhi. M. whose continued support and suggestions aided in all stages of dissertation fabrication and completion.
I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation all the professors in the department for all necessary advice and efforts throughout the stages of dissertation. Finally, I would like to extend my deep sense of gratitude to my family and friends without whose constant inspiration and support this report wouldn’t have been completed successfully.
TKM College of Engineering, (An Autonomous Institution)
Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
A person aged 65 years or above is conventionally regarded as elderly or belonging to the geriatric community as defined by WHO. There are several complex health states that occur as we age, commonly known as geriatric syndromes. As a result of multiple factors, they can include frailty, urinary incontinence, falls, dementia, pressure ulcers and mobility issues
Hence, they need both care and support not just from family but society for a healthy and prosperous life. Active ageing is a lifelong process characterized by many factors that contribute to health, participation, and security as we age. Active ageing can be encouraged by designing public spaces that are age-friendly and provide opportunities to promote health, participation, and security. Practically, an age-friendly open space enables older people with a range of needs and abilities to access and participate in it.
With booming urbanization and population increase the proportion of elderly people would reach high numbers in future especially in Kerala according to Census details. The needs and preferences of these people may differ from others and hence an inclusive design approach can only benefit them.
Open spaces have always been an inevitable part of social life in Kerala and aids in fostering community wellbeing. The research focusses on understanding the basic needs and features for geriatric community in open spaces, their preferences and evolving a set of parameters which is further utilized in analyzing and comparing the open space scenario in Kerala.
The main findings from the literature review and case studies aided in evolving a set of components – basic planning, nature connection, infrastructure, social inclusion, safety and security that has to be looked upon while designing urban open spaces in Kerala for creating an age inclusive public space and thus promote active ageing.
The research conducted to understand the elements of age inclusive open space design aided in deriving the design guidelines for geriatric community in open spaces of Kerala specifically. Additionally, enriching the open space scenario can evolve more community interaction among elderly and put their valuable resources into use and even reduce illness and mental health related problems due to ageing.
WHO - World Health Organization
UGS – Unattended Ground sensor
“The wisdom and experience of older people is a resource of inestimable worth. Recognizing and treasuring the contributions of older people is essential to the long-term flourishing of any society”
Daisaku IkadaPublic spaces are created for use of the community, improve their quality of life and foster human connections but as people age there is an increasing desire to be confined in their homes, in a so-called safe space to feel peace and security. As majority of the aged individuals suffer from dementia or mobility impairments stepping out unsupervised can be dangerous and difficult for them. It is thus particularly imperative to provide a supportive and enabling living environment for older people to compensate for the physical and social changes associated with aging. It was recognized as a priority direction in the Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging endorsed by the United Nations in 2002.
The demographic transition in Kerala is rapid compared to the rest of the country along with booming urbanization. By 2036, the proportion of senior citizens (60 years and older) will increase from 16.5% (2021) to 23%. By then, every fifth individual will be a senior citizen
Taking care of the aging population in the future will require a holistic approach incorporating health care and socio-economic protection. We need to change the mindset of society to put a greater emphasis on quality of life. As a step, creating proper and inclusive public open spaces would become more significant in the case of Kerala to promote active ageing in place.
Hence the concept of age inclusive designs has to be adopted consciously in the coming years to evolve a healthy and prosperous society.
In spite of the fact that a typical design may not be conducive to the geriatric community, a few modifications could help create inclusive public spaces that can be accessed by all, ultimately improving the general health of the elderly.
To study and analyse the current scenario of public open spaces in Kerala and provide age inclusive design solutions involving the geriatric community.
To study the current features of public open spaces
To identify the needs and preferences of aged people in public areas
Analyse the activities of interest for aged community
To evolve age inclusive design parameters in public open spaces
Fig 1. 1 Elderly population growth in Kerala (The Times of India, 2021)The research focusses on the study and analysis of basic planning considerations in open public spaces in urbanscapes and specify inclusive design parameters involving the geriatric community in Kerala context.
Due to the limited time of research the study is restricted to urban open spaces in Kerala context only
The open space system in urban centers refers to the site system constructed by the open space outside the building entity in the central area of the city that provides public activities. It is an important place for people, people and nature to exchange information, material and energy (Yang et al., 2019).
“Architecture is about public space held by buildings”
- Richard Rogers
Functional significance - Public open spaces give a specific form and shape to the overall cityscape and alters the urban neighborhood with green spaces. Apart from evolving a microclimate to the area and air purification it can establish a green corridor and promote communication between the urban users. It acts a space for recreation in the form of playgrounds, cycling tracks, parks amidst the busy lives of the people.
Social significance - Open spaces in bustling urban neighborhoods creates a chance for the users to interact with each other and improve connections. In most situations they act as a place for conducting several communal activities, exhibitions, flea markets and even a congregational space for meetings or assemblies.
Aesthetic significance - Open spaces are most often artistically designed with proper landscaping consisting of trees, walkways and plantings and can even include water scaping. It can essentially draw more people towards the space with its esthetic quality amidst the busting urban scape.
Streets- They are the main commutation route of the users emerging as the most public one among other urban open spaces. The street, normally defined as a public space with residential houses, commercial buildings and other structures on one or each side, therefore, has social and economic functions that are integral to urban life (Mboup et al., n.d.).
Plazas- An open public space located usually in the city Centre acts as a community amenity enabling a variety of users to come, relax, present public art. A potential public space where a new visitor usually approaches and creates their image of the city. Plazas are what creates a lively streetscape and engaging public life.
Recreational space- Recreational space involves functionally specialized green and grey spaces designed or used for leisure activities, such as sports or exercise (Stanley et al., 2012). Can be found in urban areas in the form of playgrounds, artificial turfs etc.
