2021_ARCH2058_Guidebook_[Industrialisation]_[Industrialisation in San Po Kong] by ARCH2058

INDUSTRIALIZATION:

新 PO 蒲 KONG崗 SAN

ARCH2058 Modern Architecture

ASSIGNMENT 3: GUIDEBOOK

| Fall 2021

Industrialization: Factory distric in San Po Kong King Chin Hang (3035445443) Su Wenjun (3035448940) Wan Hon Lung (3035480871))

Introduction

Our tour is a one-hour walk into a piece of history. We start from Exit B of Diamond Hill Station, and we will cross Choi Hung Road and walk into the numbered street district from Sze Mei Street. Here we will experience a typical Hong Kong street view of an old industrial area, part of which is now for other usage. And heading to Tai Yau Street we will stop by and introduce the Chung Hing Industrial Mansion, and its story with the industrialization process of the whole district and the changes of people’s life. Turn back at the end of Tai Yau Street, we will walk through Choi Hung Road Playground, and see how this area was planned for workers and how they spend their life and enjoy the neighborhood after heavy work. Finally, we will go back to Choi Hung Road and end our tour at the Diamond Hill Station.

1 THE NUMBERED STREETS

The numbered streets are, specifically, eight streets in the middle of San Po Kong industrial area. Each street was named after a number. And to avoid name repeat, a Chinese character was also put in the name. The numbered streets were the centre of industrial and commercial activities, and supporting infrastructure was built around them. Regarding the streets as a site, we will see the relationship between their names, the buildings they connected, and the history of industrialization of the district.

2 Chung Hing Industrial Mansion

Chung Hing Industrial Mansion, with its signature “red A” logo at the entry of the factory had become one of the signature buildings in the San Po Kong district. Not only the factory was built in 1964 when industrialization is all over Hong Kong, but the company that was situated in this factory also brought lots of stories and history to Hong Kong. The “red A” logo is the representation of the company called Star Industries. It was famous for its plastic product that is durable and affordable to the working-class family. After the great drought in 1963, “red A” had become a renowned brand for providing cheap plastic buckets. During the 1967 Hong Kong riots, the riots were started in front of the Chung Hing Mansion. As seen, the factory is not the factory itself but also representing the development of industrialisation in San Po Kong as well as Hong Kong.

3 Playground Due to the rise of people working and living in San Po Kong in the 60s, Kai Tak Playground (as known as Choi Hung Road Playground nowadays) was opened on 31st January 1965. It was an amusement park that had Ferris Wheel, Roller Coaster, Merry-go-round and coffee-cups. In fact, it was the very first roller coaster in Hong Kong and the ride pierce through different parts of the park along the hilly shape of the site. Beside their rides, the playground also had 4 cinemas and 2 performance stages for movies to play and singers to perform. However, due to high maintenance costs and low visits after Ocean Park opened, the park was shut down in 1982 and became the Choi Hung Road Playground today. Parts of the old slopes and steps still remain and we can see how they made use of the small piece of uneven land to created such exciting place for people in the past.

San Po Kong - a yet to be defined district Chin Hang, King

There is a lot of ways to describe San Po Kong nowadays, people called it a space of obsolescence, some may call it a revitalised place for new designers. Despite all these new identities, it all started from the Industrialisation that happened in San Po Kong. During the occupation by the Japanese in Hong Kong, a new runway was built in Kai Tuk near San Po Kong. But after world war two, the runway was demolished and businessmen started building factories around it. At the same time, the UN had imposed an embargo on China’s export, further enhancing the industrialization of Hong Kong. Labour provided from the mainland also contribute knowledge and labouring to the industry of

