2021_ARCH2058_Guidebook_Colonization_Heritages in Tsim Sha Tsui by ARCH2058

COLONIZATION:

尖 SHA 沙 TSUI 咀 TSIM

ARCH2058 Modern Architecture ASSIGNMENT 3: GUIDEBOOK

| Fall 2021

Colonization: Heritages in Tsim Sha Tsui Cheung Tsz Kiu Jackie 3035699446 Hui Yui Gi Catherine 3035698014 Wong Nicole Yuk-ting 3035712731

HERITAGE

This is Hong Kong, a thriving and dynamic metropolis, where the treasure of the past meets the modern way of life. The city’s heritage architecture tells the tale of Hong Kong’s history. From 1841 to 1997, Hong Kong was under British rule. Britain introduced western architectural styles to Hong Kong from the mid-19th century onwards, affecting the local building design development. The integration of Chinese and western elements is the new identity of Hong Kong.1 The collective memories of local people in these monumental buildings built their sense of belonging. Although Hong Kong is no longer Bristain’s colony, the historical significance of these architecture to the place still remains and the influence on the people’s lifestyle continued until today.

1 1881 HERITAGE Year Completed: 1884 Renovated: 2003 Situated at the heart of Tsim Sha Tsui, 1881 Heritage is a current cultural and retail attraction in Hong Kong. The architectural complex is consisting of The Former Marine Police Headquarters, Stable Block, Time Ball Tower, Old Kowloon Fire Station, and Fire Station Accommodation Block.2 In 2003, the 130-year-old Former Marine Police Headquarters has been revitalized and re-integrated into the urban fabric of the surrounding neighborhood. The property’s historic courtyard and surrounding gardens showcases its legacy and heritage value to both locals and tourists alike. It illustrates the rich colonial characteristic in the Victorian architecture of the buildings on site.3

4 6 3

Plan drawing of the 1881 Heritage4

1. Former Marine Police Headquarters (with a central courtyard) 2. Former Stable Block (Current restaurant) 3. Time Ball Tower 4. Shopping Arcade 5. Old Kowloon Fire Station 6. Typhoon Mast (Previously mounted on the Time Ball Tower)

2 CLOCK TOWER Year Completed: 1915 Designated as world heritage site: 1990 The British Section of the Kowloon-Canton Railway opened on October 1, 1910, while the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower (1919- present), also known as the Pedder Street Clock Tower (1862-1915) is the only remaining structure left. The 44-meter-high tower was unquestionably one of the first symbols of European presence in the Asian colony, as well as a significant monument and tribute to Hong Kong’s early railway history.5 The highest section of the tower is an octagonal domed belfry built of red brickwork, which contrasts with the white-painted classical characteristics of the scroll-shaped buttresses, columns, and cornices, and was built in the Edwardian Classical Revival style using red bricks and granite.6

1 7

The Clock Tower Drawings7 1. Octagonal Domed Belfry 2. Clock 3. Red Brick

4. Granite Base 5. Bell 6. Staircase 7. Train Station

3 THE PENINSULA Year Completed: 1928 Designated as grade I heritage site: 2014 The Peninsula Hong Kong is a premiere hotel facing the Victoria Harbour, located at a busy junction in Tsim Sha Tsui. Kowloon was the final station of the trans-Siberian rail link where tourists from Europe landed so the hotel has always been a welcoming hospitality for travellers since the past.8 Built in 1928, the hotel followed the Baroque architectural style, and has been witnessing and taking part in Hong Kong’s colonial and post-colonial history. A year before its opening, it was used by British military officials for a short period of time. It had also served as a refugee camp after war.9 Its further expansion of the new wing in 1994 followed a similar colonial architectural style, in combination with modern elements and the buildings remained as a prestigious hotel until today.

5 4

Elevation drawing of Peninnsula10

1. Roof 2. Arch 3. Window 4. Railing 5. Facade

Notes

1. Cheung Kong Limited. 1881 Heritage [videorecording] . Hong Kong: Cheung Kong (Holdings), 2010. 2. “House 1881-The Book”. 2020. Fwdhouse1881. Com. http://www.fwdhouse1881.com/House1881TheBook-ENG.pdf. 3. “1881 Heritage”. 2019. 1881Heritage.Com. h t t p s : / / w w w. 1 8 8 1 h e r i t a g e . c o m / a b o u t . php#history?lang=en. 4. “Broad Development Parameters of the Applied Use/Development in Respect of Application No. A/ K1/260.” Hong Kong: HKSAR, January 2020. 5. Former Kowloon-Canton Railway Clock Tower, Tsim Sha Tsui - declared Monuments - Antiquities and Monuments Office. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.amo.gov.hk/textmode/en/ monuments_43.php. 6. Chan, Catherine S. “Belonging to the City: Representations of a Colonial Clock Tower in British Hong Kong.” Accessed December 21, 2021. https:// journals-sagepub-com.eproxy.lib.hku.hk/doi/ pdf/10.1177/0096144218769894. 7. 王潔恩.“建築署手繪圖則曝光重現太空館、尖沙嘴鐘樓人手勾勒圖.” 香港01. 香港01, May 10, 2021. shorturl. at/krzS2 8. Chan, Tin-kuen Anthony. City landmarks: Westernstyle Buildings in the Colonial Era. 1st ed. Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Company (Hong Kong) Limited, 2019, 170. 9. Grundy, Tom. “The Peninsula Hotel, Hong Kong - A

Visual History.” Hong Wrong, December 12, 2013. http://hongwrong.com/peninsula-hong-kong/. 10. “The Peninsula Hong Kong - 酒店前門及主入口的珍貴設計手稿.” Facebook. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://zh-cn.facebook.com/

THE STORY OF HOW THE COLONIAL ARCHITECTURES CAME INTO EXISTENCE -- Colonization, Land Use, and Architectural Style Tsz Kiu Jackie, Cheung

Ever since the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, Hong Kong Island was ceded to the British Empire by the Qing Dynasty. Followed by the ceding of Kowloon in 1860 and the leasing of the New Territories from 1898, Hong Kong as a whole had then become a British colony.1 Situated at the southern tip of the Kowloon Peninsula, Tsim Sha Tsui had

some villages clustered in the area before the British rule. In its early days of colonial rule, it was dominated by the facilities of the British military and was a residential area for the expatriates.2 With its favourable location facing the Victoria Harbour and opposite to Central where commercial activities were largely concentrated, the government started to promote the development of the Kowloon Peninsula in the 1870s.3 Constructions began to develop and the area further flourished with the Kowloon-Canton Railway commenced services. We can see the colonization of the place commensurate with the colonization of the use of land as well, changing a place with several villages only to a military base, and further to a major transport junction, as well as an important commercial and cultural interchange centre. 1881 Heritage – A Military Base Rebuilt by Colonial Government The British forces picked Tsim Sha Tsui as

its military base ever since Britain began her colonial rule in Hong Kong. The now 1881 Heritage, the former Marine Police Headquarters located in the heart of Tsim Sha Tsui, was a footprint from then. Before the construction of the Marine Police Headquarters, the site was originally the West Kowloon No. 1 Battery built by the Qing Government in 1842 to protect Hong Kong from foreign invasion. It was later abandoned in 1854. The British Forces redeveloped the abandoned site, turning the old site of the battery into the Marine Police Headquarters Building.4 With foundation laid in 1881 and completed in 1884, this former Marine Police Headquarters was put into use subsequent to the burning of the original Water Police Headquarters on the barque “John Adams” in the same year.5 The construction comprises the main building, a stable block, and a signal tower. The main building of this former Marine Police Headquarters was originally a two-

