Student Portfolio
ARCH 473/3522 - DIGITAL DESIGN STUDIO AND WORKSHOP Hana Khaled Spring 2020
The American University in Cairo (AUC) School of Sciences and Engineering - Department of Architecture ARCH 473/3522 - Digital Design Studio and Workshop (Spring 2020) Student storybook documenting the process of work and story behind the phases that were experienced technically, physically, and psychologically along the course, including research, experimentation, 3D modeling, digital fabrication, and analysis. Student name: Hana Khaled Student ID: 900160996
Š The American University in Cairo (AUC), April 2020
Table Of Contents 00 Biography 01 Project One: Lotus Leaf Biommimicry 02 Project Two: Fabric Forming-Phase I 03 Project Two: The Parametric Facelift-Phase II 04 Biblography
© The American University in Cairo (AUC), April 2020
Hana Khaled Architecture Student
freedom of imagination as a key guide to design. The biomimicry aspect of the project allowed me to look at elements of nature in a completely new way and introduced how abstraction to design should e done. The application of the three dimensional models with new programs allowed a new view and understanding of design. My hobby of sketching have helped me much to develop my ideas throught the course, it often allowed myself a wider vision together with the rhino software.
I am a fourth year year student majoring architectural engineering in The American University in Cairo. I strive to accomplish new limits that might someday help benefit and may make the simplest change in the Egyptian Culture. Since living abroad almost all my life, coming back to my home coutry and entering the architectural program in AUC was a major taransition and turning point for myself, that pushes me to my limits, helps me to grow in ways i’ve never experienced before. Since registering in the digital design studio, the course have raised the bar, where new challenges are introduced, but also where a great oppurtunity to discover the limits of intelligence present in computers to produce creative solutions that might help in the near future are introduced. been exposed to.The course came with the
00 Biography
ESEM of The lotus surface: magnification of the papilla structure creating the microtopography on the surface.
01 Lotus Leaf Biomimicry
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Choosing The Site Homelessness in Egypt is a significant social issue affecting some 12 million people in the country, of which approximately 60 percent are elderly. Mainly in Cairo, Giza, Qaliubiya, Alexandria, Menoufiya, Sharqeya, Suez, Beni Suef, Minya, and Assiut, according to the ministry of social solidarity. So in order to choose a site in minya that fulfills the main user requirements whom are the elderly people, the site must have nearby clinics or public hospitals fur quick medical attention whenever required, must be nearby workshops, a possible food and money income, and must be in a quiet neighbourhood. Justification of Site Choice According to user needs, the site is neighbouring over that three hospitals for quick medical attention for the elderly, overlooks the nile and green landscape for a quite, relaxing neighbourhood, is close to many farmlands that can act as both an affordable food source and a souce of income, and is well secured due to presence of nearby police station, thus it seemed as an oppurtunity to be the chosen site
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3 Location
Environmental Analaysis
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Exploration of the lotus leaves The first phase was like an introductory game level to the project, it went pretty smoothly, especially the research part which was much alike that of other projects in the previous design courses, except for the fact that i had to dig deeper the biological aspect of my topic, the leaves of the lotus. The lotus effect, was the main topic or objective of the research phase. It caught my attention really quickly, because of the fact that it is behind the “superhydrophobic” nature of the leaves, or in other words, the “super-waterproof” nature. Identification of the A Superhydrophobic Nature The superhydrophobic nature of the leaves is due to the nanostructure of the particles and the wax coating that is above the papilla where the contact between the water and the leaves is minimized causing the water to take the shape of spheres and slide down. Thus, the leaves tend to remain always clean due to the fact that the water takes the dirt particles and slide down , so that’s mainly why the leaves remain always clean while in muddy waters. Discovering that the superhydrophobic character of the leaves was used much before and that is was the first time to pass by it was pretty shocking. This characteristic was used several times before such as in creating waterproof clothes sprays, waterproof furniture, etc. However, for the purpose of this project, my aim shifted to looking for the main factors that cause the hydrophobicity of the leaves. Storybook
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Water droplets drawing off the dirt particles over the microtopography structure of the papilla.