manufacturing. With all the reasons above making industrialization was at its peak in the 60s with more than 80 per cent of the labouring population working in manufacturing industries. One of the factories that became well known at that time will be the “red A” (紅 A). The company that started the brand “red A” is called Star Industries. It was first developed as a printing factory, later in 1957 it started to produce plastic products such as cups, bowls and water buckets and started situated in San Po Kong. One of the most famous products is the plastic water buckets, due to the great drought in 1963. Since November of 1962, the total rainfall in Hong Kong is so little causing a severe supply of water to the high population. Restrictions were imposed by the government to save water such as limiting water consumption. At that time, there were only 4 hours of water provided to the people every four days. Water containers became high in demand and “red A” produced more than 10 thousand water buckets for the people. The water bucket became one

of the most popular items due to its durability and affordability and almost every family at that time have one of the products made by “red A”. The plastic industries including “red A” had brought more and more people entering the manufacturing industry and led to the rapid growth of industrialisation in the 70s. Till this day the factory is still situated in Hong Kong and the “red A” logo representing the rise of Industrialisation is still hanging at the entrance of the factory building today. One type of factory that was also built in the 60s was the flatted factories. Flatted factories were built by the government to accommodate small scale manufacturing factories that cannot be built or are not big enough to build a factory on their own. These factories were often located in domestic buildings causing trouble to the existent residents and therefore flatted factories were built enable to provide a space for smaller-scale factories at that time. In San Po Kong, flatted factories were around where King Tai Court is located now. San Po

Kong flatted factories were built in 1962 and were demolished in 2007. There were not only one but 6 of these factories and each of them had 5 to 7 stories. However, all of them were demolished due to structural problems and the high cost of maintenance. Despite these factories being demolished and no trace can be found in San Po Kong now, similar style factories can still be found in Shek Kip Mei, Chai Wan and more. The structure, floor plan and the architecture style of these factors are evident of industrialization in Hong Kong and was solely designed for the special demand of the small scale/family manufacturers factories. A simple design of the structure and flexible indoor space, allow units to build more walls or unite several units together for larger manufacturing space as well as include all sizes and kinds of small manufacture factories . Soon after mainland China had opened the border and welcomed businessmen to build factories in China, more and more factories had moved due to the high labour cost in Hong Kong and low labour cost in main-

land China, the flatted factories soon became obsolescence as well. Even though Sam Po Kong flatted factory was demolished due to structural problems, the flexible space flatted factory created allows different possibilities of functions and programmes to revitalise these abandoned factories. For example, Chai Wan flatted factories (1959) had been converted into a residential building in 2016 and Shek Kip Mei flatted factory (1977) had been converted into an art centre in 2008. Industrialization in Hong Kong has its ups and downs, one of the renowned events would be the riots that happened in 1967. In 1967 May, a labour dispute had broken out between factories worker and an artificial flower factory. The factory was located in San Po Kong, near “red A”, thus the dispute and violence have happened in front of the factory in Tai Yau Street (the street where “red A” was located). Such incidents caused a huge riot by the factories workers later on and the riots had continued for 7 months

spreading to other parts of Hong Kong. The manufacturing industry continue to develop until 1979 when labouring costs started to increase and the relocation of factories to mainland China, factories originally situated in San Po Kong were abandoned, and these empty spaces are needed to replace them with new functions and programmes. In 1998, the government introduced a mechanism in dealing with abandoned factories due to industrialization in the 60s and 70s. By turning these factories into residential purposes, the abandoned factories can be facilitated and ready to use residential space can be provided to the high demand housing market. In 1991-2001, the government had loosened the use of abandoned factories in San Po Kong bit by bit. Creating zones that allow business, residential and commercial use of these factories. Later in 2003, a paper with the title “ Regeneration of industrial areas in Metro Area – A hypothetical Case study at San Po Kong” was published by the plan-

ning department to further study the possibilities of revitalising San Po Kong. The proposed ideas are such as creating a breezeway to allow better air ventilation in the district and less cramped feelings to the user. Also, the planning department had proposed to convert the existing factories into live museums and fashion and design schools. Part of the factories built in the 1960s was kept till this day, but some of them had been demolished and new business buildings were erected. Most of the new buildings that were being built are either business buildings or residential buildings. The residential buildings are mostly situated on the east and west side of San Po Kong. Some revitalising projects can be seen today, such as the Pentahotel was a factory before and inside the hotel, a lot of elements of industrialization can still be seen in the hotel. It has slowly been seen that some art galleries and workshops would take place in factories in San Po Kong due to its affordable renting,