storey structure with an additional storey added in the 1920s.6 It was constructed on the waterfront with a dedicated slip. Adjacent to the building was horse stables. The two-storey Time Ball Tower is the most distinctive building within the compound to provide time signals to ships in the harbour. A typhoon mast was mounted on top of the Tower where signals were raised manually during typhoons. The Headquarters were occupied by the Hong Kong Marine Police from 1880’s till 1996, except for the period during Second World War during which was occupied by the Japanese navy.7 The site was originally built by the Qing Government as a battery for military purpose to protect Hong Kong from foreign invasion. However, with the ceding of Hong Kong to the British Empire, the use of the land was made more functional and dimensional. Though it was still a military base, it’s function had been changed, and extended to safeguard the Victoria Harbour and serve

the marine community by disseminating accurate standard time for ships to set their chronometers and communicate wind signals to the ships sailing in the harbour.8 It served the water transport in the harbour until 1907 when the time ball service was relocated to Signal Hill. And the function of the Time Ball Tower, had changed to work place, reading room and resting place for the Marine Police afterwards.9 Under the colonization of Hong Kong by British rule, more emphasis was put on the function of this compound for the safety of sea transport for commercial and economic benefits, helping Hong Kong to gradually transform from a fishing village to a world commercial port. With its colonial background, the architectures built at that time are often under the influence of the western architecture style. The structure of the Headquarters adopted the Victorian style and neo-classical architectural designs with colonial stairways, fountains and Victorian arches.10 The time

ball mounted on the pole above the domed roof of the tower is a replica referencing similar time ball design in Britain at that time. Despite the adoption of Victorian style architecture, some local style features of architecture were found within, like the air vents decorated with patterns of a square within a circle to signify the symbol of wealth in Chinese culture, and the use of china and porcelain like materials which were widely used in Chinese style of architectures also shows the integration of local style with colonial Victorian style of design. Besides, the spacious courtyard and surrounding gardens are elements of architecture style corresponding to the ancient Chinese residential courtyard infrastructure. It is symmetrical and is enclosed from four sides to give protection to the residence. It is a showcase of its historic legacy and heritage from the Chinese culture.

Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower – A Transportation Hub on Reclaimed Land

time ball tower

Victorian arches enclosed courtyard

air vents with Chinese characteristics

In close proximity to the 1881 Heritage located the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower. The Clock Tower on the southern tip of the Kowloon Peninsula, was actually part of the former Kowloon-Canton Railway Kowloon Terminus which was demolished in 1977.11 The very first idea to construct the Kowloon-Canton Railway came in place in 1864 to have a railway network running from Guangzhou to Kowloon. A consensus was reached between China and Britain in 1904, with the Hong Kong government responsible for the building, funding, and operation of the Shenzhen-Kowloon section of the Kowloon-Canton Railway.12 To serve better the cargo and passenger flows, it was decided the railway terminus be located at the waterfront. Land reclamation was conducted in phases at the southern tip of the Kowloon Peninsula to provide more land for the construction of the railway terminus.13

Built on reclaimed land, the Clock Tower was completed in 1915 while the whole Kowloon Terminus was officially opened in 1916, serving as the Asiatic terminus of the line from Calais of France across the Continent, through Trans-Siberian Express to Manchuria, then China to Hong Kong.14 The ground floor of the Station comprised Customs, Examination Hall, concourse, booking offices and waiting rooms. The first floor was fully occupied by the railway administration offices.15 The Clock Tower has become a landmark of the site ever since. To facilitate rail transport development, the British eyed on the prime location in the southern tip of the Kowloon Peninsula, the waterfront opposite the Hong Kong Island. Prior to the construction, most of the marine lots along the waterfront in Tsim Sha Tsui were privately owned. To transform those land lots for construction of terminus and related use, the government had negotiated with the land owners to offer

them compensation in the form of land exchange or monetary compensation.16 This kind of land resumption activities to change the use of land were common in the history of colonial government in Hong Kong. And reclamation to increase land supply along the waterfront for various land use had not stopped for a long time, changing the coastal line on both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The opening of the Kowloon-Canton railway service had opened up one more convenient route for the Europeans to come to Hong Kong through rail transport in addition to sea transport and brought in more and more visitors.17 This had significant impact to boost trade and foster the growth of Hong Kong as an international commercial port. The Clock Tower, basically a replica with reference to the clock towers in Britain and other European countries, was an important symbol of the British colonialism. The Kowloon Terminus was referred as the Far East Train

Terminus of the British Empire.18 It was no doubt a proof of European presence in the Colony. The Clock Tower was built in the Edwardian Classical Revival style. The lower part of the tower is a square granite structure, while the upper part is an octagonal domed belfry built of red brickwork, contrasts with the whitepainted classical features of the scroll-shaped buttresses, columns and cornices.19 These are all features of the Edwardian Classical style of architectures. Due to the outbreak of the First World War which affected the delivery of building materials, and the high cost spent on the reclamation of land and site formation, the materials used for the building structure was adjusted to adopt more local materials.20

octagonal domed belfry red brickwork

squared base

granite structure

The Peninsula Hong Kong – “The Finest Hotel East of Suez” With the opening up of the KowloonCanton Railways, and quays where ocean liners passengers disembarked, many travelers from Europe were brought in to Hong Kong leading to high demand for hotel accommodation in the early twentieth century. To meet this demand, the Hong Kong Government decided to build a new hotel.21 The reclaimed land at the tip of the Kowloon peninsula, opposite the railway terminal and close to the quays around, ultimately made the site an ideal location. Founded by the Kadoorie family of the JewishIraqi descent 22, the Hong Kong and Shanghai Hotels Company built the hotel with an idea to be ‘the finest hotel east of Suez’ and with accommodation up to 500 guests.23 The hotel was opened in 1928 with restaurants and bars providing the finest cuisines, magnificent ball rooms for social gathering, and also one of

the oldest fashion arcades in Hong Kong that houses international brands such as Chanel, Dior, etc. It became a popular meeting place for the rich and the prestigious group. The Peninsula, occupied the prime location on the waterfront, welcomes visitors came by sea and by rail from all over the world. Tsim Sha Tsui was no more than a village before the development of the rail terminal and the Peninsula hotel. With reclamation and wide development of the area under the colonial government, the site soon became the gateway of the port and key meeting place between the East and the West. The hotel was once the tallest edifice in the Kowloon Peninsula at that time. The visitors of the hotel were all wealthy and prestigious figures. Sunday concerts, dinner dances and tea dances were held nights and days to hospitalize hundreds of guests and patrons of the highest class at the time. It soon became a popular place for social gathering and drawing

