Student Portfolio
ARCH 473/3522 - DIGITAL DESIGN STUDIO AND WORKSHOP Sohaila Anous Spring 2020
The American University in Cairo (AUC) School of Sciences and Engineering - Department of Architecture ARCH 473/3522 - Digital Design Studio and Workshop (Spring 2019) Student portfolio documenting samples of work submitted along the course, including research, experimentation, 3D modeling, digital fabrication, parametric design and modeling, physical model realisation and analysis. Student name: Sohaila A. Anous Student ID: 900160380
Š The American University in Cairo (AUC), May 2019
Sohaila A. Anous Architecture Student
tectural image we have in Egypt through parametric designs that fit the identity of this country. I dream of Egypt as being one of the leading architectural gems of parametric and smart technologies, not just in Africa, but in the world. Now that’s my dream, to be part of that change, be a part of something that people once called “impossible”.
I am a passionate architectural engineering undergraduate senior student at the American University in Cairo. There has always been the love/ hate relationship between me and architecture, but I guess the love part dominates in the relationship. I have always loved the idea of the combination of art and engineering, I think it creates magic, it creates architecture. I have always thought of myself as a lively person that always likes to leave a good impression on people. I think thats what me and architecture have in common, we leave impressions. That is what I want to do in the near future, leave an impression through something I create, where people stop and reflect on what they see positively. I want them to see the magic, I want to change the archi-
Table of Content
Project 1: El-Minya Homelss Shelter - 1.1 Research Phase: The Octopus - 1.2 Studies and Rhino Experimentation Phase - Site Analaysis & Location - Precedents & Inspiration - Final Concept - 1.3 Final Project Submission
Project 2: Parametric Unit Facade Design - 2.1 Research Phase Fabrication Techniques - Precedents & Inspirations - Physical Fabrication attempts -2.2 Studies & Grasshopper Experimentation - Site Analysis & Location - Concept & Design Parameters -Facade Studies & Analysis -Final Facade Design & GH DeďŹ nition
This is a shot of my my designed homeless shelter design in context, in its assigned site location El-Minya,Egypt.
01 Project One: El-Minya Homeless Shelter During this project, we were asked to design a shelter for the homeless people living in El- Minya Governerate. The design should be based on a natural growth organism.
Designing a Mobile Shelter needs to be adaptive to the enviroment which is a trait the octopus exhibits. This inspired to analyze the growth process of the octopus.
1.1 Research Phase: The Octopus
2
Portfolio
Chapter name
3 Throughout the Octopus’ growth cycle, it starts to develop within the egg to a mature Octopus surpassing 3 main stages: The development of the head, then the arms and finally ending with the formation of the skin.
Natural Growth Inspiration Selection: As a Group of 3, we were asked to choose a natural inspiration that included the element of growth. We were encouraged to extend our design ideation process to include search for design drivers and inspirations. We were required to develop an indepth inquiry into inspirations from nature as a driver for your designs and to observe the phenomenon of growth in nature as a source of inspiration. Site Selection: In this project, we were required to design a mobile shelter for the homeless with an assigned location within the governorate of Minya, Egypt. Chosen Natural Growth Inspiration: The Octopus In the Group, each one chose one of the main growth cycle stages that was then developed into the main concept of the shelter. Throughout the Octopus’ growth cycle, it starts to develop within the egg to a mature Octopus surpassing 3 main stages: The development of the head, then the arms and finally ending with the formation of the skin.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
4 Individual Main Focus: I chose to focus on the Octopus skin as my my inspiration which was then developed after a deep study of the growth and adaptation process the octopus develops it skin. The configuartion of the skin was found to be divided into 5 main cells. I chose two of these cells as my focused inspiration due to the idea of their complimenting nature to each other although one was more dominant than the other. They were used to create my final form proposal and design.
