North American Projectile Points by Cliff Jackson

NORTH AMERICAN PROJECTILE POINTS

Wm Jack Hranicky

North American Projectile Points Wm Jack Hranicky RPA

An Experimental Arrow…A Study of the Past.

Virginia Academic Press Post Office Box 11256 Alexandria, Virginia USA 2011

Dedication His primary focus was the transition from a hunting/gathering subsistence base to a sedentary, agriculture-based culture in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico; however, he named a few projectile points ….

Richard (Scotty) MacNeish

Former Director of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology in Andover, Massachusetts. MacNeish was “An often-brilliant, usually controversial, and always irascible American archaeologist” (Robert Locke January 2001).

Appreciation Many thanks to Thomas R. Hester, University of Texas, for his extensive review of this publication. His comments were incorporated with gratitude. And, to all the members of the various archaeological and collector societies who provided artifacts or information for this publication. Also, Mike Gramly reviewed an earlier edition.

rd Revised, 3 Edition.

One thing about archaeology, there is always something new to find.

Floyd Painter

Personal find by the author…

This biface failure was found by the author on the Jordon-Syrian border in 2002. It was an upper Paleolithic site. The site was going to be destroyed by military construction. When the author reported the site to the Cultural Ministry in Amman, he was told that they had enough paleolitic sites and would not investigate this one. This is all that remains of the site.

It appears to be an archaeological fact: homo sapiens sapiens have been in the Western Hemisphere for 50,000 years. Now the questions are: Who were the ancient people, what technology did they bring in, and what cultures did they establish in American prehistory? See Solutrean in this volume.

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Preface This publication provides a single-source for projectile points in the literature of American archaeology. Its purpose is to provide a quick lookup for point types; the user then utilizes the basic references that are provided for more research information, point comparisons, data, distributions, etc. Within American archaeology, there are many forms of investigations, practices, methodologies, ethical standards, varying degrees of expertise, site-context artifacts, field collections, and numerous other factors that apply to projectile point typology and American collections. And, then there is the relic/collector world which probably holds more artifacts than any other group in the U.S. Somewhere in the midst of all this, there is reliable and truthful information about America’s antiquity. For some, archaeology is a compromise among people who study and curate (loosely used for private collection) prehistoric artifacts. Any attempt to produce a single publication on American projectile points will certainly place the writer between scientific archaeology and the proverbial other side of the arrowheads – the collector world. Justifiably, there are readers who simply want to learn more about the Native American’s material culture and will contribute their finds to the archaeological community. Nonetheless/more, the author has maintained point data files for over 30 years and offers this information to anyone seeking it. A position is to assume (hopefully) that the archaeology world will continue efforts to stop site looting, illegal sales of artifacts and the sale of fakes. They will sponsor Native American rights to their history, and move a sample cultural antiquities into the public realm. Of course, this is a “big” wish on the part of the author, but maybe… Author viewing the Joe Copeland collection in Richmond, Texas (Now the collection scattered; it never made it to a public museum).

One of the drawbacks of this publication is space limitation. As such, sample points and drawings are presented which reflect the ideal point type. The text tries to remain neutral on type validity and type redundancy. Quite simply, anyone can name a point type and publish it. By its usage, archaeology weeds out most of the bad/false types by the diligent practice of archaeologists who use typology as a means of explaining and interpreting Native American cultural remains and history. However, one only has to visit the book markets to see a cascading mountain of badly typed points. More books have been written on projectile point typology than any other topic in American archaeology. The author is simply neither a policeman to catch any (and there are millions) violators of all forms of antiquity activities nor a banker to regulate projectile point dollar values in our society. However, he readily admits that the Clovis police are after him – because he has published that man/womankind has been in the New World for 50,000 years or longer. And that the West is not the single entry point for early people; the East also has its counterpart in world population migrations. For the U.S., the earliest port of entry is probably the Middle Atlantic area. Anyhow, this publication is an attempt to demonstrate that projectile point typology is a world of messed up arrowheads, most in the wrong place and time in American history. Sometime there will be a truthful and accurate presentation of them.

Wm Jack Hranicky RPA

Table of Contents National Museum of the American Indian ........................................................................................................vi Why Prehistoric Projectile Points? ...................................................................................................................vii Introduction - Points and Typology..................................................................................................................10 Introduction – Artifact Worlds .........................................................................................................................27 Introduction - References .................................................................................................................................47 Introduction - Point Types Contained in this Publication.................................................................................53 Aa .....................................................................................................................................................................74 Bb ................................................................................................................................................................... 115 Cc ................................................................................................................................................................... 182 Clovis [Lanceolate] Points ............................................................................................................................. 222 Dd ................................................................................................................................................................... 276 Ee.................................................................................................................................................................... 310 Ff .................................................................................................................................................................... 336 Gg ................................................................................................................................................................... 359 Hh ................................................................................................................................................................... 393 Ii ..................................................................................................................................................................... 441 Jj ..................................................................................................................................................................... 446 Kk ................................................................................................................................................................... 455 Ll .................................................................................................................................................................... 479 Mm ................................................................................................................................................................. 519 Nn ................................................................................................................................................................... 585 Oo ................................................................................................................................................................... 604 Pp.................................................................................................................................................................... 616 Qq ................................................................................................................................................................... 670 Rr.................................................................................................................................................................... 673 Ss .................................................................................................................................................................... 696 Tt .................................................................................................................................................................... 790 Uu ................................................................................................................................................................... 815 Vv ................................................................................................................................................................... 820 Ww ................................................................................................................................................................. 829 Xx ................................................................................................................................................................... 855 Yy ................................................................................................................................................................... 855 Zz.................................................................................................................................................................... 862 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 865

A black and white bound hardcopy of this publication is available. Cost: $29.95 plus $7.50 priority U.S. mail Order from: Virginia Academic Press Post Office Box 11256 Alexandria, Virginia 22312 USA

National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC The National Museum of the American Indian was established by an Act of Congress in 1989. The museum’s collections were founded on the collections of the former Museum of the American Indian/Heye Foundation in New York City. The current museum consists of 800,000 works of art, cultural, historical, artifacts, and religious from all over the U.S. Additionally, the physical plant consists of meeting space, bookstore, café, special display gallery, theater, and resource center. The building was designed by Douglas Cardinal (Blackfoot) and a team of Native architects and consultants, including Johnpaul Jones (Cherokee/Choctaw) and artistdesigner Ramona Sakiestewa (Hopi). Its structure is in Kasota limestone and reflects nature’s rough beauty. The building is aligned to the cardinal points of which the center points to the U.S. Capitol. It reflects the Native’s universe and the earthly environment. Its place on the National Mall was guided by Donna House (Navajo/Oneida) in which the grounds are divided into the Chesapeake Bay’s major regions of hardwood forest, wetlands, cropland, and meadow areas. Funerary, religious, and ceremonial objects associated with living cultures are displayed only with the approval of the appropriate tribes. Repatriation is another important concern being addressed by the museum. Human remains and funerary objects, religious and ceremonial artifacts, communally-owned tribal property, or any holdings acquired illegally are returned upon request to individual descendants or tribal groups who can demonstrate a cultural affiliation and factual claim to the property in question.

Projectile Point Display

Sample Artifacts

While the museum houses numerous collections, the primary focus is its prehistoric projectile point collection. There is a representative sample from across America. The Museum makes a worth-while and informative visit to the Nation’s capital. Naturally, while visiting, the other Smithsonian museums should be on your list of famous places to see and visit.

National Museum of the American Indian Washington, DC

Why Prehistoric Projectile Points? The first problem in prehistoric projectile point typing is: very few of these implements were projectiles; they were mostly knives. But the major question is: why the projectile point in the Western Hemisphere, especially in North America. The true answer will probably never be known. The suggestion here is that the projectile point, commonly called a point, reflects a social setting from which various clans had their specific point style. This style was passed on to succeeding generations whose usage was modified with changes to a different technology, such as lanceolate to notched points or stemmed/notched forms being replaced with triangles. These changes were changes in function but maintained a spirit from the past. For archaeology, we may never understand change; other than physical changes in structure. Four major problems occur in archaeology with regard to points: 1. Chronology for a specific morphology or style 2. Geographical distribution for a specific point structure 3. Changes process for a specific style through time and space 4. Variation structural range which was acceptable for a social group using a specific morphology. Can we simply classify points into lanceolate, notched, stemmed, and triangle categories. Yes, but this argument has been called the “lumpers method;” whereas, those who study minute type details are called the “splitters.” Neither group is completely correct in analyzing points. The problem with both philosophies is prehistoric culture’s variations in structure and function with tools through time and space. These changes are often latent in social culture, but physical changes can be seen in their artifacts...sometimes.

If you examine enough points, you tend to see specific point structures that, of course, are what we call types. Types should be easily recognized. Don Crabtree (famous flintknapper) once told the author in the 1970s: “there are only so many ways to make a projectile point.” On the other hand, Joffry Coe (North Carolina’s famous archaeologist) once told the author in the 1970s: “lithic technology is a continuum that started in Africa and was terminated worldwide with the metal usage.” Both philosophies have been used by the author in dealing with projectile points, but problems do occur. Another factor is technology (pointmaking) is only a small part of prehistoric culture which involves:  Technology methods used for making tools  Ideological/religious viewpoints for tools manufacture  Political controls and influences affect tools function and structure  Economics at the time technology was used, namely material acquisition  Exchange systems (trade) with other social units  Artforms practiced by the social unit  Language usage in teaching/explaining the world. And often a factor,  Experience in toolmaking. In other words, there are numerous factors that went into the “making” of a point; let alone, the numerous methods and theoretical viewpoints in archaeology which are used to classify points. If you take any given point and ask 10 archaeologists (even collectors) to type the point, you probably will get 10 different types … because we have very little information about the pointmaker’s world when he manufactured the point. No point is unique, but no point is exactly the same as another point sharing similar traits and attributes.

In professional archaeology, the primary way projectile points are typed comes from two methods of acquiring specimens which are:  Surface collecting or surveys, by both professionals and collectors  Site-specific points by scientific excavations with artifact contexts. These factors constitute the general or specific analysis of projectile points. However, over 50% of the known points cannot be typed or, most importantly, do not have (or lost) their provenance in many collections, including professionally obtained specimens. As said, the most reliable dates for types come from a site which has been dated using a radiometric method. Most types have been named from local surface collections based on similar morphologies and have relative dates verses specific (absolute) dates.

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Another major problem in typing points is they often have different names in different states. There are hundreds of duplicate point types in the literature. Notched and stemmed points are the major problems, but there are true types which become territory and time markers, such as Clovis, Hardaway, Humboldt, or Folsom. The variations in hafting technology for points are limited, but a point type should have a set of attributes which make a type recognizable. Attribute definitions are lacking in archaeology and, as a result, type descriptions vary with terminologies.

Here is an example in typing the points below. This point is from northern Florida and made from coastal plain chert. 1) It is heavily weathered. 2) It has minor lateral edge trimming. 3) Base is not ground and has a sharp edge. 4) It was percussion flaked. 5) It is thin. And, 6) It has major hinged flake scars. Can it be typed?

Northern Florida Specimen: L = 67, W = 30, T = 6 mm.

The early Americans left literally millions of millions of points. Typology represents less than one percent of them. Thus, typology is not an easy game, even for experienced typologists. Regardless of experience, the use of nomenclature varies among individuals. As mentioned, typology does not have standardization in its terms and definitions. Thus, point descriptions vary, so how can points be consistently typed?

In summation, there are far too many projectile points to be typed as specific forms, but classification is the principal method of analysis by both collectors and professional archaeologists. In most cases, assessing a point to a type is subjective and, if not from a site context, can never be specifically assigned to time and place in prehistory. Repeating, the best way to analyze points is comparing ones from known sites. However, typology is the best tool for interpreting prehistory.

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Collection dating August 4, 1890 from Dirkerman’s farm, Priston, Connecticut.

Introduction - Points and Typology This introduction is divided into:    

Points and Typology Artifact Worlds Basic References Point Type List.

Note: This publication is an ongoing project and updates will be published. The book was started 15 years ago; many people know of it and have requested copies. This is Version 3, so page breaks may not always agree with art and caption locations. More maps will also be added in a later edition. This first introduction section describes the basic typing methodology used in this publication. The second section – ramblings of the author – discusses artifact-related topics in American archaeology. The third section provides the basic reference library for projectile point typology. The fourth section is a listing of all the points types in the book. This book is neither the starting place for typology studies nor the ending work on point typologies. It places every type that the author could find in one volume and follows the following philosophy. There is the collector and noncollector world for prehistoric artifacts… There is the professional and nonprofessional archaeology world for prehistoric artifacts… For the artifacts, who knows where they may find their transplanted residency … Typology is based on opinion with experience in handling and studying artifacts… No two artifacts are ever exactly alike… But regardless of ownership and curation, all artifacts contain data, even the lonely surface find discovered during a casual or expert surface collection… Once an artifact has been removed from a site, the site is never the same as before its removal… This publication steps into a prehistoric mess – professional archaeology and the relic/antique worlds. There will be members of both communities who will criticize the justification for its approach, methods, and the interpretations which are used. The following pages are with and without merit concerns by the author; as such, they provide a single source to most (1500+) of the projectile point types in the literature. There is a minor assessment (mostly subjective) on the value or contribution of these types to the literature and archaeology; basically, it is just a simple listing of projectile point types. This publication has no intended audience – just people interested in collaborative studies of American prehistoric projectile points. The following chart (1) presents a viewpoint of the contemporary world of prehistoric antiquities – there is no attempt to adjust the point listing or, more importantly, justify any form of acquiring knowledge and artifacts from America’s past. At the center of antiquity studies and acquisitions are the public and their repositories, namely the museum. There is some sense of salvation from the past in attempting to present all

types from an all in/ex-clusive artifact world. No matter how the author approaches this topic, it will bleed across the real world of the Native Americans’ history – namely professional archaeology and prehistoric artifact collectors.

ARTIFACT WORLD

ARCHAEOLOGY

EXCAVATE SITES

SURFACE SURVEYS

COLLECTORS

PUBLIC MUSEUM

SITE DIGGING

SURFACE FINDS

1 - Archaeology and the Relic World. At least something from the past comes to the present and is preserved for the future. Then, there is the Native American view of their material culture history. It is amazing that Nature can preserve sites and artifacts for thousands of years and man/womankind can destroy them in a matter of seconds.

The discovery of American prehistoric artifacts is not a recent event. It has, of course, occurred over the years with obviously millions of discovery events (2). What is the significance about all these discoveries, and what roles do they play archaeologically in our curation, maintenance, and study of cultural objects from the past? The answers remain a major topic in American archaeology. Regardless of the consequences, from Native American to collector, of obtaining artifacts, there is a reality of the social worlds from the past that has a fascination, even romance, for a lot of people. Most prehistoric artifacts have lost their association to specific peoples from the past. Fortunately, many of these artifacts have archaeological histories, preservations, and belong to the American people, namely from scientific site excavations. The publication of Robert Bell and Roland Hall’s (1953) Selected Projectile Points of the United States, which was published by the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, reflects the early days of the American study of projectile point typology. Fifty years later, this publication here attempts to summarize all efforts since that inaugural publication. One cannot but wonder what the archaeological world will be like on the 100th anniversary of the Bell and Hall publication.

2 – Biface Discovered in 1842 near St Louis, Missouri. It was kept by the family of the farm where it was found for over 150 years. Finally, members of the family lost interest in their prehistoric collection and sold it into the relic world. – This is generally what happens to the world of prehistoric Native American artifacts. -- It is one of the oldest recorded bifaces in America’s collections of Native American artifacts.

The study of American projectile point typology provides more latitude, combinations, and descriptions than any other topic in archaeology. Within this range of study, numerous interpretations are possible. The 2

major problem is: whose interpretation is right? Which is correct? While based on experience and training, typology still resides in the realm of subjective opinion, a little guesswork, and intuitive assessments (3). As argued by the author in the past, ask 10 different archaeologists to type 10 different points, and you are likely to get 100 different opinions. Somewhere in the range of these appraisals, there would probably be true statements about these artifacts that can be equated to prehistoric Native Americans. This publication will make no attempt at solving the problem; just compound the problem by offering 1500+ types in American archaeology for “more” study. Δ The only “sure” type is points found and named after/in an archaeological site which has been scientifically excavated…

The question for this list is: which types are or are not reliable indicators of culture? Of course, what is the goal of typology if not culture? Regardless of anyone’s typing philosophy, two projectile points typing laws exist: Δ The first person to name and publish a point type creates the only name that the type should be called. Δ A type is always driven by a cultural association at a specific time and place. The analytical approach used here is that if a type is frequently cited in the typological literature, the type is reasonably sound and merits future study and inclusion in archaeological research projects. Therefore, the types that are listed with two or more references are considered as being valid types. Generally, those with only one or two references are conditional types and need archaeological proofs for their certainty. Naturally, the literature is full of false types and duplication of types plagues the typology. In the text, some nontypes are marked as false types and have no further discussion. A major problem in projectile point typology is state boundaries guarded by archaeologists. For example, eastern archaeologists dropped the Stubenville type (Mayer-Oaks 1955) and called it the Fox Creek type (as in MacCord and Hranicky 1979). Then, within the eastern provenance, a small group dropped the Fox Creek name and started using the Selby Bay name (by Mayr 1972 and was included in Hranicky 2001). Thus, regional types most often have extensive distributions which some archaeologists and collectors fail to recognize.

3 – Typing. This Point Depends on Numerous Factors in Typology, namely time and space locations in prehistory and, if from the collector world, its credibility and authenticity.

The above two points are typeable, but they would generate numerous opinions for their classification.

Frequently, the public assigns prehistoric projectile points to local Native American groups. And, sometimes these same local Native Americans claim the locally-found artifacts belong to their ancestors. All of which usually causes problems in the archaeological community. While trying to appease all groups, there are major problems attributing any point type to specific Native American groups, especially if the points represent any lengthy antiquity. Most Native American societies did not remain stationary during prehistory; they migrated over large territories following gameherds, looking for fertile lands, finding lithic sources, and in most cases, they simply were nomadic in their travels. As a consequence, local prehistories are archaeological cultures based on specific forms of their technology and settlement patterns. One must remember that the history of the Native Americans covers 50,000 years. Δ Simple stemming and corner/side notching are difficult to type and date unless they are found in an excavation.

Δ The triangle point is a simple form with numerous type names.

The Archaeology of a Point Finding an arrowhead involves numerous factors, such as an archaeological find or a casual find that does not have the formality of archaeology. Most artifacts are found outside of archaeology, but they still provide data and information about American prehistory. All artifacts are a product of a culture that existed in antiquity. While a projectile point is usually how arrowhead are classified, there is more to it, archaeological speaking. Most archeologists use established categories for classifying artifacts. The basic division is usually material, such as ceramics and lithics, followed by classes, such as points, drills, scrapers, etc. Once this has been established, it is usually tested, such as specific frequencies, forms, dates, functions, comparisons to other excavated data, etc. Note: function is placed above culture, which allows the same technology to be used by several cultures. All factors below culture are probably cultural-specific items. Once point classification categories have been determined and tested to show research validity, the next step is to elucidate cultural process and reconstruct culture history (Hester, Heizer, and Graham 1975:217). As Hester, Heizer, and Graham note, many archeologists are concerned with meaningfulness of the various categories in an artifactual classification. Thus, Krieger (1945:489) writes: One of the fundamental precepts of archaeological thinking should be that specimens are not so much objects to be classified, but the concrete, overt expression of the mental and social world in which the makers live. This aspect of archeological research consists of placing artifacts into cultural units of replicable behavior or contrasting them cross-culturally. This analysis, which can only be manifested from the material cultural world, is based on an orderly sorting based on the archeologist's preferences. Krieger (1960:143) notes a difference between classification and typology: The two terms have, of course, generally been regarded as synonymous, and probably few will agree that they can be distinguished. However, I prefer to think of classification as any act of sorting or designating, and of a typology as a more orderly system of actions, obeying certain laws or principles. Thus, anyone can classify in any manner of ways, but a typological (or taxonomic) system can only be 4

attained in a limited number of ways, must have a clear aim, and requires knowledge of how the material occurs in space, time, and context. Any prehistoric tool or implement meets the following process (4).

4 - Projectile Point Manufacture Model

“Arrowhead” Dates The true term for arrowheads is points or projectile points. And, once past this nomenclature, the first question that is generally ask: how old is it? No projectile point can be dated precisely because there is not a method that can be used to date stone materials. The western stone, obsidian, can be dated; however, this material was not available to Eastern Indians. Since we cannot date stone, we can only date projectile points by: 1) Association with other cultural artifacts that are found during the course of an excavation. Points can be dated with some degree of certainty, commonly called absolute dating, if they are found in undisputed association with organic materials, such as bone, burnt wood, mussel shells, which were dated by the carbon14 method. No projectile point can be dated precisely because there is not a method that can be used to date stone materials. The western stone, obsidian, can be dated; however, this material was not available to Eastern Indians. Since we cannot date stone, we can only date projectile points by: 2) Inference that is based on artifact observations, such as certain point styles were preferred by the Indians in certain areas or time periods. Points can be dated from site where Carbon-14 dates are not available by their relative position in an archeological site. That is: the deeper an artifact is in a site (commonly called stratigraphy), the older it is relative to the artifacts that were found above it. Dates can also be confusing in archaeological contexts, such as BP vs. BC, old vs recent C-14 dates, etc. Another major aspect of dating is the exact beginning and ending time for a point type.

Book Organization Due to the high number of point types, the only logical organization is an alphabetical listing. Each published type contains: 5

          

Type name Namer and source of namer Map (only major types) Short description General type date and distribution Quote by a specialist or namer Major attribute Type validity Similar to Comment Reference(s).

Note: Major attribute is used to identify a single attribute that makes up a type – without that specific attribute; a point is not a member of the type.

All point descriptions that have illustrations are considered by the author to be valid types. However, some of them may still be conditional types in archaeology. No scale is used because of the author’s wide ranging sources over 20 years; drawings are shown as representative samples and are not intended to show range or variation of a type. The reader should consult other publications for definitive point type discussions and illustrations. Note: These types are listed for informational purposes and may neither necessarily be real in Native American prehistory nor used in contemporary archaeology.

Most illustrations are based on best type examples, and the reader must remember that all types have a range of variations and differences in manufacturing skills. Also, basic morphological styles were reused over-and-over by the Native Americans at various times and places. Most types have Native Americanfavorite materials, but this too varies in antiquity. Reference to lithic materials is left to the reader’s research of specific collections – a nonlithic, but attribute deterministic approach is used. Reference to Panindian refers to an almost universal projectile point (and knife) technology used by prehistoric Native Americans that is found throughout Indian prehistory.. The term variant is not used here; a point is a member of a type – or it is not. All types have variation in their morphology. These should not be grouped as a variant type, but the type should be redefined to include new variations. However, the term is used in the archaeological and collector literature. Cambron and Hulse (1986) describe a type variant as: … in projectile point typology, a variation of the type described as of the original series. As mentioned, all types have morphological variation within them. This is mainly due to knapping skills, types of materials, size of the manufactured point, and expediencies or social pressures in toolmaking. Variation is a key to identifying the social change process which usually results in the type being altered into a new form. This form is not a variant; it is a new type within the production. Variation as seen in change may be as subtle as moving the position of the notch. Retrofitted and resharpened specimens are sometimes confused as variants. The expended form also may show little resemblance to the initial type form. All of this has produced what can be called delightful controversies in archaeology. Also, the reader must remember – no two points are ever exactly alike. However, sameness is what makes types. Additionally, within all types, there are too many variations in the manufacturing process – points are not stamped out in prehistory. One factor that needs to be stated early is the failure to recognize surface associations and maintain records of their finds. Often, field-collected materials are picked up and not catalogued; thus, the expression surface materials has little value or importance in mainstream archaeology. Two Clovis points (5) and (6) illustrate this situation.

5 – Professionally-collected. West Virginia Clovis Point with Associated Scraper – Site was excavated. (Photograph Credit: National Park Service)

It is more than arrowheads … While collecting Native American prehistoric artifacts is an interesting pastime and an informative hobby, the archaeological study of them requires a total view of the Native American material culture. Projectile points are a small part of culture. True, they do represent specific identifying (timemarker) factors in studying prehistoric cultures. But archaeology is the study of all integrated artifacts plus all nonmaterial forms of culture, such as political organization, economic and environmental conditions, religious or ideological philosophies, and basic family relationships. When all these factors are coupled with material remains, we can create an interpretation of how a society functioned and existed at a particular time and place.

6 – Amateur-collected, Maryland (Potomac River) Clovis Point with its associated knife. Artifacts sit in a storage case and the exact location where they came from was lost with the death of the owner.

This is the main reason why single surface finds have little value in archaeology. While numerous surface finds of a specific projectile point can lead to artifact distributions, after a while, data from these artifacts become so redundant that collecting more of these artifacts is a waste of archaeological resources, 7

namely time and cost. This surplus overflows in curation also. For example, how many Savannah River points do we need in study collections? Of course, there are purist archaeologists who would reply – all of them. Their argument is that this defies the logic of curation. The basic answer is context and provenance; but, even then, this supply can be overwhelming. All of which leads to – the archaeological site is the basic (prima facia) form of archaeological research and field investigations. In both Clovis cases (above), this is a truthful picture of one aspect of their cultural history; archaeology is more than arrowheads.

Artifact Environments Through no fault of its own, the artifact will always find itself in a world where its existence is tenuous at the hands of its current owner and its present curation. Some artifacts will survive into the future; however, many of them will fall into the hands of historical despair – even oblivion. While the number of artifacts is countless, this number for historical purposes is frozen – none-for-more will ever be manufactured in prehistory. Archaeologists call this a nonrenewable resource. Basically, all our artifacts will have the following environments:  Many will be in private collections where their environment will vary greatly, even includes destruction  Many will be in public collections where their environment will vary greatly, including possible preservation  And, many more are still in the geological environment where their survival will vary greatly, including destruction and preservation.

Point Manufacture This publication offers examples of the final manufacturing process; thus, the reader needs to consult other publications for toolmaking. The following are recommended:    

An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State Museum, No. 28, Pocatello, ID (1972) by Don E. Crabtree The Basics of Biface Knapping in the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition - A Manual for Flintknappers and Lithic Analysis. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-179 (1979) by Errett Callahan Flintknapping - Making and Understanding Stone Tools. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. (1994) by John C. Whittaker Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM (2001) by Brian P. Kooyman

They were all knives … ? While commonly called arrowheads or scientifically projectile points, most were never used as projectiles … they were primarily knives (7), but served other functions, such as drills, scrapers, shavers, perforators, etc. As such, numerous knife form types are presented in the text along with projectile points. Tool function is not a concern in this publication. There are numerous ways for archaeologists to access this tool property, namely wear patterns.

7 - Savannah River Knife. It has an unusual shape which reenforces the knife function for most projectile points. Naturally, smaller points were used on arrows.

Additionally, point function is difficult to determine with specimens because of modification or breakage of the tool during its life cycles. For example, the tool shown in (8) would probably be classified as a drill; however, it could have been a large knife on which the blade was worn down and the former owner reflaked it into a drill. It is a stemmed tool.

8 – A Flint Drill form Kentucky.

For serious studies of projectile points in a social setting, the following are recommended: Crothers, George M. ed., (2004) Hunters and Gatherers in Theory and Archaeology. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Occasional Paper No. 31, Carbondale, IL. Bettinger, Robert L. (1991) Hunters-Gatherers: Archaeological and Evolutionary Theory. Plenum Press, New York, NY. Kelly, Robert L. (1995) Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherers Lifeways. Smithsonian Press, Washington, DC. Schrire, Camel (ed.) (1984) Past and Present in Hunter-Gatherers Studies. Academic Press, New York, NY. After the nomadic-to-semipermanent stage of American prehistoric peoples, the village/town setting becomes the lifeways of Native Americans who met the Europeans at Contact.

Artifact Values (Science or Monetary) Commercialization of artifacts is a factor in studying and working with American prehistoric cultural remains. For the American economic system, every object or action has a monetary value. However, when prehistoric artifacts are viewed by the general public, monetary value tends to be more significant than who made it and when. There is a sense of the romantic attachment with the past for artifacts within most of the American society. It is even a protectionist viewpoint that is found in most societies. However, dollar value is always a factor which cannot be ignored in studying prehistoric antiquities. This applies to artifacts outside normalized archaeology; and, in another sense, it applies to the cost of doing an excavation. Any artifact publication that assigns dollar values to artifacts is doomed in professional and amateur archaeological communities. True: every artifact has value; but most importantly, every artifact is a physical manifestation of knowledge from the past. Again, it takes money to accumulate artifacts and money to maintain them. There is no dollar value on information gained from them.

9 - Archaeology is Knowledge - Not Just Artifacts

Archaeology is not an afternoon of collecting artifacts. It is a highly specialized discipline of investigating the past through its material remains (9). The value of collected artifacts, usually via a site excavation, lies in their informational value. Prehistoric knowledge is built on the scientific acquisition of artifacts. Value is a mixed social set of semantics. Fortunately, archaeology is regarded as the best value for America’s prehistoric resources.

Projectile Point Typology A type is a group of tools, in this case projectile points, which have similar attributes which form a recognizable style or shape of the tool type. It is an implement that meets a specific form from predefined criteria; clustering of attributes. It is a basic unit of comparison and analysis of artifacts and is a subdivision of a specific artifact industry. Each type is a collection of attributes that presumably make an artifact type different from another type. Fowke (1896:178) may have been the first to refer to a point type (10). The typological concept is best defined in Krieger (1944), who advocated in his paper The Typological Concept: Any group which may be labeled a type must embrace material which can be shown to consist of individual variations in the execution of a definite constructional idea; likewise, the dividing lines between a series of types must be based upon demonstrable historical factors, not, as is often the case, upon the inclinations of the analyst or the niceties of descriptive orderliness. Few laws exist in typing other than covering laws of Nature, but three generalizing laws can be applied to any authentic prehistoric artifact. These laws are always present and constitute the basic philosophy in typing. They are: Δ All artifacts represent an exact time and space when they were manufactured, when used, and when discarded or lost. Δ All artifacts are human reflections of the culture in which the manufacturer practiced. Δ Total artifact population will never be known.

10 - Examples of Early Classification by Fowke (1913)

Archaeology's diligent investigations may not always present accurate pictures of past human behaviors. However, the basic assumptions are: 1 - Prehistory was orderly 2 - Prehistory can be explained.

Based on this philosophy in archaeology, there are four major typing operations: 1 - Identifying - set of attributes and properties that uniquely identify a group of related and similar artifacts. 2 - Describing - sets of specific characteristics of a particular group of related and similar artifacts. These characteristics do not uniquely identify artifacts. 3 - Classifying - set of generalized conditions as characteristics of a particular group of similar artifacts. Relationship is not necessary, but the characteristics tend to uniquely identify the group of artifacts. 4 – Assuming time and space – numerous projectile points are time markers).

Types are justified and useful for tool analyses when they have: 1 - Replication - type can be observed in cultural settings where it might be expected to occur. Points of a given type are replicated in similar situations found elsewhere. 2 - Recognition - type can be easily identified in an artifact collection. When numerous people can recognize a point type, it has a very high validity as a useful identifier of a prehistoric artifact. A type must communicate a mental image of a particular style to another person. 3 - Culturation - type can be associated with a particular technology or associated panculturally. A point type represents a certain way of life, which may be associated with a particular culture or represents numerous cultures. Technology should not be equated with culture. For example, there are no such cultures as the Kirk or LeCroy. These are technologies. There are notable exceptions, such as Adena and Hopewell people. Table 1 - Typology Assumptions Argument: Point types always assume a specific culture at a time and place in prehistory, and it was made in a particular society. Problem: Types always reflect a specific technology most of which is Pan-Native American. Result: No projectile point can be considered as a unique form of technology.

Consequence: All projectile points show variation and change within any given societal circumstance and conditions. 4 - Temporalization - type can be used as a timemarker in prehistory. The best aspect of typology is its capability to indicate time periods; for example, Clovis indicates a Paleoindian time period. 5 – Geographic Distribution - type has a known distribution. When distributions are known, types become good predictors for sites and material cultural associations. One major difficulty in using types is the Panindian nature of stone tools; numerous morphological styles have wide distributions in prehistory.

A given type allows archeologists to communicate the history, distribution, and morphology of a given Native American tool; thus, when speaking or writing about a type, the same, if you would – mental image and logical placement – information is conveyed between the writer (speaker) and reader (listener). Types serve as analytical tools from which basic assumptions are made, such as age, culture, geography, material, technology, etc. Types serve as independent, perhaps standalone, evidence of a given technology from which we assume that they had antecedents and subsequent forms. As such, the major purpose of a type is its capability to be a timemarker (Table 1).

Projectile Points The projectile point is any flaked or chipped lithic object that has a pointed end, two cutting edges, and a shaft-mounting area; can be synonymous with lanceolate and knife (Hranicky 1991 and 2002). It is generally called a pointed biface, but uniface points do occur. Any projectile point has two basin morphological parts: the hafting area and the blade (workend) area (11).

11 – Basic Parts of any Projectile Point.

It is also called an arrowhead, dartpoint, or spearpoint. Major parts are: 1 - Blade 2 - Stem 3 - Notch (if present) 4 - Tip 5 - Base 6 - Neck (if present) 7 - Shoulder (if present).

Points is a popular term for all projectile point bifaces. According to the Second Tulsa Conference on Lithic Analysis held during the summer of 1993, the term bifacial tool should be used to refer to all bifacially worked artifacts in general, but points remain a popular designation (Odell 1996). Points are usually grouped according to sizes; however, this varies with each archaeologist, and the following are suggestions: Small size - 4 cm or less Medium size - 4 to 8 cm

Large size - 8 to 10 cm Very large size - 10 cm and over.

Size is basically determined by the pointmaker. However, extremely large points probably were used for ceremonial functions rather than daily purposes (12).

12 - Large Adena Point. Maryland ceremonial burial item.

Point statistics are numerical presentations in archaeology and include characteristics, traits, or attributes of a projectile point. They include: 1 - Point angle measurements 2 - Length, width, and thickness measurements 3 - Notching and stem measurements 4 - Blade and point ratios 5 - Blade, base, and stem curve measurements 6 - Point weight measurements 7 - Frequency or point counting 8 - Distributional frequencies or counts 9 - Comparative analysis, such as means and medians 10 - Flakes per cm.

There are hundreds of ways and methods to analyze projectile points – each way is weighted by the researcher (13). One-way collectors might learn this way is to join their state archaeological society and participate in their archaeological activities, which are always supervised by professional archaeologists. Note: This publication is not a how-to identify and type projectile points. It is a look-up book for type information.

13 - Weighing Archaeological Methods in Analyzing Projectile Points. There are many ways to measure projectile points.

Basic Nomenclature Ritchie’s (1961) typology of New York has wide-spread acceptance in eastern archaeology as the standard point typology. He set up a convenient classification and nomenclature to replace awkward phraseology in archaeology at that time. His publication became the standard and justification for typology everywhere in the Northeast. Nomenclature as used here is based on Hranicky (2004). Typology is the identification of artifacts sharing generalized attributes, which are not necessarily associated with a particular culture (panculture attributes/traits), such as fluting, serrating, or notching. Furthermore, a type is a recognizable artifact that reflects a certain behavioral form or toolmaking style in prehistory. According to Kluckhohn (1960), an anthropological viewpoint of typology is: ...a classification that has an intent, that is, has a direction. The ways one may classify things are limitless and therefore any number of classifications may be conceived, but a typology has an explicit theoretical basis and the typologist is interested in using a given classification in order to shed light upon the reasons beneath the occurrence of some observable phenomena. . . . A classification is no more than a set (or sets) of empirical groupings established for convenience. A typology, however, is a theoretically oriented classification that is directed toward the solution of some problem or problems. Number 14 shows basic nomenclature for projectile points. The figure is not all inclusive for terminology; however, most type books give a general overview of terms (see Hranicky 2004).

14 - Basic Projectile Point Nomenclature (Based on: Curry, O’Brian, and Timble 1985).

Distribution Projectile points are viewed as having horizontal (geographical) and vertical (chronological) distribution in prehistory. However, they are rarely studied in terms of technological or cultural distributions. One reason for this absence is the Pan-Native American nature of tool technology. For example, a set of Paleoindian descriptive standards for toolmaking has not been established. As such, the migration of a culture or society depends on other archaeological tools for identification and distributions. The projectile point because of its unique form (within various styles) offers horizontal and vertical studies as units of study. While most point forms are site-specific, numerous types have extremely wide-geographical distributions, especially in early prehistory. This type of distribution is either a large area of technological borrowing or population movements. The distribution of a projectile point involves local, state-wide, regional, and/or national areas; each distribution varies, but generally has one of the following (Hranicky 1995): Macrotypic Point Distribution - type with a distribution inside and outside a state and one that usually covers a very large geographical area (at least several states). It may be subject to local modifications, but generally it still resembles the basic type.

Microtypic Point Distribution - type with a local distribution, which is usually confined to a river and/or ecological system. The microtypic points are frequently a subtype of a major macrotypic type. Also, it includes site-specific manifestations. The exceptions are Paleoindian and Early Archaic populations who migrated over large continental geographies. Supertypic Point Distribution – type with a distribution that is outside the U.S. This includes technological legacies, such as Old World point/tool forms.

From a watershed perspective, the above three distributions generally have riverines as a common factor. But, a macrotypic distribution always has an interriverine (watershed) and, most importantly, intrariverine (regional) distributions. In other words, river basins generally offer units of archaeological study for prehistoric point distributions but are not necessarily the predominant basic distribution.

15 - The Notched Point: - has the most names (types) in the Western Hemisphere.

As an additional major comment: archaeologists will soon realize that many of the Southeastern and Gulf Coast points will have Old World origins – pre-Clovis thought to Late Woodland. Trans-Atlantic ocean voyages (both ways) were commonplace in prehistory.

Classification While the study of projectile points by themselves can be an interesting pastime, and is for many owners, points are only part of the whole philosophy of archaeology. Their study is part of what archaeologists call classification, which is defined as: ...an established method (or philosophy) of sorting artifacts into predetermined groups, which are based on a particular logic or attribute system. As a reminder, classification is a schema; class is a process of being an object (15). The first true classification scheme in archaeology can be attributed to William C. McKern in his 1939 publication The Midwestern Taxonomic Method as an Aid to Archaeological Study. He formalized classification as a procedural and scientific method in archaeology. And importantly, he added chronology to classification. McKern’s method was at the time a major contribution to American archaeology as it brought order to the interpretation of American sites and artifacts. However, in one form or another, classification is at least 100 years old in American archaeology. Perhaps one of the earliest classification schemes was that of Fowke (1896), which suggests: The only practicable division of the greater part of the smaller flints is into stemmed and stemless, the former having a prolongation at the base for firmer attachment to a shaft or handle, the latter being of a triangular or oval shape. The stemmed implements may be barbed or not, and the stem either narrower or broader toward the end. The name “arrowhead” so commonly applied, fits only the minority of specimens, as none but the smaller ones could be so used; the larger are too heavy. The longest stone arrowpoint in the extensive collection of arrows in the National Museum measures two and five-eighths inches in length and is narrow and thin. An arrowpoint two inches in length is seldom seen. The larger specimens were probably knives and spearheads; but it would be difficult to assign any certain use for a particular type, the markings on so many indicate usage for which their shape would seem to render them unsuitable. It is probable that a single specimen served a variety of purposes. Interestingly, the so-called arrowhead is really the only prehistoric artifact that easily lends itself to classification, namely the type. All other industries, while sometimes typeable, are generally Pan-Native 15

American forms, with minor regional or local attribute additions (or deletions). Idealistically, all projectile point types are distinctive manifestations of five basic styles, as found in lanceolate, notched, stemmed, bifurcated, and triangular forms. This assessment is basically no different than dividing them into two classes, stemmed and stemless, as suggested by Wilson (1888) and Fowke (1896) over a hundred years ago; and, he is credited here with the oldest publication of a Clovis point (16). Additionally, classification may only be an archaeological exercise, but mostly it is still a nonscientific viewpoint as noted a hundred years ago by Fowke (1896): While the several authors quoted do not fully agree, and some are even slightly self-contradictory, still, if the statements are to be taken at their face value, it would seem that efforts to make such classifications are mainly a waste of time. It may be premised that in every class of implements there are almost as many forms as specimens, if every variation in size or pattern is to be considered; and these merge into one another imperceptibly. Not only is this the case with individual types, but the classes themselves, totally unlike as their more pronounced forms may be, gradually approach one another until there is found a medium type whose place can not be definitely fixed.

16 – Oldest Published Clovis Point in the U.S

Tool Class as a Concern Class as an archaeological concept for artifacts is rarely used. It offers one of the best analytical tools because of its abstraction of artifactual attributes (properties and entities). For example, a fluting class can be analyzed with data from Clovis, Folsom, and Cumberland points. In this case, class is used for a pure technological study without regard to cultural associations, or more importantly, without any evolutionary sequencing. While evolution is a favorite of class critics, inheritance is a factor of class; thus, time period arguments for typologists are not always justified. Moorehead (1910) was among the first to define projectile points as a tool class. He even suggested that there were 27 different types of them. From these early days, point naming and descriptions have had a wide range of what might be called a wave of naming it and work out the cultural conditions later.

Tool Morphology as a Type Morphology may be the primary concern in analyzing projectile points and other tools. While several origins could be cited and, as mentioned, Robert E. Bell’s 1953 Guide to the Identification of Certain Native American Projectile Points started (or greatly pushed along) projectile point typology as a morphological specialty and gave the general public a chance to identify their arrowheads. This became a four-volume publication which is still in print; a classic standard for collectors and, now-and-then, professional archaeologists even cite it. All projectile point typologists use it for comparative data, and it is considered here as the birthplace for projectile point typology in the U.S. Δ At heart, most prehistoric archaeologists are morphologists, and this approach will always be the soul of American lithic technology in archaeology.

17 – Early Point Nomenclature (Fowke 1913)

More has been written about projectile point nomenclature than any other group of artifacts. The reader should note that projectile point nomenclature has been used for nearly a century and little has been added to early descriptive terms (17). While volumes have been written, better type descriptions are still needed to make more types useable as timemarkers and cultural indicators. Far too many type descriptions do not include basic manufacturing techniques which can be used to justify the type. A projectile point table is provided (end of this section), which lists 1500+ point types that are contained in this volume. Perhaps there is no such thing as a definition of typology, or maybe it is a super catch-all for artifact analysis. Typology is used here simply as a classification philosophy to produce an orderly class schema based on physical properties of artifacts. Of course, this may be a reflection of Taylor’s (1948) recovery of anthropological data and forcing them into classificatory schemes which should be interpreted as social histories... etc. His book may haunt typology forever, in that, typology is a classificatory game that archaeologists play, but the Native Americans did not participate, prehistorically speaking. This is particularly noticeable when hierarchies, frequencies, and chronologies are designed into the picture. Type is defined as: ...group of tools which have similar attributes which form a recognizable style or shape of the tool type. Δ If classification is the only tool that you have in archaeology, then everything begins to look like a type.

A type is an implement that meets a specific form from predefined criteria; it is a clustering of attributes. It is a basic unit of comparison and analysis of artifacts and forms a subdivision of artifact industry, namely the projectile point class. Each type is a collection of attributes that presumably make an artifact type different from another type. While most types never receive public attention, several have become major time indicators of prehistory, as examples: Clovis Bolen Desert Kirk Morrow Mountain Big Sandy Adena Ft Ancient

Folsom St Charles Dalton St Albans Savannah River Plainview Madison Plano.

Naturally, each archaeologist would present a slightly different list but, most likely, the Clovis type would be on all lists. The Clovis point is the best known within the general population. Regardless of the typing philosophy that each archaeologist uses, identifying points is based on opinion. Hopefully, it is also based on years of study and, as mentioned, handling of artifacts. Do types exit in prehistory? No, they are conceptual schematic designs in archaeology and do not necessarily reflect reality in the 17

Native Americans’ world. Any physical object has structure, but when viewed by humans, structure becomes a mental process that has three basic forms: 1 - Surface structure - physical properties that can be seen be anyone. Cultural filters cause different views when asked to describe what was seen. 2 - Deep or latent structure - physical shape as seen by the maker. It includes mental viewpoints about the structure that are not necessarily viewable by others. 3 – Ideological or social structure – shape of an object as viewed by members of a specific society. Outsiders are not culturally-conditioned to see this structure, whether perceived or actual. This perception becomes the proper form of an object as determined by a society.

Each artifact differs because of its finiteness; each differs because of culture. And, you can observe structure, but can you see function? As true, a type is bounded by an interval of time and space, which justifies typology, but its properties are holistic. No artifact topography can be mapped identically to the surface of another artifact. Typology means that infinitesimal domains, namely lanceolate, notched, stemmed, bifurcate, and triangular forms, are preserved in a particular time and space. For artifact surfaces (shapes) with same holistic properties, transformation may only occur locally or within that social unit, not externally. This would assume that if typology exists, then it is culture bound – an assumption that should be used cautiously. Aside from this, types are maintained archaeologically for communication purposes. Type or tool reality is based on the viewpoint of the observer (Table 2). Table 2 - Tool Reality Source

Objects

View/Analysis

Native Americans & Archaeologists

<Tools>

Surface Structure (Physical Shape)

Native Americans

Tools>

Deep Structure (Mental Shapes)

Native Americans & Archaeologists

<Tools>

Nature’s Structure (Lithic Properties)

Some Native Americans & Few Archaeologists Archaeologists

Spirit of Tools (A Priori Knowledge) Molecular Structure (Micro and Internal Shape)

Tools>>

Continuing with another type definition, Spaulding (1953) comments: The artifact type is here viewed as a group of artifacts exhibiting a consistent assemblage of attributes whose combined properties give a characteristic pattern. This implies that, even within a context of quite similar artifacts, classification into types is a process of discovery of combination of attributes favored by the makers of the artifacts, not an arbitrary procedure of the classifier. Classification is further an operation which must be carried out exhaustively and independently for each cultural context if the most fruitful historical interpretations are to be made. And providing an organizational tool, Krieger (1944) gives: Thus the purpose of a type in archaeology must be to provide an organizational tool which will enable the investigator to group specimens into bodies which have demonstrable historical meaning in terms of behavior patterns. Any group which may be labeled a “type” must embrace material which can be shown to consist of individual variations in the execution of a definite constructional idea; likewise, the dividing lines between a series of types must be based upon demonstrable historical factors, not, as is often the case, upon the inclinations of the analyst or the niceties of descriptive orderliness. Δ First Law of Archaeology – The first name a point type has in the literature is the only name it should have.

Type Validity The following scale is suggested and was devised by Hranicky (1991, 1994, and 2002) as a generalized reference to point types. Validity is intended as a type consistency factor and usually demonstrates knapping skill. As a note: Skill in toolmaking may not be a social/technological factor in the Native Americans’ world as we see it archaeologically. 1a - Traditional/Classic Point - absolute type where all manufacturing sequences, time elements, and geographic provenances are known, and the type description probably comes close to what the Native American had in mind when he made these points. Only Clovis, Cumberland, and Folsom points are in this category; type has a time marker quality. 1b - Traditional Point - absolute type where all manufacturing sequences, time elements, and geographic provenances are known, and the type description probably comes close to what the Native American had in mind when he made these points. This point has an established typology but its time period may not have precise dates. 2 - Distinctive Point - easily provable and recognizable type with known temporal and geographical distributions. However, general morphology may be found in other types. 3 - Positive Point - recognizable type that does not have solid evidence for temporal and geographical distributions, but it appears to be justified for future study. It can have extensive variation in morphological attributes, but the basic style is recognizable. 4 - Conditional Point - usually a new type where there is enough evidence to distinguish it from other points, but it needs more research to establish it. 5 – Site-Specific Point - particular group of points from a site that collectively show evidences for being a type, but frequently this type does not extend beyond the site's cultural boundaries. 6 – Negative Point - poorly defined and unrecognizable type that has little archaeological evidence to support it as a type. Types with multiple technologies within the basic description, for example, describing a type with stemmed and notched points as part of the basic type description. This category also includes untypeable points. 7 - False Point - type that does not exist or points which were falsely assigned to a point category. 8 - Isolate Point - single point that does not conform to any known point type. It can also be classified as an anomaly or a unique occurrence. 9 - Unique Point - single point that does not appear to have been regularly manufactured; an anomaly, but well made.

Quantum Classification Method Projectile point types are described throughout this publication as being one of five design styles: lanceolate, notched, stemmed, bifurcate, or triangle forms in the Quantum Classification Method (QCM). While the prehistoric Native Americans may or may not have been aware of all possible QCM forms, most prehistoric knappers used one, possibly two, forms for basic projectile points in his society (18 and 18b). The overall shape of lanceolate to triangle forms represents a technological continuum which was Pan-Native American (Hranicky 1987). In this respect, the style continuum can possibly be considered as being evolutionary. While typology is generally accepted as a scientific condition of American archaeology, antitypology methods or philosophies do exist – perhaps an Aristotelian philosophy of lithic technology. This approach simply assumes that the artifact universe is so large that it is impossible to classify every thing in it into neat archaeological types or classes. One only has to examine Late Archaic projectile point collections to see points that are not typeable, but also, not classifiable in QCM. Therefore, we can only study interacting conditions, namely site excavations. The site is an independent unit which cannot be classified as part of national cultural groups, because of its possible time depth and the widespread distribution of Pan-Native American technologies. Too many artifacts are repetitive in too many widespread circumstances, for example, the side-notched point. But such a philosophy would seem to fail because it does not explain the uniqueness of each artifact (variation in other groups) in what appear to be natural groups of artifacts. These are rock bottom philosophies in American prehistoric archaeology. Quantum Classification Method (QCM) - is based on the morphological design principle that went into each point when it was knapped. While the pointmaker may or may not have been aware of all the possible styles

that he could select from for making his point, the Native Americans, for the most part, used one of five basic styles in projectile points. These forms are: Lanceolate Form - reference to a large parallel-edged point that does not have waisting, notching, or shouldering. QCM examples are: Clovis, Golondrina, Hell Gap, Hi-Lo, Agate Basin, Beaver Lake, Nebo Hill, Pee Dee, Pelican, Copena, Cumberland, Folsom, Guilford, Quad, and Plainview. The lanceolate form points are usually long slender points with no proximal area that shows any hafting designs. Notched Form - reference to point that has circular indentations cut into the lower edges or corners. QCM examples are: Hardaway, Besant, Big Creek, all Turkey- and Dove-tail points, Cache River, Cupp, Desert, Cahokia, Lost Lake, Palmer, Pine Tree, Big Sandy, and Dalton. The notched point is usually a medium triangular-shaped point that has notches cut into the side or corner areas of the proximal end of the point. Stemmed Form - reference to a point that has a downward extension from the blade at the proximal end. QCM examples are: Cotaco Creek, Duncan, Eden, Flint Creek, Godar, Holland, Morrow Mountain, Pryor, Johnson, Kramer, Pontchartrain, Rio Grande, Stanly, Alberta, Dallas, Kirk, LeCroy, Adena, Savannah River, Sandia, and Scottsbluff. The stemmed point has an obvious extension at the base of the point, which makes the stemmed area noticeably different from the blade part of the point. Bifurcate Form - reference to a point that has bilobes. QCM examples are Nottoway River, St Albans, LeCroy, Fox Valley, Susquehanna Valley, and Rice. The larger the lobes, probably the older the point. Points are often found as expended points (less that 25 mm). The bifurcate probably was invented in the Carolinas and reflects a technological continuum of the Hardaway and Quad technologies. Triangle Form - reference to a point that has all three straight sides. QCM examples are: Madison, Clarksville, Garza, Levanna, Yadkin, Fort Ancient, Frazier, Fresno, Hamilton, Maud, Talco, and Tortugas. The triangle point is a medium to small point that does not have a stemmed area and does not have any notching. The sides are usually straight, and the base width is usually the same as the blade's length. Bipoint Form - new QCM added here. It is a dual-tipped point with no apparent hafting area; it is classified as a true knife and is considered as pre-Clovis. It has Solutrean origins (Hranicky 2011).

Do not do this…

Loy Carter glued these points to this board in the 1950s. With modern glues, they are impossible to remove, or once off, one face is usually ruined. Of course, it still proves Adena in southern Virginia.

Do this… Keep all artifacts in wooden display or butterfly cases…

These points occur on the cover and the next two pages. This collection shows how simple point information can be preserved. See Table 5 below.

Butterfly Case Example – These points were given to the author by Floyd Painter. They were collected by him in Barry County, Missouri as a child over 70 years ago. Unless the author marks them, their history will be lost.

State Examples from a 1930s Collection

Crockett County, Tennessee

Yazoo County, Mississippi

New York

Tennessee

New York

Yazoo County, Mississippi

Overton County, Tennessee

Union County, Mississippi Tennessee

Henry County, Missouri

Jo Davis County, Indiana

Crockett County, Tennessee

Crockett County, Tennessee Illinois

Yazoo County, Mississippi

Texas (?)

State Examples from a 1930s Collection

Tennessee

Crockett County, Tennessee

Henry County, Tennessee

Carroll County, Missouri

Crockett County, Tennessee

Overton County, Tennessee

St Louis County, Missouri

Barry County, Missouri

QUANTUM CLASSIFICATION METHOD

LANCEOLATE

NOTCHED

STEMMED

BIFURCATE

TRIANGLE

18a - Quantum Style Origins - each QCM style was developed separately, except notching and bifurcating which were developed out of the lanceolate form. The lanceolate form probably was developed in the Southeast (12,000 BP) and includes notching (11000 BP). The stem form probably was developed on the Plains (10000 BP). The bifurcate form comes from the lanceolate form, namely Quad and point (10500 BP). The triangle form probably was developed in the Northeast around 4500 BP.

Numerous publications for projectile point identification are available. As an example, see Hranicky (2004). For a further discussion, see An Encyclopedia of Concepts and Terminology in American Archaeology (Hranicky 2004). Figure 19 provides the general morphological terms used in American archaeology. MEDIAL AXIS BLADE TIP

LANCEOLATE POINT

TRIANGLE POINT

DISTAL END >>> SERRATIONS

BLADE

WORKEND

NOTCHED POINT

BURIN

FACE

STEM

HAFT

NOTCH CHASSIS

BLADE EDGES: INCURVATE STRAIGHT EXCURVATE

BEVEL

SHOULDER FLUTE BASES: CONCAVE STRAIGHT CONVEX

CORNER

PROXIMAL END >>> FACES: VENTRAL - BACK SIDE DORSAL - FRONT SIDE

STEM TAPER

BASE NOTCH

BARB

POINTED STEM

STEMMED POINT

Figure 19 – Parts of a Projectile Point

INDENTED BASE

As commonly called, projectile point technology is a lithic continuum of many parts which were brought into the New World. Divisions are mostly arbitrary by archaeologists and do not reflect the totality of the prehistoric Native world. This technology is inter-woven in culture and, of course, starts with the Paleo period and continues to Contact. Projectile points are only a small part of the Native lithics, but none-the-less constitutes the highest number of finished implements. Thus, the high frequency of points gives a picture of function which is not always the case. Nomadic societies had a low percentage of tools due primarily to transportation; whereas, villagers had more tools because of their settlement pattern. Lithic technology involves all the tool industries, such as axes, celts, pottery, etc. As a tool industry, the projectile point had two basic functions (classes): the knife and the projectile. Lithic technology was supplemented by organic technology, such as bone and wood industries. In most cases, products made from these materials functioned the same as their lithic counterparts. The lanceolate form starts in the paleo era and continues to Contact. Initially, it was well made by fine flaking; later versions were percussion flaked. The notched form comes in at the end of the paleo era and generally indicates the archaic era. The stem was added shortly after notching and continues to Contact. The triangle starts in the archaic but becomes popular during the village era. Blade technology is a major part of the paleo era, but disappears for a while and becomes common in the major civilizations of the village era. A technology often overlooked by archaeologists is the bipoint technology, which along with blades is the oldest technology in the Americas. They date at least 25,000 years ago. The major part of lithic technology was resharpening, which until recently was not recognized by archaeologists and collectors. Thus, numerous types have been named on their expended forms, not the form initially manufactured. For the prehistoric user, blades were short-term items; whereas, notched and stemmed forms were long term. Triangles tended to have one-time usage. Bipoints were made as large implements and probably lasted many years. The major problem identifying bipoints is one end is expended and does not show the tool’s bipoint form. The expended forms are often called stemmed points. Wear patterns show the difference between bipoint blades and hafting areas. In the early periods, the principal method of manufacture for projectile points was a biface reduction and then later a flake (bipolar) reduction practice was common. The earlier period saw groups having lithic preferences, namely quarried materials. Later periods saw groups using pick-up (river) cobbles. Quarrying was a practice throughout prehistory.

18b – General Distribution for QCM Points

Types as Histories Types are frequently portrayed as lasting thousands of years in local geographies as if a single history. With population movement (or population division), structural changes in point types are the most random in all of the prehistoric conditions and most explanations fail to note them. For example, the distribution of the bifurcate point does not reflect a stationary population. The Dalton and Hardaway points, and all their variations, simply do not present a widespread eastern network that would maintain a single technology; thus, they are migrating technologies. Type maintenance within a social unit probably reflects same type usage among various clans or extended families. However, different clans could have used different types to symbolize their individual unity. Anchoring typology to reality in prehistory is a precarious endeavor at best. Even so, we still typologize our artifacts. And, types become timemarkers. And as an explanative device, typology offers a picture, which we can communicate to other archaeologists. As point typology is responsible (or the causation) for most artifact interpreting, types are presented as key identifiers for prehistoric occupations and, as notable, are used frequently as timemarkers for prehistoric activities. We may never know whether a projectile point served projectiling, or whether it was a knife, or both. However, the pointed biface will probably remain the key focus in prehistoric archaeology. Therefore, as mentioned, a pointed, hafted biface may be a better term than projectile point (see Curry, O’Brian, and Trimble 1985). Even so, the function of the point’s tip remains an archaeological problem. One type further complicates tip analysis, which is the dual-tip point found in the Ohio River valley. But one question remains, does the hafted, pointed biface, otherwise known as the projectile point, deserve all the attention it gets when one considers the totality of the prehistoric universe? Δ Projectile point types may be the thread from which all archaeological theory is woven.

Broken Artifacts Broken artifacts reflect cultural usage in antiquity (0). Whether found in surface surveys or excavated in site contexts, these artifacts provide data which can be used by archaeologists to reconstruct life ways of the Native Americans. Always record exact artifact locations – even for the broken ones. Without mentioning names, the author knows numerous collectors who walk fields and only pick up complete points – no flakes, chips, or broken arrowheads. Lack of the total material culture collection skews a collection’s scientific value. Record and report all finds; surface materials often indicate an archaeological site. Collecting a site diminishes its capacity to provide a history of people in a specific place and time.

20 - Broken Central Texas Artifacts - They still have data which can be used in archaeology. However, without site context details, they have little value in scientific archaeology. They are not lost in time; they can still be used for local museum display and hands-on experience for students.

Prehistoric breakage indicates function and use, which can be correlated to morphology and lithic material. Broken points can actually yield more data than complete points since they usually reflect the daily

use of lithic tools by the Native Americans (21). Point breakage can be classified as (based on Curry, O'Brian, and Trimble 1985): 1 - Impact break - creates a broken tip or point of the blade. Break is perpendicular to the point of stress. Heavy stress due to impact may also cause a lower transversal break on the blade. 2 - Longitudinal break - occurs from the distal end to some position on the blade edge. Break parallels the center line. 3 - Diagonal break - starts high on one blade and ends lower on the other blade edge. An angular break is a break across the point. This type of break is usually caused by impact fractures where the impact energy did not travel through the blade in an even pattern; energy curved to one side of the blade edge. 4 - Reflaking break - occurs when reworking or resharpening a point. It is especially common when blades were percussion flaked. 5 - Transversal break - occurs across the blade from side to side. Break is at a right angle to the center line. 6 - Thermal break - caused by thermal action and occurs anywhere on the point. Potlid fractures are examples of this breakage. Color change or surface glazing is also usually present. 7 - Crushing - practice may have occurred in using the point ceremonially; however, this practice is difficult to discern.

21 - Point Breakage Patterns: A = Impact , B = Longitudinal, C = Diagonal, D = Reflaking, E = Transversal, and F = Thermal Breaks.

Resharpening Probably the biggest error that occurs in the archaeological literature is a failure to recognize resharpened and/or expended tools, especially projectile points (22 and 23). More point types have been named for this stage of lithic reduction (life cycle) than all the nonexpended forms combined. Expention is a new term that means: ...the stage or event at which the user decides to discard a tool; process is primarily determined culturally, but it may be based on the tool’s physical dimensions. It is the process that starts when the tool life cycle is coming to an end.

22 - What was their initial shape and size?

It is based on societal norms for discard. It ends a tool’s life cycle and usually sets up conditions for its replacement. It involves tool useability and tool discard shape. Expention is evidence of cultural norms, practice, and standards for tool discard; but more importantly, it suggests curation cycles and events in toolkit replenishment (24). Δ The expended tool is the discard in prehistory – one of our most common artifact forms. It is the proof of ancient ways in Nature by mankind.

23 - Point Resharpening Examples

24 - Expended Quartz Clovis. This point was resharpened until it was no longer usable; however, it can still be typed. Expention for Clovis points averages 50 mm.

Point Patination Patination is a process that causes lithic surface changes, such as color and composition, which is the result of chemicals in the soil and atmosphere. It is the local aging condition for an artifact. Aging process varies by region – even within several hundred feet. Thus, patination dating is an argumentative technique. For buried artifacts, patination has up/down sides; patination varies according to buried position (25).

25 – Side-Notched Point (Both Faces). They show evidence of different surface patination.

Patination is a poor indicator of age, but it is generally an indicator of age (Hranicky 1992). However, it does vary by geography.. Just how long does patination take to build up is the question (Hranicky 1992). Patination varies, of course, by time. But, regions also vary (26). In water (depths) and wind-blown sands also affect patination.

26 – Generalized Patination Areas (1 = low, 2 = normal, and 3 = high)

Making Casts of History Point reproductions (or replicas) can also be made by using synthetic materials in casting. Maine MoldMaking, Lithic Casting Lab (Troy, Illinois), and Casting (Archaeological Research Consultants, Inc. (ARC), Ellsworth, Maine, and Dup-La-Cast, Granby, CO.) specialize in the production of museum-quality replicas of objects for use in education, research, and merchandising. They work from an original archaeological or historical artifact, and they create a detailed mold which can then be used to reproduce the object in a variety of materials (27). Whether bone, stone, metal, or wood, each replica must capture the look and feel of the original. ARC provides the following reasons for casting: 1 - For the Educator - Artifact replicas look and feel like the real thing, but are much more durable. Use of replicas for teaching encourages students to examine, manipulate, and compare without the fear of damage to the original. The low cost of replicas makes them easy to replace should they be lost, stolen, or damaged. 2 - For the Student or Researcher - Replicas capture precisely the detail and dimensions of the original object. This allows many people to simultaneously study the same object and permits wider distribution for research of rare or difficult to access artifacts. Replicas also provide the research community access to private collections. They make great classroom study items. 3 - For the Museum Collections Manager or Curator - With the advent of the North American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), many museums are faced with the removal of objects from their collections. Replicas provide a permanent, three-dimensional record of objects that will be deaccessioned. In some cases, the replication is the only total-view of an artifact.

4 - For the Display Creator - Replicas may be used in place of objects that must be removed from display for study or curation, thus maintaining display integrity. Replicas are ideally suited for Please Touch or children's areas. Interpretive history is made even more believable using replicas when real objects cannot be used. 5 - For the Merchandiser - Archaeological and historical artifacts often possess a unique aesthetic. Replicas provide an alluring and high-quality addition to the museum store, the gift shop, the fund-raiser, or the mail order catalog. An individual museum can reproduce objects unique to its collection for sale in its museum store or license those objects to other stores. Buyers can use them in home displays without fear of disrupting the archaeological world. 6 - For Collectors – Replicas enhance private collections by providing exact copies of artifacts that would otherwise not be available. Most collectors are trying to accumulate a piece of local, state, or national prehistory; replicas provide this means to the past.

27 - Cast. It is a Plainview point from New Mexico Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona Collection (Lithic Casting Lab, Troy, Illinois). The weight and color matching makes them better than the original.

Typing & Naming a Point (Principles of) The process of naming a given point style involves a number of factors. While the process will differ among archaeologists, a number of procedures are common to the process and are: ► Search the literature to ensure the point's name has not been used elsewhere. Avoid using letters, such as A, B, or C, and numbers, such as 1, 2, I, or II; these notations can cause confusion about the point. This also includes naming points after known Native American groups. ► Base the type description on a sample of at least 100 points and the sample size should be stated in the point's report. ► Describe the point type (metrics) concisely and accurately by giving: A - Point average size of length, width, and thickness. B - Notching or hafting techniques. C - Intentional grinding or edge smoothing. D - Tip or point angle in degrees with ranges. E - Point ratios, such as blade/height and volume. ► Cultural factors, such as site stratigraphy locations, associations with other artifacts, and similarities to other point types. ► Distribution geographies and frequencies of occurrences within this point type. ► Point's date range including both beginning and ending dates, a frequency distribution within the chronology, and an evolutionary sequence, if possible. ► Associated references that support the identification of the point as a new type; perform comparative studies of the point type with other similar types. ► Make accurate drawings of representative sample points and show major variations. ► Graph a range of points and include those that show variations.

► Submit point type for review by other professional and amateur archaeologists. ► Publish all point type information in a major journal. ► Notify scholars in neighboring states that a new point type has been named via society newsletters or personal communications. Numbers 28a and 28b illustrate a type naming procedure and factors. Point dates are generally relative, but in case of a site excavation, date can be absolute.

1 LITERATURE SEARCH

2 ADEQUATE SAMPLE SIZE

POINT DESCRIPTION

CULTURE FACTORS

POINT DISTRIBUTION

POINT TIME PERIOD

POINT REFERENCES

POINT DRAWINGS

9 POINT PHOTOS

10 TYPE REVIEW BY PEERS

PUBLISH TYPE

NOTIFY SCHOLARS

28a - Type Naming Procedure

28b – Chronological and Spatial Relationships for a Point Type

Any prehistoric projectile point type has specific factors called time and space. This space distribution is often based on surface collections. The chronology is often based on site excavations. These two conditions present the basic date element of any type. There are a number of other projectile point date assignment methods that are used by archeologists. Unfortunately, each method gives a somewhat different picture of the placement of a point in prehistory, even though each archeologist's intentions were the same. For example, general dates, mean dates, and mode dates for any given point will vary. Thus, we have numerous methods for obtaining dates for any given type in the literature. Presumably, they reflect a consensus among archeologists as to what an actual and realistic date is for that type. The following are the most frequent type of dates that are used in connection with points: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 13) 14) 15)

Point general date Point mean date Point average date Point statistical date Point associated date Point stratigraphic date Point context date Point reference date Point mode date Point patina date Point manufacturing date Point absolute date Point center date Point verity date.

Type dating is assigning as accurate as possible a time span for a specific point type. Date should be based on associated Carbon-14 dates; otherwise, relative associative dates are used. Period provenience is the location of a point type in time. While it would be ideal to have an Alpha (beginning) and Omega (ending) date for each point, we must rely on generalized dating systems, which include one or more of the above ways of assigning dates. Regardless of the method used, each archeologist must define the dating techniques that are utilized.

Introduction – Artifact Worlds Artifact Displays In 1937, Eli Lilly published Prehistoric Antiquities of Native Americans. He was among one of the first to use creativity in his photographs by varying the background in his artifact graphs. This presentation enhanced viewability and interest (added a touch of realism) to his publication. As the reader will note, Lilly’s approach is used in some of the photographs for this portrayal of American prehistoric projectile points. As will be discussed, archaeology has a wide-range of participants; most are highly beneficial to the scientific advancements for archaeology. The literature is full of amateur contributions from hobby-oriented individuals to noncontributing looters. This publication depended on amateur and professional archaeologists as well as collectors, many of whom have made and continue to make typology what it is today. Lilly started as a collector who regularly purchased Native American relics. Later, he became involved in the Native American’s rich cultural heritage – he preserved the Angel Mounds. While he did perform one small excavation, his main effort was a lifetime of being attracted to archaeology’s intellectual challenges and maintaining working relationships with some of the famous archaeologists of his time – like Warren Moorehead, Fay-Cooper Cole, Edward Sapir, and James Griffin. He offers an example of how regular citizens can get involved in American archaeology.

Point Evaluation The point evaluation factor probably affects our judgment about the various prehistoric cultures. Contemporary quality assessments probably have little to do with point value judgments among prehistoric Native American societies – perhaps we should exclude the high-quality pointmaking of the Paleoindians. While not attempting to correct archaeological or collector judgment about points and various types (Hranicky 1991 and 2004), the following evaluation criteria are suggested: 1 - Superior points are thin with very even or nonrandom flaking patterns with uniform edges, corners, and made from a high quality lithic material. 2 - Excellent points are usually thin and show consistent or nonrandom flaking techniques. These points are initialized by percussion with pressure flaking to finish them. 3 - Good points are good quality that meets reasonable quality standard consistency and good flaking techniques. Flaking is percussion for both initialization and tool finishing. 4 - Poor points are knapped by percussion flaking into rudimentary and inconsistent shapes. Note: this scale is useless in context archaeology and is presented, only as a practical evaluation for surface finds.

29 - Point Condition. This point shows all kinds of signs of having had a rough life cycle.