the rich and famous from near and far.24 The luxury and grandeur of the Peninsula reflected the life of the high level residents of the Colony and marked the glory of the colonial era for the British Empire. It was not only a hotel to cater visitors from all over the world, but had also carried social value as a centre of social activity for the residents of the Colony. With accommodation and services offered to tourists comparable with the modern establishments in Europe and America, the legendary “Grande Dame of the Far East” also had her name as well as the name of Hong Kong known to the world ever since25. The Peninsula Hotel has adopted the Baroque revival style of architecture design. The building itself was in H shape with seven storeys.26 The exquisite lobby is grandly decorated with arched windows and squared marble columns. The high neo-classic ceiling of the lobby was decorated with marvelous mirrors, composed of thousands of little pieces

of colourful glass. Wooden chandeliers made in Shanghai were hung from the ceilings. The main staircase with novel treatment of balustrade, detailed plaster work in the First Floor Tea Lounge, ornamental stained glass windows over the Main Staircase, bronze and metal work, crafted woodwork, carpets and draperies all present the Baroque style of grand and elegant setting in its decoration. As the building was constructed with modern techniques and materials, while many of the crafts work were conducted by the best Shanghai craftsmen, the hotel is in fact a masterpiece with blending of the best Eastern and Western craftsmanship.27

arched openings

details of gilded ceiling

crafts work on roof squared marble columns

arched windows

crafts work on facades

Hong Kong was under the colonial rule of Britain for over a century. This has brought a significant change to the city development, from the use of land to the architectural style of the buildings. 1881 Heritage, the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower and The Peninsula Hong Kong are all structures that were built at the time and are with a strong reflection of colonial characteristics. The impact of colonization is very powerful. Not only was the political control being overtaken, but the social and economic activities were also colonialized through the change in land use and architecture. Until today, The Peninsula is still a symbol of status. It is seen that the influence of colonization to a place is long-lasting and awing.

Evolution of the Kowloon Peninsula Map of Kowloon Peninsula 1863 28

Map of Kowloon Peninsula 1888 29

Map of Kowloon Peninsula 1913 30

Map of Kowloon Peninsula 1930 31

Notes

1. Ho, Pui-yin. Ways to Urbanisation. Hong Kong University Press, HKU, 2009, 6. 2. Xiao, Guojian., and Sze. Sham. Heritage Trails in Urban Hong Kong. Hong Kong Exploration Series ; 2. Hong Kong: Wan Li Book, 2001, 134. 3. Ho, Pui-yin. Ways to Urbanisation. Hong Kong University Press, HKU, 2009, 22. 4. Zhang, Yi. “1881 Heritage: A Living Fossil of Hong Kong’s Modern History.” Going Global, no. 30 (2016): 94-97. 5. Hong Kong Police Force, Police History Chapter 1 History – The First Century3 (n.d.). Hong Kong. 6. Huang, Huasheng, and Hon-wan, Edwin. Chan. Guide to Architecture in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Pace Pub., 1998, 92. 7. Xiao, Guojian., and Sze. Sham. Heritage Trails in Urban Hong Kong. Hong Kong Exploration Series ; 2. Hong Kong: Wan Li Book, 2001, 140. 8. Cheung Kong Limited. 1881 Heritage [videorecording] . Hong Kong: Cheung Kong (Holdings), 2010. 9. Chan, Tin-kuen Anthony. City landmarks: Western-style Buildings in the Colonial Era. 1st ed. Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Company (Hong Kong) Limited, 2019, 181. 10. “About 1881 Heritage.” 1881 heritage. Accessed December 14, 2021. https://www.1881heritage.com/ about.php. 11. Choi, Sze-Hang Henry. The History, Development of City and Collective Memory of Tsim Sha Tsui Seafront. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2019, 12-13.

12. Ho, Pui-Yin. Making Hong Kong. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, 104106. 13. Tymon. “The Kowloon-Canton Railway (British Section) – the Construction of Kowloon Station.” The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group, April 24, 2021. https:// industrialhistoryhk.org/kowloon-canton-railway-britishsection-3-kowloon-station/. 14. Chan, Catherine S. “Belonging to the City: Representations of a Colonial Clock Tower in British Hong Kong.” Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (2018): 321–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144218769894. 15. 27, eso gold April. “A Brief Visual History of the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower.” Hong Wrong, September 21, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20200127201514/ http://hongwrong.com/hong-kong-clock-tower. 16. Ho, Pui-Yin. Making Hong Kong. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, 104106. 17. Chan, Tin-kuen Anthony. City landmarks: Western-style Buildings in the Colonial Era. 1st ed. Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Company (Hong Kong) Limited, 2019, 167168. 18. Chan, Catherine S. “Belonging to the City: Representations of a Colonial Clock Tower in British Hong Kong.” Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (2018): 321–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144218769894 19. Chan, Tin-kuen Anthony. City landmarks: Western-style Buildings in the Colonial Era. 1st ed. Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Company (Hong Kong) Limited, 2019, 170.

20. “ Kowloon-Canton Terminus Station, Hong Kong (1916).” Arthur Benison Hubback. Accessed December 15, 2021. https://www.abhubback.com/ kowlooncantonterminushongkong. 21. Peninsula Group. The Peninsula. Hong Kong: Peninsula Group, 1990, 23-24, 33. 22. Yu , Yat-yiu. The Peninsula. 1st ed. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (Hong Kong) Company Limited, 2015, 34-38. 23. “The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels - A Brief History.” The Hong Kong Heritage Project, August 2014. https:// www.hongkongheritage.org/Pages/post.aspx?post=30. 24. “The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels - A Brief History.” The Hong Kong Heritage Project, August 2014. https:// www.hongkongheritage.org/Pages/post.aspx?post=30. 25. Peninsula Group. The Peninsula. Hong Kong: Peninsula Group, 1990, 39-42. 26. Xiao, Guojian., and Sze. Sham. Heritage Trails in Urban Hong Kong. Hong Kong Exploration Series ; 2. Hong Kong: Wan Li Book, 2001, 139. 27. Augustin, Andreas. In The Most Famous Hotels in the World: The Peninsula, 3rd ed., 45–47. The Author, 1992. 28. Ha, Empson. “ The Map of Kowloon in 1863.” Map. Mapping Hong Kong: a Historical Atlas. Hong Kong: Hong Kong, Government Information Services, 1992. 29. The Royal Engineers. “Survey Map of Kowloon Peninsula in 1888.” Map. Hong Kong’s First - Maps and Surveys. Accessed December 15, 2021. http://hongkongsfirst. blogspot.com/2009/09/maps-and-surveys.html. 30. “Hong Kong and Part of Leased Territories.” Map. War Office Great Britain, 1913. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj233534102/view.

