Student Portfolio
ARCH 473/3522 - DIGITAL DESIGN STUDIO AND WORKSHOP Noura Khaled AbouZeid Spring 2020
The American University in Cairo (AUC) School of Sciences and Engineering - Department of Architecture ARCH 473/3522 - Digital Design Studio and Workshop (Spring 2019) Student portfolio documenting samples of work submitted along the course, including research, experimentation, 3D modeling, digital fabrication, parametric design and modeling, physical model realisation and analysis. Student name: Noura Khaled AbouZeid Student ID: 900161274
Š The American University in Cairo (AUC), May 2020
Noura Khaled AbouZeid Architecture Student
My name is Noura Khaled AbouZeid. I am an undergraduate student in the American University in Cairo (AUC), majoring in Architectural Engineering. I have been studying architecture since I joined school in Fall 2016, and currently I am a senior student who is expected to graduate in Spring 2021. I have always loved architecture from a very young age, since this passion has emerged from my love of art and geometry and their relation when merged together. I have always viewed buildings from an artistic point of view and it has always inspired me to think how each architect thought about every single detail throughout his design. The idea of thoroughly thinking of every single detail concurrently have always encouraged and stimulated the perfectionist inside of
me. Through my four years of studying architecture, I have faced many challenges that have always empowered me to work harder, aim further and never give up on my goals. This was the most important lesson that architecture has taught me. For my future career, I wish I could help in developing the architectural image in Egypt and how people view architecture in general. I want to create places that are life enhancing and effectively respond to the users needs, coping with the technological developments taking place worldwide while in the meantime maintaining the cultural and historical values of our beloved Egypt. In this portfolio, I will be presenting my work through this course, that have helped me alot in visualising the initial form of each structure through abstracting every single aspect of it. It has also introduced me to various digital tools that would not only help me achieve my desired design outcomes through my studying career but also in the future. I have also learned how to utilize different powerful computational tools and smoothly blend them with the traditional tools to achieve my initial thoughts and ideas to reach my desired outcome.
Table of Contents
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Project 1:
Mobile Shelter for the Homeless
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Project 2:
Part I - The Blank Faรงade Canvas
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Project 2:
Part II - The Parametric Facelift
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A mobile homeless shelter inspired by the natural growth relation of the corn silk and the seeds on the cob.
Project 1:
Mobile Shelter for the Homeless
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2 The City The location chosen for this project is the governorate of El Minya. It is a trading and administrative centre located on the west bank of the Nile. It is also considered as the city that separates upper and lower Egypt.It is one of the 10 governorates in which 80% of Egypt’s homeless children are primarily found in.
The Monuments The city is rich with ancient Egyptian architecture like Beni Hassan & Tell El Amarna. The city also currently hosts the Akhnaton museum.
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Project 1
3 The Agriculture The city is well known for its agriculture and the chief crops that can be found there are cotton, corn (maize), wheat, dates, sugarcane, millet, and onions. There are several industrial activities derived from the agriculture of the city including cotton ginning and flour milling.
The Homeless Children Several studies showed that the streets of El Minya have thousands of homeless children. Most of these children live on collecting garbage from the street. They face several challenges on daily basis. They suffer a lot during winter due to low temperatures which forces them to sleep in the garbage bins to protect themselves from the harsh weather.
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4 Environmental Analysis
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Project 1
Site Selection
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Between Residential Buildings Near School Surrounded by Agricultural Lands Selected Site (2475 m2 )
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Project 1
7 Corn Fruit Study and Concept Development
Through the study of the corn fruit, it was concluded that there are mainly 3 different stages for the growth relation between the silk and the seeds on the corn cob. At the first stage the silk is very flowy and combined together showing strength while protecting the seeds that are still being formed. Then, going through the second phase some of the silk start to fall down while the rest are still combined together protecting the rapidly expanding soft seeds along the cob. At the last phase, most of the silk falls down becoming very fragile and easily broken while the seeds harden and expand more along the cob forming a mature fruit. Hence, the concept developed relying on these three stages, where the silk is represented as overlapping threads with different heights weaved together showing strength that will form the structure of the shelter. These threads start to decrease in number and shorten in length until reaching the ground from one end only. At the same time as the weaving of this threads decreases, small modular units forming the skin of the shelter, expands along, increases in number and gets more fragmented representing the seeds on th corn cob.