8 Abstraction to of the three main components
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Transformation of the knowledge i had from the research to design ideas was quiet challenging. As i dug deeper into the research, i entered a psychological phase where it was difficult to express in any other tool except for sketching, which was actually a hobby of mine. Thus i started by abstracting the main three components or characteristics that were found through research to be the main reason behind the superhydrophobic nature of the leaves, the three components are: (1) the micro topography, (2) the polyster wax, and (3) the contact angle. Creation of Design Drivers
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So by closely examining the geometry of the papilla that make up the microtopgraphy, by understanding the idea behind the polyster wax and the need for it to create a secondary layer over the papilla, and by comparing the contact angle the water has with the papilla and the normal roof pitches required for houses, i was able to transform them into three main design driving components that can lead my design. Therefore, the geometry and the clustering of the microtopgraphy led to the idea of packing, the structure connecting the papillae to one another lead to the column-like connecting element to be the structure, the idea of the polyster wax on top of the papillae was transformed to a double structure, and lastly, water to solid angle led to the idea of changing angles and roof pitches to prevent direct rain penetration in the structure, while allowing direct natural ventilation. Lotus Leaf Biomimicry
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Preliminary Zoneing sketch of spacial and environmental requirements .
12 Creating The Models
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Although, the changes made in the first and second trial went smoothly, but they pretty much didn’t show the what i had in mind. Playing around with a single surface to create the packing effect didn’t much show the message however, when solid circular masses were put underneath, they helped to imagine the connections. I started off by creating volumes that were overlaid by the single surface that was stretched down to create the column like elements, and stretched upwards to give height to the different spaces within the structure itself. The height mainly determined the significance of the space, the angles were tilted to allow maximum ventilation from north north west, were the living area for example took a higher height to catch wind directly, the sleeping area was moved a bit towards the living area to allow direct ventilation for the services space. The open-circulation plan allowed movement between the living and bedroom yet maintaining privacy to the bedroom by keeping it the other side from the entrance with minimal openings. The openings tend to get smaller towards the services and entrance part, which are placed in the southern facade.
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Creation of the Cura Model The fabrication part was quiet interesting as i haven’t dealt with Cura before, however, i have dealt with slicer in a previous course, but in order to show the internal activities of the project, the 3-d printing on Cura was a better solution as it would show the internal circulation, the geometry of the openings , and somehow show the packing effect. It had problems at the lowest part that were later solved by increasing the width of the concrete layer itself.
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The Preliminary Sketch vs. the final rhino model.
18 Creating the final model Overwhelmed by the fact that it is a final submission, and the first to be online, it was a bit of a difficult experience to oneself, but fortunately, it also passed smoothly. It was a phase where i finally had to put my all to explain and show every bit of the project, and i was sure that i only won’t be able to do this unless i analyzed each and every aspect of the model.
Model Alterations Starting off, i started with the re-arrangement of the structural columns within in order to create the feeling that they initiate or come from the whole structure itself. Moreover, i re-positioned the openings according to the changes made within the four zones within, the placement of the external structure was to create a protective layer for the large openings for environmental purposes and help in maintaining privacy in intended spaces. Materiality mThe choice wood as a material was mainly inspired by the idea of mini economical supermarkets found in egypt all over the streets, the choice of ETFE plastic for the glass was for it economical aspect, the choice of concrete was mainly because the most common building material within surrounding context.
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Dissection of the model to show ( From Left to Right): The column structure, the openings, the angle rotation and packing effect, the outer shell.
Elevation visualization of the final model.
Sketch of multidimentional curvature occuring on a surface.
02 Phase I: Fabric Forming
26 Concept and Thinking Process The main aim is to create positive and negative spaces that complement each other . The choice of bio receptive concrete is economical yet allows the presence of greenery Concrete is known fo.r it solid state rather that its liquid state so in order to show and present its unique identity which comes from its plasticity it tells its own story through the facade. In the intended experimentational approach, Tensile Formwork is used where rubber fabric are stitched together to create a small panel that is an example of concrete wall panels that are joined together.
Preliminary Experimentation For the purpose of the experiment, a small scale panel to be created using a smocking or knitting effect as a pattern on the panel . So, foam sheets were used to create the fabric formword stitched by metal pins and then gypsum was poured over with a gypsum to water raio of 2:1.
