Ahmed Marey - AUC - ARCH 473/3522

ARCH 473/3522 - DIGITAL DESIGN STUDIO AND WORKSHOP Ahmed Moustafa Marey Spring 2019

Student Storybook

The American University in Cairo (AUC) School of Sciences and Engineering - Department of Architecture ARCH 473/3522 - Digital Design Studio and Workshop (Spring 2020) Student portfolio documenting samples of work submitted along the course, including research, experimentation, 3D modeling, digital fabrication, parametric design and modeling, physical model realization and analysis.

Student name: Ahmed Moustafa Marey Student ID: 900161858

Š The American University in Cairo (AUC), May 2019

Ahmed Moustafa Marey Architecture Student

If architecture is the integration between arts and science, then parametric architecture is what we call a rocket science.

Ahmed Moustafa Marey is an Egyptian senior architecture student at AUC, an interior designer at Tawa Zen firm, and a former STEM student, recognized at the World Government Summit in UAE for his contribution to the Arab youth development throughout his organization - TravX. After a promising journey in STEM fields, Ahmed found another passion in arts generally, but in drawing, writing and music in specific.

Ahmed is known for his adaptive nature in any environment he is put in, making sure to leave an positive impact, both professionally and personally while staying supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.

Coming from a scientific background, I have developed a passion for the integration between computer science and architecture. The idea of being able to keep the pace with the ever-changing technological advances in the world of architecture was quite out-of-reach until recently. Transforming from just using computers to draw faster, moving to BIM and the idea of embedding information within drawings, and reaching the point where computers actually help us in the process of designing, have changed the way people, in general, and architects, in specific, think about buildings.

This storybook shall reflect the algorithmic patterns and processes I followed throughout the course to achieve the course objectives whether by using specific applications or just applying a parametric thinking processes while extracting and developing the very first stages of the concept idea. The storybook will also be focusing on the linkages between different projects and how the outcomes of each stage influenced the other as you will see at Project 2A and 2B, and how the idea of parameters played a huge role in both and affected the design approach of Project 2B “To always be continued ...� Life Motto

Table Of Contents Project 1: Mobile Shelter for the Homeless (Crypto Habitat).. 1

- Concept and Main Inspiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - Location and User Group.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - Abstraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - Architectural Transition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - Design Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - Final Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - Optimization Techniques.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - Fabrication Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Project 2A: Fabric Formwork and Casting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

- Overview and History.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- Precedents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- Experimentation Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- Trials.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 18 20 22 24 29

Project 2B: Parametric Facelift (Blom Bank).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

- Blom Bank Core Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

- Site Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 - Assumptions and Modifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

- Operational Mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

- Facade Modules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

- How Prisms Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

- Parameters.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

- Transformations and Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 - Grasshopper Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

A perspective view of the shelter embedded within a mountain.

01

Mobile Shelter for the Homeless (Crypto Habitat)

2

Storybook

Crypto Habitat

3 DNA Replication process Animated by Polymime Animation Company Ltd.

Concept and Main Inspiration Deoxyribonucleic acid, commonly known as DNA, is a nucleic acid that has three main components: a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Before DNA can be replicated, the double stranded molecule must be “unzipped” into two single strands.

Once the DNA strands have been separated, a short piece of RNA called a primer binds to the 3’ end of the strand.

Enzymes known as DNA polymerases are responsible creating the new strand by a process called elongation.

Once both the continuous and discontinuous strands are formed, an enzyme removes all RNA primers & are replaced with appropriate bases.

In the end, replication produces two DNA molecules, each with one strand from the parent molecule and one new strand.

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Location Al-Minya is known for its poverty and high percentage of homeless people, which force them to work in considerablely the most dangerous workplace: the Limestone Quarry, AKA the white desert.

“IT’S VERY HOT, even in December. And it’s really hard to breathe when pillars of dust rise. Workers hit machines with hammers to make noise, warning other workers that the heavy, fast machinery is close by,” A worker said.

User Group The workers are mostly close families and friends.

So, creating and replicating the shelter to create a community for them, will not on;y be welcomed socially, but will reduce the number of deaths caused by the inadequate roads.

“Picturesque but Deadly” Credits: National Geographic

Photography: Mohamed Ali Eddin

Article: Becky Harlan

Storybook

Crypto Habitat

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Abstraction Process

Main Abstraction DNA already stores our biological information from eye color to skin tone, it programs our entire bodies.

DNA is made of 4 organic bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. The specific sequence in these bases into groups of 3, known as codons, gives our cell the instruction By translating the 1’s and 0’s of binary code into DNA codons, digital data could be programmed into synthetic DNA, then decoded back into its original form.