Parks/Gardens- A dedicated space that maybe natural/semi natural or planted set aside with spaces for human recreation or for protection of wildlife/natural habitats. Consists majorly softscape with grass covers, rock formations, shrubs, plants and trees. It may also contain built structures/hardscape with pavements, pergolas, fountains or other infrastructure necessary according the type of place.
To imagine a perfect urban space is merely a hypothetical concept. As well as fulfilling all of the city's functions, an ideal public space should have an ideal plan and form. Following are some design recommendations for the ideal urban space.
“The unbuilt defines the built”
- Madhav Joshi
Location - The most successful ones are those that attract a variety of users, both active and passive. Studies show that the urban areas of high usage are in the areas of high density and diversity.
Size- Kevin Lynch proposes that the intimate zone should be up to 12 meters, the pleasant human scale at 24 meters, and the most successful enclosed space at 137 meters.
Visual complexity - Density and variety are far more perceptually significant than sparseness and repetition.
Microclimate - The conditions are monitored and controlled by shading, planting and evaporative cooling/solar exposure. The easy access to and from the indoor public spaces should also be considered.
Boundaries - There should be a proper flow of spaces or boundaries, not delineated by physical barriers but by the use of visual variety.
Sub spaces - The large spaces should be split up into comfortable small units called sub spaces to encourage the use more. Careful planning and allocation of areas are to be done.
Circulation - An uninterrupted and coherent movement pattern needs to be followed throughout for a simplified spatial layout.
Seating facility - Incentives such as seating can encourage people to commit to spending time in an area.
Planting - The variety and quality of textures, color, massing, and landscaping ideas can add immeasurably to a soothing atmosphere.
Level changes- The spaces can either be sunken or elevated based on various aesthetic and psychological factors.
Public art and sculpture - The public space should exhibit art as a contribution to the life of the city, and to the well-being of the citizens.
Food - Places with food vendors and kiosks are likely to attract more users than those without these features.
Activities - The construction of an open space is not the end of the project. For the area to be lively, it needs to be stocked with activities, such as food and entertainment.
Information signs - The daily user may be able to navigate, but a new user will most certainly need information.
Universal design - It entails understanding and designing for people of all ages and abilities. It meets legally mandated accessibility standards and extends beyond the details to ensure that no marginalized groups are harmed.
Maintenance and amenities -The factor of routine maintenance and amenities is one of the most important aspects of reattracting people to a space.
Temple grounds – This was a pluralistic space which drew multiple age groups all the time, and especially during festivals, became a significant gathering spot for the residents living in the proximity.
Markets – It is a weekly affair in rural areas to go to the market. Besides serving as an interaction place, the lively and colourful market offers a wide variety of items, deals, and bargains, as well as the chance to catch up with friends.
Riverbanks - In terms of recreational activities, riverbanks play an important role. Since ancient times, bathing, washing clothes, and even gathering have taken place along the
riverbank. During the summer, when rivers dry up, riverbeds make great playgrounds for children.
Kaavu - Almost every nook of palatial houses of rich families and temples in Kerala had a thick piece of jungle called Kavu or Sarpakavu (grove or serpent grove). There is a mystical aura associated with this place because of its supernatural beliefs.
Aalthara (banyan tree grove) - Kerala history at its core is not complete without the presence of a banyan tree (aal) and a platform built around it (thara) normally found in temples which formed the quintessential gathering spot for small talks and discussions among peers.
Kavala (village center) - Due to its location, the village center gains importance as it houses the only bus stop. Generally, local shops, such as grocery and barbershop, will be present, as well as a group that considers the kavala to be an imperative meeting place every day.
Kerala has always been known for its quaint villages with their own unique history and culture. We had vast stretches of paddy fields, rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and rocky lands. This openness had been also replicated in the interiors as well-a network of open space starting from the interior courtyards, the huge front yards and backyards, the surrounding property which sometimes had the family ponds around which the activities concentrated. The villages had maidans and playgrounds for the young people which is lacking in the present scenario. The village square would be the commercial hub with the market area and other small shops where people gathered in groups to interact with each other (Manoj Kumar Kini, 2014).
Various purposes or functions of open space in historical perspective included
Daily gatherings
Peer discussions
Village meetings / announcements
Political / religious gatherings
Games arena etc.
With each open space attributing to specific functions and quality it was an indispensable part of everyday life of Keralites in the past which has become absurd over coming years.
When analyzed in the world scenario, the urbanization in India is comparatively low but it is ‘massive’ due to the enormity of population. Within India, the level of urbanization varies among various states/union territories. Kerala is one of the states which shows high level of urbanization (Fig 7),(STATE URBANISATION REPORT KERALA, 2012)
According to the Urbanization report of Kerala the Urban population content is about to cross 50% mark with high rate of urbanization. If this trend is continued Kerala will become 100%
urban in the future. The high level of urbanization and its high urban population growth rate is to be analyzed against the socio-economic development, the State has achieved over a period, to ascertain whether this pattern of urbanisation is suitable to the State or not.
As per 2011 census data total urban population of Kerala is 15932171. Fig 8 illustrates the distribution of urban population among Kerala's fourteen districts. Wayanad is Kerala's least urbanized district while Ernakulum is its most urbanized. More than 50% of the population lives in urban areas in six districts (Ernakulam, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Kannur, Alappuzha and Thiruvananthapuram).
The districts of Idukki, Wayanad, and Pathanamthitta are among the least urbanized in 2001 and 2011. Central and northern Kerala is subject to high levels of urbanization from 20012011, whereas the eastern part of Kerala with forest cover is experiencing low levels of urbanisation since 2001. A mapping of the district-by-district urban content reveals that all coastal districts of Kerala have relatively elevated urbanization levels. In conclusion, Kerala
experiences high levels of urbanisation throughout the State with the exception of the high range regions. The scattered settlement pattern of Kerala may explain this phenomenon.