31. “Map of Victoria Hong Kong 1930.” Map. Vintage Maps and Prints. Accessed December 15, 2021. https:// www.vintage-maps-prints.com/collections/vintagecity-maps/products/vintage-map-of-victoria-hongkong-1930.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOW THE COLONIAL ARCHITECTURES ADVANCED -- Material, Innovation, and Economy Nicole Yuk-ting, Wong

The acceptance of the people toward the new is often unpredictable. Most people are wary of unfamiliar foreign inputs and lack a sense of belonging within them. Subsequently, an adjustment period is required, with changes and adaptations done in the process. With the new introduce to structure materials, the construction

methods, and the new technologies available at the time, they all contributed to Hong Kong’s success and became the iconic and local brand name of Hong Kong. 1881 Heritage – Mass Importation by Water The safety of the people on the sea has always been vital to the land and the economy, and Victoria Habour has long been an important waterway for the importation of world commerce.1 Extreme weather that causes unstable waves, high sea levels, or poor visibility endangers the workers’ safety. Furthermore, pirates have long been a problem in Hong Kong and its surrounding waters, posing a serious threat to ships passing through and disrupting the trades. 2 According to reports from the 1850s, there were an average of fourteen big incidents per year.3 The current 1881 Heritage is the former Former Marine Police Head Quarters.4 It played an essential role in guarding Victoria Habour and ensuring the safety of the people.

before being dropped at 1 p.m.7 This Time Ball Tower was built in the same year as Greenwich Mean Time was established, with the essential duty of spreading accurate standard time to the naval community.8

Victoria Habour, 1880s

The Signal Tower, also known as the Round House, is a small cylindrical tower on which stands a metal ball on a long rod, evoking British naval history. It was built in 1884 and is located at the most prominent point from the harbour’s 200-degree angle.5 The habour is packed with the hundreds of ships that pass through weekly. Ships used the tower to recalibrate their chronometers before leaving Victoria Harbour on their round-the-world cruises.6 During these early years, a ball was fixed on a pole and lifted every morning

Time Ball Tower

At the sight of the drop the ball, the accuracy of the time was rigorously examined, and the habour may synchronize their onboard chronometers.9 The accuracy of the time was meticulously verified and checked by

the scientists at the Hong Kong Observatory (which was set up in 1883) before such information was transmitted to the Time Ball Tower via telegraph wire.10 Since keeping accurate time was one of the most important pieces of information for navigation in the olden days, and a one-minute error could result in ships straying many miles off course

Time Ball Tower Description

or sinking, the “time service” provided by the time ball tower was of utmost important to the many trading vessels that frequented Hong Kong’s harbor, and had no doubt contributed to Hong Kong’s role as a significant entrepot.11

Apart from the Signal Tower, the main building itself has numerous colonial footprints. The structure’s design also included Chinese architectural characteristics, such as a timber roof, as well as a Western iron casting technology.12 Interlocking timber is a pattern used in Chinese wooden construction to form robust roofs.13 Furthermore, the timber was not only used in the roof but also in the flooring and staircase construction.14 Iron was an important component of Britain’s rapidly industrializing economy, and the country possessed plenty of raw materials. By 1800, the iron industry had advanced dramatically where it was a net exporter.15 As a result, iron was also used in the construction of the main structure.

Timber Flooring16

Timber Staircases16

Timber Roof and Cast Iron16

Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower – The Timekeeper of the Land Looking across Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong’s successful globalization and development product. The glass and steel structures have taken over the cityscape.17 The fortyfour-meter-tall red structure made use of its distinct color difference to stand out from its surroundings.18 The British government built the clock tower and designed by the government architect of the Federated Malay States, A. B. Hubback. The tower was visible at a distance and served both as a railway terminal landmark and time signal tower.19 This allows visitors to locate the attraction quickly and establish a sense of time. Most individuals did not have watches before the middle of the twentieth century, and even home clocks were uncommon before the 18th century.20 Public clocks were essential for people to operate their business and be timely in an era when watches were a luxury available only to the privileged few. As a result, they were erected in towers to hear the

bells from afar.21 Clock towers were often the highest structures in communities, located near the center. As clock towers became more popular, designers recognized that a dial on the outside of the tower would allow residents to check the time at any time.22 When the British conquered the Orient, they placed clock towers all across the conquered land. The first one they placed was the Pedder Street Clock Tower.23 Due to the poor allocation planning, it led to traffic problems, four and so in 1905; an official proposed to have the Governor “take the Clock Tower by the hand and lead it down towards the waterfront, and endow it with a large clean new face.”24 And so the clock face relocated to Tsim Sha Tsui and continued serving its mission. The clock tower consisted of an electric clock and a big bronze bell weighing one tonne. The one-ton hour bell was mounted as part of the electric clock mechanism in the Clock Tower in March 1921, and its peals first

rang out in 1919 by John Taylor & Company, a renowned bellfoundry in Loughborough, United Kingdom.25 The clock began to serve as a “timekeeper” in March 1921 with a sonorous bell every 15 minutes that quickly became its most memorable feature.26

Pedder Street Clock Face 27

Broze Bell

As Hong Kong’s economy grew, Tsim Sha Tsui became a must-visit destination for travelers. The Clock Tower is the only piece of the former Kowloon-Canton Railway left.28 It was a landmark for Chinese immigration and a rest station for exhausted Trans-Siberian Express travelers arriving from London. It was known as the Far East railroad terminus of the British Empire.29 As part of a busy terminus, the Tsim Sha Tsui timepiece would be remembered as a marker of arrival to the British colony by the millions of Chinese immigrants ready for their new life in Hong Kong. The Clock Tower was constructed in the Edwardian Classical Revival style, known for its use of brick as an exterior material.30 Due to First World War, the imported components from Britain got delayed and were missing during the initial completion.31 The four sides are built with red canton brick with local grey granite columns and dressing for the external walls.32 Many redbrick constructions characterize the colonial architecture

that may still be found throughout the city today. The Chinese green brick was widely employed in the local building prior to the handover of Hong Kong Island in 1841, profound in Lingnan Architecture.33 Green and red bricks are both made from the same raw materials and are fired in the same manner. After being crushed and burnt at a high temperature. The iron in the bricks will oxidize to red due to the air movement and result in red colour after cooling naturally after firing.34 However, the construction method of green bricks is more complex, you would have to add coal to the brick furnace for one day to seal it, then slowly pour water for 5-7 days to keep the iron in the bricks from totally oxidizing, resulting in a cyan tint.35 Therefore, Red bricks were still the first choice for the British as the main construction material due the budget constrain. Besides, Redbrick was widely used after the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, it was mass-produced and relevant in many of their architecture.36

Red Canton Brick and Grey Granite

Green Brick from Kowloon City Wall

The Peninsula Hong Kong – The Luxury of the Air Tsim Sha Tsui had already established itself as one of British Hong Kong’s transport hubs and commercial areas by the early twentieth century. However, Hong Kong was experiencing a serious hotel scarcity, necessitating the construction of a new hotel on the Kowloon waterfront.37 The 7-story hotel was the tallest, signaling the start of the city’s vertical expansion.38 Not only was the structure’s height incredible, but the technology and service provided were also world-class. There was a helicopter service to the airport or sightseeing above the harbor and cutting-edge technology in the guest suites. In 1936, Pan American’s President, Mr. Juan Trippe, piloted the first Clipper seaplane to land in Hong Kong.39 He and his crew spent the night at The Peninsula while researching new routes worldwide, establishing a long relationship with the hotel that lasted throughout

the golden age of aviation and beyond.