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28 Experiment: First Attempt The first trial was on a 15x20cm sheet of cotton fabric were an attempt to increase the grid and decrease the distace between the pattern took place. The cracks mostly occurred on the outside edges where the height decreased below 0.5 cm. The cracks in the positive spaces occurred at the width of less than 0.5 cm where the heigh also increased between the +ve and -ve spaces. Surface took the fabric pattern. The first experiment had the best pattern, however, there was much cracks due to the 2.5cm between each triangular shape and the other. Most of the cracks occurred due to the small width and at the corners. Parameters Sewing Element: Thread and needle Fabric Type: Cotton Fabric Time(mins): 45 Distance of sewn geometry to one another: 2.5X5 Grid Thickness of Gypsum Layer: 1.5 cm in middle Formwork: Wooden Bars nailed & glued to the fabric Gypsum to water Ratio: 2 to 1 Height: 1-1.5cm
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30 Experiment: Second Attempt The second trial was on a 15x15cm sheet of cotton fabric were an attempt to decrease the grid and increase the distace between the pattern took place. In order to create less cracks, larger height & width of tip, larger grid was used. Cloth came between the gypsum, created cracks when taken out, cracks occurred at the edges which the gypsum decreased below 0.5cm. Surface took the fabric pattern. The second experiment was definitely better than the first were no cracks occurred between the pattern ,however, at only one triangular shape the fabric got stuck due to a problem in the sewing that occurred earlier where the thread was slightly bent, creating a tighter place for the gypsum to enter Parameters Sewing Element: Thread and needle Fabric Type: Cotton Fabric Time(mins): 45 Distance of sewn geometry to one another: 5x10cm Grid Thickness of Gypsum Layer: 2.5 cm in middle Formwork: Wooden Bars nailed & glued to the fabric Gypsum to water Ratio: 2 to 1 Height: 2cm
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32 Experiment: Third Attempt The third trial was on a 15x15cm sheet of cotton fabric were an attempt to decrease the grid and increase the distace between the pattern took place. The of changing the formwork and material was for a smoother surface and a double side effect. The pins created cracks where it was very difficult to take them out. Not all the pattern showed due to the differing differences between the length of 3 and 2.5cm between the pins, this also occurred due to different in sizes. The edges got broken as soon as the formwork was removed. The third trial wasn’t that successful due to the sides of the model which broke easily due to the formwork. However the fabric created a smoother effect, but the pins ruined the effect as they got stuck, so its conclusions was the usage of the pins wasn’t’t successful. Parameters Sewing Element: Pins and Power Glue Fabric Type: Foam Sheets Time(mins): 75 Distance of sewn geometry to one another: 5x10cm Grid Thickness of Gypsum Layer: 2.5cm in middle. 0.5cm at the ends Formwork: foam sheet itself Gypsum to water Ratio: 2 to 1 Height: 1.5cm
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34 Experiment: Fourth Attempt The fourth trial was on a 30x30 cm sheet of cotton fabric were an attempt to decrease the grid and increase the distace between the pattern took place. The pattern was created, the cracks occurred at the uppermost part of the pins, even when increasing the water to gypsum ratio cracks still occurred, the corners too had cracks as they narrower when reaching the side if the formwork which was glued to each other. The last trial wasn’t that successful in terms of how smooth the model was, and how the pattern didn’t show clearly. It would require much more number of pins to create the required pattern, however, the increase of the no. of pins would increase the cracks as the distance between them would be minimal to create the pattern Parameters Sewing Element: Thread and needle Fabric Type: Cotton Fabric Time(mins): 45 Distance of sewn geometry to one another: 2.5X5 Grid Thickness of Gypsum Layer: 1.5 cm in middle Formwork: Wooden Bars nailed & glued to the fabric Gypsum to water Ratio: 2 to 1 Height: 1-1.5cm
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37 A collage of the deduced set of rules and relations between the parameters.