Using DNA and its storage capacity, it is believed that we could fit all of the information currently on the Internet into a space of a shoe box.

Secondary Abstraction Complementary Nature

Storybook

Supporting Spin

Crypto Habitat

Is DNA the future of data storage?

Produced by TED-Ed

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Architectural Transition Human personalities are highly affected by genetic DNA, so assuming that the codon: GCA produce introverted character, we will be able to translate it to architecture using the binary translation of it, which is 110100 assuming that: A = 00, T = 01, C = 10, and G = 11.

We will then divide this binary number into sets of two’s. Each two digits are responsible for architectural aspect. For example, the first set is translated into the size of the living space, the second is how much light is preferred, and the third is the overall form

This way we have sixty four different combinations or variations for the produced architecture, which is directly influenced by the users’ personalities, behaviors, and traits, extracted from their DNA.

Storybook

Crypto Habitat

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Design Development The intended approach at the beginning was to create a spiral form which is partially embedded in the ground to protect it from the dust, be inspired by the helix form of the DNA, and it will also help in the structural integrity of the building as each floor is supported on the soil from all sides. It will also help in dividing the internal space for different types of activities.

Final Design Concept Effect on Form This shelter is based on the binary above for an introverted character which shows only one of the sixty four variations. It has a supporting spin in the middle that allows for dynamic (rotational) movement of the three attached spaces, which varies in sizes and light penetration according to the user DNA personality codon.

Location Effect of Form The shelter is partially immersed into a mountain-like ground in order to protect the users from the pillars of dust going up, allowing for better vision and breathe conditions. It can also rotate and be able to hide totally in the mountain in case of a storm. Moreover, it will generate better environmental conditions, using earth cooling.

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Final Drawings The habitat consists of three parts, which fulfill the basic human needs: Living room, Bedroom, and Restroom.

As for an introvert, the bedroom is considered a safe haven, where he/she spend most of their time in. It is the most important place, so it’s needed to be the largest, and the lightest in illumination.

For the living room, it is more for relaxing, and spending time with people, but in an quite environment where diffused light is not very bright.

As for the restroom, it shall be closer to the bedroom with minimal light and away from the living space to give the maximum sense of privacy.

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Crypto Habitat

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Optimization The entrance will be at the north-west side, but the building will be partially exposed at the south east to maximize the light penetration to the bedroom and protect the shleter from the dust coming from the direction of the prevailing wind.

Entrance

Exposed Facade

For further protection, the north and north-west sides will be planted with different kind of trees in order to resist wind and dust, and give spacial beauty - also drought resistant to live in such hot climate.

Albizia Lebbeck

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Hyphaene Thebaica

Balanites Aegyptiaca

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Fabrication With the Mountain In this fabrication mode, the shelter is part of the mountain so, the best fabrication method is to use subtracting from a box shape with the dimensions of the mountain.

This will help in understanding the connection between the mountain and the shelter, and how the shelter responses to the environment.

Without the Mountain Using plastic 3D printing is better here because it will show the configuration in different spaces and it will not only allow to see how the places will look like, but it will help in studying interior spaces in terms of light and functionality.

Due to the existence of many hanged pieces in this model, the use of Mesh-Mixer is necessary to optimize the amount of plastic used and make it easier to remove the supports The model might need to be printed in different pieces if we need to examine how the spaces will rotate around the middle spin

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Crypto Habitat

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Photo Credit: Julie Cormie - Ronnie Araya

02

Fabric Formwork and Casting

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Overview and History Fabric formwork is a building technology that involves the use of structural membranes as the main facing material for concrete molds.

It is not a new method. However, The focus on using it is quite recent because of its adaptive nature that help in creating more flexible forms that are emerging nowadays.

Roman Times: For the construction of cofferdams, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius explains a method of creating two retaining walls that are filled with clay in woven reed baskets.

Also, for the construction of vaulting with a plaster finish, Vitruvius recommends the use of reeds tied together to form the lower surface on which a sand mortar is applied. This is the basis for further coats before applying the plaster

Early: Beginnings: Gustav Lilienthal (1849 – 1933) initiated the use of fabric formwork with his design of a patented floor system; he used waterproof fabric with wire netting for reinforcement.

Storybook

Fabric Formwork and Casting

17 Large Scale Applications: James Waller (1884 – 1968) developed the idea of “Hessian” in its four types: Draped and Plastered Stretched and Plastered Filled and Stressed through hydraulic pressure Level & lying on the ground

Ctesiphon shell (1922) used fabric formwork for the construction of shells with corrugations for stiffness.