more and more restaurant, entertainment facilities such as rock climbing can be found. Despite having the advantage of the location where it is located between two MTR stations (Diamond hill and Kai Tak), San Po Kong was not very well used and developed as the district nearby it. It has little characteristic compare to the neighbouring area such as Diamond hill as a retailing hub and malls, Kai Tak as a coming space with a sports centre and green space and Kowloon city as a place for food hunting. It is hard to define what kind of a place Sam Po Kong is going to be. The factories that still stand to this day in San Po Kong had witnessed the golden period of Hong Kong when industrialization had taken over and made Hong Kong thrive economically. It is because of such period, Hong Kong had developed into a business hub today and manufactured quality products that we may still use this day. These factories are also evident of the hardworking factory workers

that made Hong Kong grow into an international hub. However, abandoning factories and letting them deteriorate over time will not be helped us protect the evidence of the blood sweat and tears of the people in the past, and therefore it is important to revitalise what had been left and understand the industrial history of San Po Kong.

Notes

1. RTHK. 2012. 香港故事(第19輯) 我們的品牌主題：廠出名堂. Video. https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=wHGqK8Sd6jQ. 2. 李永健., and University of Hong Kong. Revitalization of Industrial Buildings in San Po Kong [electronic Resource]. 2004. 3. 房屋署. 2006. 新蒲崗廠廈清拆日期不延遲. Hong Kong. 4. 丘, 瑞欣. 2021. “為何政府工廠大廈都似公屋？建築學者解構分層分戶工廈的設計思維：同類設計是香港發展出來先 - 明周文化”. 明周文化. https:// www.mpweekly.com/culture/%E8%A1%9E%E7%BF%A0%E8%8A%B7-%E7%9F%B3%E7%A1% A4%E5%B0%BE%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB%E4%BD%99%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%B2-193216. 5. 嚴志明, 劉奕旭, and 香港設計中心. 創意營商 : 設計思維應用與實踐 = Business of Design : Design Thinking and Design Doing. Xianggang Di Yi Ban; 香港第一版 ed. 香港: 三聯書店(香港)有限公司, 2018. 6. Ezez. 2021. “Hong Kong Water Supply – The 1963 Water Drought – The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group”. Industrialhistoryhk.org.https://industrialhistoryhk.org/ hong-kong-water-supply-the-1963-water-famine/. 7. Cooper, John. Colony in Conflict : The Hong Kong Disturbances, May 1967-January 1968. Hong Kong: Swindon Book, 1970. 8. 高承恕, and 陳介玄. 香港 : 文明的延續與斷裂? 社會與經濟叢刊 ; 2. 臺北: 聯經出版事業公司, 1997. 9. 杜亦蔭., and University of Hong Kong. A Public Art Crossover [electronic Resource] :

FORTUNE OF STREETS Wenjun, Su

Surrounded by parks, residential buildings and under-construction sites, San Po Kong is nowadays an industrial-commercial-residential combined district in New Kowloon. On the northern side and closed to Choi Hung Road and Diamond Hill Stationd, the San Po Kong industrial area has eight streets which are named after number 1-8. These streets have witnessed enormous changes since last century. While new buildings have been continuously built in Hong Kong, most industrial buildings here from last century are still functioning in a different way. This walking tour will not only cover these eight streets, but they are representatives of what we will probably see in San Po Kong – “industrial building”, crowded shop and vehicle repair centre. After decades of industriali-