The first Clipper seaplane to land in Hong Kong, 1936.40

The air, water, and land transportation networks have been an enormous success. Tsim Sha Tsui connects Hong Kong to Europe through Beijing or Moscow; the wealthiest Western industrialized countries went widely around the globe and found their way to Tsim Sha Tsui, where iconic hotels such as the Peninsula Hotel await them. The hotel was established in 1926. As Asia’s oldest hotel firm, it has steadily risen to the top of the world’s hotel rankings to this day, ushering in Hong Kong’s golden era of tourism as a source of mass entertainment consumption.41

Even Sir Wilfred Thomas Southorn, who spoke at the inaugural ceremony, observed, “(This) is located at Victoria Harbour’s entrance. It is also the most technologically advanced hotel (in the world). It provides travelers with great facilities and comfort, increasing the colony’s (Hong Kong’s) attractiveness.”42 This type of social entertainment allowed Hong Kong to catch up to Shanghai, which is as wellknown in terms of tourism as Paris, London, New York, and other cosmopolitan cities.43 The grand lobby of the hotel always astounds first-time visitors. The soaring marble pillars, dazzling chandeliers, and exquisite staircase fascinated them.44 Both the East and the West contributed to the outstanding craftsmanship. The Peninsula Hotel’s dainty appearance is due to its rich embellishment. The hotel’s primary building materials are sculpted fibrous plaster, stained glass, bronze, and metalwork.45 Fibrous plaster was used to create the stunning façade. It’s decorative plasterwork constructed of plaster of Paris reinforced with

hessian layers and set into a wooden frame.

Tsim Sha Tsui, Peninsula hotel facade

It was used to mimic the more expensive and time-consuming lime-based, hand-modeled plaster.46 This marked the beginning of the ‘democratization of decoration,’ a cultural feature of the industrial revolution. Fibrous plaster has a number of advantages over traditional plaster and lath work, including the ability to create complex forms, relative lightness, the ability to produce off-site during construction, and faster installation periods. Fibrous plaster can be decorated

immediately after installation, unlike ordinary lime plaster, which takes time to carbonate.47 Unfortunately, following the Japanese invasion, the exquisite façade design was changed. The Imperial Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began in 1941 and lasted three years and eight months.48 During the Japanese invasion, they chose the Peninsula as their base of operations in order to humiliate the British for their capitulation. The hotel was renamed “Toa Hotel,” and the facade was repainted. According to an eyewitness who returned to Hong Kong after the liberation on December 23, 1945, the building’s skin was “painted in olive, brown, and green camouflage paint.” 49 It was unmistakable evidence of the war. Fortunately, the alteration was reversed, and the hotel was once again in British hands, allowing the glamour to continue.

Tsim Sha Tsui, Peninsula hotel still in war camouflage paint, June 18, 1949 50

Notes

1. White, Adam. “Victoria Harbour: A History of Hong Kong’s Famous Waterway.” Discovery, July 29, 2020. https://discovery.cathaypacific.com/the-history-ofhong-kongs-victoria-harbour/. 2. “The Establishment of Entrepot Trade.” Part1 chapter 3.2 - the harbour master’s office and its development from 1860 to 1898. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.mardep.gov.hk/theme/port_hk/en/ p1ch3_2.html#ref-7. 3. “The Establishment of Entrepot Trade.” Part1 chapter 3.2 - the harbour master’s office and its development from 1860 to 1898. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.mardep.gov.hk/theme/port_hk/en/ p1ch3_2.html#ref-7. 4. “1881 Heritage: Hong Kong Tourism Board.” Discover Hong Kong. Accessed December 21, 2021. https:// www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/interactivemap/1881-heritage.html. 5. Lai, Karen. “1881 Heritage - Former Marine Police Headquarters Revitalized.” Hong Kong Free Tours, September 14, 2021. https://hongkongfreetours. com/1881-heritage/. 6. “The Establishment of Entrepot Trade.” Part1 chapter 3.2 - the harbour master’s office and its development from 1860 to 1898. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.mardep.gov.hk/theme/port_hk/en/ p1ch3_2.html#ref-7. 7. “1881 Heritage: Hong Kong Tourism Board.” Discover Hong Kong. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://

www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/interactivemap/1881-heritage.html. 8. “The Greenwich Time Ball and One Time for All.” Royal Museums Greenwich. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/ greenwich-time-ball-one-time-all. 9. “Milestones of the Hong Kong Observatory Time Service.” Hong Kong Observatory. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/ gts/time/Milestones.htm. 10. “History of the Hong Kong Observatory.” Hong Kong Observatory(HKO). Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/abouthko/history.htm. 11. Cheung Kong Limited. 1881 Heritage [videorecording] . Hong Kong: Cheung Kong (Holdings), 2010. 12. “1881 Heritage.” A+T Design Limited, December 9, 2021. https://www.atdesign.hk/portfolio/1881heritage/. 13. “Traditional Chinese Roofs - China’s Roof Architecture.” Traditional Chinese Roofs, China’s Roof Architecture. Accessed December 21, 2021. https:// www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/architecture/ roofs.htm. 14. “1881 Heritage.” A+T Design Limited, December 9, 2021. https://www.atdesign.hk/portfolio/1881heritage/. 15. Wilde, Robert. “What Don’t You Know about Iron in the Industrial Revolution?” ThoughtCo. ThoughtCo, July 26, 2019. https://www.thoughtco.com/iron-inthe-industrial-revolution-1221637.

16. “1881 Heritage.” A+T Design Limited, December 9, 2021. https://www.atdesign.hk/portfolio/1881heritage/. 17. “8 Colonial Red Brick Buildings to See in Hong Kong.” Localiiz. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www. localiiz.com/post/culture-history-colonial-redbrick-buildings-hong-kong. 18. Former Kowloon-Canton Railway Clock Tower, Tsim Sha Tsui - declared Monuments - Antiquities and Monuments Office. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.amo.gov.hk/textmode/en/ monuments_43.php. 19. “8 Colonial Red Brick Buildings to See in Hong Kong.” Localiiz. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www. localiiz.com/post/culture-history-colonial-redbrick-buildings-hong-kong. 20. “Significance of Clock Towers.” DAWN.COM, April 27, 2009. https://www.dawn.com/news/871751/ significance-of-clock-towers. 21. “Significance of Clock Towers.” DAWN.COM, April 27, 2009. https://www.dawn.com/news/871751/ significance-of-clock-towers. 22. “Significance of Clock Towers.” DAWN.COM, April 27, 2009. https://www.dawn.com/news/871751/ significance-of-clock-towers. 23. “Significance of Clock Towers.” DAWN.COM, April 27, 2009. https://www.dawn.com/news/871751/ significance-of-clock-towers. 24. Chan, Catherine S. “Belonging to the City: Representations of a Colonial Clock Tower in British Hong Kong.” Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (2018): 321–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144218769894. 25. “Significance of Clock Towers.” DAWN.COM, April

27, 2009. https://www.dawn.com/news/871751/ significance-of-clock-towers. 26. “HK Lease Visit O or - Heritage.gov.hk.” Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.heritage.gov.hk/ en/doc/heritageBookletEng.pdf. 27. 1910s Pedder Street Clock Tower. n.d. https://i.pinimg.com/736x/7d/ b0/75/7db0752e4bbb8f2d5c3453019c910760.jpg. 28. Former Kowloon-Canton Railway Clock Tower, Tsim Sha Tsui - declared Monuments - Antiquities and Monuments Office. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.amo.gov.hk/textmode/en/ monuments_43.php. 29. Chan, Catherine S. “Belonging to the City: Representations of a Colonial Clock Tower in British Hong Kong.” Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (2018): 321–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144218769894. 30. Former Kowloon-Canton Railway Clock Tower, Tsim Sha Tsui - declared Monuments - Antiquities and Monuments Office. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.amo.gov.hk/textmode/en/ monuments_43.php. 31. “The Clock Tower - 100 Years Old Symbol of Hong Kong.” Trip Ways, June 9, 2021. https://tripways. com/b/clock-tower-hong-kong/. 32. “Kowloon-Canton Terminus.” theabhubbackproject. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www. abhubback.com/kowlooncantonterminushongkong. 33. “8 Colonial Red Brick Buildings to See in Hong Kong.” Localiiz. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www. localiiz.com/post/culture-history-colonial-redbrick-buildings-hong-kong.