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8 Abstraction Process
The abstraction process went through several approachs till reaching the final conclusion. In the first approach, the protective fragile silk is abstracted as flowy elements that protect the shelter from outside and can be flexibly changed from inside creating a variable interior. Moreover, the silk browning stage, the last growth stage, is abstracted as fragile fractured sticks that offer shade to the shelter. The expanding seeds are abstracted as solid geometrical units with different sizes that form the strong exterior of the shelter. This was concluded as a unit that expands repititively with different sizes creating a strong exterior with variable interior while being protected by fragile elements.
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9 In the second approach, the silk is abstracted as threads weaved together to show strength to protect the shelter. The seeds are abstracted as repetitive modular units that expand and emerge through the voids between the weaved threads. Modular units repeated beside each other ith different sizes forming the skin of the structure. This configuration of units was too bulky and required more fragmentation to represent the expansion and growth of the seeds.
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Through the third approach, the threads are more organized here and follow a rule where a number of threads start from the same point on the ground and end in several adjacent points for each thread on the other side. Those group of threads are of different heights and are weaved together with another group that starts from the other side forming the structure of the shelter. The skin of the shelter is formed by modular units that are covered by the threads and emerges through the voids between the weaved threads and get more fragmeneted.
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12 Architectural Translation The abstraction process
was then transformed into an architectural translation. The shelter design passes through three phases representing the growth process of the corn seeds in relation to the silk. The silk is represented by the weaved threads of different heights that form the structure of the shelter, and the seeds are the shelter’s skin that is formed from modular units that get more fragmented towards the last phase. The first phase is the most public that includes and outdoor area for the children to play, moving to the second phase which is the semi-private including a living room until reaching the last phase which is the most private having a bedroom. The weaved threads start to irregularly shorten in length towards one end in the second phase and shorten more in the last phase while also decreasing in number. On the other hand, the modular units are very organized in the first stage, and gradually gets more fragmented in the second stage until being extremely fragemented in the last stage. Moreover, some of the modular units are more transparent and operable to allow for sunlight and ventilation, and decrease in number towards the last phase representing the fluidity of the corn seeds and along with the privacy of each phase.
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14 Fabrication
3D printing was the optimum solution for this design fabrication due to its complexity. Cura Ultimaker software was used as a tool for 3D printing after exporting the model from Rhino. Meanwhile, due to this complexity in the first fabrication approach it was found that the model would take too much time to be fabricated since it would require too many supports. Hence another approach was required to ease and fasten up the process.
The next approach was to try to 3D print the model by mirroring it an checking if it would require less time, but still it required even more supports and consequently more time.
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The best solution was to 3D print the model without the weaved threads, only the skin which will require the least supports and the most suitable time would be taken. The threads would then be laser cut to minimize the wasted material for extra supports and the uneeded consumed time.
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Experimentation using fabric formwork and white cement.
Project 2: Part I - The Blank Faรงade Canvas
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20 Fabrics and Architecture Textile forms of habitation have always been used throughout history and dates back to palaeolithic times where they provided protection against wind, sun and rain. Fabric formwork is using structural membranes for concrete molds where it is unlike the traditional molds, since it is highly flexible, can deflect under pressure and gives excellent surface finishes. History In the Roman times, woven reeds were used with clay between two retaining walls to build cofferdams. Reeds tied together were also used to support the concrete as it hardened for vaults. Gustav Lilienthal then introduced fabricformed suspended floor, using impermeable fabric or paper draped over parallel beams, with a wire netting on top. A woven fabric made of any vegetable fibre, is stretched over a timber frame and plastered with cement and mortar. Later on, Ctesiophon shells were also introduced which were made using parallel falsework arches and allowing the fabric to sag in between to form corrugations and pouring cement. Miguel Fisac introduced the aesthetic possibilities of fabric formwork by using lamina hanging from a rigid structure as a formwork creating a variety of new faรงade panel types.