With the rise in real estate prices, the urban landscape in Kerala has become increasingly enclosed, thus eliminating open spaces where people could congregate. Additionally, restrictions on the use of existing open spaces prevent the people from using them. Rapid urbanization and climatic changes are all leading to urban sprawls and congested development plans leaving little space for open areas in cities. The elimination of the breathing corridor has indeed led to vast problems such as diseases and mental stress in the people living around.
The WHO recommends a minimum of 9 square meters of green space per individual, with an ideal UGS value of 50 square meters per capita. With the statistics of urban areas in Kerala the values are far less than acceptable. Taking into consideration Kochi's enormous population of 2232564 and available green space of 113.79 ha, Kochi's green space per person would be approximately only 0.53 square meters. According to reports public open spaces have become a thing of the past while the city folks have turned to shopping malls for recreation with busy lives. This rising trend is also attributed to the inadequacy of safe, equitable and functional open spaces around urban agglomerations. With public space slipping into areas for vendor encroachments and parking spaces leading to congestion issues and pollution troubles it is significant for a proper future development plan with allocation of open spaces.
Geriatrics, or geriatric medicine is a specialty that focusses on elderly healthcare. It aims to promote health, prevent and treating diseases and disabilities in older adults. There is no set age at which patients may be under the care of a geriatrician, or geriatric physician, a physician who specializes in the care of elderly people. Rather, this decision is determined by the individual patient's needs, and the availability of a specialist. Geriatrics is sometimes called medical gerontology.
According to WHO, ageing results from the impact of the accumulation of a wide variety of molecular and cellular damage over time. This leads to a gradual decrease in physical and mental capacity, a growing risk of disease and ultimately death.
A person's age in years is not strongly correlated with these changes, since they are neither linear nor consistent. Experiencing diversity in old age isn't accidental. Aside from biological changes, ageing often includes other life transitions such as retirement, relocating to a better location, and losing a partner or a friend.
A person's age in years is not strongly correlated with these changes, since they are neither linear nor consistent. Experiencing diversity in old age isn't accidental. Aside from biological changes, ageing often includes other life transitions such as retirement, relocating to a better location, and losing a partner or a friend.
It is possible for the built environment and social environment to directly affect health, or that they can influence opportunities, decisions, and health behavior indirectly. Taking part in regular physical activity, eating a balanced diet and refraining from tobacco use are all factors that reduce noncommunicable disease risks, improve mental and physical capacity, and delay dependency on care.
Despite losses in capacity, supportive physical and social environments enable people to do the things they value. An environment that provides safe and accessible public buildings and transport, as well as easy walking routes, is an example of a supportive environment. The development of an effective public-health response to ageing must not only consider individual and environmental approaches aimed at alleviating the losses experienced by older people, but also those that could enhance their recovery, adaptability, and psychosocial development.
Level changes - Poorly designed steps or the absence of ramps can make moving around difficult for the elderly.
Ground cover/ finish - Wheelchair movement is dependent on the nature of the ground.
Concreted floors or compacted gravel are preferrable.
Resting place – Lack of proper resting place or congregational space can disinterest elderly to come over to a place.
Protection from nature – Addressing the micro climate is an important aspect to aid comfort of the users especially elderly as they are more sensitive to sun etc.
Improper lighting - Lighting is a desired feature for the sake of safety as well as to feel familiar to the space. It helps to keep track of your path and provide good visual connectivity.
Security - There is no limit to the extent of security that can be provided. The elderly always fears the state of isolation and that nobody will know when they might need help. So, the security of a space is a subjective matter and is also a crucial one too.
According to the World report on ageing and health, cities and communities need to help older people build their abilities to:
Achieve their basic needs
Make decisions, learn, and grow
Become mobile
Establish and maintain relationships
Contribute
An age-friendly environment is devoid of physical and social barriers, and it is supported by policies and services that:
Promote health and the development and maintenance of physical and mental capabilities throughout life
Allow individuals to continue doing the activities they enjoy even when their ability is reduced
Thus, age friendly environments aids in recognizing
Older people's diverse capacities and resources
Anticipate and respond cautiously to ageing related needs and preferences
Respect the decisions and choices of elderly
Protect and care the vulnerable community
Engage the inclusion of aged people in all areas of community life
The outside environment and public buildings have a major impact on the mobility, independence and quality of life of older people and affect their ability to “age in place”(WHO., 2007).
Pleasant and clean environment - The beauty of the city's natural surrounds is something that many individuals in various places immediately cite as an age-friendly aspect. A well maintained clean public space with no disturbing noise levels or odour can encourage more elderly visitors.
Provision of green spaces – Safe and well-designed green spaces can reduce stress and alleviate mood in the elderly and according to reports can even evoke childhood memories.
Resting areas - The availability of seating areas is generally viewed as a necessary urban feature for older people: it is difficult for many older people to walk around their local area without somewhere to rest.
Age friendly pavements - The condition of the pavements has a direct influence on one's ability to stroll around the neighborhood. Pavements that are small, uneven, cracked, have high curbs, are congested, or have obstacles pose possible risks and impair older people's ability to walk.
According to the report Cities alive – designing for ageing communities the author offers various strategies and actions that built environment professionals can take to improve the quality of life for older residents. These strategies are distilled into a vision of the future, showing how communities around the world can achieve this vision and empower their older residents to live happy and fulfilling lives. The main needs of aged people were distilled into components as shown in Fig 2.10
Walkable environments
Autonomy/Independence
Health and well being
Social connectedness
Security and resilience
Proper wayfinding
Spaces for recreation, meditation
Nature connections
Inclusion and civic participation
Intergenerational approach
Design safe public areas
Dementia safety
After discussing the needs the report moves on to explain the age friendly strategies that could be adopted depending on the components identified and finally the paper synthesizes these ideas into a future vision, demonstrating how communities throughout the world may realize this goal and empower their elderly inhabitants to live happy and fulfilled lives.