He used parallel false work arches and then allowed the fabric to sag in between.

Architecture Expression: Miguel Fisac (1913-2006) is the first one to address the aesthetic possibilities of fabric formwork while using polyethylene lamina for smooth texturing of concrete and having variations in façade design.

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Storybook

Fabric Formwork and Casting

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Methods Smocking: is an embroidery technique used to gather fabric so that it can stretch. Before elastic, smocking was commonly used in cuffs, bodices, and necklines in garments where buttons were undesirable.

However, now it is used as a new technique in fabric formwork while anchoring parts of the fabric to prevent it from tearing

Formwork with Obstacles: Relay on the idea of creating obstacles underneath the fabric so the resulting concrete takes the shape of it. It is mainly used in wall panels or creating textures in general

Pneumatic Formwork: Based on the idea of using inflatables – like balloons – as a rubber fabric and cast or spray concrete or cement on it to take its shape with cement gun and then take the air and the balloon out.

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Precedents Mars Pavilion: - Used the precision of robots and the freedom of fabric to create an adjustable mold.

- No two pieces are the same, so using traditional methods is not applicable.

- Calibrating the robots to sync perfectly in reality, not only on computers Form Found Facade: Presented at the Facade Tectonics World Conference in Los Angeles, this building facade system adapts the Fabric Forms research into self-supporting cladding system to create shading through variable-size aperture KintCandela: - Over two miles of yarn was knitted into four strips of between 15 and 26 meters in just 36 hours using a digital fabrication technique, then flown over from Switzerland to Mexico in suitcases.

- Next, 1,000 modeling balloons were inserted into the pocket between the two fabric layers to create the desired shape, before the exterior was coated in a special cement paste to make it rigid.

- The concrete itself was added by hand, making the KnitCrete method a hybrid of digital innovation and traditional construction techniques.

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Fabric Formwork and Casting

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22 Input Parameters Formwork Material:

Output Parameters Texture:

Mix Design Ratio (Gypsum to Cement to Water):

Strength:

Stress:

Durability:

Reinforcement:

Time to Solidify

Voids

Storybook

Experimentation Approach: After examining different elements and parameters, from the precedents, and understand how the parameters work, different parameters were identified in order to be examined during the experimentation process, which are more likely to affect the outcome or the output, and also understand how do they affect each other. Those parameters were categorized into two groups: Input Parameters - which are mostly independent and drive the other type of parameters, which are the Output Parameters. In the following five trials, some input parameters were kept constant, while changing other parameters in order to study them closely and identify to what extent do parameters affect each other.

In the five trials, different formwork materials were used as a membrane, with different materials design mix, using gypsum, cement and water.

The formwork was sometimes subjected to different amounts of stress, voids and reinforcement as well.

Fabric Formwork and Casting

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Trial 1 Inputs

Plastic

-

1:0:1

- No Stress - No Reinforcement-No Voids

Outputs

Smooth

Not Durable

Medium Strength

Little Time

Reflection The gypsum solidified in the middle of the formwork, preventing the rest of filling, and the opening was very small, making it harder.

The use cement was necessary to make the solidifying time longer. Along with making a bigger opening or filling from both sides.

Storybook

Fabric Formwork and Casting

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Trial 2 Inputs

Plastic

-

1:0:1

- pre stress - No Reinforcement-No Voids

Outputs

Fabric Texture

Not Durable

Low Strength

Little Time

Reflection The use of gypsum was better this time as I wanted it to solidify fast. Also, the applying of textured plastic gave it an aesthetic look.

The cracks were due to applying a thin layer of gypsum and the fabric sagged in-between, so while trying to remove it, the gypsum cracked

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Fabric Formwork Ahmed and Casting Marey

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Trial 3 Inputs

Cotton

-

1:1:1

- No Stress - No Reinforcement-No Voids

Outputs

Rough Texture

A Little Durable Medium Strength Moderate Time

Reflection The Mix solidified in quite adequate time but increasing the amount of water would have given time to adjust it after filling it.

The voids in the formwork made no difference as the mix solidifies fast.

Storybook

Fabric Formwork and Casting

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Trial 4 Inputs

Cotton

-

0:1:1

pre-stress- Little Reinforcement-Little Voids

Outputs

Fabric Texture

Not Durable

Low Strength

A Lot of Time

Reflection The mix ratio was better as it stayed in liquid state until I finished the pouring although it took some time to solidify thereafter.