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21 Different Techniques 1. Plastic Netting: A formwork material introduced by Kenzo Unno who subsequently developed a fabric formwork system for load bearing walls. 2. Tensile Formwork: Durable woven synthetic fabrics were also introduced. They are very cheap and very strong; they exhibit high tear propagation resistance and concrete does not adhere to them. 3. Pneumatic Formwork: Using inflatables as a rubber fabric and cement gun with concrete mixed at the nozzle “gunitting�. 4. Shell Structures: Double-curvature thin shells with the aesthetic and structural implications of allowing folds and wrinkles in the fabric formwork.
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Portfolio
Materials
Project 1
Applications
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Knit Candella
NEST living laboratory in DĂźbendorf, Switzerland
Concrete shell built on lightweight knitted formwork
A net of steel cables and a polymer fabric stretched into a reusable scaffolding structure. Spraying technique is used that allows the concrete to be viscous enough to stick to the formwork while staying liquid enough to be sprayed through a nozzle.
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STGILAT pavilion in Spain
Stone Renaissance
Pneumatic formwork and cast concrete. It used nature as inspiration with focus placed on the attributes of a pinecone.
A house by Susae Nakashima where she uses pipes at a slight angle to restrain the fabric and give these walls their own distinct character.
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First Experimentation Phase Step 1 Wires were firmly fixed to a strong base and then shaped to the required form acting as reinforcement means to the mixture.
Step 2 Nylon stockings were stretched over the wires acting as the fabric formwork further giving the structure its final form.
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Step 3 Mixing the white cement with water until having a proper texture. Applying the mixture to the structure covering all parts.
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29 First experimentation final product using fabric formwork and white cement
Conclusion
After the model completely dried it was noted that it seemed to be a bit fragile because the white cement layer was thin, it needed to be thicker and with equal thickness in all parts. It was also noted that it was more fargile towards the parts where the fabric is not tightly stretched which resulted in an unsmooth surface. Moreover, since the water-cement ratio was not recorded, it added to the unequal strength in different parts. Nevertheless, the shell was coherent with nearly no cracks and a relatively smooth surface.
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31 Materials used in the second experimentation phase of fabric formwork
In this stage I decided to experiment fabric formwork through three different approaches using different materials and different forms. The first approach involved using white cement and water with a ratio of 2:1. The wires used were denser and closer to each other creating more bends and ridges on the surface of the fabric to test the proximity of the control points that stretch the nylon fabric. The second approach involved using gypsum and water with a ratio of 2:1. The distance between the wires was larger creating more planar surfaces and less bends and ridges on the surface of the fabric to test the behaviour of the fabric when stretched between far control points. The third approach involved using white cement, gypsum and water with a ratio of 2:2:1. The wires used were less dense than the first approach but denser than the second approach to test the proximity of the control points on an intermediate level.
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Second Experimentation Phase Step 1 Wires were used to help in shaping the structure to the required form and to act as a reinforcement means to the mixture. As, previously mentioned, each approach had a different density of the wires and different proximity between the tension points.
Step 2 Nylon stockings were added over the wires acting as the fabric formwork further giving the structure its final form and ensuring that it is tightly stretched over all parts to provide a smooth surface and lessen weak points.
Step 3 Mixing the white cement or gypsum with water until having a proper texture. Applying the mixture to the structure covering all parts and making sure to have the same thick layer in all parts. Using a spatula or a knife to evenly spread the mixture to provide a smooth surface and minimize weak points.
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33 1st Approach The mixture took too long to dry but was easy to use and easily spread all over different parts. 2nd Approach The mixture dried very quickly that it was extremely hard to use and coherently spread over different parts. 3rd Approach The mixture relatively dried in a suitable time, was easy to use and consistently spread over different parts.