Walks should have a smooth, level surface that is good for walking and wheeling. Cobblestones, coarsely exposed aggregate concrete, bricks, and other irregular surfaces frequently induce bumpy rides. The minimum walk way width would be 1200 mm and for moderate two-way traffic it should be 1650 mm - 1800 mm.
The casters on a wheelchair are about 180 mm in diameter. Therefore, a wheelchair can only get over a small level difference. Devise methods that can reduce the height of the level difference.
Walkways should be constructed with a non-slip material and should be different from rest of the area. Try to avoid all manholes, trees etc. on walkway.
During the approach to a park and/or the road leading to it, there should be no difference in level. In cases where a level difference is unavoidable, ramps or staircases plus ramps are needed. It is imperative to use non-slip materials on paved surfaces. Color contrast schemes and guiding blocks should be used in places where there is a difference in level, such as stairs.
Basic understanding of aspects of public open space
Data collection
Extraction of relevant data and parameters
Primary data
Secondary data
Observations of elderly behaviours/activities
In person interviews
Publications on age friendly design in open spaces
Open space features in Kerala
Comparison and analysis with set parameters
Live case studies
Literature case studies
Formulation of design guidelines wrt Kerala context
What are the types of open spaces existing in Kerala?
What are the existing flaws and strengths if any considering age friendliness?
What are the aspects that can be utilized to analyse age friendliness?
What are the guidelines that can be formulated for an ideal age inclusive open space in Kerala?
Throughout the course of the study, research papers, journals, dissertations, and other valid documents about open spaces in urban context, typology of open spaces, geriatric considerations, and design standards are read and analyzed to develop a parameter set to assist with the study of geriatric friendliness in open spaces of Kerala.
A set of parameters are derived from the understanding of various literature reports which are further used for the analysis of case studies.
Urban context
Type of space Main character
Open space aspects
Scale of space
Social aspects
Circulation and seating
Neighbourhood typology Linkages/ accessibility
Amenities/ infrastructure Plantings/ waterscapes
Geriatric aspects
This part involves collecting primary and secondary data to understand and analyze geriatric friendly aspects in open spaces of Kerala and further analyze it.
Primary data is collected by visual survey/ observations of elderly behaviors and activities in open spaces, in person interviews with aged people to know their preferences and interests in a public open space. Live case studies are conducted in selected urban open spaces of Kerala to understand existing conditions and features and analyze it for geriatric friendliness further with the developed parameter set.
Secondary data collection involves study on age friendly design aspects and guidelines through published reports, newspaper articles, journals, world reports and international literature case studies.
Based on the understandings from review of literature and findings from case studies by comparative analysis a set of design components and guidelines for each are derived finally.
Selection crieria - The Portland Memory Garden - a project of the Alzheimer’s Association is the first and only publicly owned garden designed for individuals suffering from memory loss. Run by a non-profit organization it provides therapeutic and educational activities in addition.
Urban context- The Portland memory garden is nestled within Ed Benedict Park, a 12.75acre city park at Southeast Portland with basketball courts, soccer fields and adjacent community garden. The surrounding areas majorly involve a residential neighborhood on one side while the main highway runs along the other side of the park enabling easy access.
Situated in the city Centre with commercial and industrial Centers adjacent the site has an increased potential too.
About- The Portland memory garden is part of the Portland parks and recreation system designed specifically for people with memory affecting diseases and it is one of the only two such memory gardens in the US built on public land. Additionally, it is still well used by the neighborhood and larger Portland community. It provides a fully accessible circular pathway and unique visual landmarks with four seasons of plants and flowers in raised beds that are chosen to stimulate the senses and spark past memories. They also offer free horticultural therapy sessions to senior communities, hosts free Summer open house and even provide opportunities to raise vegetables, herbs and flowers in raised beds in the adjacent community garden.
Open space aspects – A public open garden space in Portland within human scale comprises mainly open lawn with designated plantings, pavements and pergolas. Infrastructural amenities to aid users such as covered seating, restrooms and drinking water fountains are also provided within the vicinity. Regular activities are also conducted in the space engaging the general public and keeping the place alive in the urban scape.
Social aspects – The garden is located in a prime location along a residential neighborhood increasing the engagement of the garden area. Additionally, the presence of the basketball courts and soccer fields invite variety of users to the garden throughout the day. Planned
sessions by registered horticultural therapists are conducted weekly here for people affected by memory loss also frequent senior activities and summer programs are also held here. All the maintenance and upkeep of the garden is completely done by community volunteers and horticultural therapy students, many of whom were involved in the initial design of the garden. Involving these wide range of users thereby can promote interaction between various age groups and build community support and awareness.
Geriatric compatibility – Understanding the tendency of people with memory disorders to wander and get lost, an enclosed space with only one entrance is provided in the garden allowing them to explore the place freely. Additionally, all the paths are circular without dead ends for easy navigation and a visual connectivity is maintained thoroughly. Pathways are eight feet wide with one-foot-wide edging on either side cuing the change of materiality and surface. Since eyesight deteriorates with age clear distinction is given by pathways preventing falls.
Senior citizens are also mostly sensitive to direct sun. This has been taken into account and shaded areas with seating options are provided throughout the area. Provision of resting options are quite significant for elderly people especially those with physical frails. Hence resting benches are set back from the main pathways and open spaces provided adjacent for wheelchair users. The design of seating is further sensitive to elderly with high armrests aiding while sitting and standing up.
Safety in the garden area is maintained by well-lit tall lanterns that illuminates the space from dusk till dawn thereby allowing easy navigation for users and prevents vandalism. Further the fenced perimeter secures the garden and it is veiled by plants to prevent the feel of a jail yard and the plants within the garden are oriented towards the circumnavigating pathways such
that large trees and shrubs are closer to the fence while low lying plants line the edge of pathways.