Rules and Relations between Parameters The first relation established was between Grid size and Thickness and how the decrease in grid size caused cracks that were also in relation to the thickness. The first experiment also showed that as the pattern increased the grid size decreased. The Grid threshold which was established to be 2.5 cm and the Thickness threshold 0.5 cm. The second relation was the apparent cause of cuvature which was a result of a relationship between distance and depth were the 3cm depth and distance between fixation or sewing points of 5cm allowed the parabola like shape. So The deduced parameter was that distance and depth are directly proportional. The third relation was between the connecting material and thickness, so connecting between edges to create the pattern required a minimum distance of 0.5 which allowed a thickness or pump of 1cm. The metal and glue caused thickness decrease which allowed from cracks when disassembling. Thus the deduced parameters were that thickness threshold for connectivity between fixation pointsis 1cm and Periphery Edge Threshold is 0.5cm. The fourth relation was between density and cracks and how it had an effect on the preliminary experiment and the last two where the overall thickness decreased below 1.5 cm, where the height and width of the models were above 10cm. So the deduced parameters were that density is indirectly proportional to cracks and diractly proportional to thickness. The fifth relation was Creating Voids on the periphery can be achieved as a resultant of the connection material and thickness relation. The sixth was creating +ve and -ve spaces can be achieved as a result of the Distance & Depth relation. The seventh was increasing a the void ratio can be achieved as a ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2020
Moving Further with the Findings
Hana Khaled
Sketch of multidimentional curvature occuring on a surface.
03 Phase 1I: A Parametric Facelift
40 Using Parameters from Phase I to Phase II:
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Moving on from the first phase to the second phase was quiet challenging as transforming the ideas behind the physical models to create a digital model using a newly introduced program wasn’t straightforward and required oneself to not only start thinking of how can one use equations to create drawings but also to transform the parametrs that were derived from phase one to achieve the goal of phase two. In order to create a more simple transoformation between the two phases i had to take a decision to not use all the derived parametrs to inform the second phase of the project. Therefore, the two parameters that were used are the relation between distance and depth and the grid size and thickness which was considered as the pattern size and frequency. The distance and depth parameter affected the extrusion of the panel were the height was determined based on the fuction of the space behind the facade. The Pattern frequency affected the heirarchy of panels on the facade. Site Location The site is located at the Banks area, Southern 90th St., New Cairo, Egypt. The Southern part of the facade overlooks the main street, while the western overlooks the side street, thus has more privacy to it. The neighbourhood has a variety of architectural buildings which makes it difficult for oneself to adapt a certain architectural character that would suit the surroundings and the neighbouring buildings.
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42 Environmental Analysis Summer Sun Diagram: Sun shading is essential in both the eastern , Southern and western facade from November till June where peak reaches maximum exposure in June. Shade is needed from 7am till 6pm from June till September. Whilst needed from 9am till sundown in October, November, and December.
01 Winter Sun Diagram: Shading is most essential in southern and western facade where is highest sun exposure. It is needed mainly in march, april, may and june where shading is required between 9am till 6pm.
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Wind Wheel Diagram: Prevailing Winds mainly from northwest, Secondary Winds from North and North East. High Humidity Levels all year long. The wind speed is approximately 3.8m/s. Humidity tend to be between 30-70% which lies in comfort zone. Tempreature lies between 0-21 degrees in winter.
03 Psychrometric Diagram: The most essential design strategy tend to be the sun shading of windows with a percentage of 24.2% followed directly by natural ventilation with 21.8%. The internal heat gain reaches 32.2%.
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Solar response visualization of panels to the sun on the final facade model.
46 Precedents Arboskin Spiky Pavillion: The Arboskin Pavillion which is located in Strutturg,Germany, was developed using regular symmetric triangular panels made out of bioplastics that are joined together with different openings that differ according to sun exposure. The idea of a single module having unsymmetric openings inspired the openings that were created later on in the project.
01 Al Bahar Towers: The towers that are located in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates had a double skin facade that was constructed out using the a symmetric triangular panels that are joined together as shading devices, each is divided up to open and close accordingly. The idea of using a single module that operates manually acted as a main inspiration for the project.
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Arboskin Spiky Pavillion, Stuttgart, Germany.