34. The New Territories Blue Brick Building Learned-Hong Kong Commercial Daily. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.hkcd.com/content/2019-10/28/ content_1162182.html. 35. The New Territories Blue Brick Building Learned-Hong Kong Commercial Daily. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.hkcd.com/content/2019-10/28/ content_1162182.html. 36. Potter, Brian. “Bricks and the Industrial Revolution.” by Brian Potter. Construction Physics, September 17, 2021. https://constructionphysics.substack.com/p/ bricks-and-the-industrial-revolution. 37. “The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels - A Brief History.” Home - HKHP. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.hongkongheritage.org/pages/ post.aspx?post=30. 38. “The Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel.” Hong Kong Observation Wheel &amp; AIA Vitality Park. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://hkow.hk/thehong-kong-peninsula-hotel/. 39. “90 YEARS OF LUXURY HOSPITALITY.” Annual Report 2018. The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels, Limited , n.d. https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/ sehk/2019/0328/00045_3683383/e117.pdf. 40. “90 YEARS OF LUXURY HOSPITALITY.” Annual Report 2018. The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels, Limited , n.d. https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/ sehk/2019/0328/00045_3683383/e117.pdf. 41. “The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels - A Brief History.” Home - HKHP. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.hongkongheritage.org/pages/ post.aspx?post=30. 42. “1928 Post Report on the Peninsula’s Grand

Opening.” South China Morning Post, July 20, 2018. shorturl.at/gkrMV 43. 佟鎮南, and 梁傳恩. “【解構半島美學 the Peninsula】1920’s 摩登的帝國榮光.” 明周文化, March 5, 2019. 44. “90 YEARS OF LUXURY HOSPITALITY.” Annual Report 2018. The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels, Limited , n.d. https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/ sehk/2019/0328/00045_3683383/e117.pdf. 45. “The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels - A Brief History.” Home - HKHP. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.hongkongheritage.org/pages/ post.aspx?post=30. 46. “Heag269 Historic Fibrous Plaster in the UK.” Accessed December 21, 2021. https://historicengland.org. uk/images-books/publications/historic-fibrousplaster/heag269-historic-fibrous-plaster/. 47. “Heag269 Historic Fibrous Plaster in the UK.” Accessed December 21, 2021. https://historicengland.org. uk/images-books/publications/historic-fibrousplaster/heag269-historic-fibrous-plaster/. 48. Dennis, Anthony. “The Hong Kong Hotel Room That Changed History.” Traveller, September 11, 2017. https://www.traveller.com.au/the-peninsula-hoteland-the-battle-of-hong-kong-the-hotel-room-thatchanged-hong-kongs-history-gv7f9t. 49. Luscombe, Stephen. “Hong Kong Then by Brian Wilson.” The British Empire. Accessed December 21, 2021. https://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/ hongkongthen.htm. 50. “Tsim Sha Tsui, Peninsula Hotel Still in War Camouflage Paint,” June 18, 1949. https://gwulo.com/sites/ gwulo.com/files/styles/extra-large__640x640_/ public/flickr/4623746437_0.jpg?itok=sB0CUYBt.

THE COLLECTIVE MEMORIES AND CONSERVATION OF COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

-- the Effectiveness in showcasing local identity Hui Yui Gi Catherine Under British Rule, people developed collective memories in the architecture. However, due to geographic, economic, political and social reasons, the conservation of cultural heritage was insignificant in colonial Hong Kong before 1997. 1 Demolition and renovation are common, to achieve sustainable development, there must

be a good balance between progress and conservation by taking into consideration past while looking towards the future. 2 Hong Kong Chinese tend to maintain ‘multiple and pluralistic’ identities, yet these traits are inextricably linked to the processes of globalisation. 3 The shared reminiscences of the people stood and lived with the sites and established the local identity of the citizens. Hong Kong has been returned to China for 24 years by now and since then, the urban fabric is constantly under reformation. What structures represent Hong Kong’s collective memory and what makes up the city’s soul is important to consider. 4 Collective memory can develop people’s ethic identity; it has a different need in a different era. 5 The refurbishment of interior and exterior can demonstrate the collective memories of the previous users and recreate a segment of the Hong Kong local history. Localisation is not only a by-product of decolonisation, but also a healthy development resulting from a growing sense of local identity, as well as a significant

increase in technological skills, academic qualifications, and professional experience among Hong Kong’s population, which has previously been dominated by an expatriate elite. 6 The discussion of the essay will be focused on the time period starting when the colonization ended, the conservation, revitalisation and use until today. 1881 Heritagerevitalisation of the once-restricted building The main building of the complex is the former Marine Police Headquarters. It is a historic treasure for the territory’s heritage tourism, as the site was a once restricted landmark currently opened to the public. 7 Land use plans in Hong Kong tend to prioritize economic benefits, since economic advancement and real estate development have been the major ideologies since the colonial era. 8 The former Marine Police Headquarters building was used almost exclusively since 1884, except during the period of the Japanese occupation. In

1979, the Conservancy Association and the Hong Kong Heritage Society requested the government to preserve the site as a park. The Town Planning Board rejected the idea because it thought it would hinder desirable business development and affect Hong Kong’s economy.9 The ways of living and use of the building can be seen through the remaining small scale artefacts of the site of the former Marine Police Headquarters.10

The Fireplace It can be seen that Hong Kong in those days can be quite chilly and without warmer, these elaborate cast-irons fireplaces are used.

Security Windows

These openings are of the ammunition room where police officers receive and return their guns.

Pigeon Houses

these were the homes of carrier pigeons which assisted the officers in communication in the 19th century. They have been retained to honour these pigeons for their service.

For the current revitalisation, the main building’s outer wall was converted to a cream colour while the century-old granite retaining wall was removed to widen the Canton Road. The old fire station was converted to the heritage hotel with ten elegant suites with balconies. The main building has a number of high-end retail shops, fine dining restaurants retaining the old floorboards and door frames. A sophisticated, curved staircase entrance going to the main building became a venue for photography shoots for weddings and other events. Lastly, the jail cells make up part of the Mariner’s restaurant and bar interiors. 11 The bomb shelter underneath the site has been preserved as the passageway leading to the Heritage Hall, offering visitors a glimpse of what the old bomb shelter looked like. 12 A giant nautical chart of Hong Kong covers the piazza floor, emphasising Hong Kong’s glorious history as a crucial commercial port.12 The way of conservation fit into the identity of Hong Kong as they took the way of business development economic needs.