According to the Center for an Aging Society, “Planting evokes childhood memories. Many plant varieties common in older gardens are featured to spark pleasant memories of the past”. Thus, the visitors here can experience a four-season combination of visual, tactile, and
The section depicts the 8 feet wide pathways with distinct edging for clear demarcation and avoiding confusions. The plants and trees arranged in a way as to not block possible vistas and create safe feeling for the elderly users.
Attributes Observation
Type of open space
Scale
Built spaces
Landscaping
Activities held
Public space
Human scale
Entry structure, basketball court, restroom and tool shed
Bounty of plants and flowers, horticulture
Planned senior activities, summer programs with horticultural therapists
Attributes
Walkable environment
Level differences
Lighting levels
Seating facilities
Amenities
Recreational activities
Social inclusion
Security
Observation
Circular paths, no dead ends allow easy navigation and less edges
Wheel chair accessible throughout the garden space
Well-lit lanterns provide ample lighting throughout night
Vast resting benches with high armrests aid senior citizens while sitting & getting up
Covered seating spaces, restrooms, drinking water fountains
Wheelchair accessible picnic tables, horticulture therapy sessions, pergola spaces for meditation/exercise
Open to public summer programs, community gardens for vegetable growing, volunteering by horticultural students
Less obstructions, visual continuity and ample lighting discourages vandalism
Selection criteria – Ken Malloy Harbour Regional Park is an extensive restoration project of natural habitat that now hosts an outdoor gym designed to engage people of all ages and disabilities.
Urban context- Ken Malloy Harbor Regional fitness park is situated in a 231-acre park in Los Angeles City Park serving Wilmington and Harbor City areas as well as the South Bay region of California. The Park contains 40-acre Machado Lake, one of the last wetlands in Los Angeles, which also serves as a flood control retention basin during storm events. The fitness situated in the vicinity of Southern Bay medical center increases the site potential further.
(playcore.com)
About- Ken Malloy Harbor Regional Park is the site of one of the largest outdoor fitness parks in the Los Angeles area. It includes three distinct areas of fitness products: standard (bodyweight and motion products, including accessible/inclusive options), therapeutic (designed specifically for users age 55 and up), and elite (advanced training options for athletes). Each fitness area is installed on color-coded safety surfacing and includes instructional signage. Adults and older teens use the park on a regular basis to achieve their health and wellness goals, and personal trainers routinely schedule bootcamp classes and other group fitness sessions. Open space aspects – The space is spread over an area of 231 acre making it an extensive scale but separated by varied functions making it possible to perceive by senior citizens. The park features paved pathways most of them in curved pattern with no edges and level differences creating a simple and easy approach for elders. In addition, hiking and bike trails, nature deck, hundreds of additional trees, and new grass, pedestrian bridges, benches, and a large outdoor fitness area are presented for the multiple user groups at the park. Situated next to the Machao lake it presents opportunities for meditation zones and sensory experiences with migratory birds
Social aspects – Located in a prime location and the vicinity of medical center increases the scope of the fitness park. Designed to engage the family together in fitness activities the park
has become a huge success with aiding from medical center. Provision of fitness club and fitness equipment with the medical center amps up the space and invites more people especially geriatric community. With spaces for well-rounded group workouts the park is a favorite spot among users in the vicinity. Also, trainers routinely schedule bootcamp classes and other group fitness sessions engaging the geriatric community and improving their wellbeing.
Geriatric compatibility – One of the first age inclusive fitness park consists of demarcated zones for senior citizens. Colour coding on contrasting colours helps people with loss of vision.
A clear legible space is created with curved pathways and visual connectivity maintained continuously. The pathways designed with proper width and no major level differences makes it wheelchair accessible throughout.
Multiple seating options are provided near lakeside and other areas along the pathways but very less seating options along the fitness area to engage people in fitness training. Demarcated therapy space with advanced training equipment is provided creating an allround fitness park for all ages. The three-color coded spaces create a comfortable workout zone for families to bring in elderly and children and allow to involve in fitness activities
The therapeutic area included for adults focus on rehabilitation, active aging, deconditioned users, and balance and flexibility.
Fig
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The refreshing cool breeze from the adjacent Machao lake adds an input for the users for a comfortable experience. The long pathways lined with greenery approaching the lakes provides nature trails for releasing their stresses and increases energy levels in users.
Being a vast open space with no such physical barriers the park remains well-lit all along the day thus offering a legible space for conceiving by the elderly and offers proper security. Additionally with all age group workout areas clubbed together avoids a need for separate surveillance for the senior citizens thus encouraging families to come and bond together. Overall, the park offers an inclusive space at an enormous scale with various activities incorporated for geriatric community
Attributes
Type of open space
Scale
Built spaces
Landscaping
Activities held
Observation
Public space
Large scale
Bike trails, nature decks, restrooms
Extensive lawn space
Routine fitness activities and programs
Attributes
Walkable environment
Level differences
Sharp edges
Suitability of furniture
Amenities
Recreational/meditation spaces
Nature connectivity
Lighting levels
Security
Observation
Circular paths, no dead ends allow easy navigation and less edges
Wheel chair accessible throughout the garden space
Most corners and edges are rounded off
Less seating options near play area, backrests not provided
Covered seating spaces, restrooms, drinking water fountains
Demarcated therapy space for aged people, viewing decks with seating options near lake
Expanse of lawn and greenery with stretch of lake adjoining one side
Naturally lit. closes by 7 pm
Less obstructions, visual continuity maintained due to the shape of plan
Selection criteria – Kozhikode beach is one of the main happening places located in the heart of Calicut with a wide group of visitors flocking from even nearby districts and is main venue for public protests, meetings and various other remarkable events.
Context- Kozhikode Beach or Calicut Beach is a beach on the western side of Kozhikode, situated on the Malabar Coast of India. Also consists of Lions Park near the beachside. Gains more importance due to cultural & historical aspects and the surrounding numerous food spots. It is accessible by 4 over bridges in the city
About- There are two parts to Kozhikode beach, north and south, north is the way to Kannur and northern Kerala, south is the way to Thrissur. Paved areas with illuminating lamps follow the stretch of beach. Multiple seating types are also provided along the pathways. A famous destination among tourists with cultural and heritage value. Frequent public meetings, daily recreational activities and yearly events are carried out in the beach premises.