Point condition is relative to its history (29). Post-manufacture condition depends on: 1 - Skill in manufacturing the original point 2 - Type of material from which the point is made 3 - Function and usage of the point

4 - Length of time for the service from the point 5 - Its survival environment conditions.

For typology, over half of the American prehistoric points found in field surveys and most nonsite contexts are not typeable. Site contexts offer site-specific types, which show a value for performing scientific excavations (30). The public perception of what attributes constitute a projectile point type has almost an infinite variety of evaluations, especially now that anyone can publish points on the Internet. While even archaeology has not resolved this perception problem within the professional community, typology remains a subject evaluation based on what the viewer of a point sees or thinks he/she sees. Any type has numerous attributes which are needed in constituting the type. Native Americans did not necessarily use all necessary attributes, and, when coupled with skill, talent, and material, it is amazing that point type consistency works at all.

30 - An In Situ Projectile Point Made from Chalcedony -- Where the Native American left it. At this stage, it does not look broken. What story will it tell? At this moment, it constitutes an archaeological site. It was a collector’s delight and is a surface find. Unfortunately for prehistory, this specimen was …etc.

Certificate of Authenticity (COA) Within recent years, the process of papering a point, commonly obtaining a Certificate of Authenticity (COA), has become common place among American collectors (31 and 32). While there are several people in the U.S. who are credible authorities for issuing COAs, the collector world is full of wanta-bes, but never will be certifiers. The problem with certifying is what can be called professionalism, based on training and years of hands-on experience in identifying points and their cultural contexts, which is lacking in the amateur/collector world. The major problem in point certification is: the point is outside of an archaeological context which is the basis for archaeological analyses. And, the professional community generally will not do point identifications for noncontext collections. Of course, members of the professional world should not do any evaluations (see Society of American Archaeology’s ethics publications).

30 - COA - Missouri Meserve Point

As a general practice, COAs are issued by advanced collectors, rarely by certified (RPA) professional archaeologists. As a consequence, people who perform COA services have little or no archaeological training or experience and their service is nothing more than a guestiment about antiquities. They advertise their services in relic publications and frequently claim the so-called expert appraisal ability. With a few

exceptions, they often illustrate scientific procedures and process which they are incapable of performing. There are no set-and-fast rules or methods for determining the authenticity of a projectile point. Scientific analyses are available, but are prohibitively expensive. And, if the point replicates specific prehistoric Native American methods and materials, the only fail-safe method to determine that it is a fake is by analyzing its patination. Even then, patination can be faked, leaving the world of artifact fakers wide open to anyone with skill and equipment to do it. Faking artifacts, and for that matter any type of antiques-documents, contaminates the entire collector world. In those early days of archaeology when professional archaeologists were willing to visit local collectors for information, private collections were the main-stay for American antiquities; today, nonlocal private artifact collections cannot be trusted for a source of scientific information. On the other hand, private local collections are a wealth of scientific information. Even here, few professional archaeologists make efforts to study and record these collections. As advice to local collectors, keep records and mark all recovered artifacts. And, when finished with a career of collecting, turn your collection over to a responsible archaeological agency or institution. In actuality, hand-written records of discoveries and observations are more valuable than the artifacts. Artifacts that have accompanying documents always have credibility (28). COAs are not the miracle recovery process of the collector world’s fight against fake artifacts. While this practice of antiquity acquisitions and storage is the fastest growing group of people interested in prehistoric artifacts, its future will be diminished into curios and junque within a few years. This fake problem is not restricted to prehistoric artifact collectors; it is a problem for all types of collecting, such as stamp and coin collecting.

Keeping Record Accurate records are valuable resources for both the professional and collector communities in respect to artifacts. This information is called acquisition data. These data are information about a point in a collection which permits the point to be cataloged by a collector, storage institution, or museum. This information should include: 1) Exact location where point was found or site name and number 2) Found by whom, phone number, address, city, state, and zip code 3) Date point was found 4) List of any associated and/or other collected artifacts 5) Date given to or purchased by the individual or museum 6) Description of the point, including statistics and lithic material 7) Point type name, unclassified, or near type name 8) Approximated point age 9) Point identification number 10) Point storage location.

32 – A Wisconsin Adena with Written Information

A COA by Greg Perino (Oklahoma) is show as an example (33).

33 – COA from Gregg Parino dating to 1996. However, now there are counterfeit papers from famous authenticators. Caution: if you pay someone to tell whether a point is “good or not,” most likely you get the results back that “it is a good point.” No one can accurately determine whether a point is good or bad. Unless you found the point, the only person who can tell if it is a good point … is the Indian that made it! The author has proven this with several well-known authenticators. Michael Johnson, Fairfax County Archaeological Survey, made a Clovis; Jack Hranicky put 10,000 year of age on the point; we were offered $800 for it at a relic show. If Mother Nature can age a point, so can Man (Hranicky 2006).

Newly-Made Point Early point by Evertt Callahan, one of the best flintknappers in the world. Point was made in the 1960s and is made from Texas alibate flint.

Table 4 - American Projectile Point Record Form Type:

Owner:

Point Style:

Name:

Provenance: Latitude:

County: Longitude:

Date:

Email: Site Number:

Address: City, State, Zip:

Contextual Summary and Reference(s):

Length:

Max Face #1

Major Attribute:

1 Color:

Flute: Width:

Max Face #2

2 Cross Section:

Blade

Color:

Serration:

Flute: Thickness:

% Blade: Base Type:

Flakes per CM:

Shoulder Type:

Completeness:

Length: W/T Ratio:

Tip Angle:

_____ % Flaking Type:

Shoulder

Barb Type:

Retrofitting:

Stem Type:

Beveling:

Width: D/P Ratio:

Base Width:

Point Angles:

% Blade: Blade Type:

Stem/Blade %:

______ ° M\S ______ ° T\BC ___ ° ___ 1:

Profile:

Drawing 1:

Notes:

Drawing 2:

Recorder: Print Name:

Barcode

34 - Labeling Artifacts

Recording Artifacts Any artifact removed from its historical environment destroys its cultural context that is the result of eons-ago Native Americans’ activities in the area. It is imperative to record all information about artifacts, regardless of how, when, and where they are found. Table 4 provides a record for maintaining projectile point data. Each prehistoric artifact represents a set of unique events in antiquity – keep the science going by recording basic data for every point. Professional archaeologists always maintain accurate records. History depends on this diligence. All artifacts must be labeled, and the following procedures for non-excavated materials can be used to mark them. Labeling Artifacts - collectors, amateur archaeologists, general lay public (or any combination of interest and specialty with/without artifacts) and professional archaeologists should always maintain a log of where artifacts are found. An ideal practice is to record this information directly on the artifact as follows: ► Paint a small area on the worst face using whiteout (Liquid Paper). ► Using a fine-point pen and India ink, write the location, catalog number, date found on the whiteout area. ► Let the ink dry. ► Paint over the ink using a clear paint - clear fingernail polish. ► Maintain the point in a butterfly display case. ► Record point number and data in a log book.

See Numbers 34 and 35 for examples on marking/numbering artifacts. Most collectors record numbers on all artifacts and maintain these records. While the pen/ink method is preferred by the author, several new pens have come on the market which can be used. One pen that produces very fine letters and does not clog-up is MICRON's PIGMA pen. The ink is waterproof and does not fade. Barcoding storage containers and in some cases actual artifacts is becoming a major curation procedure in most archaeological laboratories and museums. The equipment is not too expensive.

35 – Example of Collector Artifact Labeling

Table 5 provides guidelines for recording artifacts in private collections. Table 5 Recordkeeping (Private Collections) The following are reasons for recordkeeping for nonpublic domain artifacts: 1 - Memories are short - keep written provenance and important information for each artifact. 2 - Artifacts get stolen - keep written and graphic information needed to identify the artifact. 3 - Order to storage locations - as the number of artifacts increase in a collection, finding any given item is made easier. 4 - Track how many and what kind - computer totals can be made instantly. 5 - Established routines - sets up procedures for recording new acquisitions. 6 - Adds informational value to collection - well documented collections can contribute more to archaeology. 7 - Data exchange - documented artifact data can be compiled in larger databases, especially those in an electronic format. 8 - Identify trends - collection types become more recognizable because numbers and patterns can be analyzed. 9 - Scientific principle - shows meticulous observations and recording of data; an essence of science.

Cultural Treasures Even for some nonromantic archaeologists, all sites represent a buried treasure of artifacts. It is next to impossible to separate high quality artifacts from their cultural values and assumed monetary values. Points (artifacts) are points, but some have a kind of intrinsic value that makes them part of a national heritage – cultural treasures. And, unfortunately, most sites, particularly in urban areas, are subject to destruction and could cause the loss of a national treasure. No one has the right to destroy a prehistoric site, even if on private property, because all prehistoric sites are part of the public realm, humanity’s history. Thus, they are national treasures. Unless a site is on state or federal property, there is little affordable protection from the American public or local communities. Historic districts and burial laws offer some protection, but needless site destruction occurs daily. A legal protection practice for all sites is common in Europe, and the time has come to protect by law all buried and above-ground U. S. prehistoric sites (Hranicky 1996). Congress must create and pass a National Buried Antiquities Act, which would protect sites. The parallel here is similar to the Endangered Species Act (16 USC 1531 et seq.), which was passed in 1973. As of now, we must rely on persuasion to get the public to protect sites. Most landowners will protect prehistoric sites if only someone would tell them how important they are to our history.

36 The MorganHranicky Axe – A Cultural Treasure of Virginia. The axe was found by Fred Morgan and preserved for Virginia – as a surface find. It is now housed at the Virginia History Museum.

In the 1950s, Fred Morgan, a past president of the Archeological Society of Virginia, found an axe in southwest Virginia (36). It is a very large ceremonial axe dating to the Mississippian era in Virginia and is now on display at the museum of the Virginia Historical Society. See Hranicky (1995) for a description. The Duck River Cache, as first reported by Moorehead (1910), is America’s premier example of stone craftsmen in prehistory. The cache was found on the Duck River in Humphreys County, Tennessee on the farm of Banks Links (37). It now belongs to the Missouri Historical Society. As a superlative, the flintknapper who made the Duck River implements is the best-greatest flintknapper who ever lived; of course, this is the opinion of the author. Number 38 shows another example of a national treasure.

37 - Sample of the Duck River Cache, Humphreys County, Tennessee. Based on Fowke (1913), it is probably the most famous cache ever found in America. The flintknapper who made these cache blades was the best flintknapper who ever lived in the prehistoric U.S.

These are only three examples of lithic archaeology’s involvement and contribution to a state or nation’s cultural heritage. Overwhelmingly, throughout the world, most nations protect their cultural resources, especially their antiquities. While these resources involve everything from paintings to glassware to documents, stone tools and implements are major items in a nation’s cultural inventory. While there is no reason to restrict legal private ownership, private ownership causes theft and illegal excavations which are

major problems on the international markets which, as many argue, are caused by collectors. Fortunately, most nations are acting to stop illegal activities in art and antiquities; the agreement of the UNESCO Convention of 1970 is a binding agreement for most countries to stop the illegal traffic of antiquities.

38 – Largest Dovetail Ever Found in Virginia. It is privately owned. Its significance is showing Hopewell influences in upper western Virginia. Again, it was removed from what was (hopefully still is) an important Virginia site.

We have a National Register of Historic Places; why not a National Register of Cultural Treasures? As an idea here, there should not be any statute of limitations on stolen cultural treasures, objects d’art, or antiquities more than 100 years old. Especially, no time limit should exist on any items taken from the public realm, namely museums. Stolen artifacts, whenever found, must be returned to their rightful owner.

Private Artifact Collections And another fact, the majority of prehistoric tools are in private collections (Hranicky 1996); thus, collector viewpoints and contributions are also considered part of this projectile point presentation (39). Moorehead (1910) used collectors as sources for his publications, which document that collectors of Native American artifacts go back to the 19th century and that collectors can make contributions to the study of antiquities. The role of the prehistoric artifact collector in America cannot be ignored. While this practice is often nonscientific and disruptive to the practice of archaeology, it goes on daily; therefore, we contend with it as a consequence – but a consequence from which there is a tremendous amount of artifactual data. The author already knows that there may be a touch of too much collectorism here, but he has had a good working relationship with collectors over the years that have produced documentation on artifacts that might otherwise not be known in the professional archaeological community (Hranicky 1996, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2011). As there are more prehistoric artifacts in the collector world than in the archaeology world, professional archaeologists should make a greater effort to record and/or study private collections; these credible data are disappearing.

39 - Private Collection of Joe Copeland (Rosenburg, Texas). This is not archaeology – the public will view it as

archaeology, leaving the discipline as a treasure hunting enterprise. Note: this collection has been broken up and sold.

Someone needs the title of first American collector of Native American artifacts. While this may not be the case of first collector, Montroville Wilson Dickeson (1810-1882) actively pursued a program of researchoriented excavation in the Southeast (Veit 1997). He made detailed notes of his excavations and amassed a large collection of prehistoric artifacts. He excavated in almost every eastern state and one western state – Arizona. One of his handbills indicated 10,000+ artifacts, which indicates a substantial collection (40). Also, his collections were not limited to prehistoric artifacts; he published a book The American Numismatic Manual in 1859. Thus, he is credited here for both his semi-archaeological investigations and personal collections. He even, perhaps, represents the early days of amateur archaeology. 40 - Top part of a handbill announcing an archaeology lecture by Prof. M. W. Dickeson in c. 1850 (American Philosophical Society)

Native American artifacts are simply desirable objects! They reflect a history of many things, many people, and many places. They are beautiful and, at the same time, they are the ugly discards of the past. While this is not the way to estimate the number of U.S. collectors, one could casually assume that there are several million. A Native American artifact collector is defined as: ...anyone who has one or more Native American artifacts; and generally participates in or attends Native American artifact shows; anyone who buys Native American artifacts or searches open fields for them. They are ignored, praised, condoned, and/or condemned by the American archaeological community. As an example for Whisennand (1999): In the past, the Forest Service restricted the focus to its own lands. This is the equivalent of seeing only the edges of a puzzle. To manage intelligently what we have, we need to know how it relates to the missing pieces. This is where people like Wendell Stephens (local collector) come in. Stephens, a farmer, found his artifacts in two places: in his fields and along the river, which flows through the forest. After spring runoff, he would walk the banks, collecting the artifacts that had washed out. Today, however, the banks no longer erode (thanks to flood control dams), which makes Stephens and his collection irreplaceable. Preservationists rarely acknowledge private collectors, reasoning that they are looters and using their information legitimizes them. But this ignores collectors who are genuinely concerned about these sites. Here on the Lobo River, we are working to find people like Stephens to record their wealth of information. As implied, there is a tremendous need to publish private old collections since many of these collections are disappearing. Contemporary accumulation of prehistoric collections is not composed of large classic forms; thus, average field collections are the norm. If these collectors want the exceptional artifacts, they often purchase them, which leaves collectors wide open for fakes. Recording collections that were obtained prior to the 1980s avoids modern-day problems. An excellent example is a publication The Whelpley Collection of Native American Artifacts which was written by Richard Gramly in 1997. This collection is now housed at the St Louis Museum of Science and Natural History (Blake and Houser 1978). The Whelpley collection probably contained 50,000 high-quality artifacts at one time, but only 12,000 pieces survive in the museum. Private prehistoric collections that exceed a million pieces do occur in the collector world, especially ole-tyme collections. The Cassinelli-Perno collection in Nevada is another example of a private collection going to the public realm. When the principal collector, Clare Perino, dies (1950s) her family decided to donate the collection, but where. Finally, the Douglas County Museum accepted the collection, but they did not have staff qualified to classify the artifacts. Dennis Cassinelli had a quick learning self-study course, and the collection is on display (Cassinelli 2006). The major problem here is the artifacts were collected on public lands, now days this is a felony offense.

Amateur Archaeologists The birth of amateur archaeology as a national focus is attributed here to Fay-Cooper Cole. In 1930, he was chairman of the National Research Council’s Department of Anthropology and Psychology and issued the famous Guide Leaflet for Amateur Archaeologists. It remarked: In presenting this booklet, the Committee hopes to enlist the active cooperation of all intelligent laymen in the preservation of archaeological sites. It seeks to give information which will enable the local investigator to carry on work according to the most approved methods, so that he may assist in unraveling the story of human development on the American continent. Even then, professional archaeologists complained about the lack of technology that the amateurs had in archaeology (see Strong 1935). Note: The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916.

As a major contribution to American archaeology, amateur archaeologists, during the 1940s and 50s and throughout the various states, were the only people concerned with prehistoric resources. Naturally, there was professional archaeological research being performed, but amateur investigations were paramount in the U.S. Amateurs salvaged many sites and artifacts which have become the source for much of today’s archaeological knowledge and museum displays and collections. During this early time period, these archaeologists organized themselves into state societies which became key components for investigating and reporting sites. Their publications often reflect the history of archaeological investigations in their states. The earliest U.S. archaeological society is the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society (founded 1885). Next are the Wisconsin Archaeological Society (1903), Alabama Anthropological Society (1909), and the New York State Archaeological Association (1916). For the East, the Eastern States Archaeological Federation (ESAF) was founded in 1934 as an organization of state societies, including amateur membership. As a note, the Society for American Archaeology was founded that same year. Clarence B. Moore probably spent more time investigating archaeological sites than any person in archaeology; his work easily classifies him as one of the 20th century’s earliest digging amateur archaeologists. He spent 25 years studying every navigable waterway in the southeastern U.S. His work produced a database for numerous archaeological investigations in the Southeast. There are many stories about amateur archaeology that could be told, but one of the more fascinating stories is one from the early days of Colorado archaeology. As a quote from the finder (Coffin 1937): Many years ago my brother, Claude C. Coffin (now judge of our district court) and I became inspired with the idea that the foothills and adjacent plains with their abundance of Native American camp sites offered many interesting research problems. Little was known of the Northern Colorado cultures of prehistory. A most careful study of all possible evidence will still leave much of this story untold. As a hobby and also in connection with my vocation, much of our spare time has been devoted to local archaeological studies. During the summer of 1924, Judge Coffin, his son A. Lynn, and C. K. Collins returned from a trip near the Colorado-Wyoming line with several odd, similarly shaped, artifacts, all secured from the surface in a small area on the so-called “chalk” formation. The natural conclusion was that they were of Native American origin and were for some specific purpose. They, therefore, presented a very definite problem and as the result of three trips we secured from an area of less than 30 by 50 yards a total of 34 specimens of this same type. During this survey, however, we found in this limited area none of the arrow-head types which are common to many Native American camp sites in the neighborhood. Thus our assumption of Native American origin did not suffice. In our attempts to learn the significance of the finds we became the first local students of what, 2 years later, became designated as “Folsom Points.” And, ... In the summer of 1930, Dr. E. B. Renaud of the Department of Anthropology of Denver University, while engaged in a study on Northern Colorado cultural sites, inspected my collection of artifacts and singled out our odd-shaped points as of Folsom type. His study was published (Renaud 1931). Roy G. Coffin was a geology professor at Colorado State University. Somewhere for every amateur archaeologist, there is a find and story waiting, like this one, to be told. Most of the early-day archaeological societies provided archaeological information to the general public, collectors, their membership, and professional archaeologists (41). Society membership and publications were the only source of what would become American archaeology. We need more of this type of historical amateurists. Almost every state society has pioneers or founding mothers/fathers in their society who laid the ground-digging for their state. This contribution is argumentative, but the author is not an antiquities cop. Today, much of the site stewardship for American prehistory relies on amateur archaeologists. Overall,

this publication assumes that amateur archaeologists are a working part of archaeology; thus, type names from amateur archaeology are included. By no fault of itself, lithic technology as a specialty of archaeology has a variety of partners and participants. It is the romance of collector’s artifacts, the concern of the amateur archaeologist’s artifacts, the investigation of the professional archaeologist’s artifacts, and the monitoring by Native Americans. For these studies of the various state’s Native American sites and artifacts, amateur archaeology has been and is the quiver of the past. And as a caution to the professional archaeological community, do not squeak these people out of practical (meaning public) archaeology. You will miss them in the long term. Perhaps, a quote from a few years ago may sound like today:

41 - Early days of informing others of archaeology.

Increasingly frequent during the past five years has been the cry of the professional archaeologists that the amateur has no place in his work. It is true, however, that all professional men are not united in their dislike of the amateur. Through the kind and courteous aid of this latter group, the amateur has grown to a size where he can no longer be ignored (Daerr 1939). Note: Reference to amateur archaeologists as being nonprofessionals is often a false assessment of people learning archaeology outside academia. As mentioned, numerous amateur archaeologists could be cited here with better expertise than some of their professional counterparts.

Probably the premier and classic book for amateur archaeology is Maurice Robbins’s 1965 The Amateur Archaeologist’s Handbook. For many years, it was the sole source for field methods in archaeology. While many professional archaeologists read it (not always publicly), it was the amateur archaeologist’s bible. According to Robbins (1965/73): In archaeology there is no substitute for personal observation and participation. One question must be considered by the professional archaeological community. If an archaeological site is going to be destroyed and does not have a professional archaeologist available to investigate it, why not let certified amateur archaeologists conduct an excavation? Saving all possible data and artifacts from threatened sites should be a major concern in archaeology. Threatened sites are often the result of the lack of professional archaeologists (or preparedness by them) in the local community. As suggested herein, threatened site emergencies occur daily throughout the U.S. and certified amateurs could fill a tremendous need in archaeology. Where would we be if this were the practice of the medical community? After all, an amateur excavation could provide a single stone tool that is the key to an entire class of tools. No one knows where buried knowledge lies. There is not enough time and talent available in U.S. archaeology to deal with the national problem of threatened sites; the annual site loss numbers tens of thousands. While amateur archaeology in the early days had its problems with methods and data loss, proper training can produce paraprofessional archaeologists, who can be threatened-site stewards. Numerous state societies, such as Arkansas, Maryland, and Virginia, have state, professionally-trained Amateur Certification Programs (for program, see Hranicky 1985) With professional archaeologists as monitors, state agencies should set up certification programs for people who want to help solve our site-loss problem. A national Amateur Certification Program (ACP) is needed, if only to standardize field and laboratory techniques. By training amateur archaeologists on a national level, many of the concepts and especially terminology would be the same from state to state. Certified amateur archaeologists would have a level of training that would permit them to work in other than their home states. This is partially true now with the no

experience necessary rule in American archaeology. Perhaps, we would have a U.S. Standard Archaeological Comprehensive Examination. This program rests solely with the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) and its Council of Affiliated Societies (CoAS); however, this is only a suggestion. States with great archaeological societies, namely the Arkansas Archaeological Society and the Texas Archeological Society, have a professional community of archaeologists who work closely with amateur archaeologists (Hranicky 1982). The success of all archaeological programs and activities in the U.S. depends on both the amateur archaeologists' and professional archaeologists' cooperation. Cooperative archaeology is saving, excavating, and protecting sites, artifact curation and museum acquisitions, educating the public about the past, historic parks and displays, finding and recording sites, and all aspects of cultural resources protection and management.

Keeping All Artifacts Lithic technology studies, including knap-in research, is perhaps the major data source of prehistoric materials and tool usage. Archaeology does need to define: 1) what gets saved, 2) what goes back to the Native Americans (well all right), and most unfortunately, 3) what gets de-acquisitioned at museums, and 4) what is thrown away. And perhaps, 5) what becomes study collections for high schools and colleges, especially as a means for hands-on public archaeology. At the same time, remember what is saved today may (and most likely) will be the basis for future reanalysis and possible new interpretations tomorrow; however, saving flakes and ceramic sherds may be the proverbial straw ... for the camel (museum). Δ If we took every Savannah River point found in Virginia to the Department of Historic Resources (DHR) in Richmond, Virginia – we would not only bury the DHR and state capitol, but most of downtown Richmond. In other words, we cannot keep everything simply because it is old. Of course, this problem is not the purpose of this publication, but it is stated as a general problem in archaeology. Or for the archaeological community: how much and how long? Private ownership of antiquities is an answer to public museum storage space? This excludes all site excavated materials; because of their contextual data, all excavated materials always have a potential for future (re-)analysis. As a consequence of private ownership, state archaeological agencies, like the program at the University of South Carolina’s Institute of Anthropology and Archaeology, should seek out collectors and record their findings and collections. The Missouri Archaeological Society has been publishing private collections for many years. While some professional archaeologists attend relic shows, most do not. The purpose here is not to justify the show, but to point out where artifacts are on view to the public. Many private collectors will show artifacts and give out site locations, if only asked in a professional manner. There is a fine line here between the ethics of ownership and the public right to data contained in private collections as well as the right for archaeological sites to be protected from any type of exploitation. If artifacts are legally obtained, meaning no digging or known grave-related artifacts, private ownership is no different than private ownership of 18th century chinaware (Hranicky 1996). As a special note: No prehistoric site should ever be excavated by anyone other than certified individuals. Anyone caught digging on a prehistoric site without being a certified professional archaeologist or certified amateur archaeologist working under a professional archaeologist’s supervision, and/or a student working on a degree or amateur archaeologist working on certification, both working under a professional archaeologist’s immediate supervision, must automatically be given a jail term, especially under conditions where the individual must break large rocks into small rocks. Any data produced from these nonqualified, nonscientific circumstances are dead data, but still need to be published. Prehistoric resources are disappearing, and there is no reason in this world for the American archaeological community to accept nonprofessional killing of prehistory. The conclusion is don’t dig, just surface collect. Note: There is something still called private property rights!

Is the Collector’s World All Bad? The ethos in archaeology has been all collectors are bad and destroy cultural resources; it has become part of the ethics of the discipline. Of course, the same can be said of professionals who excavate and do not publish. However, few rules exist, if any, restricting the archaeologist from making observations in the relic (or bad-bad) world. As a step further, participating in the relic world, such as buying and selling prehistoric artifacts, seems to be the marginal break into an ethical violation. Here, as mentioned, archaeology does not need artifacts; thus, to go where data (artifacts) are should be considered a contribution to the science.

Purchasing artifacts to bring them into the public domain is usually considered an exception to this ethic. There is no right or wrong aside from causing a monetary value to be placed on artifacts, just the nerve to try it. Obviously, the author tracks new materials in the relic world, as the first Middle Atlantic macrotool book Prehistoric Axes, Celts, Bannerstones, and Other Large Tools in Virginia and Various States (Hranicky 1995) would not have been possible without collectors allowing their collections to be recorded. Personal ethics is what the individual believes to be the correct belief, but also is what the discipline believes is the correct behavior. Δ The literature and public collections are full of unique/special artifacts that were not found in site contexts – the site is not always the fruitful producer of unique/special antiquities.

As it bears mentioning again, Moorehead (1910 and 1917) used private artifact collections almost exclusively in his two volumes The Stone Age of North America and Stone Ornaments of the American Native American. They became the collector’s bibles and, for over 60 years were the most frequently used books in American stone tool studies. Few archaeologists have ever been revered so graciously outside the archaeological community as was Warren Moorehead (1866-1939). Even notice of his death was published in the collector publication world, namely Hobbies - The Magazine for Collectors - in March 1939, which quoted his long-time secretary, Gladys Jump: Few have any conception of the many students Dr. Moorehead helped through Andover (Phillips Academy), the Native American whose rights he fought for, or the tremendous amount of research he did all over the United States for the sake of archaeology. Another example is in the Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society’s 1945 Bulletin 16 which paid tribute to Moorehead and Fowke: their lives will be welcome by the members of our society. Moorehead was considered by them as the dean of American archaeology. Moorehead always gave credit to collectors and spoke highly of everyone, even calling William H. Holmes the dean of American archaeology (1917). And, he had a pure love of data as manifested in artifacts and was always willing to share his knowledge; and everyone then, and today, knew it. Some years ago, a case involved a California college professor who was recording data from artifacts that were in some stage between the looted South American site and the American art collector. No effort was made to stop the relicing (trafficking) process, just recording the data. Mention this example and see the polarity of opinions within the archaeological community. Ethically, it is a circumstance of individual principles versus perceived principles in the discipline which currently has a vast number of differing ethical principles. Relicing – a word meaning: ...anything necessary to get an artifact from a site to the collector. Relicing is different from collecting in that it always assumes the looted artifact. Also, it is a process in which artifacts become relics, lose their cultural history, and geographical/time provenances.

42 – Part of Judge Tiswell’s Collection (Clarksville, Virginia). In his home, every wall was lined with artifacts. This display even includes the ceilings. Note ther 12 inch biface.

Who Collects Artifacts? As mentioned, the author has had the pleasure of knowing many of the great collectors, especially in Virginia and perhaps on an occasion or two, walked a field with them. One Saturday many years ago at the annual meeting of the Archeological Society of Virginia, the author was present at a late-nite philosophical session (party) where Loy Carter, Floyd Painter, Arthur Roberson, Ben McCary, Judge Tisdale (42), and others told how it was to collect artifacts in the early part of the 20th century. They would go out on the weekend to a freshly plowed and rained-on field. There they would take bushel baskets and drive around the field setting them in convenient places. Then they would walk the field and pick-up, not hunt, artifacts. When they had more than they could carry, they would walk to the nearest basket and deposit them. At the day's end, they would split them up by dealing them out to each collector, similar to dealing out cards. You got no choices, supposedly. The abundance of artifacts was, needless to say, quite high in those days. For example, Carter and Tisdale each had collections containing over a million artifacts. The best tale is by Loy Carter who told the author that one time he found a black fluted point and, getting ready to return home, laid the point on his car's fender while he put his gear in the trunk. You guessed it, he drove off, never finding the point again. These golden-days of collecting stories are common all over the U.S. It is documented many times and, as an example, Joseph Leidy in the U. S. Geological Survey, 1872, p. 651, near Ft Bridger, Wyoming, comments: In some places the stone implements are so numerous, and at the same time so rudely constructed, that one constantly is in doubt when to consider them as natural or accidental and when to view them as artificial. Some of the plains are so thickly strewn with natural and artificial splinted stones that they look as if they had been the battle-fields of great armies during the stone age. The author always finds it interesting that some historical archaeologists (closet collectors) collect historic artifacts, but profoundly argue against ownership of prehistoric artifacts. As an example, previously each year the Museum of the Confederacy hosts a relic show in Richmond, Virginia. The museum draws state funds to host the show, and the Virginia DHR draws state funds for operation and subsequently to protect cultural resources. Collectorship has a strange fellowship. Once again, there is no culture-history difference between a field-found Savannah River point and a common 19th century Colt revolver! Of course, the price varies, which for some reason, (collecting no-no’s) always attaches to pre-historic objects. Δ Grandpa had a cigar box of arrowheads from the farm – what do we do with them? Literally, tens of thousands of people have a few prehistoric Native American artifacts. The major problem is the after-life for the artifacts after the collector. Some collectors try to place their collections in the public realm, but most collections are placed on the relic market. A recent example is the Ben C. McCary collection in Virginia. It was sold by the family to a Virginia collector for, reportedly, a half million dollars. Where’s the science; where’s the public domain, where’s the historic value? Also in regards to CRM firm collections, they should become public property should they go out of business, perhaps the same should apply to private collections? The artifact auction and show continue to this day. As an example, a 1999 show under the guise of antiques was held in Washington, DC (43). A small, Great Lakes area, three-inch grooved axe which also has a grooved poll, was on sale for $2400. It had been published in the Central States Archaeological Journal by Curtis (1980), which probably accounted for its asking price. This is 10 times its fair market price. The show had thousands of ethnographic pieces, all at extremely high prices. Without a second thought, the breakup of the famous Edward Waldron Payne collection in the late 19th and early 20th century was a great loss to American archaeology and, at the same time, it was never archaeology (44). Once shown at the 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago, this collection consisted of tens-ofmillions of Native American artifacts. The collection was put up for sale on August 15, 1915. On the first day, the sales total was over $10,000, a very large amount of money for those days. There are catalogs, but any type of grand inventory was never published (see References, Fabulous Payne Collection).

43 - 1999 Antique Show in Washington, DC What was the public perception of this event?

The earliest public sale of a large, high-value collection that the author could locate is the auction of the Charles Steigerwalt collection (Henkels 1917). The catalog contains 1300+ items, many of which were some of the finest pipes ever found in North America. This presents the problem in archaeology, not the solution. Native American artifact collections from Sheldon Jackson, Clara Endicott Sears, and George Heye (1870-1960) are the heart of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Native American. Despite questionable tactics, collectors of Native American materials have left a valuable legacy that goes beyond the funding of public and private museums in the U.S. (Krech and Hail 1999).

44 - Fabulous Payne Collection Sale (From: Hobbies 1939) This collection offered potential types, cultural treasures, context archaeological interpretations, and more … now it is scattered to the four winds of American prehistory.

The author has on past occasions performed artifact appraisals for private collectors who wish to donate their collections to public institutions and agencies. The basic premise for doing the appraisal was that anything to get collections into the public realm justified any means. A problem occurs from most of these donations; the collector wants a tax write-off. Does the collector actually get paid when using tax dollars in this fashion? The answer is an emphatic yes! Simply donating private collections may cleanse the soul of artifact hunting or even site looting, but collecting tax dollars for it leaves the collector in partnership with those in the relicing world. Many state archaeological societies, such as societies in Maryland and Virginia, condone the tax angle to publicly collecting artifact collections. A major example is the Williamson Paleoindian collection that now belongs to the College of William and Mary in Virginia; it was acquired with tax dollars. This simply promotes collecting for financial gain. Can we not start a bidding war for private collections? If the collection is worth $20,000 in tax relief, then sell it to someone else for $30,000, and then that person can get the write off; this is still commercialism. Recently, an archaeological commission was formed in Virginia to study the archaeological needs of the Commonwealth (Commission Report 1999). It was composed entirely of professional archaeologists. With

regard to the tax angle to obtain artifact collections for the state, the report recommends: Develop materials that describe the benefits (tax and otherwise) of giving important archaeological collections to the Commonwealth. Artifacts for anyone’s money – we must assume that the conduct dictates the value system in archaeology. The archaeological community must come to terms with the reality of the relic world. Repeating again, there is an OK for historic artifact collecting, but a no-no for owning prehistoric artifacts. The historic professional archaeologists say that historic artifacts do not have site-contexts – not always true. In Virginia, numerous historic wells and privies have been looted – and become old bottles in antique shops. But if one assumes that all of this out-of-context, nonexcavated stuff is nothing more-or-less than junk, then the problem goes away, at least for this author (Hranicky 1996). A collection involving stolen, looted, or siterobbed materials is another situation and is a case for legal prosecution. Former Virginia Governor Jim Gilmore signed legislation that expands the state tax credit program for historic rehabilitation projects (Preservation in Progress 1999). He was quoted: This legislation provides a powerful tool for private preservation and reuse of Virginia’s landmarks. It will greatly benefit the Commonwealth by bringing increased investment to our communities ... more, more, more. This is quite OK with this author, and it only gives money to the historic community. What happened to prehistory; it at least is not being sold for tax dollars.

Archaeology and Its Resources As discussed, the world as we know it is seemingly divided into two types of people – those who collect and those who do not. And of course, everyone collects something – even if it is only dust. Then, there is archaeology.

45 – As It Came Out of the Ground – Who knows? Digging a site by nonprofessional archaeologists is a crime against humanity.

There is no way to deal with site looting other than outright criminal prosecution (45). And, for those defenders who think public education will stop looting, this is a minor partial solution (46). It is, at least, one justification for professional archaeology, as in Stirling (1940): ...most part by earnest scholars who, revolting against careless looting of sites primarily for specimens... State burial laws have made prosecution easier, but the problem of private lands still eludes law enforcement. A police officer almost has to be looking over the shoulder of the digger to satisfy court requirements for evidence. The only good consequence of this problem is that most of the looting is not done by members of the various state archaeological societies; repeating again, the state archaeological society offers the best defense against site looting. Δ Prosecuting looters may not be an absolute deterrent to robbing archaeological sites, but it does remove those people who are prone to site robbery. A public policy of prosecuting looters ensures archaeological sites some protection from outright total destruction.

The problem may revert back to the practice of archaeology; most archaeologists refer to archaeological sites as being of great value. Tales of Spanish galleons and buried treasure always spark an interest for most Americans. The Mystery and Excitement of the Search may be the American way. As mentioned elsewhere, all buried cultural resources should belong to the state and be protected by criminal laws for their unauthorized removal. This is the law in Indiana; time will demonstrate its benefit to archaeology.

46 - Steve's Artifacts (Internet February 2003). This is not archaeology, but is collectology. When viewed by the general public – what is their perception?

Objets d’ Art Some attention should be made here to the art world, namely objets d’ art. This aspect is easy, and the art world serves no purpose in archaeology and only contributes to extremely high prices in the relic market for prehistoric artifacts. Unfortunately, this enterprise is often associated with museums and controls museums’ purse strings. Frequently, this activity is seen at art and antique shows, at which archaeology is viewed as irrelevant. Once museums move into this type of activity or viewpoint, there is, in many cases, little saving the archaeological artifact philosophy of preservation (Hranicky 1996). With regard to prehistory, terms for objects in antiquity should be used carefully, namely relic, objet d’ art, and artifact (47).

47 - California Clovis Points (after Davis 1974). Are they: 1) relics, 2) Objet d'art artifacts, or simple rocks?

For prehistory, a Relic is – … any man/woman-made object that has lost its specific cultural identity and/or its archaeological significance. For prehistory, an Objet d’ Art is – …any man/woman-made object with a known cultural identity, but one that has lost its archaeological significance. The craftsmanship generally transcends the host culture. For prehistory, an Artifact is – …any man/woman-made object that has a known cultural identity and has maintained its archaeological significance.

Public Access to Collections Most Americans have a fascination with artifacts from the past (48). However, few will take the time to study them; but they will take a few minutes to casually observe them. As such, archaeology should not keep all of its artifacts in museum storage containers. A few should always be available for public viewing – and, if wanted, hands-on study.

45 – Public Viewing of Private Artifact Collections

Relic Societies and Their Shows Many former members of state amateur archaeological societies have dropped out and started artifact organizations that are devoted to collect-only activities (49 and 50). Several times a year, they hold relic shows where members show their collections. At these shows, there are awards for best artifacts and best of show. But mainly, there are usually relic dealers buying and mostly selling artifacts. Ebay and dealers introduce fakes into private collections. Of course, there are honest dealers, and sometimes authentic artifacts on Ebay. If there is a legacy from Clovis, it is the projectile point…

49 – Relic Publication from Ohio (1945)

50 – Relic Bulletin (1935)

Δ Unless you find a Clovis point yourself, and you buy a Clovis, most likely you have purchased a fake point. There could never have been the number of Paleoindians to have produced the number of Clovis points found today in collections. .

Introduction - References Publications The publication is part of the author’s ongoing research on point types. This study started with Hranicky and Painter’s (1988 and 1989) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas and A Guide to the Identification of Virginia Projectile Points. It continued with Hranicky’s Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature for Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North/South Carolina (1991) and Middle Atlantic Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature (1994) which provided the background studies for this publication. Recently, he published Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia which doubled the number of known types in the state. The overall objective was to provide a single source listing of all published point types that have been published in America’s archaeological literature.

The following are classic typology publications in archaeology. They range in usefulness as some were written by collectors and others by professional archaeologists. Additionally, their value ranges from hopeless guestimates to overly scientific presentations. As such, most still have something to offer in the study of typology; they present a large display of points and opinions, from which the researcher must deduce the true world of the prehistoric Native American. Other than grouping, these publications are deliberately not listed in any order. All of these books have promoted typology as a basic research mode in archaeology. Typology and its types remain king in archaeology. As a type recommendation, the reader should obtain a copy of the publication on the 1975 Kampsville, Illinois seminar entitled Essays on Archaeological Typology, which was edited by Robert Whallon and James A. Brown (1982). This seminar produced an interesting definition which bears repeating: ...common working definition of a type was that of a group or class of items that was internally cohesive and separated from other groups by one or more discontinuities. The Originals: Ellis, H. Holmes (1965) Flint-Working Techniques of the American Native Americans: An Experimental Study. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, OH. Hodge, Frederick Webb (1912) Handbook of Native Americans North of Mexico, Parts 1 and 2. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 30, Washington, DC. Holmes, William H. (1919) Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bul. 60. Lilly, Eli (1937) Prehistoric Antiquities of Native Americana. Native Americana Historical Society, Indianapolis, IN. Moorehead, Warren K. (1917) Stone Ornaments of the Native American. Andover Press, Andover, MA. (1910) The Stone Age in North America (Vols. 1 and 2). Houghton Mifflin Co., New York, NY. Fowke, Gerard (1913) Prehistoric Objects Classified and Described. Bulletin No. 1, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, MO. th (1896) Stone Art. In: 13 Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. (1894) Archaeologic Investigations in James and Potomac Valleys. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 23. Beauchamp, William M. (1897) Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements of New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, Vol. 4, No. 16, Albany, NY. Willoughby, Charles C. (1892) Indian Antiquities of the Kennebec Valley. Augusta, Maine.

Basic Literature: Anderson, Son and Doug Puckett (1984) Field Guide to Point Types of the State of Florida. Privately Published. Son Anderson, Route One, Box 77A, Riverview, AL 36872. Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA. Berner, John F. Col. (2000) American Indian Artifacts. American Antiquities, Inc., Rosswell, GA. Blake, Leonard W. and James G. Houser (1978) The Whelpley Collection of Native American Artifacts. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St Louis, Vol. 32, No. 1. Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. Bradford, G. (1989) Paleo Points – An Illustrated Chronology of Projectile Points. Caddo Trading Co., Inc., Murfreesboro, AR. Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. Brown, Allen (1942) Indian Relics and Their Values. Lightner Publishing Co., Chicago, IL. Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archaeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. Bryant, Ralph Lyn (1992) Arkansas Native American Arrow Points – A Guide. Privately printed. Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Cambron, James W. (1958) Some Early Projectile Point Types from the Tennessee Valley, Part III. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 4, No. 1. (n.d.) A Field Guide to Southern Point Types. Privately published. Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL. Cassinelli, Dennis (2006) Preservating Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Cassinelli Publications, Dayton, NV. (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV. Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. Chapman, Carl H. (1975) Appendix II: Selected Types of Projectile Points and Knives from Early Periods in Missouri, pages 239-258. In: The Archaeology of Missouri. University of Missouri Press, Columbia. (1980) Appendix III: Selected Types of Projectile Points and Knives from the Woodland and Mississippi Periods in Missouri, pp. 305-313. In: The Archaeology of Missouri II, University of Missouri Press, Columbia. Converse, Robert N. (2010) Prehistoric Stone Tools. Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus, OH. (1963) Ohio Flint Type. Archaeological Society of Ohio. Culberson, Linda Crawford (1993) Arrowheads and Spear Points in the Prehistoric Southeast. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, MS. Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. Davis, Jr., Dan R (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. DeRegnaucourt, Tony and Jeff Georgiady (1998) Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. Occasional Monographs, Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No. 7, Arcanum, OH. Dowdy, Kevin and John Sowell (1998) Best of the Best. Flint River Trading Post, Fowlstown, GA. Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. (2009) Late Paleo Lanceolates – In Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Folgeman Publishing Company, Turbotville, PA. Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point – A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. (Point Chapter). Vol. 46, Pt 1, pp. 50-76, Anthropological Paper of the American Museum on Natural History, New York, NY. Fowler, William S. (1976) A Handbook of Native American Artifacts from Southern New England. Massachusetts Archaeological Society. Fox, Daniel J. (2003) Arrowheads of the Central Great Plains. Collector Books, Paducah, KY. George, Richard L. (1975) Some Woodland Point Types in the Upper Ohio Valley. West Virginia Archaeologist, Vol. 24, pp. 22-31. Goldstein, Lynne G. and Sannie K. Osborn (1988) A Guide to Common Prehistoric Projectile Points in Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI. Gramly, Richard M. (1997) The Sirkin Collection. Persimmon Press, Buffalo, NY. Heizer, Robert F. and Thomas R. Hester (1978) Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms And Chronology. Socorro, New Mexico, Ballena Press. Honea, Kenneth (1965) Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest. Museum of New Mexico, Popular Series 4. Santa Fe, NM Hothem, Lar (2002) Best of the Midwest. Collector Books, Paducah, KY. (1988) Arrowheads & Projectile Points. Collector Books, Paducah, KY. (1986) Native American Flints of Ohio. Hothem House Books, Lancaster, OH. Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. (2010) Material Culture of Prehistoric Virginia. (Two Volumes). AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. (2007) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Costal Plain. Universal Publisher, Boca Raton, FL. (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. (1991) Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature for Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North/South Carolina. Special Publication Number 26, Archeological Society of Virginia. (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas. Special Publication Number 16, Archeological Society of Virginia. Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painrter (1989) A Guide to the Identification of Virginia Projectile Points. Special Publication Number 17, Archeological Society of Virginia. Justice, Noel D. (2002a) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. (2002b) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. Justice, Noel D. and Suzanne K. Kudlaty (1999) Field Guide to Projectile Points on the Midwest. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, pp. 27-28. Loendrof, Chris and Glen E. Rice (2004) Projectile Point Typology, Gila River Indian Community, Arizona. Cultural Resource Management, Program, Sacton, AZ. Luchterhand, Kubet (1970) Early Archaic Projectile Points and Hunting Patterns in the Lower Illinois Valley. Illinois Valley Archaeological Program, Research Papers, No. 3, Springfield, IL. MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, vol. 48, Pt. 6. McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma. Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa. Morse, Dan F. and Phyllis A. Morse (1983) Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley. Academic Press, New York, NY. Nienoe, Jeremy L. and Robert F. Boszhardt (1997) Chipped Stone Projectile Points of Western Wisconsin. Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center at University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI. No Author Listed (1984) North American Indian Points. Books Americaca, Florence, AL. Peck, Rodney M. (1982) Native American Projectile Point Types from Virginia and the Carolinas. Privately printed. Perino, Gregory (1985, 1991, and 2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vols. 1, 2, and 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. Perino, Gregory and Mary E. Good (1970) A Guide to Projectile Point Types Found in Oklahoma. Tulsa Archaeological Society and Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art. Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbia, SC. Puckett, Doug (1983) Field Guide to Point Types of the Tennessee River Basin Region. Privately published. Putty, Teresa K. and Dan R. Ham (2003) Birth of a Culture. Woodburn Graphics, Terre Haute, IN. Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, Albany, NY. Ritzenthaler, Robert (1967) A Guide to Wisconsin Native American Projectile Point Types. Popular Science Series II, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI. Rogers, C. Hugh (1954) Indian Relics and Their History - -A Handbook for Collectors. Franklin Print Co., Fort Smith, AR. Sandstrom, Cal B. and Jack H. Ray (2004) A Point Identification Guide for Southeast Missouri. Ozarks Chapter, Missouri Archaeological Society. Schock, Jack M. and Terry Weis Langford (1979) A Guide to Some Prehistoric Projectile Points from Southern Kentucky. Kentucky Archaeological Associates, Inc., Bul. 11. Schroder, Lloyd E. (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbia, SC. Scully, Edward G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Secrist, Clarence W. (n.d.) Simplified Identification Guide to Stone Relics of the Native Americans. Privately published, Deerfield, MO. Shippee, J. M. (1964) Archaeological Remains in the Area of Kansas City: Paleoindian and Archaic Period. Missouri Archaeological Society, No. 2. Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. Sowell, John D and Udo Volker Nowak (1990) Projectile Points of the Tri-Rivers Basin, Apalachicola – Flint – Chattahoochee. Generic Press. Steege, Louis C. and Warren W. Welch (1961) Stone Artifacts of the Northwestern Plains. Northwestern Plains Publishing Co., Colorado Springs, CO. Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Kreiger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25. Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks (1962) Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Texas Archeological Society, Special Publications, No. 1, and Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin No. 4. Swope, Jr., Robert (1982) Native American Artifacts of the East and South. Privately published, York, PA. Thomas, David Hurst (1981) How to Classify Projectile Points from Monitor Valley, Nevada. Journal of California and Great Basin Archaeology, Vol. 3, pp. 7-43. Tully, Lawrence N. and Steven N. Tulley (1986) Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North American Native American. Collector Books, Paducah, KY. Tully, Lawrence N. and Steven N. Tulley (1998) Field Guide to Flint Arrowheads & Knives of the North American Native Americans. Collector Books, Paducah, KY. Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1968) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society. Webb, Clarence H. (1981) Stone Points and Tools of Northwest Louisiana. Special Publication, No. 1, Louisiana Archaeological Society. White, Ana M. (1965) Typology of Some Middle Woodland Projectile Points from Illinois and Michigan. Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, 50. Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. Yeager, C. G. (1986) Arrowheads & Stone Artifacts. Pruett Publishing Co., Boulder, CO.

Some after the discovery of a fluted point in Clovis, New Mexico, Matthew W. Stirling of the Smithson’s Bureau of American Ethnology published America’s First Settlers, The Indians in National Geographic Magazine (Vol. LXXII, No. 5, 1937). This article set the tone for Indians as First Peoples and as Asian immigrants; it portrayed the Indians as noble savages. It would by 70 years before this ancestry was challenged.

Glass Slide Dating to the Late 1800s. His name is Buffalo Coad (C.T. Milligan, Philadelphia, Pa.)

And the classics: Bell, Robert E. (1958) Guide to the Identification of Certain American Native American Projectile Points. Special Publication No. 1, Oklahoma Anthropological Society. Bell, Robert E. (1960) Guide to the Identification of Certain American Native American Projectile Points. Special Publication No. 2, Oklahoma Anthropological Society. Perino, Gregory (1968) Guide to the Identification of Certain Native American Projectile Points. Special Publication No. 3, Oklahoma Anthropological Society. Perino, Gregory (1971) Guide to the Identification of Certain Native American Projectile Points. Special Publication No. 4, Oklahoma Anthropological Society.

Best reading on modern Indians: Anton Trucer, Karenne Wood, William W. Fitzhugh, GHeorge P/ Horse Capture, r., Theresa Lynn Frazier, Miles R. Miller, Miranda Belarde-Lewis, and Jill Norwood (2010) Indian Nations of North America, National Geographic, Washington, DC.

Introduction - Point Types Contained in this Publication These codes identify the types basic morphology: B = bifurcate, T = triangle, Bp = bipoint, Bf = biface, blade = Bl, S = stemmed, K = knife, L = lanceolate, N = notched, V = variety, M = metal, A = auriculate, Bl = blade, sp = spike, Ls = leaf shaped (bipointed), P = pentagonal, X = mixed, Sk = sharktooth, Sb = snapped based (fractured base), Tk = turkeytail, Bs = broadspear, Dt = dovetail, Un = unnotched. The list contains approximately 1200 types, and no type validity is assumed here – it is a general listing for American points. See following table for point type validity, dates, and basic distribution. Abajo (S) Abasalo (S) Abbott (N) Abby (S) Abies (S) Abiquiv (N) Acatita (S) Acclivis (S) Accokeek (N) Acher Creek (S) Aclena (S) Adams County (S) Adeler Orchard (S) Adena (S) Adena Wells (S) Affinia-Snyder (N) Affinis-Snyder (N) Afton (N) Agate Basin (S) Agate Basin-Yuma (L) Agee (N) Aguaje (T) Ahumada (S) Ajacan (S) Alachua (S) Alamance (L) Alamo (N) Alamo (N) Alba (S) Albany (K) Alberta (S) Alberta-Colby (S) Albion (N) Albion Head (N) Albrion Head (N) Alkali (S) Alkali (S) Allen (L) Allen (N) Allendale (S) Allison (S) Almagre (S) Alpine (Bf) Alute (S) Amos (N) Anderson (N) Andice (N) Angelico (N) Angostura (L) Ano Nuevo (S) Ano Nuevo (S) Ansell (S) Antelope (N) Anzick (L) Apache (T) Appalachian (S) Apple Blossom (S) Apple Creek (N) Approximate River (L) Aqua Plano (L) Aquaplano (?)

Archaic (S) Arctic (L) Arden (N) Arenosa (S) Arizona (S) Arkabutla (L) Armadillo (S) Armijo (N) Armstrong (N) Arrendendo (S) Ashley (S) Ashtabula (S) Atalissa (N) Aterian (S) Atlantic Blade (Bl) Atriana (N) Attery Creek (L) Attery Creek II (S) Augustine Creek (S) Autauga (N) Autauga II (N) Aux Arc (N) Avery Island (?) Avis (S) Avonlea (N) Axtell (S) Baby Bullin (S) Backstrum (N) Badin (T) Badlands (K) Baird (T) Bajada (S) Baker (S) Bakers Creek (B) Bakers Creek (L) Bakers Creek (S) Bald Mountain (S) Ballplay Creek (S) Bandy (N) Barbeau (S) Barbee (N) Barbour (S) Bare Island (S) Barker (L) Barnes (L) Barreal (L) Barry (S) Base Tang (K) Basketmaker (?) Bassett (S) Bat Cave (N) Bayde Noc (N) Bayogula (N) Bayou La Nana (S) Beachum (S) Bear Creek (?) Bear River (N) Beaver Lake (L) Beaver Lake II (L) Beaverdam Creek (S) Becker (N) Beekman (T)

Beekmantown (T) Belen (L) Belknap (S) Bell (N) Bella Vista (N) Bellefonte (S) Benjamin (L) Bennington (N) Bennington Quail (N) Benton (A) Benton (M) Benton (N) Berkshire (S) Besant (N) Beulah Bay (S) Bicuspis (Bl) Big Creek (N) Big Sandy (A) Big Sandy (N) Big Slough (S) Big Slough II (S) Big Valley (S) Billings (N) Birmingham (S) Bitterroot (N) Black Creek (S) Black Mesa (N) Black Rock (L) Black Sand (S) Blackwater (L) Blacl Owl (K) Blanco (L) Blevins (S) Bliss (S) Blossum Creek (Bp) Blue Eye Creek (S) Bluff (S) Boats (Bl) Boats (Lz) Boggy Branch (N) Boggy Branch II (S) Bokoshe (N) Bolan Mountain (T) Bolen (Bl) Bolen (N) Bonham (S) Bonneville (L) Borax Lake (L) Borax Lake (S) Bossier Bayou (N) Bottle Neck (N) Boydton (BP) Bradford (S) Bradley (Sp) Brandy (N) Brandywine (N) Brannon (N) Brazos (N) Breckenridge-Dalton (L) Brewerton (V) Briar Creek (L)

Brias (?) Bridgeport (B) Brighton (K) Bristol (N) Broad River (S) Broadhead (N) Bronson (K) Broward (S) Browns Valley (L) Brunswick (K) Brunswick (N) Buchana (L) Buck Creek (S) Buck Garden (N) Buck Gully (T) Buck Lake (N) Buck Rock (N) Buck Rock (S) Buffalo (N) Buffalo Gap (N) Buggs Island (S) Bulbar (S) Bull Brook (L) Bull Brook-West Athens Hill (L) Bull Creek (T) Bullen (K) Bulverde (S) Burkett (S) Burnt Bluff (S) Burnt Cain (Sp) Burrough (L) Burwell (S) Buzzard Roost Creek (B) Bynum (N) Caarrizo (N) Cache (N) Cache Creek (N) Cache River (N) Cactus Hill (L/Bl) Caddo (Bf) Cadwaladez (N) Cahokia (N) Cahonina (?) Cairo (N) Cairo (N) Calapooya (S) Calcasieu (N) Calf Creek (N) Calvert (S) Camas Creek (N) Camas Creek (N) Cambell (K) Cambron (N) Cameron (T) Camp Creek (T) Camus Valley (S) Canalino (S) Canalino (T) Candy Creek (L) Canfield (S) Cape (S) Capron (T) Caracara (N) Caraway (T) Carderock (T) Carloina Winged Carrier Mills (?) Carrolton (S) Carson (Mn) Carter (N) Cascade (Ls) Castroville (N) Catahoula (N) Catan (Ls)

Catoctin (N) Catoma Creek (?) Catoma Creek (S) Cattle Run (S) Cave Run (S) Cedar Bluff (S) Ceder Valley (S) Central Coast (S) Centre (S) Chadbourne (S) Chadron (L) Chagin River (S) Channell Islands (S) Chaple Hill (L) Charcos (N) Charleston (N) Chase City (L/T) Chattasofka Creek (S) Chattooga (N) Cheneyhatchee (S) Cherokee (S) Chesapeake (K) Cheshire (N) Chesrow (L) Chesser (N) Chesterfield (N) Chestnut (T) Chestnut Creek (S) Chewalla Creek (S) Chillesquaque (T) Chindadn-Nenana (Bl) Chipola (N) Chippean (S) Chiricahua (N) Choccolocco Creek (S) Chocoville (N) Choctaw (N) Choctawhalchee (S) Chota (M) Chuckatuck (N) Chumash (S) Church Hill (N) Cienega (S) Cienega (S) Cincinati (S) Citrus (N) Clagett (N) Claremore (S) Clarksville (T) Clay (N) Clear Fork (K) Clear Lake (N) Clear Lake (S) Clear Lake (T) Cleburne (L) Clements (T) Cliffton (S) Clikapudi (N) Clinch (S) Clovis (L) Clovis II (L) Coahuila (S) Coastal (S) Coastal Adena (S) Coastal Decatur (N) Coastal Kirk (N) Coastal Lost Lake (N) Coastal St Albans (B) Cobb’s (T) Coburn (N) Cochise (L) Cody (K) Coe (S) Cogswell (S)

Cohonino (T) Coker (K) Colbert-Dalton (L) Colby (L) Cold Springs (N) Coldwater (L) Cole (N) Coles Mountain (T) Colinas (T) Collier (S/N) Collins (N) Colonial (S) Colorado (Bl) Columbia (S) Columbia Mule Ear (K) Columbia Pacific (S) Columbia Plateau (N) Columbia Valley (N) Conawago (L) Condoquinet (S) Conejo (N) Conerly (L) Conerly (S) Conestee (T) Conrad (N) Contra Costa (N) Convento (N) Converse (N) Coon Creek (B) Cooper (S) Coosa (N) Coosa (S) Copena (L) Copena (T) Copena II (L) Copsey (L) Corapeake (S) Cormier-Nicholas (L) Cornelius (S) Corner Tang (B) Cortaro (T) Cossatot River (B) Cotaco Creek (S) Cotaco Creek II (S) Cotton Bridge (S) Cottonbridge (S) Cottonwood (Bp) Cottonwood (S) Cottonwood (T) Cougar Mountain (K) Covington (K) Cow Bayou (S) Cowhouse Slough (L) Cowikee (N) Cowikee II (N) Coxey (L) Crab Claw (N) Cranston (K) Crawford (S/N) Crawford Creek (S) Crawford Creek II (S) Crawford Knoll (N)\ Cresap (S) Crescent (K) Crespan (L) Creston (N) Crisp (Or) Crispen (S) Crooked Creek (N) Crow Creek (S) Crowfield (P) Culbreath (N) Culpepper (B) Cultellus (S)

Cumberland (L) Cuney (S) Cupp (N) Current River (S) Cutback (N) Cypress Creek (N) Cypress Creek II (N) Dakota (T) Dakota (T) Dallas (Bl) Dallas (S) Dallas (T) Dallas II (L) Dalton (L) Dalton Colbert (L) Dalton Greenbrier (L) Dalton Hardaway (L) Dalton Metrserve (L) Dalton Nucholls (L) Damron (N) Damron II (N) Dan River (K) Dane (Sk) Daniels (T) Daphine Creek (N) Daphne Creek (N) Darl (S) Datil (S) Davis (N) Davis (N) Dawson (S) Dayton (N) De Coor (?) De Wade (S) Deadman’s (N) Debert (L) Decatur (N) Decatur (Sb) Decatur II (N) Dekalb (N) Del Carmen (N) Delhi (S) Delta (N) Denbigh (Mx) Dent (L) Denton (S) Deptford (L) Des Moines (N) Deschutes (K) Desert (K) Desert (N) Desmuke (S) Dewart (S) Diablo (N) Diablo Canyon (N) Diagonal (N) Dismal Swamp (S) Dominion (K) Donaldson (S) Doon (L) Dos Cabezas (S) Dover Hill (N) Dovetail (N) Drake (B) Dry Brook (S) Dry Prong (N) Dryoff (S) Dual Tipped (S/N) Duck River (S) Dudley (N) Duncan (?) Duncan (K) Duncan (Mx) Duncan (S)

Duncan’s Island (S) Dunn (S) Durango (N) Durant’s Bend (S) Durant’s Bend (S) Durst (N) Durst Cave (N) Dustin (N) Duval (N) Eagle Lake (N) Earbob Terry (N) Eastgate (N) Eastover B) Ebenezer (S) Ecusta (N) Eden (L) Edgewood (S) Edward (Bl) Edwards (N) Edwards (S) Egg Lake (L) Egypt Mills (N) El Jobo (L) El Muerto (T) El Paso (?) El Reigo (S) Elam (S) Elk Garden (T) Elk River (N) Elk River (S) Elko (N) Elko (S) Ellis (S) Elliston (N) Elliston/Logan (N) Elmore (S) Elora (S) Elora II (S) Elys Ford (P) Emerson (B) Emigrant (N) En Medio (N) E-Notched (N) Ensor (N) Epps (N) Erb (N) Erie (B) Escobas (S) Eshback (N) Espanola (S) Etley (N) Etowah (S) Eva (N) Eva I (N) Eva II (N) Evans Evolution (N) Excelsior (S) Fairland (N) Faison (Sb) Fall Line Dalton (L) Faulkner (N) Faulkner (N) Fayette (L) Ferry (N) Figueroa (N) Firstview (S) Fish Slough (N) Fishspear (N) Flacco (T) Flagstaff (T) Flint Creek (S) Flint Creek (Sp) Flint Creek II (S)

Flint River (S) Florence (S) Florida (K) Florida (Sp) Florida Adena (S) Florida Border (K) Florida Dagger (K) Florida Spike (L) Florida Tang (K) Fog Creek (S) Folsom (L) Forest (N) Foresthill (N) Forman (S) Formosus (N) Fort Ancient (T) Fort Dodge (N) Fort Rock Valley (?) Fort Vincennes (T) Fountain Creek (N) Four Mile (N) Fox Creek (L) Fox Valley (B) Fox Valley (S) Franklin (T) Frazier (L) Frederick (?) Frederick (B) Frederick (L) Fredrick (B) Fremont (K) Fresnal (?) Fresno (T) Friday (K) Friendship (K) Friendship (S) Friley (S) Frio (N) Frodida Greenbrier (N) Frost Island (N) Fulton (Tk) Furr (N) Gadsden (S) Gahagan (L) Gainey (L) Galax (N) Galy (N) Ganoid (S) Garden Creek (T) Garden, 1 2, 3 (N) Garth Slough (N) Garth Slough II (B) Garver’s Ferry (N) Garwer’s (N) Gary (S) Garza (T) Gaston (T) Gatecliff (S) Gatecliff (S-S) Gatlin (N) Gatlin (N) Gayleville (S) Geneill (N) Genesee (S) Gibson (N) Gila Butte (S) Gilchrist (N) Glen Meyer (T) Glendo (D) Glendo (K) Glendo (N) Glendo Arrow (N) Gober (N) Gobernadora (S)

Go-Cart (N) Godar (N) Godfrey (K) Godley (N) Gold Hill (L) GoldHill (Bp) Golondrina (L) Goose Creek (Sp) Goose Lake (K) Goose Lake (K) Gordon (N) Goshen (L) Gower (L) Graham Cave (N) Granbury (L) Grand (N) Grants (S) Gravers Ferry (S) Gravier (?) Gravier (T) Great Basin (K) Great Basin (S) Great Basin (S) Green (L) Green River (?) Green River (L) Greenbrier (N) Greene (N) Greene (T) Greens Creek (S) Greenville Creek (N) Greenville L/T) Grosswater (Bl) Ground Slate (L) Ground State (S) Grundy (T) Guadalupe (Bf) Guerrero (T) Guilford (L) Guntersville (L) Gunther (T) Gypsum Cave (S) Gypsy (S) Hale (S) Halifax (N) Hamilton (S) Hamilton (T) Hamphill (N) Hanna (N) Hanover (S) Hansford (N) Harahey (K) Hardaway (N) Hardaway II (N) Hardaway-Dalton (L/N) Hardee (S) Hardin (N) Hatchie (S) Hardin (S) Hare (Bi) Harpeth River (L) Harrell (N) Harrison (Tk) Hart’s Bluff (S) Harvey (K) Haskell (L) Haskell (N) Haskett (N) Hatch (N) Hatten (K) Hatten (N) Haw River (L) Hawes (N) Hawes (Un) Hawkin (N)

Hayes (S) Haywood (T) Hazel (L) Hebron (S) Hebron (T) Heck Rockshelter (N) Helena (N) Hell Gap (S) Hell’s Canyon (N) Helligranite (N) Helton (N) Hemando (N) Hempstead (N) Hempstead-Dalton (N) Hendricks (S/K) Henry (S) Hernando (N) Herpeth River (L) Hickory Ridge (N) Hidden Valley (S) High River (N) Hill (T) Hiller (S) Hillsboro (S) Hi-Lo (L) Hilton (S) Hinds (L) Hinds (S) Hixton (S) Hodges (N) Hog Back (N) Hohokam (N) Holcombe (L) Hollan (S) Holland (S) Holland (T/L) Holmes (S) Holston (N) Holt (K) Homan (S) Honey Creek (N) Hood (N) Hoodoo (?) Hoover’s Island (S) Hope (S) Hopewell (N) Hopewell-Dickson (S) Hopewell-Snyder (N) Hopper (N) Horseshoe Lake (S) Hot Creek (S) Houston (N) Houx (S) Howard (S) Howard County (N) Hoxie (S) Huffaker (N) Hulse (N) Humbolt (L) Humple (N) Hunt (N) Hunter Brook (T) Huntley (S) Hurricane (N) Hyco Lake (L) Ichetuckee (L) Idaho (S) Iddins (S) Indiana (K) Inez (L) Innes (N) Intrusive Mound (N) Irvine (N) Ishi (N)

Iztapan (S) Jack’s Reef (N) Jack’s Reef (P) Jack’s Reef II (N) Jackson (L) Jackson (S) Jackson River (T) Jade (N) Jakie (B) Jalama (N) James City (L) James River (T) Jay (S) Jeff (L) Jefferson (S) Jemez (S) Jerger (B) Jessup (N) Jester (T) Jetta (B) Jim Thorpe (N) Jimmy Allen (L) Johnson (S) Jones Bluff (S) Jones Creek (S) Jora (S) Jordan (Dt) Joseph (T) Jude (S) Jude (Transitional (N) Juntumen (T) Kahorsho (N) Kampsville (N) Kanawha (B) Karako (N) Karnak (L) Karnak (S) Kaskaskia (M) Kavinish (T) Kay Blade (N) Kay’s II (S) Kays (S) Kayuk (S) Kelsey Creek (S) Kent (S) Kentucky (K) Keota (N) Kerrville (K) Kersey (L) Kessell (N) Key-Hole (N) Kiker’s Creek (S) Kimmswick (L) Kin Kletso (N) Kin Kletso (N) Kings (N) Kings Mountain (N) Kings Road-Whipple (L)) Kinney (L) Kiokee (S) Kirk (N) Kirk (S) Kirk Palmer (N) Kirk-Stanly (S) Kisatchie (L) Kiski (N) Kittatiny (N) Klamath Basin (S) Klickitat (S) Kline (N) Klunk (N) Knight Island (N) Koens-Crispin (S) Koster (N)

Kowaliga Creek (S) Kramer (S) Kuttawa (L) L. Rogers (L) La Jita (S) Labras Lake (N) Lackawaxen (S) LaCrosse (L) Lafayette (Dt) Lagoon (S) Lake Erie (B) Lake Forest (N) Lake Gaston (L) Lake Jackson (L) Lake Mohave (K) Lake Taxcoco (Bd) Lamina (N) Lamine (K) Lamoka (N/S) Lamy(S) Lang (N) Langdeau (Bp) Lange (S) Langtry (S) Larson (S) Larter (S) Latum (S) Le Croy (B) Le Croy II (B) Le Flore (Bd) Le Koy (N) Le Roy (?) Leaf River (N) Lehigh (S) Lehigh/Koens-Crispin (S) Lehigh/Snook Kill (Bs) Leimbach (S) Leon (L) Leon (N) Lerma (L) Lerma (Ls) Leupp (N) Levanna Levi (L) Levy (S) Lewis (N) Limestone (S) Limeton (B) Lincoln Hills (L) Lind Coulee (S) Lindenmeier (L) Lipantilam (M) Little Bear Creek (S) Little Bighorn (M) Little Canoe Creek (S) Little Colorado (B) Little Colorado (S) Little Crow Creek (S) Little Egypt (T) Little Lake (x) Little Pico Creek (S) Little River (S) Little Sioux (N) Lively (L) Livermore (S) Liverpool (S) Llano (L) Lo Dais Ka (S) Logan (N) Logan Creek (N) Lone Tree (S) Long (Bs) Long Bay (N) Long Island Creek (N)

Lookingbill (N) Los Angeles (Bs) Los Angeles (S) Lost Island (S) Lost Lake (N) Lost Lake II (N) Lost River (N) Lott (N/S) Loudoun (N) Lovell (L) Lowe (S) Lower Hudson (L) Lowes Island (S) Lownds (S) Lozenge (S) Lucketts (N) Luiseno (T) Lunenburg (Bl) Lusk (L) Lycoming County (N) Lyon County (N) Mabin (S) Macapa (B) MacCorkle (B) Mackinaw (N) Macon (S) Macpherson (N) Mad Sheep (T) Madden Branch (N) Madden Lake (L/S) Madeline Dunes (N) Madina (L) Madison (N) Madison (T) Magic Mountain (N) Mahaffey (K) Mahantango (S) Mahlin (S) MALA (N) Malaga Cove (S) Maljamar (N) Mallory (N) Manasota (L) Manix (Bf) Manker (N) Mansfield (S) Mansion Inn (L) Maples (S) Marcos (N) Mariana (T) Marion (S) Marshall (S) Martindale (S) Martis (L) Martis (N) Marybell (N) Marymont (S) Marymount (S) Mason (S) Mason Neck (S) Massard (S) Matamoros (T) Matanzas(N) Maud (T) Mayacmas (N) Maybon (S) Maynes Creek (L) McCarty (N) McCary (Bl) McConnell (L) McConnell (S) McCurtain (N) McDonald (S) McGee (L)