The clock tower - Representation of the former linkage to the Mainland The clock tower is the remain of the transportation hub of the time under British rule. It was the beginning of Kowloon’s development, which included the WWII and colonial eras, also witnessed a significant social movement.” 13 The most significant memory of the people are the long queues the crowded train station on holidays.14 The train station was symbolic of Hong Kong’s transformation into a cosmopolitan and progressive city and was perceived as the Western world’s “big door to China.” People even wait in line overnight on weekends and holidays.15 On rainy days, the 60 by 40 feet corridor (designed by Singapore architect Arthur Benison Hubback) kept people dry. Passengers from the ferry could also walk to the clock tower through a covered walkway.16

Kowloon Canton Railway Station 191517

In the late 1970s, a conservation campaign was advocated; however, the protests and a petition by the Heritage Society to the Queen could not save the station. The demolition was finished in 1977, activists succeeded in keeping the Clock Tower.18 The former terminus building at Tsim Sha Tsui was dismantled in 1978 after the relocation of the Kowloon-Canton Railway terminus to Hung Hom in 1975, with the Clock Tower remaining as a significant monument and tribute to Hong Kong’s early railway history. 19 Even Hong Kong people can take parts in certain parts of in 1970s, whether heritage is being preserved remains only the decision of the Western government.20 Despite the fact that it ceased operations in 1950, it continues to evoke memories and strong relationships between individuals on the Mainland and in Hong Kong.21 Once a bustling train station where thousands of commuters passed through every day, the only relic that now remains of this structure

is its red brick and granite clock tower.22 The demolished station is currently turned in to the Hong Kong Cultural Centre. Yet, Ackbar argues that the main structure of the Hong Kong Cultural Center only looks like a placeless construction, with the dismantled railway station’s clock tower preserved and integrated into the overall design.23 On one level, this ‘quotation’ from Hong Kong’s architectural past expresses a feeling of historical moment, the preservation of cultural and urban forms as a means of preserving a sense of local history and cultural identity; at another level, this ‘history’ is only ornamental, like an instant patina applied to fresh, resulting that this has no ability to evoke memories. 24 Till today, the clock tower has evolved over the past century and a half from a European timepiece to a landmark in establishing district identity to an anti-PRC symbol when witnessing the Occupy Central movement in 2014 that celebrates Hong Kong’s distinctive colonial heritage.25 Due to its location throughout

the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the historical clock tower construction remained secure in its spatial depiction as a sign of Western civilization inside an Asian metropolis, despite its many changes.26 The Peninsulathe site for the rich and refugee camps, never for the locals Reaching the doorsteps of the Lobby of Peninsula Hotel, two granite lions stood on two sides and a menshen is on the glass door at the centre. The contrast of a western looking architecture and the protecting of the Chinese guardians illustrates the idea of the hotel of being a symbolism of east meeting the west. The Peninsula brand is synonymous with romance, glamour, and style – hotels in some of the world’s most exciting cities, stunning facilities, world-class service, and a unique blend of tradition, heritage, innovation, and glamour provide

Peninsula Hotel Ballroom 27

guests with a hotel experience unlike any other, whether on business or leisure. 28 The opening of the Peninsula ushered in an era in Hong Kong’s social calendar, with Sunday concerts, nightly dinners on the terrace, and twice weekly dinners in the Rose Room soon filling the diaries of Hong Kong’s wealthy and influential.29 Yet the dark history of the Japanese Occupation is part of the glamourous hotel. The Allied troops in Hong Kong surrendered to the Japanese Imperial forces under Lieutenant-General Sakai Takashi at his headquarters at the Peninsula Hotel, Kowloon, on the evening of Christmas Day 1941, following a terrible but relatively brief 18 days of furious fighting.30 “No one dared to walk near, previously it was a place for the wealthy and it became a place for the military, it is almost too distant from us.” Lam(30) recalled. After the WWII, refugees crowded into Hong Kong, and many of them were Jewish refugees from

Europe. Many individuals from the existing Jewish community offered their hospitality and friendship to their refugee brothers. A makeshift synagogue was set up at the Peninsula Hotel, and the Hong Kong Jewish Women’s Association, a larger reincarnation of the earlier Jewish Ladies Committee, was formed to help distribute goods to the refugees. 31 Given the history, the hotel was still completely booked by January 1969, months before its formal debut in November.32 The hotel was characterized as “nearly a city on its own, with every amenity a tourist could dream for” in the South China Morning Post.33 The coffee shop, Taipan Grill and Gun Bar, and the coffee shop, Taipan Grill and Gun Bar, were designed to have a ‘colonial ambience,’ with cartoon figures on the walls.34 The cinema’s design style featured geometric patterns and forms, and the lounge was covered in colorful paintings. 35 This met the expectations of the that

the Peninsula hotel will provide advanced entertainment and it will play a significant role and be a milestone for the future in the tourist industry for Hong Kong. 35 This stabilises the international role of Hong Kong. Conclusion Collective memory was not the most important aspect in determining whether a piece of architecture is worth preserving. In the case of 1881 the government documents see it as a “valuable opportunity to develop the heritage as it will complement the tourist attractions nearby.36 Its proximity to museums, hotels, the harbour and shopping mall can be a place to boost the economy and the prosperity of the economic and touristic concerns. Historic character. In the clock tower, when it was about to be demolished, even people at that time signed petitions and letters, their voices are barely responded. The process of naming Hong Kong’s designated heritage

monuments, the Declared Monuments, reflects Hong Kong’s history as a transitory and opportunistic place. 37 Nonetheless, the list of Declared Monuments includes locations that, individually and collectively, bear witness to many important aspects of Hong Kong’s character.38 As a result, they are more inclined to prioritize the upkeep of social networks over the preservation of cultural monuments and buildings. 39 If pure nostalgia is the rule, the list of sites to be preserved might be very lengthy. We need to be clearer in our thoughts about what is to be protected, the reason to be kept, and how to do so without undermining our system’s checks and balances.40 It is important that the conservation or revitalisation is recognised by the locals and internationals, and effectively establish and solidify the identity of Hong Kong people and the status in the international community.

1. Conejos, Sheila, Michael Y.L Chew, and Esther H.K Yung. “The Future Adaptivity of Nineteenth Century Heritage Buildings.” International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 35, no. 4 (2017): 332-47. 2. “Feature: Newly-Built Subway Stations In Hong Kong Offer A Peek Of Ancient China - China.Org.Cn”. 2021. China.Org. Cn. http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_ Wire/2021-07/19/content_77636878.htm 3. Kenworthy Teather, Elizabeth, and Chun Shing Chow. “Identity and Place: The Testament of Designated Heritage in Hong Kong.” International Journal of Heritage Studies : IJHS 9, no. 2 (2003): 93-115. 4. Chan, Ming K. “Hong Kong: Colonial Legacy, Transformation, and Challenge.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 547, no. 1 (1996): 11-23. 5. 蔡思行. 尖沙咀海濱 : 歷史, 城市發展及大眾集體記憶 = The History, Development of City and Collective Memory of Tsim Sha Tsui Seafront. 香港: 香港城市大學出版社, 2019.