zation, the streets have had a complex urban landscape which is unique yet reasonable. The new age of San Po Kong started at 1950s. Before that San Po Kong was the location of old airport and nearby village. In 1958, after the completion of new airport runway in Kai Tak, the government deconstructed this place and built new industrial area, hoping to attract investment.1 Firstly there were mainly textile factories, then they were slowly surrounded by new residential buildings which were provided for local workers.2 Market, shop, gym, playground and other facilities were continuously built for workers living in the district to fulfill their basic requirement. Nowadays most industrial buildings are turning into office buildings with ground-floor shops, rented by companies, theatres or art studios. Start from Diamond Hill Station and cross Choi Hung Road, we will see the beginning of Sze Mei Street (the fourth street), the edge of San Po Kong. Park, School, and residential building groups are located here. Turn right and walk through Ng Fong Street (the fifth

street), and we arrive Tai Yau Street, the main street. New shopping mall stands among the old buildings, and it would not be busy in weekdays. Walk along Tai Yau Street, and there are countless “industrial buildings” which have a rental advertisement, or glass door at the entrance and a metal name plate introducing which floor is the right destination if someone looks for a company’s office. Yangtzekiang Garment Limited, founded in 1949,3 as old as San Po Kong industrial area, is still located on Tai Yau Street. Stop at the end of Tai Yau Street, we will see Tong Lau which have only five or six floors. This is because most of them were built when there was a runway in San Po Kong, and their height was limited for the security of landing airplane.4 High residential buildings here were built later when the airport was moved. Pass the New Tech Plaza through Sam Chuk Street (the third street) and there is Sheung Hei Street (the second street). Street market and playground with kids running around face to vehicle repair centre. Walk

along Sheung Hei Street and go back to Diamond Hill Station, we will see plenty of people just ending their daily work and about to go home through MTR and buses. In 1950s, San Po Kong was a new under-construction industrial area. The government planned to name the eight main streets after number 1-8. However, there were already “the first street” “the second street” in Hong Kong Island. To avoid the name repeat, and affected by their strong expectations of rapid development, the government put different Chinese characters, which all have meanings of good fortune or wealth-gathering, in the streets’ name together with number.5 Tai Yau Street (meaning the first street which has everything) was the main street, which consisted of the most abundant factories in the district. It was surrounded by the second, the third, the fourth and the fifth street, and connecting to the sixth, the seventh and the eighth street. The systematic naming method was continuously used in the time of construction in last century.

Besides the streets, the naming of buildings was also a written history of San Po Kong. There are dozens of buildings which were named by “Industrial Building” or “Factory Building”. And same as streets, these industrial buildings all contain Chinese characters meaning “good” “wealthy” or “lucky” in their names. As special cases, the lucky name of building would also be in English, for example, “Efficiency House” “Standard Industrial Building” “Perfect Industrial Building” or “Success Industrial Building”. These are all real names we could see if we spend more time walking around. Although the regularity of naming did not just appear in San Po Kong or in the time of 1950s, this is still a glimpse of San Po Kong’s industrializing process: the historical connection was cut (the name of streets or buildings did not have any relationship with its history of being a village or airport), and the requirement of rapid development led to a complete new urban landscape, which nowadays can be seen all around Hong Kong. San Po Kong was not the first place which

had streets named after numbers. And the systematic naming method, not just limited to numbers, was continuously used in the time of construction in last century. In 18811900, when Yau Ma Tei in Kowloon was largely constructed, some of the streets were also named from “the first street” to “the eighth street”.6 In 1909 the number streets were renamed by the government, using the name of cities which have strong trade relationship with Hong Kong in Mainland China (“Kansu Street” “Nanking Street” “Yunnan Lane”, etc.).7 In 1901-1920, some streets in Tai Kok Tsui were named after trees: Oak Street, Maple Street, Lime Street and Fir Street.8 Both Yau Ma Tei and Tai Kok Tsui had a history of reclamation, and the time of naming street was just the time they became a prosperous commercial-residential / industrial area.9 It is easy to relate these examples to each other. The situation of San Po Kong and Tai Kok Tsui is similar: the government had new urban planning, and the place was built under completely different principle