McGillivray (S) McGloin (T) McIntire (S) McKean (L) McWhinney (S) Meadowood (N) Mecklenberg (N) Medicine Valley (T) Medina (?) Medina (?) Medonna (N) Mehlville (S) Meigs (N) Melega Cove (L) Mena (N) Mendocino (L) Mendocino (L) Merkle (N) Merom (S) Merrimac (S) Mesa (L) Mescal (K) Meserve (L) Meserve-Dalton (L) Mesilla (N) Mesoculter (K) Metal (M) Michaud-Neponset (L) Midback (K) Midland (L) Milanville (N) Miles (L) Milford (N) Milford-Eshback (N) Miller (L) Mills (S) Milnesand (L) Mimbre (N) Mineral Springs (S) Mississippi (T) Missouri Angostura (L) Moab (S) Model Matanzas (N) Model Matanzas (N) Modesto (S) Mogollan (?) Mollala (S) Monocacy (S) Monona (S) Monongahela (T) Monrovia (N) Montell (B) Montgomery (L) Montgomery (T) Mooreville (N) Mo-Pac (N) Moran (S) Morelos (N) Morgan (L) Morgan (N) Morgan (S) Morhiss (S) Morrill (S) Morris (B) Morroculter (T) Morrow Mountain I (S) Morrow Mountain II (S) Morse (K) Morton (L) Moses Ridge (N) Mostin (P) Motley (N) Mount Albion (N) Mouser (L)

Moustache Simpson (L) Moyock (S) Mud Creek (S) Mulberry Creek (T) Mulbery Creek (S) Mule Ear (L) Muncy (B) Mungai (K) Munker’s Creek (S) Murphy’s (S) N-2 (S) Naches River (S) Naco (L) Nansemond (N) Nanticoke (N) Nanticoke (T) Nanton (N) Nawthis (N) Nebo Hill (L) Neches River (S) Need (N) Neff (N) Neodesha (L) Neosho (K) Nepesta (?) Neponst (L) Nettleton (N) Nettleton (N) Nettling (N) Neuberger (N) Nevada (K) Neville (S) New England (B) New Market (S) Newberry (S) Newman/Hillsboro (S) Newmanstown (N) Newsoms (T) Newton Falls (N) Nightfire (N) Niobrara (L) Nipple (N) Nodena (S) Nodena (SP) Nodena Banks (V) Nogales (T) Nolan (S) Nolichucky (L) Nomini (N) Norden (S) Norden (S) Normanskill (N) Nortan (S) North (Bf) Northeasr (S) Northern (N) Northern Piedmont (S) Northumberland (K) Norton (N) Norton Bay (L) Notchaway (S) Nottoway River (B) Nuckolls-Dalton (L) Nueces (B) Nyack (N) Oauchita (S) O’Leno (T) Oak Grove I (S) Oatlands (S) Ocala (N) Occaneechee (T) Occoquan (S) Offset-Tang (K) Ohatchee Creek (T)

Ohio (K) Ohio (S) Okoboji (N) Oleta (S) Oley (N) Olmos (Bf) Omusee Creek (N) Opossum Bayou (N) Orient (S) Osceola (N) Osceola Greenbriar II (N) Osceola Greenbrier (N) Osceola Greenbrier I (N) Otarre (S) Otter Creek (N) Ouachita (S) Ovoid (Bf) Owl Cave (L) Oxbow (N) Ozam Creek (N) Packard (L) Padre (S) Paint Rock River (T) Paint Rock Valley (T) Paisanno (N) Paldi (?) Palmer (N) Palmer-Kirk (N) Palmillas (S) Pamlico (K) Panamint (S) Pandale (S) Pandora (L) Panhandle (N) Panoche (N) Panoche (N) Panoche (N/T) Panoche (S) Papago (T) Paradise Pinto (N) Paris Island (S) Parker (N) Parman (S) Parnarn (S) Parowan (N) Pasco (S) Pasitas (N) Paskapoo (N) Paterson (K) Patrick (S) Patrick Henry (N) Patrick’s Point (T) Patuxent (S) Pea River (S) Pease River (L) Pedernales (S) Pee Dee (N) Pee Dee (S) Peisker (S) Pekisko (N) Pelanatchie (S) Pelican (L) Pelican Lake (N) Pelona (S) Pen Bayou (N) Penn’s Creek (B) Pennsylvania (K) Penta (T) Pequea (N) Perdiz (S) Perkiomen (S) Petalas (Bl) Petit Jean River (S) Pickelo (S)

Pickwick (S) Pigeon (N) Pike County (L) Pin (S) Pine Tree (N) Pine Tree II (N) Pinellas (T) Piney Creek (S) Piney Island (S) Pinson Valley (N) Pintlala Creek (S) Pinto Basin (B) Pinwah (S) Pipe Creek (N) Piscataway (S) Pisgah (T) Pismo (S) Placer County (?) Plains (N) Plains (N) Plains (T) Plainview (L) Plano (L) Plateau (K) Plevna (N) Plott (S) Pocola (N) Pogo (S) Pohick (S) Point of Pines (N) Point Sal (S) Pojoaque (N) Pomranky (T) Pontchartrain (S) Poorhouse (S) Poplar Island (S) Port Mailand (N) Port Nottoway Portales (S) Portland (K) Potomac (T) Potts (N) Prairie (N) Preform (N) Preston (N) Price Ranch (T) Priest Rapids (N) Princess Anne (S) Pryor (S) Pulaski (N) Purdy (T) Putnam (S) Pygostyle (N) Quad (L) Quail (N) Quilomene Bar (N) Quinn River (L) Quitman (S) Rabbit Island (S) Raccoon (K) Raccoon (N) Raddatz (N) Ragged Island (L) Raisch-Smith (S) Ramey (K) Ramsyey (K) Randolph (S) Rankin (N) Rappahannock River (S) Rattail (S) Rattlesnake (N) Red Filmed (N) Red Horn (N) Red Horn (T)

Red Ochre (L) Red River (K) Redding (N) Redstone (L) Reed (N) Refugio (S) Regan (L) Reoder (Bp) Residual (N) Rheems Creek (S) Rice (B) Rice (N) Ridge Ruin (N) Rio Grande (S) Rituculter (L) Rituculter II (L) Riverside (N) Riverton (N) Roanoke (T) Robbins (S) Robertson (S) Robeson (S) Robinson (N) Rochester (S) Rocker (N) Rockwall (N) Rocky Branch (S) Rocky River (N) Rogers (L/N) Rood Creek (N) Rose Springs (N) Rose Springs N) Rose Valleyu (S) Rosegate (S) Rosenberry Creek (L) Rosewood (N) Ross (N) Ross County (L) Rossi (S) Rossville (S) Round Lake (K) Round Valley (N) Roundback Cascade (L) Rowan (S) Rowlett (S) Roxana (N) Russell (T) Russell Cave (N/S) Russellville (L) Rye Patch (S) Sabinal (S) Sabine (S) Sacaton (N) Safety Harbor (N) Safety Harbor (S) Saftey Harbor (T) Salado (T) Salado (T) Sallisaw (S) Salmon River (N) Salt River (N) Samantha (N) San Bruno (N) San Bruno (T) San Diego (N) San Dieguito (K) San Franciso (T) San Gabriel (K) San Jom (S) San Jose (N) San Miguel Bayou (S) San Patrice (N) San Pedro (K) San Pedro (N)

San Rafael (N) San Saba (N) Sand Hill (S) Sand Mountain (T) Sandia (L) Sandia I (L) Sandia II (L) Santa Cruz (S) Santa Cruz (S) Santa Fe (L) Santan (S) Saratoga (S) Saratoga Spring (S) Saratoga Springs (T) Sauceda (N) Saugeen (N) Sauk (V) Sauty Creek (S) Savage Cave (N) Savannah River (S) Savannah River II (S) Sawmill (L) Scallorn (N) Scherschel (N) Schild (S) Schugtown (N) Schuykill (S) Scottsbluff (L) Scottsbluff II (L) Searcy (S) Sedalia (L) Sedgwick (L) Selby Bay (L) Seminole (S) Sequoyah (N) Seymour (L) Shadid (N) Shaunavon (N) Shellmound (S) Shellmound (S) Shellmound II (L) Shelty (L) Shenandoah (L) Shirley (K) Shoals Lake (S) Shoop (L) Shoshone (K) Shriver (S) Shumla (N) Shuswap (L) Sierra (L) Sierra (N) Sierra (S) Silver Lake (S) Simonsen (N) Simpson (L) Sinner (N) Sisiyori (N) Sitgreaves (S) Six Mile Creek (S) Sleightburg (N) Sloan-Dalton (L) Small (S) Small II (S) Small Savannah River (S) Smith (N) Smithsonia (S) Snake River (N) Snaketown (N) Snappit (T) Sneeden (N) Snook Kill (S) Snow Lake (T) Snyders (N)

Snyders (N) Sobaipuri (?) Sobaipuri (T) Sonoran (S) Sonota (N) Sopris (N) Sorter’s Bluff (N) Soto (T) South Appalachian (S) South Prong Creek (S) Southampton (S) Southeastern/Lardin (N) Spectralite (S) Spedis (S) Spidel (T) Spirate (T) Spokane (K) Spooner (N) Spring Creek (S) Spring Lake (S) Spring Lake (S) Springly (S) Square Knife (K) Squaw Creek (S) Squaw Mountain (N) Squibnocket (S) Squibnocket (T) St Albans (B) St Albans II (B) St Charles (N) St Croix (N) St Helena (N) St Louis (L) St Marion (S) St Mungo (S) St Tammany (S) St. Clair (S) Standlee (S) Stanfield (L) Stanislaus (S) Stanislaus (S) Stanly (S) Stanly II (S) Stark (S) Starr (T) Starved Rock (L) State Farm (S) Staunton (S) Ste, Anne-Varney (L) Ste. Anne (L) Stealth (S) Steamboat (S) Steiner (S) Steuben (S) Steubenville (L) Stewart (S) Stillwell (S) Stockton (S) Stone (S) Stott (N) Stringtown (S) Strong (L) Stublet (N) Stubly (N) Stubly (S) Sublet Terry (N) Sublet Terry II (N) Sudden (N) Sugar Creek (K) Summit Valley (S) Sumter (S) Sunfish Simpson (L) Surprise Valley (N) Surprise Valley (N)

Susquehanna (B) Susquehanna (S) Susquehanna Valley (B) Susquehannock (T) Sutter (S) Suwannee (L) Swamp Creek (N) Swan Lake (N) Swannonoa (S) Swanton (N) Swatara (S) Sweetwater (N) Sweetwater (N) Swft Current (N) Syble (S) Sykes (N) Sykes (S) Sykes II (S) Sylvan (N) Tabira (N) Table Rock (S) Taconic (S) Talco (T) Talladega (S) Tallahassee (L) Tallahassee-Dalton (L) Tallahatta (N) Tallawassee Creek (N) Tama (N) Tamaulipas (T) Tampa (L) Tangipahoa (S) Tappan (S) Taylor (N) Taylor (T) Teardrop (S) Telum (N) Temporal (N) Ten Acre Creek (S) Tenuitas (N) Teotihuacan (T) Terrace (S) Terrapin Creek (S) Texarkana (S) Texarkana Lake (S) Texcoco (N) Thebes (N) Thebes Gap (N) Thelma (S) Thomer Creek (N) Thomes Creek (N) Thonolosassa (S) Tipton (S) Titicut (B) Titicut (S) Tlanalapa (N) Tock’s Island (N) Tombigbee (S) Tompkins (N) Topanga (T) Tortugas (T) Toyah (N) Transylvania (T) Travis (S) Triangular Dalton (L) Trimble (N) Trinidad (L) Trinity (N) Triple T (L) Triple T (T) Trujillo (S) Truxton (S) Tulamniu (T) Tulamniu (T)

Tulare Lake (L) Tulerosa (N) Tuolumne (N) Tupuk-Eskimo (S) Turin (N) Turkey Branch (N) Turkeytail (N) Turner (S) Turney (T) Twomblty (N) Type Hel (?) Uinta (N) Ula (K) Uniface Lerma (L) Union (N) Union (S) Unisilex (S) Upper Republican (N) Upper Valley (N) Urich (N) Uvalde (S) Uwharrie (T) Vail (L) Vail-Debert (L) Val Verde (S) Valley Falls (S) Van Lott (N) Vandale (L) Vandenberg (S) Vaughn (S) Veleda (S) Ventana-Amagosa (S) Verkamp (S) Vernon (S) Vertiente (N) Vestal (N) Vian Creek (Ft) Victoria (L) Victoria (L) Vincent (N) Vincent (T) Virginsville (S) Vosburg (N) Wacissa (S) Wade (N) Wading River (S) Wadlow (L) Wahmuza (L) Walk Creek (S) Waller (K) Wallula (S) Walnut Canyon (N) Wanda (N) Wapanucket (N) Warantan (N) Warito (N) Warren (N) Warrick (N) Washakie (B) Washington (N) Washington (S) Washita (N Peno) Washita (N) Watertown (N) Watson Farm (N) Watts Cave (K) Waubesa (S) Wayland (N) Webb (L) Webb (S) Weber (N) Webster (N) Weeden Island (T) Weems (S)

Weirs Beach (L) Wells (S) Wells Bridge (N) West Branch (S) Wester (T) Western (T) Westo (S) Wetaug (S) Wheeler (L) Wheeler (T) Wheeler II (L) Whiskeytown (N) White Oak Creek (S) White River (N) White Springs (N) White Tail (S) Whites Ferry (L) Whiteshell (N) Whiteside (S) Widows Creek (S) Will’s Cove (S) Williams (N) Williamson (L) Willis (N) Willow Spears (L) Wills Creek (N) Wilson (N) Windust (S) Wingett Run (L) Winona (T) Withlacoohee (L) Witthoft (K) Woden (S) Wolf Creek (N) Wolf Lake (S) Womble (S) Wray (N) Wright (S) Wytheville (BP) Xenia (L) Yadkin (T) Yana (S) Yancey’s Creek Yanzoo (L) Yarbrough (S) Yavapai (S) Yellow Creek (S) Yellow Creek (S) Yellow Water (N) Yerba Buena (S) Yermo (S) Yonkee (N) Yorktown (S) Yosemite (S) Young (B) Young’s River (S) Yuma (L) Zavala (S) Zcave Spring (S) Zekiah Swamp (S) Zelienople (B) Zella (S) Zephyr (N) Zerra (S) Zorra (S) Zwolle (Sp) ZZYZX (S)

These point types are distributed geographically in prehistory by time and culture. The basic reference for any type usually follows one (or more) geographic divisions in the U.S. In text, if a type has a map, it is an important major type. These areas are referred to as culture areas in archaeology.

Archaeological Cultural Areas - division of North America into areas which had similar cultural attributes, and adaptation to the local environment in prehistory; based on ethnography (Willey 1966). These areas are: 1 - Arctic 2 - Subarctic 3 - Northwest Coast 4 - Interior Plateau 5 - Great Basin 6 - California 7 - Baja California 8 - Southwest 9 - Texas/North Mexico 10 - Plains 11 - Eastern Woodland 12 - Mesoamerica.

Table of -Major U. S. Projectile Points NAME

QCM

PERIOD

Abasolo

Unnotched

Woodland

Adena Afton Agate Basin Agee Ahumada Ajacan Alachua Alamance Alba Alberta Allen Almagre

Stemmed Corner-Notched Lanceolate Corner-Notched Stemmed/Notched Rounded Stem Stemmed Lanceolate Stemmed Stemmed Lanceolate Stemmed

Amos Angelico Angostura Anzick Apple Creek Arrendondo Ashtabula Ashley Avonlea

DATE

VALID

LOCI

REFERENCE

300 BC

Distinct

Suhm, Kreiger, and Jelks (1954)

Woodland Archaic Archaic Woodland Late H/G Archaic Archaic Paleo-Indian Caddoan Archaic Archaic Archaic

200 AD 650 BC 8500 BC 800 AD 900 AD 3500 BC 3500 BC 10,000 BC 1000 AD 7500 BC 8000 BC 1500 BC

Tradition Distinct Distinct Distinct Positive Condition Positive Positive

Bell and Hall (1953) Wyckoff (1964) Wood (1963) Krone (1976)

Distinct Classic Positive

M_Miss Plains M.Miss Mexico VA FL NC/VA M_Miss Canada W_Plains TX

Corner-Notched Corner-Notched Lanceolate Lanceolate Stemmed Stemmed Stemmed Stemmed Side-Notched

Archaic Archaic Archaic Paleo-Indian Woodland Archaic Archaic Woodland Woodland

7000 BC 6000 BC 7000 BC 8000 BC 500 AD 2500 BC 1500 BC 1200 AD 800 AD

Positive Condition Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive

Mid Atlan M_Altantic Plains U_Plains IL FL East AR N_Plains

Badin Bakers Creek

Triangle Flair-Stem

Woodland Hopewell

500 AD 400 AD

Negative Distinct

South

Bare Island Bassett Bayogula Beaver Lake

Stemmed Pointed-Stem Fishtail Lanceolate

Archaic Caddoan Mississippian Paleo-Inadian

1500 BC 1500 AD 1300 AD 8500 BC

Distinct Distinct Distinct Distinct

L_Miss LA C_East

Benton Besant Big Creek Big Sandy Black Creek

Notched Notched Corner-Notched Side-Notched Oviod

Archaic Hopewell Archaic Archaic Woodland

3500 BC 400 AD ? 2500 BC 8000 BC 1000 BC

Positive Positive Positive Distinct Positive

Tenn_V Dakotas M_Miss East IL

Bullen and Dolan (1959) Krieger (1946) Wormington (1957) Mulloy (1959) Suhm, Kreiger, and Jelks (1954) Broyles (1971) Wheeler (1954) Perino (1975) Bullen (1968) Rollingson (1971) Kehoe (1961) Coe (1964) DeJarnette, Kurjack, et al (1962) Webb (1948) Williams and Brain (1983) DeJarnett, Kurjack, et al (1962) Knebery (1956) Wettlaufer (1956) Morse (1970) Knebery (1956) Tomak (1983)

Black Rock Bolen Bonham Bradford Bradley Brazos Breckenridge Brewerton Brewerton Briar Creek Broad River Browns Valley Buggs Island

Lanceolate Notched Stemmed Expand-Stem Spike Side-Notched Side-Notched Corner/Triangle/ Side-Notched Stemmed Stemmed Lanceolate Stemmed

Archaic Archaic Caddoan Woodland Archaic Archaic Archaic

5850 BC 7000 BC 1000 AD 600 AD 1500 BC 7000 BC 7000 BC

Positive Distinct Positive Positive Positive Distinct Distinct

G_Basin FL/GA M_Miss FL/GA SE

Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic

2900 BC 1500 BC 1000 BC 6000 BC 4500 BC

Positive Positive Positive Positive Condition

N_East SE SE G_Lakes Mid Atlan

Buck Creek Bull Brook Bull Creek Bulverde Burkett Buzzard Roost Creek

Stemmed Lanceolate Triangle Stemmed Stemmed

Archaic Paleo-Indian Pueblo II Archaic Woodland

1000 BC 9300 BC 1200 AD 1600 BC 200 BC

Bifurcate

Archaic

4000 BC

Cache River Cahokia Calf Creek Camp Creek Caraway Carrizo Carrollton Cascade Castroville Cataholua Catan Catoctin Charcos Charleston Chesapeake

Notched Notched Notched Triangle Triangle Base-Notched Stemmed Lanceolate Base-Notched Notched Ovoid Side-Notched Base-Notched Corner-Notched Diamond

Archaic Mississippian Archaic Woodland Woodland Archaic Archaic Archaic Uvalde Caddoan Historic ? Archaic ? Archaic Archaic

6500 BC 1000 AD 7000 BC 0 AD 1400 AD TBD 2000 BC 5-7000 BC 500 BC 1000 AD 1500 AD 1500 BC TBD 7900 BC 3000 BC

Chesser Citrus Clagett Clarksville Clay Cliffton

Side-Notched Base-Notched Side-Notched Triangle Corner-Notched Stemmed

Woodland Woodland Archaic Woodland Archaic Late

TBD 0 AD 1500 BC 1400 AD 2000 BC 1400 AD

M_Miss

Clewlow (1968) Neill (1963) Krieger (1946) Bullen (1968) Kneburg (1956) TX/AR Hughes (1978) Thomas (1962)

Ohio_V NE SW TX OK/OH

Ritchie (1961) Michie (1968) Michie (1970) Jenks (1937) Hranicky and Painter (1988) Seeman (1975) Byers (1954) Holmer and Weder (1980) Kelley (1947) Williams (1974)

Cambron (1958)

Positive Positive Positive

L_Miss IL M_Miss SE M_Atl SW TX NW TX TX TX

Cloud (1969) Scully (1951) Dickson (1968) Smith and Hodges (1968) Coe (1937) House and Hester (1963) Crook and Harris (1954) Butler (1961) Kelley (1947) Perino (1985) McNeish (1958)

Condition

Mexico

Heartfield (1975)

Condition

Mid Atlan

Positive Positive

OH FL

Hranicky and Painter (1988) Prufer (1967) Bullen (1968)

Distinct Positive Positive

VA/NC FL TX

Coe (1964) Bullen (1968) Krieger (1946)

Condition Positive Positive

Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive

Clovis Colbert-Dalton Colby Cold Springs Collins Columbia Plateau

Lanceolate Lanceolate Lanceolate Side-Notched Side-Notched Stemmed

Paleo-Indian Paleo-Indian/Archaic Paleo-Indian Archaic Woodland Historic

10,000 BC 8500 BC 9200 BC 2500 BC 600 AD 1700 AD

Connestee Coosa Copena

Triangle Stemmed Lanceolate

Woodland Woodland Woodland

700 AD 0 AD 300 AD

Corapeake Cornelius Cossatot River Cotaco Creek

Stemmed Stemmed Bifurcate Stemmed

Woodland Woodland Archaic Woodland

100 AD 0 AD 7000 BC 100 BC

Cottonwood Cresap Culbreath Culpepper Cumberland Cupp

Leaf-Shaped Stemmed Stemmed Bifurcate Lanceolate Side-Notched

Proto-Hist Adena Archaic Archaic Paleo-Indian Mississippian

Cypress Creek

Corner-Notched

Dalton Darl Deadman's Point Debert Decatur Delhi Denton Desert

Classic Positive Positive Positive

U.S. SE WY NW L_Miss NW

Howard (1935) Kneberg (1962) Frison (1978) Butler (1961) Williams and Brain (1983) Osborne, Bryan, and Crabtree (1961)

Positive

Webb and Dejarnette (1942)

Condition

Positive Positive

OK/TX SE

1500 AD 750 BC 2000 BC 7500 BC 8500 BC 1300 AD

Distinct Distinct Distinct Classic Distinct Positive

G_Basin East FL East Esat M_Miss

Archaic

3500 BC

Positive

Lanceolate Stemmed Stemmed Lanceolate Corner-Notched Stemmed Stemmed Notched

Paleo-Indian/Archaic Archaic ? Mogollon Paleo-Indian Archaic Woodland Archaic Late

8700 BC 1000 BC 500 AD 8600 BC 6500 BC 800 BC 3000 BC 1400 AD

Classic Distinct Condition Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive

SE TX NM Cananda East East M_Miss Pac_Coast

Desmuke

Lozenge

Archaic ?

TBD

Positive

Dickson Duncan Duran Durst Duval

Stemmed Stemmed Stemmed Side-Notched Spike

Hopewell Archaic Archaic Arch/Woodland Woodland

200 AD 1500 BC TBD 750 BC 700 AD

Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive

East U_Plains TX G_Lakes FL/GA

Chapman (1948) Miller and Jelks (1952) Hughes and Willey (1978) McDonald (1968) Cambron (1957) Ford, and Webb (1956) Connaway (1957) Baumhoff and Byrnes (1959) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Winters (1967) Wheeler (1954) Taylor (1966) Wittry (1959) Bullen (1951)

Earbob Ferry Eastgate

Stemmed Stemmed

TBD Late

TBD 1000 AD

Positive

M_Miss G_Basin

Perino (1985) Lanning (1963)

Classic

Perino (1976) DeJarnette, Kurjack, and Cambron (1962) Lanning (1963) Dragoo (1963) Bullen (1968) Lewis (1954) Baerreis and Freeman (1959) Lewis and Kneberg (1960)

Eden Eden Edgewood (1954) Edwards Edwards Elko

Stemmed Eared Flare-Stemmed

Archaic Archaic Archaic

6500 BC 7000 BC 2000 BC

Classic Condition Positive

Plains G_Lakes M_Miss

Wormington (1957) Ritzenthaler (1967) Suhn, Kreiger, and Jelks

Corner-Notched Stemmed Mixed

Late Edwards Mississippian TBD

750 AD 1000 AD TBD

Positive Positive Positive

TX L_Miss G_Basin

Ellis Elys Ford Ensor Epps Etley Eva Eva I Eva II Evans

Stemmed Stemmed Corner-Notched Side-Notched Stemmed Basal-Notched Basal-Notched Basal-Notched Stemmed

Arcahic Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic

1000 BC 7500 BC 1000 BC 1000 BC 2000 BC 5200 BC 5200 BC 4800 BC 1200 BC

Positive

L_Miss

Sollberger (1967) Williams and Brain (1983) Heizer and Baumhoff (1961) Newell and Krieger (1949)

Positive Positive Positive

TX L_Miss U_Miss SE SE SE L_Miss

Miller and Jelks (1952) Ford and Webb (1956) Sculley (1951) Kneberg (1956) Kneberg (1956) Kneberg (1956) Ford and Webb (1956)

Fairland Ferry Flint Creek Florence Folsom Fort Ancient Fountain Creek Fox Creek Frazier Fresno Friley Frio Fulton

Corner-Notched Notched Stemmed Stemmed Lanceolate Triangle Multinotched Stemmed Triang/Lance Trangle Stemmed Bifurcate Turkeytail

Archaic Archaic Archaic-Woodland Archaic-Woodland Paleo-Indian Woodland Archaic Woodland ? Caddoan Ceramic Archaic Archaic-Woodland

1000 BC 2500 BC 800 BC 800 BC 9000 BC 1300 AD 4500 BC 750 AD ? 1450 AD 1000 AD 3000 BC 1000 BC

Positive Positive Positive Positive Classic Tradition

TX U_Miss AL/TN IL West OH_Vally

Kelley (1947) Fowler (1959) Cambron (1959) ?

Tradition Positive Positive Positiive Positive Distinct

TN L_Miss L_Miss TX M_West

Kneberg (1956) Kelley (1947) Bell (1960) Kelley (1947) Didier (1967)

Gahagan Gary Garza Gatecliff Genessee Gibson Godar Godley Golondrina Goose Creek Gower Graham Cave

Lanceolate Stemmed Base-Notched Stemmed Stemmed Notched Side-Notched Side-Notched Lanceolate Spike Base-Notched Side-Notched

Caddoan Archaic-Woodland Ceramic Desert Archaic Hopewell Archaic Ceramic Archaic Woodland Archaic Archaic

750 AD 1000 BC 1500 AD 1500 BC 2350 BC 300 AD 3000 BC 0 AD 7000 BC 0 AD 5000 BC 6000 BC

Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Site-Spec Condition Condition Condition Distinct

M_Miss U_Miss TX G_Basin NE U_Miss U_Miss TX/OK TX

Brown (1976) Newell and Krieger (1949) Runkles (1964) Thomas (1981) Ritchie (1961) Scully (1951) Perino (1963) Jelks (1962) Johnson (1964)

TX Miss_Val

Shafer (1963) Scully (1951)

Distinct Distinct

Grand Greenbrier Greenbrier (Dalton)

Corner-Notched Side-Notched

Hopewell Archaic

300 AD 6500 BC

Condition

OK/AR

Baerreis (1959)

Guilford Guntersville Gunther

Lanceolate Lanceolate Lanceolate Stemmed-Barbed

Archaic Archaic Dallas Late Prehistoric

7500 BC 3000 BC 1500 AD 1400 AD

Condition Distinct Condition Positive

SE SE SE CA

Lewis and Kneberg (1958) Coe (1964) Cambron and Hulse (1964) Heizer and Hester (1978)

Hale Halifax Hamilton Hamilton Hanna Hardaway Hardaway-Dalton Hardin Haw River Harrell

Stemmed Side-Notched Triangle Stemmed Side-Notched Side-Notched Side-Notched Stemmed Lanceolate Side-Notched

Archaic Archaic Woodland Archaic Archaic Paleo-Indian-/Archaic Archaic Archaic Paleo-Indian Caddoan

2000 BC 3000 BC 500 AD 4000 BC 2000 BC 8500 BC 8000 BC 7000 BC 10,000 BC 1400 AD

Positive Distinct Positive Condition Positive Distinct Positive Distinct Positive

SE SE SE FL/GA WY/MT Classic SE G_Lakes

Ford and Webb (1956) Coe (1964) Lewis (1959) Bullen (1975) Wheeler (1954) SE Coe (1964) Coe (1964) Scully (1951)

M_Miss

Harrison Haskell Haskell Hayes Hebron Hell Gap Hemphill Hernando Hickory Ridge Hidden Valley Hi-Lo Hog Back Hohokam Holcombe Holland Holmes Holston Homan Howard Huffaker Humbolt

Turkey-Tail Side-Notched Lanceolate Notched Turkey-Tail Lanceolate Side-Notched Base-Notched Side-Notched Stemmed Lanceolate Corner-Notched Side-Notched Lanceolate Stemmed Stemmed Side-Notched Corner-Notched Stemmed Side/Base-Notched Lanceolate

Archaic_Woodland Spiro Archaic Caddoan Archaic-Woodland Archaic Archaic Woodland Archaic Archaic Paleo-Indian Woodland Hohokam Paleo-Indian Archaic Archaic Archaic Caddoan Caddoan Caddoan Desert

1000 BC 1300 AD 6000 BC 1000 AD 800 BC 8000 BC 4000 BC 0 AD 3500 BC 6500 BC 7000 BC 1000 AD 900 AD 8000 BC 7000 BC 1500 BC 2500 BC 1000 AD 1350 AD 1200 AD 2000 BC

Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Distinct Distinct Positive Condition Site-Spec Site-Spec Positive Positive Site-Spec Condition Positive Condition Condition Positive Positive Positive

Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Binford (1963) Brown (1976) Butler (1965) Newell and Krieger (1949) Binford (1963) Agogino (1961) Sculley (1951) Bullen (1968) Morse (1981) Adams (1941) Fitting (1963) Nelson (1971) ? Fitting (1966) Perino (1971)

Iddins

Stemmed

Archaic

3500 BC

Condition

U_Miss M_Miss ID/OR M_Miss M_Miss U_Plains U_Miss FL/GA M_Miss IL G_Lakes CO SW MI U_Miss MD/VA TX/AR M_Miss M_Miss G_Basin

Wood (1963) Webb (1959) Baerreis (1954) Heizer and Clewlow (1968)

Jack's Reef Jack's Reef Jakie James River Jefferson Jetta Johnson

Corner-Notched Pentagonal Stemmed Triangle Stemmed Stemmed Stemmed

Woodland Woodland Archaic Woodland Archaic Archaic Archaic

900 AD 900 AD 5000 BC 1400 AD 2000 BC ? 3000 BC

Distinct Distinct Site-Spec

NE NE M_Miss

Ritchie (1961) Ritchie (1961) Marshall (1958)

Condition Positive

TX M_Miss

Hester (1979) Bartlett (1963)

Kampsville Kanawha Karnak Kay Kays Kent

Stemmed Bifurcate Lanceolate Corner-Notched Stemmed Stemmed

Archaic-Woodland Archaic Archaic Caddoan Archaic Woodland

900 BC 5850 BC 3000 BC 1200 AD 1500 BC ?

Distinct Positive Condition Distinct Distinct Condition

IL OH_Val IL OK SE TX/OK

Keota Kessel Kiethville Kings Kinney

Side-Notched Side-Notched Lanceolate Corner-Notched Lanceolate

Caddoan Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic

1200 AD 7000 BC ? ? 0 AD

Positive Positive Condition Condition Positive

M_Miss OH_Val M_Miss IL TX

Kirk Kirk Klickitat Klunk Koens-Crispin Koster Kramer

Corner-Notched Stemmed Notched Side-Notched Broadspear Notched Stemmed

Archaic Archaic ? Woodland Archaic Woodland Archaic-Woodland

7000 BC 5500 BC ? 600 AD 1750 BC 850 AD 750 BC

Classic Positive Condition Condition Positive Site-Spec Site-Spec

SE SE WA/OR MO NE U_Miss IL

Perino (1968) Broyles (1966) Winters (1967) Brown (1976) Kneberg (1956) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Brown (1976) Broyles (1966) Webb and Roberts (1971) Marshall (1958) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Coe (1964) Coe (1964) ? Brown (9173) Hawkes and Linton (1916) Brown (1973) Munson (1966)

Lackawaxen Lafayette La Jita Lake Erie Lake Mohave

Stemmed Notched Stemmed Bifurcate Lanceolate

Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic

2000 BC 1000 BC 3000 BC 6000 BC 8000 BC

Positive Condition Positive Positive Positive

PA-VA FL TX G_Lake G_Basin

Lamoka Lange

Stemmed Stemmed

Archaic Archaic

2250 BC 500 BC

Distinct Distinct

NE TX

Langtry LeCroy Ledbetter Lehigh/Snook Kill Leon

Stemmed Bifurcate Stemmed Broadspear Notched

Archaic Archaic Archaic/Woodland Archaic Weeden Island

1000 BC Positive 6250 BC Distinct 500 BC Positive 1750 BCDistinct 600 AD Condition

TX/OK East East East FL/GA

Bullen (1968) Hester (1971) Winsch (1975) Campbell and Campbell (1937) Ritchie (1961) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Kelley and Lehmer (1940) Kneberg (1956) Kneberg (1956) Witthoft (1953) Bullen (1968)

Lerma

Lanceolate

Paleo-Indian/Archaic

5000 BCDistinct

Levanna Little Bear Creek Little River Livermore

Triangle Stemmed Stemmed Stemmed

Woodland Woodland Archaic Late

1100 AD TBD ? 1000 AD

Distinct

Condition Positive

M_Miss TX

Logan Logan Creek Lone Tree Lost Lake

Side-Notched Side-Notched Stemmed Corner-Notched

Woodland Archaic Archaic Archaic

1000 AD 4000 BC ? 7000 BC

Condition Condition Condition Positive

IN NB/WY IN East

Lott (Garza) Lovell Lowe

Base-Notched Lanceolate Flare-Stemmed

Ceramic Archaic Woodland

1500 AD 6500 BC 750 AD

Positive Site-Spec Positive

WY/MT IL/IN

Perion (1976) Kelley, Campbell, and Lehmar (1940) Tomak (1983) Kivet (1962) Tomak (1983) DeJarnette, Kurjack, and Cambron (1962) Runkles (1980) Husted (1969) Winters (1963)

MacCorkle Macpherson Madison Mahaffey Maljamer Maples Marcos

Bifurcate Side-Notched Triangle Lanceolate Notched Stemmed Corner-Notched

Archaic Archaic Woodland Archaic Non-Ceramic Archaic Uvalde Phase

7000 BC 1850 BC 1000 AD ? ? 2000 BC 100 BC

Positive

OH_Val

Broyles (1966)

Distinct Condition Condition Positive Positive

East Plains NM AL/TN TX

Marshall

Stemmed

San Marcos Phase

500 BC

Positive

Martindale Mason Matamoros

Fish-Tail Stemmed Triangle

Archaic Archaic-Woodland Late

4000 BC 750 BC 500 AD

Positive Positive Condition

TX G_Lake TX/Mexico

Mantanzas Maud

Side-Notched Triangle

Archaic Caddoan

3000 BC 1500 AD

Site-Spec Positive

Miss Riv L_Miss

McKean McWhinney Meadowood Mehlville Merom Meserve Midland

Lanceolate Stemmed Side-Notched Stemmed Rounded-Stemmed Lanceolate Lanceolate

Archaic Archaic Woodland Archaic Woodland Archaic Paleo-Indian

2250 BC 3000 BC 950 BC ? 1000 BC 7500 BC 8700 BC

Positive Site-Spec Distinct Condition

CO/MT/SD OH NE MO

Sculley (1951) Perino (1977) Smith (1974) Cambron (1962) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Kelley (1947) Montet-White (1968) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Munson and Harn (1966) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Wheeler (9152) Vickery (1972) Ritchie (1958) Perino (n.d.)

False Site-Spec

NB TX

Milanville Milnesand Mineral Springs

Side-Notched Lanceolate Notched

Archaic Archaic Caddoan

? 8000 BC 800 AD

Condition Condition Positive

PA/NY NM M_Miss

S_U.S.

Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Ritchie (9161)

Bell and Hall 91953) Wendorf and Krieger (1959) Leslie (1967) Sellards (1955) Brown (1976)

Montell

Bifurcate

Woodland

300 BC

Positive

TX ?

Morphiss

Stemmed

Archaic

1200 BC

Positive

Morrill Stemmed Morris Bifurcate Morrow Mountain I Broadspear Morrow Mountain II Broadspear Motley Side-Notched Mojock Stemmed Mount Albion Side-Notched Munker's Creek Stemmed

Archaic Caddoan Archaic Archaic Archaic/Woodland Archaic Archaic Archaic

1000 BC Condition 1300 AD Positive 5000 BCDistinct 4500 BC Distinct 2500 BC Positive 1000 BC 3500 BC Positive 3000 BC Condition

TX M_Miss East SE East

Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Newell and Krieger (1949) Bell and Hall (1953) Coe (1964) Coe (1964) Ford (1955)

CO KS

Benedict (1970) Witty (1969)

Nansamond Nawthis Nebo Hill Neuberger Newnan/Hillsboro Newton Falls Nodena (1955) Nodena Nolan North Nolichucky

Corner-Notched Side-Notched Lanceolate Corner-Notched Stemmed Side-Notched Lanceolate

Archaic Pueblo Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic Mississippian

7800 BC 1100 AD 2000 BC 7000 BC 2000 BC ? 1500 AD

Positive Positive Distinct Positive Positive Condition Positive

VA/NC NM M_Miss G_Lake SE OH/KY M_Miss

Bottoms (1965) Holmer and Weder (1980) Shippee (1948) Conroad (1981) Bullen (1968) Sofsky (1965) Chapman and Adnerson

Mississippian Archaic Woodland

1500 AD 2500 BC 200 AD

Positive Positive False

M_Miss TX U_Miss

? Kelley (1947) Perino (1969)

Normanskill Nottoway River

Spike Stemmed Biface Lanceolate /Triangle Side-Notched Bifurcate

Woodland Archaic/Woodland Archaic

0 AD 1750 BC 8500 BC

Ocala Occaneechee Occaneechee Occaneechee O'Leno Opossum Bayou Orient Osceola Otarre Otter Creek Ouchita Oxbow

Corner-Notched Triangle Large Triangle Small Triangle Triangle Side-Notched Fishtail Side-Notched Stemmed Side-Notched Stemmed Side-Notched

Archaic Woodland Woodland Woodland Woodland Archaic Woodland Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic

6500 BC 1500 AD 1500 AD 1500 AD 900 AD 3000 BC 1000 BC 3000 BC 1200 BC 4500 BC 2000 BC 3200 BC

False Condition

U_Miss

Bullen (1975)

Positive Condition Positive Positive Condition Positive Positive Positive

FL/GA U_Miss NE WS

Bullen (1968) Connaway (1977) Ritchie (1961) Rizenthaler (1946)

NE M_Miss Canada

Ritchie (1961) Perino (1976) Nero and McQuorquedalae (1959)

Palmer Palmillas

Corner-Notched Round-Stem

Archaic Archaic

6750 BC ?

Distinct Condition

SE TX/Mexico

Pandale

Stemmed

Archaic

2600 BC

False

Pandora

Lanceolate

Non-Ceramic

Condition

Parman Parowan Patuxent Pedernales Pee Dee Peisker Pelican Pelican Perdiz Perkiomen Pickwick Pike County Pinellas Pine Tree Pinto Basin

Stemmed Base-Notched Flared Stem Bifurcate Pentagonal Diamond Lanceolate Corner-Notched Stemmed Broadspear Stemmed Lanceolate Triangle Corner-Notched Bifurcate

Archaic Late Archaic Archaic/Woodland Woodland Woodland ? Archaic Late Archaic Archaic Archaic Mississippian Archaic Desert

6500 BC 1000 AD 1500 BC 1000 BC 1500 AD 500 BC ? 1500 BC 1500 AD 1500 BC 2500 BC 8000 BC 1300 AD 5000 BC 2500 BC

Positive Positive

Pac_Coast UT

Positive Positive Positive Condition Positive Positive Distinct Positive Condition Positive Distinct Positive

TX ? SE U_Miss L_Miss Canada TX NE TN/AL U_Miss FL SE West

Kelley (1947) Coe (1964) ? Gagliano and Perino (1965) Wettlaufer (1956) Kelley (1947) Witthoft (1953) DeJarnette (1962) ? Bullen (1968) Cambron (1957) Campbell and Campbell (1935)

Piscataway Pisgah Plainview

Stemmed Triangle Lanceolate

Woodland Woodland Archaic

100 AD 1400 AD 8000 BC

Positive

Rocky_Mtn

Sellards, Evans, and Meade 147

Plott Pomranky

Short-Stemmed Triangle

Woodland Archaic-Woodland

1000 BC 1000 BC

False

Pontchartrain Poplar Island Potomac Potts Pryor Putnam

Stemmed Constricting Stem Triangle Corner-Notched Stemmed Stemmed

Archaic-Woodland Archaic Woodland Woodland Archaic Archaic

1000 BC 1500 BC 1400 AD 0 AD 6000 BC 5000 BC

Positive Positive

NE H L_Miss NE

Montet-White, Binford, and Papworth (1963) Ford and Webb (1956) Ritchie (1961)

Positive Positive

WY/MT FL/GA

Husted (1969) Bullen and Dolan (1959)

Quad Quilomene Bar

Lanceolate Notched

Archaic ?

7500 BC 1000 BC

Positive Positive

SE OR/WA

Doday (1954) ?

Coe (1964) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Layton (1972) Marwitt (1969)

Rabbit Island Raddatz Randolph Rankin Rappahannock River Red Ochre Redstone Reed Refugio

Stemmed Side-Notched Stemmed Corner-Notched Bifurcate Lanceolate Lanceolate Side-Notched Lanceolate

? Archaic Woodland Archaic-Woodland Archaic Archaic-Woodland Paleo-Indian Caddoan Archaic

1000 BC 3000 BC 1600 AD 1000 BC 4000 BC 1000 BC 10,000 BC 1400 AD 2000 BC

Rice Rice Rio Grande Riverton Robbins Robinson Rockwall Rocky River Ross Ross County Rossville Rowan

Lobed Side-Notched Stemmed Side-Notched Stemmed Side-Notched Corner-Notched Basal-Notched Corner-Notched Lanceolate Stemmed Auriculate

Archaic Hopewell Archaic Woodland Adena Archaic Caddoan Paleo-Indian/Archaic Hopewell Paleo-Indian Woodland Archaic

6000 BC 500 AD 4000 BC 800 BC 100 BC ? 1200 AD 8500 BC ? 10,000 BC 100 AD 7000 BC

St. Albans St. Albans (Type A) St. Albans (Type B) St. Charles St Johns St Louis Sallisaw Sandia San Patrice San Saba Sarasota

Bifurcate

Archaic

7000 BC

Bifurcate

Archaic

7000 BC

Bifurcate Dove-Tail Lanceolate Lanceolate Bifurcate Lanceolate Lanceolate Base-Notched Stemmed

Archaic Archaic Archaic Paleo-Indian Caddoan Paleo-Indian Archaic ? Archaic-Woodland

Savannah River Savannah River Savannah River Scallorn Scherschel Schild

Stemmed Broad-Stem Narrow-Stem Corner-Notched Side-Notched Spike

Archaic Archaic Archaic Woodland Archaic Woodland

6500 BC 6000 BC ? 10,000 BC 1300 AD 9000 BC 7000 BC 300 BC 1000 BC 1000 BC 1600 BC 2000 BC 500 AD 2500 BC 1000 AD

Positive Positive Positive Positive

WA/OR WS NC TN/AL

Nelson (1969) Wittry (1959) Coe (1964) Smith and Hodges (1968)

Positive Positive Positive False

MS/OH_Val AL/TN M_Miss TX/SW

Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Condition Positive

M_Miss M_Miss CO/NM IL OH_Val IL/IN L_Miss

Scully (1951) Cambron and Hulse (1964) Baerreis (1954) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Bray (1956) Marshall (1958) Honea (1965) Winters (1969) Dragoo (1963) Cole (1937) Sollberger (1970)

Condition False

OH_Val OH

Griffin (1965) Prufer and Baby (1963)

Positive

Cooper (1970)

Distinct

Mid Atlan

Brolyes (1963)

Distinct Condition False Distinct Distinct Positive Condition Positive

Miss_Val M_Miss U_Miss M_Miss SW M_Miss TX FL/GA

Scully (1951) Webb (1946) ? Brown (1968) Hibbens (1941) Webb (1943) Hester and Green (1972) Bullen (1968)

Distinct

Mid_Atl

Coe (1964)

Distinct Positive Positive

L_Miss IN/KY IL/MO

Jelks (1962) Tomak (1983) Brown (1973)

Schugtown Scottsbluff Searcy Sedalia Selby Bay Sequoyah Shetley Shumla

Side-Notched Stemmed Stemmed Lanceolate Stemmed Side-Notched Lanceolate Base-Notched

Mississippian Archaic Archaic Archaic Woodland Caddoan Historic Archaic

1200 AD 7000 BC ? 2500 BC 650 AD 1200 AD 1750 AD 2250 BC

Site-Spec Distinct Condition Positive

AR Rocky_Mtn M_Miss U_Miss

Morse (1969) Barbour and Schultz (1932) Dickson (1968) Seelan (1961)

Positive Condition Positive

M_Miss M_Miss TX

Positive

FL/GA

Brown (1968) ? Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Bullen (1968)

Simpson Skyes Sloan Smith (1960) Snyders Southampton Standlee Stanfield Stanly Starr

Lanceolate Short-Stemmed Lanceolate Base-Notched

Archaic Woodland Archaic Archaic

8000 BC 1000 BC 7000 BC 3000 BC

Condition Condition

IL/MO M_Miss

? Baerreis

Dove-Tailed Bifurcate Stemmed Lanceolate Broadspear Triangle

Woodland Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic ?

200 BC 5500 BC 5500 BC 8500 BC 5250 BC ?

Distinct

East

Scully (1951)

Positive Condition Distinct Condition

TX SE SE TX

Marshall (1958) Cambron and Hulse (1964) Coe (1964) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954)

Stubby Stuben Steubenville Stilwell Sublet Ferry Sumter Susquehanna Suwannee Swannanoa Sykes

Barded Corner-Notched Stemmed Corner-Notched Side-Notched Stemmed Broadspear Lanceolate Stemmed Corner-Notched

Archaic Hopewell Woodland Archaic Woodland Archaic Archaic/Woodland Archaic Woodland Archaic

TBD 400 AD 700 BC 6500 BC 750 BC 3000 BC 1350 BC 8000 BC 300 BC 4000 BC

Positive Positive Positive Condition Positive Distinct Distinct Condition Positive

IL/MO OH_Val Mid_West AL/TN FL/SC NE SE NC SE

Morse (1963) Mayer-Oakes (1955) Perino (1970) Cambron and Hulse (1964) Warren (1966) Witthoft (1953) Bullen (1968)

Table Rock Talco

Corner-Notched Triangle

Archaic Caddoan

2500 BC 1450 AD

Positive Distinct

East M_Miss

Lanceolate Side-Notched Side-Notched Notched Triangle

Archaic Archaic Late Archaic Archaic

8000 bc 6000 BC 1200 AD 7500 BC 3000 BC

False Positive Condition Distinct Positive

FL SC/VA NM U_Miss/OH TX/Mexico

Toyah

Side-Notched

Late

1550 AD

Positive

TX\NM

Travis

Stemmed

Archaic

2000 BC

Positive

Bray (1956) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelk (1954) Neill (1963) Michie (1966) Brook (1972) Winters (1967) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks

Tallahassee Taylor Temporal Thebes Tortugas

and

Freeman

Lewis and Kneberg (1961)

(1954) Stephenson (1949) Thomas (1981) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954)

Trinity Triple T Turney

Side-Notched Triangle Triangle

Archaic Archaic Historic

2000 BC 3000 BC 1800 AD

Positive Condition Positive

TX/OK NV TX

Uvalde

Bifurcate

Archaic

3500 BC

Positive

Suhm, Krieger, and Jelk (1954)

Valina Van Lott Vosburg

Triangle Corner-Notched Corner-Notched

Woodland Archaic Woodland

500 BC 7000 BC 2750 BC

Positive

SC/VA

Michie (1965)

Wacissa Wade Wadlow Wallula

Stemmed Base-Notched Lanceolate Stemmed

Archaic Archaic-Woodland Archaic-Woodland Late

5000 BC 1500 BC 1500 BC ?

Condition Positive Positive Condition

AR/MO AL/TN U_Miss WA/OR

McNeil (1963) Cambron and Hulse (1960) Perino (1968) Osborne, Bryan, and Crabtree (1961)

Waratan Washita

Corner-Notched Side-Notched

Woodland Caddoan

0 AD 1600 AD

Positive

M_Miss

Waubesa Wells Wheeler White River Will's Cove Williams

Stemmed Stemmed Lanceolate Side-Notched Stemmed Corner-Notched

Hopewell Archaic Archaic Archaic Woodland Archaic

0 AD 2000 BC 7500 BC 6500 BC 0 AD 650 BC

Positive Positive Positive Condition

U_Miss TX/OK SE TX/AR

Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) Baerries (1953) Newell and Krieger (1949) Cambron (1955) Marshall (1958)

Condition

TX/OK

Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954)

Yadkin Yarbrough Yonkee Young

Triangle Stemmed Bifurcate Preform

Woodland Archaic Archaic Historic

800 AD 1000 BC 2500 BC ?

Distinct Positive Positive False

SE TX WY TX/OK

Coe (1964) Newell and Krieger (1949) Bentzen (1961) Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954)

Zekiah Swamp

Stemmed

Woodland

500 BC

Condition

MD/VA

Aa 1 - Abasolo Points

Abasolo [Lanceolate] Point - named by Richard MacNeish in the 1950s for points found in Tamaulipas, Mexico. It has a tear-shaped blade with a straight to slightly convex base. Type dates 5000 to 3000 BC and is found in southern Texas and northern Mexico. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... lateral edges may be beveled or steeply chipped, and base is sometimes thinned. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Kreiger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

2 - Abbott Points

Abbott [Notched] Point - probably named by the Shawnee-Minisink site crew in Pennsylvania. It is a corner-notched medium point that was made from a flake and worked unifacially. Blade edges are excurvate. Type dates around 5500 BC and is found in the area where New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York meet. Major attribute: corner notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: McNett, Charles W., Jr. (1985) Shawnee-Minisink: A Stratified Paleoindian-Archaic Site in the Upper Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania. Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY.

3 - Abby Points

Abby [Stemmed] Point - named by David C. Hulse (In: Cambron and Hulse 1986). It is a medium point with a short, square stem and straight base. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in Georgia and Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are expanded and horizontal. Blade is excurvate, beveled, sometimes serrated. Stem is usually straight but may be expanded. Base is slightly excurvate or straight. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Carolinas, Inc., West Columbia, SC. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Elliot, Daniel T. and Kenneth Sassaman (1995) Archaic Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Plain and Coastal Zone. University of Georgia, Laboratory Series, Report No. 5, Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper, No. 11. West Georgia College, Athens, GA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

4 - Abies Points (Drawing: Baker 1995)

Abies [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston Baker in 1995 after a fur tree. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Base is straight or slightly convex. Type dates 3500 to 3000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Abiquiu [Notched] Point – see Thomas, Alston V. (1977) A Preliminary Projectile Point Typology for the Southern Portion of the Northern Rio Grande Region, New Mexico. MS thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas Tech University. Abajo [Stemmed] Point – see Dykman, James L. (1976) High Altitude Anasazi Lithic Assemblage: 1972 Elk Ridge Archaeological Project, Manti La Sal National Forest, Monticello District, southwestern Utah, Description, Calification, and Cultural Inference. MS thesis, Department of Anthropology, Brigham Young University.

A, B, C Points - method developed by C. G. Holland (1955) of using letters instead of names for Virginia projectile points. Method did not last long.

5 – Acatita Points

Acatita [Stemmed] Point - named by W. W. Taylor in 1966. It is a medium point with hanging shoulders and a pointed stem. Type dates around 600 BC and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Carolina [Wing] Point. Comment:

Reference: Taylor, W. W. (1966) Archaic Cultures Adjacent to the Frontiers of Meso-America. Handbook of Middle American Native Americans. Vol. 4, edited by Robert Wauchope and others, pp 59-64.

6 - Acclivis Point (Baker 1995)

Acclivis [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a very large point with a small stem. Type dates 2000 to 1000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

Accokeek [Notched] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

7 – Acker River Points (After: Baker 2009)

Acker Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a waterway in Alabama. Is a medium point with a wide, short stem. It is dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

8 - Adams County Points (Fogelman 1988)

Adams County [Stemmed] Point - named by Gary Fogelman after a county in Pennsylvania. It is bifurcate-like point with rounded corners. Type dates to the late Archaic and is found in Pennsylvania. Major attribute: cortex remaining. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

9 – Adder Ortchard Point

Adder Orchard [Stemmed] Point - named by N. Ferris and I. Kenyon after an orchard in southwestern Ontario. It is medium point with a pronounced stem. Type dates 1300 to 1000 BC and is found in Ontario. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Ferris, N. and I. Kenyon (1987) Adder Orchard Points. KEWA 87-5. 2 - Reference: Adams, Nick (1995) Field Manual. Ontario Archaeological Society, Inc.

10 – Adena Points

Adena [Beaver Tail] Point - reference to a stem style within the Adena point type.

11 - Adena Cache Blades

Adena [Cache Blade] Biface - large well-made flint biface. Basically, it was a preform for a projectile point; however, the blade has been found in storage caches. Reference: not applicable.

Adena [Narrow Stem] Point - named by James W. Cambron. False type; see Cambron and Hulse (1986).

12 – Adena Point

13 –Adena Point Distribution

Adena [Stemmed] Point - name is generally credited to William C. Mills who first identified the Adena culture in 1902. It is a large stemmed point. Base is round, and blade is frequently resharpened. Shoulders are angular. Type dates 1000 AD and is found all over the eastern U.S. The published Adena styles are:  Leaf-shaped blades  Long stem  Narrow stem  Ovate base  Tapered stem  Regular stem  Beavertail. Justice (1987) suggests; … stems of the Adena points are well formed and often exhibit weak side notches or indentations below the shoulder which gives the stem an overall rounded appearance. Major attribute: craftsmanship. Type validity: traditional/classic.

Similar to: Cresap, Robbins, Kramer, Dickerson. Comment: Cresap, Kramer, Dickerson, Adena, and Robbins represent early Woodland types. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Mills, William C. (1902) Excavation of the Adena Mound. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. X, No. 4. 2 – Reference: Ritchie, William A. and Don W. Dragoo (1960) The Eastern Dispersal of Adena. New York State Museum and Science, Bul. 379. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH.

5 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (2003) The Archaeology of Ohio. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 8 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society. 9 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

14 - Adena Point Found in a Delaware Cache

15 - Adena-Dickson Point

Adena-Dickson [Stemmed] Point - see Dickson [Stemmed] Point.

16 - Adena Points

Adena [Notched-Stem] Point - a stemmed variety with stem/shoulder notches. Probably not a valid type.

Reference: none.

(Justice 1987)

17 - Adena Points

Plate 1 – Adena Cache Specimens from Maryland’s Eastern Shore

Red Ochre Still Present

18 – Afton Drawing and Point

Adena Wells [Stemmed] Point - see Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

19 – Adena-Waubesa Point

Adena-Waubesa Point – combination of Adena and Waubesa types. Affinis Snyder [Notched] Point – named by Winters in 1963. It is a triangular-bladed point. It dates to the Middle Woodland and is found from Illinois to Ohio. Reference: White, Ana M. (1965) Typology of Some Middle Woodland Projectile Points from Illinois and Michigan. Papers, Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 50.

Afton [Notched] Point - named by Robert E. Bell and Charlene Hall in 1953. It is a corner-notched point with a pentagonally-shaped blade. Type dates around 3000 BC and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … has a large angular blade, has prominent shoulders and is barbed, and a straight or expanding stem. Major attribute: blade shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Jacks Reef, Pee Dee. Comment: the Afton, Jacks Reef, and Pee Dee are the same pointmaking technology.

1 - Reference: Bell, Robert E. and Roland S. Hall (1953) Selected Projectile Point Types of the United States. Bulletin, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Afton [Subvariety] Point –-named by Robert Bell and Roland Hall in 1953; false type.

Reference: Bell, Robert E. and Roland S. Hall (1953) Selected Projectile Point Types on the United States. Bulletin of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. 1, Norman, OK.

Above: Both Faces

20 - Agate Basin Points

21 - Agate Basin Points

22 – Agate Basin Point Distribution

23 – Outline of Agate Basin Points (Based on Roberts 1951)

Agate Basin [Stemmed] Point - named by Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr. and published by M. Wormington in 1957. It is a long, slender, well-made, lanceolate point with a straight, rounded, or concave base. Base is ground, and blade has a wide mid-section. Type dates 8500 to 7500 BC and is found in the Plains states. Perino (1985) suggests … a long, slender lanceolate with a lenticular cross section. Major attribute: oblique or horizontal flaking. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Plainview. Comment: Type is a member of the plano point tradition on the U. S. Plains. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr. (1943) A New Site. American Antiquity, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 300. 2 - Reference: Roberts, H. H. Frank (1951) The Early Americans. Scientific American, Vol. 184, No. 2, pp.15-19. 3 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 4 - Reference: Aggogino, George A. and W. D. Frankforter (1960) The Brewester Site: An Agate Basin-Folsom Multiple Component Site in Eastern Wyoming. Masterkey, Vol. 34, No. 3, Los Angles, CA. 5 - Reference: Luchterhand, Kubet (1970) Early Archaic Projectile Points and Hunting Patterns in the Lower Illinois Valley. Illinois Valley Archaeological Program, Research Papers, No. 3, Springfield, IL. 6 – Reference: Frison, George and Dennis Stanford (1982) The Agate Basin Site. Academic Press, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 8 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 9 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 10 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1991) Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 11 - Reference: Sharrock, Floyd W. (1966) Prehistoric Occupation Patterns in Southwest Wyoming and Cultural Relationships with the Great Basin and Plains Culture Areas. Anthropological Papers, No. 77, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. 12 - Reference: Bradley, Bruce A. (1993) Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 13 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1993) North American High Plains Paleo-Indian Hunting Strategies and Weapony Assemblages. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 14 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 15 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1983) The Western Plains and Mountain Region. In: Early Man in the New World, ed. R. Shutler, Sage Publication, Beverly Hills, CA. 16 - Reference: Boldurian, Anthony T. and John C. Cotter (1999) Clovis Revisited – New Perspectives on Paleoindian

Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 17 - Reference: Tankersley, Kenneth B. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 18 - Reference: White, Andrew A. (2006) A Model of Paleoindian Hafted Biface Chronology in Northeastern Indiana. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 34, pp. 29-59. 19 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 20 – Reference: Fox, Daniel J. (2003) Arrowheads of the Central Plains. Collector Books, Paducah, K.Y.

Agate Basin Yuma [Lanceolate] Point – false type; see Ferguson, Less (1972) Agate Basin Yumas. The Redskin, Vol. VII, No. one, pp. 24-25.

Agave [Knife] Type – another term for the Mescal knife in the Southwest.

24 – Agee Points

Agee [Notched] Point - named by W. R. Wood in 1963. It is a medium point with pronounced shoulders and a flaring stem. Base is round. Type dates 700 to 1000 AD and is found in Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... deep U- or V-shaped corner notches and recurved lateral edges that form a needlepoint tip. Base has two notches. Major attribute: multiple notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wood, W. R. (1963) Two New Projectile Points: Homan and Agee Points. Arkansas Archaeologist, Vol. 4, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Agee A [Stemmed] Point - see Brown, James A. (1976) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Vol. 4.

25 - Aguaje Points

Aguaje [Triangle] Point - named by Alan Phelps. It is a small isosceles triangle. Type dates to the 86

Mogollon Culture and is found in Texas and New Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

26 - Ahumada Points

Ahumada [Stemmed] Point - named by Milton F. Krone in 1976 after the villa in Chihuahua, Mexico. It is a medium point with a flaring stem. Type dates 750 to 900 AD and is found in the middle Rio Grande River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … a barbed, serrated, triangularly bladed point. Major attribute: roundish stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Krone, Milton F. (1976) The Ahumada Point, a Projectile Point from Northern Chihuahua, Mexico. Artifact, Vol. 14, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

27 – Ajacan Points

Ajacan [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky and Floyd Painter in 1989 after the Spanish word for Virginia. It is a triangularly-shaped point with a round base. Type dates 3000 to 1500 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Abasolo. Comment: May be an expended larger point.

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1989) A Guide to the Identification of Virginia Projectile Points. Special Publication Number 17, Archaeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

28 – Alachua Points

Alachua [Stemmed] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen and Edward M. Dolan in 1959 after a county in Florida. It is a large point with a constricting stem and straight base. Type dates 5000 to 2000 BC and is found in Florida and Georgia. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. and Edward M. Dolan (1959) The Johnson Lake Site, Marion County, Florida. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 12, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

29 – Alamance Points

Alamance [Lanceolate] Point - named by Floyd Painter in 1963. It is a large, broad, thin point usually found with a steeple-shaped blade. Base is ground and concave. Type dates pre-Paleoindian and is found in coastal North Carolina and Virginia. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Painter, Floyd (1963) The Alamance Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 6. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

30 - Alba Points

Alba [Stemmed] Point - named by Alex D. Krieger in 1946. It is a long, narrow point with pointed shoulders and rounded stem. Type dates approximately 1000 AD (Caddoan) and is found in the lower Mississippi valley. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... concave or recurved lateral edges which may be serrated. It has wide barbed shoulders and stem is parallel or slightly expanding. Major attribute: stem shape. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Krieger, Alex D. (1946) Cultural Complexes and Chronology in Northern Texas. University of Texas Publication No. 4640. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

31 - Albany Scrapers (Left: Turner and Hester 1985)

Albany-Edgefield Scraper - named by Leland Patterson in 1991. It is a combination of the Albany and Edgefield scrapers. It has a diagonally-shaped blade with a beveled edge. Major attribute: diagonal, beveled blade.

Reference: Patterson, L. W. (1991) The Albany-Edgefield Hafted Scraper. Chesopiean, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 7-13.

32 - Alberta-Cody Points

Alberta-Cody [Lanceolate] Point - remains to be established archaeologically. These points are primarily found from Utah into Canada. Reference: N/A.

33 – Alberta Points

34 - Alberta Point (Provincial Museum of Alberta)

35 – Alberta Point (After: Agenbroad 1978)

36 – Alberta Point Distribution

Alberta [Stemmed] Point - named by Marie Wormington in 1957. It is a large, narrow point with a rectangular stem. Shoulders are round. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in the upper Plains states, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a rectangular stem and has narrow shoulders. Major attribute: square stem. 90

Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wormington, Marie (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Popular Series No. 4, Denver Museum of Natural History. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis(1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceeding, No. 11, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO. 3 - Reference: Agenbroad, Larry D. (1978) The Hudson-Meng Site: An Alberta Bison Kill in the Nebraska High Plains. Caxton Printers, Ltd., Caldwell, ID. 4 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 5 - Reference: Hofman Jack L. and Russell W. Graham (1998) The Paleo-Indian Cultures of the Great Plains. In: Archaeology on the Great Plains, R. Wood, ed., University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. 6 - Reference: Bradley, Bruce A. (1993) Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1993) North American High Plains Paleo-Indian Hunting Strategies and Weapony Assemblages. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 8 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1983) The Western Plains and Mountain Region. In: Early Man in the New World, ed. R. Shutler, Sage Publication, Beverly Hills, CA.

Albertson [Stemmed] Point – no data or information.. Albion [Notched] Point - no namer, but after the site. It is a medium point with broad corner notches and has a ground convex base. Type dates 3800 to 3300 BC and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cassells, E. Steve (1983) The Archaeology of Colorado. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO.

Albrion Head [Notched] Point - named for a land head in California. It is a large point with a concave base. It is found primarily in the southern portion of the North Coast Ranges .Type dates 3500 to 600 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Layton, Thomas N. (1990) Western Pomo History: Excavations at Albion Head, Nightbirds’ Retreat, and Three Chop Village, Mendocino County California. Institute of Archaeology, University of California. Monograph 32, Los Angles, CA. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

37 - Alkali Points (Harwood 1986)

Alkali [Stemmed] Point - named after the Sunrise valley in California. It is a long narrow point with a rectangular stem. Type dates 500 to 1500 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: O’Connell, James F. (1971) The Archaeology and Cultural Ecology of Surprise Valley, Northeast California. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA. 2 - Reference: O'Connell, James F. (1975). The Prehistory of Surprise Valley. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 4. Ramona, California. 3 - Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

38 - Allen Point

Allen [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a large point with small notches and a rounded base; dovetail. Type dates 7000 to 6500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: dovetail. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

39 - Allen Points

Allen [Lanceolate] Point - named by William Mulloy in 1959. It is a long lanceolate, straight-to-convexsided point with a concave base. Type dates 7750 BC and is found on Western Plains and Rocky Mountains. Perino

(1985) suggests … basal thinning and rounded corners. Major attribute: parallel-oblique flaking. Type validity: traditional. Comment:

1 - Reference: Mulloy, William (1959) The James Allen Site Near Laramie, Wyoming. American Antiquity, Vol. 25, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 4 - Reference: Bradley, Bruce A. (1993) Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

Allendale [Stemmed] Point – namer not available. It is a medium point with a tapering stem and a straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in the lower Savannah River drainage. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: MALA. Comment:

Reference: Sassaman, Kenneth E., I. Randolph Daniel, Jr., and Christopher R. Moore (2002) G. S. Lewis-East – Early and Late Archaic Occupations along the Savannah River, Aiken County, South Carolina. Savannah River Archaeological Research Paper 12, South Carolina Archaeological Research Program, University of South Carolina.

Alligator Gar Point - see Agogino, George A., and Phillip Shelley (1987) Alligator Gar Scales as Possible Points. Chesopiean, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp.:9-10. Allison [Stemmed] Point - see Stephens, Denzil (1974) Excavations at the Stoner and Lowe Sites. Illinois State Museum Research Series, Papers in Anthropology No. 2.

40 - Almagre Points

Almagre Point (Ford and Webb 1956)

Almagre [Stemmed] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a large point with a constricting stem. Type dates 2250 BC and is found in the Rio Grande valley. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... shoulders are almost nonexistent, and stem is short and sharply contracting. Major attribute: shoulderless. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

41 – Alamo Point (After: Justice 2002)

Alamo [Notched] Point - named by Noel Justice in 2002 after the site (CCO-311) in California. It is a large point with a convex stem. Type dates 500 BC to 500 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Probably has archaeological credibility.

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

42 - Alpine Bifaces

Alpine [Ovoid] Biface - named by Louis A. Brennan in 1968. It is a preform or biface. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in southern New York to northern New Jersey. Major attribute: ovoid shape. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1968) The Twombly Landing Site. Bulletin, New York State Archaeological Association, No 42.

43 - Alute Points

Alute [Stemmed] Point - no namer on record. It is a medium point with a pronounced stem. It is sometimes made from basalt. No date and it is found in Alaska. Major attribute: strong stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: none.

Amargosa [Stemmed] Point - see Ventana-Amargosa [Stemmed] Point.

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

44 – Amelia Points

Amelia [Notched] Point - named after the county where the point was first observed. It is a medium point with a base notch. Blade is triangular. Type is not dated and is found in Virginia’s southern piedmont. Major Attribute: Basal notch. Type Validity: Positive. Comment: Historically, they may parallel the indented base knife. 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2010) Material Culture from Prehistoric Virginia, AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

45 – Amos Points

Amos [Notched] Point - named by Bettye J. Broyles in 1971. It is a deeply serrated, triangular-bladed point with a straight to slightly convex base. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky. Broyles (1971) suggests: … deeply serrated blades, stem is never wider than the blade. Stem is lightly ground and has pointed tangs. Major attribute: pointed tangs. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Charleston. Comment: Type is difficult to observe archaeologically; it probably should not be used.