Open space aspects – A major public waterfront open space predominantly within human scale continued along a long stretch of almost 2kms. The circulation pattern is relatively simple with an uninterrupted straight stretch,
concrete paved pathways are laid out with multiple seating types with covered seating, gathering seating and green pockets at rare intervals.
The only infrastructural amenities provided are a single restroom block and temporary shops and vendors for refreshments along the paths and beach area. Very less vegetation found along the beach stretch, the only green patches are shrubs and small plants with seating around it.
Pedestrian movement
Vehicular movement
Built structures
Social aspects – Kozhikode beach is situated in the city center with a commercial belt surrounding and residential neighborhood beyond. Boasting of a rich history and with heritage structures such as Mishkal mosque nearby site potential is further increased. This is clearly visible from the vast number of tourists flocking to the region and the various cultural events happening in the place engaging the community. Yearly events like Kerala literature
festival, film festivals usually occur here. Still there are no allocated spaces for performances or events and crowds usually block the roadsides.
Vast community involvement is a main aspect of the beach ranging from routine activities, cleaning volunteers, yearly festivals and much more. As a result, the beach and surrounding areas are always bustling with a multitude of activities all-round the year.
Geriatric compatibility – With a linear stretch of path and less turnings or edges there is a simple walkable environment created for the elderly, additionally there are semi open walls that makes it easy to conceive the space from outside.
There are level differences present at the walkway stretch and further vast differences at the beach area although ramps are provided at certain spots, they are not present at proper intervals or at accurate standards for easy navigation. Ample seating spaces are present throughout the walkway stretch with various options such as covered seating, round gathering
Sharp edges have been created at various spots due to the square seating and large lamp posts in between pathways thus creating trouble for elderly citizens. Although there are no specific spaces allocated for recreation the round seating areas overlooking the beach acts as a meditation spot during mornings. The pathways are three-meter-wide accommodating for easy strolling but it is interrupted at intervals by the seating in the middle. Even with a vast space, mornings and evenings at beach becomes very crowded making it difficult for elderly citizens to stroll through or sit peacefully. The presence of natural waterbody and the soothing sounds of waves calm the users and relieve their stresses. Although lanterns are provided throughout the stretch due to level differences night time at beach area remains dark and prone to crimes.
Attributes Observation
Type of open space
Scale
Built spaces
Public space
Human scale with large stretch
Restroom sheds, temporary shops, covered seating
Landscaping Small green pockets along pathways
Activities held
Attributes Observation
Walkable environment
Level differences
Sharp edges
Suitability of furniture
Recreational/meditation spaces
Nature connectivity
Lighting levels
Security
Daily recreational activities, public meetings, protests, Yearly events
Straight stretch of paths with less turns, easy navigation
Level differences present, no ramps provided everywhere
Square seating with sharp corners
Ample seating spaces of different types provided along the stretch
Daily meditation, aerobics and exercise around the seating areas
Natural waterbody presence, greenery only rarely placed patches and palm trees
Well-lit lanterns throughout the stretch but due to level difference, beach area not illuminated well
Visual connection disrupted, insufficient lighting causing dead ends leads to vandalism, social activities
Selection criteria – Thekkinkadu maidan situated in the heart of Thrissur city is an enormous vibrant open ground occupied almost every day by a variety of users and hosts the spectacular cultural Thrissur pooram festival every year forming one of the greatest gatherings of India.
Context- A 65-acre hillock in the center of Thrissur, Thekkinkadu Maidan is surrounded by the Swaraj Round, which houses the Vadakkunnathan Temple. The whole of city branches out from here through nine roads. Surrounded mostly by commercial buildings the open ground with abundant vegetation acts as a breathing space in the urban area.
About- The 65-acre open space can be perceived as a cultural landscape housing the Vadukkanathan temple, a recreation space with Nehru Park and large spreading foliage, a frequent congregational space for political rallies, public events and evening gaming corner for card players. Additionally, there are famous spaces like students corner and labour corner where historical events have happened. With not much infrastructure or built interventions the natural habitat is flourished in this space with almost 93 species of trees including mango, teak and mahogany.
Open space aspects – An enlarged scale of space features a 6m level difference from the existing road level. There are no specific pathways provided for circulation and have been
Pedestrian movement
Vehicular movement
Built structures
The only seating options are concrete round seating around trees with large foliage which thus becomes isolated during monsoon seasons. The Vadukkunathan temple is situated in the highest point of site and other structures in the site premises include the Nehru Park and water authority wells. Despite the large crowd that arrives at this space basic necessities like proper washrooms or water fountains are not provided here.
The evergreen trees form the iconic aspect of the site with over 93 species of both local and exotic species including flowering trees that bloom over the extensive foliage to provide enchanting backdrops to the open space. Still a proper maintenance of the landscape is not visible here both plants and trees growing enormously blocking pathways and creating negative spaces.
Social aspects – Thekkinkadu maidan is historically famous for hosting the spectacular festival of Thrissur pooram every year with a vast flock of visitors filling the ground. Apart from that frequent political rallies occur here at various spots, various speeches by eminent personalities and discussions are also held on a routine basis at the student’s corner, labor’s corner and Nehru Park. This open space in the heart of Thrissur thus acts as the main event hub and gathering spot for major events
Various zones in the ground are generally occupied by certain routine activities throughout the day although there is no physical segregation creating some active and some quieter areas in the vast space. The various functions and activities happening around the site are as shown in Fig
Temple premises
Elephant ground
Children’s Park
Card players
Planted teak trees
Water tank
Geriatric compatibility – With no defined pathways and potholes along with on street parking there is no proper navigation and makes it difficult to perceive way for elderly without supervision. The vast level differences in the site are not treated properly, no ramps
Since there are no built interventions the presence of sharp edges is not visible creating a secure movement. Seating options available are only under trees although present at frequent intervals some spots left out without shading or seats invites trouble for elderly citizens while strolling.