Conclusion The 3rd approach is considered to be the most successful among the three approaches since it provided the perfect balance between the simplicity and easiness of the mixture use and spreading, and the appropriate drying duration. The shell showed strength and nearly no cracks as the fabric was tightly stretched providing a smooth surface for the mixture to evenly spread. Nevertheless, it was still hard to maintain equal thickness in all parts. The proximity of the control points was moderate and created acceptable amounts of bends and ridges on the surface of the structure which increased the volumetric aspect.
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Derived Parameters 1. Mixture materials ratio Using the acceptable and most suitable ratio between different materials will affect the thickness, texture and mass of the surface and structure to have a consistent mixture and avoid having cracks as well as providing the most suitable duration for the mixture to dry. 2. Proximity of control points The closer the control points are the more volumetric shape the form will take and the less planar it will be. 3. Density of wires used The denser the wires are beside each other the more bends and ridges will be formed giving the form its asthetical aspect. 4. Fabric stretch extent The more tightly stretched the fabric the smoother the surface will be with the least cracks in the poured mixture Noura Khaled AbouZeid
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Adaptive double skin facade that is responsive to environmental factors providing variations of daylight, ventilation and visibility options.
Project 2: Part II - The Parametric Facelift
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38 Double Skin Facade Research As a group, we conducted a research based on the double skin façades discussing its basic principles, classifications & variations in environmental performances. We found out that a double-skin façade, or DSF, is an envelope construction composed of two transparent ‘’skins’’ that are separated by an air corridor. The double skin façade is a form of active façade, because it employs equipment, like fans or solar/thermal sensors. It also integrates passive design strategies, such as natural ventilation, daylighting, and solar energy. It consists of the external glazing, the internal glazing, and the air cavity. It has many systems besides the air cavity based types that has many variations that are implemented according to the desired needs. Moreover, we also studied several other aspects of double skin façades like its different approaches and how it could be used as a relevant double skin façade, a solar screen or a responsive façade, and this was further studied in details. We also studied
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39 different precedents of buildings that used a double skin faรงacde for different purposes by applying various techniques and implementing different approaches. Adding to this we also viewed and analysed different technical drawings in order for us to further understand the technical details of a double skin faรงade. We finalized our research by a thorough critique evaluating the affordances and limitations and how it could affect the decisions on which choosing to have a double skin faรงade would differ. This research helped me a lot to proceed to the next phase of designing a double skin faรงade to an already existing building while in the meantime maintaining the outcomes of the previous phase and combining them with the lessons learned out of this research. From this research I have acquired enough knowledge to design a faรงade that can successfully adapt to a conceptual idea based on initial experimentations and a parametric design strategy.
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40 The Parametric Facelift Through this stage it was required to develop a parametrically driven building skin for Blom Bank Egypt SAE - Main Branch in South Teseen road while taking into consideration issues of environmental comfort, spatial relations and human aspects using a passive approach.
Location: Blom Bank Egypt SAE - Main Branch, South Teseen Rd, New Cairo
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Environmental Analysis Based on the location of the building an environmental analysis was conducted which showed several aspects that would affect the design strategy. The prevailing wind comes from NorthEast and the secondary prevailing wind comes from North & North-West despite that the wind with the maximum speed comes from South-West. As for the temperature it showed that it lies between 0 °C and 21 °C during winter and the humidity percentage is between 30-70% which are mostly around the comfort zone. Hence, it was concluded that sun shading is needed from June to October from sunrise till sunset, and from March to May during the afternoons while sunlight is needed from December to March. It also showed that shading of windows is considered as the highest design strategy needed to enhance temperature and daylight exposure of the building. Cooling, evaporative cooling and high thermal mass night flushed will also be effective techniques in this weather zone. Based on this analysis and the site conditions some site parameters were derived including:
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41 Sun and Shading The façade is on the South/South-West which is the optimum side to use double skin façades with 45° variations to minimize solar irradiance. Shading devices will also be needed to control short wave radiation since there is no surrounding buildings to create shade on the façade. Wind Speed and Direction The prevailing wind is not directed on the façade, but the wind directed to this façade has the highest speed, so the double skin façade should be protected from the wind and the cavity should be designed to improve the airflow rates. Outdoor Air Temperature and Humidity These parameters could negatively affect the inducement of high air temperatures and stack effect within the cavity; hence, they could be used as factors to be sensed and the openings on the façade to act accordingly to increase ventilation and shading rates in hot periods.