1 - Reference: Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archaeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. 2 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. (1991) Early to Middle Archaic Period Occupation in Western Maryland: A Preliminary Model. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, Vol. 7, pp. 53-66. 3 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the

Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

46 - Anderson Points

Anderson [Notched] Point - named by Bruce Lindstrom and Kenneth Stevenson in 1987. It is a mediumto-large point with corner notches that cause a squarish stem. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in the Tennessee area. Major attribute: corner notch. Type validity: conditional Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Lindstrom, Bruce and Kenneth W. Stevenson (1987) Lithic Artifacts from the Anderson Site. Tennessee Anthropologist, Vol. 12, No. 1, Knoxville.

47 – Andice Points

Andice [Notched] Point - formalized by Elton R. Prewitt in 1983 after the town in Texas. It is a broad, thin point with deep, narrow basal notches. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in central Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... massive barbs that extend downward. Major attribute: deep basal notches. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Bell. Comment:

1 - Reference: Prewitt, Elton R. (1983) Andice: An Early Archaic Point Type. La Tierra, South Texas Archaeological Association, Vol. 10, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Weber, Cary D. (2002) Andice/Bell Point Use Fractures. La Tierra, Southern Texas Archaeological Association, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.31-44. 4 - Reference: Weber, Carey D. (1986) An Analysis of Discriminate Function Values for Andice and Bell Points. Journal of the Southern Texas Archeological Association La Tierra, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 32-38. 5 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

48 - Angelico Points

49 - Angelico Points

Angelico [Notched] Point - named by Floyd Painter in 1965 after a river in Virginia. It is a thin, wellmade, medium point with corner notches and a slightly concave base. It is usually beveled and serrated. Type is made using blade technology. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in Virginia and the Carolinas. Major attribute: blade beveling. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Painter, Floyd (1965) Angelico-Palmer-Vosburg. Chesopiean, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 3. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

50 – Angostura Points

51 - Angostura Points

52 - Angostura Point (both sides)

53 - Angostura Blade

Angostura [Lanceolate] Point - named by Jack Hughes in 1949. It is a medium-to-large auriculate point with a concave base and excurvate blade edges. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in the Mississippi River valley, Southeast, and Plains states. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... leaf-shaped with oblique parallel flaking and ground basal edges. Wormington (1957) reports oblique flaking with sometimes horizontal flaking, as being the major attribute of the type. Major attribute: horizontal flaking. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Agate Basin point. Comment: The Angostura type is a member of the post-Clovis lanceolate tradition. Collectors refer to a blade form (perform) which may not exist archaeologically. 1 - Reference: Hughes, Jack (1949) Investigations in Western South Dakota and Northeastern Wyoming. American Antiquity, Vol. XIV, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957 various reprints) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

4 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 5 - Reference: Holliday, Vance T. (1997) Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 6 - Reference: Thomas, Alston V. (1993) Knocking Sense from Old Rocks: Typologies and the Narrow Perspective of the Angostura Point Type. Lithic Technology, Vol. 18, pp. 16-27. 7 – Reference: Fox, Daniel J. (2003) Arrowheads of the Central Plains. Collector Books, Paducah, K.Y.

54 - Ano Nueva Point

Ano Nuevo [Stemmed] Point – named by Terry L. Jones and Mark Hylkema in 1988. It is large points with long, tapering stems, found on California's central coast and dated between ca. 2000 B.C. and A.D. 1000. The Año Nuevo long-stemmed type has been classified within the Coastal cluster. Año Nuevo Point is in San Mateo County. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to: 1 – Reference: Jones, Terry, and Mark Hylkema. (1988). Two Proposed Projectile Point Types for the Monterey Bay Area: Año Nuevo Long-stemmed and Rossi Square-stemmed. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 10:163-186. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Ansell [Stemmed] Point – see Montet-White, Anta (1968) The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the Early and Middle Woodland Periods. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthro-pological Papers No. 35. Antelope [Notched] Point – named after the Dirty Shame Rockshelter in Oregon by Richard Hanes in 1980. It is similar to the Elko point and dates 1500 BC. It is found in the Northwest.

Reference: Hanes, Richard C. (1980) Lithic Tools of Dirty Shame Rockshelter: Typology and Distribution. Tebiwa 6.

55 - Antler Points/Awls (General information only)

Antler Points - probably the most common form of a projectile point in Native American prehistory.

56 - Anzick Point

Anzick [Lanceolate] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1985. It is a large, triangular fluted point with a straight base. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in Montana and probably the Plains. Major attribute: v-shape. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Points, Preforms and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 1, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

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57 - Apache Metal Point (General information only)

Apache [Metal] Point - reference to any metal point made by the Apache during the 1800s. No study has been made to determine style and maintenance. Distribution is the Southwest.

Reference: none.

Apache [Triangle] Point - named after the historic tribe. It is a medium isosceles point which is sometimes notched. It has a straight base. Type dates to the 1600s and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: N/A. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cassells, E. Steve (1983) The Archaeology of Colorado. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO.

Appalachia [Stemmed] Point - see Perino (2002) and Appalachian [Stemmed] Point.

58 - Appalachian Points (Drawing: Cambron and Hulse 1986)

Appalachian [Stemmed] Point - name by Madeline Kneberg. It is a large point with a squarish stem. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Tennessee, Alabama, Carolinas, and Kentucky. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are usually tapered and narrow. Blade is excurvate, but may be straight. Stem is broad and may be straight, slightly contracted, or expanded. Stem is usually ground. Major attribute: squarish stem. Type validity: distinctive. 101

Similar to: Comment: Type is not well made or consistently made; it is not a useable type.

1 - Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, p. 25. 2 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975). Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc. 3 - Reference: Chapman, Jefferson (1985) Tellico Archaeology – 12,000 Years of Native American History. Report of Investigations No. 43, Department of Anthropology (and Tennessee Valley Authority, No. 41), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

59 - Apple Blossom Points

Apple Blossom [Stemmed/Notched] Point - named by Thomas Cook in 1976. It is a medium point with varying stems. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in Illinois. Major attribute: N/A. Type validity: false. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cook, Thomas Genn (1976) Koster: An Artifact Analysis of Two Archaic Phases in West-central Illinois. Northwestern University Archaeological Program, Prehistoric Records No.1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

60 - Apple Creek Points

Apple Creek [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1975. It is a medium barbed point with a straight stem and concave base. Type dates 500 AD and is found in Illinois and Missouri. Perino (1985) suggests … a point that has a triangular blade, barbed shoulders, and a slightly expanding stem. Major attribute: triangle blade. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: type is not well defined archaeologically.

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1975) The Apple Creek Point. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 22, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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Appomattox River [Lanceolate] Point - named by Joseph McAvoy in 1979 after the river in Virginia. It is a thin, parallel to slightly excurvate blade and a concave base. Type dates 9000-7000 BC and is found in southern Virginia. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Clovis. Comment: type is a regional variety of Clovis; not definable archaeologically.

Reference: McAvoy, J. M. (1979) The Point-of-Rocks Paleoindian Site. Quarterly Bulletin, Archaeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 34, No. 2.

Aquaplano – see reference.

Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

Archaic Plano Point – see Plano [Lanceolate] Point and Justice (1987).

61 – Archaic Bevel Point

Archaic Bevel Point - reference to any eastern Archaic point that has a beveled blade. It refers to point morphology and is not a valid type. Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973 revised) Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Archaic Corner-Notched Point - Reference to medium-to-large notched point, especially the Ohio River valley that dates to the Archaic Period. It refers to point morphology and is not a valid type. Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973 revised) Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Archaic Side-Notched Point - Reference to an early side-notched point in the East, such as the Big Sandy. It refers to point morphology and is not a valid type.

Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973 revised) Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

62 – Archaic Stemmed Points (Elliot and Sassaman 1995)

Archaic Stemmed Point - Reference to any stemmed point that dates to the Archaic period. It refers to point morphology and is not a valid type.

1 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973 revised) Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

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2 - Reference: Elliott, Daniel T. and Kenneth E. Sassaman (1995) Archaic Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Plain and Coastal Zone. Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper No. 11 and Report No. 35, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 3 – Reference: Elliot, Daniel T. and Kenneth Sassaman (1995) Archaic Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Plain and Coastal Zone. University of Georgia, Laboratory Series, Report No. 5, Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper, No. 11. West Georgia College, Athens, GA.

Arctic Fluted – see Justice (2002B).

63 - Arden Points

Arden [Notched] Point - named by Louis A. Brennan. It is a triangular-bladed point with corner notches, and base is concave. Type has no date and is found in the area where New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York meet. Major attribute: short stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1979) The Early and Middle Archaic in New York as Seen from the Upper Susquehanna Valley. Bulletin, New York Archaeological Association, No. 75. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

64 - Arenoa Point

Arenosa [Stemmed] Point - named by Leland Bement in 1981. It is a large point with pointed shoulders and a constricted stem. Type dates 2500 to 1000 BC and is found in the Big Bend area of Texas and Mexico. Major attribute: constricted stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Gary. Comment: Reference: Bement, Leland C. (1991) The Statistical Analysis of Langtry Variants from Arenosa Rock Shelter, Val Verde County, Texas. In: Papers on Lower Pecos Prehistory, edited by Solveig A. Turpin, pp. 51-64. Studies in Archaeological Research Laboratory. The University of Texas, Austin.

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65 - Arizona Point

Arizona Provisional Point - not named here, but suggests it is a type. Type 1 - A large narrow-bladed point with a tapering stem Base is straight. Type has not been dated and is found in Arizona and New Mexico. Reference: none.

66 - Arkabutla Points

Arkabutla [Lanceolate] Point - name by Samuel O. McGahey in 1981 after a lake in Mississippi. It is a medium point with a concave base. Type dates 8000 to 7000 BC and is found Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Major attribute: pointed corners and shallow concavity. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (1981) Mississippi Archaeology, Vol. 16, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS.

Armadillo [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish in 1958. It has a short triangular body with straight to convex edges with a short slightly contracting stem with a straight to slightly convex base. It has not been dated but occurs with Los Angeles complex of Mexico and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 48, Pt. 6.

67 - Armijo Points

Armijo [Notched] Point - named by Cynthia Irwin-Williams in 1973. It is a medium point with shall side notches and various base styles. Type dates 1800 BC and is found in New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah. Major attribute: round corners. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Types needs more definition archaeologically.

1 - Reference: Irwin-Williams, Cynthia (1973) The Oshara Tradition: Origins of the Anasazi Culture. Eastern New Mexico

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University, Contributions in Anthropology, Vol. 5, No. 1, Portales, NM. 2 - Reference: MacNeish, R.S. and Peggy Wilner (2003) Chapter 11 – The Lithic Assemblage of Pendejo Cave. In: Pendejo Cave, R. MacNeish and J. Libby, eds., University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

Armstrong [Notched] Point - no one is credited with its name. It is a medium, straight-based point with either side-notching, corner-notching, or is stemmed. Type dates to the Archaic and a West Virginia distribution. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment: type has never been established archaeologically.

1 - Reference: McMichael, Edward V. (1968) Introduction to West Virginia Archaeology. Educational Series, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. 2 - Reference: Pollack, David and Cecil R. Ison (1983) Preliminary Investigation of the Green Sulphur Springs Complex (46SU67 / 46SU72). West Virginia Archaeologist, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 3-27.

68 – Arrendondo Points

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69 – Arredondo Point Distribution

Arredondo [Stemmed] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a medium-to-large point with a short constricting stem and concave base. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in Georgia and Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … heavy, thick point with excurvate blade edges and thinned, almost bifurcated tang. Shoulders are weak. Major attribute: wide stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 4 – Reference: Elliot, Daniel T. and Kenneth Sassaman (1995) Archaic Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Plain and Coastal Zone. University of Georgia, Laboratory Series, Report No. 5, Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper, No. 11. West Georgia College, Athens, GA. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Arrow Point (Blade) - rather than a percussion or pressure flaking, point was made using blade technology. Blade was shaped. Blades were flatter and made thinner points. This form is sometimes difficult to distinguish from a flake.

Arrowhead Types (Reference Only) – used by Dorothy Cross (1941) for points found in New Jersey. She use 2¾ inches as the dividing measurement for arrowheads and spearpoints. Each division was subdivided into numbered types. The arrowheads types are: Type 1 - Triangular, ranging from equilateral to isosceles in form and having straight, concave or slightly offset base. Type 2 - Plain-stemmed, with edges of the blade straight or convex; stem ranging from the form which tapers from rounded shoulders, to the well-defined stem which meets the blade at nearly a right angle; base straight, concave or convex. Type 3 - Right angle-stemmed, with edges of the blade straight or convex and the stem meeting the blade at a right angle; base straight, concave or convex. Type 4 - Side-notched, with edges of the blade straight or convex; straight, concave or convex base which may be narrower or the same width as the blade; side notches which may be narrow, or wide as in the so-called “fish-tail” subtype. Type 5 - Oblique-notched, with edges of the blade straight or convex; oblique notching forming barbs of varying length and frequently tangs; base straight, concave or convex. In a prominent sub-type the base continues the curve of the blade suggesting that a leaf-shaped point had been obliquely notched. Type 6 - Bifurcate-based, with edges of the blade straight or convex; plain, side or obliquely notched stem; sharply indented base. Type 7 - Lozenge-shaped, with edges of the blade running parallel for the greater part of its length or tapering sharply from center to point; base straight or concave, as wide as or narrower than the blade. Type 9 - Convex-based, with edges of the blade straight and base convex; varies only according to size.

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1 - Reference: Cross, Dorothy (1941) Archaeology of New Jersey, Vol. One, Archaeological Society of New Jersey and New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, NJ. 2 – Reference: Steward, R. Michael (1998) Ceramics and Delaware Valley Prehistory: Insight from the Abbot Farm. Trenton Complex Archaeology, Report 14, Archaeological Society on New Jersey, Louis Berger & Associates, In., Federal Highway Administration, and New Jersey Department of Transportation.

Arctic [Fluted] Point - not available; see Justice (2002a).

70 - Ashley Points

Ashley [Stemmed] Point - named by Martha Rollingson in 1971. It is a small point with a round stem. Type dates 1100 to 1400 AD and is found in Arkansas. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment

1 - Reference: Rollingson, Martha (1971) The Ashley Point. The Arkansas Archaeologist, Vol. 12, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

71 - Ashtabula Points

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72 - Ashtabula Points

Ashtabula [Notched/Stemmed] Point - named by William Mayer-Oakes in 1955 after a county in Ohio. It is a large point with a constricting stem, Base is straight and usually ground. Type dates 1500 to 500 BC and is found in the upper eastern states. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with an expanding stem. Blade is triangular. Major attribute: upward shoulders. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Susquehanna. Comment: Type has high archaeological value.

1 - Reference: Mayer-Oakes, William J. (1955) Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley. Anthropological Series No. 2, Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol. 34, p. 38, Pittsburgh, PA. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1963) Ohio Flint Type. Archaeological Society of Ohio. 4 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (2003) The Archaeology of Ohio. Archaeological Society of Ohio. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 6 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

73 - Atalissa Points (Morrow 1984)

Atalissa [Notched] Point - named after a city in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a large point with a round base. Type dates 1500 BC to 0 AD and is found in Iowa. Major attribute. roundish stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

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North African Tools

Both: Halifax County, Virginia

Left: Algeria, Africa, - Right: North Florida

74 - Aterian Point Distribution

Aterian-American Point a Transatlantic type from North Africa. It is found in the southeast and South America. A probable technological coincidence, but one that may indicate cross-Atlantic contacts in prehistory with Africa. The point/knife is made from crystalline stone and off a blade, or possibly a large flat flake. It has a small squarish stem and a spoon-shaped blade. It occurs from Virginia to Florida and has not been found in a dateable archaeological context. Based on African contexts, it dates 18,000 BC. From Miller (1962): Various Virginia forms appear to display certain typological analogies to some of the Old World types, but these cannot be judged to be synchronous because there is a putative age difference. This conjecture is based on a series of geological and cultural chronologies. However, whenever absolute chronologies, based upon controlled conditions, are once established, it is surmised that the presumed older Old World artifacts will be found to be much 110

younger and the New World specimens to be much older, with a meeting and possible overlaps of the two chronologies. It is inconceivable to the writer (Miller) that Early Man in the Old World took a couple of hundred thousand years to develop and overspread Eurasia and Africa and only twenty or more thousand years to completely people the New World, and to set up various complicated linguistic families and ideologies with varying degrees of cultural advancement, in such a short time span. 1 - Reference: Miller, Carl F. (1962) Archaeology of the John H. Kerr Reservoir Basin, Roanoke River Virginia-North Carolina. No 25, River Basin Surveys, Bulletin 182, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

75 - Atlantic Point

Atlantic Phase Blade [Stemmed] Point - named by Dena F. Dincauze in 1972. It is a large point with a square stem. Base is either straight or rounded. Type dates 1900 BC and is found along the upper New England coast. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type has been tested archaeologically. Reference: Dincauze, Dena (1972) The Atlantic Phase: A Late Archaic Culture in Massachusetts. Man in the Northeast, No. 4, pp. 40-61.

Atlatl Valley [Triangle] Point – reference to function; not a type. Probably comes from California usage; no data.

Attery Creek [Lanceolate] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a narrowing near the base. Type dates 300 to 100 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Attery Creek II [Stemmed] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

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76 - Aucilla Point

Aucilla River [Stemmed] Point – asymmetrical bladed point. It is found in Florida and dates to the Early Archaic. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

Augustine Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Baker (2009) after a parish c in Louisiana. It is a small point with a tapering stem. Type dates to Late Woodland era and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

77 - Augustin Points

Augustin [Stemmed] Point - named by Herbert Dick in 1965. It is a medium-to-large point with a tapering stem. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in New Mexico and Arizona. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Dick, Herbert W. (1965) Bat Cave. Monograph No. 27, School of American Research, Santa Fe, NM.

2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Autauga [Notched] Point - named by James Cambron and David Hulse in 1975. It is a small-to-medium point with a slightly rounded base. Type dates 7250 to 6750 BC and is found in Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are horizontal or inversely tapered. Blade is straight and usually serrated. Notches are usually ground. Stem is expanding, has a straight base, and is thinned. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975). Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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Autauga II [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

78 - Aux Arc Points

Aux Arc [Notched] Point - named by Leon Dunn in 1992. It is a large point with wide corner notches. Base is usually convex. Type is divided into two types: Hurricane and Harris varieties. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in Arkansas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Dunn, Leon (1992) Aux Arc Point, Hurricane Variety. Central States archaeological Journal, Vol. 39, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Dunn, Leon (1993) Aux Arc Point, Harris Variety. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1.

Avery Island Point – see Gagliano, Sherwood M. (1967) Occupation Sequence at Avery Island. Louisiana State University Press.

79 - Avis Point

Avis [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a small point with a squarish stem. Type dates 700 to 500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: expanded shoulders. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

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80 - Avonlea Points

Avonlea [Notched] Point - named by Thomas F. Kehoe and Bruce A. McCorquodale in 1961. It is a triangular point with slightly excurvate sides and a straight to slightly concave base. Type dates 800 AD and is found in the Dakotas, Wyoming, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kehoe, Thomas F. and Bruce A. McCorquodale (1961) The Avonlea Point - Horizon Marker for the Northwest Plains. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 6, No. 13. 2 - Reference: Kehoe, Thomas F. (1966) The Small Side-Notched Point System of the Northern Plains. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, pp. 827-841. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis (1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceedings, Number 11, Denver Museum of Natural History. 5 - Reference: Johnson, Ann M. (1970) Montana Projectile Point Types: Bessant. Archaeology in Montana, Vol.11, No. 4, pp.55-70. 6 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 7 - Reference: Dyck, Ian (1983) The Prehistory of Southern Saskatchewan. In: Tracking Ancient Hunters: Prehistoric Archaeology in Saskatchewan, H. Epp and I. Dyck, eds., Saskatoo, Saskatchewan Archaeological Society. 8 - Reference: Sharrock, Floyd W. (1966) Prehistoric Occupation Patterns in Southwest Wyoming and Cultural Relationships with the Great Basin and Plains Culture Areas. Anthropological Papers, No. 77, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.

Awatovi [Notched] Point - named by Richard Woodbury in 1954. It is a small point with narrow notches. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Sierra, Harrell. Comment: type is a single form that has a wide distribution. 1 - Reference: Woodbury, Richard B. (1954) Prehistoric Stone Implements of Northeastern Arizona., Reports of the Awatovi Expedition. Report No. 6, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 34. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

81 - Axtell Point

Axtell [Stemmed] Point - named by Frank Bryan in 1936. It is a large point with a large round stem. Type dates 2500 to 1500 BC and is found in Texas. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: conditional.

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Similar to: Comment: Also, Axtel.

1 - Reference: Bryan, Frank (1936) Preliminary Report on the Archaeology of Western Limestone County. Bulletin, Central Texas Archaeological Society 2:81-95, Waco. 2 – Reference: Pruitt, Elton R. and C.K. Chandler (1992) Axtell: A Middle Archaic Dart Type. La Tierra, Journal of the southern Texas Archaeological Association, Vol. 12, No. 2.

Bb 82 – Baby Bullen Points

Baby Bullen [Stemmed] Point - named here in honor of Riply Bullen. It is a small point that is made from a blade; both faces are flat. Length averages 20 mm. Type is not dated and is found in Florida and Georgia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Stubby. Comment: Type may be pre-Clovis and is probably associated with the blade point tradition in the Southeast. Reference: This paper.

Backstrum [Notched] Point - named by Richard George in 1996. It is a small point with a straight base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in western Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type has archaeological proof, but is similar to other corner notched points in the Northeast.

Reference: George, Richard L. (1996) The Winters Knuckles Site and the Mystery House on the Younghiogheny. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 53-70.

83 - Badin Points

Badin [Triangle] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe (1964). It is a medium, crudely made triangle. Type dates 115

probably 1000 BC to 500 AD and is found in Virginia and Carolinas. Coe (1964) suggests: … large, crudely made triangular point. Major attribute: crude flaking. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: type is probably a triangle perform.

Badlands [Knife] Type - reported by Claude Britt in1969. It is a thin, irregular flat knife with retouch on one edge. Type dates after 1350 AD and is found in South Dakota. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Britt, Claude (1969) Badlands Knives of the Northwestern Plains. The Redskin, Vol. 4, No. 4.

84 - Bajada Points

Bajada [Stemmed] Point – probably the same as the Pinto [Bifurcate] Point. It is found in Arizona and New Mexico.

Baird [Beveled Blade] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954). It is a heavy point with straight sides and base. Renamed the Tortugas point. Type needs to be dated and is found in Texas. Major attribute: beveled blade. Type validity: not used. Similar to: Torugas. Comment: Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology, Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 482.

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85 - Bajada Points

Bajada [Stemmed] Point - named by Cynthia Irwin-Williams in 1973. It is a large point with a long squarish stem. Base is straight or concave. Type dates 5800 to 3200 BC and is found in Arizona and New Mexico. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cordell, Linda S. (1984) Prehistory of the Southwest. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Published by Academic Press, Inc. 2 – Reference: Irwin-Williams, Cynthia (1973) The Oshara Tradition: Origins of the Anasazi Culture. Eastern New Mexico University, Contributions in Anthropology, Vol. 5, No. 1, Portales, NM. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

86 - Baker Points (Drawings: Turner and Hester 1985)

Baker [Stemmed] Point - named by James A. Word and Charles L. Douglas in 1970 for the Baker cave in Texas. It is a medium point with a bifurcate stem. Type dates 5000 to 4000 BC and is found in central and southern Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... a thick cross section, and strong shoulders or barbs. Major attribute: pointed corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Type has been well tested archaeologically.

1 - Reference: Word, James A. and Charles C. Douglas (1970) Excavations at Baker Cave, Val Verde County, Texas. Bulletin, Memorial Museum, No. 16, Austin, TX. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Shafer, Harry J. and Vaughn M. Bryant, Jr. (1977) Archeological and Botanical Studies at Hind’s Cave, Val Verde County, Texas. Texas A&M University, Anthropological Research Laboratory, Special Series, No. 1.

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87 - Bakers Creek Preform

Bakers Creek Preform - suggested by Greg Pernio in 1991 as the preform for the point. However, it could be a standalone type. It is a medium biface with slightly convex base which usually has basal thinning. Type date 350 to 500 AD and is found in Alabama and adjacent areas. Major attribute: N/A. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Comment: Type has no archaeological context data. Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

88 - Bakers Creek Points

89 – Bakers Creek Point Distribution

Bakers Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by David DeJarnette, Edward Kurjack, and James Cambron (1962). It is a medium point with rounded shoulders, square stem, and straight base. Type date is uncertain and is found in the Middle Atlantic and Southeast areas. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are narrow, horizontal, or tapered. Blade is straight. Stem is expanding and has basal thinning and a straight base. Major attribute: flared stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Chesser, Lowe. Comment: Type has been tested archaeologically in numerous site excavations. However, the Lowe, Chesser, Steuben, and Bakers Creek are the same pointmaking technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: DeJarnette, David L., Edward Kurjack, and James W. Cambron (1962) Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavation. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. VIII, Nos. 1-2, p. 8. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States.

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Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Bald Mountain [Stemmed] Point – it is a wide-stemmed points in northern California. The Bald Mountain wide-stemmed type is comparable to the Borax Lake wide-stemmed type. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to:

1 - Reference: White, Greg (2000) Final Report of the Anderson Flat Project, Lower Lake, Lake County, California, Vol. 1 Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University, California. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

90 – Ballpay Creek Points (After: Baker 2009)

Ballpay Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a short, square stem. It dates to Archaic/Woodland and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

91 - Brandy Point

Bandy [Stemmed] Point - named by James Wood and C. L. Douglas in 1970. It is a medium point with a slightly flaring stem. Type dates 6000 to 4000 BC and is found in Texas and Mexico. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... the base has a fish-tailed shape. Major attribute: pronounced barbs. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Type is another one of numerous basal notched points found east of the Plains - in eastern U.S.

1 - Reference: Wood, James H. and C. L. Douglas (1970) Excavations at Baker Cave, Val Verde County, Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum, No. 16. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: McReynolds, Richard (1993) Some Examples of Bandy Points. Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association La Tierra , Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 9-16.

Barbeau [Stemmed] Point - see Fowler, Melvin L. (1959) Summary Report of Modoc Rock Shelter 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956. Illinois State Museum, Report of Investigations, No. 8, pp. 1-72. Barbed Dalton - false type, see Perino (2002).

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Barbee [Notched] Point - see Winters, Howard D. (n.d.) Projectile Points of the Cache River Valley. Manuscript at the Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL.

Barbee [Notched] Point – named by Winters in 1963. It is a corner notched point. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in the Illinois area.

Reference: Winters, Howard D. (1963) An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois. Illinois State Museum, Report of Investigations No. 10.

92 - Barber Points

Barber [Lanceolate] Point - named by Thomas C. Kelly in 1983. It is a large point with deep U- or Vshaped base. Type dates 8000 to 7000 BC and is found in central Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... thick, parallel-flaked point with deep basal concavity. Major attribute: parallel flaking. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Wheeler. Comment:

1 - Reference: Kelly, Thomas C. (1983) The Barber Paleoindian Point. La Tierra, Southern Texas Archaeological Association, Vol. 10, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

93 - Barbour Points (Drawing: Baker 1995)

Barbour [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker (1995) after a county in Alabama. It is a large point with straight stem and rounded base. Type dates 2000 to 1500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

Bare Creek [Bifurcate] Point – it is a large, split-stemmed, eared, and single-shouldered points, found in Surprise Valley in northeastern California. The Bare Creek types are comparable to the Pinto or Gatecliff series. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to:

1 - Reference: O'Connell, James F. (1975). The Prehistory of Surprise Valley. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 4.

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Ramona, California. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

94 - Bare Island Points

95 - Bare Island Point

96 - Bare Island Points

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97 - Bare Island Points (After: Ritchie 1971)

Bare Island [Stemmed] Point - named after a site in Pennsylvania by Fred W. Kinsey in 1959. It is a medium point with a squarish stem and slightly rounded base. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … finely flaked, symmetrical points, having slender isosceles triangular blades. The stem is straight with parallel sides and the base is straight. Major attribute: asymmetrical shoulders (Hranicky 1988). Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Type is well tested archaeologically and can be used as a time marker. For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Kinsey, Fred W. (1959) Recent Excavations on Bare Island in Pennsylvania: The Kent-Hally Site. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 29, Nos. 3-4. 2 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 26-27, Albany, NY. 3 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (1988) The Bare Island Point. ASV Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 80-96. 5 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 8 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

98 - Barnes Point

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Barnes [Lanceolate] Point - reported by William Roosa in 1963. It is a large fluted point. Type dates the Paleoindian period and is found from Missouri to Canada. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Folsom. Comment: Type is another of full-face fluting found in the Great Lakes and lower Northeast. It probably has archaeological significance. a slender lanceolate fluted spear point with delicate ears and a fishtailed base; fluting tends to extend nearly the entire length of the point; a diagnostic trait is the "waisting", or incurvate blade edges of the hafting area. For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Roosa, William B. (1963) Some Michigan Fluted Types and Sites. Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 9, No. 3. 2 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No. 7, Arcanum, OH. 3 - For description: Fogelman, Gary L. (2000) Let’s Talk about the Barnes Fluted Point Type. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 94 - 97. 4 - Reference: Wright, Henry T., and William B. Roosa (1966) The Barnes Site: A Fluted Point Assemblage from the Great Lakes Region. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 850-860. 5 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 6 - Reference: White, Andrew A. (2006) A Model of Paleoindian Hafted Biface Chronology in Northeastern Indiana. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 34, pp. 29-59.

99 - Barreal Points

Barreal [Lanceolate] Point - named by Alan Phelps in 2000. It is a small point with a serrated blade and deep concave base. Type dates to the Middle Archaic and is found in the El Paso area. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Phelps, Alan L. (2000) An Inventory of the Prehistoric Native American Sites of Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. N/A.

Barry [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard Marshall in 1958. It is a large point with hanging shoulders which cause a squarish stem. Type dates 4000 to 2000 BC and is found in Oklahoma and Arkansas. Major attribute: hanging shoulders. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Marshall, Richard A. (1958) The Use of Table rock Reservoir Projectile Points in Delineation of Cultural Complexes and Their Distribution. Master’s Thesis, University of Missouri. 2 – Reference: Hilliard, Jerry (2007) What’s the Point? Is it a Smith, Barry, Stone, or Etley? Field Notes, Newsletter, Arkansas Archeological Society.

100 - Barry County Points

Barry County [Stemmed] Point - named here after the county in Missouri. It is a medium point with a small square stem. Shoulders hang and base is straight. Type has not been dated and is found in Missouri and Arkansas. Major attribute: small stem.

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Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Remains to be tested archaeologically. Reference: Not available.

101 - Bascom Point (Drawings: Schroder 2002)

Bascom [Stemmed] Point - based on collector sources; no data are available. The suggested dates are 4500 to 3500 BC and is found in the Southeast. Powell (1990) suggests: … thin, well-made, medium-to-large point. Major attribute: large stem. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Carolinas, Inc., West Columbia, SC.

102 - Translucent Base Tanged Knife

Base Tang Knife - named by J. T. Patterson in 1936. It is a curved knife which has notches at what can be called the proximal end. Major attribute: small stem Type validity: traditional Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Patterson, J. T. (1936) The Corner-Tang Flint Artifacts of Texas. University of Texas Bulletin, No. 3618, Anthropology Papers, Vol. 1, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

103 - Basant Knife

Basant [Knife] Type - reported by Maynard Shumate in 1976. It is a medium-to-large notched form. Type 124

dates around 400 AD and is found in Montana. Major attribute: diagonal blade. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Shumate, Maynard (1976) Two Former Basant Pounds Along the Sun River. Archaeology of Montana, Vol. 17, No. 1 and 2.

Basketmaker Point - false type attributed to the Anasazi; mixed point styles.

Reference: Nickens, Paul R. and Deborah A. Hall (1982) San Juan Resource Area. In: Archaeological Resources of Southwestern Colorado. Bureau of Land Management Colorado, Cultural Resources Series 13.

104 - Bassett Points

Bassett [Stemmed] Point - named by Clarence H. Webb in 1948. It is a small point with hanging shoulders and point stem. Type dates 1500 AD and is found in Louisiana and Arkansas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point that has straight to convex lateral edges, prominent barbs, and a pointed contracting stem. Major attribute: pointed base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Webb, Clarence H. (1948) Caddoan Prehistory: The Bossier Site Focus. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 19. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

105 - Bat Cave Points

Bat Cave [Lanceolate] Point - named by Herbert W. Dick in 1965 after a cave in New Mexico. It is a small-to-medium point with shallow stem indentations and a concave base. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in Mexico and New Mexico to California. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Dick, Herbert C. (1965) Bat Cave. Monograph No. 27, School of American Research, Santa Fe, NM. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Bayde Noc [Notched] Point - see Cleland, Charles E. and G. Richard Peske (1968) The Spider Cave Site. In: Prehistory of the Burnt Bluff Area, edited by J. Fitting. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan Anthropological Papers No. 34, pp. 20-60.

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106 - Bayou Goula Point

Bayou Goula [Notched] Point - named after the site, probably by Clarence Webb. It is a small point with a wide side notch and concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: wide notches. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Webb, Clarence H. (1981) Stone Points and Tools of Northwestern Louisiana. Special Publication No. 1, Louisiana Archaeological Society.

Bayou La Nana [Stemmed] Point - named by Baker (2009) after bayou in Louisiana. It is a medium point with small squarish stem. Type dates to Mississippi era and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Bayogula [Notched] Point - named by Stephen Williams and Jeffrey in 1983 at the Bayou Goula site in Louisiana. It is a medium point with a flaring stem. Type dates 1200 to 1400 AD and is found in Louisiana. Major attribute: Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Williams, Stephen and Jeffrey P. Bain (1983) Excavations at the Lake George Site, Yazoo County, Mississippi, 1958-1960. Papers of the Peabody Museum, Vol. 74. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

107 - Bacon Island Point and Knife

Becon Island [Stemmed] Point - named by Allen and Hulse (in: Cambron and Hulse 1986). It is a medium point with a round stem. Type dates late Archaic/Early Woodland and is found in Alabama and surrounding area. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are barbed or inversely tapered. Blade is straight and finely serrated. Stem is expanded and rounded. It has notches at the shoulders. Major attribute: round stem.

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Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Macpherson. Comment: Type is difficult to confirm archaeologically. There are numerous round stem points in the East.

Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL.

108 - Bear Points

Bear [Stemmed] Point - no namer on record. It is a long narrow point with a small stem. Type is historic and is found in Alaska. Perino (2002) calls these points arrowpoints. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Bear Creek [?] Point - no description. See Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY.

109 - Bear River Points

Bear River [Notched] Point - named by Richard N. Holmer and Dennis G. Weder in 1980. It is a small point with notches above basal edges. It has a straight base and rounded corners. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in the Utah area. Major attribute: small notches. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Holmer, Richard N. and Dennis G. Weder (1980) Common Post-Archaic Projectile Points of the Freemont Area. Utah State Historical Society, Antiquities Section Selected Papers, No. 16. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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110 - Beaver Lake (Bullen 1975)

Beaver Lake [Lanceolate] Point - named by David DeJarnette, Edward Kurjack, and James Cambron in 1962. It is a small, well-made, thin point with shallow concave base. Bases are wider than blade. Type dates 9500 to 8000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … small, well-made lanceolate-shaped, lightly waisted point with a very slightly concave base. It exhibits only a suggestion of basal ears. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … hafting constriction and basal edges are usually ground. Major attribute: basal ears. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Simpson, Suwannee, Dalton, Quad. Comment: Type is difficult to identify in the mix of unfluted southeastern point types. The Beaver Lake type may be related to the Dalton type (Justice 1987); however, the type is likely a derivate to Simpson technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: DeJarnette, David L., Edward Kurjack, and James W. Cambron (1962) Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. VIII, Nos. 1-2. 2 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Ledbetter, R. Jerald, David G. Anderson, Lisa D. O’Steen, and Daniel T. Elliott (1986) Paleoindian and Early Archaic Research in Georgia. In: The American and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. 5 - Reference: Driskell, Boyce N. (1994) Stratigraphy and Chronology at Dust Cave. Journal of Alabama, Vol. 40, Nos. 1&2, pp. 17-34 6 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 8 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 9 - Reference: Tankersley, Kenneth B. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 10 - Reference: Anderson, David G., R. Jerald Ledbetter, and Lisa O’Steen (1990) Paleoindian Period Archaeology of Georgia. Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper No. 6, Athens, GA.

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111 - Beaver Lake Point

Beaver Lake II [Lanceolate] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

112 - Beaverdam Creek Points (Baker 1995)

Beaverdam Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with an expanding stem. Type dates 5000 to 4500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

113 – Beavertail Point

Beavertail Point - has a stem shaped like a beavertail. It is a stem that flares outward and then constricts to a point. It refers to a morphological style; thus, it is not a point type. See Adena [Stemmed] Point.

Beekman [Triangle] Point - named by Robert E. Funk (in Ritchie 1961). It is a small triangular point with straight sides and base. Type dates 2500 to 1500 BC and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1971) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal

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Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Beekmantown [Triangle] Point - named by William A. Ritchie (1971). It is a medium point. Type dates to the Middle to Late Archaic and is found in New England. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: triangle resharpening makes any triangle type difficult to identify. Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1971 revised). A Typology and Nomenclature for New York. Bulletin 384, New York State Museum and Science Service, Albany, NY.

114 - Belen Point (Both Faces)

Belen [Lanceolate] Point - named by Ele Baker after the town in New Mexico. It is a medium-to-large nonfluted point with a concave base. Type dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in New Mexico. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Plainview point. Comment:

1 - Reference: Baker, Ele M. (1968) Belen: A Paleo-projectile Point Type from the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Paper read at the 33rd. Annual Meeting, Society for American Archaeology. Santa Fe, New Mexico. 2 - Reference: Judge, William J. (1973) Paleoindian Occupation of the Central Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, NM.

115 - Bell Points

130

Bell [Notched] Point - first reported by Leroy Johnson in 1967. It is a medium point with deep basal notches and a straight or concave base. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in central and southern Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... wide, thin, triangular body and deep, narrow barbs which form basal notching. Major attribute: basal notching. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Andice, Smith, Citrus, Eva. Comment: Type is another version of the basal notched point in Gulf states area. 1 - Reference: Sorrow, W. M., H. J. Shafer, and R. E. Ross (1967) Excavations at Stillhouse Hollow Reservoir. Paper, Texas Archeological Salvage Project, No. 11. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Weber, Carey D. (2002) Andice/Bell Point Use Fracture. La Tierra, Vol. 29, No.2. 4 - Reference: Weber, Carey D. (1986) An Analysis of Discriminate Function Values for Andice and Bell Points. Journal of the Southern Texas Archeological Association La Tierra, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 32-38. 5 - Reference: Peeples, Matthew (2003) An Analysis of the Projectile Points from the Chytha Site (41JK66), Jackson County, Texas. La Tierra, Southern Texas Anthropological Association, Vol. 30, No. 1&2, pp. 37-63.

116 – Bellefonta Points (After: Baker 2009)

Bellefonta [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a short, squarish stem. Type dates to the Woodland era and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: large blade. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

117 - Belknap Points

Belknap [Stemmed] Point - reported by Fay-Cooper Cole and Thorne in 1937. It is large point with a tapering, squarish stem. Type dates 500 to 200 BC and is found in Missouri and Illinois. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cole, Fay-Cooper and Thorn Deuel (1937) Rediscovering Illinois. Archaeological Explorations in and around Fulton County. University of Illinois Press. 2 - Reference: Parmelee, Paul W., Andreas A. Paloumpis and Nancy Wilson (1972) Animals Utilized by Woodland Peoples Occupying the Apple Creek Site, Illinois. Reports of Investigations, Illinois State Museum, No. 23.

131

118 - Bella Vista Points

Bella Vista [Notched] Point - named by Angel Cook in 1967. It is a large point with hanging shoulders which cause a squarish stem. Type dates 600 BC to 250 AD and is found in northern Mexico. Major attribute: flaring stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cook, Angel Garcia (1967) Analysis Tipologico de Artfactos XII. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. Cordoba, Mexico, D.F.

119 - Benjamin Points (Top: Both Faces)

Benjamin [Lanceolate] Point - named by James W. Cambron and David C. Hulse in 1975. It is a medium-to-large point with a straight or excurvate base and blade. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is excurvate and has no shouldering. Basal edges are excurvate, but may be straight and thinned. Major attribute: constricted waist. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Benjamin II [Lanceolate] Point – false type. See Baker (2009).

132

120 - Bennington Points

Bennington [Notched] Point - named by Howard Keys around 1940. It is a triangular and broad point with pronounced corner notching with an excurvate base. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in the upper Ohio River valley. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Lantz, Stanley W. (1989) Age, Distribution and Cultural Affiliation of Raccoon Notched Point Varieties in Western Pennsylvania and Western New York. Bulletin, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, No. 28, Pittsburgh, PA. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Bennington Quail [Notched] Point - named by Jim Herbstritt. It is a small point with a pronounced rounded stem base. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in northern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania. Major attribute: notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Lantz, Stanley W. (1989) Age, Distribution and Cultural Affiliation of Raccoon Notched Point Varieties in Western Pennsylvania and Western New York. Bulletin, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, No. 28, Pittsburgh, PA.

121 – Benton Points

122 - Benton Points

133

123 - Benton Points

124 - Benton Points (Based on: Edler1970)

134

125 - Benton Point Distribution

126 - Benton Point

Benton [Notched/Stemmed] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956. It is a medium-to-large point with a narrow blade and concave base. Shoulders are never barbed. Type dates 5000 to 3500 BC and is found in the Gulf states. Justice (1987) suggests: … the presence of oblique parallel flaking; edge beveling of the base and notch, and sometimes of the blade, is also a distinctive feature of the type. Major attribute: size and fine flaking. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: Type has extensive variations and other than size, difficult to identify archaeologically. It is probably a time marker, but needs nomenclature refining.

1 - Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, p. 25. 2 - Reference: Meeks, Scott C. (2000) The Use and Function of Late Middle Archaic Projectile Points in the Midsouth. University of Alabama Museums, Moundville Archaeological Park, Moundville, AL. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 5 - Reference: Johnson, Jay K., and Samuel O. Brookes (1989) Benton Points, Turkey Tails, and Cache Blades: Middle Archaic Exchange in the Midsouth. Southeastern Archaeology 8(2):134-145. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 7 - Reference: Elder, Robert (1970) The Benton Points. The Redskin, Vol. V, No. 3, pp. 70-71.

Benton [Straight Base] Point – condition point design; false type. See Baker (2009). Benton [Auriculate] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Benton Barbed Point - see Meeks, Scott C. (2000) The Use and Function of Late Middle Archaic Projectile Points in the Midsouth. University of Alabama Museums, Moundville Archaeological Park, Moundville, AL.

Benton [Bottleneck] Point - false type. Benton [Broad Stem] Point - see (Cambron and Hulse 1986).

127 - Benton Double Notched Points

Benton/Buzzard Roost Creek Point - see Meeks, Scott C. (2000) The Use and Function of Late 135

Middle Archaic Projectile Points in the Midsouth. University of Alabama Museums, Moundville Archaeological Park, Moundville, AL.

Benton [Double Notched] Point - see Benton [Notched] Point. Benton Extended Stemmed Point - see Meeks, Scott C. (2000) The Use and Function of Late Middle Archaic Projectile Points in the Midsouth. University of Alabama Museums, Moundville Archaeological Park, Moundville, AL.

128 - Benton Knife (Information Only)

Benton Knife – based on collectors’ catalogs; no proof of the association archaeologically. Reference: none.

Benton [Metal] Point - named by R. K. Harris, Inus M. Harris, and J. Ned Woodall in 1967. It is a diamondshaped or constricting stem point. Type dates 1700 AD and is found in Texas. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are narrow and rarely barbed. Blade is usually recurvate. Stem is relatively broad and short, or it may be tapered or expanding. Basal edges may be straight or concave. Major attribute: none. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Comment: none.

1 - Reference: Harris, R. K., Inus Marie Harris, and J. Ned Woodall (1967) European Trade Goods: Tools. In: The Gilbert Site, A Norteno Focus Site in Northeastern Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 37. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Benton Short Stemmed Point - see Meeks, Scott C. (2000) The Use and Function of Late Middle Archaic Projectile Points in the Midsouth. University of Alabama Museums, Moundville Archaeological Park, Moundville, AL.

129 - Berkshire Point

Berkshire [Stemmed] Point - named here after the county in Massachusetts. It is a large point with a narrow, triangular blade. It is barbed and has a tapering stem. Base is concave. Type dates 2500 to 2000 BC and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: thick stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type needs to be proven archaeologically. Reference: This paper.

136

130 - Berry Point

Berry [Stemmed] Point – no data or information.

131 - Besant Points

132 - Besant Points

Besant [Notched] Point - named by Boyd Wettlaufer in 1956. It is a medium point with notches that cause an expanding stem. It has a straight or slightly convex base. Type dates 400 AD and is found in the Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. Perino (1985) suggests … point has an expanding stem. Blade is triangular with convex edges. Major attribute: corner notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wettlaufer, Boyd (1956) The Mortlach Site in Besant Valley of Central Saskatchewan. Anthropological Series No. 1, Department of Natural Resources, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis (1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceedings, Number 11, Denver Museum of Natural History. 4 - Reference: Gregg, Michael L., David Meyer, Paul R. Picha, and David G. Stanley (1996) Archaeology of the Northeastern Plains. In: Archaeological and Bioarchaeological Resources on the Northern Plains, G. Frison and R. Mainfort,

137

eds. Research Series No. 47, Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville, AR. 5 - Reference: Zeier, Charles D. (1983) Besant Projectile Points From the Antonsen Site (24GA660), Gallatin County, Montana: Within-Sample Varience. Archaeology in Montana, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 1-57. 6 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

133 - Beulah Bay Points

Beulah Bay [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a bay in Alabama. It is a large point with a short stem and slightly rounded base. Type dates 2000 to 1200 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: upward shoulders. Type validity: false. Similar to: Comment:

Bicuspis [Blade] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a large leaf-shaped point with a pointed base. Type dates 4300 to 4000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Biface - perform; stage in producing a projectile point.

138

Miscellaneous Bifaces

139

Largest Biface Ever Found in Virginia, Halifax County (L = 225, W = 95, T = 17 mm)

Miscellaneous Bifaces

140

Bifurcate Points

Kanawha Points

Lake Erie Points

Le Croy Points

MacCorkle Points

Nottoway River Points

St Albans Points

141

134 - Bifurcate Point Styles

Bifurcate Points - group of Middle Atlantic and surrounding area points that represent a bifurcate continuum starting around 8000 BC and ending around 5000 BC. Based on morphology, there are regional types.

1 - Reference: Lewis, Tom M.N., and Madeline Kneberg (1951) Early Projectile Point Forms, and Examples from Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. 7, pp. :6-19. 2 - Reference: Lewis, Tom M.N., and Madeline Kneberg (1952) Bifurcated Points. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 60-61. 3 - Reference: Barker, Gary and John B. Broster (1996) The Johnson Site (40Dv400): A Dated Paleoindian and Early Archaic Occupation in Tennessee’s Central Basin. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 97-153. 4 - Reference: Ison, Cecil R. et al. (1985) Archaeological Investigations at the Green Sulphur Springs Site Complex, West Virginia. Report to: Environmental Services Division, West Virginia Department of Highways, Charleston, WV.

135 - Big Creek Points

Big Creek [Notched] Point - named by Dan F. Morse in 1970. It is an ovoid-shaped point with excurvate sides and convex basal edge. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in Arkansas and Missouri. Perino (1985) suggests … has a short, wide bulbous or ovoid stem and usually a needle-like point tip. Major attribute: needle tip. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Snyders Comment:

1 - Reference: Morse, Dan F. (1970) The Big Creek Point. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 17, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

142

136 - Big Sandy Point

Big Sandy Leighton Base – no namer and is probably not related to the Big Sandy type. The base has an extra side notch in the base/stem. Reference: none.

137 - Big Sandy Point

138 - Big Sandy Point

143

139 - Big Sandy Points

140 - Big Sandy Points

141 – Big Sandy Point Distribution

142 - Big Sandy Points (Drawings: DeJanette, Kurjack, and Cambron 1962)

Big Sandy [Notched] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956 after the site in Tennessee. It is a well-made, side-notched point with a slightly to pronounced concave base. Type dates 9000 to 7500 BC and is found all over the eastern U.S. Perino (1985) suggests … a thin, narrow point with a triangular blade. Basal corners are square or rounded. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Graham Cave, Kessell, Godar, Raddatz, Osceola, Hemphill. Comment: One of the frequently quoted types in southeast archaeology; however, its morphology covers a wide range of variations. Many of these side notched points are not typeable as stanalones and simple constitute a class of points. The type is probably a durative of the St Charles type. Or, the Hardaway type initiates side notching and the Big Sandy continues it. 1 - Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, p. 25. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States.

144

Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. 4 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 5 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 6 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 8 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 9 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 10 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Big Sandy [Nippled] Point – condition point design. See Baker (2009). Big Sandy [Fish Tail] Point – condition point design. See Baker (2009). Big Sandy [Lanceolate] Point – false type. See Baker (2009). Big Sandy [Mucronate] Point – condition point design. See Baker (2009). Big Sandy [Broad Base] Point – false type. See Baker (2009). Big Sandy [East] Point – false type. See Baker (2009).

143 - Big Sandy (Auriculate) Points

144 - Big Sandy (Auriculate) Points

Big Sandy [Auriculate] Point - named by William H. Claflin, Jr. in 1931. It is a medium-to-large, finely made, thin point with flaring tangs and concave base. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade edges are excurvate. Base and notches are ground. Some specimens are barbed due to resharpening.

145

Major attribute: flared stem corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Big Sandy, Rowan. Comment:

1 - Reference: Claflin, William H., Jr. (1931) The Stallings Island Mound, Columbia County, Georgia. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 14, No. 1, Cambridge, MA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

145 - Big Sandy I and II Points (DeJanette, Kurjack, and Cambron 1962)

Big Sandy I and II [Notched] Point - see .Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1960) An Excavation on the Quad Site. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XVI, No. 1. And, Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, pp. 27-28.

Big Sandy [Broad Base] Point - named by James Cambron (In: Cambron and Hulse 1986). It is an expended form of the Big Sandy and is a false type.

146 - Big Sandy Point

Big Sandy [Contracted Base] Point - named by James Cambron (In: Cambron and Hulse 1986). It is false as a Big Sandy form.

Big Sandy [E-Notched] Point – an interesting possibility. Not data are available to confirm it as a type. Big Sandy Subgroups A and B Points - false type; see Schambach (1998).

147 - Big Slough Points

146

Big Slough [Stemmed] Point - named by Cambron and Hulse (1960). It is a large point with narrow barbs with a variety of stem shapes. Type dates 5000-2000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: pronounced stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1969). Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1; Point Types. Archaeological Research Association at Alabama, Inc., University of Alabama. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Big Slough II [Stemmed] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

148 –Big Valley (Justice 2002)

147

149 – Big Valley Point Distribution

Big Valley [Stemmed] Point - named after a valley in California. It is a large point with a squarish stem. Type dates 4000 to 3500 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kaufman, Thomas S. (1980) Early Prehistory of the Clear Lake Area, Lake County California, California. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angles, CA. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

150 - Billings Points

Billings [Notched] Point - named by Thomas Kehoe in 1966 after the city in Montana. It is a small point with small side notches and a V-shaped base. Type dates to historic period and is found all over the West. Major attribute: basal notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kehoe, Thomas F. (1966) The Small Side-Notched Point System of the Northern Plains. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

148

151 –Bipoint

152 – Bipoint Point Distribution

Bipoint - reference to a bipointed biface; it is not a type. See Wytheville [Stemmed] Point.

153 - Birmingham Point

Birmingham [Stemmed] Point - named here after the city in Alabama. It is a large point with a short round stem. Type dates to the Woodland Period and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: short stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type needs to be proven archaeologically. Note: this point is the type many archaeologists refer to as the Morrow Mountain round stem Cambron and Hulse (1986). This type has no relationship to the Archaic Morrow Mountain. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

149

154 - Bitteroot Points

Bitterroot [Notched] Point - named by Ruth Gruhn in 1961. It is a medium point with side notches and a straight base. Type dates 5600 to 4700 BC and is found in Montana and Wyoming. Major attribute: side notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Gruhn, Ruth (1961) The Archaeology of Wilson Butte Cave, South Central Idaho. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State College Museum, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT.

155 – Oregon Bird Points

Birdpoint - morphological shape; it is not a type. However, the form is still used in both the professional and collector literature.

Black Creek [Leaf-Shaped] Point - named by Curtis H. Tomak in 1983. It is an elongated point with rounded base. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Native Americana and Illinois. Major attribute: point stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Tomak, Curtis H. (1983) A Proposed Prehistoric Cultural Sequence for a Section of the West Fork of the White River in Southwestern Native Americana. Tennessee Anthropologist, Vol. 8, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Black Mesa [Notched] Point – named by Noel Justice in 2002 for the Black Mesa in Arizona. It is a wide side notched with a straight base. It dates 0 AD to 800 AD and is found in the four state area of the Southwest. Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002B). Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

150

156 – Black Mesa Points (Justice 2002a)

Black Mesa [Stemmed] Point- named by Noel Justice in 2002 for the mesa in Arizona. It is a mediumto-large point with pronounced side notches. Base is straight, slightly concave, or convex. Type dates 800 AD and is found in the four-state Colorado area. Major attribute: side notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: none. Comment: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

157 - Black Owl Knife (Both Faces)

Black Owl [Knife] Point - named after its material, it is a provisional type. It is a medium knife with one corner notch. Base is convex. Type is not dated and is found in Texas. Major attribute: one notch. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Bullin knife. Comment: Type needs to be proven archaeologically. Reference: Not available.

151

158 - Black Rock Points

Black Rock [Lanceolate] Point - named by C. W. Clewlow, Jr. in 1968. It is a medium, thin point with excurvate sides and concave base. Type dates 5800 BC and is found in the Great Basin, California, Oregon, and Idaho. It is well made and thin. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Clewlow, C. W. Jr. (1968) Surface Archaeology in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada. University of California, Archaeological Survey Reports, No. 73. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Heizer, Robert F. and Thomas R. Hester (1978) Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms And Chronology. Socorro, New Mexico, Ballena Press. 4 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT.

Black Sand [Stemmed] Point - no one is credited with its name. It is a medium crudely made point with poorly defined shoulders/stem and straight base. Type date is uncertain, and it is probably found in the Tennessee River valley. Reference: none.

Blackwater [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a long, narrow point with a slightly concave base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in the Southwest. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

159 - Blade Knives

Blade [Knife] Type - see Uniface [Knife] Type. It is a blade knife form. Hafting area usually has the bulb scar, striking platform, and starts the taper to the knife’s tip. Blanco [Lanceolate] Point – named by Kenneth Hanea after the Blanco River in Texas. It is a nondescriptive point, probably a simple biface.

Reference: Hanea, Kenneth (n.d.) Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest. Museum of New Mexico Pres, Popular Series Pamphlet No. 4.

152

160 – Blevins Points

Blevins [Stemmed] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1991. It is a narrow point with a constricting stem. Type dates 900 to 1100 AD and is found in Arkansas. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

161 - Bliss Points

Bliss [Leaf-Shaped] Point - named by Robson Bonnichsen in 1964. It is a medium point with a pointed base (Type A) or straight base (Type B). Type dates 1300 AD and is found in Idaho. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional Comment:

Reference: Bonnichsen, Robson (1964) The Rattlesnake Canyon Cremation Site, Southwestern Idaho. Tebiawa, Vol. 7, pp. 28-38.

Blossom Creek [Leaf] Point – see White, Greg (1984). The Archaeology of LAK-510, near Lower Lake, Lake County California. Cultural Resources Facility, Sonoma State University for DOT California. Blue Creek [Bifurcate] Point - see Stothers, David M. (1996) Resource Procurement and Band Territories: A Model for Lower Great Lakes Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settlement Systems. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 24, pp. 174-216.

Blue Eye Creek [Stemmed] Point – Named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with varying stems. Type dates to the Early Woodland era. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

153

Bluff [Stemmed] Point – see Datil [Stemmed] Point. Buck Lake [Notched] Point – see Crew, Harvey L. and Ann S. Peak (1983) Archeological Investigation at CA-Plu-115, Boathouse Point on Buck’s Lake Plumas County, California, Peak and Associates, Inc., Sacramento, CA. Buck Rock [Stemmed] Point – see Hildebrant, William R. and John F. Hayes (1983) Archaeological Investigations on Pilot Ridge, Six Rivers National Forest. Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University.

162 - Boats Spike Points

Boats [Lozenge] Point - named here after the site in Maine. It is a small lozenge point usually made from white quartz. Type dates to the Late Archaic is found in Maine and surrounding area. Major attribute: size and shape. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type needs to be proven archaeologically – especially in a site context for the Northeast. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

163 - Boats Blade

Boats Blade [Stemmed] Point - named by Dena F. Dincauze in 1968. It is a large point with a constricted stem. Base is pointed. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in New England and perhaps along the Atlantic coast. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Type has excellent site context data.

1 - Reference: Dincauze, Dena (1968) Cremation Cemeteries in Eastern Massachusetts. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnobotany, Harvard University, Vol. 59, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Boggy Branch I Point - fake type; see Dowdy and Sowell (1998).

154

164 - Boggy Branch Points

Boggy Branch [Notched] Point - named by R. Allen in 1989. It is a large point with shallow notches and a pronounced stem and rounded base. Type dates 2000 to 1500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Allen, Ralph, Jr. (1989). Boggy Branch Point. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 36, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

165 - Boggy Branch (I - Top, II - Bottom)

Boggy Branch II [Stemmed] Point - named by Ralph Allen, Sr. in 1989 after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a round stem and pronounced shoulders. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Allen, Ralph, Jr. (1989) Boggy Branch Point. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 36, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

166 – Bokoshe Points (Perino 1991)

Bokoshe [Notched] Point - named by James A. Brown in 1976 after Spiro Mounds materials. It is a small point with repeated blade notches. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Oklahoma. Major attribute: blade indentations. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Brown, James A. (1976) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma, Research Institute, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

155

167 – Bolar Mountain Points

Bolar Mountain [Triangle] Point - named by Clarence R. Geier in 1983. It is a very small to small narrow point with incurvate to slightly incurvate blades with shallow discontinuous serration and slightly concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: Madison. Comment: Type has not been established archaeologically.

Reference: Geier, Clarence R. (1983) Some Thoughts on the Taxonomic and Temporal Implications of Late Woodland Triangular Projectile Points from Sites in the Ridge and Valley Province of Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin, Archaeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 197-233.

Bolen (Mutant) Point - fake type; see Dowdy and Sowell (1998). Bolen [Knife] Point – false type. See Baker (2009).

168 – Bolen Blade Point (Both Faces)

Bolen [Blade] Point - named here. It is the standard shape of the Bolen point type, but it is made off a blade. One face is always flat. Major attribute: uniface. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Bolen, Kirk. Comment: type may represent an earlier version of the main type.

Reference:

169 – Bolen Points

156

170 - Bolen Variations (Bullen 1975)

171 - Bolen Point Distribution

Bolen [Notched] Point - named by Wilfred T. Neill in 1963. It is a beveled or serrated point with pronounced notches and a wide convex base. Type dates 7000 BC and is found in Florida and Georgia. Bullen (1975) suggests: … side or corner notched point with a ground base. Blade edges tend to be straight but may be excurvate. Sometimes it is serrated. Milanich (1994) suggest two styles:  Beveled  Plain. He further suggest: Specialist also have questioned whether Bolen and other notched points are points at all or, instead, hafted knives. Indeed, the beveling so apparent ob Bolen beveled points apparently results from continued resharpening. Major attribute: deep notching. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Kirk, St Charles. Comment: Type needs a site context; it probably represents a morphological sequence. 1 - Reference: Neill, Wilfred T. (1963) Three New Florida Projectile Point Types Believed to be Early. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 14, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Daniel, R. L. and M. Wisenbaker (1987) Harney Flats: A Florida Paleo-Indian Site. Baywood Publishing, Farmingdale, NY. 5 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 6 – Reference: Austin, Robert J. (2006) Knife and Hammer: An Exercise in Positive Destruction – The I-75 Project and Lithic Scatter Research in Florida, Publication No. 16, Florida Anthropological Society.

157

172 – Bolen Points

173 - Bolen Beveled Points (Drawings: Bullen 1975)

Bolen [Beveled] Point - suggested by Bullen (1968). See Bullen (1975). Bolen [Plain] Point - see Lolley, Terry L. (2003) Weeden Island Occupation in the Borderland: An Example from South Alabama. Southeastern Archaeology, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 63-76.

Bolen [Recurvate] Point - false type; see Powell (1990). Bolen [Small Base] Point - false type; see Powell (1990).

158

174 - Prehistoric Bone Points (Information Only)

Bone Point – illustrated but not types. This point was probably common in prehistory, but few have survived. Reference: N/A.

175 - Bonham Point

176 - Bonham Points

Bonham [Stemmed] Point - named by Alex D. Krieger in 1946. It is a small point with a triangularshaped blade with a small square stem. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Bullen (1975) suggests: … same as unleveled form, but has alternating beveled edges. Major attribute: beveled blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Krieger, Alex D. (1946) Cultural Complexes and Chronology in Northern Texas. University of Texas Publication, No. 4640. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Bonito [Notched] Point - named for a pueblo in New Mexico (credit to: Justice 2002). It is a small point with deep, narrow notches and a convex base. Type dates 750 to 950 AD and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

159

1 - Reference: Lekson, Stephen H. (1997) Points, Knives, Drills of Chaco Canyon. In: Lithic and Ornaments of Chaco Canyon: Analysis of Artifacts from the Chaco Project 1971-1978, Vol. II,, F. Mathien, ed., pp. 659-695, Publications in Archaeology 18G, Chaco Canyon Studies, National Park Service. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Bonneville [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large point with a concave base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in Idaho, Utah, and Nevada. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology. Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

Borax Lake [Lanceolate] Point – a fluted point, see reference.

Reference: Harrington, Mark (1948) An Ancient Site at borax Lake, California. Southwest Museum Papers 1.

177 - Borax Lake Points

Borax Lake [Stemmed] Point - named after the lake in California. It is a broad, barbed point with a square stem and straight base. Type dates after 1000 BC and is found in the Great Basin and California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: This square stemmed point has numerous names in the Plains, but it has good archaeological data, regardless of its name.

Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO.

Borax Lake [Wide Stem] Point - false type and see Perino (2002).

Reference: Harrington, Mark R. (1948) An Ancient Site at Borax Lake, California. Southwest Museum Papers 16.

Bossier Bayou [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a parish in Louisiana. It is a medium point with a rounded stem. It is dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

160

178 - Bottleneck Points

Bottleneck Point - reference to morphological style. It is sometimes called a type (Hranicky 2001).

Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1989) A Guide to the Identification of Virginia Projectile Points. Special Publication Number 17, Archaeological Society of Virginia.

179 - Boydton Point (3 views)

Boydton [Stemmed] Point –named after the city in Virginia. Type is often classified as a Rossville or Morrow Mountain; however, the manufacture technology separates it from these and other bifacial forms. Its distribution is tentatively assigned to southern Virginia. It is a long narrow point with a high (hump) medial ridge. It is made off a blade which causes its flat ventral face. The margins are steeply beveled or pitched. The tip is needle-like and sharp. Initially, the point’s length is approximately 50 mm. Base is pointed or square. Type had not been dated, but pre-8000 BC is suggested. Major attribute: high medial ridge. Type validity: distinctive. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2009) Material Culture in Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

180 - Bradford Points

Bradford [Stemmed] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a medium point with an expanding stem and convex base. Type dates 600 AD and is found in Florida and Georgia. Bullen (1975) suggests: … point with an expanded tang which is narrow than blade and has a straight to excurvate base. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

161

2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

181 - Bradley Point

Bradley [Spiked] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956. It is a small-to-medium, narrow (spiked) point with slightly excurvate blade edges, rounded shoulders, and straight base. Type dates to the Archaic or Woodland periods and is found in the Southeast and lower Middle Atlantic area. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are asymmetrically tapered. Hafting area is usually straight. Basal edges are usually straight. Major attribute: shape. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, pp. 27-28. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Brandywine [Stemmed] Point – first identified by Kent (1970). It is not used as a type. 1 - Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territorially Among Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. PhD dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

182 - Brannon Points

Brannon [Notched] Point - named by Thomas Cook in the Koster site report. It is a medium point with a slightly concave base. Type dates 3500 to 3000 BC and is found in the Illinois area. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cook, Thomas Glenn (1976) Koster: An Artifact Analysis of Two Archaic Phases in West-central Illinois. Northwestern University Archaeological Program, Prehistoric Records 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Brass Point - for an example, see Bauman, Jerry L. (1989) A Brass Arrowpoint From San Patricio County, Texas. Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association, La Tierra 16(4):25-28.

162

183 - Brazos Points

Brazos [Notched] Point - named by Frank H. Watt in 1978. It is a small-to-medium point with shallow notches and concave base. Also, it is called the Rex Rogers point. Type dates 7000 BC and is found in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: type has a fishtail form.

1 - Reference: Watt, Frank H. (1978) Radiocarbon Chronology of Sites in the Central Brazos Valley. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 49. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

184 – Brandy Points

Brandy [Notched] Point - named by Word and Douglas in 1970. It is a medium point with a triangular based and concave base, Type dates 6000 to 4000 BC and is found in southern Texas. Major attribute: flared corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Word, James H. and C. L. Douglas (1970) Excavations at Baker Cave, Val Verda County, Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum, No. 16. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

Brandywine [Notched] Point - named by Barry C. Kent in 1970. It is a small, eared point with excurvate blade edges. Base is straight, convex, or concave. Base is sometimes ground, but never the side notch. Type date has not been determined, and it is found in Maryland and surrounding areas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.

185 - Breckenridge-Dalton Points

163

Breckenridge-Dalton [Lanceolate] Point - first reported by Ronald Thomas in 1962. It is a medium-to-large point with broad, shallow notches and a concave base with rounded basal corners. Type dates 7500 to 7000 BC and is found in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Major attribute: beveled and serrated. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Thomas, Ronald (1962) Projectile Point Sequence at the Breckenridge Rock Shelter. Arkansas Archaeologist, Vol. 3, No. 10. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Brewerton Phase Point - see DeRegnaucourt (1991).

186 - Brewerton Points

187 - Brewerton Eared Points

164

188 - Brewerton Point Distribution

Brewerton [Various] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It occurs as side-notched, triangle (eared), or corner-notched forms. It is a medium point with pronounced shoulders and a straight or slightly convex base. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in the eastern U.S. For corner-notched forms, Ritchie (1961) suggests: … broad thick, corner-notched points. Blade is triangular, biconvex in cross section; edges slightly excurvate. Base is straight, slightly convex or rarely concave. For Eared-Notched forms, Ritchie (1961) suggests: … generally broad, thick, weakly side notched points with broad base with flanges. For the triangle form, Ritchie (1961) suggests: … relatively thin, isosceles triangular points with delicately chipped ears on either side of the base. For the side-notched form, Ritchie (1961) suggests: … broad, thick, side notched points, predominantly of medium size. Justice (1987) suggests all varieties have a broad blade. Major attribute: mixed. Type has these varieties:  Triangular form  Eared form  Corner notched form  Side notched form. Major attribute: mixed. Type validity: traditional (all). Similar to: Matanzas. Comment: For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1946) A Stratified Prehistoric Site at Brewerton, New York. Rochester Museum of Arts and Science, Rochester, NY. 3 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1945) An Early Site in Cayuga County, New York. Lewis H. Morgan Chapter, Rochester, NY. 4 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1981) Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 6 - Reference: Rue, David J. and Christopher A. Bergman (1991) Contemporaneity of Late Archaic Piedmont Projectile Point Forms: The Woodward Site (36-CH-374), Chester County, Pennsylvania. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, Vol. 7, pp. 127-154. 7 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1981) Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 8 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 9 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 10 - Reference: Boudreau, Jeff (2005) The Rubin Farm Site, Norton, MA. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 34-44. 11 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 12 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society. 13 - Reference: George, Richard L. (2005) The Murphy’s Old House Site (36AR129): A Historic and Prehistoric MultiComponent Site. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 1-28. 14 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Corner Notched

Eared Notched

165

Side Notched Eared Triangle 189 - Brewerton Points (Ritchied 1961)

Briar Creek [Lanceolate/Stemmed] Point - named by James L. Michie in 1968. It is a mediumto-large, long, narrow point with constricting stem and concave base. It occurs both as a lanceolate and stemmed form. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in South Carolina. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Michie, James L. (1968) The Briar Creek Lanceolate. Chesopiean, Vol. 6, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Sassaman, Kenneth E., I. Randolph Daniel, Jr., and Christopher R. Moore (2002) G. S. Lewis-East – Early and Late Archaic Occupations along the Savannah River, Aiken County, South Carolina. Savannah River Archaeological Research Paper 12, South Carolina Archaeological Research Program, University of South Carolina.

Briass [?] Point - see Bauman, Jerry L. (1989) A Briass Arrowpoint From San Patricio County, Texas. Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association La Tierra Vol.16, No. 4, pp. 25-28.

190 Brighton Knife

Brighton Knife - named here after the city in Maine. Type was discovered at the Neville Site (Dincause 1976). It is a large triangularly-shaped knife with semicurved base. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

191 – Bridgeport Points (After: Baker 2009)

Bridgeport [Bifurcate] Point - named by Baker (2009) after a city in Alabama. It is a medium point with rounded bilobes. It has a triangular blade. It dates to the Middle Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Small bifurcated stem. Type validity: Distinctive. 166

Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Bristol Diagonal [Notched] Point - see Winters, Howard D. (1963) An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois. Illinois State Museum, Reports of Investigations, No. 10, Springfield, IL.