6. Abbas, Ackbar. “Building, Dwelling, Drifting: Migrancy and the Limits of Architecture. Building Hong Kong: From Migrancy to Disappearance.” Postcolonial Studies 1, no. 2 (1998): 185-99. 7. Abbas, Ackbar. “Building, Dwelling, Drifting: Migrancy and the Limits of Architecture. Building Hong Kong: From Migrancy to Disappearance.” Postcolonial Studies 1, no. 2 (1998): 185-99. 8. Xun Zhou. 2016. ‘Cosmopolitan from above’: a Jewish experience in Hong Kong, European Review of History: Revue européenne d’histoire, 23:5-6, 897911, DOI: 10.1080/13507486.2016.1203879 9. Xun Zhou. 2016. ‘Cosmopolitan from above’: a Jewish experience in Hong Kong, European Review of History: Revue européenne d’histoire, 23:5-6, 897911, DOI: 10.1080/13507486.2016.1203879 10. Lu, Tracey L.-D. “Heritage Conservation in Post-colonial Hong Kong.” Interna-

tional Journal of Heritage Studies : IJHS 15, no. 2-3 (2009): 258-72. 11. “Former Marine Police Headquarters Compound, Tsim Sha Tsui - Declared Monuments - Antiquities And Monuments Office”. 2021. Amo.Gov.Hk. 12. Yung, Esther H. K, and Edwin H. W Chan. “Re-examining the Growth Machine Ideology of Cities.” Urban Affairs Review (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 52, no. 2 (2016): 182210. 13. Yung, Esther H. K, and Edwin H. W Chan. “Re-examining the Growth Machine Ideology of Cities.” Urban Affairs Review (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 52, no. 2 (2016): 182210. 14. 2021. Ourbusterminal.Org. http:// ourbusterminal.org/doc/tstbt-unesco-paper-ver2.pdf 15. Chan, Catherine S. “Belonging to the City: Representations of a Colonial Clock Tower in British Hong Kong.” Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (2019): 321-32. 16. 蔡思行. 尖沙咀海濱 : 歷史, 城市發

展及大眾集體記憶 = The History, Development of City and Collective Memory of Tsim Sha Tsui Seafront. 香港: 香港城市大學出版社, 2019. 17. “Hong Kong Elegant Event Spaces And Venues | The Peninsula Hong Kong”. 2021. Peninsula.Com. https://www.peninsula.com/en/hong-kong/events/event-meeting-space 18. “Heritage | FWD HOUSE 1881”. 2021. Fwdhouse1881.Com. http://www.fwdhouse1881.com/heritage.html. 19. Grundy, Tom. 2021. “A Brief Visual History Of The Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower”. Hong Wrong. http://hongwrong.com/hongkong-clock-tower/. 20. Chan, Catherine S. “Belonging to the City: Representations of a Colonial Clock Tower in British Hong Kong.” Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (2019): 321-32. 21. Chan, Catherine. 2021. “An Old Object In A Futuristic World: Re-Imagining Hong Kong Through Its Clock Tower In The Eyes Of Western Settlers And Local Citi-

zens”. Cross Currents 15 (2015). 22. “Former Kowloon-Canton Railway Clock Tower, Tsim Sha Tsui - Declared Monuments - Antiquities And Monuments Office”. 2021. Amo.Gov.Hk. https://www.amo.gov. hk/en/monuments_43.php. 23. “Time Out Hong Kong | Events And Things To Do In Hong Kong”. 2021. Time Out Hong Kong. https://www.timeout.com/ hong-kong.”Choosing the City’s Heritage.” South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), 2007. 24. “History Timeline | Hong Kong Hotel Cultural History”. 2021. Hshgroup.Com. https://www.hshgroup.com/en/About/History-of-Innovation/History-Timeline 25. “History Timeline | Hong Kong Hotel Cultural History”. 2021. Hshgroup.Com. https://www.hshgroup.com/en/About/History-of-Innovation/History-Timeline 26. Chan, Catherine S. “Belonging to the City: Representations of a Colonial Clock Tower in British Hong Kong.” Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (2019): 321-32.

27. Kenworthy Teather, Elizabeth, and Chun Shing Chow. “Identity and Place: The Testament of Designated Heritage in Hong Kong.” International Journal of Heritage Studies : IJHS 9, no. 2 (2003): 93-115. 28. “Hong Kong Elegant Event Spaces And Venues | The Peninsula Hong Kong”. 2021. Peninsula.Com. https://www.peninsula.com/en/hong-kong/events/event-meeting-space. 29. “History Of The Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower, Including The One Time It Stopped”. 2021. South China Morning Post. https:// www.scmp.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/article/3127634/story-tsim-sha-tsuis-clock-tower-how-it-survived-world-war 30. Mangan, J. A, Peter Horton, Tianwei Ren, and Gwang Ok. Japanese Imperialism. Singapore: Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2017. 31. Mangan, J. A, Peter Horton, Tianwei Ren, and Gwang Ok. Japanese Imperialism. Singapore: Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2017.

32. “The Peninsula Promise | The Peninsula Hotels”. 2021. Peninsula.Com. https:// www.peninsula.com/en/global-pages/ the-peninsula-promise. 33. “Hong Kong Elegant Event Spaces And Venues | The Peninsula Hong Kong”. 2021. Peninsula.Com. https://www.peninsula.com/en/hong-kong/events/event-meeting-space. 34. Seng, Eunice. “Temporary Domesticities: The Southeast Asian Hotel as (re)presentation of Modernity, 1968-1973.” Journal of Architecture (London, England) 22, no. 6 (2017): 1092-136. 35. Seng, Eunice. “Temporary Domesticities: The Southeast Asian Hotel as (re)presentation of Modernity, 1968-1973.” Journal of Architecture (London, England) 22, no. 6 (2017): 1092-136. 36. Seng, Eunice. “Temporary Domesticities: The Southeast Asian Hotel as (re)presentation of Modernity, 1968-1973.” Journal of Architecture (London, England) 22, no. 6 (2017): 1092-136.

37. Seng, Eunice. “Temporary Domesticities: The Southeast Asian Hotel as (re)presentation of Modernity, 1968-1973.” Journal of Architecture (London, England) 22, no. 6 (2017): 1092-136. 38. 蔡思行. 尖沙咀海濱 : 歷史, 城市發展及大眾集體記憶 = The History, Development of City and Collective Memory of Tsim Sha Tsui Seafront. 香港: 香港城市大學出版社, 2019. 39. Kenworthy Teather, Elizabeth, and Chun Shing Chow. “Identity and Place: The Testament of Designated Heritage in Hong Kong.” International Journal of Heritage Studies : IJHS 9, no. 2 (2003): 93-115. 40. Abbas, Ackbar. “Building, Dwelling, Drifting: Migrancy and the Limits of Architecture. Building Hong Kong: From Migrancy to Disappearance.” Postcolonial Studies 1, no. 2 (1998): 185-99.

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The Modern Architecture Guidebook Hong Kong’s built environment represents a unique site of inquiry in the global history of the Modern Movement. The Modern Architecture guidebook series draw from an inter-disciplinary toolkit of knowledge, references, and field studies to understand the processes at work in the built environment. Each walking tour in the series begins with one of the 98 MTR stations in Hong Kong as the meeting point. First opened in 1979, this modernist infrastructure has produced a city rationalized around transportoriented development. Organized around key themes (industrialization, colonization, environment, internationalization, migration, decolonization, counterculture, and globalization), the guidebooks present a critical yet open perspective towards the implications of large-scale modernist schemes on the environment and community.