The prestressing was successful in avoiding sagging and producing a smooth – but textured – outcome.

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Fabric Formwork Ahmed and Casting Marey

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Trial 5 Inputs

Plastic

-

0.5:1:1

- No Stress - Net Reinforcement-Voids

Outputs

Smocking Texture-Not Durable

Medium Strength Moderate Time

Reflection The mix was adequate for this kind of casting. The texture was obvious but lead to some complications while removing the formwork.

The reinforcement helped in not cracking the mix while removing the obstacles (bottles)

Storybook

Fabric Formwork and Casting

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Conclusion: The formwork material shall be adequate to the kind of outcome needed. It can be identified according to many factors, including: permeability, thickness, effective stress ‌ etc The mix between only gypsum and water is not desired as it solidify very fast, not allowing for formation or experimentation. The mix between only cement and water takes a lot of time to solidify and the result is fragile. So, the optimum mix for this kind of exercise was 0.5:1:1 Gypsum to Water to Cement

No Effect High Effect Low Effect

Prestress is necessary in structural elements to achieve maximum precision. Without it, the fabric will sag in many places, following the gravitational force, resulting in an unpleasant outcome. Flat slabs, on the other hand, do not require prestressing as long as they are supported on flat surface Texture is purely aesthetic parameter. It solely depends on the kind of outcome you would like to get, whether it is natural or artificial.

Reinforcement is necessary in structural elements to help in holding loads. It is also advisable to use it around corners and voids as they are the weakest points and tend to crack while removing the formwork.

Voids are also used for aesthetics and to understand how the material behave around them. They require special care to avoid cracking them. It is also advisable not to make them very close to the edges because they are already weak enough and might result in cracking.

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Photo Credit: Henn Studio B

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Parametric Facelift (Blom Bank)

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Blom Bank Core Values Mission Statement: BLOM Bank’s goal is to be the leading regional financial institution providing exceptional value and peace of mind to all our stakeholders.

Prudence: We aspire to continuously offer peace of mind through providing safe and sustainable services and value to both our customers and shareholders Professionalism: We pride ourselves in our ability to attract, develop and retain top banking professionals to exceed our clients’ highest expectations Integrity: We are devoted to always remain transparent, honest, unbiased, and trustworthy.

Improvement: We constantly improve our processes and services offered to stakeholders using the best available technologies.

Performance: We set for ourselves the highest standards to stimulate and achieve balanced, stable and secure growth.

Stewardship: We are strongly committed to protecting and improving the well-being of our people, our community and the environment.

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Parametric Facelift (Blom Bank)

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Site Conditions The sun path above shows how the sun interacts with the building, showing the sun angles in all months, which will be a main parameter in the faรงade design.

The Wind Rose shows that most of the wind comes from north and north-north east direction, and the secondary wind comes from west north west and north west. Therefore, it will not be taken into consideration for its minimal effect on the facade functionality.

The radiation range is quite high in summer so it will require more shading overall, but the double faรงade can work for heat gain and radiate to the interior spaces in winter.

Blom Bank is located on a strategic site at the beginning of road 90 and at the intersection between many other perpendicular streets.

The main faรงade runs from south to west.

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Assumptions & Modifications The board offices form a two-level attic. The only modification is extending the slab to make a 1.5 meters balcony attached to the double façade.

The office floors, the heart of the building’s life, are located on a three-level Piano Nobile.

On the first two levels, the base accommodates the amenities for staff, clients and visitors.

The extended slabs will be at the board offices and meeting spaces to reflect the core values of the bank, where board members and potential clients can have a peace of mind and establish an integrity.

Operational Mechanism Based on research, I have decided to used an adaptive (responsive) skin with programmable modules with specific materials, which gives flexibility both in environmental and behavioral aspects, and therefore, get the best outcome.

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Parametric Facelift (Blom Bank)

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Facade Modules Triangular Prism: in colloquial use “prism” usually refers to this type. Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, plastic, and fluorite.

Abbe Prism: The prism consists of a block of glass forming a right prism with 30°–60°–90° triangular faces. When in use, a beam of light enters face AB, is refracted and undergoes total internal reflection from face BC, and is refracted again on exiting face AC. The prism is designed such that one particular wavelength of the light exits the prism at a deviation angle (relative to the light’s original path) of exactly 60°. This is the minimum possible deviation of the prism, all other wavelengths being deviated by greater angles.

Compound Prism: consists of two triangular prisms in contact, with the first typically being made from a medium-dispersion crown glass, and the second a higher-dispersion flint glass. Light entering the first prism is refracted at the first air-glass interface, refracted again at the interface between the two prisms, and then exits the second prism at near-normal incidence.