192 - British Columbia Points (Type 1)

193 - British Columbia Points (Type 2)

194 - British Columbia Points (Type 3)

Type 4 Type 5 Type 6 Glenrose Lochnome Lytton 195 - British Columbia Points

British Columbia Provisional Points – not named here; they are suggested types. Type 1 – Stemmed point with weak shoulders. Base is straight or slightly indented. No date has been established, but the type occurs in Washington and British Columbia.

167

Type 2 – A lanceolate form with a tapering stem. Base is straight and usually shows the original striking platform. No date has been established, but the type occurs in Washington and British Columbia. Type 3 – A knife form with a V-shaped blade. No date has been established, but the type occurs in Washington and British Columbia Type 4 – Bipointed with a thick cross section. No date has been established, but the type occurs in Washington and British Columbia Type 5 – Deeply corner-notched point with a round base. No date has been established, but the type occurs in Washington and British Columbia Type 6 - Wide corner-notched point with a round base. No date has been established, but the type occurs in Washington and British Columbia References: none.

196 - Broad River Points

Broad River [Stemmed] Point - named by James L. Michie in 1968. It is a large, broad point with a wide stem and straight base. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in the Carolinas. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Michie, James L. (1968) The Broad River Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 8, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 Reference: - Ledbetter, J. Jerald (1995) Archaeological Investigations at Mill Branch Sites 9WR4 and 9WR11, Warren County, Georgia. Technical Reports No. 3, Interagency Archaeological Services Division, Atlanta, GA.

197 - Broadhead Points

Broadhead [Notched] Point - named probably by the Shawnee site crew in Pennsylvania in 1985. It is a narrow point with shallow side notches and a convex base. Type dates 6900 BC and is found in the area where New Jersey,

168

Pennsylvania, and New York meet. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Type has archaeological context but lacks geographical distribution.

Reference: McNett, Charles W., Jr. (1985) Shawnee-Minisink: A Stratified Paleoindian-Archaic site in the Upper Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania. Academic Press, Inc., NY.

198 – Broad Run Points

Broad Run [Notched] Point – named here after the run in northern Virginia. It is a large point made off a quartzite flake. Base is the bulb scar and flaking only occurs on the side opposite the bulb scar. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is only found in the middle Potomac River valley. Major attribute: flake manufacture. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Broadspears - The broadspear is a reference to a projectile point with a wide blade. It is frequently in a nonexpended form; expended forms have little blade remaining. Due to its size, it is not flyable as a projectile point and is classified as a knife (Plate 5). The broadspear dates to the Middle Archaic Period and starts with the Morrow Mountain and Stanly technologies (Hranicky 2002). For the Late Archaic Period, the eastern U.S. has the following broadspears: 1 – Koens-Crispin 2 – Saratoga 3 – Long 4 – Savannah River 5 – Ledbetter 6 – Genesee 7 – Pickwick. Reference Hranicky, Wm Jack (2010) Material Culture from Prehistoric Virginia (2 Vols,) AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. KOENS-CRISPIN

SARATOGA AND GENESEE

SUSQUEHANNA AND PERKIOMEN

LEDBETTER AND PICKWICK

SAVANNAH RIVER

199 – Broadspear Distribution

169

Examples of Virginia and North Carolina Broadspears (Formerly in the Fred Morgan Collection)

#1 – Koens-Crispin broadspear, quartzite, L = 164, W = 76, T = 11 mm. It is well made, thin, and has a flat profile, Prince George County, Virginia).

#2 – Savannah River broadspear, quartzite, L = 142, W = 64, T = 14 mm, Sussex County, Virginia.

#4 – Morrow Mountain II broadspear, quartzite, L = broken, W = 75, T = 18 mm, Nansemond County, Virginia.

#3 – Savannah River broadspear, quartzite, L = 130, W = 44, T = 16 mm, King William, County, Virginia.

#5 – Morrow Mountain I broadspear, quartzite, L = 99, W = 57, T = 15 mm, Stokes County, North Carolina.

#6 – Koens-Crispin broadspear, rhyolite, L = 103, W = 44, T = 16 mm, Stokes County, North Carolina.

#7 – Savannah River broadspear, weathered rhyolite, L = 151, W = 53, T = 12 mm, Giles County, Virginia. It probably had a wide blade, but resharpening has reduced its width. The point is identified here as the Coe Stemmed Point.

170

Bronson Knife - described by Curtis Tunnell in 1959 and named for a Texas town. It is a large blade with cortex remaining. Type dates 200 to 1300 AD and is found in Texas. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Tunnell, Curtis D. (1959) Evidence of a Late Archaic Horizon at Three Sites in the McGee Bend Reservoir, San Augustine County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 20.

200 - Browns Valley Points

Browns Valley [Lanceolate] Point - named by Albert E. Jelks in 1937 after a valley in Minnesota. It is a thin, broad, well-made point with excurvate blade and straight base. Type dates 6000 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Perino (1985) suggests … a well-made lanceolate with basal thinning. Major attribute: excurvate lateral margins. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Jelks, Albert E. (1937) Minnesota Browns Valley Man and Associated Burial Artifacts. Memoir of the American Anthropological Association, No. 49. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 3 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 4 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis(1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada.

171

Proceeding, No. 11, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO.

201 - Broward Points

202 - Broward Point

203 - Broward Points (Bullen 1975)

Broward [Stemmed] Point - named after the county in Florida. It is a medium point with slightly flaring stem. Base is concave, straight, or convex. Type dates 0 to 1200 AD and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … large sized point with straight to excurvate blade edges, fairly sharp corners, and a tang nearly as wide as maximum blade width. Base may be concave, straight, or convex, but base corners are round. Major attribute: hanging barbs. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1975) A Guide to the Identification Of Florida Projectile Points. Kendall Books, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

172

Broward Subtypes - false typing. See Schroder (2002).

Southern Virginia, Jasper, L = 162, W = 36, T = 6 mm, Parallel Flaking 204 - Brunswick Knife

Brunswick [Knife] Point - named after specimens that were first observed in Brunswick County, Virginia. It is a long narrow point with parallel flaking. It has a pronounced base, indicating it was made off a blade. It probably dates to the Paleoindian era. Major attribute: parallel flake scars. Type validity: Conditional Similar to: Stanfield point. Comment: New knife style.

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2008) The Brunswick Knife and the Facet Platform. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp.137-139.

205 - Brunswick Points (Perino 1991)

Brunswick [Notched] Point - see Tomak, Curtis H. (1980) An Outline of the Cultural Sequence of a Portion of the Valley of the West Fork of the White River in Southwestern Native Americana. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Paper presented: Annual Meeting, Native Americana Historical Society, Indianapolis, IN. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Buchanan [Lanceolate] Point - named by Michael Moratto in 1972 after the reservoir in California. It is a long point with a deep concave base. Type dates 1000 BC to 700 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Moratto, Michael J. (1972) A Study of the Prehistory of the Southern Sierra Nevada Foothills. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

173

206 - Buck Creek Point

207 - Buck Creek Point

Buck Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Mark F. Seeman in 1975. It is a small-to-medium point with triangular blade, barbed, and small straight stem. Base is straight. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in the Middle Ohio River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … a medium barbed point with a rectangular stem. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Seeman, Mark F. (1975) Buck Creek Barbed Projectile Points. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 22, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Buck Garden [Notched] Point - no one is credited with its name. It is a small point with fairly pronounced shoulders, wide stem, and straight base. Type probably dates to the Archaic period and is found in West Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false Similar to: Comment: Type has not been established archaeologically. 174

208 - Buck Gulley Points

Buck Gully [Triangle] Point - first reported by Lester A. Ross and John E. Fitch in 1970. It is a small point with deep concave base. Type dates 600 to 1450 AD and is found in southern California. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ross, Lester A. and John E. Fitch (1970) 4 bra-190: A Descriptive Site Report of a Late Prehistoric Horizon Site in Orange County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 7, Nos. 2-3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Buck Rock [Stemmed] Point - no data available; see Justice (2002a). Reference: N/A.

Bucks Lake [Notched] Point – named for a site in the Sierra Nevadas. It is a wide-stemmed points in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada in northern California, dated between ca. 5600 and 3000 B.C. The Bucks Lake wide-stemmed type is comparable to the Borax Lake wide-stemmed type Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to:

Reference: Crew, Harvey and Ann Peak (1983). Archaeological Investigations at CA-Plu – 115, Boathouse Point on Buck’s Lake, Plumas County, California, Peak and Associates, Inc. Sacramento, CA.

Buck Taylor Wolf Point - collector source; needs to be defined archaeologically. Buck Taylor [Notched] Point - named after a spring near Flagstaff, Arizona. It is a small point with narrow notches and has a deep basal concavity. Type dates 1400 to 1800 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: White Mountain, Awatovi. Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

209 - Buffalo Gap Points

Buffalo Gap [Notched] Point - named by Thomas Kehoe in 1966 after Buffalo Gap in Canada. It is a small point with pronounced side notches and a concave base. Type dates 1700 AD and is found on the Northern Plains. Major attribute: dipping corner. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: 175

Comment:

210 - Buffalo Point

Buffalo [Notched/Stemmed] Point - no one is credited with naming the point; however, it is probably attributed to Bettye J. Broyles. It is a broad, medium point with a short stem and straight base. Type probably dates to the Archaic period and is found in West Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false Similar to: Comment: Type has not been established archaeologically.

1 - Reference: Broyles, Bettye J. (1976) A Late Archaic Component at the Buffalo Site, Putnam County, West Virginia. Report of Archaeological Investigations No. 6, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. 2 - Reference: Ison, Cecil R. et al. (1985) Archaeological Investigations at the Green Sulphur Springs Site Complex, West Virginia. Report to: Environmental Services Division, West Virginia Department of Highways, Charleston, WV.

211 - Buggs Island Points

Buggs Island [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky and Loy C. Carter in 1989 after an island in Virginia where the type was first observed. It is a small-to-medium point with a triangular blade and a small constricting stem. Base is straight. Type dates 2500 to 1500 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: tapering stem. Type validity: positive Similar to: Neville. Comment: Type has several names and needs defining. Type has been identified archaeologically in Virginia as dating 2000 BC.

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1989) A Guide to the Identification of Virginia Projectile Points. Special Publication Number 17, Archaeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

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212 - Bulbar Points

Bulbar [Stemmed] Point - named by James Corbin in 1974. It is an ovate point with rounded stem. Shoulders are pointed. Type dates 1250 AD and is found on the Texas Gulf coast. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Corbin, James (1974) A Model for Cultural Succession for the Coastal Bend Area of Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 45. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

Bull Brook [Lanceolate] Point - named by Douglas Byers in 1954 after the site in Massachusetts. It is a medium-to-large fluted point with concave base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Byers, Douglas (1954) Bull Brook: A Fluted Point Site in Ipswich, Massachusetts. American Antiquity, Vol. 19, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Bradley, James W., Arthur E. Spiess, Richard A. Boisvert, and Jeff Boudreau (2008) What’s the Point?: Modal Forms and Attributes of Paleoindian Bifaces in New England-Maritimes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 36, pp. 119-172. 4 – Reference: Robinson, Brian S., Jennifer C. Ort, William A. Eldridge, Adrian L. Burke, and Bertrand G. Pelletier (2009) Paleoindian Aggretion and Social Context at Bull Brook. American Antiquity, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 423-447.

Bull Brook – West Athens Hill [Lanceolate] Point – similar point to the plain Bull Brook, variation point. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: conditional. 1 - Reference: Bradley, James W., Arthur E. Spiess, Richard A. Boisvert, and Jeff Boudreau (2008) What’s the Point?: Modal Forms and Attributes of Paleoindian Bifaces in New England-Maritimes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 36, pp. 119-172.

213 - Bull Creek Points

Bull Creek [Triangle] Point - named by Dennis Weber and described by Richard Holmer and Dennis Weber in 1980. It is a thin triangular point with a concave base. Type dates 1000 to 1300 AD and is found in the Southwest.

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Major attribute: long triangular blade. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Homer, Richard N. and Dennis G. Weder (1980) Common Post-Archaic Projectile Points of the Fremont Area. In: Fremont Perspectives, ed. D. Madsen, pp. 55-83, Utah State Historical Society, Antiquities Section, Selected Papers Vol. 7, No. 16. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

214 - Bullen Knives (Schroder 2002)

Bullen [Corner-Tang] Knife - named by Lloyd Schroder after the archaeologist Ripley Bullen. It is a medium knife with one side or corner notch. Base is straight or convex. Type dates to the Woodland (?) period and is found in the lower Southeast. Major attribute: single notch. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type still needs to be established archaeologically.

1 - Reference: Neill, Wilfred T. (1963) Three New Florida Projectile Point Types, Believed Early. Florida Anthropologists, Vol. 16, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. Note: This style knife was found associated with an articulated mammoth at the Dent site in Colorado (Wormington 1957). The Dent specimen does not show notching, but the Florida Paleoindian inferences is made here.

Bulverde Broad Knife - see Schambach (1998).

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215 - Bulverde Points

Bulverde [Stemmed] Point - named by J. Charles Kelley in 1947. It is a large, barbed point with a square stem. Type dates 3000 to 1500 BC and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... strong-shouldered to barbed point that is thin and finely flaked. Major attribute: rectangular stem. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kelly, J. Charles (1947) The Lehmann Rock Shelter: A Stratified Site of the Toyah, Uvalde, and Round Rock Foci. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 18. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Peeples, Matthew (2003) An Analysis of the Projectile Points from the Chytha Site (41JK66), Jackson County, Texas. La Tierra, Southern Texas Anthropological Association, Vol. 30, No. 1&2, pp. 37-63. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Bulverde Subgroups A and B - false type; see Schambach (1998). Bulverde, Variety Expanded Stem - false type; see Schambach (1998). Bulverde, Variety Heavy Blade - false type; see Schambach (1998).

216 - Burkett Points

Burkett [Stemmed] Point - named by J. Raymond Williams in 1974. It is a medium, broad point with square or tapered stem. Base is straight with rounded corners. Type dates 300 BC and is found in Missouri. Major attribute: broad blade. Type validity: conditional. 179

Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Williams, J. Raymond (1974) The Baytown Phase in the Cairo Lowlands of Southeast Missouri. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

217 - Burinated Point

Burinated Point - modified blade on a point. Technique occurs across various types. Generally, it is found on pre-Woodland points, but it was common on Adena points.

218 - Burnt Bluff Points

Burnt Bluff [Stemmed/Notched] Point - named by Charles E. Cleland and Richard Peske in 1968. It is a medium point with mixed stems. Type dates around 250 AD and is found in Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. Major attribute: convex stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cleland, Charles E. and G. Richard Peske (1968) The Spider Cave Site. In: Prehistory of the Burnt Bluff Area, edited by J. Fitting. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan No. 34, pp. 20-60. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Burnt Cain [Spiked] Point - named by Floyd Painter. It is a long, narrow point with a twist in the blade. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in southeastern Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: N/A Similar to: Comment: Painter never finalized the type. Reference: unpublished.

Burrough [Lanceolate] Point - named after George Burroughs of Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a

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small-to-medium point with an excurvate blade and straight base. It does not have a date but is estimate here at 5000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

219 - Burwell Point Scraper and Points

Burwell [Stemmed] Point - named by Lucianne Lavin and Lyent W. Russell in 1985. It is a small, thick point with wide stem and concave base. Point is often eared which gives the impression of being notched. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found from eastern Pennsylvania to Rhode Island. Major attribute: flaring stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Lavin, Lucianne and Lyent W. Russell (1985) Excavations of the Burwell-Karako site: New Data on Cultural Sequences and Artifact Typologies in Southern New England. Bulletin, Archaeological Society of Connecticut, No. 48.

Buttontail (Point) - collector reference to a small dovetail. Term generally applies to the Midwest dovetails.

220 - Buzzard Roost Creek Points

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Buzzard Roost Creek [Bifurcate] Point - named by James W. Cambron in 1958 after a site in Alabama. It is a medium point with short, rounded bilobes. Type dates 5000 to 3000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are inversely tapered and barbs expand outward. Blade is recurvate. Stem is straight or expanded. Basal edge is usually bifurcated, but may be auriculated. Major attribute: round lobes. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Rice , Southampton, and St Albans. Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. (1958) Some Early Projectile Point Types from the Tennessee Valley, Part III. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 4, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 4 - Reference: Meeks, Scott C. (2000) The Use and Function of Late Middle Archaic Projectile Points in the Midsouth. University of Alabama Museums, Moundville Archaeological Park, Moundville, AL. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

221 - Bynum Point

Bynum [Notched] Point - described by Curtis Thomas. It is a medium-to-large point with a straight or convex base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Major attribute: dovetail. Type validity: positive Similar to: St Charles. Comment: It is similar to numerous dovetail forms, but can be used as a standalone type.

1 - Reference: Tomak, Curtis H. (1980) An Outline of the Cultural Sequence of a Portion of the Valley of the West Fork of the White River in Southwestern Native Americana. Paper presented: Annual Meeting, Native Americana Historical Society, Indianapolis, IN. 2 - Reference: Tomak, Curtis (1983) A Proposed Prehistoric Cultural Sequence for a Section of the Valley of the West Fork of the White River in southwestern Native Americana. Tennessee Anthropologist, Vol. 8, No. 1. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Cc Cache Diagonal [ Notched] Point - see Winters, Howard D. (1963) An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois. Illinois State Museum, Reports of Investigations, No. 10, Springfield, IL. Cache Creek [Notched] Point - named for a creek in California. It is a medium point with a convex base. Type dates 4000 to 1500 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: none. 182

Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

222 - Cache River Points

Cache River [Notched] Point - named by Ron Cloud in 1969 for a river in Arkansas. It is a medium point with side notches and a straight base. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, and northern Texas. Perino (1985) suggests … a thin point with narrow notches. Major attribute: side notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Big Sandy. Comment: It is similar to numerous side-notched forms, but can be used as a standalone type. 1 - Reference: Cloud, Ron (1969) Cache River Side-Notched Points. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 16, No. 3, p. 119. 2 - Reference: Tully, Lawrence N. and Steven N. Tulley (1986) Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North American Native American. Collector Books, Paducah, KY.

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223 – Cactus Hill Points

Cactus Hill Lanceolate/Triangle] Point - found at the Cactus Hill site in Virginia. It is a medium triangular lanceolate point with a straight base. Type may be pre-Clovis and is probably found in North Carolina as well as Virginia. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: Positive. Similar to: Elys Ford. Comment: Point is always made using blade technology. 1 - Reference: McAvoy, Joseph M. and Lynn D. McAvoy (1997) Archaeological Investigations of the Site 44Sx202, Cactus Hill, Sussex County, Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Research Report Series No. 8, Richmond, VA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2010) Material Culture from Prehistoric Virginia (2 vols.). AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

224 - Caddo Biface

Caddo Biface – may be a type; it is probably a form of the Adena. Stem/shoulder area has a small indentation for hafting. It appears the be a lower Mississippi River valley form. Reference: N/A.

225 - Cadwalader Points

Cadwalader [Notched] Point - named by R. Alan Mounier in 1974. It is a medium point with a wide stem and very shallow notches. Base is convex. Type dates 750 BC and is found in southern Delaware. Major attribute: Shallow side notches.. 184

Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Mounier, Alan R. (1974) Archaeological Investigations in the Maurice River Tidewater Area, New Jersey. Man in the Northeast, Vol. 7. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

226 – Cahokia Points

Cahokia [Notched] Point - formalized by Edward G. Scully in 1951 after the site in Illinois; originally named by Warren K. Moorehead in 1922. It is a thin, well-made, side-notched point with a straight or slightly concave base. Type dates 900 to 1300 AD and is found in the Midwest. Major attribute: notches. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: Type is well defined archaeologically and can be used as a time marker. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Moorehead, Warren K. (1922/2000) The Cahokia Mounds. Reprint: University Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. 2 – Reference: Scully Edward G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 3 – Reference: Hall, Robert L. (1975) Chronology and Phases at Cahokia. In: Perspectives in Cahokia Archaeology, Illinois Archaeological Survey, Bulletin No. 10. 4 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

227 - Cahokia Points (Bostrom Cast)

Cahokia (Sharkstooth) - triangular-shaped, sometimes stemmed implement with a serrated blade. It is based on specimens from the Cahokia site in Illinois. Major attribute: none. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: N/A. Comment: none.

1 - Reference: Scully, Edward G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1959) Recent Information from Cahokia and Its Satallites. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 130-138.

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Cahonino [Triangle] Point – see Rondreau, Michael F. (1975) Projectile Point Analysis for the Kahorsho Site: NA 10937, Central Arizona. Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State Polytechnic University. Cairo [Notched] Point - see Winters, Howard D. (n.d.) Projectile Points of the Cache River Valley. Manuscript at the Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL.

228 - Calapooya Points

Calapooya [Multiform] Point - named in Smithsonian publications. It is a small point with pronounced serrations and a variety of shapes. Type dates to the historic period and is found in Columbia River basin of Oregon. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

229 - Calcasieu Points

Calcasieu [Notched] Point - named by James Green in 1991 after a river in Louisiana. It is a medium point with a convex or straight base. Type dates 3500 to 1000 BC and is found in Louisiana and Texas. Major attribute: convex base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Type is another name for the Gulf states basal notched point.

Reference: Green, James A., Jr. (1991) Calcasieu Point A Formal Description. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2.

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230 - Calf Creek Points

231 - Calf Creek Points

232 – Calf Creek Point Distribution

Calf Creek [Notched] Point - named by Don Dickson in 1968. It is a medium-to-large point with straight blade edges, deep basal notches, and straight base. Type dates 7000 BC and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with deep narrow basal notches and a long rectangular stem. Major attribute: deep basal notched. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Smith, Andice, Citrus. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Dickson, Don (1968) Two Provisional Projectile Point Types. Arkansas Amateur Archaeologist, Vol. 7, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

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233 - Calvert Points

Calvert [Stemmed] Point - named by Robert Stephenson, L. and G. Ferguson in 1963 after a county in Maryland. It is a very short, thick, wide point with rudimentary shoulders, parallel-sided or constricting stem with a straight or slightly rounded base. Type dates 500 BC and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: none Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Type is difficult to define, but it does has an archaeological context.

Camas Creek [Notched] Point - not available; see Justice (2002a).

Reference: Plew, Mark G. (1980) Recent Data from Nehas Cave: A Further Note on the Origins of the Bow and Arrow in the Great Basin. Masterkey, Vol. 54, pp. 146-149.

234 - Cambron Points (Drawings: Baker 1995)

Cambron [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 in honor of James W. Cambron. It is a medium point with wide corner notches and a rounded stem. Type dates 7250 to 6750 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

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235 - Cameron Points

Cameron [Triangle] Point - named by Richard MacNeish and found a county in Texas. It is a small point with rounded corners and a convex base. Type dates to the historic period and is found in the lower Rio Grande valley. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... small, usually equilateral, triangle point with straight to slightly convex edges. Base is straight. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Mallouf, R. J. and Anthony Zavaleta (1979) The Unland Site: A Prehistoric Group Burial from Laguna Atasoosa National Wildlife Refuge, Cameron County, Texas. Office of the State Archaeologist, Special Report, No. 35. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

236 - Camp Creek Points

Camp Creek [Triangle] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956. It is a triangular point with a concave base. Basal corners are sharp. Type dates 1000 BC to 500 AD and is found in Tennessee and Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is usually straight; rarely incurvate or excurvate. Base is concave and thinned. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Lewis, Thomas M. N. and Madeline Kneberg (1957) The Camp Creek Site. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XIII, No. 1, pp. 1-48. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

237 – Campbell Knife

Campbell [Knife] Point – named by Wm Jack Hranicky after a county in Virginia. A platform setup is the 189

basis for the manufacture of this point. The style was named after the county where it was first observed. It is a crude-towell-made biface. The striking platform remains and forms the shoulders of the blade. It was probably hafted. Primary materials are quartzite, slate, and quartz. It has an upland focus, but distribution remains to be established. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Camas Creek [Notched] Point – see Plew, Mark G (1980). Archaeological Investigations in the Southcentral Owyhee Uplands, Idaho. Boise State University, Archaeological Report No. 7.

238 – Camus Valley Points

Camus Valley [Stemmed] Point - named by Larry Wheeler in 1983 after a valley in Oregon. It is a small-to-medium point with a small squarish stem. It has hanging shoulders. Type dates to the protohistoric period and is found in Oregon. Major attribute: hanging shoulders. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

239 - Canalino Points (Harwood 1986)

Canaliño [Triangle] Point - named after specimens found near Kramer Junction in the Southern Mojave. It is a long, narrow point with a concave base. Type date is 1300 AD and is found in California. Canaliño triangular points, also termed Canaliño swallow-tailed points, are equivalent to the Cottonwood triangular type. Major attribute: narrow blade. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wedel, Waldo (1941) Archaeological Investigations at Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 130. 2 - Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 – Reference: King, Chester. 1978. Protohistoric and Historic Archeology. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 5868. Handbook of North American Indians, William C Sturtevant, general editor, Vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Canalino [Stemmed] Point - named by C. D. King in 1978. It is a medium, tear-shaped point. Type dates 1500 to 1700 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: tear shape. (Duplicate type?)

1 - Reference: King, C.D. (1978) Protohistoric and Historic Archaeology, in California. Edited by R.F. Heiser, 58-68. Handbook of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 2 – Reference: Koerper, H. and C. Drover (1983) Chronology building for Coastal Orange County: The Case from CA-ORA119-A. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp.1-34.

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Canaliño [Swallow-Tailed] Point – reference to the triangle point.

240 - Candy Creek Point

Candy Creek [Lanceolate] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956. It is an auriculate point with recurved edges and concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … hafting is slightly auriculated and usually expanding with round corners. Base is concave. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, p. 25. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Canfield [Stemmed] Point - named by Barry C. Kent, James P. Bressler, and Karen Rockey. It is a constricting stemmed point with rounded base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in central Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.

Cape [Stemmed] Point - named by Thomas F. Mahlstedt in 1986. It is a medium-to-large, crude point with a variety of stem shapes. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Mahlstedt, Thomas F. (1986) Filling in the Gaps (and Adding New Ones). Collections Analysis on Cape Cod and the Islands. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 47, No. 1.

Cape Symth [Lanceolate] Point – found in Alaska. It is a medium point with an indented base. It dates around 1000 BC. Comment: Type needs defining.

Reference: Musdoch, John (1892) Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. Ninth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

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241 - Capron Points

Capron [Triangle] Point - named by Geral P. Smith in 1984 after a site in Virginia. It is a small-tomedium isosceles triangle with straight base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in southeastern Virginia. Major attribute: straight base.. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Madison. Comment: Type is a site-specific styles.

1 - Reference: Smith, Geral P. (1984) The Hand Site, Southampton County, Virginia. Special Publication Number 11, Archaeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

242 - Caraway Points

Caraway [Triangle] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1937. It is a small triangular point with nearly straight base. Type dates 1500 to European contact. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1937) Keyauwee - A Preliminary Statement. Bulletin, Archaeological Society of North Carolina, Vol. 3, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

243 - Caracara Points

Caracara [Notched] Point - named by R. Saunders and T. Hester in 1993. It is a small-to-medium point with straight or slightly concave base. Type dates 800 to 1300 AD and is found in Texas and Mexico. Major attribute: pronounced stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Saunders, R. K. and T. R. Hester (1993) A Typological Study of Side Notched Points from the Falcon Lake

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Region of Texas and Mexico. La Tierra, Vol. 20, No.2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

244 - Carderock Points

Carderock [Triangle] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky (2001) after the area in Maryland. It is a medium point with straight sides and base. Type dates 1000 to 1200 AD and is found in Maryland and Virginia. Major attribute: straight sides. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Madison, Yadkin, Levanna. Comment: Type is probably a river drainage style which only exists in Maryland and Virginia,

Carlsbad [Notched] Point - name credit is given to Robert Leslie in 1978. It is a medium point with a basal notch. Type dates 1000 BC to 300 AD and is found in west Texas, southern New Mexico, and northern Mexico. Major attribute: basal notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Leslie, Robert H. (1978) Projectile Point Types and Sequences of the Eastern Jornada-Mogollon , Extreme Southeastern New Mexico. Transactions of the 13th Regional Archaeological Symposium for Southeastern New Mexico

and Western Texas, pp. 81-157.

2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Left: North Carolina, right: Florida

193

Left: Virginia, right: Georgia 245 – Carolina Winged Points

Carolina [Wnged] Point - named after specimens first identified in North Carolina. Found through to Maryland. Type is based on morphology and manufacture methods. Type is made from quartzite and shale with southeastern specimens being made from chert. No date is presently assigned to the point. Its closest points for similar shape are the Newnan point (Bullen 1968) and Morrow Mountain (Coe 1964) The point is made off a blade or flake and rarely shows bifacial flaking. However, tentatively, the bifacially-flaked point is included in the type. The medial ridge is present on the face opposite the bulb scar. Area that appears to be the traditional stem is actually the workend; thus, shape varies. Key: point with is 34 to 38 mm. See Nolina point. 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2010) Material Culture in Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Carrier Mills [?] Point - see May, Ernest E. (1982) The Carrier Mills Projectile Point Typology, In: Prehistoric Culture Adaptation in the Carrier Mills Archaeological District, Saline County, Illinois, ed., R. Jefferies and B. Butler, Center for Archaeological Investigations Research Paper 33, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.

246 - Carrizo Points

Carrizo [Notched] Point - named by J. W. House and Thomas R. Hester in 1963. Small-to-medium point with a triangle blade. It has a distinctive U-shaped basal notch. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... a triangular point that has slightly convex lateral edges and a deep single basal notch. Major attribute: basal notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: House, J. W. and Thomas R. Hester (1963) The Carrizo Point. Special Publication of the Carrizo Springs High School Archaeological Society. 2 - Reference: House, John W., and Thomas R. Hester (1967) New Point Type Description: The Carrizo Point. Texas Archaeology 11(3):7-9. Austin. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

194

247 – Carrollton Points

Carrolltan Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

248 - Carrollton Points

Carrollton [Stemmed] Point - named by Wilson Crook and R. K. Harris in 1954 for the focus in Texas. It is a triangular-bladed point with a long stem which has rounded corners and a straight base. Type dates 2000 to 1000 BC and is found in Oklahoma and Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular body with prominent shoulders. Major attribute: long square stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Crook, Wilson and R. K. Harris (1954) Traits of the Trinity Aspect Archaic: Carrollton and Elam Foci. The Record, Vol. 12, No. 1, Dallas Archaeological Society. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks (1962) Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Texas Archeological Society, Special Publications, No. 1, and Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin No. 4. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

195

Carson [Miniature] Point - not available; see Justice (2002a).

Reference: Kelly, Robert L. (1983) An Examination of Amateur Collections from the Carson Sink, Nevada. Bureau of Land Management, Nevada, Contributions to the Study of Cultural Resources Technical Report 10.

249 - Carter Point

Carter [Lanceolate] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1991. It is a large point with shallow stem indentations and a slightly convex base. Type dates 100 to 350 AD and is found in Illinois, Native Americana, and Ohio. Major attribute: constricted waist. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

250 - Cascade Points

251 - Cascade Point (Perino 1985)

196

252 –Cascade Point Distribution

Cascade [Bipointed] Point - named by B. Robert Butler in 1961. It is a small-to-large narrow, leafshaped or rounded base point. Type dates 9000 BC and is found in the Northwest. Major attribute: bipointed. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Any western bipointed point is often called this type; it needs better refining. It has archaeological contexts. Note: The Kennewick Man from Washington state was killed with a Cascade point.

1 - Reference: Butler, B. Robert (1961) The Old Cordilleran Culture in the Pacific Northwest. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State Museum, No. 5. See Old Cordilleran Tradition. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA.

253 – Cascade Points (A, B, and C)

Cascade A [Stemmed] Point - is a common variant of the classic Cascade projectile point defined by Butler (1961, 1962, 1965). It is a broad, often thick lanceolate point with a rounded to pointed base.

1 - Reference: Butler, B. (1961) The Old Cordilleran Culture in the Pacific Northwest. Idaho State College Museum, Occasional Papers, 5. 2 – Reference: Butler, B. (1962) Contributions to the Prehistory of the Columbia Plateau. Idaho State College Museum, Occasional Papers, 9. 3 – Reference: Butler, B. (1965) The Structure and Function of the Old Cordilleran Concept. American Anthropologist 67:1120-1131.

Cascade B [Stemmed] Point - is not of frequent occurrence (Rice 1969, 1972), and is morphologically closest to the Windust C type variant. It is a slender lanceolate point with a slightly concave base.

197

Reference: Rice, H. (1965) The Cultural Sequence at Windust Caves. Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University.

Cascade C [Stemmed] Point - is the classic Cascade type define by Butler (1961, 1962, 1965). It is a slender lanceolate point with a markedly contracting basal margin.

Cascade [Bipoint] Type 1 - false type. Cascade [Bipoint] Type 2 - false type. Cascade [Bipoint] Type 3 - false type. Cascade [Knife} Type - false reference to the point; however, the point was a knife. 254 - Both Faces of a Castroville Point

255 – Castroville Point with Translucent View

256 – Castroville Point

257 - Castroville Points

Castroville [Notched] Point - named by J. Charles Kelley in 1947. It is a medium-to-large triangular-toovate point with deep notches and a straight base. Type dates 200 AD and is found in central Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... long and narrow barbs which form corner notching. Major attribute: basal notches. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kelly, J. Charles (1947) The Lehmann Rock Shelter: A Stratified Site of the Toyah, Uvalde and Round Rock Foci. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 18. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San

198

Antonio, TX. 4 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks (1962) Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Texas Archeological Society, Special Publications, No. 1, and Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin No. 4.

258 - Catoctin Points

Catoctin [Notched] Point - reported in Hranicky and Painter (1988). A small deeply side notched point that has a narrow stem and a flaring, convex base. Material is primarily quartz. Type dates to the Late Archaic Period in to the Woodland. Type is primarily an Ohio River valley point with the Potomac River basin being the eastern limit for distribution. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type needs to be proven archaeologically.

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas. Special Publication Number 16, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Catoma Creek [?] Point - no data; type from collector’s catalog.

259 - Catahoula Points

Catahoula [Notched] Point - named by William Baker and Clarence Webb in 1976. It is a small point with a short expanding stem and shallow notches. Base is convex. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in the upper Red River valley. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... point edges are concave or recurved, and they frequently flare at the shoulders to form distinctive, large, rounded, or square barbs. Stem is expanding, short, and convex. Major attribute: barbed shoulders. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Baker, William S., and Clarence H. Webb (1976) Catahoula Type Projectile Points. Louisiana Archaeology 3:225-251. 2 – Reference: Webb, Clarence H. (1981) Stone Points and Tools of Northwestern Louisiana. Louisiana Archaeological Society, Special Publication No. 1.

199

3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Turner, Robert L., and James E. II (2002) The Harold Williams Site (41CP10) and the Texas Archaeological Society Field School of 1967. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol.73, pp. 1-68. 5 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

260 - Catan Points

Catan [Leaf-Shaped] Point - named by Richard S. McNeish in 1958. It is a small point with rounded stem or base. Type dates 1500 AD and is found in the southern Rio Grande valley. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... well-rounded base that has been thinned by removal of one or two broad, arc-shaped flakes. Major attribute: pointed base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: McNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, new series, Vol. 48, Pt. 6, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks (1962) Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Texas Archeological Society, Special Publications, No. 1, and Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin No. 4. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

261 - Cattle Run Point

200

Catoma Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a tapering stem and straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Cattle Run [Stemmed] Point - named by Clarence Geier in 1996. It is a medium point with a weak stem or rounded base. Type dates 1200 to 1000 BC and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Type has archaeological contexts, but it is often confused with the Morrow Mountain type. Stem is probably the workend. 1 - Reference: Geier, Clarence R. (1996) The Cattle Run Variant of the Savannah River Projectile Point Type. Quarterly Bulletin, Archaeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 154-177. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Cave Run [Stemmed] Point - see Rollingson, Martha A. and Michael J. Rodeffer (1968) The Zilpo Site, Bh 37: Preliminary Excavations in the Cave Run Reservoir, Kentucky: 1968. Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

262 - Cave Spring Point

Cave Spring [Stemmed] Point - named by James Cambron after the Cave Spring site in Alabama. It is a medium point with a slightly expanding stem. Type probably dates to the early Archaic and is found in Alabama and adjacent area. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are tapered and may be barbed. Blade edges are usually straight. Stem is shallowly bifurcated. Major attribute: bifurcated base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol.

201

3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

263 - Cedar Bluff Points (Baker 1995)

Cedar Bluff [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a bluff in Alabama. It is a large point with an expanded stem. Type dates 3000 to 2500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: wide notching. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type needs to be established archaeologically in a site context.

264 - Cedar Creek Points (Drawings: Baker 1995)

Cedar Creek [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a straight base. Type dates 7750 to 7250 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: wide notching. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type needs to be established archaeologically in a site context. Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

265 - Cedar Valley Points (Morrow 1984)

Cedar Valley [Stemmed/Notched] Point - named after a valley in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a small-to-medium point with a small stem. Base is convex. Type dates 500 to 900 AD and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: wide notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

202

Central America Fluted Points - numerous examples of the fluted point have been found in Central America, which shows a widespread distribution for fluted lanceolate technology. Central Coast [Stemmed] Point – named by Terry Jones and George Waugh in 1995. It is a series of large stemmed points, including contracting-stem, concave-base-stemmed, Rossi square-stemmed, and Año Nuevo long-stemmed types. The Central Coast series has sometimes been subdivided into the Rossi and Coastal clusters. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to: 1 - Reference: Jones, Terry L., and Georgie Waugh (eds.). 1995. Central California Coastal Prehistory: A View from Little Pico Creek. Perspectives in California Archaeology No. 3. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Centre [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a town in Alabama. It is medium point with a rectangular stem. Type dates to the Early Woodland era and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

266 - Chaco Points

Chadbourne [Stemmed] Point - named by Darrell Creel in 1993. It is a medium point with a flaring stem. Base is concave. Type dates 900 to 1300 AD and is found in Texas. Major attribute: none.

Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1993) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of the Texas Native Americans. Second Edition. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX.

Chadron [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large point with full-face fluting. Type has no date and is found in the western Plains states. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology. Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

267 - Chagrin River Points

Chagrin River [Stemmed] Point - named by Tony DeRegnaucourt in 1991. It is a large narrow point that is thick and well-made. Type dates 7400 to 7000 BC and is found in Native Americana and Ohio. Major attribute: narrow blade.

203

Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No. 7, Arcanum, OH.

Channel Islands [Stemmed] Point - named after islands in California. It is a medium point with barbed shoulders, needle tip, and a constricting stem. Type dates 1000 BC to 1000 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: This area has early paleo-point dates. Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Chaco [Notched] Point - named for the canyon in New Mexico (as in: Justice 2002). It is a small point with deep, narrow notches and a convex base. Type dates 750 to 950 AD and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Lekson, Stephen H. (1997) Points, Knives, Drills of Chaco Canyon. In: Lithic and Ornaments of Chaco Canyon: Analysis of Artifacts from the Chaco Project 1971-1978, Vol. II,, F. Mathien, ed., pp. 659-695, Publications in Archaeology 18G, Chaco Canyon Studies, National Park Service. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

268 - Translucent Charcos Point

269 - Charcos Points

204

Charcos [Notched] Point - named by Lorraine Heartfield in 1975. It is a small-to-medium dart point with deep notches. Blade edge is notched. Base is convex. Type dates 200 BC and is found in northeastern Mexico. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... shoulders are asymmetrical, one barb is shorter than the other and bifacial notches occur on the straighter edge. Major attribute: blade notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Heartfield, Lorraine (1975) Archaeological Investigations of Four Sites in Southwestern Coahuila, Mexico. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 46. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

270 – Chaple Hill Points

Chapel Hill [Lanceolate] Point – named after the city in North Carolina and in honor of Joffre Coe. This type is one of many spike-perforator points found in the Carolinas and Virginia. Hranicky and Painter (1988) made an attempt at classifying all points in the style as Guilfords after Coe (1964). However, while their function may be universal, there are several styles that can be considered as types. Stratigraphically, the Guilford is dated to the Late Archaic Period. While not reported in an archaeological context, the Chapel Hill point is suggested as dating to the Paleoindian or Early Archaic Period. Distribution is microtypic. Principal lithic material is slate with occurrences in quartz. It is a lanceolate; it is a large, narrow point with rounded corners. Base is indented and sometimes ground. Short thinning flakes were removed from base giving an impression that the point was fluted. Major Attribute: roundish corners. Type Validity: positive. Comparative Types: Guilford (Coe 1964), McKean (Wheeler 1952), and Gunthersville (Cambron and Hulse 1975). See Clovis (Blade) Point. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

205

271 - Charleston Points

Charleston [Notched] Point - named by Bettye J. Broyles in 1971. It is a medium corner-notched point with a straight base. Type dates 7500 to 6500 BC and is found in the Virginias, Carolinas, Maryland, Ohio, and Kentucky. Broyles (1971) suggests: … recurvate blade with medial ridge formed by oblique flakes running toward the base. Blade edges are serrated, and shoulder are terminated in expanding barbs. Stem corners are round and base is flat. Major attribute: oblique flaking. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Kirk, Lost Lake, Pine Tree, Amos, Palmer. Comment: Type has site-specific contexts in archaeology. 1 - Reference: Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archaeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. 2 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Charleston Pine Tree Point - false type. See Pine Tree [Notched] Point.

272 – Chase City Point

Chase City [Triangle/Lanceolate] Point – named after the city, this point style may simply be the distal end of a broken Clovis point that was refitted for usage. If so, the modification is called the Chase City technique. However, most specimens that have been studied have the thickness >10 mm which is the justification for the type. Date and distribution have not be determined. It is a conditional type. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Chattahoochee-Dalton Point - see Dalton [Lanceolate] Point.

206

273 – Chattasofka Creek Points (After: Baker 2009)

Chattasofka Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a short, tapering stem. Type dates to the Lake Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

274 - Chattooga Points (Baker 1995)

Chattooga [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for the river in Alabama. It is a smallto-medium point with a slightly concave base and rounded corners. Type dates 7500 to 7000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: shallow notches. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Chattahochee Dalton [Lanceolate] Point – no data; see Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

Cheaha Creek [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with shallow side notched. Type dates to the Early Woodland era and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

275 - Cheneyhatchee Points (Drawings: Baker 1995)

Cheneyhatchee [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a broad stem and rounded base. Type dates 4500 to 4000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: round stem.

207

Type validity: conditional. Comment:

276 - Cherokee Points (Morrow 1984)

Cherokee [Stemmed] Point - named after the Cherokee Sewer site in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a medium point with a pronounced stem and semi-round base. Type dates 7000 to 6000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: pronounced stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

277 - Chesapeake Points

278 - Chesapeake Points

Chesapeake [Diamond/Knife] Knife - named by Wm Jack Hranicky and Floyd Painter in 1988 after the bay. It is a diamond-shaped knife which was used on all four sides. Often one point-tip is broken. Type has not been dated and is found in the lower middle Atlantic area. Major attribute: diamond shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: This point probably has connections to the Solutrean pointmakers of Iberia. 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas.

208

Special Publication Number 16, Archaeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Cheshire [Notched] Point - no data for the original type publication. It is a medium, narrow point with wide side notches and a straight or slightly rounded base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Robins, Brian S. (1996) A Regional Analysis of the Moorehead Burial Tradition: 8500-3700 BP. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 24, pp. 95-148.

Chesnut Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a tapering stem and straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Chesrow [Lanceolate/Stemmed] Point - no namer available. It is a chunky point with a concave base. Type dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in Wisconsin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment: For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1997) Chapter 5: The Paleoindian Tradition. In: The Wisconsin Archaeologist’s volume Wisconsin Archaeology, ed..: Robert Birmingham, Carol Mason, and James Stoltman, , Vol. 78, No. 1-2. 2 - Reference: Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 3 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA.

279 – Chesser Points

209

Chesser [Notched] Point - named by Olaf Prufer in 1967 for a cave in Ohio. It is a medium point with a flaring stem. Base is straight. Type dates 400 to 700 AD and is found in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, and Virginia. Justice (1987) suggests: … a side notched to expanding stemmed form with wide notch openings. Major attribute: flared stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Lowe, Bakers Creek. Comment: Lowe, Chesser, Steuben, and Bakers Creek are the same pointmaking technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Prufer, Olaf H. (1967) Chesser Cave: A Late Woodland Phase in Southeastern Ohio. In Studies in Ohio Archaeology, edited by O. Prufer and D. McKenzie, pp. 21-22, Kent State University Press. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1963) Ohio Flint Type. Archaeological Society of Ohio. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

280 - Chesterfield Point

Chesterfield [Notched] Point - named for the site in Missouri. It is a large point with a straight or slightly concave base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Missouri. Major attribute: small notches. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Otter Creek. Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Chestnut [Triangle] Point - named by Clarence R. Geier in 1983. It is a medium, long narrow point with straight edges that are often serrated and a base which is straight or very slightly concave. Type dates 100 AD and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: Comment: Type has not been established archaeologically.

210

Chippean [Stemmed] Point – see Dykman, James L. (1976) High Altitude Anasazi Lithic Assemblage: 1972 Elk Ridge Archaeological Project, Manti La Sal National Forest, Monticello District, southwestern Utah, Description, Calification (?), and Cultural Inference. MS thesis, Department of Anthropology, Brigham Young University.

281 - Chewalla Points (Drawings: Baker 1995)

Chewalla Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a large, squarish stem. Type dates 2500 to 2000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: rectangular stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

282 - Chillesquaque Series Points (Fogelman 1988)

Chillesquaque [Series] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is part of a group of Pennsylvania Archaic points sharing similar attributes.

Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

283 - Chillesquaque Points (Fogelman 1988)

Chillesquaque [Triangle] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a medium triangle with a straight or slightly concave base. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in central Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

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284 - Chindadn-Nenana Points (Perino 2002)

Chindadn-Nenana [Blade] Point - reported by George Pearson in 1997. It is a medium point made off a flake. It has various styles. Type dates 9200 BC and is found in Alaska. Major attribute: flat face. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Person, George A. (1997) Expedition Affirms Significance of Moose Creek Site. Mammoth Trumpet, Vol. 12, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

285 - Chipola Points

Chipola [Notched] Point - named by John Powell in 1990. It is a small-to-medium point with notches that cause the stem to flair. Base is deeply concave. Type has no date and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: pointed corners. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Carolinas, Inc., West Columbia, SC. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

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286 - Chiricahua Points

Chiricahua [Notched] Point - named by Herbert W. Dick in 1965 after the cultural stage in New Mexico. It is a medium point with shallow side notches and a concave base. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in New Mexico, Mexico, Arizona, and California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dick, Herbert C. (1965) Bat Cave. Monograph No. 27, School of American Research, Santa Fe, NM. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA.

287 – Chissel-Tipped Points

Chissel Tip Point – point with a flat straight tip. It is found on various point types.

288 - Choccolocco Point

Choccolocco Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a slightly expanding stem. Type dates 2000 to 1500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

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289 - Chocoville Points

Chocoville [Stemmed] Point - named by James A. Brown 1976 after Spiro Mound materials. It is a small point with notched blade and corner notches. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Oklahoma. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Brown, James A. (1976) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma, Research Institute, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA.

Choctawhatchee [Stemmed] Point - named by Kevin Dowdy and John Sowell in 1998. It is a medium point with a deeply concaved base, and sometimes has indented stem sides. Type dates 1500 to 500 BC and is found in the southeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Dowdy, Kevin and John Sowell (1998) Best of the Best. Flint River Trading Post, Fowlstown, GA. 2 - Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

Choctaw [Notched] Point - no data; type from collector’s catalog. Chota [Metal] Point - named by Paul Gleeson, Duane King, Danny Olinger, and Richard Polhemus in 1970. It is a metal point with a triangular blade with no stem. Some specimens are perforated. Type dates to the 1700s and has no defined distribution. Original points were found in Tennessee. Major attribute: N/A. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Gleeson, Paul, Duane H. King, Danny E. Olinger, and Richard R. Polhemus (1970) Archaeological Investigations in the Tellico Reservoir, Interim Report. Report of Investigations No. 8, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.

290 - Chuckatuck Points

Chuckatuck [Notched] Point - named by Edward Bottoms in 1986. It is a medium point with notched basal corners and concave base. Type dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in southeastern Virginia. 214

Major attribute: ground base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Bottoms, Edward (1986) The Chuckatuck Projectile Point: A Late Paleoindian Type in Eastern Virginia and North Carolina. Chesopiean, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 17-20.

291 - Chumash Points (Harwood 1986)

Chumash [Stemmed] Point - named after the Chumash Native Americans. It is a lozenge-shaped point with a round base. Type dates 1000 to 1800 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. False type, it is not generally accepted in professional archaeology. Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

Church Hill [Notched] Point – named by Thomas Sanders. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates 7000 to 6000 BC and is found in Kentucky. Major attribute: none. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Sanders, Thomas N. (1980) The Church Hill Projectile Point: A Provisional Type from Christian County, Kentucky. Bulletin, Kentucky Archaeological Association, Vol. 14-15, pp. 64-66.

292 - Cienega Points

Cienega [Stemmed] Point - first described by Christian Downum, Adrianne Rankin, and Jon Czaplicki in 1988. It is a medium point with hanging shoulders. Base is straight or curved. Type has not been dated and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: 215

Comment:

1 - Reference: Downum, Christain E. Adrianne E. Rankin, and Jon S. Czaplicki (1986) A Class III Archaeological Survey of the Phase B Corridor, Tucson Aqueduct, Central Arizona Project: Late Archaic, Late Pioneer, Colonial, Sedentary and Early Classic Periods, Tucson Basin Hohokam and Sobaipuri Occupation in the Ausa Valley, Southern Arizona. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series, No. 18, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

293 - Cienega Points

Cienega [Stemmed] Point - named by R. J. Sliva in 1999. Type maybe a duplicate. It is a small point with hanging shoulders and a squarish stem. Type dates 700 to 150 AD and is found in New Mexico and Arizona. Major attribute: hanging shoulders. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Sliva, R. J. (1999) Cienega Points and Late Archaic Period Chronology in the Southern Southwest. Kiva 64(3):339-367.

294 - Cincinnati Point

Cincinnati [Stemmed] Point - named here after the city where first specimens were observed. It is a medium point with a narrow blade. Shoulders are weak. Stem is long and slightly tapered. Base is usually straight. Type has not been dated and is found in Ohio. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference:

Citrus [Notched] Point - named for a site in Arizona. It is a small point with narrow notches. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: needle tip. Type validity: site specific. Similar to: Point of Pines, Walnut Canyon. Comment: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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(Schroder 2002)

295 - Citrus Points

Citrus [Notched] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a small-to-medium point with straight or excurvate blade edges and relatively wide notches. Base is straight or convex. Type dates 0 AD and is found from Florida to the Carolinas. Bullen (1975) suggests: … thin, well-made, basally notched point. Blades may be straight, but usually are excurvate. Major attribute: basal notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

296 - Clagett Points

Clagett [Notched] Point - named by Robert Stephenson and L. and G. Ferguson in 1963. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates to the Early Woodland period and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Stephenson, R. L., L. L. Ferguson, and G. H. Ferguson (1963) The Accokeek Creek Site: A Middle Atlantic Seaboard Culture Sequence. Anthropological Papers No. 20, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic

217

Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Claremore [Stemmed] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1970. It is a metal point with varying stem types. Type dates to the late 1700s and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory and Mary Good (1970) A Guide to Projectile Point Types Found in Oklahoma. Tulsa Archaeological Society and the Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art.

297 - Clarksville Points

Clarksville [Triangle] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964 after the city in Virginia. It is a small triangular point with straight sides and base. Type dates 1000 to 1600 AD and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Coe (1964) suggests: … very small triangular point, equilateral in shape and almost made from vein quartz. Major attribute: quartz material. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment:

Clarksville [Small] Point – see McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

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298 – Clay Points

Clay [Notched] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a medium point with square-barbs and deep notches. Base is straight or concave. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Florida and Georgia. Bullen (1975) suggests: … cornet notched point with cut-off blade corners, an expanding tang and, usually, an incurvate base. Major attribute: clipped barbs. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Photo 299 - Clear Fork Knife

Clay Variants – mixed typing; false types. See Schroder (2002). Clear Fork Knife - defined by Cyrus Ray in 1941 after Texas specimens at the Clear Gouge Fork area. It is a medium-to-large triangularly-shaped point with a straight base. Type probably dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: 219

Comment:

1 - Reference: Ray, Cyrus N. (1941) The Various Types of the Clear Fork Gouge. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 13, pp. 152-162. 2 – Reference: Schmiedlin, E. H. (2002) The Final Chapter: The J-2 Ranch Lithic Tools. La Tierra, Vol. 29, No. 2.

Clear Lake [Notched] Point – named after a lake in Lake County, California. small (arrow-sized), triangular, corner-notched points, found primarily in the southern North Coast Ranges and dated after ca. A.D. 1200. Clear Lake corner-notched points have been classified within the Rattlesnake cluster. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to: Rattlesnake.

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Clear Lake [Stemmed] Point - see Montet-White, Anta (1968) The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the Early and Middle Woodland Period. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers No. 35.

Cleburne [Lanceolate] Point - named by Edward B. Jelks in 1962 after a Texas town. It is a medium point with a round stem. Type dates 500 BC to 500 AD and is found in north central Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Comment: Reference: Jelks, Edward B. (1962) The Kyle Site: A Stratified Central Texas Aspect Site in Hill County, Texas. Archaeological Series, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, No. 5, Austin, TX.

300 - Clements Points

Clements [Triangle] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a small isosceles triangular point with a straight or concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Type is one of many triangle styles found in the Carolinas.

Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.

301 - Cliffton Points

Cliffton [Stemmed] Point - named by Alex D. Krieger in 1946. It is a crudely made triangular-bladed point with a pointed stem. Type dates 1400 AD and is found in Texas and Oklahoma. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... roughly triangular, crudely chipped form – preform for the Perdiz type. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Krieger, Alex D. (1946) Culture Complexes and Chronology in Northern Texas. Publication, University of Texas, No. 4640. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Clikapudi [Notched] Point – named by Mark Basgall and William Hildebrant. It is a series of large, sidenotched and corner-notched points, found in the upper Sacramento River valley. The series has been identified with the

220

Elko cluster. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to: Elko. 1 - Reference: Basgall, Mark E., and William R. Hildebrandt. 1989. Prehistory of the Sacramento River Canyon, Shasta County, California. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publications No. 9. University of California, Davis. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

302 - Clinch Points

Clinch [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky (2001) after a mountain in Southwest Virginia. It is a small-to-medium point with a tapering stem and round base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia and Kentucky. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA.

Clipped Wing Point – morphological reference to a style; it is not a type.

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Clovis [Lanceolate] Points – next pages.

From: Mammoth Trumpet 2011 (Pevny 2011) References: Pevny, Charlotte (2011) What it means to be Clovis. Mammoth Trumpet, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 15-19. Waters, M.R. and T.W. Stafford (2007) Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas. Science, Vol. 315, pp. 1122-26.

Note1: Most archaeologists continue to refer to any fluted paleopoint as Clovis, which is not always the case. Note2 – Most archaeologists continue to refer to any time or artifact before Clovis as “pre-Clovis.” This implies that all before Clovis technology(s) lead to Clovis. This has never been proven, and never will be. The proper term is “Before Clovis” which only refers to time.

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303 - Largest Clovis Found in Virginia

Southeastern Virginia

304 - Clovis Points

305 – Vail Site Peleopoint (Both Faces – Gramly 2010)

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306 - Clovis Point Distribution

Clovis [Lanceolate] Point - named by Edgar B. Howard in 1935 after a city in New Mexico. It is a smallto-large lanceolate point with a fluting that is usually small-to-medium in length. Base is concave and ground. Type dates 10,000 to 8000 BC (Table 1) and is found all over the U.S. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002). Type is the best time marker in U.S. prehistory. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987) and Hranicky and McCary (1995). Table 1 - Clovis Date Averages on the High Plains (From: Jablonski 2002) Site Lehner, AZ Blackwater Draw, NM Murray Springs, AZ Dent, CO Domebo, OK Lange-Ferguson, SD Anzick, MT Colby, WY

Date Range 10,950 +/- 40 yr BP 11,300 +/- 240 yr BP 10,880 +/- 50 yr BP 10,750 +/- 40 yr BP 10,944 +/- 59 yr BP 11,000 +/- 160 yr BP 10,831 +/- 56 yr BP 10,960 +/- 120 yr BP

More Clovis Dates (From: Stuiver and Reimer 1993) Paleo Crossing, OH Big Eddy, MO Aubrey, TX Vail. ME Whipple, NH Shawnee-Minisink, PA Cactus Hill, VA Debert, NS Templeton, CT

12150 +/- 75 yr BP 11900 +/- 80 yr BP 11570 +/- 7P 11120 +/- 180 yr BP 11050 +/- 300 yr BP 10940 +/- 90 yr BP 10920 +/- 250 BP 10590 +/- 50 yr BP 10190 +/- 300 yr BP

Shettone (1936) was the first to use the term “fluted.” As in Tankersley (2004) More than fifty years ago, an “Early Man Symposium” was organized jointly by Edgae B. Howard of the University Museum in Philadelphia and Kenneth M. Chapman of the Laboratory of Anthropology in Sante Fe, New Mexico. On 3 September 1941, the meeting reviewed the progress of research on the earliest archaeological cultures of the Americas in an informal hands-on forum. Participants, including professional, amateurs, and students, were able to examine the evidence firsthand, and artifacts and field data were openly presented and discussed. The primary goal of the symposium was to clarify terminology and give the reading public a clearer understanding of the time and circumstances surrounding the peopling of the western Hemisphere (Ray 1941).

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According to Wormington (1957), the Clovis point is: Fluted lanceolate points with parallel or slightly convex sides and concave bases. They range in length from one and a half to five inches but are usually some three inches or more in length and fairly heavy. The flutes sometimes extend almost the full length of the point but usually they extend no more than half way from the base to the tip. Normally, one face will have a longer flute than the other. The fluting was generally produced by the removal of multiple flakes. In most instances the edges of the basal portion show evidence of smoothing by grinding. Certain fluted points found in the eastern United States resemble the Clovis type, but they have a constriction at the base which produces a fish-tailed effect. These have sometimes been called Ohio points or Cumberland points. Many of these tend to be somewhat narrower relative to their length than other fluted points. Text References: Shettone, H. C. (1936) The Folsom Phenomena as Seen from Ohio. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. 45, pp. 240-256. Ray, L. L. (1941) Symposium on the Folsom-Yuma Problems. El Placio, Vol. 48, No. 10, pp. 234-235. Tankersley, Kenneth B. (2004) Clovis and Beyond: Then and Now. In: New Perspectives on the First Americans, eds., B. Bradley and R. Bonnichsen, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4.

307 - Translucent Clovis Point

308 – McCary Survey Point Number 1015

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Dorchester County, Maryland

309 – Major Paleopoint Suggested Distributions

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U.S. Clovis Fluted Lanceolate Points

Clovis in the Forest Fenne collection and the finder has passed away leaving no information.

Clovis from Fulton County, Illinois which was found by Ronald Beaird in 1981.

Clovis from Mastodon State Park, Kimmswick, Missouri which was found during the 1979 excavation.

St Louis Clovis Franklin County, Alabama was found by Hal Jones in 1978.

Clovis from Boone County, Kentucky which was found in two pieces indicating a manufacture break.

Vail Site Clovis point excavated (1980 and 1993) and put back together by Michael Gramly.

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Morphological Shapes found at the Plenge Site in New Jersey (Kraft 1973) Type 1 Tapered, mildly excurvate or parallel sided, fluted point Deep Base

Shallow Base

Abrupt Base

Long Point

Medium Point

Eared Point

Type 2 Recurved, waisted eared fluted point

and

Type 3 “Stubby” fluted point

Waisted

Straight

Pentagonal

Rounded

Type 4 Convex sided fluted point

Excurvate Type 5 Contracted point

stem

fluted

Mild Taper

Pumpkin Seed

Pentagonal

Type 6 Triangular straight-sided point Triangle Type 7

Not shown.

Reworked fluted point (knife/scraper, drill)

Drill Scraper

Knife Type 10 Unfluted lanceolate point

Contracting Stem

Broad Base

Type 11 Unfluted trianguloid point

Excurvate Sides Type 12 Blade point* *Added Parallel Sides

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Pentagonal

Arizona State Museum

310 - Clovis Paleoindian Points

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Virginia’s McCary Fluted Point Survey Wm Jack Hranicky, Survey Director. The McCary Survey has 60+ years of recording 1000+ paleopoints and, over time, numerous recording methods were used. Consequently in presenting a thousand points, the following illustrations will vary from hand-drawn to digital images. A Survey sample is presented here.

MC 1 ? 58-22-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 2 Quartz 63-46-7 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 3 Quartz 53-22-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 4 Quartz 35-22-9 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 5 Quartz 52-27-6 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 6 Quartz 33-19-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 7 Flint 57-22-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 8 Flint 47-23-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 9 Chalcedony 63-29-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 10 Flint 64-24-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 11 Quartz 46-24-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 12 Shale 51-24-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 13 Flint 73-24-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 14 Flint 65-27-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 15 Flint 35-17-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 16 Flint 43-21-4 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 17 Flint 57-24-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 18 Flint 58-24-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

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MC 19 Flint 48-21-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 20 Chalcedony 35-21-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 21 Gneiss 90-30-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 22 Rhyolite 102-26-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 23 ? 90-25-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 24 Flint 27-19-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 25 Flint 56-30-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 26 Flint 50-24-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 27 Flint 67-25-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 28 Flint 69-30-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 29 Flint 81-32-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 30 Flint 86-32-x mm Amelia Co.

MC 31 Flint 36-22-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 32 Chalcedony 35-21-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 33 44-22-x mm P. Wood Mecklenburg Co.

MC 34 Flint 34-21-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 35 Flint 79-27-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 36 Flint 86-28-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

231

MC 37 Flint 33-17-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 38 Flint 42-25-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 39 Flint 52-31-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 40 Flint 57-22-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 41 Flint 43-18-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 42 Flint 56-25-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 43 Flint 47-20-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 44 ? 45-21-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 45 Flint 50-25-5 mm Amelia Co.

MC 46 Chert 44-27-8 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 47 Quartz x-26-7 mm Cumberland Co.

MC 48 Chalcedony 50-28-8 mm Cumberland Co.

MC 49 Flint 64-28-6 mm Charlotte Co.

MC 50 Flint 75-28-5 mm Buckingham Co.

MC 51 Flint 73-30-7 mm Amelia Co.

MC 52 Flint 70-33-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 53 Chert 72-21-6 mm Prince Edward Co.

MC 54 Quartz 56-23-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

232

MC 55 Chert 55-19-6 mm Amelia Co.

MC 56 MC 57 Quartz Flint 35-25-7 mm 64-25-7 mm Mecklenburg Co. Pittsylvania Co.

233

MC 58 ? 53-23-6 mm Amelia Co.

MC 59 ? 98-45-9 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 60 ? 76-32-9 mm Mecklenburg Co.

Clovis Points Williamson Site, Dinwiddie County, Virginia

Williamson Site Virginia

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Fluted Point Distribution for the United States (Paleoindian Database of the Americas David Anderson and David Faught – 1998)

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Clovis, New Mexico, 1915-30s 1 - Reference: Howard, Edgar B. (1935) Evidence of Early Man in North America. The Museum Journal, Vol. 24, pp. 2-3, University of Pennsylvania Museum. 2 - Reference: Prufer, Olaf H. (1960) Early Man East of the Mississippi. Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH. 3 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 4 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 7 – Reference: Dunbar, James S. and C. Andrew Hemmings (2004) Florida Paleoindian Points and Knives. In: New Perspectives on the First Americans, eds. B. Lepper and R. Bonnichsen, Center for Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. 8 - Reference: Hester, James J., Ernest L. Lundulius, and Roald Fryxell (1972) Blackwater Locality No. 1 – A Stratified, Early Man Site in Eastern New Mexico. Fort Burguin Research Center, Southern Methodist University, Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico. 9 - Reference: Howard, Calvin D. (1990) The Clovis Point: Characteristics and Type Description. Plains Anthropologist 35(129):255-262. 10 - Reference: Morrow, J. E. and T. A. Morrow (1999) Geographic Variation in Fluted Projectile Points: A Hemispheric Perspective. American Antiquity, Vol. 64, pp. 215-31. 11 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack Hranicky and Ben C. McCary (1995) Clovis Technology in Virginia. Archeological Society of Virginia, Special Publication Number 31. 12 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1957) Traces of Early Man in the Northeast. Bulletin No. 358, New York State Museum and Science Service, Albany, NY. 13 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 14 - Reference: Stuiver, M. and P. J. Reimer (1993) Extended 14C Database and Revised CAL1B Radiocarbon Calibration Program. Radiocarbon, 35:215-230. 15 - Reference: Jablonski, Nina G. ed. (2002) The First Americans - The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 16 - Reference: Dellehay, Thomas D. (2000) The Settlement of the Americans - A New Prehistory. Basic Books, New York, NY. 17 - Reference: Lepper, Bradley and Robson Bonnichsen (2004) New Perspectives on the First Americans. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A& M University, College Station, TX. 18 - Reference: Taylor, R. E., C. V. Haynes, and M. Stuiver (1996) Clovis and Folsom Age Estimates: Stratigraphic Context and Radiocarbon Calibration. American Antiquity, Vol. 70, pp. 515-525. 19 - Reference: Holliday, Vance T. (1997) Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 20 - Reference: Holliday, Vance, Vance Haynes, Jack Hofman, and David Meltzer (1994) Geoarchaeology and Geochronology of the Miami (Clovis) Site, Southern High Plains of Texas. Quaternary Research, Vol. 41, pp. 234-244. 21 - Reference: Collins, Michael B., Glen L. Evans, Thomas N. Campbell, Melissa C. Winans, and Charles E. Mear (1989) Clovis Occupation at Kincaid Shelter, Texas. Current Research in the Pleistocene, Vol. 6, pp. 3-4. 22 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 23 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 24 - Reference: Kelley, Stephen (2005) Late Palaeo-Indian Projectile Points at Sandy Springs. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 10-12. 25 - Reference: Strong, Emory (1969) Stone Age in the Great Basin. Binford & Mort Publishing, Portland, OR.

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26 - Reference: Bradley, Bruce A. (1993) Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 27 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1993) North American High Plains Paleo-Indian Hunting Strategies and Weapony Assemblages. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 28 - Reference: Carlson, Roy L. (1983) The Far West. In: Early Man in the New World, ed. R. Shutler, Sage Publication, Beverly Hills, CA. 29 - Reference: MacDonald (1983) Eastern North America. In: Early Man in the New World, ed. R. Shutler, Sage Publication, Beverly Hills, CA. 30 - Reference: Boldurian, Anthony T. and John C. Cotter (1999) Clovis Revisited – New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 31 - Reference: Tankersley, Kenneth B. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 32 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W. (1988) The Archaic Period in Kentucky: Past Accomplishments and Future Directions. In: Paleoindian and Archaic Research in Kentucky, ed. C. Hockemsmith et al., Kentucky Heritage Council, Frankfort, KY. 33 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (2003) The Archaeology of Ohio, Archaeological Society of Ohio. 34 - Reference: Anderson, David G., R. Jerald Ledbetter, and Lisa O’Steen (1990) Paleoindian Period Archaeology of Georgia. Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper No. 6, Athens, GA. 35 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis (1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceeding, No. 11, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO. 36 - Reference: Morrow, Juliet E. (2000) Clovis Projectile Point Manufacture: A Perspective from Ready/Lincoln Hills Site, 11JY46, Jersey County, Illinois. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 20, No. 2. 37 - Reference: White, Andrew A. (2006) A Model of Paleoindian Hafted Biface Chronology in Northeastern Indiana. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 34, pp. 29-59. 38 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 39 - Reference: Bradley, James W., Arthur E. Spiess, Richard A. Boisvert, and Jeff Boudreau (2008) What’s the Point?: Modal Forms and Attributes of Paleoindian Bifaces in New England-Maritimes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 36, pp. 119-172. 40 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma. 41 – Reference: Bradley, Broce A., Michael B. Collins, and Andrew Hemmings (2010) Clovis Technology. Archaeological Series 17, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, MI. 42 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. 43 – Reference: Gramly, Richard Michael (2010) The Vail Habitation and Kill Site: Implications for Palaeo-American Behavior and Band Size. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 417. Note: The type is America’s premier projectile point.

311 - Clovis Preforms

Clovis Preform - reference to the manufacturing stage prior to make in actual finished point.

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312 – Williamson Site Clovis Point (Both Faces) Site usually produces chalcedony points, but other materials occur there for Clovis points.

Clovis (Small Point) - may be a form of point recycling, such as a broken tip is refluted and hafted as a small tool. However, most are simple expended forms of larger lanceolates.

313 - Clovis Point (Both Faces)

Clovis [Type II] Point - reference to the Black Water Draw Locality No. 1 points. It is a small point which is probably a recycled tip from a broken Clovis point.

Reference: Hester, James J. (1972) Blackwater Draw Locality No. 1: A Stratified Site in Eastern New Mexico. Fort Burgwin Research Center, Publication No. 38. Note: Unless identified originally in typing the point, any subsequent use of I, II, A, B, etc. in type names makes it a false type.

Clovis/Sloan/Dalton [Lanceolate] Point – false type.