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42 Façade Operational Mechanism According to the previous analysis it was decided to have an adaptive skin that would be responsive to the environmental factors and weather conditions to provide a suitable internal environment for the users. Consequently, it should consider the interaction between skin’s geometry, elasticity and climate conditions. It should also increase energy savings by reducing energy consumption provide variations of daylight, ventilation and visibility options.
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43 To achieve this, the derived parameters of the first experimentations phase needed some modifications. For example, the first derived parameter, the materials mixture ratio, will not be used in this phase since different materials will be used as different techniques are being implemented. The proximity of the control points will still be used since the the closer the control points are the more volumetric shape the form will take and the less planar it will be. The density of the wires used will be replaced by the density of the material used, so the denser the material the more deformation will happen and consequently the more openings will be created, maintaining the functional aspect of the skin. The fabric stretch extent will also be the same but it will not affect the poured mixture this time, it will affect the aesthetical aspect.
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44 Design Strategy
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Unit Design The shape-memory alloys will be used to give the unit its shape.Each unit will be fixed from 2 points on a central axis.The two leaves of the unit will oppositely rotate around a central axis response to the sun movement.The leaves will stretch again, returning to their original shape after the sun or the heat source is removed. ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2020
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46 1st Design Approach Facade Grid The faรงade will be divided into rows. Each row will have equidistant central axes for each unit and on which the units will be fixed. These central axes will be shifted to the mid-point between each two adjacent axes, in the next row. The units will then be fixed accordingly. They will take the desired shape using the shape memory alloys. The units will then rotate and move responding to the sun movement providing shade to the inside when needed and on the other hand, allowing sunlight to enter other spaces to naturally light it.
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47 To create the shape of each unit, the central axis was divided into several points. These points were then moved away from the central axis to both sides with different distances within a given domain. The two points on the top and at the bottom were the only points moved with a unified distance for all units to be consistent throughout. By doing so, there were many variations in the units shapes but though they were still similar. Also, by changing this given domain, it became the parameter by which accordingly it will give different iterations to the units shape. It was noticed that by decreasing the domain, the units will be less stretched which resluted in that the facade is not properly covered since there will be a lot of gaps between the units and sunlight will not be prevented accordingly. So, in the next approach this was solved by increasing the given domain, and consequently, the units were more stretched and nearly covered all the facade.
Facade before increasing the domain
Facade after increasing the domain
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48 Interior Space Modification Since the building facade is facing the South and South-West orientations, which has sharp sun angles and would require horizontal shading elements, it was decided to protrude the slabs on the upper floors to provide more shade to the indoor spaces in addition to the double skin facade creating a self shaded building. These protruded areas will be used as terraces for the users to utilize and make use of while reflecting on the double skin facade.
Cafeteria & Lounge Conference Hall Offices Adminstration & Reception Terraces
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Moreover, this will also make use of the air cavity between the building and the double skin facade. It will leave a gap that will act as the air cavity that will improve the air flow rates and capture the air from the gap on the Northern side of the building to provide the optimum ventilation required for the indoor spaces and fulfill the users needs. On the other hand, these protruded terraces will control the wind speed and protect the building from high wind speeds.
The protruded terraces start from the second floor more towards the South and end nearly at the cener of the facade. Similarly the protrusion on the third floor is created by with protrusion beyond the center to provide more shade on the lower floors. Starting from the fourth floor the protrusion starts from the west and ends near the center of the facade to catch the wind coming from gap in the building and on the fifth floor it is protruded more to also provude more shade on the lower floors.