from the previous. And the development of transportation network contributed till today. People working in San Po Kong or Yau Ma Tei do not have to live in the same place as fifty years ago, thanks to the MTR system. We can feel the eagerness of future development of this place. Start from the MTR station and keep walking into the streets, and there are advertisements and flyers everywhere, which are all selling open-planned office building and private housing, pictures rendered with shimmering glass façade and beautiful terraces, even though the buildings are just starting to be constructed. For now, most buildings here are built decades ago. It is exciting to imagine that there may be a lot of new modern skyscrapers here five years later, and it is also natural that real estate companies are expecting much more of it than residents. One of the consequences of industrialization is that the new-born tends to be more regular, unified and easy-to-be-predicted. So did the streets completed in last century and so do the new buildings waiting to be built.

San Po Kong has a special urban landscape due to its changing identity in last half century. A mixed land use is not rarely seen in Hong Kong, and the street views are working as a living record of history of the district. Most places in Kowloon including San Po Kong have been through decades of industrialization in 20th century, and even though it is not purely for industry anymore, it keeps the characteristics, the trail of being planned as a completely new piece of land: the name of streets. Now the government’s expectation for this place is inherited by real estate companies, and the lucky names are still on their early mission: carrying people’s willing of new investment.

Notes 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1.爾東, 趣談九龍街道. Chu Ban.; 初版. ed. 香港歷史文化小百科; 16 (香港: 明報出版社有限公司, 2004), 204. 2. 鄭寶鴻 and 佟寶銘, 九龍街道百年. Xianggang Di 1 Ban.; 香港第1版. ed. 香港經典系列(香港: 三聯書店(香港)有限公司, 2012), 84. 3.“Yangtzekiang Garment Limited – About YGM.” (2021) https://www.ygm. com.hk/index.php/zh-CN/about-ygm-3 4.鄭寶鴻 and 佟寶銘, 九龍街道百年, 84. 5.爾東, 趣談, 204-205. 6.鄭寶鴻 and 佟寶銘, 九龍街道百年, 95. 7.The latter versions of name are kept till today. See 爾東, 趣談, 155 and 鄭寶鴻 and 佟寶銘, “Appendix 1: Renaming / Vanishing Kowloon Streets” in 九龍街道百年, 93. 8.For more examples, see 鄭寶鴻 and 佟寶銘, “Appendix 3: Index / A Timeline of Major Roads and Streets Constructed in Kowloon (1861-1940)” in 九龍街道百年, 95. 9.鄭寶鴻 and 佟寶銘, 九龍街道百年, 40, 54.

The uprise and downfall of San Po Kong Hon Lung, Wan

Sun Po Kong, situated between Kowloon City and Choi Hung, is a piece of flat land sitting under nose of the Lion Rock. The district has been quite quiet since the end of the 90s when it comes to developments/ redevelopments. A few industrial sites from similar time have been going through changes, for instances, a few industrial buildings in Kwun Tong and Lai Chi Kok have already been revitalized and the change in services in these buildings have brought a lot of small business into the district and attracted youngsters to invest and also spend their leisure time in these industrial districts. Meanwhile, San Po Kong still does not have its own MTR station till this day while all the districts surrounding it has one. Yet, investors are starting to look

twice at real estate’s opportunities in San Po Kong since the Kai Tak major development. Many believe that the new stadium and sport facilities, along with the huge amount of new residential buildings built in the area, would increase the human flow into and out of the district. As San Po Kong is right above Kai Tak, it would mean an increase in the real estate value in the future, not to mention that as San Po Kong are filled with buildings from the 50s, that acquisition is also very probable. San Po Kong is maybe on the verge of finally going through redevelopment from its industrial age, however, what was San Po Kong like as it stepped into industrialization 70 years ago? San Po Kong, or “New” Po Kong in the literal meaning of the name, means there was an “old” Po Kong. Before the World War II, there was a lot of small villages scattered around the area and one of them was call Po Kong Village. The name “Po Kong” is derived from “Pu Tian” and hills, which were the name of the villagers’ ancestral homes