314 – Unfluted Clovis Point (Both Faces)

238

Clovis [Unfluted] Point – reference to a Clovis point that does not have channel flutes on either face. There is always some outré passé (cross the medial axis) flaking present.

315 – Clovis Fluting Variations

Clovis, Waisted - see Dunbar, James S. and C. Andrew Hemmings (2004) Florida Paleoindian Points and Knives. In: New Perspectives on the First Americans, eds. B. Lepper and R. Bonnichsen, Center for Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX.

316 – Various Clovis Points

Clovis (Withlacoochee) Point - fake type; see Dowdy and Sowell (1998).

317 – Coastal Contact Points

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(After: Justice 2002)

318 – Coahuila Points

Coahuila [Stemmed] Point – no namer but a site reference. It is a large point with a pointed stem. It dates 1000 BC and is found in Texas. Reference: Heartfield, Lorraine (1975) Archaeological Investigations of Four Sites in Southwestern Coahuila, Mexico. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 46.

Coastal [Stemmed] Point – it is a cluster of large, contracting-stemmed points, represented throughout coastal California and dated between ca. 2500 B.C. and A.D. 1000.

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Coastal Plain Decatur [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Coastal Plain Kirk [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Coastal Plain Lost Lake [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

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319 - Cobb's Triangle Points

Cobb's [Triangle] Point - named by Doug Puckett in 1963. It is a large triangle point with a rounded base. Type dates 6485 to 6145 BC and is found in Tennessee and Alabama. Major attribute: large stem area. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Puckett, Doug (1983). Field Guide to Point Types of the Tennessee River Basin Region. Custom Productions, Savannah, TN.

Coburn [Notched] Point - see Dincauze, Dena F. (1968) Cremation Cemeteries in Eastern Massachusetts. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 59, No. 1, Cambridge, MA. Cochise [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large point with narrow flutes. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in the Southwest. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

320 - Cody Knife

Cody [Knife] Type - another term for the Cody point. It has a diagonal cutting edge and a squarish stem; however, it is an expended Scottsbluff point. Type dates 7500 to 6500 BC and is found on the northwester High Plains. Major attribute: diagonal blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wormington, Marie (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

321 – Cody Points

Cody [Stemmed] Point - name is credited to Marie Wormington in 1957 or earlier depending oh reprinted book. It is a large point with a squarish stem. Type dates to the Paleoindian era and is found on the High Plains. 241

Major attribute: pronounced square stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957 various reprints) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4. 2 - Reference: Wallmann, S. and D. S. Amick (1991) Cody Complex Occupation in the Black Rock, Desert, Nevada. Current Research in the Pleistocene, Vol. 8. 3 - Reference: Dick, Herbert W. and Bert Mountain (1960) The Claypool Site: A Cody Complex Site in Northeastern Colorado. American Antiquity, Vol. 26, pp. 223-235. 4 - Reference: Frison, George C. and Lawrence C. Todd (1987) The Horner Site: The Type Site of the Cody Cultural Complex. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. 5 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 6 - Reference: Sharrock, Floyd W. (1966) Prehistoric Occupation Patterns in Southwest Wyoming and Cultural Relationships with the Great Basin and Plains Culture Areas. Anthropological Papers, No. 77, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. 7 - Reference: Bradley, Bruce A. (1993) Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Coe Type – From: Coe (1952)

322 – Coe Points

Coe [Stemmed] Point – named after Joffre L. Coe for his 1952 publication suggesting that this point is a predecessor to the Savannah Rover point. It is a long narrow point with a short rectangular stem. Base is concaved. Type dates to the Guilford phase (Middle Archaic Period) and is found in Virginia and the Carolinas. Lithic material is quartz, rhyolite, and quartzite with some slate. It is a percussion-made point. Type Validity: Positive.

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Comparative Types: Savannah River and Stanly (Coe 1964) and Limestone (Cambron and Hulse (1963). Comment: This point fits the style that archaeologists call the narrow Savannah River, The continuum is Stanly = Coe=Savannah River = Susquehanna types. 1 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. 2 – Reference: Coe, Joffre L. (1952) The Cultural Sequence of the Carolina Piedmont. In: Archeology of Eastern United States, ed. James Griffin, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Cogswell [Stemmed] Point - see Rollingson, Martha A. and Michael J. Rodeffer (1968) The Zilpo Site, Bh 37: Preliminary Excavations in the Cave Run Reservoir, Kentucky: 1968. Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Cohonia [Triangular] Point - name is credited to Hargrave (1938). It is an elongated narrow point with varying basal styles. Type dates 700 to 1100 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 – Reference: Hargrave, Lyndon L. (1938) Results of a Study of the Cohonia Branch of the Patayan Culture in 1938. Museum of Northern Arizona, Museum Notes, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 43-49. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

323 - Coker Point (Schroder 2002)

Coker Knife - see: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

324 - Colbert Points

Colbert [Stemmed] Point - named by Burney B. McClurkan in 1968. It is small point with a squarish stem. Type dares late prehistoric and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... lateral edges of this point are convex or recurved, fine retouching produces minute serrations. It has distance and usually wide shoulders and barbs, stem is relatively short and expands with a straight base. Major attribute: roundish stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: McClurkan, Burney B. (1968) The Archaeology of Cueva de la Zona de Derrumbes, a Rockshelter in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, MA thesis, University of Texas, Austin, TX. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

Colbert-Dalton [Lanceolate] Point - no one is credited with its name, but it is named after a county in Alabama. It is a medium, auriculate point with shallow waisting and concave base. Type dates 7600 BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: waisting. Type validity: positive.

243

Similar to: Dalton. Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

325 - Colby Point (Both Faces)

Colby [Lanceolate] Point - named by George C. Frison in 1978 after a site in Wyoming. It is a large point with a U-shaped basal indentation. Type dates 9700 BC and is found in Wyoming. Frison and Todd (1986) suggest … base may be reworked; original shapes were that of Clovis points. Major attribute: U-basal notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Humbolt. Comment: For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1978) Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, and Academic Press, New York, NY. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Frison, George C. and Lawrence C. Todd (1986) The Colby Mammoth Site – Taphonomy and Archaeology of a Clovis Kill in Northern Wyoming. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 4 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 5 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1983) The Western Plains and Mountain Region. In: Early Man in the New World, ed. R. Shutler, Sage Publication, Beverly Hills, CA.

326 - Cold Springs Points and Drawings

Cold Springs [Notched] Point - named by B. Robert Butler in 1961. It is a small-to-medium point with U-shaped notches and a straight or slightly concave base. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in Washington and Oregon. Major attribute: U-notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Butler, B. Robert (1961) The Old Cordilleran Culture in the Pacific Northwest, Occasional Papers of the Idaho State College Museum, No. 9. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol.

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1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

327 - Coldwater Points

Coldwater [Lanceolate] Point - named by Calvin Brown in 1926 and defined by Sam McGahey (1981). It is a medium point with a wide blade and a straight stem. Type dates 8000 to 7000 BC and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: lance form. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Brown, Calvin S. (1926) Archeology of Mississippi. Mississippi Geological Survey, University, MS. 2 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (1981) The Coldwater and Related Late Paleo Indian Projectile Points. Mississippi Archaeology, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 39-51.

Cole [Notched] Point - named after the Cole site in Ohio. It is a narrow point with a straight base. Blade is serrated. Type date to the Archaic and is found in Ohio. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Potter, Martha A. Ohio’s Prehistoric Peoples. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, OH.

Coles Mountain [Triangle] Point - named by Clarence R. Geier in 1983. It is a well-made medium triangular point that has been thinned and has a slightly concave base and a tang or barb. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: Comment: Type has not been proven archaeologically. Reference: Geier, Clarence R. (1983) Some Thoughts on the Taxonomic and Temporal Implications of Late Woodland Triangular Projectile Points from Sites in the Ridge and Valley Province of Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin, Archaeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 197-233.

Cohonina and Sobaipuri Types – see Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. Colinas [Triangular] Point – small triangular point in the Hohokan culture. Reference: Hoffman, Charles M. (1997) Alliance Formation and Social Interaction During the Sedentary Period: a Stylistic Analysis of Arrowpoints. Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.

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328 - Collier Points

Collier [Stem/Notched] Point - named by Ann Early in 1988. It is a medium point with a round stem. Type dates 1350 AD and is found in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Early, Ann M. (1988) Standridge: Caddoan Settlement in a Mountain Environment. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 29. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

329 - Collins Points

Collins [Notched] Point - named by Jeffrey P. Brain in 1983. It is a small, shallow notched point with long narrow blade and a rounded base. Type dates 700 AD and is found in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Major attribute: small stem with convex base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Williams, Stephen and Jeffrey P. Brain (1983) Excavations at the Lake George Site, Yazoo County, Mississippi, 1958-1960. Papers of the Peabody Museum, No. 74. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

330 – Variety of New Mexico Points

246

331 - Colonial Points (Perino 1991) Colonial [Stemmed] Point - first described by Emil W. Haury in 1950 after the Hohokam culture. It is a small point with a long, square stem. Type dates 800 to 1100 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Haury, Emil W. (1950) The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ventura Cave. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA.

332 – Colorado Blade Points

Colorado [Blade] Point - temporary type. It is a long, narrow point with a tapering stem. Reference:

333 - Mule Ear Points

Columbia Mule Ear [Knife] Type - named by Dougles Osborne, Alan Bryan, and Robert Crabtree in 247

1961. It is a large triangular knife with a concave base. Type dates to the historic period and is found in Washington and Oregon. Major attribute: deep concave base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Osborne, Douglas, Alan Bryan, and Robert H. Crabtree (1961) The Sheep Island Site and the Mid-Columbia Valley. River Basin Survey Papers No. 24, Smithsonian Institution, BEA, Bulletin 179. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

334 – Columbia Pacific Points

Columbia-Pacific [Stemmed] Point - named here. It is a small point with a long narrow stem. It has not been dated and its distribution is unknown. Reference: none.

335 – Columbia Point

Columbia [Stemmed] Point - named by Ripley Bullen in 1968 after a Florida County. Type dates 200 to 1200 AD and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … well-made point with a tang which is only slightly narrower than the basal part of the blade. Tang has parallel sides and a straight base. Corners are rounded. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1975) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Revised, Kendall Books, Gainesville, FL.

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336 - Columbia Plateau Points

Columbia Plateau [Notched] Point - was named by Douglas Osborne, Alan Bryan, and Robert Crabtree in 1961. It is a small, thin point with long barbs and base with corner notches. Base is slightly convex. Type dates 1700 AD and is found in Washington and Oregon. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Osborne, Douglas, Alan Bryan, and Robert H. Crabtree (1961) The Sheep Island Site and the Mid-Columbia Valley. River Basin Survey Papers, No. 24, Smithsonian Institution, BEA, Bulletin 179. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

337 – Columbia River Point

Columbia River [Notched] Point - named here after the river. It is a narrow medium point with deep corner notches. Stem flares and base is slightly convex. Type is not dated and is found in the Northwest. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional Similar to: Comment:

Reference: none.

Columbia Valley [Notched] Point – see Justice (2002B).

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338 - Conawago Point

Conawago [Lanceolate/Stemmed] Point - named by Barry C. Kent in 1970. It is a large point with light shouldering. Base is straight. Type dates 750 BC and is found in southern Pennsylvania and central Maryland. Major attribute: pronounced stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type exist, but was never accepted in archaeology; Fox Creek type is used.

Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. Doctoral Dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.

339 - Conejo Points

Conejo [Notched] Point - named by LeRoy Johnson, Jr. in 1964. It is a medium-to-large point with a short squarish stem. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... expanding stem is formed by narrow, deep corner notches, and the base is characterized by a shallow notch in the center. Major attribute: shallow basal notch. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Johnson, LeRoy, Jr. (1964) The Devil’s Mouth Site, A Stratified Campsite at the Amistad Reservoir, Val Verde County, Texas. University of Texas, Department of Anthropology, Archaeological Series, No. 6, Austin, TX. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Marmaduke, William S. (1978) Prehistory at Bear Creek. Texas Historical Commission, State Archaeological Survey Report, No. 25.

Conerly [Lanceolate] Point - see Lively [Lanceolate] Point. Conerly [Lanceolate] Point - named by James W. Cambron and David C. Hulse in 1975. It is a mediumto-large point with excurvate blade edges and concave base. Also, called the Lively type. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in Alabama and Georgia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

340 - Conestee Points

Conestee [Triangle] Point - named by Bennie C. Keel in 1988. It is a small excurvate-sided point with either a straight or concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: positive Similar to: Comment: Type is among numerous similar triangle forms in the Carolinas.

1 - Reference: Keel, Bennie C. (1972) Woodland Phases of the Appalachian Summit Area. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 3 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

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Conodquinet [Stemmed] Point - named by Barry C. Kent, James P. Bressler, and Karen Rockey in 1970. It is a constricting stem point with a rounded base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in central Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.

341 - Conrad Points (Morrow 1984)

Conrad [Notched] Point - named after a city in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a medium-to-large point with round corners. Notch is poorly defined. Type dates 5000 to 3000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

342 – Contra Costa Point (Justice 2002)

Contra Costa [Notched] Point - named by Noel Justice in 2002 for the county in California. It is a large point with tanged notched and a small stem. Type dates 500 BC to 500 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

343 - Convento Points

Convento [Notched] Point - named by Alan Phelps in 2000. It is a small point with a convex base. Type dates 900 to 1100 AD and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: hanging shoulders. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Phelps, Alan L. (2002) An Inventory of the Prehistoric Native American Sites of Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, N/A.

251

344 – Converse Points (After: Baker 2009)

Converse [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a parish in Louisiana. It is a medium point with an expanding stem. It dates to the Late Archaic and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: four prominent serrations. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

345 - Cooper Point

Copper [Stemmed] Point - name by David Baerreis and Joan Freeman in 1959. It is a large point with a pronounced stem. Shoulders are usually hanging. Type dates 2000 to 1000 BC and is found in Missouri, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Major attribute: corner notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baerreis, David A. and Joan E. Freeman (1959) A Report on a Bluff Shelter in Northeast Oklahoma (DI-47). Archives of Archaeology, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

346 – Coon Creek Points (After: Baker 2009)

Coon Creek [Bifurcate] Point - named by Baker (2009) after a city in Alabama. It is a medium point with pointed bilobes. It has a triangular blade. It dates to the Middle Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: None. Type validity: Conditional. 252

Notched Stemmed 347 - Coosa Points

Coosa [Notched] Point - named after the river in Alabama. It is a small point with shallow notches Type dates around 1800 BC and is found in Alabama and adjacent areas. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are inversely tapered. Blade is excurvate or straight. Stem is expanding, and base is usually convex. Major attribute: shallow notches. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: DeJarnette, David L., Edward B. Kurjack, and Bennie C. Keel (1973) Archaeological Investigation of the Weiss Reservoir of the Coosa River in Alabama. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. XIX, Nos. 1 and 2. 2 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL.

Coosa [Stemmed] Point - named after the river in Alabama. It is a small point with a squarish expanding stem. Type dates around 1800 BC and is found in Alabama and adjacent areas. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are inversely tapered. Blade is excurvate or straight and finely serrated. Stem is expanding, and base is usually convex. Major attribute: short stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

348 - Copena Point

Copena [Bell-Shaped] Point - formalized by Schroder (2002). It is a bell-shaped point with a straight or slightly convex base. Type dates 200 to 600 AD and is found primarily in the Southeast. Major attribute: shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Type needs to be proven archaeologically as a standalone type.

Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

253

349 – Copena Points

254

350 - Copena Points

Copena [Lanceolate] Point - named by William S. Webb and David DeJarnette in 1942. It is a mediumto-large point that usually has recurvate blade edges. Base is slightly convex, straight, or convex. Type dates 200 to 600 AD and is found primarily in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is recurvate due to hafting constriction. Basal edge is usually straight or may be concave or convex. Hafting area is lightly ground. Major attribute: constricted waist. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Webb, William S. and David L. DeJarnette (1942) An Archaeological Survey of Pickwick Basin in the Adjacent Portions of the State of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology, No.129, p. 37, Washington, DC. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

351 - Copena Point

Copena II [Lanceolate] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

352 - Copena Triangle Point

Copena [Triangular] Point -named by Webb and Dejarnette (In: Cambron and Hulse 1986). It is a medium point with parallel hafting margins. Base is either straight or concave. All bases are thinned (Cambron and Hulse 1986). Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Type is referenced in Justice (1987). For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 – Reference: Cambron, James W. (1958) Projectile Point Types, Part III. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. IV, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

Copsey [Bipoint] Point – see White, Greg (2000). Final Report of the Anderson Flat Project, Lower Lake 255

County, California. Anthropological Studies Center, Vol. 1, Sonoma State University.

353 - Corapeake Points

Corapeake [Stemmed] Point - named by Floyd Painter in 1988. It is a small-to-medium, long and narrow point with contracting and pointed stems. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in southeastern Virginia. Major attribute: loginger shape. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Piscataway. Comment: It is a regional type made from colorful flints.

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas. Special Publication Number 16, Archaeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Cormier – Nicholas [Lanceolate] Point – similar point to the plain Bull Brook, variation point. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: conditional. Reference: Bradley, James W., Arthur E. Spiess, Richard A. Boisvert, and Jeff Boudreau (2008) What’s the Point?: Modal Forms and Attributes of Paleoindian Bifaces in New England-Maritimes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 36, pp. 119-172.

354 - Cornelius Points

256

355 - Cornelius Points

Cornelius [Stemmed] Point - named by Charlie S. Herndon in 1988. It is a long, narrow point with squarish, short stem, and straight base. Blade edges are straight, and tip is not sharp. Type dates 100 AD and is found in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

356 - Cornerly Points

Cornerly [Stemmed] Point - named by M. Rively in 1975 after a site in Alabama. It is a medium-to-large point with a wide contracting stem and a concave base. Type dates 2500 to 2000 BC and is found in Alabama and surrounding states. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are lacking and blade edges are excurvate with minor serrations. Stem is contracted with a concave and thinned base. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975). Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Associates of Alabama, Inc. WORKEND

HAFT AREA

357 - Corner-Notched Knife

Corner-Notched [Knife] Point - see Bullen [Corner-Tang] Knife and Black Owl [Knife] Knife. 257

Hranicky (2002) classifies the form as a uniangulas knife.

Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, NY.

358 - Corner-Tang Knives

Corner-Tang Knife - name generally attributed to J. T. Patterson. Two forms, triangular and curved-blade, occur. Specimens have been found up to 250 mm. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found the lower Plains states. Major attribute: corner notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Patterson, J. T. (1936) The Corner-Tang Artifacts of Texas. University of Texas Bulletin 3618, Austin, TX. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Smyers, Cindy and David L. Calame, Sr. (2004) A Study of Corner Tang Bifaces from 41RV49, Reeves County, Texas. Southern Texas Archaeological Association, La Tierra, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 7783.

359 - Cortaro Points

Cortaro [Triangle] Point - named by Barbara Roth and Bruce B. Huckell after the Arizona site in 1991. It is a medium-to-large triangle with a basal concavity that varies from deep to shallow indentation. Type dates Late Archaic and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Fulton, William S. (1991) A Ceremonial Cave in the Winchester Mountains. The Amerind Foundation, Publication No. 2, Dragoon, AZ. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

258

360 - Coryll Poin

Coryell [Stemmed] Point – no namer; false type from Texas.

361 - Cossalot Point

362 - Cossatot River Points

Cossatot River [Bifurcate] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1976 for a river in Arkansas. It is a bifurcate point with triangular-shaped blade. Type dates 7500 to 6500 BC and is found in Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas. Major attribute: bilobes. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1976) The Cossatot River Point. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 23, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

259

363 - Cotaco Points

364 - Cotacto Creek Points

Cotaco Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by David DeJarnette, Edward Kurjack, and James Cambron in 1962 for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium-to-large point with a squarish stem that has rounded corners and a straight base. Type dates 500 BC to 300 AD and is found in Alabama, Tennessee, Carolinas, and Mississippi. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders may be straight or inversely tapered. Blade is usually straight and finely serrated. Stem is straight with straight of convex base. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: DeJarnette, David, James Cambron, and Edward Kurjack (1962) Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 8, Nos. 1-2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Cotaco Creek II [Stemmed] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Cotaco Wright [Stemmed] Point – false type used by collectors; see Wright [Stemmed] Point.

365 - Cotton Bridge Points

Cotton Bridge [Stemmed] Point - named by Ralph Allen. It is a large point with a small, short stem. Type dates 3000 to 2500 BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: short stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Allen, Ralph (1989) Cotton Bridge Point. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Dowdy, Kevin and John Sowell (1998) Best of the Best. Flint River Trading Post, Fowlstown, GA. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Cottonwood [Bipoint] Point – see Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

260

Cottonwood [Leaf] Point – see Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

366 - Cottonwood Points

367 - Cottonwood Point Distribution

Cottonwood [Triangle] Point - named by Edward P. Lanning in 1963. It is a long, narrow point with straight sides and concave or round base. Type dates 1600 AD and is found in the Great Basin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive Similar to: Comment: Justice (2002) comments that the point was widely used as an arrowhead.

1 - Reference: Lanning, Edward P. (1963) Archaeology of the Rose Springs Site. Publications, American Archaeology and Ethnology, University of California, Vol. 49, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Fry, Gary F. and Gardiner F. Dalley (1979) The Levee Site and the Knoll Site. University of Utah, Anthropological papers, No. 100. 5 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT. 6 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

368 - Cougar Mountain Knife (Perino 1991)

Cougar Mountain [Knife] Type - named by T. Layton in 1972 for the mountain in Oregon. It is a long stemmed biface with prominent shoulders and a tapering stem. Type dates 6000 to 5000 BC and is found in Oregon, California, and Nevada. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Layton, Thomas N. (1972) Lithic Chronology in the Fort Rock Valley, Oregon. Tebiwa, Journal, Idaho State Museum, Vol. 15, No.2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Connolly, Thomas J. (1999) Newberry Crater – A Ten Thousand-Year Record of Human Occupation and Environmental Change in the Basin-Plateau Borderlands. Number 21, University of Utah Anthropological Papers, Salt Lake

261

City, UT.

369 - Covington Knives

Covington [Knife] Type - named by Edward B. Jelks in 1962 after a city in Texas. It is medium-sized knife with convex sides and a straight end. Type dates 1300 to 1700 AD and is found in central Texas. Major attribute: round corners. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Jelks, Edward B. (1962) The Kyle Site, A Stratified Central Texas Aspect Site in Hill County, Texas. Archaeology Series No. 5, University of Texas, Austin, TX. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

370 – Cow Bayou Points (After: Baker 2009)

Cow Bayou [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a parish in Louisiana. It is a large, narrow point with a constricting stem. It is found in the Gulf states and dates to the Late Archaic. Major attribute: narrow blade. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

371 - Cowhouse Slough Point

Cowhouse Slough [Lanceolate] Point - named by Kevin Dowdy and John Sowell in 1998. It is a 262

large lanceolate blade with a straight or slightly concave base. Type dates 8000 to 7000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: excurvate blade edges. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dowdy, Kevin and John Sowell (1998) Best of the Best. Flint River Trading Post, Fowlstown, GA. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

372 - Cowikee Points (Drawings: Baker 1995)

Cowikee [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with pronounced notches and a dovetail base. Type dates 7500 to 7000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Cowikee II [Notched] Pont - false type; see Baker (1995). Coxey [Lanceolate] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

373 - Crab Claw Points (Perino 1991)

Crab Claw [Notched] Point - named by L. G. Braecklein in 1947. It is a side-notched point with a double pointed blade. Type dates approximately 1000 AD and is found in Oklahoma. Major attribute: blade protrusion and double tip. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: none. Comment:

1 - Reference: Braecklein, J. G. (1947) Crab Claw Projectiles. Journal, Illinois Archaeological Society, Vol. 3, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

263

374 - Crawford Knoll Point

Crawford Knoll [Notched] Point - no name available. It is a medium point. Type dates 1500 to 500 BC and is found in the Great lakes area. Reference: N/A.

Craig [Notched] Point – no data or information.

375 - Cranston Knife

Cranston [Knife] Point - named here after specimens recovered near the city in Rhode Island. It is large biface with a straight base. Specimens show edge wear; so it is probably not a preform. Type may date to the Woodland period and is found in the middle Northeast. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type needs to be established archaeologically.

Reference: This paper.

376 - Crawford Creek Points

Crawford Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by James Cambron and David Hulse. It is a medium point with a triangular blade, slightly flaring stem, and straight base. Type has no date and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is usually straight and finely serrated. Stem margins are straight or incurvate. Base is strongly thinned and is usually straight. Major attribute: serration. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James and David Hulse (1969) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part I. The Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Crawford Creek [Stem/Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009). It is a small point with pronounced barbs. It dates to the Middle Archaic and is found in Alabama.

264

Major attribute: Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Crawfork Creek II [Stemmed] Pont - false type; see Baker (1995). Crawford Knoll [Notched] Point - named after the site in Ontario. It is a medium point corner notches and a convex base. Type dates 1500 to 500 BC and is found in Ontario. Major attribute: convex base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: I. Kenyon (1980) Crawford Knoll Point. KEWA 80-3.

377 – Cresap Points

378 - Cresap Points (Converse 1963)

265

379 - Cresap Points (Justice 1987)

Cresap [Stemmed] Point - named by Don Dragoo in 1963 after a mound in West Virginia. It is a large point with a wide, square stem. Base is straight. Type dates 700 to 300 BC and is found in the upper Ohio River valley. Justice (1987) suggests … stem usually tapers from the shoulder with a small shoulder/haft juncture. Major attribute: shouldering. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Adena. Comment: Cresap, Kramer, Dickerson, Adena, and Robbins represent early Woodland types. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

380 - Crescent Knife

Crescent [Knife] Type - named by C. W. Clewlow, Jr. in 1968. It is a crescentic artifact that has a straight to concave edge on one side and a convex edge on the opposite side. Type dates 7000 BC and is found in the Southeast. The user took advantage of the interior blade edge. Tool dates to the Paleoindian Period and was still found at Contact. The tool is almost exclusively made from flint or white quartz. Its distribution is primarily the eastern U.S. Major attribute: C-shape. 266

Type validity: traditional. Comment: type has a wide range of morphological descriptions.

1 - Reference: Clewlow, Jr., C. W. (1968) Archaeology in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada. Archaeological Survey, Reports, University of California, No. 73. 2 - Reference: Mounier, R. Alan and Jack Cresson (2002) A Flaked Semilunar Knife form Site 28-Cu-79, Cumberland County, Bulletin, Archaeological Society on New Jersey, Vol. 57, p. 93.

Crespan [Lanceolate] Point - no data; type from collector’s catalog. Creston [Notched] Point - named after a city in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a medium-to-large point with a straight base. Type dates 100 to 900 AD and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

Crisp [Ovate] Point - see Bray, Robert T. (1956) The Culture-Complexes and Sequences at the Rice Site (235N200) Stone County, Missouri. Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 18, Nos., 1-2, pp. 47-134.

Crispen Point - see Koens-Crispen [Stemmed] Point.

Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA.

Crooked Creek [Notched] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a variety of notched points with straight bases. Type has no date and is found in central Pennsylvania. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

381 - Crowfield Points

267

382 - Crowfield Points (Deller, et al. 2009)

Fluted Face Northampton County, Virginia (Classified by Smithsonian, see Northumberland Type)

Crowfield [Pentagonal] Point - named by D. Brian Deller and C. J. Ellis in 1984. It is a medium-tolarge, fluted point with the waist midway on the blade edge which gives the effect of a pentagonal. Base is concave. Type has no dates and distribution remains to be determined. Jim Fisher (website) offers: a medium-wide lanceolate fluted spear point with delicate pointed ears and a concave base; often display multiple flutes on one side; the widest part of the blade is often above the midway point Major attribute: pentagonal form. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Northumberland. Comment: For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Deller, D. Brian and C. J Ellis (1984) Crowfield: A Preliminary Report on a Probable Paleoindian Cremation in Southwestern Ontario. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 11, pp. 98-108. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Stothers, David M. (1996) Resource Procurement and Band Territories: A Model for Lower Great Lakes Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settlement Systems. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 24, pp. 174-216. 4 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1957) Traces of Early Man in the Northeast. Bulletin No. 358, New York State Museum and Science Service, Albany, NY. 5 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 6 - Reference: Timmins, Peter A.(1994) Alder Creek: A Paleo-Indian Crowfield Phase Manifestation in the Region of

268

Waterloo, Ontario. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 2. 7 – Reference: Deller, D. Brian, Christpher J. Ellis, and James R. Keron (2009) Understanding Cache Variability: A Deliberately Burned Early Paleoindian Tool Assemblage from the Crowfield Site, Southwestern Ontario, Canada. American Antiquity, Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 371-397.

Crowley’s Ridge [Lanceolate] Point - reference in Anderson, David G. (1995) Paleoindian Interaction Networks in the Eastern Woodlands. In: American Interaction: Multiscaler Analysis and Interaction in the Eastern Woodlands, eds. M. S. Nassaney and K. E. Sassaman, pp. 1-26, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN.

383 - Culbreath Points

384 - Culbreath Points

385 - Culbreath Points (Bullen 1975)

Culbreath [Notched] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a broad, medium point with a base or corner notch and has a triangular blade. Stem is square with a straight base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. Bullen (1975) suggests: … point with excurvate blade and drooping barbs. Major attribute: barbs. Type validity: traditional/classic. 269

Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Tully, Lawrence N. and Steven N. Tulley (1986) Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North American Native American. Collector Books, Paducah, KY. 3 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

386 - Culpeper Points

Culpeper [Bifurcate] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1988. It is a small-to-large point with barbed shoulders and deep side notches. Blade edges are excurvate. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: round lobes. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1989) A Guide to the Identification of Virginia Projectile Points. Special Publication Number 17, Archaeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Cultellus [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a medium point with an asymmetrical blade and a straight stem. Type dates 3500 to 2500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

270

387 - Cumberland Points

388 - North Carolina Cumberland Points

Fluting Styles (Based on: Peck (2003)

271

(From: Gramly 2010)

Unfluted Cumberland (Gramly 2011)

272

389 - Cumberland Point Distribution

Cumberland [Lanceolate] Point - named by Thomas M. N. Lewis in 1954 for a river in Tennessee. It is a long, narrow lanceolate point with full-face fluting. The basal area is ground and deeply concave which gives the effect of a flared stem. Type dates 10,000 to 8000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is recurvate. Auriculate hafting area is usually expanding. There is no break between blade and hafting area. Base may show multiple flutes, but face has full fluting. Base is deeply concave and thinned. Major attribute: full-face flute. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Barnes point. Comment: Type is made from blade technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002). This point is at least 1000 years older than Clovis.

1 - Reference: Lewis, T. M. N. (1954) The Cumberland Point. Bulletin, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. II, pp. 7-8. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1963) Ohio Flint Type. Archaeological Society of Ohio. 4 - Reference: Ledbetter, R. Jerald, David G. Anderson, Lisa D. O’Steen, and Danield T. Elliott (1986) Paleoindian and Early Archaic Research in Georgia. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. 5 - Reference: Ledbetter, R. Jerald, David G. Anderson, Lisa D. O’Steen, and Danield T. Elliott (1986) Paleoindian and Early Archaic Research in Georgia. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. 6 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 7 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1957) Traces of Early Man in the Northeast. Bulletin No. 358, New York State Museum and Science Service, Albany, NY. 8 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 9 - Reference: Peck, Rodney M. (2003) Cumberland Fluted Points from Kentucky and Tennessee. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 199-202. 10 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 11 - Reference: Peck, Rodney M. (2003) Cumberland Fluted Points from Kentucky and Tennessee. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 199-202. 12 - Reference: Tankersley, Kenneth B. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 13 - Reference: Anderson, David G., R. Jerald Ledbetter, and Lisa O’Steen (1990) Paleoindian Period Archaeology of Georgia. Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper No. 6, Athens, GA. 14 - Reference: White, Andrew A. (2006) A Model of Paleoindian Hafted Biface Chronology in Northeastern Indiana. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 34, pp. 29-59. 15 – Reference: Gramly, R. M. (2011) An Authentic Unfluted Cumberland Point. Indian Artifact Magazine, Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 15.

390 - Cuney Points

Cuney [Notched] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a small-to-medium point with V-shaped corner notches. Type dates 1600 to 1800 AD. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ...

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long, narrow point that has straight or recurved lateral edges, long downward barbs and a parallel stem. Base is straight. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

391 - Cupp Points

Cupp [Notched] Point - named by David A. Baerreis and Joan E. Freeman in 1959. It is a long, narrow point with rounded base. Shoulders barbed because of resharpening. Notches are pronounced. Type dates 1300 AD and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baerreis, David A. and Joan E. Freeman (1959) A Report on a Bluff Shelter in Northeastern Oklahoma (DI47). Archives of Archaeology, No. 1, University of Wisconsin Press. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

392 - Current River Points (Perino 1991)

Current River [Stemmed] Point - first reported by Alan Banks with Mark Lynott in 1978. It is a small point with a small squarish stem. Type dates 600 to 1000 AD and is found in southeast Missouri. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Banks, Alan (1978) Native Americans of Upper Current River. Published privately, Bridgeton, MO. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

393 - Cutbank Points

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Cutbank [Notched] Point - named by Thomas F. Kehoe in 1966 after a creek in Montana. It is a small point with small side notches and a concave base. Type dates 1700 AD and is found in Montana and Alberta, Canada. Major attribute: small notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kehoe, Thomas F. (1966) The Small Side-Notched Point System of the Northern Plains. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

394 - Cypress (Top) and Marion (Bottom) Points (?)

395 – Cypress Creek Point (?)

Cypress [Stemmed] Point - no namer identified; probably a false type. It is a medium point with a long stem. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found in the upper Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment: Type has five untyped varieties (Justice 1987). For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: May, Ernest E. (1982) The Carrier Mills Projectile Point Typology, In: Prehistoric Culture Adaptation in the Carrier Mills Archaeological District, Saline County, Illinois, ed., R. Jefferies and B. Butler, Center for Archaeological Investigations Research Paper 33, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.

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396 - Cypress Creek Points

Cypress Creek [Notched] Point - named by David DeJarnette, James Cambron, and Edward Kurjack in 1962. It is a medium-to-large beveled-bladed point with a convex base. Type dates to the archaic period and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: flaring stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Cypress Creek I [Notched] Point - false type; see Justice (1987). Cypress Creek II [Notched] Point - false type; see DeRegnaucourt (1991).

Dd 397 - Dakota Points

Dakota [Triangle] Point – named here. It is a small arrowpoint with a straight base. Type date 1400 to 1700 AD and is found in the upper Plains. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: This paper.

Dallas [Blade] Type - named by Thomas Lewis and Madeline Kneberg in 1946. It is a large, well-made lanceolate biface made from high quality flint or chert, especially Wyandotte chert. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Tennessee. Major attribute: none. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Lewis, T. M. N. and Madeline Kneberg (1946) Hiawassee Island. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN.

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398 - Dallas Points

Dallas [Stemmed] Point - named by W. W. Crook and R. K. Harris. It is a medium point with a pronounced square stem and straight base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the South. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Crook, W. W., Jr. and R. K. Harris (1954) Traits of the Trinity Aspect Archaic: Carrollton and Elam Foci. The Record, Dallas Archaeological Society, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 2-13.

399 - Dallas Points

Dallas [Triangle] Point - named by Thomas Lewis and Madeline Kneberg in 1946. It is a long narrow triangle with straight base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: narrow blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Lewis, T. M. N. and Madeline Kneberg (1946) Hiawassee Island. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. Dallas II [Lanceolate] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

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400 - Dallas Point Types (From: Cressman 1960)

Dallas, Oregon, Point Series - created by L. S. Cressman in 1960. Based on general form or edge outline, it is a classification argued as four types. 1 – General Form Type I has convex sides, commonly called leaf shaped. Type II has straight sides, commonly called triangular. Type III has concave sides. Type IV has a combination of concave and convex; concave from the tip to a point near the mid-part of the side, then convex in the after section. Type V is the reverse of Type IV – being convex or straight from the tip back, then becoming concave in the after parts. Type VI is a combination of straight and convex, straight from the tip back, then bulbously convex toward the proximal end to the juncture with the stem. Type VII is a combination of straight sides, roughly parallel toward the proximal end in front of the stem, then converging to a point at the distal end. 2 – Stem Form Three forms are: 1) converging, 2) parallel sides, and 3) expanding. 3 – Side and Stem Form - Four forms are: 1) 90° shoulder, 2) incipient barb, 3) barb with convex edge, and 4) (not described). 4 – Notch Form - One form is side notching. Reference: Cressman, L. S. (1960) Cultural Sequences at the Dallas, Oregon – A Combination to Pacific Northwest Prehistory. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 50, Pt. 10, Philadelphia, PA.

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401 - Dalton Points

402 - Dalton Points

279

403 - Dalton Points

404 - Dalton Point Resharpening Sequence

405 - Dalton Point Distribution

406 - Dalton Points

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(After: Ray 1998)

Dalton [Lanceolate] Point - named by Carl H. Chapman in 1948 for a Missourian who had collected numerous examples. It is a small-to-large lanceolate point with a deeply concave base. Basal area is ground and thinned, and stem is slightly constricted. Resharpened points are frequently beveled and serrated. Type dates 11000 to 8000 BC and is found in the lower part of the eastern U.S. There are three major varieties:  Greenbrier  Breckenridge  Colbert  Nuckolls. Major attribute: concave stem. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Clovis, Hardaway-Dalton. Comment: Type has been assigned here as generally starting the middle Paleoindian period. Its geographical origin has not been established. However, the type is related to Clovis; thus, assigned to the Clovis point tradition. For point dimensions, see Goodyear (1974).

1 - Reference: Chapman, Carl H. (1948) A Preliminary Survey of Missouri Archaeology. Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 10, Pt. 4, pp. 135-164. 2 - Reference: Goodyear III, Albert C. (1974) The Brand Site: A Techno-Functional Study of a Dalton Site in Northeast Arkansas. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research, Series No. 7. 3 - Reference: Goodyear III, Albert C. (1982) The Chronological Position of the Dalton Horizon in the Southeastern United States. American Antiquity, Vol. 47, pp. 382-95. 4 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 5 - Reference: Morse, Dan F. and Phyllis A. Morse (1983) Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley. Academic Press, New York, NY. 6 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 8 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 9 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 10 - Reference: Tankersley, Kenneth B. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 11 - Reference: Price, James E. and James J. Krakker (1975) Dalton Occupation of the Ozark Border. Museum Briefs, No. 20, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. 12 – Reference: Redfield, Alden (1970) Dalton Forms from the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Southwestern Archaeological Conference, Bulletin, No. 13, Morgantown, WV. 13 – Reference: Price, James E. and James J. Krakker (1975) Dalton Occupation of the Ozark Border. University of

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Missouri, Museum of Anthropology, Museum Briefs No. 20, Columbia, MO. 14 - Reference: White, Andrew A. (2006) A Model of Paleoindian Hafted Biface Chronology in Northeastern Indiana. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 34, pp. 29-59. 15 – Reference: Walthall, John A. and Brad Koldehoff (1998) Hunter-Gatherer Interaction and Alliance Formation: Dalton and the Cult of the Long Blade. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 43, pp. 257-273. 16 – Reference: Hoott, Michael J. and Jesse A. M. Ballenger (2007) Biface Reduction and the Measurement of Dalton Curation: A Southeastern United States Case Study. American Antiquity, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 153-175. 17 – Reference: Fox, Daniel J. (2003) Arrowheads of the Central Plains. Collector Books, Paducah, K.Y. 18 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

407 - Dalton Chattahoochee Point

408 - From: Chapman (1975): Left: Clovis, right: Dalton. The technological continuum is obvious.

Dalton-Colbert Point - see Dalton [Lanceolate] Point. Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

409 - Dalton Greenbriar Points

Dalton [Broad Base] Point - false type, see Baker (2009).

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Dalton-Greenbriar Point - see Dalton [Lanceolate] Point. Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C.

Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

410 – Dalton Interim Points

Dalton-Hardaway [Lanceolate/Notched] - point showing mainly Dalton attributes, but may be in a technological sequence to becoming the Hardaway type.

411 – Dalton Interim Points

Dalton Knife - false type; reference to Dalton with expended, long narrow blades. Reference: none.

Dalton-Meserve Point - see Dragoo (1991). Dalton-Nuckolls Point - see Dalton [Lanceolate] Point. Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse

(1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

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412 - Dalton Varieties Based on Dragoo (1991): a-c Greenbrier, d-f Colbert, and g-I Nuckolls

Dalton (Ocmulgee) Point - see Dowdy and Sowell (1998). Dalton Side-Notched Point – false type; see McGahey (2000).

413 - Damron Points

Damron [Notched] Point - named by James Cambron and David Hulse in 1975. It is a small point with shallow notching and convex base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are tapered. Blade edges are straight or excurvate, usually beveled and finely serrated. Hafting notches are shallow and near the convex base. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

Damron II [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Dane [Sharkstooth] Point - no one is credited with naming the point. It is a V-shaped point with deep concave base. Type has no date and is found in Wisconsin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ritzenthaler, Robert (1971) A Guide to Wisconsin Native American Projectile Point Types. Popular Science Series No. 11, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

414 – Daniels Point

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Daniels [Triangle] Point - It is a small triangle found in the Great Lakes area. Type dates to the Late Woodland.

Reference: Adams, Nick (1995) Field Manual. Ontario Archaeological Society, Inc..

Photo 415 –Dan River Knife

Dan River [Blade] Knife - first identified by Hranicky (2002) after a South Carolina specimen but named here after other specimens were found in southern Virginia. It is a triangularly-shaped blade struck from a prepared core. Bulb is at the base of the knife. Blade is serrated with a sharp tip. Knife is made from slate or possibly rhyolite. Type is dated here as pre-Clovis and is found from Virginia and the Carolinas. Major attribute: triangular cross section. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type needs to be established archaeologically.

Daphne Creek [Notched] Point - not available; see Justice (2002a).

1 - Reference: Zeier, Charles D. and Robert G. Elston (1986) The Archaeology of Vista Site 26 Wa 3017. Cultural Resources Section. Environmental Services Division, Nevada Department of Transportation. 2 - Reference: Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

Daphne Creek [Eared] Point – false type; see Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

416 Dardanella Point

Dardanelle [Notched] Point - collector source; probable type. Reference: none.

417 - Darl Points

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418 - Darl Points

Darl [Stemmed] Point - named by E. O. Miller and Edward B. Jelks in 1952. It is a long, narrow point with a deeply concave base. Type dates 1000 to 250 BC and is found in central Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... slender, carefully flaked point with an expanding or rectangular stem. Prewitt (1981) divided the type into:  Mahomet  Zepher. Major attribute: slender blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Miller, E. O. and E. B. Jelks (1952) Archaeological Investigations at the Belton Reservoir, Coryell County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 23, pp. 186-217. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks (1962) Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Texas Archeological Society, Special Publications, No. 1, and Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin No. 4. 4 - Reference: Peeples, Matthew (2003) An Analysis of the Projectile Points from the Chytha Site (41JK66), Jackson County, Texas. La Tierra, Southern Texas Anthropological Association, Vol. 30, No. 1&2, pp. 37-63. 5 – Reference: Prewitt, Elton R. (1981) Archeological Investigations at the Loeve-Fox, Loeve and Tombstone Bluff Sites in the Granger Lake District of Central Texas. Archaeological Investigations at the San Gabrial Reservoir Districts, Vol. 4, Institute of Applied Sciences, North Texas State University, Denton, TX. 6 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Darl [Blade] Type - collector type. It is a long narrow point with a straight, convex, or concave base. Type probably dates 2500 to 1000 BC and is found in Texas and Oklahoma. Major attribute: slender blade. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: none.

419 – Datil Points (Justice 2002)

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Datil [Stemmed] Point - named by Herbert W. Dick in 1965 after mountains in New Mexico. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in Mexico, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dick, Herbert C. (1965) Bat Cave. Monograph No. 27, School of American Research, Santa Fe, NM. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Davis [Notched] Point - see Binford, Lewis R. (1963) The Hodges Site: A Late Archaic Burial Station. In: Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification by A. White, L. Binford and M. Papworth, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers No. 19, pp. 124-128. Daw’s Island Scraper - see Michie, James L. (1970) The Daw's Island Scraper. Chesopiean, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp.85-86.

420 - Dawson Points

Dawson [Stemmed] Point - named by Lathel F. Duffield in 1963 after a town in Texas. It is a medium point with a long stem and round base. Type dates to the Middle Archaic and is found in east Texas and Louisiana. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point with mildly concave lateral edges and strong, but unbarbed, shoulders. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Duffield, Lathel F. (1963) The Strawn Creek Site: A Mixed Archaic and Neo-American Site at Navarro Mills Reservoir, Navarro County, Texas. Mimeographed report of the National Park Service by the Texas Archaeological Salvage Project, University of Texas, Austin, TX.

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2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

421 - Dayton Points (Morrow 1984)

Dayton [Notched] Point - named after a city in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a medium dovetail point. Type dates 0 to 500 AD and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

422 - Deadman's Points

Deadman's [Notched] Point - named by Jack T. Hughes and Patrick S. Willey in 1978. It is a small point with deep basal notches and a rounded stem. Type dates to the Mogollon period and is found in New Mexico and Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... short, wide, triangular point that has concave lateral serrated edges. Stem is slender and expanding, and base is notched. Major attribute: pronounced stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hughes, Jack T. and Patrick S. Willey (1978) Archaeology of Mackenzie Reservoir. Texas Historical Commission, Survey Report No. 24. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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423 – Debert Clovis Points

Debert [Lanceolate] Point - named by George F. MacDonald in 1968 after a site in Canada. It is a medium-to-large fluted point with a deep basal concave base and sometimes rounded ears. Type dates 8600 BC and is found from New York to Canada. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Clovis. Comment: broad lanceolate spear points with deep basal concavities and parallel sides; often display multiple flutes on each face, lateral blade edges of base are ground smooth. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: MacDonald, George F. (1968) Debert: A Paleoindian Site in Central Nova Scotia. National Museums of Canada, Anthropology Papers No. 16. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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424 - Decatur Points

Based on Edler (1970)

Decatur [Notched] Point - named by James W. Cambron in 1957. It is a small-to-medium point with unusual basal treatment. Stem is very short and straight with a small basal indentation. Blade is frequently beveled, at least in the Southeast specimens. The type may yet be divided into two new types. Type dates 6500 BC and is found from Alabama to Illinois to North Carolina. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are tapered with expanding barbs, Blade edges are straight or incurvate but never recurvate, Blades edges are usually beveled on each face. Expanding stem usually has straight margins, and base is concave which is ground and thinned. Justice (1987) suggests: … trianguloid, corner notched forms with the basal edge flattened by the use of a burin flaking technique to finish the base. Major attribute: burin flaking on base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Anjelico point. Comment: type is probably divided into an early form in the Southeast and a later form in the Ohio river valley. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. (1957) Some Early Projectile Point Types from the Tennessee Valley. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 3. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 - Reference: Edler, Robert (1970). The Decatur Point. The Redskin, Vol. V, No. 2, pp. 40-41.

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425 - Decatur Point

426 - Decatur Point Distribution

Decatur II [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Decatur [Fractured Base] Point - see DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No. 7, Arcanum, OH.

DeCook (?) Point – see reference.

Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

427 - Dekalb Point

Dekalb [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a county in Alabama. It is a medium point with a round base. Type dates 7000 to 6500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: convex base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

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428 - Del Carmen Points

Del Carmen [Notched] Point - named by Alan Phelps in 2000 for a river in Mexico. It is a small point with a flared stem. Type dates 1200 to 1400 AD and is found in Mexico and Texas. Major attribute: bifurcate stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Phelps, Alan L. (2002) An Inventory of the Prehistoric Native American Sites of Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, N/A.

429 – Delhi Points

Delhi Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Delhi [Stemmed] Point - named by James A. Ford and Clarence Webb in 1956. It is a medium point with a triangular blade that has straight to excurvate edges. Stem is square with rounded corners and a straight base. Type dates 900 BC and is found from Louisiana up to Illinois. Ford and Webb (1956) suggest…blades are long triangles with straight or gently curving edges. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Ford, James A. and Clarence Webb (1956) Poverty Point, A Late Archaic in Louisiana. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 46, Pt. 1. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS.

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430 – Delhi Wing Point

Delta [Notched] Point – named by Martin Baumhoff and J. Byrne after the Sacramento delta. It is a small, triangular, side-notched points, found primarily in interior central California and dated after ca. A.D. 1500. Delta side-notched points have been included within the Desert cluster. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to Comment: a Desert type variety.

1 - Reference: Baumhoft, Martin A. and J. S. Byrne (1959) Desert Side-Notched Points as a Time Marker in California. University of California Archaeological Survey Report 48, Papers on California Archaeology 72. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

431 - Denbigh Points (Perino 2002)

Denbigh [Mixed] Point - named by Louis Giddings in 1951 for a sound in Alaska. It is a mixture of blade and lanceolate forms. Type dates pre-Clovis and is found in Alaska. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Giddings, J. Louis, Jr. (1951) The Denbigh Flint Complex. American Antiquity, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 193-203. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Dent [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large point with a concave base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in the western Plains states. archaeology.

Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

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432 - Denton Points

Denton [Stemmed] Point - named by John M. Connaway in 1957. It is a thick point made by percussion flaking. Stem is square with rounded corners and a straight base. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … a thick, crude point made by percussion flaking. Major attribute: squarish stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Connaway, John M. (1957) The Denton Site: A Middle Archaic Occupation in the Northern Yazoo Basin, Mississippi. Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

433 - Deptford Points

Deptford [Lanceolate] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a ceramic series. It is a large point with a concave base. Type dates 300 to 100 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Deschutes [Knife] Type - long narrow knife form ranging from 125 to 200 mm. It has a long straight stem with an indented base. Stem/handle is probably leather wrapped. Type dates after 1400 AD. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dietz, Dewey (1982) Notched Knives. Oregon Archaeological Society, Vol. 31, No. 12. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

434 – Desert Delta Points

294

Desert Delta [Notched] Point - no namer. It is a medium point found on the Columbia River in Oregon. Reference: TBD.

435 - Desert Knife

Desert Knife - collector references to a knife form found in the Southwest and Plateau areas. It has a round base. Reference: none.

436 - Desert Points

437 - Desert Points

438 - Desert Point Distribution

Desert [Notched] Point - named by Martin A. Baumhoff and J. S. Byrnes in 1959. It is small triangular point with small side notches. Base is straight or concave. Type dates post 1200 AD and is found in the Great Basin and California. Major attribute: notches. 295

Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baumhoff, Martin A. and J. S. Byrnes (1959) Desert Side-Notched Points as a Time Marker in California. Reports, University of California, Archaeological Survey, No. 18. 2 - Reference: Fry, Gary F. and Gardner F. Dalley (1979) The Levee Site and the Knoll Site. Anthropological Paper Number 100, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT. 3 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F. and Thomas R. Hester (1978) Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms And Chronology. Socorro, New Mexico, Ballena Press. 4 - Reference: Fry, Gary F. and Gardiner F. Dalley (1979) The Levee Site and the Knoll Site. University of Utah, Anthropological papers, No. 100. 5 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT. 6 - Reference: Sharrock, Floyd W. (1966) Prehistoric Occupation Patterns in Southwest Wyoming and Cultural Relationships with the Great Basin and Plains Culture Areas. Anthropological Papers, No. 77, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. 7 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Desert [Side-Notched] – Sierra Subtype – see Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

439 - Desert Valley Point

Desert Valley [Notched] Point - named here after the area in Nevada. It is a long narrow point with shallow side notched. Stem corners and base are round. All observed specimens are made from obsidian. Type dates 3000 BC (tentatively) and is found in the Great Basin. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: none.

440 - Des Moines Points (Morrow 1984)

Des Moines [Notched] Point - named after a river in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a small point with small notches and usually has a straight base. Type dates 500 to 1500 AD and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

296

441 - Desmuke Points

Desmuke Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Desmuke [Stemmed] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a small-to-medium point with a rounded stem/base area. Blade is triangular and sometimes beveled. Type probably dates to the Archaic period and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... lozenge-shaped point that has a contracting lower body. Major attribute: tear-drop shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) A Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks (1962) Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Texas Archeological Society, Special Publications, No. 1, and Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin No. 4.

442 - DeWaele Point

DeWaele [Stemmed] Point - no namer. It is a medium point with a parallel-sided stem that has a concave base. Shoulders are pronounces. Type dates 850 to 1250 AD and is found in the Toronto area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Fox, W. A. (1982) DeWaele Points. KEWA 82-3.

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443 - Dewart Points (Drawings: Fogelman 1984)

Dewart [Stemmed] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a triangularly bladed point with a square stem. Type has not been dated and is found in central Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Diablo [Notched] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish in 1958. It is has a wide triangular blade with straight to concaved base. It has not been dated and is found in Mexico and Texas. Major attribute: none. (Duplicate type?) Type validity: distinctive. Comment:

Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 48, pt. 6.

1 -Reference: Baumhoft, Martin A. and J. S. Byrne (1959) Desert Side-Notched Points as a Time Marker in California. University of California Archaeological Survey Report 48, Papers on California Archaeology 72. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Diagonal [Notched] Point - named by Robert N. Converse in 1973. It is a well-made point with 45 degree corner notches. Base is usually ground and straight to slightly convex. Type has not been dated and is found in central Pennsylvania. Major attribute: diagonal blade. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973) Ohio Flint Types. Special Publication, Archaeological Society of Ohio.

298

444 - Dickson Points

445 - Dickson Point

446 - Dickerson Point Distribution

Dickson [Stemmed] Point - named by Howard D. Winters in 1967. It is a large, triangularly-bladed point with a small squarish stem. Type dates 500 BC to 500 AD and is found in upper Mississippi River to the Great Lakes area. Perino (1985) suggests … a large point with a truncated contracting stem. Major attribute: truncated contracting stem. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Gary, Adena. Comment: Cresap, Kramer, Dickerson, Adena, and Robbins represent early Woodland types. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Winters, Howard D. (1967) An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois. Illinois State Museum, Reports of Investigation, No. 10. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Dinnehotso Point – see Van Buren (1974). Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

447 - Dismal Swamp Points

299

Dismal Swamp [Stemmed] Point - named by Floyd Painter in 1963. It is a medium, asymmetricalbladed point with straight base. Blades approximate off-center equilateral triangles. Base corners are eared. Type dates 1250 BC and is found in southern Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: asymmetrical blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Painter, Floyd (1963) The Dismal Swamp Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 16. 2 - Reference: Peck, Rodney M. (1999) The Dismal Swamp Projectile Point Type. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 100-101. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

448 - Dominion Knife

Dominion [Knife] Point - named by Jack Hranicky in 2001 after Virginia. It is a large, thick biface with a straight base. Type may have a round base, but this form is not used here. Type dares around 1250 BC and is found in Virginia and the Carolinas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Guilford point. Comment: 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Donaldson [Stemmed] Point - named by Frank F. Schambach in 1970. It is a thick point with an expanded stem. It has not been dated and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley.

300

Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Schambach, Frank F. (1998) Pre-Caddoan Cultures in the Mississippi South. Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Research Series 53, Fayetteville, AR.

Doon [Lanceolate] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

449 - Dolores Points

Dolores [Stemmed] Point -named after an area on the Colorado River. It is a small point with a small stem that flairs at its base. Type dates 600 to 900 AD and is found in the four-state Colorado area. Major attribute: constricted stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Anasazi, Abajo. Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Diablo Canyon [Notched] Point - named after the canyon in California by Noel Justice. It is a medium point with a round base. Type dates 6000 to 3500 BC and is found in California. Diablo Canyon side-notched

points have been classified within the Pacific Coast side-notched series. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Breschini, Gary S. and Haversat, Trudy (1993) Archaeological Investigations for the Custom House Plaza Project, Monterey County, California. Archaeological Consulting, Salinas, California. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Dos Cabezas [Triangle] Point – named after a city in San Diego County, California. It is a small (arrow-size), triangular, deeply serrated points, dated after ca. A.D. 500. Alternatively, Dos Cabezas serrated points have sometimes been classified with Desert side-notched or as Cottonwood triangular forms. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

301

Dover Hill [Notched] Point - see Tomak, Curtis H. (1980) Scherchel: A Late Archaic Occupation in Southern Native Americana with Appended Chert Descriptions. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 104-111.

450 - Dovetail Points

451 - Dovetail Point Distribution

Dovetail [Notched] Point - style named by Edward G. Scully in 1951. It is a corner- or side-notched point with a pronounced convex base. Specimens are usually well made. Type usually has a name. Type dates 9000 BC and is found in Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic areas except coast. Major attribute: dovetail.

302

Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Scully, Edward G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Luchterhand, Kubet (1970) Early Archaic Projectile Points and Hunting Patterns in the Lower Illinois Valley. Illinois Valley Archaeological Program, Research Papers, No. 3, Springfield, IL. 4 - Reference: Baldwin, John (ed.) (1980) Dovetails. Vol. XV, Nos. 3 and 4, Genuine Indian Relic Society, Inc., Memphis, TN.

452 – Dovetail Points (Lower: Two Views)

Dovetail Styles – Illinois/Missouri

Dovetail Styles – Oho Styles

Dovetail Styles – Indiana/Kentucky 453 -Dovetail Point Styles (Based on: Baldwin 1980)

Drake [Bifurcate] Point - see McKenzie, Douglas H. (1967) The Archaic of the Lower Scioto Valley, 303

Ohio. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 33-51

454 - Drill Form Examples

Drills - numerous point types have drill forms. It is a form of blade modification and should be studied and classified under difference industry studies.

455 - Dry Brook Point

456 - Dry Brook Points

Dry Brook [Stemmed] Point - named by David J. Warner in 1972. It is a medium point with a flaring stem. Type dates 1750 to 1000 BC and is found in Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. Major attribute: constricted stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Orient. Comment:

1 - Reference: Kinsey, W. Fred III (1972) Archaeology in the Upper Delaware Valley. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

457 - Dryoff Points

Dryoff [Stemmed] Point - named by Thomas Emerson in 1984 for the site in Illinois. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found in Illinois. Major attribute: square stem.

304

Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Emerson, Thomas E. (1984) In: The Go-Cart North, Dyroff, and Levin Sites. American Bottoms Archaeology FAI-270 Site Reports, Vol., 9, Illinois Department of Transportation and University of Illinois Press, Chicago, IL. 2 - Reference: Binford, Lewis R. (1963) The Hodges Site: A Late Archaic Burial Station. In: Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification by A. White, L. Binford and M. Papworth, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers No. 19, pp. 124-128.

458 - Dry Prong Points

Dry Prong [Notched] Point - named after the site in Arizona. It is a small, narrow point with a straight or slightly concave base. Type dates 1000 to 1150 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Olson, Alan P. (1960) The Dry Prong Site, East Central Arizona. American Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

459 - Dual-Tip Points

Dual-Tipped Point - identified by Claude Britt, Jr. in 1974. It is a stemmed or notched point that has two point tips; thus, its name. It is chiefly found in Ohio, but points have been reported in 11 states, namely the South and Midwestern states. It is rare with approximately 50 known specimens.

Reference: Britt, Cluade, Jr. (1974) Dual-Tipped Points: A Very Rare Ohio Flint Type. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 24, No. 3, p. 18.

460 - Duck River Swoard

Duck River Sword [Stemmed] Point - named by James A. Brown in 1976. It is a long, narrow, parallel to convex-sided point with very pointed tips. Base/stem is rounded. Type dates 1300 AD (Mississippian) and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: pointed tip. Type validity: traditional.

305

Similar to: Comment: Reference: Brown, James A. (1976) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Vol. 4.

Dudley [Notched] Point - see Dincauze, Dena F. (1968) Cremation Cemeteries in Eastern Massachusetts. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 59, No. 1, Cambridge, MA.

461 - Duncan Knife

Duncan [Knife] Point - named by Richard Wheeler in 1954. It is a large point with a bifurcated stem. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in the High Plains states and Canada. Major attribute: none. See Perino (2002) and Duncan [Stemmed] Point. 1 - Reference: Wheeler, Richard P. (1954) Two New Projectile Point types: Duncan and Hanna points. The Plains Anthropologist 1. 2 - Reference: Sharrock, Floyd W. (1966) Prehistoric Occupation Patterns in Southwest Wyoming and Cultural Relationships with the Great Basin and Plains Culture Areas. Anthropological Papers, No. 77, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.

462 - Duncan Points

Duncan [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard P. Wheeler in 1954. It is a small-to-medium point with a triangular blade. Stem is straight or slightly expanding with a deep basal indentation. Type dates 1500 BC and is found from Canada to Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wheeler, Robert P. (1954) Two New Projectile Point Types: Duncan and Hana Points. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 1. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis (1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceedings, Number 11, Denver Museum of Natural History. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol.

306

1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

463 - Duncan's Island Points

Duncan's Island [Stemmed] Point - named by Barry C. Kent in 1970. It is a triangularly bladed point with a square stem. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in Maryland and Pennsylvania. Major attribute: squarish stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA.

464 - Duran Point two views)

Duran [Stemmed] Point - named by Walter W. Taylor in 1966. It is a thick, small-to-medium point with pronounced shoulders. Blade may have deep serrations. Stem is rounded. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in northern Mexico. Major attribute: blade notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Taylor W. W. (1966) Archaic Culture Adjacent to the Northeastern Frontiers of Mesoamerica. Handbook of Middle American Native Americans, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

465 - Duncan Points

307

Duncan [Mixed] Point - no namer, but may be attributed to Cynthia Irwin and Henry Irwin (1959). It needs defining. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: pointed corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Irwin, Cynthia and Henry Irwin (1959) Excavation at the LoDaisKa Site in the Denver, Colorado Area. Proceedings, Denver Museum of Natural History 8.

466 - Dunn Point

Dunn [Stemmed] Point - named by Leon Dunn after the site in Arkansas. It is a large point with a tapered stem which has a round base. Type dates 1200 BC to 600 AD and is found in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dunn, Leon (1992) Dunn Point. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3. 2 – Reference: Rowe, Matt (2010) The Dunn Point. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 57, No. 3, p. 127.

467 - Durango Points (Justice 2002a)

Durango [Notched] Point - named after the Colorado city as in Justice (2002). It is a medium point with shallow side notches and has a convex base. Type dates 2500 to 400 BC and is found in the four state Colorado area. Major attribute: shallow notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Sa Pedro. Comment: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Durant's Bend [Stemmed] Point - named by R. Allen (n.d.). It is a small point with a concave base. Type dates 500 to 700 AD and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Powell, John (1990). Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Carolinas, Inc., West Columbia, SC.

308

468 - Durst Points

Durst [Notched] Point - named by Warren L. Wittry in 1959. It is a small-to-medium point with long narrow blade. Notches are wide and base is convex. Type dates 750 BC and is found in Illinois and Wisconsin. Major attribute: constricted waist. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wittry, Warren L. (1959) Archaeological Studies of Four Wisconsin Rock Shelters. Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 1, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

469 - Dust Cave Points (Drishell 1996)

Dust Cave [Notched] Point - named here after the cave in Alabama. It is a medium point with a concave base. Some specimens have indented bases. Type quite possibly dates to the Late Paleoindian and is found along the middle Tennessee River. Major attribute: ground base and corners. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Cobb, Richard M. (1987) A Speleoarchaeological Reconnaissance of the Pickwick Basin in Colbert and Lauderdale Counties in Alabama. Office of Archaeological Research, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL. 2 - Reference: Driskell, Boyce N. (1996) Stratified Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Deposits at Dust Cave, Northwestern Alabama. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL.

Dustin [Notched] Point - named by Lewis R. Binford and Mark Papworth in 1963. It is a thick, medium, side-notched point with a rounded base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the Great Lakes area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Binford, Lewis R. and Mark Papworth (1963) The Eastport Site, Antrim County, Michigan. Anthropological Papers, No. 19, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

Dustin-Lamoka Point -see: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

309

Dutch Harbor [Stemmed] Point – found in Alaska. It is long narrow point with a tapering stem. It dates around 7000 BC. Comment: Type needs defining.

Reference: Musdoch, John (1892) Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. Ninth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

470 - Duval Points (Bullen 1975)

Duval [Notched/Stemmed] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1951. It is a long, narrow point with either side notching or straight stem. Base is either straight or convex. Type dates 700 AD and is found in Florida and Georgia. Bullen (1975) suggests: … relatively long, small to medium sized, crudely chipped point with straight to slightly excurvate sides and tangs which vary from side notched to parallel sided. There are three subtypes. Major attributes: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1951) The Terra Ceia Site, Manatee County Florida. Florida Anthropological Society, Publication No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 Reference: - Ledbetter, J. Jerald (1995) Archaeological Investigations at Mill Branch Sites 9WR4 and 9WR11, Warren County, Georgia. Technical Reports No. 3, Interagency Archaeological Services Division, Atlanta, GA.

Ee 471 - Eagle Lake Point (Harwood 1986)

Eagle Lake [Notched] Point - named after the Eagle Lake site in California. It is a medium point with two blade (each side) notches and a deep concave base. Type dates 4000 to 2500 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: double side notches. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

310

472 - Earbob Ferry Points

Earbob Ferry [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1985. It is a broad ovate point with small basal notches. Stem is parallel-sided with a straight or convex base. Type dates 500 BC and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … a broad ovate point with small basal notches. Major attribute: blade shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Eastern Lanceolates (Points) - Reference to eastern versions of the Hell Gap, Angosture, and Agate Basin types. It is an unfluted, lance-shaped point usually measuring approximately 75 mm in length (Waldrof 1987). It is a geographic morphology and is a false type.

473 - Eastgate Points

474 –Eastgate Point Distribution

Eastgate [Notched] Point - named by Robert Heizer and Martin Baumhoff in 1963. It is a long, narrow point with small basal notches. Base is either straight or indented. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in California and Nevada. Major attribute: basal notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Lanning, Edward P. (1963) Archaeology of the Rose Springs Site (INY-327). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 49, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol.

311

1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R. and Robert F. Heizer (973) Review and Discussion of Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms and Chronology. Archaeological Research Facility. Anthropology Dept., UC - Berkeley, CA. 4 - Reference: Elsasser, Albert B. and E. R. Prince (1961) Eastgate Cave. University of California Anthropological Records, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 139-149, Berkeley, CA. 5 - Reference: Connolly, Thomas J. (1999) Newberry Crater – A Ten Thousand-Year Record of Human Occupation and Environmental Change in the Basin-Plateau Borderlands. Number 21, University of Utah Anthropological Papers, Salt Lake City, UT. 6 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT.

475 - Ebenezer Points

476 - Eastover Point

Eastover [Bipoint] Point - named after an area in South Boston, Virginia where the first specimens were first observed. It is a large, crudely-made knife made off a blade or large flake. It was manufactured by percussion flaking. Materials are rhyolite and quartzite. Distribution appears to be south central Virginia and adjacent area in North Carolina. Class remains to be dated. See Bipoint, Chesapeake [Diamond] Point, and Wytheville [Stemmed] Point. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points in Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Ebenezer [Stemmed] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg. It is a medium point with a constricting stem. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found in Tennessee and Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are narrow and tapered but may be straight. Blade is excurvate. Stem is short and rounded. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Smith, D. C. and Frank M. Hodges (1968) The Rankin Site, Cocke County, Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. 12, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

477 - Spiro Eccentric

312

(For Information Only)

Eccentric - large stylized form of a flint knapped implement. Perino (1985) considers them as ornaments or simply made for esthetic reasons; additionally here, it was used as a status or ceremonial object. There is variation in style and is not a type.

478 – Ecusrta Point

Ecusta [Notched] Point - name is credited to William H. Claflin, Jr. It is a medium, beveled, thick point with shallow side notches and convex base. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulder barbs are weak. Blade is beveled and straight. Serration may occur. Base of hafting area is broad and convex. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Claflin, William H., Jr. (1931) The Stallings Island Mound, Columbia County, Georgia. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 14, No. 1, Cambridge, MA. 2 - Reference: Harwood, C. R. (1958) The Ecusta Point. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. 14, No. 1.

479 - Eden Point

313

480 - Eden Point Distribution

Eden [Lanceolate] Point - type name is generally credited to H. M. Wormington in 1957 after a city in Wyoming or after points found at the Finley site. It is a long narrow point with a wide square stem. It is usually parallel flaked and is one of the finest points ever made in prehistoric North America. Base is straight. Type dates 7500 to 6000 BC and is found in the Plains states. Perino (1985) suggests …a point with parallel-convex sides. Major attribute: parallel-transverse flaking. Type validity: traditional/classic Similar to: Scottsbluff. Comment: type is associated with the Cody complex (Justice 1987). The Scottsbluff-Eden types initiate the stemmed pointmaking tradition on the High Plains. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Popular Series, No. 4 Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO. 2 - Reference: Moss, John H. (and collaborators) (1951) Early Man in the Eden Valley. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Monograph No. 6. 3 - Reference: Satterthwaitie, Linton (1957) Stone Artifacts Near the Finley Site, Near Eden, Wyoming. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Monographs. 4 - Reference: Wheat, Joe Ben (1972) The Olsen-Chubbuck Site: A Paleo-Indian Bison Kill. Society for American Archaeology, Memoir No. 26. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1981) Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Sharrock, Floyd W. (1966) Prehistoric Occupation Patterns in Southwest Wyoming and Cultural Relationships with the Great Basin and Plains Culture Areas. Anthropological Papers, No. 77, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. 8 - Reference: Strong, Emory (1969) Stone Age in the Great Basin. Binford & Mort Publishing, Portland, OR. 9 - Reference: Bradley, Bruce A. (1993) Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 10 - Reference: Boldurian, Anthony T. and John C. Cotter (1999) Clovis Revisited – New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, PA.