There are no assigned recreational/ meditation spaces provided although there is a jogging track but not well maintained. The vast vegetation and trees offer a soothing experience for aged people and aid in their mental wellbeing hence preferred by aged groups of people to hang out frequently.
The lack of infrastructure especially lights create a lack of activity here from dusk and makes it unsafe for the geriatric community, additionally this invites chances of crime and illegal activities around the ground making it a negative space during nights.
Improper utilization of land and no proper amenities increases issues during excessive crowds and makes it unsuitable for elder citizens during festivals etc.
Attributes Observation
Type of open space
Public space
Scale Large scale
Built spaces
Restroom sheds, temporary shops, covered seating
Landscaping Green lawns formed naturally
Activities held
Daily jogging, public protests, cultural events
Attributes Observation
Walkable environment
Level differences
Sharp edges
Suitability of furniture
Recreational/meditation spaces
Nature connectivity
Lighting levels
No defined pathways, potholes and on street parking creates trouble
Vast level difference throughout
Mostly open spaces with less edges
Only seating option are under trees, offers shade
Jogging track present around the site, although not well maintained
Natural habitat with local trees and greenery
Not well lit in nights, level differences create difficulty
Security Illegal activities and improper planning create excessive crowd and crimes during festivals
Selection criteria – Being in one of the prestigious residential locations Panampilly Nagar is one of the most favored spots for people to hang out and spend quality time. Additionally, it is easily accessible and forming on of the main point of interest in the urban area of Kochi.
Context- The Panampilly streetscape developed by Kochi metro rail Ltd (KMRL) is located in a major urban residential colony. Starting from the South over bridge and ending at Airforce navel housing board it covers about 1km. In the past years various commercial stretches have also been risen up here increasing the land value. It is also easily accessible by adjacent main road network making it a site with high potential for an inclusive design.
About- Panampilly streetscape is a 1km long stretch of walkway with bicycle track designed to encourage non-motorised transportation among people. It forms one of the active open places in the city. Although daytime seems pretty normal, by evening crowds of different age groups forms along the stretch and the night becomes most active with food trucks and bustling crowd.
Open space aspects – A humanized scale of space easily perceivable from outside since there are no built interventions present. The circulation pattern is relatively simple with the straight stretch of pedestrian pathways with no turnings.
Pedestrian movement
Vehicular movement
Built structures
Iron bench seating at intervals is the only seating provided along the walkway as shown in
Fig 4.27. Although there are cafes and shops along the walkway there are no necessary infrastructure or amenities provided for the public such as public toilets or water fountain etc. There is no particular landscaping or vegetation provided in the space, a canal running alongside is not well-maintained creating eyesore and odor issues.
Social aspects – The burgeoning streets of Panampilly comprises of varied activities created by the arriving public although there are no allocated congregational spaces or provisions for get togethers.
With the daytime relatively less active due to harsh sunlight and no covered spaces evenings and nights see a rise in activities including food vendor gathering and performances.
Although overall the space remains silent due to the presence of surrounding residences but has the potential to create a vibrant public space with various activities.
Geriatric compatibility – The defined pathways that are laid out in a straight stretch makes it simple for movement for elderly and visually connect areas although level differences from road are not treated properly with edging or ramps for wheelchair access.
Sharp edges are not created in the walkway stretch and iron benches are the only seating option provided for users. No allocation for wheelchair placement provided near the seating area and most often the benches placed can intervene the space for walking in the pathways.
No specific congregational spots for recreation or meditation makes it unsuitable for the aged people seeking company.
Vegetation or water scaping being an important element for mental peace and stress relief in elderly it is not planned in the street corridor. The existing canal is not well maintained and causes an eyesore for the passerby
The proper street lighting keeps the space well-lit throughout nights and with the residences surrounding a safe street is created with no possibility for any crimes.
Attributes Observation
Type of open space
Scale
Built spaces
Landscaping
Activities held
Public space
Large scale
Restroom sheds, temporary shops, covered seating
Green lawns formed naturally
Daily jogging, public protests, cultural events
Attributes Observation
Walkability
Level differences
Sharp edges
Seating facilities suitability
Recreational /meditation spaces
Nature connection
Lighting levels
Straight stretch of paths with less corners, easy navigation
No change in levels along the stretch
No visible edges along the stretch
Iron benches for seating at intervals, not covered
Cycling tracks and pathways for walking, less gathering spaces
Less greenery more manmade intervention, canal nearby not well maintained
Lampposts at regular intervals, no blind spots formed hence
Security Residential area with a welcoming feel, no security concerns
The international literature case studies aided in understanding the geriatric friendly measures that can be adopted in the design of an urban open space and analyze the components/ factors which aid in creating an inclusive space. A comparative analysis done as in Table 5.1 aided to analyze the geriatric aspects that was successful in creating age friendliness in public open spaces in urban areas. Further the main three components that made the space preferred by elderly have been identified as follows in Fig 5.1.
Three case studies were selected in the three districts of Kerala – Kozhikode. Thrissur and Ernakulam with an increased urban population. The urban context was initially studied and analyzed to understand how contextual factors influence age friendliness in a public space. Comparative analysis of the case studies is as given in Table 5.1.
According to the comparative analysis and understandings contextual factors that aid in encouraging elderly citizens to visit public spaces include
Easy access to space
Safe neighborhoods
Active and lively context
Next the open space aspects of the live case studies were compared to understand the deficiencies and requirements in the current public space.