Octopus Skin Development: The octopus skin consists five types of cells that configurate the skin organ. The skin is a chromatophore organ that consists of five types of cells. The central pigmentation cell, the obliquely striated muscle fiber cells, the glial cells, Chromatophore cells and the reflecting cells. Haven chosen the the chromatophore cells and the reflective cells as an inspiration, the chromatophore cells are light reflective cells in which create the basic colors of the octopus, while the reflective cells are the cells that work with the chromatophore cells to reflect and produce other colors from the enviroment in order for the octopus to hide from its predator by camouflage. Camouflage is a visual communication method used by octopuses acheived either through change of color, the way they move while swimming or change in skin texture.
Portfolio
Chapter name
5
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
6
Portfolio
Chapter name
Sculptural concrete canopies at a public park in San Antonio, Texas.
7
1.2 Studies and Rhino Experimentation Phase ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
8
Portfolio
Chapter name
9
Site Analysis and Location Minya is the capital of the Minya Governorate in Upper Egypt. It is located approximately 245 km south of Cairo on the western bank of the Nile River, which ows north through the city and a serious housing problem is present.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
10
Portfolio
Chapter name
11
The site was selected in a middle of a residential and agricultural area. This would oer the users a residential atmosphere and close proximity to job opportunities in agriculture.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
12 Sketches and Diagrams
1
Initial Concept: Growth as Adaptation, The imitation of the octopus skin in a form of a shelter. The Keywords: Mobility, Camouflage, Texture, Expansion and Contraction, Flexibility vs Rigidity, Transparency vs Opacity. The Idea was to create a form as a whole takes the shape of use, such as octopus for camouflage to hide from prey. The use of different elastic material to control space height and work as a manual AC.
2 Concept Development 1: Showcasing the Dominant and subdominant cells forming a shelter where in this case the shelter is the octopus and the two cells are which work together to create camouflage. Keywords: Dominant, subdominant, Camouflage, Texture, Expansion and Contraction, Flexibility vs Rigidity, Transparency vs Opacity.
3
Portfolio
Concept Development 2: Concept was settled like the past one but implementation of the model differ. The form was advanced by changing the texture of the materials to show the difference between the two cells. Slits were also added to create more than one exit. The form was too longitudinal and was a tube shaped form thatb was not very functional in terms of dividing spaces. Chapter name
13 Rhino Progress Models
1
2
3
4
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
14
Portfolio
Chapter name
15
Precedents & •nspiration While creating my design I was inpired by the following projects that had a high impact on my project in terms of material, form and functionality.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
16
Portfolio
Chapter name
17
San Antonios Canopies, Texas The concrete finished structure has two finishes - a smooth finish where the concrete was poured into the fiberglass form,and a broom finish where the concrete was left exposed. The result of all this effort is a unique landmark on the south side of San Antonio. Despite the weight of the concrete petals—individual petals weigh between 15 and 20 tons each—the resulting structure feels remarkably light. The space between individual petals contributes to this feeling of weightlessness
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
18
Portfolio
Chapter name
19
Rapana, Street Library, Bul•aria The design was inspired by nature and its organic shapes. The installation takes into consideration the most important aspects of the city’s identity – the sea and its value to Varna’s citizens. The abstract construction unravels from a single focal point and develops into a semi-circle whilst creating a public space and shelves for placing books at the same time.“Rapana” was designed using the parametric design tools Rhinoceros 3D and Grasshopper, which give architects the possibility to try different shapes and variations.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
20
Portfolio
Chapter name
21
Final Concept Creating a Design that Captures the Essence of growth of the octopus skin which is the third main and final phase iduring the octopus growth. The skin is depandant on two main cells, the Chromatophore cell and the Reflective cell, that work together in parallel to create the final form of the octopus skin appearance in the process of camouflage. This is translated as a dominant and subdominant structures that together create a shelter for the user which represents the camouflage effect of the octopus skin.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
22
Portfolio
Chapter name
Description of photo in a couple of lines, including explanation and/or references
23
1.3 Final Project #1 Submission ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
24
Portfo Por Portfolio tfolio tfo lio
Chapter Chapte Cha pterr name pte name
25
ARCH ARC H 473/ 4 473/3522 73/352 73/ 3522 352 2 - Sp Sprin Spring ring rin g 2019 2019
Sohaila Sohail Soh aila ail a Anou A Anous nouss nou
26
Sketches and Diagrams
1
2
3
Portfolio
Space Functionality: Through my design I wanted to create a functional space to serve it users in terms of activities performed inside and the factor of privacy. I decided that iI wanted to create a central private open node in the middle and the other spaces surrounding it.