481 - Eden Eared Point

Eden [Eared] Point - see Perino (1985). Eden Renier Variant – see Wheat, Joe Ben (1972) The Olsen-Chubbuck Site: A Paleoindian Bison Kill. Society for American Archaeology Memoir No. 26.

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482 - Edgefield Scrapers

Edgefield Scraper - named by James L. Michie in 1968. Medium-to-large, diagonally beveled point that was made into a scraper. It probably dates to the Early Archaic and is found in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. Major attribute: diagonally beveled blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: type was made on a prismatic blade.

1 - Reference: Michie, James L. (1968) The Edgefield Scraper. Chesopiean, Vol. 6, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Sassaman Kenneth E. (1996) Early Archaic Settlement in the South Carolina Coastal Plain. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. 4 - Reference: Lauro, James (1982) The Edgefield Scraper and Waller Knife, Early Archaic Tools from the Peral River Drainage, Central Mississippi. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. XXVII, No. 2, pp. 147-154.

483 – Edgewood Points

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484 - Edgewood Point Distribution

Edgewood [Stemmed] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, E. B. Jelks, and Alex Krieger in 1954. It is a medium point with pronounced shoulders and an expanding stem with a straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in the southern U.S. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... prominent to well-barbed shoulders, a wide expanding stem, and a concave to straight base. Major attribute: flaring stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, E. B. Jelks, and Alex Krieger (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks (1962) Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Texas Archeological Society, Special Publications, No. 1, and Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin No. 4. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

485 - Edwards Knife

Edwards [Blade] Type - described by Greg Perino in 2002 after the area in Texas. It is a large knife with a blade straight side and curved side. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found in Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

486 - Edwards Points

Edwards [Notched] Point - named by J. B. Sollberger in 1967. It is a small-to-medium point with deep and narrow corner notches which cause the stem to flair. Base is deeply concave. Type dates 750 AD and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... straight to convex lateral edges that are frequently serrated. Prominent shoulder or barbs are pointed, and has an expanding stem. Base is deeply concave. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

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1 - Reference: Sollberger, J. B. (1967) A New Type Arrow Point with Speculations as to its Origin. Dallas Archaeological Society, The Record, Vol. 23, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

487 - Edwards Points (Bottom: All Faces)

Edwards [Stemmed] Point - named by Phillip Phillips and John Belmont in 1983. It is a medium point with a square stem and straight base. Blade is triangular. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Major attribute: pronounced stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Williams, Stephen and Jeffrey P. Brain (1983) Excavations at the Lake George Site, Yazoo County, Mississippi, 1958-1960. Papers of the Peabody Museum, Vol. 74, Cambridge, MA. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

488 - Egg Lake Point (Harwood 1986)

Egg Lake [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a long narrow point. Type has no date and is found in California and Oregon. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

Egypt Mills [Notched] Point - named by W. Fred Kinsey III in 1972. It is a medium, crude point with straight base. Type dates 1500 BC and is found in the upper Delaware River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kinsey, W. Fred III (1972) Archaeology in the Upper Delaware Valley. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

489 - Elam Points

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Elam [Stemmed] Point - named by Wilson W. Crook and R. K. Harris in 1952. It is a short point with a square stem and straight base. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in Texas and Louisiana. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... prominent shoulders and a parallel-side stem. Major attribute: stubbyness. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Crook, Wilson W. and R. K. Harris (1952) Trinity Aspect of the Archaic Horizon: The Carrollton and Elam Foci. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 23, pp. 7-38. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks (1962) Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Texas Archeological Society, Special Publications, No. 1, and Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin No. 4. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Found in 1967 in Illinois, chert, L = 167, W = 30, T = 12 mm. Clearly made from a blade as platform remains, D-cross section, pronounced medial ridge. 490 – El Jobo Points

El Jobo, chert, Honduras, Central America, L = 130, W = 32, T = 12 mm. It has a medial ridge on both faces with over-shot flakes.

El Jobo [Bipoint] Point – a bipoint made from flint. It dates around 11,500 BC. The classic bipointed implement is often suggested as being Solutrean; however, few New World specimens have been found and more importantly, no dateable context can be assigned to them. The bipoint is found all over the Western Hemisphere. The notable point in South America is the El Jobo. The bipoint may have two forms: narrow and wide blade; however, resharpening probably accounts for this difference. Reference: Alan L. Bryan, Rodolfo M. Casamiquela, José M. Cruxent, Ruth Gruhn, And Claudio Ochsenius (1978) An El Jobo Mastodon Kill at Taima-taima, Venezuela. Science, Vol. 200, No. 4347, pp. 1275-1277.

Elk Garden [Triangle] Point - named by Jerome D. Traver in 1964. It is a small-to-medium length, narrow spike-like triangle with a straight or flaring base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Traver, Jerome D. (1964) Southern Cult Influence at the Elk Garden Site, Russell County, Virginia. Chesopiean, Vol. 2, No. 5, p. 121.

Elkhorn Point – Miles, Charles (1958) Bonanza Books, New York, NY.

491 - Elko Bifurcated

492 - Elko Notched

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Points

Split Stem Variety

493 - Elko Point

494 - Elko Points

Elko [Notched] Point - named by Robert Heizer and M. A. Baumhoff in 1961. It is a small-to-medium point with straight, convex, or indented bases. Stem is almost a bifurcate. It has two varieties (Justice 2002) and others added here:  Eared  Corner notched  Split stem  Side notched  Eared. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Nevada, Idaho, Oregon, California, and Utah. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Bitterroot. Comment:

1 - Reference: Heizer, Robert and M. A. Baumhoff (1961) The Wagin Jack Shelter: The Archaeology of Two Sites at Eastgate, Churchill County, Nevada. University of California Press, Anthropological Records, Vol. 20, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R. and Robert F. Heizer (973) Review and Discussion of Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms and Chronology. Archaeological Research Facility. Anthropology Dept., UC - Berkeley, CA. 4 - Reference: Connolly, Thomas J. (1999) Newberry Crater – A Ten Thousand-Year Record of Human Occupation and Environmental Change in the Basin-Plateau Borderlands. Number 21, University of Utah Anthropological Papers, Salt Lake City, UT. 5 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT. 6 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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495 - Elko Eared Points

496 - Elko Points

497 - Eklo Point Distribution

Elko Series - see Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

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498 - Elko Point Variations

Elko [Eared] Point – see Northern [Notched] Point. Elko [Notched] Point – see Northern [Notched] Point.

Reference: O’Connell, James F. (1967) Elko Eared/Elko Corner-Notched Projectile Points as Time Markers In: The Great Basin. Papers on Great Basin Archaeology. University of California Archeological Survey Reports 70:129-140.

Elko [Stemmed] Point – define on collections from South Fork Shelter in Nevada by Heizer and M. Baumhoff in 1961. It has various forms, but basically it is a small bifurcate. It dates 1500 to 1300 BC and is found in Great Basin. Reference: Heizer, Robert F. and M. A. Baumhoff (1961). The Wagon Jack Shelter: The Archaeology of Two Sites at Eastgate, Churchill County, Nevada. University of California Anthropological Records, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 119-138.

499 – Elk River Point

500 – Elk River Points

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Elk River [Stemmed] Point – named by James B. Cambron in 1962 after the site in Alabama. It is a long, narrow point with a short stem. Type dates 4000 to 3000 BC and is found in Tennessee, Native Americana, Kentucky, and Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are tapered. Blade is excurvate or straight. Stem is straight with a straight base. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Benton. Comment: Type is the same and/or related to the Benton type. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 – Reference: DeJarnette, David, Edward Kurjack, and James Cambron (1962) Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 8. 2 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

501 – Ellis Points

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Ellis Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Ellis [Stemmed/Notched] Point – named by H. Perry Newell and Alex D. Krieger in 1949. It is a small-to-medium point with a triangular blade. Stem flares and has a straight but occasionally convex base. Type dates 750 BC and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley including east Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: … crudely flaked point with a short thick body, shallow cornet notches, and an expanding stem. Ford and Webb (1956) suggest…shallow, crude, corner notches separate the slightly barbed shoulders from stems that generally expand slightly. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: type is a mixture of styles.

1 – Reference: Newell, H. Perry and Alex D. Kreiger (1949) The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas. American Antiquity, Vol. 14, No. 4, Pt. 2. 2 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Johnson, Jay K. (200) Beads, Microdrills, Bifaces, and Blades from Watson Brake. Southeastern Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 95-104. 4 – Reference: Peeples, Matthew (2003) An Analysis of the Projectile Points from the Chytha Site (41JK66), Jackson County, Texas. La Tierra, Southern Texas Anthropological Association, Vol. 30, No. 1&2, pp. 37-63. 5 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Elliston [Notched/Stem] Point – see Tomak, Curtis H. (1980) An Outline of the Cultural Sequence of a Portion of the Valley of the West Fork of the White River in Southwestern Native Americana. Paper presented: Annual Meeting, Native Americana Historical Society, Indianapolis, IN.

502 – Ellison/Logan Points

Elliston/Logan [Notched] Point – named by J. Arthur MacLean after a burial mound in Sullivan County, Native Americana. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates 700 to 1200 AD and is found in Native Americana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to:

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Comment:

Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No. 7, Arcanum, OH.

Elmore [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after site in Alabama. It is medium point with a small stem. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

El Muerto [Triangle] Point – see Taylor, Walter W. (1966) Archaic Cultures Adjacent to the Northern Frontiers of Mesoamerica. In: Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 4 Archaeological Frontiers and External Connections. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.

El Paso [] Point – see Brook, Vernon R. (1961). El Paso Point. El Paso Archaeological Society, Paper 3.

503 – Elora Points

Elora [Stemmed] Point – name attributed to James W. Cambron and David C. Hulse in 1960 after the site in Tennessee. It is a medium, triangularly-bladed point with a snapped base. Type dates 5000 to 3000 BC and is found in Tennessee and Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are rounded and tapered. Blade is straight with fine serrations. Hafting area is thick with a contracted stem. Basal edge is flat. Major attribute: snapped base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Holland, C. G. (1955) An Analysis of Projectile Points and Large Blades. Bulletin 160, Appendix 2, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, DC. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Elora [Tapered] Point – false type. See Baker (2009). Elora [Narrow] Point – false type. See Baker (2009). Elora II [Stemmed] Point – false type; see Baker (1995). El Reigo [Stemmed] Point – probably named by Richard MacNeish in 1967. It is long narrow point with a deep concave base. Type dates to the El Reigo phase (7000-5000 BC) and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none. 324

Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: MacNeish, Richard S., Antoinette Nelken-Terner, and Irmgard (1967) The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley: Nonceramic Artifacts. University of Texas Press, London.

504 – Elys Ford Points

505 – Elys Ford Points

Elys Ford [Pentagonal] Point – named by David I. Bushnell in 1935 after a ford in Virginia. It is a medium-to-large, very thin pentagonal point. Type dates 9500 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. It is often confused with the Woodland Jack’s Reef type. Major attribute: thinness. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: none. Comment: The type probably is pre-Clovis.

1 – Reference: Bushnell, D. I., Jr. (1935) The Manahoac Tribes in Virginia, 1608. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, No. 94(8). 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal

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Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Emerson [Bifurcate] Point – named after California specimens. It is a medium point with pointed lobes. Type dates 3000 to 700 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

506 – Emigrant Points

Emigrant [Notched] Point – named by Thomas Kehoe in 1966 after the site in Montana. It is a small point with small side notches and a U-shaped indented base. Type dates 1650 AD and is found in Montana and adjoining states. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Kehoe, Thomas F. (1966) The Small Side-Notched Point System of the Northern Plains. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 6. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

507 – Emeroy Bend Points (After: Baker 2009)

Emeroy Bend [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a community in Alabama. It is large point with an expanding, short stem. It is dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Emory Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after the creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a pronounced squarish stem. It dates to the Late Archaic and is found in the Alabama area. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

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508 – Emuckfaw Points (After: Baker 2009)

Emuckfaw Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a short stem. Type dates to the Middle Archaic and is found in the Alabama area. Major attribute: Pointed corners. Type validity: Positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

509 – Classic E-Notched Point

E-Notched Point – probably best formalized by Robert Converse in 1963 although he called it an Archaic beveled point. It is a well-made point with an E-shaped notch. Type dates post 8000 BC and is found in the Ohio and upper Mississippi river valleys. Major attribute: notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1963) Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

510 – En Medio Points

En Medio [Notched] Point – named by Cynthia Irwin-Williams. It is a medium pint with various stem shapes. Type dates 800 BC to 400 AD and is found in Four-Corners states. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional.

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Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Irwin-Williams, Cynthia (1973) The Oshara Tradition: Origins of the Anasazi Culture. Eastern New Mexico University. Contributions in Anthropology, vol. 5, No. 1, Portales.

511 – Ensor Point

512 – Ensor Points

513 – Ensor Points

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Ensor Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Ensor [Notched] Point – named by E. O. Miller and Edward B. Jelks in 1952. It is a medium triangularbladed point with a short flaring stem and straight or convex base. Type dates 200 BC and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: … a variable point, but has a broad stem, shallow side notches, and generally a straight base. Major attribute: flaring stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Miller, E. O. and Edward B. Jelks (1952) Archaeological Excavations at the Belton Reservoir, Coryell County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 23. 2 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Peeples, Matthew (2003) An Analysis of the Projectile Points from the Chytha Site (41JK66), Jackson County, Texas. La Tierra, Southern Texas Anthropological Association, Vol. 30, No. 1&2, pp. 37-63.

514 – Epps Point

Epps Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Epps [Notched] Point – named by James A. Ford and Clarence Webb in 1956. It is a narrow, medium point with a triangular blade. Broad notches usually with a straight base. Type dates 750 BC and is found in Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. Ford and Webb (1956) suggest…wide, deep notches into the corners and sides of these points produce roughly square shoulders without barbs. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 – Reference: Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point, A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 46, No. 1. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS.

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515 – Erb Points

Erb [Notched] Point – named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988 after a shelter in Pennsylvania. It is a medium point with basal notching that creates a squarish stem. Type dates 0 to 600 AD and is found in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey. Major attribute: basal notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Eva. Comment: 1 – Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) A Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Company, Turbotville, PA. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Erie [Bifurcate] Point – see Lake Erie [Bifurcate] Point. ES (Expanding Stem) and ESI (Expanding Stem Indented) Series – See Connolly, Thomas J. (1999) Newberry Crater – A Ten Thousand-Year Record of Human Occupation and Environmental Change in the Basin-Plateau Borderlands. Number 21, University of Utah Anthropological Papers, Salt Lake City, UT.

516 – Escobas Point

Escobas [Stemmed] Point – named by Kenneth Honea in 1965 after a peak in New Mexico. It is a large point with a long stem. Base is concave. Type dates 5500 to 4000 BC and is found in the upper Rio Grande river area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: see Rio Grande [Stemmed] Point.

1 – Reference: Honea, Kenneth (1965) Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest. Popular Series Pamphlet No. 4, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. 2 – Reference: Kidder, A.V. (1932) Artifacts of Pecos. Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, New Haven, Connecticut. 3 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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517 – Eshback Point

Eshback [Notched] Point – named by W. Fred Kinsey III in 1972. It is a basally notched point with a small square stem. Base is straight. Type dates 2500 BC and is found from eastern Pennsylvania to northern New Jersey. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Kinsey, W. Fred III (1972) Archaeology in the Upper Delaware Valley. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 2 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ. 3 – Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ.

Espanola [Stemmed] Point – see Justice (2002B).

518 – Etley Points

519 – Etley Point

331

520 – Etley Point Distribution

Etley [Notched] Point – named by Edward G. Scully in 1951. It is one of the largest prehistoric points in the U.S. and has a long, narrow blade. Stem is small and squarish. Type dates 2000 to 500 BC and is found in Missouri and Illinois. Justice (1987) suggests: … a large elongated blade with a short variable haft which ranges from straight stemmed to corner notched. These points exhibit a distinct barbed shoulders which are accentuated by an incurving blade. Major attribute: hanging barbs. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Wadlow (without stem) Comment: type is an excellent standalone type and time marker. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 – Reference: Scully, Edward G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point Types. Mimeographed Paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 4 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 5 – Reference: Banks, Alan (2005) Some Information on the Etley. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 90-98.

Etley A [Notched] Point – false type; see Perino (2002).

521 – Etowah Point

Etowah [Stemmed] Point – named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a county in Alabama. It is a medium point with wide blade and has a squarish stem. Type dates 1000 to 400 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

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522 – Eva Points

523 – Eva Point Distribution

Eva [Notched] Point – named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956 after a site in Tennessee. It is a basal notched point with a triangular blade. It is often classified as Types I and II. Type dates 6000 to 3500 BC and is found in the Southeast. Justice (1987) suggests: … barbs vary from squared, reflecting the corners of the original preform, to pointed, and may be longer than the stem. Major attribute: basal notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 – Reference: Lewis, T. M. N. and Madeline Kneberg (1947) The Archaic Horizon in Western Tennessee. Tennessee Anthropology Papers, No. 2. 2 – Reference: Lewis, Thomas M. and Madeline K. Lewis (1961) Eva: An Archaic Site. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 3 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 – Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. 5 – Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 6 – Reference: Hofman, Jack H. (1986) Eva Projectile Point Breakage at Cave Springs: Pattern Recognitions and Interpretative Possibilities. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 11, No. 1.

Eva I and II Points – Justice (1987) suggests: … Eva II points are smaller than Eva I and have straight or slightly excurvate blades with lack the recurved or angular blade shape frequently present on the Type I form. See Eva [Notched] Point.

Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Eva [Narrow] Point – false type. See Baker (2009). Eva/Morrow Mountain Point – see Driskell, Boyce N. (1994) Stratigraphy and Chronology at Dust Cave. Journal of Alabama, Vol. 40, Nos. 1&2, pp. 17-34.

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Evans/Bulverde Hafted Knife – see Schambach (1998).

524 – Evans Points

Evans Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

525 – Evans Points

Evans [Notched/Stemmed] Point – named by James A. Ford and Clarence H. Webb in 1956. It is a thick, medium point with notched blades and square stem. Base is straight. Type dates 750 BC and is found in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: … well-defined shoulders and a rectangular or slightly expanding stem. Ford and Web (1956) suggest…have triangular blades with convex edges and well-defined square shoulders. Major attribute: notched blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point, A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 46, No. 1. 2 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Johnson, Jay K. (200) Beads, Microdrills, Bifaces, and Blades from Watson Brake. Southeastern Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 95-104. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San

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Antonio, TX.

Evans Subgroup A (Point) – false type; see Schambach (1998). Evolution [Notched] Point – based on technology change in style. It is only a change point model.

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Excelsior [Stemmed] Point – defined by David Frederickson in 1973 and named for a valley in California. It is a large point with a pronounced constricting stem. Type dates 2000 BC to 500 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 – Reference: Frederickson, David A. (1973) Early Cultures of the North Coast Range, California. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA. 2 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

526 – Excelsior Points

Excelsior [Stemmed] Point – named by Louis A. Brennan in 1970. It is a medium point with pointed shoulders. Base is slightly concave with one extended (toed) corner. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in southern New York. Major attribute: toed stem corner. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1970) The Twombly Landing Site. Bulletin, New York State Archaeological Association, No 49. 2 – Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

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Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA. 2 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

527 – Expanded Notch Points

Expanded Notch Type – needs to be typed. As it exists, it is a reference to a point’s morphology. This style could be typeable.

528 – Fairland Points

Fairland [Notched] Point – named by J. Charles Kelly in 1947. It is a medium point with a concave base that has pointed corners. Notches give the impression of a flaring stem. Type dates 800 BC and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: … board, triangular point that has narrow shoulders and an expanding stem form by long, shallow notches that produce a strong flaring base. Major attribute: stem corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 – Reference: Kelley, J. Charles (1947) The Lehmann Rock Shelter: A Stratified Site of the Toyah, Uvalde, and Round Rock Foci. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 18.

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2 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann and Edward B. Jelks (1962) Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Texas Archeological Society, Special Publications, No. 1, and Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin No. 4. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

529 – Faison Points

Faison [Snapped Base] Point – named by Floyd Painter in 1991 after a farmer in Virginia. It is a smallto-medium recycled point with varying stem designs. Type dates 1500 BC (?) and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: snapped base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: May be a retrofitted broken blade.

1 – Reference: Painter, Floyd (1991) The Faison Projectile Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 22-25. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Faulkner [Notched] Point – see Winters, Howard D. (n.d.) Projectile Points of the Cache River Valley. Manuscript at the Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL. Fayette [Lanceolate] Point – named after a county in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a medium-tolarge point with a concave base. Type dates 8000 to 6000 BC and is found in Iowa and neighboring states. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

530 – Ferry Point

Ferry [Notched] Point – named by Melvin Fowler in 1959. It is a medium-to-large point with deep notches. Stem/base is rounded. Type dates 2750 BC and is found in Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois. Fowler (1959) suggests two types:  Ferry with round or bulbous stem  Barbeau with sharp basal corners. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Fowler, Melvin (1959) Summary Report of the Modoc Shelter. Report of Investigations, Illinois State Museum, No. 8, Springfield, IL.

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531 – Ferry Points

Ferry [Notched] Point – see George, Richard L. (1982) Blawnox: An Upper Ohio Valley Middle Woodland Site. Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol. 51, No. 10, pp. 181-205, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA. Figeueroa [Notched] Point – named by LeRoy Johnson, Jr. in 1964. It is a medium point with a dove tail-like base. Type dates 200 BC to 600 AD and is found in southern Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: … broad side notches that form an expanding stem; base is convex. Major attribute: expanding stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Johnson, LeRoy, Jr. (1964) The Devil’s Mouth Site, A Stratified Campsite at the Amistad Reservoir, Val Verde County, Texas. University of Texas, Department of Anthropology, Archaeological Series, No. 6, Austin, TX. 2 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Dickens, William A. and William E. Moore (2004) Archeological Survey at Musk Hog Canyon in Crockett County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society of Texas, Vol. 75, pp. 1-60. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Fish Knife – see Ulu [Knife] Type.

532 – Fish Slough Points

Fish Slough [Notched] Point – named by Mark Basgall in 1995 for a wetlands in California. It is a medium point with a convex base. Type dates 6000 to 5000 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Basgall, Mark E., Michael G. Delacourte and M.C. Hall (1995) Current Research in the Pleistocene, Vol. 12:1-3. University of California, Davis.

533 – Fishspear Point

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Fishspear [Notched] Point – named by John W. Schatz in 1959. It is a medium point with a straight base and rounded corners. Type dates Late Woodland and is found in the Ohio River valley. Major attribute: flared stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Schatz, John W. (1959) Late Woodland Projectile Point. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. IX, No. 4, Columbus, OH. 2 – Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973) Ohio Flint Types. Ohio Archaeological Society.

Fishtail Point –

see Kraft, Herbert C. (1975) The Archaeology of the Tocks Island Area. Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University Museum, South Orange, NJ.

Fishtail Variant – false type; see Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 534 – Below: Firstview Flaking Example

535 – Both Faces of a Parallel-Flaked Firstview

536 – Firstview Point Distribution

Firstview [Stemmed] Point – named by George A. Agogino and Matthew J. Hillsman in 1989 after the site in Colorado. It is a large point with small shoulders and a wide stem. It has a slightly concave base. Type dates 7000 and 6500 BC and is found in Colorado. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: … convex lateral edges that tend to expand gently form base to midpoint. Major attribute: parallel flaking. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to:

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Comment:

1 – Reference: Agogino, George A. and Matthew J. Hillsman (1989) The Firstview Point: A Copy Variant. Chesopiean, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 7-9. 2 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Flacco [Triangle] Point – named by Richard S. MacNeish in 1958 as his Aberrant 4 point. It is a short triangle with a deeply indented base. Type dates archaic and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 48, Pt. 6.

Flagstaff [Triangle] Point - see Rondreau, Michael F. (1975) Projectile Point Analysis for the Kahorsho Site: NA 10937, Central Arizona. Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State Polytechnic University. See Cottonwood [Triangle] Point.

537 – Flint Creek Points

Flint Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by James W. Cambron in 1958. It is a medium-to-large point with square shoulders, stem and convex base. Type has no date and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … alternating flaked. Stem is straight with a straight base which is slightly thinned. Major attribute: semi-knobbed stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cambron, James W. (1958) Projectile Point Types Part III. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. IV, No. 1.

Flint River [Stemmed] Point – named by William S. Webb and David L. DeJarnette in 1948. It is a medium-to-large point with a contracting stem and straight base. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: triangular blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Webb, William S. and David L. DeJarnette (1948) The Flint River Site. Alabama Museum of Natural History, University of Alabama, MA48. Museum Paper No. 23.

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538 – Flint River Points

Flint River [Spiked] Point – named by David Dejarnette, Edward Kurjack, and James Cambron in 1962. It is a medium, narrow point with a pointed stem. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none: Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 – Reference: Dejarnette, David L., Edward Kurjack, and James W. Cambron (1962) Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. VIII, Nos. 1 and 2. 2 – Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL. 3 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

539 – Florence Point

Florence [Stemmed] Point – name suggested by Gregory Perino. It is a medium-to-large point with a contracting stem and semi-straight base. Type dates 750 BC and is found in Illinois. A point with large a contracting stem. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

540 – Florida Adena Point

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Florida Adena [Stemmed] Point – questionable type if considered separate from the base type. See Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

541 – Florida Archaic Points

Florida Stemmed Archaic Points – named by Ripley Bullen and Edward Dolen in 1959 for a group of points that shared similar attributes. They were later typed, which are the Putnam, Levy, Marion, and Alachula. Reference: Bullen, Ripley and Edward Dolen (1959) The Johnson Lake Site, Marion County, Florida. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 77-94.

542 – Florida Border Knife

Florida Border [Knife] Type – named here after specimens for along the Florida-Georgia border. It is a triangular-to-lanceolate knife made off a blade. It often has the medial ridge remaining, has attempts at removing the bulb scar, and has lateral retouch. Base is sometimes retouched and occasionally it has short fluting. It is usually made from Flint River flint. Type pre-dates Clovis, but has not been found in an excavated context; it is found in Northern Florida and Southern Georgia. Major attribute: triangular blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2005) It’s Only Broken Stone. To be published. 2 – Reference: Tesar, Louis D. and Jeff Whitfield (2002) A Reduction Deduction: A Clovis-Like Fluted Base from the Chipola River. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 89-102.

Florida Copena [Lanceolate] Point – false type if considered separate from the base type. See Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. Florida Greenbrier [Notched] Point – attribute to Bullen (1975) by Perino (2002). As a Greenbrier, type remains to be established archaeologically.

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543 – Florida Knife

Florida [Lithic Dagger] Type – reported by Donald W. Sharon in 1968. It is a long, narrow knife with a variety of stems. Type dates late and is found in Florida. Major attribute: large size. Schroder (2002) suggests three types and argues they are mortuary tributes. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Sharon, Donald W. (1968) A Lithic Dagger from Choctawhatchee Bay. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 21, Nos. 2-3. 2 – Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

Florida Morrow Mountain [Stemmed] Point – see Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

544 – Florida Spike Points (Bullen 1975)

Florida [Spike] Point – named by Ripley Bullen in 1975. It is a medium narrow point. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … crude or roughly made, percussion-chipped point with tapering basal constriction. Major attribute: narrow blade. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Bullen, Ripley (1975) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Kendall Books, Gainesville, FL. 2 – Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

545 – Florida Points

Florida [Stemmed] Points – needs typing. Point has a small square stem with level shoulders. 343

Reference: This paper.

546 – Florida Tang Knife

547 – Florida Tang Knife (Both Faces)

Florida [Tang] Knife – named here. It is a medium knife that is made off a blade. It has a small squarish stem. Type is found in Florida and Georgia and is tentatively assigned the Paleoindian period. See Waller [Knife] Type.

Reference:

Fluted Point – reference to any point that has at least one facial flute. Flute is assume to facilitate hafting. It is assumed to be in the Paleoindian era. Fog Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a tapering, wide stem and straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Fluted point types, A . Clovis, from the Lehner site in Arizona. B. Gainey type from the Butler site in Michigan. C. Folsom from Marion County, Iowa. D. Barnes Fluted from the Thedford site in Ontario. E. Crowfield type from the Crowfield site in Ontario, Canada. (all from Morrow 1996 except the Barnes point that was redrawn from Ellis and Deller 1990).

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548 – Folsom Points

549 – Folsom Point

550 – Folsom Points

551 – Folsom Point

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552 – Folsom Point Distribution

553 – Folsom Point Discovery at Folsom, New Mexico in 1926

Folsom [Lanceolate] Point – named after a town in New Mexico in 1926. It is a small-to-medium, wellmade, full-face fluted lanceolate point with a concave base. Basal area is always ground. Unfluted specimens have been recovered (Wormington 1957). Type dates 9000 to 8300 BC and is found in the western states. Major attribute: full-face flute. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Clovis, Cumberland. Comment: Type represents the western version of full-face fluting. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 – Reference: Figgins, J. D. (1927) The Antiquity of Man in America. Natural History, Vol. XXVII, No. 3, pp. 229-239. 2 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Roberts, H. H. Frank (1951) The Early Americans. Scientific American, Vol. 184, No. 2, pp.15-19. 4 – Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 5 – Reference: Hester, James J., Ernest L. Lundulius, and Ronald Fryxell (1972) Blackwater Locality No. 1 – A Stratified, Early Man Site in Eastern New Mexico. Fort Burguin Research Center, Southern Methodist University, Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico. 6 – Reference: Flenniken, J. Jeffrey (1978) Reevaluation of the Lindenmeir Folsom: A Replication Experiment in Lithic Technology. American Antiquity, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 473-480. 7 – Reference: Frison, George and Bruce Bradley (1980) Folsom Tools and Technology at the Hanson Site, Wyoming. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 8 – Reference: Frison, George C. and B.A. Bradley (1982) Fluting of Folsom Projectile Points in Agate Basin. Report on the Agate Basin Site: A Record of the Paleoindian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains, pp. 209-212. Academic Press, New York. 9 – Reference: Frison, George C. and Dennis Stanford (1982) The Agate Basin Site: A Record of Paleoindian Occupation in the Northwestern High Plains. Academic Press, New York, NY. 10 – Reference: Haynes, C. Vance, Roelf P. Beukens, A. J. T. Jull, and Owen K. Davis (1992) New Radiocarbon Dates

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from Some Old Folsom Sites: Accelerator Technology. In: Ice Age Hunters of the Rockies, D. Stanford and J. Day, eds., pp. 83-101. Denver Museum of Natural History and University Press of Colorado, Denver, CO. 11 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 12 – Reference: Largent, Floyd B., Jr., Michael R. Waters, and David L. Carlson (1991) The Spatiotemporal Distribution and Characteristics of Folsom Projectile Points in Texas. Plains Anthropologist 36(137):323-342. 13 – Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 14 – Reference: Taylor, R. E., C. V. Haynes, and M. Stuiver (1996) Clovis and Folsom Age Estimates: Stratigraphic Context and Radiocarbon Calibration. American Antiquity, Vol. 70, pp. 515-525. 15 – Reference: Holliday, Vance T. (1997) Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 16 – Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 17 – Reference: Wilmsen, Edwin N. and Frank H. H. Roberts (1978) Lindenmeier, 1934-1974: Concluding Report on Investigations. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 24, Washington, DC. 18 – Reference: Strong, Emory (1969) Stone Age in the Great Basin. Binford & Mort Publishing, Portland, OR. 19 – Reference: Bradley, Bruce A. (1993) Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 20 – Reference: Frison, George C. (1993) North American High Plains Paleo-Indian Hunting Strategies and Weapony Assemblages. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 21 – Reference: Boldurian, Anthony T. and John C. Cotter (1999) Clovis Revisited – New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 22 – Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis(1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceeding, No. 11, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO. 23 – Reference: Clark, John E. and Michael B. Collins, (2002) Folsom Technology and Lifeways, Lithic Technology, Special Publication No. 4. 24 – Reference: Buchanan, Briggs (2006) An Analysis of Folsom Projectile Point Resharpening Using Quantitative Comparisons of Form and Allometry, Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol. 33, pp. 185-199. 25 – Reference: Shoot, Michael J., David A. Hunzicker, and Bob Patton (2007) Pattern and Allometric Measurement of Reduction in Experimental Folsom Bifaces. Lithic Technology, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp.203-217. 26 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

Folsom [Unfluted] Point – false type; needs more archaeological study, see Perino (2002). Folsom-Yuma Point – old reference to this point being under the umbrella of the Yuma type. It was separated as a single type in 1941 (Cassells 1983). Forman [Stemmed] Point – no description.

Reference: Winters, Howard D. (n.d.) Projectile Points of the Cache River Valley. Manuscript at the Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL.

554 – Formosus Points

Formosus [Notched] Point – named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a medium point with a rounded base. Type dates 7000 to 6500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Foresthill [Notched] Point – named for an area in California by Noel Justice. It is a large point with a 347

convex base. Type dates 1500 BC to 500 AD and is found in the central Navadas of California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

555 – Ft Ancient Knife

Fort Ancient Knife – triangularly-shaped biface with a straight or slightly concave base. It needs proof to be a knife; probably a biface.

1 – Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973) Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

556 – Fort Ancient Points

557 – Fort Ancient Points

558 – Fort Ancient Point Distribution

Fort Ancient [Triangle] Point – named by collectors. It is a long, narrow, triangular point with a serrated blade. Base is straight or slightly convex. Type dates 1000 to 1300 AD and is found in the Ohio River valley. 348

Major attribute: serrated blade. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Griffin (1943).

1 – Reference: Griffin, James B. (1943) The Fort Ancient Aspect: Its Cultural and Chronological Position in Mississippi Valley Archaeology. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 – Reference: Griffin, James B. (1966) The Fort Ancient Aspect. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 28, Ann Arbor, MI. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 – Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1963) Ohio Flint Type. Archaeological Society of Ohio. 5 – Reference: Ison, Cecil R. et al. (1985) Archaeological Investigations at the Green Sulphur Springs Site Complex, West Virginia. Report to: Environmental Services Division, West Virginia Department of Highways, Charleston, WV.

559 – Fort Ancient Blade

Fort Ancient Blade – not well defined, probably a false type. Reference: collector literature.

560 – Forest Points

561 – Fort Dodge Points (Morrow 1984)

Fort Dodge [Notched] Point – named after a city in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a narrow large point with wide side notches. Base is straight. Type dates 3000 to 1000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

Forest [Notched] Point – named by William J. Mayer-Oakes in 1955. It is a medium point with wide side notches. Base is concave with rounded corners. Type dates 650 BC and is found in western Pennsylvania and western New York. 349

Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Mayer-Oakes, William J. (1955) Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley. Annals, Carnegie Museum, Anthropological Series No. 2, Vol. 34, Pittsburgh, PA. 2 – Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Foresthill [Notched] Point – named for an area in California. It is a large point with a convex base. Type dates 1500 BC to 500 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

562 – Fort Payne Knife

Fort Payne Knife – false type; it is simple a triangular biface that occurs all over the East.. Fort Rock Valley [?] Point – see Weld, T. B.(1959) Fort Rock Valley Points. Washington Archaeologist, Vol. 3 No. 7, pp. 4-11.

563 – Fountain Creek Point and Drawings

Fountain Creek [Notched] Point – named by Floyd Painter in 1978 after a creek in Virginia. It is a medium, narrow point with a convex base. Blade has three to six deep notches, and lower notches and base are always ground. Type dates 7000 to 5000 BC and is found in southern Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: blade notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Painter, Floyd (1978) The Fountain Creek Projectile Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 16, Nos. 1-3, p. 32. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal

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Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

564 – Fort Vincennes Points

Fort Vincennes [Triangle] Point – named by Charles Meyer in 1994 after a fort in Native Americana. It is a small point with a basal notch. Type dates historic and is found in Native Americana. Major attribute: basal notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Meyer, Charles D. (1994) The Fort Vincennes Point. Native American Artifact Magazine, Vol. 13, No. 1.

Four Mile [Notched] Point – see Tomak, Curtis H. (1980) Scherchel: A Late Archaic Occupation in Southern Native Americana with Appended Chert Descriptions. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 104-111.

565 – Formerly Steubenville Types; Now Fox Creek Lance and Stem Forms (Fogelman 1988)

566 – Fox Creek Points

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567 – Fox Creek Points

Fox Creek [Lanceolate] Point – renamed by Robert E. Funk in 1976; formerly Stubenville; also it is called the Selby Bay type. It is a lanceolate point with a straight base. Type dates 300 to 600 AD and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Major attribute: percussion flake scars. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Steubenville, Selby Bay. Comment:

1 – Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1976) Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory. Memoir, New York State Museum, No. 22, Albany, NY. 2 – Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 – Reference: Moore, Susan T. and Russell H. Gardner (1997) History of the Fox Creek Phase and Its Manifestation in Massachusetts. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 2-19. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 5 – Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 6 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 7 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

568 – Fox Creek Points

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569 – Fox Creek Points

570 – Fox Creek Point Distribution

Fox Creek [Stemmed] Point – renamed by Robert E. Funk in 1976; formerly Stubenville; also it is called the Selby Bay type. It is a stemmed, lanceolate point with a straight base. Type dates 300 to 600 AD and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Major attribute: percussion flake scars. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Stubenville, Selby Bay. Comment:

1 – Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1976) Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory. Memoir, New York State Museum, No. 22, Albany, NY. 2 – Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 – Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 5 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 6 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Fox-Eared Point – morphological reference by collectors for the Lott or Toyah point types.

571 – Fox Valley Points

Fox Valley [Bifurcate] Point – named by Robert E. Ritzenthaler in 1961. It is a small point with shallow bilobes. Shoulders turn upwards. Type dates 6500 to 6000 BC and is found in the Ohio River valley. 353

Major attribute: shoulders. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Susquehanna Valley; Kanawha, Lake Erie. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 – Reference: Ritzenthaler, Robert E. (1961) Truncated Barb Points from Dodge County. Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 42, No. 2. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Fox Valley [Stemmed] Point – named by Lynne Goldstein and Osborn. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Type is not dated and is found in Wisconsin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Goldstein, Lynne G. and Sannie K. Osborn (1988) A Guide to Common Prehistoric Projectile Points in Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI.

572 – Fractured-Base Point

Fractured-Base Point – reference to a point’s morphology; it is not a type.

1 – Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973) Ohio Flint Types. Special Publications, Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Fractured-Base Darl – see Perino (2002). Franklin [Triangle] Point – named by Geral P. Smith in 1984. It is a medium asymmetrical triangle with a spur on one side and concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Comment:

Reference: Smith, Geral P. (1984) The Hand Site, Southampton County, Virginia. Special Publication Number 11, Archaeological Society of Virginia.

573 – Frazier Points

Frazier [Lanceolate – Triangle] Point – named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956. It is a medium, triangularly-bladed point with straight or slightly excurvate blade and a straight or concave base. Type dates 300 AD and is found in western Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is excurvate with some serrations. Hafting area is not discernable. Base is straight or slightly concave. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional.

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Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, p. 25. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Fredrick [Bifurcate] Point – see Tomak, Curtis H. (1980) An Outline of the Cultural Sequence of a Portion of the Valley of the West Fork of the White River in Southwestern Native Americana. Paper presented: Annual Meeting, Native Americana Historical Society, Indianapolis, IN.

574 – Frederick Points

Frederick [Lanceolate] Point – named by H. T. Irwin in 1968. It is a large point with a concave base. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in the High Plains states. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: H.T. Irwin (1968) The Itama: Late Pleistocene Inhabitants of the Plains of the United States and Canada, and the American Southwest. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge. 2 – Reference: Irwin, Cynthia and Henry Irwin (1959) Excavation at the LoDaisKa Site in the Denver, Colorado Area. Proceedings, Denver Museum of Natural History 8. 3 – Reference: Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

Fremont Knife – a large triangularly-shaped knife that usually has cortex remaining on one face. Base is straight. Type dates 400 to 1200 AD and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cassells, E. Steve (1983) The Archaeology of Colorado. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO.

Fresnal [?] Point – TBS.

Reference: MacNeish, R.S. and Peggy Wilner (2003) Chapter 11 – The Lithic Assemblage of Pendejo Cave. In: Pendejo Cave, R. MacNeish and J. Libby, eds., University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

575 - Fresno Points

Fresno [Triangle] Point - named by J. Charles Kelly in 1947. It is a small triangle point with straight sides and base. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in the south Texas coast. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point that has straight to slightly convex or concave lateral edges, and a convex or slightly concave base. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional.

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Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kelly, J. Charles (1947) The Lehmann Rock Shelter: A Stratified Site of the Toyah, Uvalde, and Round Rock Foci. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 18, pp. 115-128. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

576 - Friday Knives

Friday Knife - named by Edward B. Jelks in 1962. It is a triangularly-shaped knife found in Texas. Major attribute: none. It needs proof to be a knife; probably a biface.

1 - Reference: Jelks, Edward B. (1962) The Kyle Site, A Stratified Central Texas Aspect in Hill County, Texas. University of Texas, Archaeology Series No. 5, Austin, TX. 2 – Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann (1955) Excavations at the Collins Site, Travis County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 26, pp. 7-54. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

Friendship [Knife] Point

- named by Ann Early in 1988. It is a large bipointed biface. Type dates 1500 to 1700 AD and is found in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Major attribute: bipointed. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Early, Ann M., Barbara A. Burnett, and Daniel Wolfman (1988) Caddoan Settlement in a Mountain Environment. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 2.

Friendship [Stemmed] Point - no namer on record. It is a crudely-made point with a short stem. Type dates 5500 to 4000 BC and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA.

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577 - Friley Points

Friley [Stemmed] Point - named by Clarence H. Webb and Hiram F. Gregory. It is a small point with a short straight or expanding stem. Base is usually straight. Shoulders are winged. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Texas and Louisiana. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... barbed, expanding stem point has prominent shoulders that either project laterally or recurve toward the distal end of the point. Major attribute: expanded shoulders. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bell, Robert E. (1960) Guide to the Identification of Certain American Native American Projectile Points. Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Special Bulletin No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

578 - Frio Point (All Faces)

579 - Frio Points

Frio [Notched] Point - named by J. Charles Kelly in 1954. It is a small-to-medium, corner-notched point with a flaring stem and concave base. Type has no date and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... wide side- or corner notches and a concave basal indentation that ranges from shallow to a deep U-shaped notch. Major attribute: basal indention. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kelley, J. Charles (1947) The Lehmann Rock Shelter: A Stratified Site of the Toyah, Uvalde, Round Rock Foci. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 18, pp. 115-128. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans.

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Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

580 - Frost Island Point

Frost Island [Notched] Point - named by William A. Ritchie. It is a medium point with wide side notches. Base is concave. Type dates 1250 BC and is found in New York and Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1980) The Archaeology of New York State. Harbor Hill Books, Harrison, NY. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

581 - Fulton Turkeytail Point

582 - Fulton Turkeytail Point

Fulton [Turkeytail] Point - named by Lewis Binford in the 1960s. It is bipointed with small side notches. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found in the upper Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Turkeytail. Comment: Fowke (1901) and Young (1910) were the first to publish the type, but they did not name it. 1 - Reference: Binford, Lewis R. (1963) A Proposed Attribute List for the Description and Classification of Projectile Points. In: Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification, Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Vol. 19, pp. 194-221. Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society. 4 - Reference: Young, Bennett H. (1910) The Prehistoric Men of Kentucky. Filson Club, printed by John P. Morton & Company, Louisville, KY. 5 - Reference: Fowke, Gerard (1901) Archaeological History of Ohio. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society.

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583 - Gadsden Points (Drawings: Bullen 1975)

Gadsden [Stemmed] Point - named after the county in Florida by Ripley Bullen. It is a medium point with slightly flaring stem. Base is concave, straight, or convex. Type dates 0 to 1200 AD and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … point with a short tang which seems notched at both sides and bottom. Major attribute: stem lobes. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1975) A Guide to the Identification Of Florida Projectile Points. Kendall Books, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

584 - Gahagan Point

Gahagan [Lanceolate] Point – probably named by Harry Shafer after the Davis site. It is a lanceolate point with parallel-convex sides and straight base. Type dates 900 to 1200 AD and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Brown, James A. (1976) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Vol. 4.

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2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Shafer, Harry J. (1973) Lithic Technology at the George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX.

585 - Gainey Point (After Mason 1997)

Gainey [Lanceolate] Point - no namer available for the point. It is a medium point with a parallelstemmed stem area. It has a relatively deep concave base. Type dates to the Paleoindian Period and is found in the Great Lakes area.

Reference: N/A.

Major attribute: flute. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Clovis, Barnes. Comment: For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1997) Chapter 5: The Paleoindian Tradition. In: The Wisconsin Archaeologist’s volume Wisconsin Archaeology, ed.: Robert Birmingham, Carol Mason, and James Stoltman, , Vol. 78, No. 1-2, pp.78-110. 2 - Reference: Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 3 – Reference: Jackson, Lawrence J. (1998) The Sandy Ridge and Halstead Paleo-Indian Sites. Memoirs, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 12. 4 - Reference: Stothers, David M. (1996) Resource Procurement and Band Territories: A Model for Lower Great Lakes Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settlement Systems. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 24, pp. 174-216. 5 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 6 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 7 - Reference: Tankersley, Kenneth B. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 8 - Reference: White, Andrew A. (2006) A Model of Paleoindian Hafted Biface Chronology in Northeastern Indiana. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 34, pp. 29-59.

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586 - Galax Points

Galax [Notched] Point – named after the Virginia city where specimens were first observed (Hranicky 2003). It is a medium point with a short straight stem. Blade is triangular and thick. Stem has straight sides. Base is convex and sometimes ground. Barbs do occur. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major Attribute: Stem shape. Type Validity: Conditional. 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

587 - Galt Points

Galt [Notched] Point - named by John Byrd in 2005 after the property owner who owned land on Birch Creek in Montana. It is a medium, well-made point with a straight base. Type dates 1000 AD and is found on the northern High Plains. Type is divided into:  Type I  Type II  Type III  Hasting variety. Major attribute: stem lobes. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Avonlea. Comment: Reference: Byrd, John (2005) Galt - A New Point Type from the Northern High Plains. Indian Artifact Magazine, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 47-50.

Ganoid [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a small point with a contracting stem. Type dates 500 BC to 200 AD and is found in Alabama.

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Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

588 - Gar Points

Gar Point - see Agogino, George A., and Phillip Shelley (1987) Alligator Gar Scales as Possible Points. Chesopiean Vol. 25, No. 2, pp.9-10.

589 - Garden Creek Points

Garden Creek [Triangle] Point - named by Bennie C. Keel in 1972. It is a large straight-edged triangular point with a deeply concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Keel, Bennie C. (1972) Woodland Phases of the Appalachian Summit Area. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

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590 - Variety 1, 2, and 3 Garden Points

Garden [Stemmed] Point - named by Charles Cleland in 1968 after a peninsula in Michigan. It is a large point with a constricting stem. Type has three varieties, 1, 2, and 3. Type dates 200 BC to 200 AD and is found in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cleland, Charles E. and Richard Peske (1968) The Spider Cave Site. In: The Prehistory of the Burnt Bluff Area. Ed: James E. Fitting, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers, No. 34. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

591 - Garth Slough Point

Garth Slough [Notched] Point - named by James W. Cambron in 1975 after Garth Slough in Morgan County, Alabama. It is a medium point with hanging barbs and a small squarish stem. Type dates 6750 to 6250 BC and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders may be horizontal or tapered. Blade is straight or excurvate. Stem is usually contracted, with straight or excurvate sides. Base is round to pointed. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975). Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc.

Garth Slough II [Bifurcate] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

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592 - Garver's Ferry Points

Garver's Ferry [Notched] Point - named by Richard L. George in 1982. It is a small corner-notched point with a slightly flaring stem and straight base. Type dates 1400 AD and is found in western Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: George, Richard L. (1982) Blawnox: An Upper Ohio Valley Middle Woodland Site. Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol. 51. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Garwer's [Notched] Point - see George, Richard L. (1982) Blawnox: An Upper Ohio Valley Middle Woodland Site. Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol. 51, No. 10, pp. 181-205, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA.

593 - Gary Points

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594 - Gary Point Distribution

Gary [Stemmed] Point - named by Perry H. Newell and Alex D. Krieger in 1949. Medium point with a taper extending to the base which is pointed. Type dates 2000 BC to 1000 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular body, indistinct, squared shoulders, and a contracting stem. Major attribute: contracting stem. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Adena, Morrow Mountain II, Dickson. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Newell, H. Perry and Alex D. Krieger (1949) The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas. American Antiquity, Vol. 14, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Turner, Robert L., and James E. II (2002) The Harold Williams Site (41CP10) and the Texas Archaeological Society Field School of 1967. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol.73, pp. 1-68. 4 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

595 - Gary Points

596 - Gary Point

Gary, Variety Camden Point - false type; see Schambach (1998). Gary, Variety LeFlore Point - false type; see Schambach (1998). Gary, Variety Bodcaw Point - false type; see Schambach (1998). Gary, Variety Manice Point - false type; see Schambach (1998).

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Gary, Variety Camden, Subgroups A and B Points - false type; see Schambach (1998). Gary, Variety Malvern - false type; see Schambach (1998). Gary, Variety Kamp - false type; see Turner et al. (2002). Gary, Variety Kaufman - false type; see Turner et al. (2002). Gary, Variety Alsa - false type; see Turner et al. (2002). Gary, Variety Hobson - false type; see Turner et al. (2002). Gary, Variety Emory - false type; see Turner et al. (2002).

Gary [Typical] Point – see Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point – A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. (Point Chapter). Vol. 46, Pt 1, pp. 50-76, Anthropological Paper of the American Museum on Natural History, New York, NY.

Gary [Large] Point - see Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point – A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. (Point Chapter). Vol. 46, Pt 1, pp. 50-76, Anthropological Paper of the American Museum on Natural

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History, New York, NY.

Gary [Long] Point - see Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point – A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. (Point Chapter). Vol. 46, Pt 1, pp. 50-76, Anthropological Paper of the American Museum on Natural History, New York, NY. Gray [Small] Point - see Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point – A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. (Point Chapter). Vol. 46, Pt 1, pp. 50-76, Anthropological Paper of the American Museum on Natural History, New York, NY.

Gary [Varients] Point - see Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point – A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. (Point Chapter). Vol. 46, Pt 1, pp. 50-76, Anthropological Paper of the American Museum on Natural History, New York, NY.

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Gatlin [Notched] Point - named for a site Arizona. It is a large point with narrow notches. Type dates 1200 to 1400 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: isosceles blade. Type validity: site specific. Similar to: Point of Pines, Walnut Canyon. Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

597 - Garza Points

Garza [Triangle] Point - named by Frank A. Runkles in 1964. It is a small-to-large, serrated, triangular point with a deep concave base. Type dates 1500 AD and is found in Texas and New Mexico. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point, often with serrated lateral edges, has a centrally notched base. Major attribute: notched base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Runkles, F. A. (1964) The Garza Site: A Neo-American Campsite Near Post, Texas. Bulletin, Archaeological Society of Texas, Vol. 35, pp. 101-125. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

598 - Gaston Point

Gaston [Triangle] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a small equilateral triangular point with straight base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.

Gatecliff Points - series or types of large points, found throughout the Great Basin, including eastern California, and dated between ca. 4000 and 1000 B.C. The Gatecliff series incorporates the Pinto, Little Lake, and Bare Creek types or series, as well as some or all Gypsum points. Alternatively, proposed types include Gatecliff split-stemmed points, classified within the Pinto cluster, and Gatecliff contracting-stemmed points, classified within the Gypsum cluster. Gatecliff points were defined by David Hurst Thomas, based in part on collections from Gatecliff Shelter (NV-Ny-301) in central Nevada. Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Gatecliff [Split-Stem] Point - not available; see Justice (2002a). Reference: N/A.

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599 - Gatecliff Bifurcate Points

600 - Gatecliff Stemmed Points

601 – Gatecliff Point Distribution

Gatecliff [Stemmed] Point - named by David H. Thomas in 1981. It is a medium-to-large point with a triangular blade. Stem has parallel sides and concave base. Some specimens have contracting stems with a rounded base. Others are bifurcated. Type dates 1500 BC and is found in Great Basin. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Thomas, David Hurst (1981) How to Classify the Projectile Points from Monitor Valley, Nevada. Journal, California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 3, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Gatlin [Notched] Point – a Hohokan culture point.

602 – Gaylesville Points (After: Baker 2009)

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Gaylesville [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a short, squarish stem. Type dates to the Woodland era and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Geneill [Notched] Point – a San Patrice point. See Brain (1971). Reference: Brain, Jeffrey P. (1971) Provisional Type Descriptions of Two Early Notched Points from Missouri. Peabody Museum on Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.

603 - Genesee Points

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604 - Genesee Points

605 - Genesee Point (Justice 1987)

606 - Genesee Point Distribution

Genesee [Stemmed] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a large, narrow-bladed point with a rectangular stem. Type dates 2500 to 1500 BC and is found in the middle Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … large thick, straight stemmed points, of medium breath. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Kramer, Board. Comment: For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 24-25, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ. 4 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States.

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Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 5 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 6 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 9 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 10 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

Ghost [Stemmed] Point - references by collectors to a North Dakota point; it remains to be established as a type.

607 - Gibson Points

Gibson [Notched] Point - named by Edward G. Scully in 1951. It is a medium-to-large point with pronounced side notches and a rounded base. Type dates 300 AD and is found in Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Native Americana. Major attribute: dovetail. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: The dovetail type has too many namers in the archaeological literature; thus, this type name should not be used, even though the name is among the earliest.

1 - Reference: Scully, Edward G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

608 - Gila Butte Points

Gila Butte [Stemmed] Point - first described by E. B. Sayles around 1965 after a phase of the Hohokam culture. It is a small point with a constricting stem. Type dates 500 to 700 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Sayles, E. B. (1965) Stone Implements and Bowls. In: Excavations at Snaketown, Material Culture by Harold S. Gladstone, Emil W. Haury, E. B. Sayles, and Nora Gladwin, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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609 - Gilchrist Points (Drawing: Schroder 2002)

Gilchrist [Notched] Point - credited to Ripley Bullen. It is a medium point with pointed corners and a concave base. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in the Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … point with a short, relatively wide tang which expands downward from base of blade. Base tang may be straight or concave and it may have sharp or rounded corners. Tang is predominantly smoothed. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Southeast, West Columbia, SC. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

610 - Historic Glass Point

Glass Point - proto-historic makeage before trade for metal points. Open for a lot of study archaeologically. Reference: none.

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611 – Glendo Point

Glendo Arrow [Notched] Point - named by Louis Steege in 1961 after the town in Wyoming. It is a small-to-medium point with a dovetail stem. Type dates 500 to 1200 AD and is found from New Mexico to Wyoming. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Steege, Louis C. (1961) Stone Artifacts of the Northwestern Plains. Northwestern Publishing Company, Colorado Springs, CO.

612 - Glendo Points

Glendo [Dart] Point - named by Louis Steege in 1961 after a town in Wyoming. It is a medium point with various base styles. Type dates 300 to 800 AD and is found in Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Montana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Steege, Louis C. (1961) Stone Artifacts of the Northwestern Plains. Northwestern Publishing Company, Colorado Springs, CO.

Glendo [Knife] Type - named by Louis Steege in 1961 after a town in Wyoming. It is a large dovetail point. Type dates 300 to 800 AD and is found in Wyoming. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Comment:

Reference: Steege, Louis C. (1961) Stone Artifacts of the Northwestern Plains. Northwestern Publishing Company, Colorado Springs, CO.

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613 – Glen Meyer Point

Glen Meyer [Triangle] Point - no namer. It is a medium point with a concave base. One corner is longer that the other. Type dates 1300 AD and is found in south-western Ontario. Major attribute: toed. Type validity: conditional. Comment:

Reference: Fox, W. A. (1982) Glen Meyer Tanged-Triangular. KEWA 82-1.

614 - Gober Points

Gober [Notched] Point - named by Leon Dunn in 1992. It is a small point with a slightly convex base. Type dates 400 to 600 AD and is found in Arkansas. Major attribute: original cortex remaining. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Dunn, Leon (1992) Gober Point. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2.

615 - Gobernadora Point

Gobernadora [Stemmed] Point - named by W. W. Taylor in 1966. It is a large point with pointed shoulders. Stem is V-shaped. Type has not been dated and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: V-shaped stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Taylor, W.W. (1966) Archaic cultures Adjacent to the Northeastern Frontiers of Meso-America. Handbook of the Middle American Native Americans, Vol. 4, edited by Robert Wauchope and others, pp. 59-64.

616 - Go-Cart Point

Go-Cart [ Notched] Point - no one is credited with its name. It is a large point with straight blade sites and a straight base. Type dates 2100 BC and is found in the upper Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: V-shaped

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workend. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Fortier, Andrew C. (1984) The Go-Cart North, Dyroff and Levin Sites. In: American Bottoms Archaeology FAI-270 Site Reports, Vol. 9, Illinois Department of Transportation and University of Illinois Press. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

617 - Godar Points

Godar [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1963 after a site in Illinois. It is a medium wellmade, side-notched point with parallel sides, square tangs, and concave base. Type dates 3500 BC and is found in the upper Mississippi River valley including the Great Lakes area. Perino (1985) suggests …a parallel-sided point with a near needle tip. Base is usually straight. Major attribute: parallel sides. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Graham Cave, Kessell, Big Sandy, Raddatz, Osceola, Hemphill. Comment: even though it is side notched, the type is distinctive and justified archaeologically. However, this type is probably a localized version of the Kirk notching technology.

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1963) Tentative Classification of Two Projectile Points and One Knife from West-Central Illinois. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 95. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

618 - Godfrey Knife

Godfrey [Knife] Type - named after the Godfrey collection. It is a long flake made into a knife by retouch on the lateral edges. It is usually made from rhyolite, dates 3000 BC, and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: flake manufacture. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Robins, Brian S. (1996) A Regional Analysis of the Moorehead Burial Tradition: 8500-3700 BP. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 24, pp. 95-148.

Godon [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009) for the city in Alabama. It is a large point with pointed corners. It is beveled and has an indented base. Type is found in the Southeast and dates to the Early Archaic. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

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619 - Godley Points

Godley [Notched] Point - named by Edward B. Jelks in 1964. It is a small-to-medium, side-notched point with a triangular blade. Stem flares and base is rounded. Type dates 0 AD and is found in northern Texas and Oklahoma. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... prominent shoulders but no barbs. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Forrester, R. E. (1964) The Ham Creek Site: An Edwards Plateau Aspect Site in Johnson County, Texas. Publication of the Tarrant County Archaeological Society. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Gold Hill [Leaf] Point – see Justice (2002B).

620 - Gold Hill Points

Gold Hill [Stemmed] Point - named by Luther Cressman in 1933 for the site in Oregon. It is a medium tear-drop point. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in California and Oregon. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cressman, Luther S. (1933-a) Aboriginal Burials in Southwestern Oregon. American Anthropologist 35:11630. 2 - Reference: Cressman, Luther S. (1933-b) Contributions to the Archaeology of Oregon: Final Report on the Gold Hill Burial Site. University of Oregon Studies in Anthropology 1(1).

621 - Golondrina Points

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Golondrina [Lanceolate] Point - named by Leroy Johnson, Jr. in 1964. It is a medium lanceolate point with recurved blade edges (blade) and concave base. Type dates 7000 BC and is found in Texas and Mexico. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... deep basal concavity (4 mm +) that varies from flatten inverted V to recurved. Major attribute: lanceolate form. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Johnson, Leroy, Jr. (1964) The Devils Mouth Site. Archaeology No. 6, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Kelly, Thomas C.(1982) Criteria For Classification of Plainview and Golondrina Points. Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association La Tierra Vol. 9. 3, pp.2-25. 4 - Reference: Birmingham, W. W. and T. R. Hester (1976) Late Pleistocene Archaeological Remains from the JohnsonHeller Site, Texas Coastal Plain. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, Special Report No. 3. 5 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R. and James H. Word (2004) Golondrina Points at Baker Cave. Southern Texas Archaeological Association, La Tierra, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 5-8. 6 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

622 - Goose Creek Points

Goose Creek [Spike] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky and Charles W. Merry in 1991 after a creek in Virginia. It is a long, narrow point which has a poorly defined stem. It is crudely made, but is very consistent in length of approximately 50 mm. Type dates 500 to 1000 AD and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: narrow blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Charles W. Merry (1991) The Goose Creek Spike Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 16-18. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic

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Goose Lake [Knife] Type - see Emerson, Thomas E. (1983) The Early Woodland Florence Phase Occupation. In: The Florence-Street Site (11-5-458) by T. Emerson, G. Miller and D. Jackson, pp. 19-175. American Bottom Archaeology FAI-270 Site Report No. 2.

623 – Goshen Point and Drawing

Goshen [Lanceolate] Point - reported by George C. Fraison in 1988. It is a medium point with regular, lamella, bifacial flaking. Base is straight or concave. Type dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in the Plains states. Major attribute: fine flaking. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Fraison, George C. (1988) Paleoindian Subsistence and Settlement During Post-Clovis Times on the Northwestern Plains, The Adjacent Mountain Ranges, and Intermountain Basins. In: American before Columbus: Ice-Age Origins, ed. Roland C. Carlislr. Ethnology Monograph 12, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. 2 - Reference: Mortet-White, Anta (1997) The Paleoindians of the North American Midcontinent. Musee Departmental de Prehistorire de Salutre. 3 - Reference: Frison, G. C. (1996) The Mill Iron Site. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 4 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1991) The Goshen Paleoindian Complex: New Data for Paleoindian Research. In: Clovis: Origins and Adaptations, eds. R. Bonnichsen and K. Turnmire, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Orono, ME. 5 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 6 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 7 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1993) North American High Plains Paleo-Indian Hunting Strategies and Weapony Assemblages. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY.

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Gowan [Notched] Point – see Kooymam (2000).

Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

624 - Gower Point (All Faces)

Gower [Lanceolate] Point - named by Harry Shafer in 1963. It is a resharpened or tapering bladed lanceolate point with a deep concave base. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... parallel-edge stem and a short body. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: . Comment:

1 - Reference: Shafer, Harry (1963) Test Excavations at the Youngsport Site: A Stratified Site in Bell County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 24. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Hester, Thomas Roy (1979) Notes on Gower, Jetta, and Other Projectile Points of the Pre-Archaic Period in Texas. Journal of the Southern Texas Archeological Association, La Tierra 6(3):5-8. 5 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

625 - Granbury Points

Granbury [Lanceolate] Point - named by Edward B. Jelks in 1962 after a lake in Texas. It is a medium point with a round stem/base. Type dates 600 to 800 AD and is found in central Texas. It is probably a biface perform. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Jelks, Edward B. (1962) The Kyle Site, a Stratified Central Texas Aspect Site in Hill County, Texas. Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Archaeological Series No. 5. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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626 - Graham Cave Points

627 - Graham Cave Point Distribution

Graham Cave [Notched] Point - named by Wilfred Logan in 1952 for a cave in Missouri. It is a wellmade, long, narrow point with a pronounced concave base. Type dates 7000 to 5000 BC and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … a notched point with a prominent concave base. Major attribute: deep concave base. Type validity: traditional./classic. Similar to: Big Sandy, Kessel, Godar, Raddatz, Osceola, Hemphill. Comment: type is probably a durative of the Big Sandy type and is also related to the St Charles type. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Logan, Wilfred (1952) Graham Cave, An Archaic Site. Missouri Archaeological Society, Memoir 2. 2 - Reference: Klippel, Walter E. (1971) Graham Cave Revisited: A Reevaluation of Its Cultural Position During the Archaic Period. Missouri Archaeological Society, Memoir No. 9. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

628 - Grand Points

Grand [Notched] Point - named by David Baerreis and Joan Freeman in 1959. It is a medium point with

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convex Edges (Blade) and deep U-shaped corner notches. Base is convex. Type dates 300 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas. Major attribute: dovetail. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baerreis, David A. and Joan E. Freeman (1959) Report on a Bluff Shelter in Northeastern Oklahoma (DI-47). Archives of Archaeology, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Grant [Notched] Point - no data. It is a small point. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the upper Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

Grants [Stemmed] Point - named by Kirk Bryan and J. H. Toulouse, Jr. in 1943 for the culture in New Mexico. It is a medium point with various stem shapes. Type dates 4500 to 3000 BC and is found in New Mexico and Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: San Jose. Comment: 1 - Reference: Bryan, Kirk and J. H. Toulouse, Jr. (1943) The San Jose Non-Ceramic Culture and Its Relation to Puebloan Culture in New Mexico. American Antiquity, Vol. 9, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Berry, Claudia F. (1987) A Reassessment of the Southwestern Archaic. Ph.D., Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Xerox Films. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Gravers Ferry [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard George in 1996. It is a small point with a straight base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in western Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Backstrum. Comment: type has archaeological proof, but is similar to other corner notched points in the Northeast

Reference: George, Richard L. (1996) The Winters Knuckles Site and the Mystery House on the Younghiogheny. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 53-70.

Gravier [Triangle] Point – no reference.

(After Justice 2002)

Great Basin Points – proposed by Donald R. Tuohy. series or cluster of large, stemmed and concave-base, fluted point types found in eastern and southern California as well as other parts of western North America, dated between ca. 9000 and 6000 B.C. Great Basin stemmed points include Lake Mohave and Silver Lake types. Great Basin concave-base points are also labeled as Clovis points. Crescents have sometimes been designated as Great Basin transverse points. Reference: Tuohy, Donald R., and Thomas N. Layton. 1977. Toward the Establishment of a New Series of Great Basin Projectile Points. Nevada Archaeological Survey Reporter 10(6):1-5.

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629 - Great Basin Knife

Great Basin Knife - named here after the geographic area. It is a medium-to-large knife with a tapering stem with a short round base. It generally made from obsidian. Blade has a narrow triangular form. Type dates post-1000 AD and is found the Great Basin and adjacent areas. It may simply be a biface. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: none.

630 - Great Basin Provisional Points (Types 1 and 2)

Great Basin [Provisional] Points - possible point types. Type 1 – Flared stem with a concave base. Blade is triangular. Type 2 – Notched point with a straight base.

631 – Great Basin Points

Great Basin [Stemmed] Point – large point with a pronounced stem. Type dates 9500 to 6500 BC and is found in the Great Basin area.

Reference: Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

Great Basin Large Stem – false type; see Cassinelli (1996). Great Basin [Stemmed] Point – named by Donald Tuohy in 1974. It is a large point with a constricting stem and a round base. It is found in the southwest and dates to Paleoindian.

Reference: Tuohy, Donald R. (1974) A Comparative Study of Late Paleo-Indian Manifestations in the Western Great Basin. In: A Collection of Papers on Great Basin Archaeology, ed. R. Elston and L. Sabini, Nevada Archaeological Survey Research Paper 5.

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632 - Greene Points

Greene [Lanceolate/Stemmed] Point - named by Robert E. Funk. It is a large, lanceolate point with no shouldering. Base is straight or slightly concave. Type dates 700 AD and is found from New Jersey to Rhode Island. Major attribute: narrow, lanceolate shape. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Guilford. Comment:

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1971) A Typology and Nomenclature from New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, p. 122, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: National Park Service Funded (2002) Native American Archaeology in Rhode Island. Rhode Island Historical Preservation & Heritage Commission, Providence, RI. 3 - Reference: Winter, Eugene (2003) A Cache of Greene Points from the Pringle Site (1-=MD-18), Tewksbury, MA. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 10-13.

Green [Notched] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a medium point with a flaring stem. Type dates 7000 BC and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology. Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

633 - Greenbrier Points (DeJanette, Kurjack, and Cambron 1962)

634 – Greenbrier-Dalton Point

635 – Greenbrier-Dalton Point

Greenbrier-Dalton - see Dalton [Lanceolate] Point.

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636 - Greenbrier Points (Drawings: Schroder 2002)

Greenbrier [Notched] Point - named by T. M. N. Lewis and Madeline Kneberg. It is a medium-to-large narrow-bladed, side-notched point with a slightly concave base. Type has no date and is found in Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … thick, relatively broad, dominantly bifacially beveled, trianguloid point with straight or slightly concave or convex base. Major attribute: blade beveling. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: type has numerous definitions in the literature. The Greenbrier type may be related to the Dalton type (Justice 1987); however, the type is likely a derivate to Simpson technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Lewis, T. M. N. and Madeline Kneberg (1958) The Nucholls Site. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XIV, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Brookes. Samuel O., Bruce J. Gray, Byron Inmon, and Angela Rodrigue. (1975) Greenbriar Projectile Points: A Discussion of Form and Function. Archeological Society of Virginia Quarterly Bulletin , Vol. 30, No. 2, pp.:97-100. 4 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

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Green River [Lanceolate] Point - named by Louis Steege and Warren Welch for the river in Wyoming. It is a pentagonally-shaped point with a concave base. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in Wyoming. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Steege, Louis C. (1961) Stone Artifacts of the Northwestern Plains. Northwestern Publishing Company, Colorado Springs, CO.

Green River [?] Point - see Webb, Clarence H (1946) Native American Knoll, Site Oh 2, Ohio County, Kentucky. University of Kentucky Reports on Anthropology and Archaeology, Vol. 4, No. 3, Part I.

637 – Greens Creek Points (After: Baker 2009)

Greens Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a waterway in Alabama. It is large point with a wide-short stem. It dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

638 - Greenville Points

Greenville [Lanceolate/Triangle] Point - named by T. M. N. Lewis and Madeline Kneberg in 1957. It is a medium trianguloid, lanceolate point with parallel Edges (Blade) and slightly concave base. Type dates 0 AD and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Madison. Comment:

Reference: Lewis, T. M. N. and Madeline Kneberg (1957) The Camp Creek Site. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XIII, No. 1.