Social factor is an essential component of age friendliness that has to be looked upon in open spaces and compared as shown in Table 5.4. The analyzed live case studies showed an increased activity cycle with varied user groups and kept the space active even though necessary supporting amenities weren’t present at the open space.
Social aspects Kozhikode beach Thekkinkadu maidan Panampilly streetscape
Activity
Events/
Finally analyzing the geriatric compatibility in the open spaces of the selected case studies, although the spaces aren’t planned as age inclusive ones some aspects aid in creating geriatric friendliness as visible in the comparative analysis Table 5.5.
Some modifications and changes can encourage more elderly persons to come and utilize the public spaces and create an inclusive community level space in the urban context. Geriatric elements that invited people to the selected cases include
Easily perceivable or simple navigation
Seating or congregational spaces
Prescence of natural habitat
Tranquil/ peaceful atmosphere
Geriatric aspects Kozhikode beach Thekkinkadu maidan Panampilly streetscape
Walkability Mostly simple Creates confusion Mostly simple
Level differences Ramps provided No ramps No level changes
Sharp edges Sharp corners present No sharp edges No visible edges
Seating facilities suitability Ample seating spaces Only seating option are under trees Iron benches for seating at intervals
Recreational /meditation spaces Some space allocated No dedicated space Cycling tracks provided
Nature connection Natural waterbody presence
Natural habitat with local trees and greenery Less greenery
Lighting levels Poor at late night Not well lit in nights, Well-lit lamps
Security Some dead ends created Improper planning and low lighting Very less security concerns Kozhikode beach
The main geriatric needs in Kozhikode beach include
Continuous lit pathways
Covered gathering zones
Ramps for level changes
The main geriatric needs in Thekkinkadu maidan include
Legible pathways
Activity zone demarcation
Necessary infrastructure
The main geriatric needs in Panampilly Nagar include
Ramps and handrails for pathways
Gathering spaces near canal
More inclusion of natural habitat
In person interviews were conducted with elderly focus group to understand their preferences and needs that encourage them to utilize the public open spaces which are formulated as shown in Table 5.6.
Type of open space Characteristics of preference
Open plaza
Easily perceivable, visual connectivity, Various engagement zones
Streets/Markets Very lively place, Numerous activities happening, public protests and events with crowds
Waterbody
Urban parks
Temple grounds
Peaceful place for family get-togethers, friendly chats and meditation
Greenery and trees evoke memories, children playing creates liveliness
Cultural place evokes calmness, daily routines, friendly neighborhood chats
All the findings from case studies and interviews formed way to coin the design guidelines as discussed later in the next chapter.
The analysis from the literature reviews and case studies enabled to achieve various components of design guidelines that can be incorporated effectively to evolve geriatric friendly urban open spaces in Kerala. The identified components are Basic planning – A geriatric friendly design starts right from the planning stage by evolving a simplified and coherent open space design.
The space should be easily perceivable from all sides to avoid confusion, proper signages at turnings and markings in pathways are also necessary
. The open space should be made interesting with landmark elements or with play of colors or textures to enhance the quality and mark boundaries
The pathways maybe looped if possible since elderly people tends to forget routes and multiple entrances are not recommended.
Visual contrast should be maintained for creating legible spaces, this can be accommodated by change in textures or colours.
– Imparting a connection with the natural habitat of the locality can aid in creating a multisensory experience for the elderly people.
Incorporating the natural habitat into open space design has great effect on geriatric people creating soothing and calm feeling.
Birds/butterflies can be involved in open spaces for the soothing noise effect known to relieve stresses.
Birds/butterflies for soothing
Vegetation can also be designed properly as a barrier for views/noise effectively thereby creating peaceful atmosphere for the elderly.
As reports state certain variety of plants can evoke memories in the minds of aged people this strategy can be utilized to create gardens with a mix of planting.
Water elements for a peaceful setting can aid as meditation spaces also
Infrastructure – Another important aspect to be considered in age inclusive open space is the provision for proper infrastructure. Amenities such as public toilets and water fountains encourage people to spend time in public areas.
Proper seating at intervals of minimum 50 meters should be provided according to standards.
Ergonomic seating with high armrests and proper backrests for aiding aged people while sitting and getting up.
Well laid out pathways with proper edging and demarcations are necessary
– Most aged people lookout for a company or someone to have a conversation with, this has to be managed by providing active zones that keeps them
Designing seating spaces as interaction zones for engagement with people and activities
Provision of children’s play area adjacent to elderly zones can improve interaction levels
Senior friendly activities such as potting plants can be involved if possible.
Designing meditation zones or physical activity areas can allow for aged group of people to engage in activities together.
One of the main concerns for aged people in public spaces is their safety. This can be taken care of with CCTV provisions and helpline desk if possible.
A clear and legible space layout that can be easily perceived by the elderly is preferred
The line of sight shouldn’t be broken, if possible, to create an extroverted and safe feeling
Providing with continuous lighting at intervals can create an active space throughout nights and keep public areas lively.
A community’s environment greatly supports and influence the health and wellbeing of its users and envisage active ageing. The research was conducted to understand the elements that make a space age inclusive and user friendly for elderly who are the prime and vital resources of a society. Results from the conducted case studies and interviews derived a set of guidelines that can be followed by urban planners and designers to create more comprehensible, manageable and meaningful inclusive environments for better living quality and standards. Enriching the open space character thereby can improve the health and wellbeing of geriatric community by fostering interactions and encouraging them to spend more time in open spaces thereby evolving a vigorous and healthy community.
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APPENDIX
Appendix A: Questionnaire for in person interview
1. Age?
2. Purpose of the visit?
3. How often do you visit the place and time spend there?
4. How do you prefer to come (alone/group)?
5. Any special features/character of the place you like?
6. Any necessary infrastructure/needs in the place?
7. Any safety/security issues felt in the place?
8. Any activities preferred in the place?
9. Do you consider social inclusion/inter-generational activities?
10. Is the place overall satisfactory to you?