and the geographical condition of the village respectively. In World War II, the Japanese evacuated more than 20 similar villages in the area, including Po Kong Village, and also razed the hills to the ground, to create a flat surface and make way for the extension of the airport back then. It was after the war when the district was named San Po Kong. After World War II, Hong Kong started to develop into secondary sector economy with the huge inflow of mainland workers. Factories were built in different districts to manufacture products for Hong Kong and the world. San Po Kong, however, is “famous” for having small land and also hard to get to and hence, it is not a popular choice of place to start a factory. At the time, San Po Kong had 8 streets that was named with the numbers 1 to 8 in Chinese characters. This was also believed be one of the first cases when Hong Kong used a city planning scheme that systematically named the newly developed towns. However, the government was wor-

ried that these streets would be confused with the streets in Western District, i.e. the First Street, the Second Street etc., and San Po Kong was also in need of encouragement to attract developers to invest and open factories in the district. Therefore, the government renamed the streets, with the original numbers as the first word, followed by an auspicious word, to wish the district good fortune and also draw developers into the district. The streets are Tai Yau Street, Sheung Hei Street, Sam Chuk Street, Sze Mei Street, Ng Fong Street, Luk Hop Street, Tsat Po Street and Pat Tat Street, in numerical order. The district’s development flew in the 60s. Big companies such as Star Industrial Co. Ltd. and Yangtszkiang Garment were building their factories here. With the increasing number of workers working and the poor transportation network in the district, residential buildings were built to cater for the workers and their families. The factories are situated on the north side of Tseuk Luk Street while

the residential buildings were built south to that street. Tseuk Luk Street is a significant street as a wide and straight road across the heart of San Po Kong because it used to be landing lane for planes back when San Po Kong was still an airport. The name “Tseuk Luk” is homophonic to the word “landing” in Chinese, and the street was named this way in to commemorate this special piece of history in the district. Back to the residential buildings, the streets that house the residential buildings were also named after phrases with fortune meanings. These residential units were mainly for the middle class to live in while the poorer families had to live in squatter camps across Choi Hung Road. These residential areas made working in San Po Kong a lot more possible as it saved both time and money for the workers as their daily routine can be contained in San Po Kong. At the same time, as the development in San Po Kong was soaring high, the streets would be filled with people during the afterwork

hours and it gave rise to restaurants, shops and also stalls to open in the area, followed by a lot of entertainment venues. In 1962, the hill between Sheung Hei Street and Choi Hung Road was bid to build the Kai Tak Playground. The playground has its grand opening on 31st January 1965. It was very similar to a theme park, with Ferris Wheel, Roller coaster, Merry-go-round, coffee-cups etc. It was a very exciting park in a small piece of land, in fact, the roller coaster in the playground was Hong Kong’s vert first roller coaster. Apart from the rides, the playground was also a stage for singers to perform and entertain the public. The playground had 4 cinemas and 2 performance stages inside. However, as movies were the main source of entertainment at the time, the 4 small cinemas inside the playground were not enough to serve the public, especially after the playground attracted people from other districts into San Po Kong. Two other cinemas were also built in the district to serve more people. One

of them, Lai Gong Cinema, had the capacity to sit more than 3000 audiences and it was the largest cinema in Hong Kong at the time. We can deduce from all the work the government and investors did to the district at the time, that the industrialization of the district worked very well. Not only did a lot of big companies started in San Po Kong and manufactured products and everyday items for Hong Kong’s citizens and the world, the amount of people living in the area was so overwhelming that their need for leisure actually boosted the development of entertainment facilities to an extent that they did not only serve the district, but the whole Hong Kong and even tourists. The transportation disadvantage of the district gave the government a headache in the beginning but the work they did to make up and promote the district to investors, along with the work they did to make working in San Po Kong easier for the workers, made San Po Kong on of the most special and one of the busiest industrial district in Hong Kong at its golden age.