Form Development: The most appropriate form to create my space functionality idea was to make it spiral. Creating a spiral form would create easier circulation and a more adaptive form to suite the context through blending in by the height that starts from the floor, goes up, and ends back on the ground.On the way open slits were created for ventilation and light and to stay connected with the outside enviroment.Slits differed in size depending on the space function.
Materiality: The use of concrete and wood are used in this design for being matrerials that are locally found in Egypt. The use of concrete was also used in order to create the spiral complex form, it was the most efficient material.
Chapter name
27
Abstract Concept to Architectural Translation:
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
28
Portfolio
Chapter name
29
Plan, Section & Elevations After coming up with my ďŹ nal design form, we were asked to show the design’s technical drawings. This further compliments the understanding of my design.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
30
Portfolio
Chapter name
31
Typical Floor Plan
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
32
Section a-a
Portfolio
Chapter name
33
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
34
Northern Elevation
Portfolio
Chapter name
35
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
36
Eastern Elevation
Portfolio
Chapter name
37
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
38
Portfolio
Chapter name
39
Fabrication Method The Fabrication method that I will be using is 3D printing from the software program Cura. The model is divided into two concrete shells, each shell can be printed seperately , but I chose it to be one whole model with supports that will then be removed after the printing process.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
40
Portfolio
Chapter name
Description of photo in a couple of lines, including explanation and/or references
41
02 Project Two: Parametric Unit Facade Design In this project, we were asked to design a parametric unit facade design that is conducted from design parameters that we concluded out of the fabrication and material experimentation phase.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
2.1 Research Phase: Fabrication Techniques
What is Fabric Formwork? Fabric formwork is a building technology that involves the use of structural membranes as the main facing material for concrete molds. Unlike traditional formwork, the material is highly exible and can deect under the pressure of fresh concrete. The resulting forms exhibit curvature as well as excellent surface ďŹ nishes that are generally not associated with concrete structures.
History of Fabric Formwork The invention of fabric formwork came about as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Reed was an abundant resource, both lightweight and flexible. It is probable that these building methods were favored due to the fact that these underground structures were hard to reach with conventional formwork materials, and also had no requirements for the surface finish. Several crucial developments in fabric formwork took place in the late 18th and the 19th century. The first appearance of fabric formwork can be attributed to Gustav Lilienthal (1849–1933) Types of Formwork - Draped (stretched in one direction) and plastered (floor, roof) - Stretched and plastered (wall) - Filled and stressed through hydraulic pressure (column) - Level, lying on the ground (ground floor, liners) Cable-Net: a thin-shell concrete roof with a novel cable-net and fabric formwork system. The system consists of a fabric shuttering installed on a cable-net structure, which is tensioned from stiff boundary beams supported by standard scaffolding props. The cable-net is made from 2015 uniquely sized cables and rods, connected by 953 steel nodes
Smocking The research re-imagines the use of traditional smocking, an embroidery technique used since the middle ages to tailor a laborer’s clothing(Cave and Hodges, 1984).
Precedents and Inspirations During this phase we started to fabricate using materials that were eďŹƒcient and easily found to replace plaster. So in order to do so, I had to look up examples and precedents to help me with the techniques I would use.
Ultra Thin Concrete Materials researchers from the Block Research Group at the ETH Zurich, together with architects supermanoeuvre, have revealed a prototype for an ultra-thin, sinuous concrete roof system with an average thickness of just 5 centimeters. Using digital design and fabrication technologies, the team was able to calculate and construct a self-supporting shell structure using the minimal necessary material. This was facilitated through the use of a novel formwork system consisting of a net of steel cables and a polymer fabric stretched into a reusable scaolding structure.