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Parametric Facelift (Blom Bank)

37 Refraction: why glass prisms bend and separate light Animated by ABC Education

How Prisms Work Light changes speed as it moves from one medium to another (for example, from air into the glass of the prism). This speed change causes the light to be refracted and to enter the new medium at a different angle (Huygens principle).

The degree of bending of the light’s path depends on the angle that the incident beam of light makes with the surface, and on the ratio between the refractive indices of the two media (Snell’s law).

The refractive index of many materials (such as glass) varies with the wavelength or color of the light used, a phenomenon known as dispersion.

This causes light of different colors to be refracted differently and to leave the prism at different angles, creating an effect similar to a rainbow. This can be used to separate a beam of white light into its constituent spectrum of colors. A similar separation happens with iridescent materials, such as a soap bubble. Prisms will generally disperse light over a much larger frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings, making them useful for broad-spectrum spectroscopy.

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Parameters Global Parameters: Air Temperature (Inside & Outside): By using sensors, the air temperature at the surface of the double skin facade is measured along with the temperature inside the building, and compared to the human comfort zone to know the amount of temperature needed to achieve such zone.

Light Measure: The amount of light inside the floor will be measured to make sure that optimum light amounts are provided - whether direct or indirect - to maximize productivity and reduce energy consumption

Local Parameters: User Position Inside the Space: Since light is not distributed equally inside the space, the user’s position shall be identified to avoid low amounts of light at some points and also glare levels which will result in discomfort Sun Position: The sun position and angle are key factors in the adaptation of the skin mechanism to adjust the amount of needed shading and - with the help of the User’s Position - block the User Field of View (UFV) to avoid glare.

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Parametric Facelift (Blom Bank)

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Transformations & Development

Telescopic Movement

Telescopic Movement: The main driver for the telescopic movement in the horizontal direction is the sun position to provide the shading required inside the space and adjust the air temperature (cavity opening). This way the first dynamic response in the project development after analyzing the prism and how it works.

Horizontal Rotation: The second response is the horizontal rotation around the side axis, which adjusts the amount of light coming inside the building and whether it is direct or indirect.

No Light

Much Direct Light

No Direct Light

Some Direct Light

Horizontal Rotation Some Indirect Light

Some No Indirect Light Indirect Light

Vertical Rotation: In response to the higher sun angles acting upon the south facade, vertical rotational movement is applied to modules running from south to southwest for optimum results.

Vertical Rotation

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Parametric Facelift (Blom Bank)

Blom Bank Adavptive Double Skin Produced by Ahmed Marey

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Ahmed Marey

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Grasshopper Definition

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Bibliography:

Alberts, Bruce. “DNA Replication and Recombination.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 23 Jan. 2003, www.nature.com/articles/nature01407.

Computational Design of Fabric Formwork - Shape Lab. shape.bu.edu/fabric.

“DNA Cryptography.” GeeksforGeeks, 9 Aug. 2019, www.geeksforgeeks.org/dna-cryptography/.

“DNA Is the Future of Data Storage: Secure Cloud Backup Software: Nordic Backup.” Secure Cloud Backup Software | Nordic Backup, 2 Feb. 2018, nordic-backup.com/blog/dna-is-the-future-of-data-storage/.

Ganea, Simona.

“22 Unique Building Designs With Dynamic Facades.” Homedit, 14 Nov. 2018, www.homedit.com/ building-with-dynamic-facades/.

Harlan, Becky. “Egypt’s Limestone Quarries: Picturesque but Deadly.” National Geographic, 23 Mar. 2015, www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2015/03/23/egypts-picturesque-but-deadly-limestone-quarries/.

Klemenc, Stacey Enesey. “Using Fabric in Concrete Formwork.” Concrete Decor, 8 May 2020, www. concretedecor.net/decorativeconcretearticles/vol-10-no-1-january-2010/fabric-formwork/.

“Molecular Mechanism of DNA Replication (Article).” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/a/molecular-mechanism-of-dna-replication.

“Prism.” Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prism.

Tornea, O., and M. E. Borda. “DNA Cryptographic Algorithms.” SpringerLink, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 26 Sept. 2009, link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-04292-8_49.

Veenendaal, Diederik, et al. History and Overview of Fabric Formwork: Using Fabrics for ... 2011, www.block.arch.ethz.ch/brg/files/suco_201100014.pdf.

ŠAll rights reserved, American University in Cairo (AUC) May 2019