50 Concept and Thinking Process
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The main design concept was to create unity within diversity, in other words, to create variety using the single triangular prism that belongs to a grid and that can act as both literal and physical response to human and sun interaction. Responding to the sun through its mechanism, and responding to indivisuals through aesthetics. /////So as i started, i began focusing on how i would translate my concept to design desicions. In order to make so, there had to be variety in function, material, shape, size, and aesthetics of the panels. Furthermore, parameters from phase one had to be linked with the design. So, i started by determining the parameters and how they would affect the design appeal, further i moved to determinig the functionality of the facade. Thus according to the site analysis and environmental analysis horizontal and vertical shading were required, and vegetation to decrease direct solar radiation was required. According to the spatial configuration doule height areas and single height areas were required.
Operational Mechanism The panels operate by opening and closing according to the sun position at several times of the day. They include horizontal shading to block the incoming radiation from the summer sun and vertical shades for bothe summer and winter shade. They work as air inlets to the inside and provide an internal interaction with the individuals through its dimensions and movement.
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Preliminary Elevational Sketch for the facade.
54 Establishing Spatial Configuration Moving on from the conceptual phase, the first thing that was done was identyfying the needed space requirements and creating vertical and horizontal connections at the back of the double skin facade. The main components required were offices, lounge, meeting spaces, and a cafeteria. Thus, a double height lounge closeby the offices and meeting spaces for direct access was created at the western elevation were there would be more visual connectivity with the street yet privacy would remain, it would also allow for bigger facade -individual connectivity area. The offices took the biggest part as a main spacerequirement throughout the whole facade, except for the most western elevation where spaces for meeting areas were created as light wouldn’t be a problem for presentations that might occur within. A double height cafteria closeby the offices and at a distance from the lounge were created at the middle of the offices to serve them .
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First Attempt
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Second Attempt
Third Attempt
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Fourth Attempt
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Fifth Attempt Creation of the Facade
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The first attempt was to achieve the main facade component which is the triangle. Using grasshopper, panels where created that responded to the center, that was extruded. In the Second attempt, the main purpose was to achieve the solar response of the panels. The Third attempt mainly focused on creating subdivisions using the plug-in Lunchbox to create subdivisions, however they only were created two-dimensionally, so they weren’t shown on the rectangular modular itself. The attempt also was to try recreating the divisions that suited the building slabs. The Fourth the subdivisions were successful were three two subdivisions were applied to show the concept of Unity within Diversity. The Fifth attempt focused on creating the positive and negative spaces that would serve the interior spaces, and how the indivisual-facade interaction would be achieved.
Moving Further with the Findings
Hana Khaled
Sectional Study Of Spatial Configuration of Fifth Attempt.
Triangualr Grid as used in the Facade.
62 The Three Main Attractors Establishing the attraction points was quiet difficult, as the transition from the first to the second phase didn’t go smoothly. So after several trials , two main attractors were set to be the defining elements of the facade. The first is the attractors that determine where the higher extrusions are to be, the second attractor is the sun movement which controls the rotation of the angleof the panel, and time the panels open and close throughout the day, the third and final attractor is the one that determines the heirarchy of grid pattern and how often the module repeats. The attractor were done on grasshopper by evaluating the surface and then creating Md Sliders that with it one is able to easily alter the position of the attractor itself.
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64 Altering the Final Grasshopper Definition Approaching the final phase, one was able to clearly identify and target the goals to be achieved, however, some technicalities in the grasshopper definition occured which caused the last subdivision to not be able to be displayed, however, through creating the various materials and renderings, the concept was clearly achieved and illustrated. Creating the Final Rhino Model
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The creation of the final model was actually quiet simple for oneself as it wasn’t the first time to use it, however, the rendering caused some difficulties in the representation as while baking the models several panels were not grouped, so their rendering was achieved through picking one by the other, however, the other elemnts such as the bigger triangular panels did’t cause the same problem as they were baked as a group from grasshopper to rhino.
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Sectional Study B-B
Sectional Study B-B
Final Facade illustration.
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73 Grasshopper Definition of the Facade Design.
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Biblography
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ŠAll rights reserved, American University in Cairo (AUC) April 2020
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