MARS Pavillion (Flat Sheet Material) The MARS Pavilion combines the precision or robots and the freedom of fabric to achieve an otherwise impossible organic geometry. Industrial robot arms manipulate fabric sleeves, creating an adjustable formwork into which concrete is poured. No two components are the same in the structure, which is designed to be a catenary to keep every member in compression. Steel ďŹ ber is introduced in lieu of rebar, yielding a 25% increase of compressive, tensile and exural strengths. A uniform steel connection detail is used throughout, creating a consistent means for assembly.
Physical Fabrication Attempts During this phase we started to fabricate using materials that were efďŹ cient and easily found to replace plaster. The attempts were to help us come up with prameters for the project design facades.
Physical Fabrication Attempt #1
Create Frame 30x30x15 cm
Apply paper between sticks and spray varnish
Add form shaping wooden sticks (Panels)
Dry paper with hair dryer
Use Multiple Layered Calque Paper
Let dry to create uneven curves and pour plaster.
Wet the Calque Paper
Physical Fabrication Attempt #2
Create flour and water paste as a substitute for plaster gypsum.
Roll paste.
Bring fabric and string.
Roll fabric around paste.
Pour paste on fabric.
String around fabric and let dry with different strengths of ties.
Spread paste and fabric
Outcome was successful, but the paste was more solid than liquid due to being left in the air for a long time. Thus this led in the play of the resultant.
Physical Fabrication Attempt #3
Create a skeleton for the shape using wire.
Apply the paste into the volume.
Insert the paper shape into the skeleton wire.
Turn the shap
Paste was stuck to the paper and attempt failed.
pe into a volume.
Create Flour, glue and water paste as a substitute for plaster gypsum.
Failed: Paste was too sticky and heavy for paper to carry. Thus led to the failure of the attempt.
Physical Fabrication Attempt #4
Create frame 30X30X15 cm
Create 3 dierent gravitational nodes.
Add form shaping wooden sticks
Let dry and remove from foil.
S
Shape 5 layers of foil.
Shape foil in dierent volumes and apply it on wooden sticks, then pour paste.
Successful result: Paste took the shaoe to an extent, twisted to the dierent gravitational points produced and texture from the foil shows on the solid form.
Final resultant
64
Portfolio
Chapter name
65
2.2 Studies & Grasshopper Experimentation ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
66
Portfolio
Chapter name
67
Site Analysis and Location The project location is the Bloom Bank building in Egypt SAE - Main Branch, South Teseen Rd, New Cairo). The main faรงade of the building is in a South/Southwest orientation, and it is required to devise an appropriate envelope that provides adequate shading and sun protection.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
68
90 Street New Cairo Building Facade Bloom Bank Egypt.
Portfolio
Chapter name
69 Sun Path on Building facade This sun path analysis was taken into consideration during the facade design because as shown, in Egypt the sun comes from the south direction which makes this facade a southern facade that must be designed with adequate shading.
During Winter in January
Windrose & Sun Path
During Summer in June
Facade Weaknesses: Southwest oriented building facade: exposure to strong sun rays. Noise exposure due to crowded 90th street.
The Wind rose and Sun path indicate that the façade needs to be protected from the south western sun and the presence of northern winds.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Facade is completely made of glass, creating high heat exposure and glare during summer. Use of solar panels will not be suďŹƒcient due to dust and khamassini winds. Sohaila Anous
70
Portfolio
Chapter name
71
Concept & Desi•n Parameters During this part of the project, we were asked to conduct the design parameters that we concluded out of the fabrication and material experimentation phase in keywords that would deďŹ ne our concept of the facade design.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
72 Design Parameters 1
2
Local Parameters:
Global Parameters:
- Unit based Can move depending on orientation,Vertical &Horizontal motion.
All units together create a horizontal strip that acts as a curved strip with multiple gravitational nodes & function accordingly.