The whole industrialization process in Hong Kong started when mainlanders fled to Hong Kong with their skills and died when China opened up and Hong Kong manufactures moved their factories back to China for much cheaper labor and cost. It is a fact and it happened across Hong Kong’s many industrial districts. Some districts are lucky that their advantage in transportation or a special few revitalizations project brought them back to life. San Po Kong, on the other hand, did not improve its transportation network during its golden era and transportation is once again the achilles’ heel of the district as the golden era passed. The playground was shut down due to high maintenance cost and low on visitors after Ocean Park opened. The cinemas were shut down one by one and the industrial buildings are now only attractive to people looking for cheap rents. Hence, San Po Kong’s industrial buildings have started to become the hub for artists’ studio spaces or entrepreneurs with small budgets. The streets are filled with garages

and the residential area is filled with old age homes. Although there is a new mall built in the district and brought some international brands to the area, it failed to bring in more people as it is still hard to get to the place. Industrialization in San Po Kong was very different compared to other industrial districts like Kwun Tong. With the amount of people flowing in the district for their entertainment facilities, San Po Kong actually had more opportunities to develop than the other districts. It is very disappointing that they did not seize the opportunity to propose for an MTR station when the district actually needed one with the amount of people coming in. What would San Po Kong have been if it seized the chance? Would it be even Kwun Tong now? It is very exciting to see how will San Po Kong react to the new Kai Tak development and to see whether San Po Kong can turn itself around and take a bigger role in Hong Kong.

Notes 1.

. 爾東, 趣談九龍街道. Chu Ban.; 初版. ed. 香港歷史文化小百科; 16 (香港: 明報出版社有限公司, 2004), 204. 2. 余思朗 “【社區異想】新蒲崗以前係咪叫舊蒲崗？新蒲崗八街是全港第一？.” 香港01. 香港01, April 6, 2017. https://www.hk01.com/%E7%A4%BE%E5% 8D%80%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C/81676/%E7% A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E7%95%B0%E6%83%B3 -%E6%96%B0%E8%92%B2%E5%B4%97%E4% BB%A5%E5%89%8D%E4%BF%82%E5%92%AA %E5%8F%AB%E8%88%8A%E8%92%B2%E5 %B4%97-%E6%96%B0%E8%92%B2%E5%B4% 97%E5%85%AB%E8%A1%97%E6%98%AF%E5% 85%A8%E6%B8%AF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80. 3. 潘燊昌作者: 本社編輯部作者: and 盧兆興作者: “蒲崗村與新蒲崗工業區.” 灼見名家, August 8, 2017. https://www.master-insight.com/%E8 %92%B2%E5%B4%97%E6%9D%91%E8%88 %87%E6%96%B0%E8%92%B2%E5%B4%9 7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8D%80/. 4. BeeMedia, and AM730. “九龍老區：新蒲崗.” AM730 香港免費派發的報紙 (Online Edition of am730). Accessed December 22, 2021. http://archive.am730.com.hk/article-281597. 5. Metro Pop. “【18區】新蒲崗街道趣談｜Metropop.” Metro Pop, November 1, 2017. https://www.metropop.com.hk/%E6%96% B0%E8%92%B2%E5%B4%97%E8%A1%9 7%E9%81%93%E8%B6%A3%E8%AB%87. 6. yee888yee. “啟德遊樂場.” YouTube. YouTube,

February 16, 2008. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=OEvg0sCjVi0&ab_channel=yee888yee.

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The Modern Architecture Guidebook Hong Kong’s built environment represents a unique site of inquiry in the global history of the Modern Movement. The Modern Architecture guidebook series draw from an inter-disciplinary toolkit of knowledge, references, and field studies to understand the processes at work in the built environment. Each walking tour in the series begins with one of the 98 MTR stations in Hong Kong as the meeting point. First opened in 1979, this modernist infrastructure has produced a city rationalized around transportoriented development. Organized around key themes (industrialization, colonization, environment, internationalization, migration, decolonization, counterculture, and globalization), the guidebooks present a critical yet open perspective towards the implications of large-scale modernist schemes on the environment and community.