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50 Design Process Skin The design process starts with the original faรงade which is transformed to a curved faรงade with more bends and ridges to become more volumetric and less planar and to accommodate the functions behind. This is also to relate back to the experimentations of the first phase and it showed how the proximity points could have an effect on the shape of the facade and make it less planar. In order to achieve this there were two control points that were in control to the movement of the points on the skin to be pulled accordingly and create the air cavity and the required transformation. These points were then connected by curves that were lofted together creating one surface.
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52 Design Process Structure The façade’s skin will then be equally divided in the U and V directions respectively creating a structural grid where each unit will be separately placed in a rectangle. This is done in order to have an organized consistent grid throughout the facade to place the units in a smooth organized manner and also to provide the facade with a strong structural grid that will carry all the units and fix the facade to the building.
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Unit Fixtion The center point of each rectangle will be connected to the midpoints of the two sides with the shorter length of each rectangle in which the units will be placed to act as a central axis on which the unit will be fixed on to the structural grid on the faรงade.
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54 Design Process Unit Design The central axis will be divided into several points that will then be moved with random distances within a given range away from the center towards both sides while fixing the distance by which the top and bottom points will move to be consistent throughout the facade. These points will then be connected on both sides to give the unit its curved shape.
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Unit Rotation Each side of each unit will rotate opposite to the other around the central axis. This rotation is controlled by the sun movement, where the unit rotates when the sun is away from it and returns to its original shape when the sun approaches to provide shade to the internal spaces.
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Final outcome with different iterations based on sun movement
The final outcome of this process showed how the facade responded differently to the sun movement. When the sun was placed at the South, the units beside it were stretched over the facade preventing the penetration of sunlight to the inner spaces. The units gradually start to open by rotating as we move forward towards the west until they are seen fully opened. Similarly, when the sun is at the West the units beside it are closed and as we move forward towards the South the units start to open by rotating to allow in sunlight for the users. On the other hand, when the sun is at the South-West, in the middle, the units at the center are the ones that are closed and as we move towards the South or the West other units start to open by rotating.
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60 Architectural Drawings
2nd Floor Plan
4th Floor Plan
3rd Floor Plan Portfolio
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Plans
Sections
The plans showed the different variations of the floors outline in different levels by added terrace. It also showed the variation in the facade’s outline and how it varies in each level due to the curvature of the double skin facade. All of this affected the distance by which the terraces are protruded in each level and the way in which they provide self-shading for the building as well as providing enough ventilation by placing the terraces on the upper floors on the western part of the facade to be near the gap on the northern side of the building and catch wind.
Different sections across the building showed how the geometry of the double skin facade interacted with the building and its different spaces according to the different functions in each floor. It also showed the elasticity by which the facade geometry responds to the variations in the climate conditions and specially the sun movement and how that affects the shade inside the spaces with respect to the South and West directions.
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62 Architectural Drawings
Through these blow ups the relation between the double skin facade and the building can be clearly seen. It demonstrates the spatialized skin conept by showing the variations within the rotation of the units and the angles by which they open or close. This is shown in relation to the building and the internal spaces as well as the protruded terraces and their relation to the skin.
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Biblography
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https://www.archdaily.com/922897/how-do-double-skin-facades-work https://www.academia.edu/3437899/Pros_and_Cons_of_Double_Skin_Envelope_Systems https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC26226.pdf https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/2698-ventilation-and-sound-attenuation-potential-of-double-skin-facades-in-urban-high-rises.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293871256_Exploring_the_advantages_and_challenges_of_double-skin_facades_DSFs https://study.com/academy/lesson/double-skin-fa-ade-system-materials-advantages-examples. html https://igsmag.com/features/double-skin-facades-characteristics-and-challenges-for-an-advanced-building-skin/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378778803001336 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/double-skin-facade http://www.ebd.lth.se/fileadmin/energi_byggnadsdesign/images/Publikationer/Bok-EBD-R3-G5_ alt_2_Harris.pdf https://www.glassonweb.com/article/evaluating-use-double-skin-facade-systems-sustainable-development
ŠAll rights reserved, American University in Cairo (AUC) May 2020