1. Gravitational nodes & fixation points
Having different fixation points that create different forms.
4. Aesthetics & Texture
2. Height of surfaces
Dynamic Joints connecting points together.
3. Gravitational volume and skeleton reinforcement that creates form.
A group of ppanels create the gravitational volume of the facade.
5. Different Strips Nodes
Create multiple nodes that change throughout each strip in the facade to not create a boring view.
Portfolio
Chapter name
73 The design parameters that were concluded out of the fabrication and material exploration phase were divided into two types, Local Parameters and Global Parameters. Local Parameters: Unit based . Can move depending on orientation,Vertical &Horizontal motion. Global Parameters: All units together create a horizontal strip that acts as a curved strip with multiple gravitational nodes & function accordingly.
Conceptual Sketches & Visuals:
Curved Surface
Enviromentally driven (sun path motion)
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Panel units with dierent material(opaque & transparent)
Static, moveable panels
Visually appealing and functional
Sohaila Anous
74 Conceptual Approach: In the Conceptual Section below, I tried to bring out the ideas and thoughts i had to create an interactive facade and aesthetically pleasing facade.
OďŹƒces
Double height Meeting Rooms & Terrace
Skylight Lounge Area
Street Floor, Smoking, ATM, Seating, Waiting Area
Portfolio
Chapter name
75 Concept: The human body can perfectly respond and adapt to internal and external thermal changes through its different parts to maintain comfort levels. The human skin is the main separator between the body and external environments, and is also the medium between the core of the human body and the external conditions. “Create an analogy between the thermoregulation processes of the human body and buildings, to help optimize buildings thermal performance of buildings.” The building skin should be as dynamic, intelligent and efficient as the human skin in terms of function and performance in order to optimize the thermal regulation process and increase the thermal comfort levels in interior spaces.
Form development trials: I had 3 different trials and a final product.
1
2
Trail 1
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
3
Trail 2
Trail 3
Sohaila Anous
76
Portfolio
Chapter name
77
The model on the left shows the third attempt during the trial phase (not the ďŹ nal product).
Facade Studies & Analysis During this phase I will be discussing how I developed my concept into my facade design and the design parameters that drove it. In addition to the mechanism and movement of the panels in the facade.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
78
Portfolio
Chapter name
79 Each horizontal strip of panels on the facde had different Gravitaional nodes that are raised from different ends.
Movement of these gravitational nodes changes according to sun exposure, they are not fixed and change depending on the time of day and sun ray intensity on the panels, that they change direction. Each Panel consists of two different materials. The top part consists of an opaque screen and the lower part consists of transparent glass to keep visual conection with the outer view of th street.
Each horizontal strip containf 22 panels that vary in direction . The panels are made up of steel strips with a special paint to slow down the rusting. The lower panels are fixed to the slab due to being lond vertival panels with an opposite direction from the upper panels, due to the street function and to create a sort of privacy to the bank lower floor in case of people waiting, using the ATM or just waiting for Transporataion. The facade is a smart facade that moves according to sun exposure using smart technology mechanics.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
80
Portfolio
Chapter name
81 Mechanism and Panel Motion
The mechanism and movement of the panels are dependent o either human interaction or enviromental factors such as the sun orientation. Each panel consists of steel bars that are controlled through a cable fall arrest smart system controlled by the intensity of heat facing the panel. Each panels consists of a top opaque glass material, while the lower part is regular transparent glass.
Precedents:
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
82
Portfolio
Chapter name
83
Final Facade Desi•n & GH Definiton During this phase I will be discussing the grasshoper script and definiton that I came up with that created my design, in addition to other plugins I used and the way the facade moves depending on enviromental status.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
84 Grasshopper DeďŹ nition
Portfolio
Chapter name
85
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
86 1
2
The Building with columns and slabs Structural system.
6
The creation of a facade surface on rhino to create facade design with grasshoper.
7
8
12
11
Adding the panel joints and choosing material.
Dividing the surface in horizontal strips to create number of vertical panels.
Shaping the curve.
Using the nodes of each panel to create oset curve on the outer side to create the 3d form of the panel..
Creating a central node for each panel in order to be able to identify, top, bottom and middle of panel curve to control it.
Portfolio
3
13
Create a number for each panel face to control each panel face material.
Final resultant of grasshoper script.
Chapter name
87 4
•
5
Using a new plug in “lunchbox” to create quad panels, dividing the whole facade into panels.
9
10
Using loft to close each curve of each panel together.
Creating a central node for each panel to be able to move each panel depending on sun direction.
Selecting the panels to create a pipe to act as the panel joints.
15
14
Creating 5 different surfaces and connect with loft to create portrusions then used the script on each one individually. ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Final resultant.
So during this grasshopper definiton, I started by creating a surface in which I later divided to rceate multiple quad panels using an additional plugin that I downloaded, Known as Lunchbox. It easily created these quad panels that I created to each panel with sepearte central nodes to be able to control each one separetely, for the sake of the sun mechanism. So that each panel would move dependant on the sun orientation during summer and winter. After I finally created the facade I was confident of, I wanted to create protrusions to make my facade more interesting and create different functions for each space, so I re-made my script on 5 different surfaces that I connected on rhino using the loft option and then connected the script separetely to each one. Howvwere They were all connected to the same sun Path script so they can all move together and not seperately.
Sohaila Anous
88 Interior Blowup
Side view
Portfolio
Front view
Chapter name
89 Section & Floor Function Activities The section here shows the different portrusions of the facade depending on the function inside that space. Starting from the top, The sky loung on levels 5, appears to be as an open flower that open to endure in sunlight, The shape is to give the feeling of openess and freeness in parallel with easiness to look down on the street to keep it contected with the outer context. Flat facade levels are office spaces to help keep th e formality. Double heights and mezanine are available to keep the sense of te facade and to help keep the openess of space. Lower ground floor has fixed panels to always keep this sector private in the street level, either for ATM machines, waiting for the bus or just having a chat during break hours.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
90 Panel Orientation dependant on Sun Orientation throughout dierent times throughout the day.
Portfolio
Chapter name
91 Sun Path Definition on Grasshopper:
The four pictures below show how by using the sun path definition on grasshoper, we can attain how the panels move according to sun orientation during different times throughout the day and throughout the year. The sun movement in the definition is controlled by the graph mapper, and the point on curve that is connected to the sphere. As The numbers increase The sun moves deeper in the curve and back as numbers decrease. The panels look down when the sun is oriented towards them facing the sun with the opaque glass material and opens the transparent on the other side.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
Sohaila Anous
92
Portfolio
Chapter name
The image on the left shows the ďŹ nal facade design in context with the surrounding buildings and streets.
ARCH 473/3522 - Spring 2019
93
Sohaila Anous
Biblography
• • • • • • • •
• • • • •
https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/octopuses-keep-surprising-us-here-areeight-examples-how.html https://www.microscopyu.com/techniques/polarized-light/introduction-to-polarized-light https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a837/7846314c1a5472efb4b03bc4d51c31593bbb.pdf?_ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/21/science/for-an-octopus-seeingthe-light-doesnt-require-eyes.html https://www.microscopyu.com/techniques/polarized-light/introduction-to-polarized-light https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/209/19/3697.full.pdf https://cerebrovortex.com/2013/10/22/octopus-concussions/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Dynamic-sunlight-responding-shading-screen-for-Al-Bahar-Towers-facade-reproduced-from_ fig1_325999447 https://www.oobject.com/category/12-moving-building-facades-videos/ https://www.arch2o.com/dynamic-facades-the-story/ http://www.tboake.com/bio/facadetectonics2014boake-rev.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239370810_Thermal_behaviour_of_a_ventilated_double_skin_facade_in_hot_arid_climate https://www.glassonweb.com/article/double-skin-facades-characteristics-and-challenges-advanced-building-skin
ŠAll rights reserved, American University in Cairo (AUC) May 2019