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639 - Greenville Creek Point

Greenville Creek [Notched] Point - named by Tony DeRegnaucourt in 1991. It is a large point with a straight base. Type dates 7000 to 6000 BC and is found in Ohio and Native Americana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991) A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Occasional Monographs of the Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, Number 1. 2 – Reference: Cox, David M. (2003) The Greenville Creek Side-Notched Point Type, A Provisional Type from Darke County in West-Central Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp.42-43.

640 –Ground Slate Points

Ground Slate [Stemmed] Point - identified by William A. Ritchie. It is an extra large, barbed point with a constricting stem and straight base. Type dates 3200 BC and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1968) The LI Site: The Vergennes Phase and the Laurentian Tradition. Bulletin, New York Archaeological Association, No. 42 2 - Reference: Borstel, Christopher L. (1982) Archaeological Investigations at the Young Site, Alton, Maine. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology, Number Two, Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, ME. 3 - Reference: Tuck, James A. (1976) Newfoundland and Labrador Prehistory. National Museum of Man, Ottawa, Canada.

641 - Grosswater Point

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Grosswater [Blade] Point – named by Jack Cresson for an Eskimo culture in the maritime area of the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada, It is blade point that was ground into shape, not flaked. It probably dates to the Paleoindian era.

Reference: This paper.

Grundy [Triangle] Point - named after a county in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a large point with a straight base. Blade is beveled. It does not have a date and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

Guadalupe [Biface] Type - thick, percussion-flaked tool with an abruptly truncated distal end or bit that angles from the dorsal edge toward the proximal end. Type dates to the early Archaic and is found in central Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Comment: 1 - Reference: Black, S. L. And A. J. McGraw (1984) The Panther Springs Creek Site: Culture Change and Continuity within the Upper Salado Creek Drainage, South Central Texas. Archaeological Survey Report, Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, No. 100. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

642 - Guadalope Points (Justice 2002a)

Guadalupe [Notched] Point - named by Noel Justice in 2002 for the mountains in New Mexico. It is a medium point with hanging shoulder which gives the effect of being notched. Blade is serrated or notched. Type dates 100 to 800 AD and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: blade treatment. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

643 – Guerrero Series Points

Guerrero Point Series - see Ritter, Eric W. and Julie Burcell (1998) Guerrero Point Series. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society, Vol. 34, No. 4,.

644 - Guerrero Points

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Guerrero [Triangle] Point – Tom Hester is credited with the name; formalized in Fox (1979). It is a medium point with a concave base. Lanceolate forms do occur. Type dates 1700 AD and is found in southern Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular to lanceolate point with careful parallel flaking. Base is concave. Major attribute: parallel flaking. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Fox, Daniel D. (1979) The Lithic Artifacts at the Spanish Colonial Missions, San Antonio, Texas. Special Report, University of Texas at San Antonio Center for Archaeological Research, No. 8. 2 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R. (1977) The Lithic Technology of Mission Indians in Texas and Northeastern Mexico. Lithic Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1&2, pp. 9-13. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 5 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

645 - Guilford Points (After: Coe 1952)

646 - Guilford Points

389

647 - Guilford Point Distribution

Guilford [Lanceolate] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964 for a county in North Carolina. It is a long, narrow lanceolate point which is poorly made. Base is concave or round. Type dates 4000 to 3000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Coe (1964) suggests: … long, slender, but thick blade with straight, rounded, or concaved base. There are three varieties:  Round base  Straight base  Concave base. Major attribute: crude flaking. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Coe(1964). Type has various versions in the archaeological literature.

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 4 - Reference: Drye, Carmen Morgan (1998) An Analysis and Interpretation of the Archaic Projectile Point Sequence from Lowder’s Ferry, Stanly County, North Carolina. North Carolina Archaeology, Vol. 47, pp. 34-65. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 7 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33. 8 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

648 - Guilford Point Varieties (Schroder 2002)

390

Guilford [Concave Base] Point - needs archaeological refining from excavation contexts. Guilford [Round Base] Point - needs archaeological refining from excavation contexts. Guilford [Straight Base] Point - needs archaeological refining from excavation contexts.

649 - Guntersville Point

Guntersville [Lanceolate] Point - named by James W. Cambron and David C. Hulse in 1975. It is a small-to-medium point with a straight base and excurvate blade. Type dates 1500 AD and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is excurvate. It is difficult to define the hafting area. Base is straight and thinned. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Snow, Frankie (1977) An Archeological Survey of the Ocmulgee Big Bend Region. Occasional Papers from South Georgia, Number 3, South Georgia College, Douglas, GA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

650 - Gunther Points

Gunther [Triangle/Stemmed] Point - named by ????. It is a medium point that has a short constricting stem with pronounced barbs. It is found in three varieties:  Barbed

391

 Straight stem  Expanded stem. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in California and parts of the Great Basin. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 2 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

651 - Gypsum Points

Gunther [Abrupt Shoulder] Point – see Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

Gunther [Round Shoulder] Point – see Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

Gunther [Short Barbed] Point – see Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

652 – Gypsum Cave Point

653 – Gypsum Point Distribution

Gypsum [Stemmed] Point - naming credit given here to Frank H. H. Roberts who published it in 1944 as being from the site. It is a medium point with a tapering stem and pointed base. It has no date and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: tapering stem. 392

Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Also known as Gypsum Cave.

1 - Reference: Harrington, Mark R. (1948) An Ancient Site at Borax Lake, California. Southwest Museum Papers 16. 2 - Reference: Roberts, Frank H. H. Jr. (1944) The New World Paleoindian. Reprinted from the Smithsonian Report for 1944, Publication 3794, Washington, DC. 3 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 4 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT. 5 - Reference: Harrington, M. R. (1933) Gypsum Cave, Nevada. Southwest Museum Papers, No. 8, Los Angeles, CA.

654 - Gypsy Points

655 - Gypsy Points

Gypsy [Stemmed] Point - named by Bennie C. Keel in 1976. It is a medium point that has a square stem and straight or slightly convex base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Keel, Bennie C. (1976) Cherokee Archaeology. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33. 5 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

393

656 - Hale Points

Hale Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Hale [Stemmed] Point - named by James Ford and Clarence H. Webb in 1956. It is a large, percussion flaked point with a contracting stem. Base is straight. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas. Perino (1985) suggests … a large percussion flaked point with a triangular blade. Shoulder are broad and never barbed. Ford and Webb (1956) suggest…blades are thin and lenticular in cross section stems tend to square or rectangular with parallel sides. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point, A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 46, Pt. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

657 Halifax Points

394

658 Halifax Points

659 - Halifax Points (After: Coe 1952)

660 - Halifax Points

395

661 Halifax Points

662 - Halifax Point Distribution

Halifax [Notched] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a small-to-large, shallow side-notched point with triangular blade. Blade edges are straight with both incurvate and excurvate styles. Bases are usually straight or slightly concave. Type dates 3500 BC and is found in the Middle Atlantic and Southeastern states. Coe (1964) suggests: … slender blade with slightly restricted base. It has shallow side notches, and base and notches were usually ground. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: The Halifax introduces the Late Archaic period in Middle Atlantic area and is probably related to the Lamoka side-notched point of the Northeast. It is a member of the narrow-point tradition of the upper east coast (Hranicky 2002). For point dimensions, see Coe (1964).

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33. 6 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

663 - Hamilton Points

Hamilton [Triangle] Point - named by Thomas M. N. Lewis in 1955. It is a small triangular point with incurvate blade edges. Base is concave. Type dates 500 to 1000 AD and is found in Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina. Major attribute: incurvate blade.

396

Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Lewis, Thomas M. N. and Madeline Kneberg (1946) Hiawassee Island: An Archaeological Account of Four Tennessee Peoples. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 2 - Reference: Lewis, T. M. N. (1955) The Hamilton and Eva Type Points of Tennessee. Bulletin, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. III, pp. 69-70. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Hamilton [Miniature - Triangle] Point – false type; see Powell (1990).

664 - Hamilton Points (Drawing: Cambron and Hulse 1986)

Hamilton [Stemmed] Point - No namer identified (see Cambron and Hulse 1975 or Bullen 1975). It is a large, strong point with a short stem. Base is concave. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in Florida and Georgia. Bullen (1975) suggests: … percussion-chipped point with edge retouch, excurvate blade edges, and a relatively short and wide tang with basal concavity. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are inversely tapered and have short barbs. Stem is expanding with straight sides. Base is thinned and straight or slightly convex. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1975) A Guide to the Identification of Virginia Projectile Points. Kendall Books (revised), Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Elliott, Daniel T. and Kenneth E. Sassaman (1995) Archaic Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Plain and Coastal Zone. Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper No. 11 and Report No. 35, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.

665 - Hanna Point

666 - Hanna Points

397

Hanna [Notched] Point - named by Richard P. Wheeler in 1954. It is a medium point with an expanding stem with rounded corners. Base is concave. Type dates 1750 BC and is found in SW Canada, Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Nebraska. Major attribute: rounded corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wheeler, Richard P. (1954) Two New Projectile Point Types: Duncan and Hanna Points. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis (1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceedings, Number 11, Denver Museum of Natural History. 4 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

667 - HanoverPoint

Hanover [Stemmed] Point - named after the county where the first specimen was observed. It is a widebladed point with a short tapering stem. Base is straight. Distribution is the Middle James River basin. Type Validity: Conditional. Reference: This paper

Hansford [Notched] Point - named by Gary R. Wilkins in 1977. It is a medium point with a triangular blade, pronounced shoulders, and straight base. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in the upper Ohio river area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Wilkins, Gary R. (1977) Cultural Ecology of Prehistoric Mountaintop Sites in the Kanawha Basin, West Virginia. Masters Thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR.

398

668 - Harahey Knives

Harahey [Knife] Type – named after an Native American village in Kansas. It is a long, ovoid-shaped knife with sometimes rounded ends, but usually it has pointed ends. Blade edges are usually beveled. Type dates 1300 to 1700 AD and is found on the southern Plains. Major attribute: bipoint and beveling. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

Harda-Palmer Point - Reference to a point that is between Hardaway and Palmer technologies. It assumes the evolutionary sequence and stylistic change over time. It is a false type.

669 - Hardaway Point

399

670 - Hardaway Points

671 – Hardaway Point Resharpening Sequence

672 - Hardaway Points

673 - Hardaway Point Bases from Coe (1964)

400

674 – Original Hardaway Points from Coe (1964)

401

675 - Hardaway Points

676 - Hardaway Points

402

677 - Hardaway Point Distribution

Hardaway [Notched] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964 after a site in North Carolina. It is a sidenotched point with a concave base which is often thinned. Type dates 8000 to 7000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Coe (1964) suggests: … small, broad, thin blade with narrow side notches and a recurved, concave base. Major attribute: horned corners. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: Type probably introduces the St Charles type in the East. However, some scholars argue the it leads to the Kirk technology. For point dimensions, see Coe (1964).

Left: Kirk/Big Sandy, Center: Hardaway, Right: Dalton (Range of Type Variation) (Drawings: DeJanette, Kurjack, and Cambron 1962)

678 – Left: Hardaway - Right: St Charles (Type Comparison)

403

679 - Hardaway-Dalton Points

Hardaway-Dalton [Notched/Lanceolate] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a transitional point between Dalton and Hardaway pointmakers. It has a Clovis waist with Hardaway basal flaring. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in the Southeast. Coe (1964) suggests: … broad, thin blade with deeply concave base and shallow side notches. Base and side notches were ground and edges were frequently serrated. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Dalton, Hardaway. Comment: Type establishes the technological link between the two point styles. For point dimensions, see Coe(1964).

Hardaway II [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

680 - Hardee Points (Bullen 1975)

Hardee [Stemmed] Point - named by Kevin Dowdy and John Sowell in 1998. It is a medium-to-large point with a squarish stem. Type dates 6000 to 3000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … fairly thick, tanged point with trianguloid blades which are alternately beveled. Major attribute: beveled blade. 404

Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Harden Barbed Point - see Justice (1987). Hardee Varieties – namely the Bullen Hardee and Gibson Hardee; false types. See Schroder (2002).

681 - Hardin Eccentric Point

Hardin Eccentric - may not be valid, but a Hardin with an unusual stem. Hardee [Type I] Point - is a thick, stemmed type found from Florida to Alabama. Type I has a longer stem than Type II. It remains to be proven archaeologically.

Reference: Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Carolinas, Inc., West Columbia, SC.

Hardee [Type II] Point – is thinner than Type I. Type I has a longer stem than Type II. It remains to be proven archaeologically.

Reference: Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Carolinas, Inc., West Columbia, SC.

Hardin [Barbed] Point - see Munson, Patrick J. (1967) Hardin Barbed Projectile Points: Analysis of a Central Illinois Sample. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 16-19.

682 - Hardin Points

Hardin [Notched] Point - suggested by John Powell in 1990. It is a large point with hanging shoulders and a flared stem. Base is straight or convex. Type dates 7000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Powell (1990) suggests: … is characterized by a lenticular cross section in unsharpened condition and a distinctive, crescent-shaped notching configuration. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false.

405

Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

Reference: Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Carolinas, Inc., West Columbia, SC.

406

683 - Hardin Points

Based on Edler (1972)

684 - Hardin Point Distribution

Hardin [Stemmed] Point - named by Edward G. Scully in 1951. It is a large point with hanging shoulders and a slightly flaring stem. Type dates 7500 to 6500 BC and is found in the Ohio and upper Mississippi River valleys. Justice (1987) suggests: … possess short downward projecting barbs that flare outward away from the stem without interrupting the fine contour of the blade. Basal edges vary from straight to slightly concave. Wormington (1957) argues for Types I and II. Major attribute: fine flaking. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Scully, Edward G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Theler, James. L., and Robert F. Boszhart (2003) Twelve Millennia – Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 4 - Reference: Edler, Robert (1972) The Short Stemmed Hardin Point. The Redskin, Vol. VII, No. One, pp. 38-39.

407

5 - Reference: Redfield, Alden (1966) The Hardin Point, An Interim Analysis Report. Arkansas Archaeologist, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 53-57.

Hardin [Short Stemmed] Point – false type; see Edler, Robert (1972) The Short-Stemmed Hardin Point. The Redskin, Vol. VII, No. One, pp. 38—39.

685 - Hare Biface

Hare [Biface] Type - named by Elton Prewitt in 1981 after the town in Texas. It is a lanceolate biface with a straight base. Type dates 0 AD and is found in Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Prewitt, Elton R. (1981) Archaeological Investigations at the Loeve-Fox and Loeve and Tombstone Bluff Sites in the Granger Lake Districts of Central Texas. In: Archaeological Investigations at the San Gabriel Reservoir Districts, Central Texas.

686 - Harpeth River Point

687 - Harpeth River Point

Harpeth River [Lanceolate] Point - named by James W. Cambron in 1970. It is a medium-to-large point with a poorly defined stem; a lanceolate form. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in Tennessee. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are tapered. Blade may be straight or excurvate with fine serrations. Blade is usually beveled. Stem has broad shallow notches, straight or convex base, and is usually ground. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. (1970) The Harpeth River Point. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XXVI, No. 1, pp. 15-18. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Harpoon – generally made from bone or ivory. It is a reference to shape – not a type. See Whale Lance/Knife.

408

688 - Harrell Points

Harrell [Notched] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex Krieger, and Edward Jelks in 1954. It is a short, straight-sided point with side and basal notches. Type dates 1300 AD and is found in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point that has either side-notches or side- and basal notching, sometimes with finely serrated edges. Major attribute: blade notching. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Sierra. Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann and Alex Krieger (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 4 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

689 - Harrison Point

Harrison [Turkey-Tail] Point - named by Lewis R. Binford in 1963. It is a wide, thin point with broader center and pointed end. Stem is notched. Type dates 750 BC and is found in Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, and southern Canada. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Binford, Lewis R. (1963) A Proposed Attribute List for the Description and Classification of Projectile Points. Anthropology Papers, No. 19, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

409

690 – Hart’s Bluff Points (After: Baker 2009)

Hart’s Bluff [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a parish in Louisiana. It is a medium point with a constricting stem. It is found in the Gulf states and dates to the Late Archaic. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

691 - Harvey Knives (Turner and Hester 1985)

Harvey Knife - first identified by Curtis D. Tunnell in 1959. It is a thin slab of petrified wood made into a knife. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Tunnell, Curtis D. (1959) Evidence of a Late Archaic Horizon at Three Sites in the McGee Bend Reservoir, San Augustine County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 30.

Harney Flats Knife – see Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

692 - Haskell Point

Haskell [Lanceolate] Point - named by B. Robert Butler in 1965. It is a long, narrow point with its broadest part in the upper blade. Its lower blade is straight and has a rounded to straight base. Type dates 5500 BC and is found in Idaho and Oregon. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Butler, B. Robert (1965) A Report on Investigations of an Early Man Site Near Lake Channel, Southern Idaho. Tebiwa, Idaho State Museum, Vol. 8, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

693 - Haskett Point

Haskett [Notched] Point - popularized by James A. Brown in 1976. It is a small point with straight blade edges and a concave base. Type dates 1300 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and northern Texas. Perino (1985) suggests … a long, narrow point with a long constricting stem. Major attribute: none. 410

Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Brown, James A. (1976) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Vol. 4. 2 - Reference: Butler, B. Robert (1967) More Haskett Point Finds From the Type Locality. Tebiwa 10(1):25., Journal of the Idaho State Museum, Pocatello. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Connolly, Thomas J. (1999) Newberry Crater – A Ten Thousand-Year Record of Human Occupation and Environmental Change in the Basin-Plateau Borderlands. Number 21, University of Utah Anthropological Papers, Salt Lake City, UT.

694 – Hatch Points

Hatch [Notched] Point - named by C. B. Cosgrove in 1947 for the town in New Mexico. It is a medium-tolarge point with hanging (nonpointed) shoulders. Base is straight or convex. Type dates 1000 BC to 700 AD and is found in New Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cosgrove, C.B. (1947) Caves of the Upper Gila and Hueco Areas in New Mexico and Texas. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. XXII, No. 2, Cambridge, MA. 2 - Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1993) Preliminary Investigations of the Archaic in the Region of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Cultural Resources Management Program Historic and Natural Resources, Report No. 9, Directorate of Environment, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center, Ft. Bliss, TX.

695 - Hatchie Points

Hatchie [Stemmed] Point – named here after a Tennessee river where the first points were observed. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Stem always show original cortex. Type is not dates and is found in Tennessee and southeastern areas adjacent to the state. Major attribute: cortex base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: N/A.

411

696 - Hatten Points

Hatten [Notched] Point – named after the mound in Missouri. It is a medium-to-large point with deep corner notches which creates a flaring stem. Base is straight. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Missouri and Arkansas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Klepingger, Linda and Dale R. Henning (1976) The Hatten Mound – a Two-Component Burial in Northeastern Missouri. Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 37. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1968) Hopewell & Woodland Site Archaeology in Illinois. Bulletin 6, Illinois Archaeological Survey.

Hatwau [Eared] Point – no data available.

1 - Reference: Ames, Kenneth M., James P. Green, and Margaret (1981) Hatwau (10NP143): Interim Report.

Archaeological Reports No. 9, Boise State University, Boise, ID.

2 - Reference: Connolly, Thomas J. (1999) Newberry Crater – A Ten Thousand-Year Record of Human Occupation and Environmental Change in the Basin-Plateau Borderlands. Number 21, University of Utah Anthropological Papers, Salt Lake City, UT.

697 - Hawkins Points

Hawkin [Notched] Point – no namer available; description here may be incorrect. It is a medium point with shallow notches. Base is convex. Type dates to Archaic Period and does not have an adequate geographical distribution. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment: Reference: none.

698 - Haw River (Broken) Point

412

699 - Haw River Point

700 - Haw River Points

Haw River [Lanceolate] Point - named by Floyd Painter in 1970 after a river in North Carolina. Large poorly-made point with a medium, deep, narrow concave base, It is a heart-shaped point. Type dates pre-Paleoindian and is found in coastal North Carolina and Virginia. Major attribute: basal notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bottoms, Edward (1970) Survey of North Carolina Paleoindian Projectile Points, Report No. 4. Chesopiean, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 94-96. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

701 - Hawes Point

Hawes [Notched] Point - named by Maurice Robbins in 1963. It is a long, narrow point with deep notches. Base is straight. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Robbins, Maurice (1963) Secondary Cremation Burial No. 2, The Hawes Site. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 24. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Hawes [Unnotched] Point - named by Maurice Robbins in 1963. It is a long, narrow point without notches. Base is straight. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Robbins, Maurice (1963) Secondary Cremation Burial No. 2, The Hawes Site. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 24.

413

702 - Hays, Scallorn and Rockwell Points

703 - Hayes Points

Hayes [Stemmed] Point - named by H. Perry Newell and Alex D. Krieger in 1949. It is a small point with a turkeytail-like stem. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... carefully chipped point that has a distinctive diamond-shaped stem. Lateral edges are sometimes finely serrated, and tip may be sharply pointed. Major attribute: tip design Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Newell, H. Perry and Alex D. Krieger (1949) The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas. American Antiquity Memoir No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol.

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1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

704 - Haywood Points

Haywood [Triangle] Point - named by Bennie C. Keel in 1972. It is a medium-to-large equilateral triangular point. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in North Carolina and Virginia. Major attribute: none.

1 - Reference: Keel, Bennie C. (1972) Woodland Phases of the Appalachian Summit Area. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University. 2 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

705 - Hazel Point

Hazel [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a long, narrow point with a concave base. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. It is another name for the Ross point (Flanigan 2000). Major attribute: flute. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology. 1 - Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

706 – Heavy Duty Points (Based on Edler 1970)

Heavy Duty Point – not a type; it is a reference to structure. See Elder, Robert (1970) The Heavy Duty Point. The Redskin, Vol. V, No. 1, pp. 16-17. And, Converse, Robert N. (1963) Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological Society of Ohio.

415

Hebron [Turkey-Tail] Point - named by Lewis R. Binford in 1963. It is a thin point with a tapering stem with small notches. Type dates 750 BC and is found in Kentucky, Illinois, Native Americana, Michigan, Wisconsin, New York, and southern Canada. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Binford, Lewis R. (1963) a Proposed Attribute List for the Description and Classification of Projectile Points. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 19. Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

707 - Heck Rockshelter Points

Heck Rockshelter [Notched] Point - named by W. Fred Kinsey III in 1958. It is a large crude point with shallow notches. Base is straight. Type dates 750 BC and is found in southern-central Pennsylvania and central Maryland. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kinsey, W. Fred III (1958) An Early Woodland Rock Shelter in South Central Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Helena [Notched] Point - series of large, corner-notched points, found in northwestern California and dated between ca. 4000 and 1000 B.C. Reference: Hildebrandt, William R., and John F. Hayes. (2007). Settlement Pattern Change in the Mountains of Northwest California: A View from Pilot Ridge. In There Grows a Green Tree: Papers in Honor of David A. Fredrickson, edited by Greg White, Pat Mikkelsen, William R. Hildebrandt, Mark E. Basgall, Mildred Dickemann, and Thomas M. Origer, pp. 95-106. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publication No. 11. University of California, Davis.

708 - Helligramite Points

Helligramite [Notched] Point - named by W. Fred Kinsey III in 1959. Point resembles larvae of the Dobson Fly; thus, its name. It is a serrated point with small notches. Base is straight. Type dates 900 BC and is found in the lower Susquehanna River valley. Custer (2001) suggests: … characteristics are the serrated edges, shallow side notches, and small ear-like projections. 416

Major attribute: small notch and fine serration. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Nyach. Comment:

1 - Reference: Kinsey, W. Fred III (1959) Recent Excavations on Bare Island in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. XXIX, Nos. 3-4. 2 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

709 - Hell's Canyon Points

710 - Top: Hell's Canyon Corner-Notched Points, Bottom: Hell's Canyon Basal-Notched Points

Hell's Canyon [Notched] Point - named by Warren W. Caldwell and Oscar Mallory in 1967. It is a medium point with a triangle blade. It is corner-notched and has a convex base. Basal-notched varieties occur. Type dates 400 to 800 AD and is found in Idaho. Major attribute: barbs. Type validity: traditional.

417

Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

711 - Hell Gap Points

(Hell Gap Compared to Walse Cache – Stanford 1997)

Hell Gap [Stemmed] Point - named by George A. Agogino in 1961. It is a large point with a pronounced constricting stem. Type dates 8000 to 7500 BC and is found the upper Plains states. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a long contracting stem. Stem edges are usually ground. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Jay, Great Basin. Comment: the Hell Gap and Jay are the same pointmaking technology.

1 - Reference: Agogino, George A. (1961) A New Point Type from Hell Gap Valley, Eastern Wyoming. American Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 4. 2 – Reference: Agogino, George A. (1985) The Hell Gap Point: a Twenty-Year Evaluation. Bulletin of the Central Texas Archeological Society 10:110-116. 3 – Reference: Stanford, Dennis (1997) The Walse Cache. In: The Paleoindians of the North American Midcontinent. A. Montel-White, ed., Musee Departemental de Prehistorie de Solutre. 4 - Reference: Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 5 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 6 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1974) The Casper Site: A Hell Gap Site Bison Kill on the High Plains. Academic Press, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Stanford, Dennis (1978) The Jones-Miller Site: An Example of Hell Gap Bison Procurement Strategy. In: Bison Procurement and Utilization: A Symposium, eds. L. Davis and M. Wilson, Plains Anthropologist Memoir 14, Lincoln, NB. 8 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 9 - Reference: Bradley, Bruce A. (1993) Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 10 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1993) North American High Plains Paleo-Indian Hunting Strategies and Weapony Assemblages. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds.,

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Plenum Press, New York, NY. 11 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis(1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceeding, No. 11, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO. 12 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 13 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

712 - Helton Point

Helton [Notched] Point – no namer available. It is a medium point with deep corner notches and a convex base. Type dates 5500 BC and id found on the Plains. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Houart, Gail T. (1971) Koster: A Stratified Archaic Site in the Illinois Valley. Illinois State Museum Report of Investigation No. 22. 2 - Reference: Cook, T. B. (1976) Koster: An Artifact Analysis of Two Archaic Phases in West-central Illinois. Northwestern Archaeology Program, Prehistoric Record No. 1. 3 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

713 - Hemphill Points

714 - Hemphill Point

Hemphill [Notched] Point - named by E. G. Scully in 1951. It is a medium-to-large point that has parallel sides, square tangs, and concave base. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in the upper Mississippi River valley. 419

Perino (1985) suggests … a large point with a parallel-sides and a sometimes needle tip. Major attribute: square corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Type is probably a late, localized version of the Big Sandy notching technology.

1 - Reference: Scully, E. G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Hemphill-Dalton [Notched/Lanceolate] Point – use by collectors; absolutely a false type..

715 – Hempstead-Dalton Points

Hempstead-Dalton [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino after the county in Arkansas. Perino (1991) defines it as: long, narrow point with narrow triangular blade. Broad side notches, and strongly eared. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) A New Dalton Varient – The Hempstead Point. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 32, No. 3.

Hempstead [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1985 after a county in Arkansas. It is a medium, narrow point with shallow side notches and a deep concave base. Type dates 7500 BC and is found in Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) A New Dalton Variant - The Hempstead Point. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 32, No. 3.

716 - Hendricks Points

Hendricks [Stemmed/Knife] Point - from collector’s webpage. No data or reference was available. It appears to be a Washington state form.

717 - Henry Points (Baker 1995)

420

Henry [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a county in Alabama. It is a medium point with a contracting stem. Type dates 2500 to 2000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

718 - Herbon Point

Herbon [Turkeytail] Point. - named by Lewis R. Binford in 1963. It is a wide, thin point with broader center and pointed end. Stem is notched. Type dates 750 BC and is found in Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, and southern Canada. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

719 - Hernando Points

Hernando [Notched] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a small-to-medium point with a triangular blade. Stem is small, square, and has a straight base. Type dates 0 AD and is found in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Bullen (1975) suggests: … fairly thin, well-made, predominantly straight sided, basally notched, narrow, isosceles trianguloid point. Major attribute: basal notches.

421

Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Austin, Robert J. (2006) Knife and Hammer: An Exercise in Positive Destruction – The I-75 Project and Lithic Scatter Research in Florida, Publication No. 16, Florida Anthropological Society.

Hernando Subtypes – mixed typing; false types. See Schroder (2002).

720 - Hickory Ridge Points

Hickory Ridge [Notched] Point - named by Dan F. Morse in 1981. It is a large point with a straight or concave base. Basal corners are squared to rounded. Type dates 3500 BC and is found in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Morse, Dan F. (1981) The Hickory Ridge Side-Notched Point. Field Notes, Arkansas Archaeological Society, No. 182. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

721 - Hidden Valley Point (Both Faces)

422

722 - Hidden Valley Points

Hidden Valley [Stemmed] Point - named by Robert McCormick Adams in 1941. It is a medium-tolarge point with a contracting, truncated stem. Base is slightly concave. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois, and Native Americana. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a contracting, truncated stem and barbed shoulders. Major attribute: truncated stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Adams, Robert McCormick (1941) Archaeological Investigations in Jefferson County, Missouri. Transactions, Academy of Science of St Louis, Vol. 30, No. 5. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

723 - High River Points

High River [Notched] Point - named by Richard G. Forbis in 1962. It is a small point with a convex base. Cortex sometimes remains. Type dates 750 to 1350 AD and is found in the Northern Plains. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Forbis, Richard G. (1962) The Old Women’s Buffalo Jump, Alberta. Contributions to Anthropology, Pt. 1, Bul. 180, Natural Museum of Canada, Ottawa. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

724 - Hi-Lo Points

Hi-Lo [Lanceolate] Point - named by James E. Fitting in 1963 after a golf course in Michigan. It is a lanceolate point with a concave base. Type dates 8000 to 6000 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Justice (1987) suggests … a lanceolate form with a concave base; base is sometimes thinned or has several short flakes removed like flutes. Major attribute: lance form. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Fitting, James E. (1963) The Hi-Lo Site, A Late Paleoindian Site in Western Michigan. Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 44, No. 2.

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2 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1981) Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. 5 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1981) Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 6 - Reference: Stothers, David M. (1996) Resource Procurement and Band Territories: A Model for Lower Great Lakes Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settlement Systems. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 24, pp. 174-216. 7 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society. 8 - Reference: White, Andrew A. (2006) A Model of Paleoindian Hafted Biface Chronology in Northeastern Indiana. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 34, pp. 29-59.

Hill [Triangle] Point - named after a site in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a small point with a straight base. Type dates 6000 to 2000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

Hiller [Stemmed] Point - see Fowler, Malvin L. (1959) Summary Report of Modoc Rock Shelter 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956. Illinois State Museum Report of Investigations No. 8, pp. 1-72.

725 – Hillsborough Point

Hillsborough [Stemmed] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a triangular-bladed point with constricting stem. Base is rounded or straight. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … very thin, well-made point with downward and outward sloping blade edges which form sharp barbs, and has a pointed triangular tang. Major attribute: tang. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) a Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles H. Fairbanks (1980) Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

424

Hillsboro/Newman [Stemmed] Point - see Newman/Hillsboro [Stemmed] Point. Hilton [Stemmed] Point - named by Toby Morrow in 1984 after Harlin Hilton, a landowner in Illinois. It is a medium point with a wide stem which has round corners. Base is usually straight. Type dates 2000 to 1000 BC and is found in Missouri and Illinois. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

Hinds [Lanceolate] Point - no data. Type is from a collector’s catalog. If valid, distribution is probably the same as the notched form.

726 - Hinds Points

Hinds [Notched] Point - named by Samuel O. McGahey after a county in Mississippi. It is a medium point with shallow side notches and a concave base. Type dates 8000 to 7000 BC and is found in Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (1981) (No title) Mississippi Archaeology, Vol. 16, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

425

727 – Hixton Dalton Point

Hixton Dalton –false type; named by Gregory Perino, but it is unpublished. Hixton [Stemmed] Point - named after a silicified sandstone by Toby Marrow in 1984. It is a long narrow point with a straight stem which has protruding corners. Type dates 7500 to 5000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

728 - Hodges Points (Binford 1963)

Hodges [Notched] Point – a long, narrow point with a round base. Side notches are shallow. See Binford, Lewis R. (1963) The Hodges Site: A Late Archaic Burial Station. In: Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification by A. White, L. Binford and M. Papworth, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan Anthropological Papers No. 19, pp. 124-128. Hodges [Stemmed] Point - named after the Arizona site. It is a small triangular point with a short contracting stem. Type dares Late Prehistoric and is found in Arizona and New Mexico. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

426

729 - Hog Back Points

Hog Back [Notched] Point - named by Charles E. Nelson in 1971. It is a small, well-made point with triangular blade. Shoulders are barbed and base is rounded. Type dates 800 AD and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Nelson, Charles E. (1971) The George W. Lindsay Ranch Site, 5 JF 11. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 37, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

730 - Hohokan Point

Hohokam [Notched] Point - named after the culture in the Southwest. It is a long, narrow, side-notched point with a straight or concave base. Type dates 800 to 1000 AD and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

731 - Holcombe Points

Holcombe [Lanceolate] Point - named by James E. Fitting, Jerry DeVisscher, and Edward J. Wahla in 1966. It is a small-to-medium point with sometimes multiple fluting and has a concave base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Major attribute: excurvate blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Fitting, James E., Jerry DeVisscher, and Edward J. Wahla (1966) The Paleoindian Occupation of the Holcombe Beach. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers No. 27. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Native Americana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. 4 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J., and Jerry DeVisscher (1969) The Holcombe Paleo-Point. The Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp.109-111.

427

5 - Reference: White, Andrew A. (2006) A Model of Paleoindian Hafted Biface Chronology in Northeastern Indiana. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 34, pp. 29-59.

732 - Holland Points

733 - Holland Points

Holland [Triangle-Lanceolate] Point – named after the Virginia city where the point was first observed and in honor of Gilmor (Gilly) Holland’s archaeological work in Virginia. Type has been poorly recorded, usually as a triangle point. Type is fluted and lightly ground. Material is quartz, flint, and jasper. The date is suggested as Paleoindian; its distribution is from North Carolina to Pennsylvania through the Great Lakes area. Similar to:: L-Rodgers Type validity: conditional.. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

428

734 - Holland Point

Holland [Stemmed] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1971. It is a medium-to-large, thin point with slight shoulders. Base is concave. Type dates 7200 BC and is found in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1971) Guide to the Identification of Certain American Native American Projectile Points. Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Special Bulletin No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Both Faces

735 - Holland Points

Holland [Stemmed] Point - named by Toby Morrow in 1984 after Warren Holland who found a cache of these points. It is a large point with a straight stem and concave base. Type dates 7500 to 6500 BC and is found in Iowa. Perino (1985) suggests … a thin point with slight shoulders. Major attribute: flared corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, IA.

Hollndberg [Stemmed] Point – no namer; collector catalog. It is long narrow point with a squarish stem.

Reference: none.

429

736 - Holmes Points

Holmes [Stemmed] Point - named by Charles W. McNett (in Hranicky and Painter 1988). It is a medium point with straight to slightly expanding or contracting stem, concave base, and narrow triangular blade. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: off-set shoulder. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas. Special Publication Number 16, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

737 - Holston Points

Holston [Notched] Point - named by Charles S. Bartlett in 1989. It is a medium, narrow crudely-made point that sometimes shows the original cortex. Bases tend to be straight with pronounced notches. Type probably dates to the Late Archaic and is found in uplands of the Middle Atlantic states. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

430

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1989) a Guide to the Identification of Virginia Projectile Points. Special Publication Number 17, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA.

738 – Holt Knife

Holt [Knife] Point - named after the county in Missouri. It is a large form with side notches and a slightly convex base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Missouri. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Shipee, J.M. (1964) Archaeological Remains in the Area of Kansas City: Paleo Native Americans and the Archaic Period. Missouri Archaeological Society Series (2).

739 - Homan Points

Homan [Stemmed] Point - named by Raymond Wood in 1963. Small linear point with a drill-like point. It has a round stem. Type dates post 1000 AD and is found in Oklahoma and Arkansas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... small, base- or cornet-notched point that has a slightly recurved lateral edges, a convex base, and flared, fan-shaped stem. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wood, W. Raymond (1963) Two New Projectile Points: Homan and Agee Points. Arkansas Archaeologist, Vol. 4, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Robert L., and James E. II (2002) The Harold Williams Site (41CP10) and the Texas Archaeological Society Field School of 1967. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol.73, pp. 1-68. 4 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 5 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Honey Creek [Notched] Point - name by B. Mead in 1979. It is a medium point with round stem corners and has a straight base. Type dates 500 to 800 AD and is found in Wisconsin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Mead, B. (1979) The Rehbein I Site: A Multii-Component Site in Southwestern Wisconsin, Wisconsin Archeologist, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 91-182. 2 - Reference: Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

431

740 - Hood Point

Hood [Provisional Notched] Point - named after an amateur archaeologist, Horace Hood. It is a small point with blade notches, corner notches, and a concave base. Type has not been identified archaeologically and is probably found in Tennessee and adjacent southeastern areas. Major attribute: blade notched. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference:

741 - Cache Objects in African American Contexts (From: Cuddy 2005). While found in a historic context, both are prehistoric.

Hoodoo - Also: Voodoo or Voudon - during the Slave era in Virginia, African Americans would acquire quartz objects for spiritual purposes. They would cache these objects around their cabins. These objects often included Indian artifacts. Reference: Cuddy, Thomas W. (2005) Indian Artifacts in African Contexts: The Manassas Phenomenon. Paper: Eastern States Archaeological Federation Annual Meeting, Williamsburg, VA.

742 - Hoover's Island Point (Drawing: Fogelman 1988)

Hoover's Island [Stemmed] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a medium-to-large point with well-defined shoulders. Stem flares and base is concave. Type has not been dated and is found in eastern Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Hope [Stemmed] Point - probably named by the Shawnee Site Crew. It is an asymmetrical shouldered point with a square stem. Type has not been dated and is found in the area where New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York meet.

432

Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: McNett, Charles W., Jr. (1985) Shawnee-Minisink: a Stratified Paleoindian-Archaic Site in the Upper Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania. Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY.

Hopewell Ceremonial Spear - see Converse, Robert N. (2003) The Archaeology of Ohio. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Hopewell-Dickson [Stemmed] Point - form collector sources; false type:

Reference: Fox, Daniel J. (2003) Arrowheads of the Central Great Plains. Collector Books, Paducah, KY.

743 - Hopewell Points

Hopewell [Notched] Point - no type namer. It is a large point with small notches and a rounded base. Type dates 0 AD and is found in the Midwest and Great Lakes area. Major attribute: corner notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Snyders. Comment: Type probably describes a culture rather than a point shape.

1 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973) Ohio Flint Types. Special Publications, Archaeological Society of Ohio. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1963) Ohio Flint Type. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

4 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (2003) The Archaeology of Ohio. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Hopewell-Snyder Point - see Snyder [Notched] Point and DeRegnaucourt (1991).

744 - Hopper Points

Hopper [Triangle/Notched] Point - named by Ann Early after the city in Arkansas. It is a notched triangular form with a deep concavity. Type dates 1500 to 1700 AD and is found in Arkansas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Early, Ann M., Barbara A. Burnett and Daniel Wolfman (1988) Standridge: Caddoan Settlement in a Mountain Environment. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 29.

Horseshoe Lake [Stemmed] Point - named by Baker (2009) after a parish area in Louisiana. It is a small point with a tapering stem. Type dates to Late Woodland era and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

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Hot Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Noel Justice in 2002 after an area in the Sierra Navadas. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Type dates 1000 BC to 500 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Comment: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

745 - Houston Points (Baker 1995)

Houston [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a county in Alabama. It is a medium point with rounded or pointed stem corners. Type dates 7500 to 7000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

746 - Houx Point

Houx [Stemmed] Point - named for the site. It is a large point with a constricting stem. Type dates 2500 BC to 500 AD and is found along the middle Pacific coast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Frederickson, David A. (1973) Early Cultures of the North Coast Range, California. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

747 - Howard County Point

Howard County [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1991 after a county in Missouri. It is a large point with small side notches and a straight base. Type dates 7500 to 6500 BC and is found in central Missouri. Major attribute: small notching. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Native American, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

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748 - Howard Points

Howard [Stemmed] Point - named by Clarence H. Webb in 1959. It is a dagger-like point with prominent serrations. Stem is straight to rounded or triangular. Type dates 1300 AD and is found in Arkansas, Oklahoma, north Texas, and Louisiana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Webb, Clarence H. (1959) The Belcher Mound, a Stratified Caddoan Site in Caddo Parish, Louisiana. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 16.

749 - Harvey Knives (Turner and Hester 1985)

Hoxie [Stemmed] Point - first identified by Elton Prewitt in 1981. It is a medium point with a rectangular stem. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... stem is occasionally exaggerated and stem edges always exhibit some degree of smoothing and grinding. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: traditional Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Prewitt, Elton R. (1981) Archeological Investigations at the Loeve-Fox, Loeve and Tombstone Bluff in the Granger Lake District of Central Texas. Archaeological Investigations at the San Gabrial Reservoir Districts, Vol. 4, Institute of Applied Sciences, North Texas State University, Denton, TX. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

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750 - Huffaker Point

Huffaker [Notched] Point - named by David A. Baerreis in 1954. It is a small, triangular point with notches plus an extra notch on one side. Base is straight with occasional basal notching. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri, and Texas. Major attribute: double notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baerreis, David A. (1954) The Huffaker Site, Delaware County, Oklahoma. Bulletin, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

751 - Hulse Point

Hulse [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 in honor of David C. Hulse. It is a mediumto-large point with a long, expanding stem. Type dates 2500 to 2000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

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752 – Hump-Back Triangle Point

Hump-Backed [Triangle] Point – type not named. It is a medium triangle with center hinges on one face. Type is found from Tennessee to Pennsylvania to Virginia. It dates after the Middle Woodland period. Major attribute: hump (stacked hinges).. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Levanna. Comment: So archaeologists argue that the stacked hinges is the result of a knapping error. Reference: Munson, Patrick J. and Cheryl Ann Munson (1972) Unfinished Triangular Projectile Points or 'Hump-Backed' Knives? Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 31-36.

753 - Humbolt Points (After: Justice 2002)

Humboldt Points - series or cluster as well as types of large, lanceolate, unshouldered, concave-based or basalnotched points, found in the Great Basin and central California, and dated between ca. 4000 B.C. and A.D. 800. The Humboldt cluster includes Humbodlt concave-based types A and B, as well as Buchanan eared and Mendocino concavebased points Reference: Heizer, Robert F., and C. William Clewlow, Jr. (1968). Projectile Points from NV-Ch-15, Churchill County, Nevada. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports 71:59-88. Berkeley.

754 - Humbolt Points

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755 - Humbolt Points

756 - Humbolt Points

757 – Humboldt Point Distribution

Humbolt [Lanceolate] Point - defined by Robert F. Heizer and W. A. Clewlow, Jr. in 1968. It is a lanceolate point with a narrowing stem. Base is concave. Type dates 3000 BC to 700 AD and is found in the Pacific states. Perino (1985) suggests … a narrow point with a basal notch or indention. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Colby. Comment:

1 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F. and W. A. Clewlow, Jr. (1968) Projectile Points from Sites NV-Ch-15, Churchill County, Nevada. University of California Archaeological Report, No. 71. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Native Americans, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F. and Alex D. Krieger (1956) The Archaeology of Humboldt Cave, Churchill County, Nevada. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp 1-190, Berkeley, CA. 4 - Reference: Bettinger, Robert L. (1978) Humbolt Basal-Notched Bifaces as Time Markers in the Western Great Basin. Tebiwa 10:1-7, Journal of the Idaho State Museum, Pocatello. 5 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F. and Thomas R. Hester (1978) Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms And Chronology.

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Socorro, New Mexico, Ballena Press. 6 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT.

Humboldt Concave Base A – false type; see Cassinelli (1996). Humboldt Concave Base B – false type; see Cassinelli (1996). Humboldt Basal Notched – false type; see Cassinelli (1996).

758 - Humple Point

Humple [Notched] Point - named by P. D. Crawford in 1987. It is a large point with deep corner notches. Base is slightly convex. Type dates 500 to 100 BC and is found in Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. Major attribute: size. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Crawford, P.D. (1987) Humple Gathering. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1.

759 - Hunt Points (Binford 1963)

Hunt [Notched] Point – a narrow point with a straight base. Side notches are squarish and pronounced. See Binford, Lewis R. (1963) The Hodges Site: A Late Archaic Burial Station. In: Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification by A. White, L. Binford and M. Papworth, Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan Anthropological, No. 19, pp. 124-128.

After: Miller (1962)

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760 - Huntley Points

761 - Huntley Points

Huntley [Stemmed] Point – named by Carl Miller after the site in his Kerr Reservoir survey in the 1960s. It is a small point with a triangle blade. Stem is short and rectangular. It is fluted. The prominent material is fine grain quartzite. Type dates to the Paleoindian era (?) and is found on the southern piedmont. Major Attribute: Fluting. Type Validity: Positive. Comment: This style is new for the classic PAW divisions in Virginia. 1 - Reference: Miller, Carl F. (1962) Archaeology of the John H. Kerr Reservoir Basin, Roanoke River Virginia-North Carolina. No 25, River Basin Surveys, Bulletin 182, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Hunter Brook [Triangle] Point - named by Roberta and Richard Wingerson in 1976 after a rockshelter in New York. It is a medium point with slightly excurvate blade edges with a shallow concave base. Type dates 2600 to 2300 BC and is found in New York and the Delaware River Valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Wingerson, Roberta and Richard Wingerson (1976) The Hunter Brook Triangle. Bulletin, New York Archaeological Association, Vol. 68, pp. 19-28.

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762 - Hurricane Points (Drawings: Baker 1995)

Hurricane [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a small rectangular shaped stem. Type dates 6000 to 5500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Huntsmen [Notched] Point – see Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

763 -Hyco Lake Points

Hyco Lake [Lanceolate] Point – named after the lake in North Carolina. This type is tentative and needs refining. It is assigned to a Plano cluster for the upper eastern Atlantic coastal plain. Only 6 specimens were observed for this study, but they all have one commonality – blade manufacture from slate. Based on morphology, the suggested date is Paleoindian or earlier. Several examples have a diamond cross section which is suggestive of the Cumberland point type. The base is concave, has basal thinning, pointed corners, and is ground. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

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764 - Ichetucknee Points

Ichetucknee [Lanceolate] Point - named by John M. Goggin in 1953. It is a small, well made point with straight or slightly concave base. Sides are excurvate and curve inward towards the base. Type dates 1250 AD and is found in the Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … small, nicely made, lanceolate point with straight or slightly concave base. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Goggin, John M. (1953) An Introductory Outline of Timucua Archeology. Newsletter, Southeastern Archaeology Conference, Vol. 3-4, pp. 4-17. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

765 - Idaho Point

Idaho [Provisional Stemmed] Point – not named here, but suggests it is a type. Type 1 - A medium point with a pronounced squarish stem. Shoulder are well-defined in the resharpened form. Reference: none.

766 - Iddins Points

Iddins [Stemmed] Point - Jefferson Chapman is credited with its name. It is a medium point with straight to slightly expanding or contracting stem, straight base, and triangular blade. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Chapman, Jefferson (1981) Bacon Bend and Iddins Sites. University of Tennessee, Dept. of Anthro., Report of Investigations, No. 31, Tennessee Valley Authority, Publications in Anthropology, No. 25. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

767 - Indiana Knife (Tip is Broken)

Indiana [Provisional Knife] Point - named here for a specimen found in Indiana. It is a large knife with excurvate blade edges. Base is straight and thinned. It maybe a dual purpose tool. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: This paper.

768 -Innes Point

Innes [Notched] Point - no namer. It is a medium point with wide side notches and a convex base. Type dates 2000 to 1000 BC and is found in the upper Great Lakes region. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Lennox, P. (1982) Innes Points. KEWA 82-5.

769 - Intrusive Mound Points (Converse 1963)

Intrusive Mound [Notched] Point - credited to Robert Converse in 1963. It is a medium point with deep corner notches and a straight base. Blade is pentagonal. Type dates 600 to 700 AD and is found in the Ohio River valley. Major attribute: pentagonal blade. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973 revised) Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

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770 - Irvine Points

Irvine [Notched] Point - described by Richard G. Forbis in 1962. It is a small-to-medium point with a small stem area and concave or straight base. Type dates 750 AD and is found in southern Canada and Montana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Forbis, Richard G. (1962) The Old Women’s Buffalo Jump, Alberta. Contributions to Anthropology, Pt. 1, Bul. 180, Natural Museum of Canada, Ottawa. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

771 - Ishi Points (Perino 1991)

Ishi [Notched] Point - named after Ishi. It is a medium triangularly-shaped point with pronounced side notches and a concave base. Type dates pre-1900 and is found in California. Major attribute: thinness. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kroeber, Theodora (1963) Ishi in Two Worlds. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. Note: Type is probably a tribute name and not necessarily found in the Indian world.

772 - Cast of an Ishi Glass Point (Lithic Casting Lab, Troy, Illinois)

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773 - L-R: Sam Batwi (Northern/Central Yana Indian), Dr. A.L. Kroeber (University of California Anthropologist), and Ishi (Yahi or Southern Yana Indian), 1911. Credit: UC Berkeley, Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology.

774 - Fossilized ivory point/shaft on a grooved stone block, Northern Florida

Ivanpah [Stemmed] Point – see Rogers, Malcolm J. (1939) early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Areas. San Diego Museum, Paper 3.

Ivory Point/Shaft - the use of ivory was widespread in prehistoric America. Recently, prehistoric shafts were found in Siberia that resemble Clovis shaft forms (Stone 2004). Ivory was a preference but one that is difficult to prove archaeologically. Reference: Stone, Richard (2004) A Surprising Survival Story in the Siberian Arctic. Science, Vol. 303. No. 5654, p. 33.

Iztapan [Stemmed] Point - reported by Luis Aveleyra in 1956. It is a large point with a long constricting stem. Base is pointed or concave. Type dates 8000 to 7000 BC and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: constricting stem. Type validity: conditional.

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Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Aveleyra A. de Anda, Luis (1956) The Second Mammoth and Associated Artifacts at Santa Isabel, Iztapan, Mexico. American Antiquity, Vol. 22, No. 1.

Jj 775 - Jack's Reef Notched Points

776 - Jack's Reef Notched Points

777 - Jack's Reef Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

Jack's Reef [Notched] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a medium, thin point with corner notches. Type dates 500 to 1000 AD and is found in the middle Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … broad, thin, corner notched points of medium size, frequently having angular edges. Flat in cross section, edges are excurvate or

446

angular. Stem is flaring and has a straight base. Major attribute: thinness or shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Pee Dee, Afton. Comment: For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 26-27, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 5 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 8 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

778 - Jack's Reef Points

779 - Jack's Reef Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

Jack's Reef [Pentagonal/Stemmed] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a medium, thin point that was used as a knife. Type dates 500 to 1000 AD and is found in the middle Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … broad, stemless, pentagonal points. Base is straight. Major attribute: thinness. Type validity: traditional Similar to: Pee Dee, Afton. Comment: Afton, Jacks Reef, and Pee Dee are the same pointmaking technology. For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

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Louis Berger & Associates, In., Federal Highway Administration, and New Jersey Department of Transportation. 5 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 6 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 8 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

Jacks Reef [Stemmed] Variant

- false type: see Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ.

Jack's Reef II [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Jackson [Lanceolate] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

780 - Jackson Points (Drawings: Schroder 2002)

Jackson [Notched] Point - named by Ripley Bullen after the county in 1975. It is a narrow point with a round base. Type dates 500 to 200 BC and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … usually poorly but sometimes well-made, narrow point with wide but shallow side notches. Powell (1990) suggests: … often thick and rudely made. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1975) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Revised, Kendall Books, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

781 - Jade Point (Both Faces)

Jade [Notched] Point - no namer on record; needs finalizing as an archaeological type. It is a medium point with a small tapering stem. Type is found from Oregon to British Columbia. It remains to be dated. Reference: none.

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782 - Jakie Points

Jakie [Bifurcate/Stemmed] Point - named by Richard Marshall in 1958. It is a medium point with a triangular blade, which is usually serrated. Stem is straight or flares. Some specimens are lobed. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a straight or expanding stem. New points have strong barbs. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Marshall, Richard (1958) The Use of Table Rock Reservoir Projectile Points in Delineation of Cultural Complexes and Their Distribution. MS thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Jackson River [Triangle] Point - named by Clarence R. Geier in 1983. It is a small-to-medium point with excurvate edges and a slightly concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Geier, Clarence R. (1983) Some Thoughts on the Taxonomic and Temporal Implications of Late Woodland Triangular Projectile Points from Sites in the Ridge and Valley Province of Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 197-233.

Jalama [Notched] Point - named for a beach in California. It is a medium point with flaring corners and a concave base. Type dates 6000 to 2500 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Lathrap, Donald W. and R. T. Troike (1984) California Historical Linguistics and Archaeology. Journal of Steward Anthropology, Vol. 15, Nos. 1/2, pp. 99-157. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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783 – James City Points

James City [Lanceolate] Point – named here after a county in Virginia. It is a large point with round corners, concave base, and basal grinding. Type is found in southern Virginia and North Carolina and dates to the Paleoindian era. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

784 – James River Points

James River [Triangle] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky and Dan Proctor in 1988. It is a small serrated point. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: serrated blade. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Ft Ancient. Comment: type is a duplicate; see Ft. Ancient [Triangle] Point.. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas. Special Publication Number 16, Archeological Society of Virginia.

785 - Jay Points

Jay [Stemmed] Point - named by Cynthia Irwin-Williams in 1973. It is a large point with a pronounced stem. Type dates 6000 to 5000 BC and is found in New Mexico and Arizona. Major attribute: large stem.

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Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Hell Gap. Comment: The Hell Gap and Jay are the same pointmaking technology.

Reference: Irwin-Williams, Cynthia (1973) The Oshara Tradition: Origins of the Anasazi Culture. Eastern New Mexico University, Contributions in Anthropology, Vol. 5, No. 1.

786 - Jeff Points

Jeff [Lanceolate] Point - named by Frank Soday and James Cambron in 1975. It is a medium, broad auriculate point with straight basal edge and expanded auricles. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is excurvate and may be beveled or serrated. Blade edges are usually straight or slightly incurvate. Base is straight. Hafting area is usually ground. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

787 - Jefferson Points

Jefferson [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1988. It is a small-to-medium point with a pointed stem and hanging shoulders which extend downward to the baseline. Stem is short, small, and V-shaped. Type dates 1250 BC and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: pointed base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas. Special Publication Number 16, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Jemez [Barbed] Point – see Justice (2002B). Jerger [Bifurcate] Point – See Tomak, Curtis H. (1979) Jerger: An Early Archaic Mortuary Site in Southwestern Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, Vol. 88, pp. 63-69.

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788 - Jessup Points

Jessup [Notched] Point - named by Curtis Tomak in 1983. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in Indiana and adjacent states. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Tomak, Curtis H. (1980) Scherchel: A Late Archaic Occupation in Southern Indiana with Appended Chert Descriptions. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 104-111. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Jester [Triangle] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large point with a concave base. Type dates 5000 to 3000 BC and is found in Texas. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology. Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

789 - Jetta Point (All Faces)

Jetta [Bifurcate] Point - named by Thomas R. Hester in 1979 after the site in Texas. It is a long, narrow point with two long, pointed bilobes. Type date remains uncertain and it is found in central Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... wide flared barbs, rectangular stem, and deep basal notch. Major attribute: basal notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: LeCroy. Comment:

1 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Native Americans. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 2 – Reference: Hester, Thomas Roy (1979) Notes on Gower, Jetta, and Other Projectile Points of the Pre-Archaic Period in Texas. Journal of the Southern Texas Archeological Association, La Tierra 6(3):5-8. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

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790 – Jim Thorpe Points (Fogelman 1988)

Jim Thorpe [Notched] Point - named by Gary Fogelman in 1988. It is a wide side-notched point with a rounded base. Type has not been dated and is found in eastern-central Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Jimmy Allen [Lanceolate] Point – see Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. Jones Bluff [Stemmed] Point - named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a tapering stem and straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

791 – Johnson Points

Johnson [Stemmed] Point - named by Charles S. Bartlett in 1963 for points found at the Tom’s Brook site in Arkansas. It is a medium point with a triangular blade, parallel-sided stem which has a concave base. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: … shoulders that vary from sloping to slightly barbed; broad stem with concaved base. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

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1 – Reference: Bartlett, Charles S., Jr. (1967) The Tom’s Brook Site – 3J01, A Preliminary Report. Arkansas Archeology, edited by Charles McGimsey, pp. 15-65, Fayetteville, AK. 2 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

792 – Jones Creek Points (Drawings: Baker 1995)

Jones Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Frank F. Schambach in 1970. It is a broad lanceolate point with a short broad stem. It has no date and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Schambach, Frank F. (1998) Pre-Caddoan Cultures in the Mississippi South. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series 53, Fayetteville, AR.

Jones Creek Subgroup A Point – false type; see Schambach (1998). Jones Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with an elongate stem. Type dates 1500 to 800 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment:

Jora Point – see Coahuila point; false type.

793 – Jota Points

Jota [Stemmed] Point - named by W. W. Taylor in 1966. It is a medium-to-large point with a constricting stem. Base is concave. Type dates 40000 BC and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Taylor, W.W. (1966) Archaic Cultures Adjacent to the Northeastern Frontiers of Meso-America. Handbook of Middle American Indians. Vol. 4, pp. 59-94. Edited by Robert Wauchope, et al.

Jordan [Dovetail Point] Point – new type named by Greg Perino for Illinois points. It remains to be proven – more.

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794 – Joseph Point

Joseph [Triangle] Point - provisional type named here after the Indian chief. It is a medium triangle with a slight concave base. Type is not dated and is found in the Northwest. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: none.

795 – Jude Points (Drawings: Schroder 2002)

Jude [Stemmed] Point - named by the Madison-Huntsville Chapter of the Alabama Archaeological Society. It is a small point with a rectangular stem. Type dates 7250 to 6750 BC and is found in Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are horizontal and rarely tapered. Blade edges are straight. Stem width exceeds length. Stem side are straight and lightly ground. Base is concave. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

Jude Transitional [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a small point with deep corner notches. Type dates 7250 to 6750 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment:

Jude [Bifurcated] Point – see Jude type. See Baker (2009). Justine [Triangle] Point - see McPherson, Alan (1967) The Justine Site and the Late Woodland Prehistory of the Upper Great Lakes Area. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers No. 30.

Kk Kahorsho [Notched] Point – see Rondeau, Michael F. (1979) Projectile Point Analysis for the Kahorsho Site NA 10937, Central Arizona. MS thesis, Dept. of anthropology, California State Polytechnic University.

455

796 – Kampsville Point

Kampsville [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1968. It is a medium-to-large point with notching that creates a straight stem. Base is straight. Type dates 400 AD and is found north of the mouth of the Illinois and Missouri Rivers. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1968) The Pete Klunk Mound Group, Calhoun County, Illinois: The Archaic and Hopewell Occupations. Bulletin Illinois Archaeological Survey, No. 6, Urbana, IL. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

797 – Kanawha Points

798 – Kanawha Points

Kanawha [Bifurcate] Point - named by Bettye J. Broyles in 1971 after a river in West Virginia. It is a medium bifurcate point. Type dates 6000 to 5500 BC and is found in West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and North Carolina. Broyles (1971) suggests: … blade is triangular and generally narrow. Shoulder are wide and straight, usually at right angles to the stem. Stem is small, expanding, with round corners. Base is notched. Major attribute: stem notching. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Stanly. Comment: For point dimensions, see Broyles (1971).

1 – Reference: Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 – Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Indiana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. 4 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY.

456

6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 7 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 8 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

799 – Karako Points

Karako [Notched] Point - named by Lucianne Lavin and Lyent W. Russell in 1985. It is a small, thick point with shallow side notches. Base is convex. Type has not been dated and is found in lower New York and Connecticut. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Lavin, Lucianne and Lyent W. Russell (1985) Excavations of the Burwell-Karako Site: New Data on Cultural Sequences and Artifact Typologies in Southern New England. Bulletin, Archaeological Society of Connecticut, No. 48.

800 – Karnak Point

Karnak [Lanceolate] Point – named by Howard D. Winters in 1967 after a town in Illinois. It is a lanceolate blade with a slightly contracting stem. Type dates 3500 to 2500 BC and is found in Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, and Iowa. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a blade that is parallel to convex-sided, lenticular to diamond-shaped in cross section. Major attribute: lenticular cross section. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Winters, Howard D. (1967) An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois. Report of Investigations, Illinois State Museum, No. 10. 2 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Karnak [Stemmed-Shouldered] Point - named by Tony DeRegnaucourt in 1991. It is a large, narrow point with a side-indented stem. Type dates 4000 to 3000 BC and is found in the Ohio River valley. Justice (1987) suggests: … a thick lanceolate form. The stemmed style has shoulders and slight basal ears. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Indiana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No. 7, Arcanum, OH.

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Karnak [Unstemmed] Point – see Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Kaskaskia [Metal] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1970 after the Indian tribe. It is a conical metal point. Type dates from the early to late historic period and is found in Wisconsin, Michigan, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Perino, Gregory and Mary E. Good (1970) A Guide to Projectile Point Types Found in Oklahoma. Tulsa Archaeological Society and Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art.

Kavinish [Triangle] Point – named by Harry M. Quinn after an area called Coachella Valley. It is a small (arrow-size), triangular, basally-tanged points, found in the Coachella Valley of Riverside County and dated after ca. A.D. 500. Alternatively, these points have sometimes been classified with Desert series or as Cottonwood triangular forms. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Reference: Quinn, Harry M. 2006. The Kavinish Basal Tang: A New Point Type from the Coachella Valley, Riverside County, California. Coachella Valley Archaeological Society Newsletter 18(3):2-3.

801 – Kays Blade Point

Kay Blade [Notched] Point - named by James A. Brown in 1976. It is a large, thin point with barbed shoulders, rounded notches, and narrow stem. Base is straight or convex. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Brown, James A. (1976) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Vol. 4. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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802 – Kay Points and Drawing

Kays [Stemmed] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956. It is a medium-to-large, broad point with square shoulders, stem, and straight base. Type dates 1500 BC and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are usually tapered but may be horizontal and rounded. Blade is excurvate or nearly straight. Stem is straight and has a straight base. Hafting area may be lightly ground. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Oak Grove. Comment: the Oak Grove and Kays are probably the same pointmaking technology.

1 – Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, pp. 27-28. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Kay’s II [Stemmed] Point – false type; see Baker (1995).

803 – Kayuk Point

Kayuk [Stemmed] Point - no namer on record. It is a medium-to-large, thin point with a small squarish stem. Type dates 6000 to 3000 BC and is found in Alaska. Major attribute: none.

Reference: Anderson, Douglas D. (n.d.) Prehistory of North Alaska – Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5, (Artic) Smithsonian, Washington, DC.

Keithville [Notched] Point – part of the San Patrice type. Also called San Patrice variety B. See Webb (1946). Reference: Webb, Clarence H. (1946) Two Unusual Types of Chipped Stone Artifacts from Northwest Louisiana. Bul. 17, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society.

Keithville [Triangle] Point – named by Baker (2009); conditional type. See Baker (2009). Kelsey Creek [Stemmed] Point - named for a creek in California. It is a medium point with a long stem. Type dates 4000 to 2500 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

804 – Kentucky Knife

Kentucky [Provisional Knife] Point - named here for a specimen found in Kentucky. It is a large stemmed knife with excurvate blade edges. Base is straight and thinned. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

459

Reference: This paper.

805 – Kent Points

Kent Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Kent [Stemmed] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium-to-large point with a square stem and straight or slightly rounded base. Type has not been dated and is found in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: … triangular body which is often asymmetrical, shoulders are square to indistinct, no fine ripple flaking, and stem often have cortex at the base. Major attribute: cortex base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 – Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 – Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

806 – Keota Point

Keota [Notched] Point - named by James A. Brown in 1976. It is a small, thin point with pronounced notches and a rounded base. Type dates 1300 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

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807 – All Sides of a Kerrvile Knives

Kerrville [Knife] Type - named after a town in Texas. It is a cortex-backed blade. Blade is pointed. Type dates approximately 1000 BC and is found in central Texas. Major attribute: cortex back. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK. 2 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 434.

Kersey [Lanceolate] Point - no namer. It is a long narrow point which is occasionally shouldered. It has a straight base. Point has parallel flaking. Type dates to the Paleoindian Period and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Comment: Reference: Cassells, E. Steve (1983) The Archaeology of Colorado. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO.

808 – Kessell Points

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Sam Kessell’s Note on the St A,bans Site

Kessell [Notched] Point - named by Bettye J. Broyles in 1966 after the finder on the St Albans site in West Virginia.. It is a side-notched point with a slightly concave base. Type dates 7500 BC and is found in West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, and Kentucky. Broyles (1971) suggests: … blade edges are straight or excurvate and thinned by removal of many secondary flakes, but not serrated. Bases are concaved and slightly smoothed. It has small U-shaped notches. Major attribute: dropping corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Graham Cave, Big Sandy, Godar, Raddatz, Osceola, Hemphill. Comment: Type is probably a localized version of the Big Sandy notching technology. For point dimensions, see Broyles (1971).

1 – Reference: Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Sam Kessell’s Artifacts Led to the Excavation of St Albans (First Artifacts Collected from the St Albans Site)

Key-Hole [Notched] Point – type name based on morphology; it is a false type.

462

809 – Kiker’s Creek Points (After: Baker 2009)

Kiker’s Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a tapering stem and straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Kim Kletso [Notched] Point – named for a pueblo at Chaco Canyon. It is a small side notched with a straight base. It is a Late Prehistoric point and is found in the Southwest. Reference: Lekson, Stephen H. (1990) Mimbres Archaeology of the Upper Gila, New Mexico. University of Arizona Anthropological Papers No. 53.

810 – Kimmswick Point

Kimmswick [Lanceolate] Point – reported by Russell Graham in 1979 after a city in Missouri. It is a small-to-large parallel-sided point with a concave base. Type dates 9200 BC and is found in Missouri and Illinois. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Graham, Russell (1979) News. Missouri Department of Natural History, Vol. 4, No. 245. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

811 – Kings Points

Kings [Notched] Point - named by Richard A. Marshall in 1958. It is a medium-sized point with a short expanding stem. Type dates 800 BC and is found in Missouri and Illinois. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Marshall, Richard A. (1958) The Use of Table Rock Reservoir Projectile Points in Delineation of Cultural Complexes and Their Distribution. Master Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

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812 – Kings Points

Kings [Notched] Point – named by Richard A. Marshall in 1958. It is a medium-sized point with a short expanding stem. Type dates 800 BC and is found in Missouri and Illinois. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a short expanded stem. Blade is triangular. Major attribute: corner notch.. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Marshall, Richard A. (1958) The Use of Table Rock Reservoir Projectile Points in Delineation of Cultural Complexes and Their Distribution. Master Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. 2 – Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

813 – Kings Mountain Points (Shoulder missing on left point)

Kings Mountain [Notched] Point - named here after the area in Kentucky. It is a thick, medium point with small side notched. Type has lateral retouch on both (entire) lateral margins. Base is round and thinned. Type remains to be dated and is found in Kentucky and Tennessee. Major attribute: small sided notches. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: This paper.

Kings Road – Wipple [Lanceolate] Point – similar point to the plain Bull Brook, variation point. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: conditional. Reference: Bradley, James W., Arthur E. Spiess, Richard A. Boisvert, and Jeff Boudreau (2008) What’s the Point?: Modal Forms and Attributes of Paleoindian Bifaces in New England-Maritimes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 36, pp. 119-172.

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814 – Kinker’s Creek Points (After: Baker 2009)

Kinker’s Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a squarish stem. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

815 – Kim Kletso Point

Kin Kletso [Notched] Point – named after a pueblo at Chaco Canyon (as in: Justice 2002). It is a medium point narrow side notches and generally has a straight base. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in the four-state Colorado area. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Pueblo Alto. Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Drawing: Turner and Hester (1985)

465

816 - Kinney Points

Kinney [Lanceolate] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a large, trianguloid point with a concave base and excurvate sides. Type dates 2000 to 1000 BC and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular to elongate-triangular point that has a slight to deeply concave base. Major attribute: excurvate blade edge. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 434. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Kiokee Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Smith in 1974 from excavations in Columbia County, Georgia. It is a medium point with a short stem. Type dates 1800-1400BC and is found in Georgia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Smith, Richard L. (1974) The Archaic Period in the Central Savannah River Area: A Study of Cultural Continuity and Innovation. Manuscript on file, Laboratory of Anthropology, University on North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

Kirk Blade (Southern Hopewell) Point - false type; see Dowdy and Sowell (1998).

817 – Kirk Knobbed (?) Point

Kirk [Knobbed] Point –-false (?) type, collector reference. The round base may be a Kirk variety. Nether 466

Coe 91964) nor Broyles (1971) show this point.

Kirk Lobed Base Point - false type; see Dowdy and Sowell (1998).

818 - Kirk Points

819 - Kirk Notches Based on Coe (1964)

820 - Kirk Point Distribution

Kirk [Notched] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a robust, corner-notched point with a straight base. Type dates 8000 to 6000 BC and is found in the eastern U.S. Coe (1964) suggests: … large triangular blade with a straight base, corner notched, and serrated edges. Major attribute: basal and notch polishing. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Stillwell, Palmer, Lost Lake, Pine Tree. Comment: For point dimensions, see Coe (1964).

467

6 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 7 - Reference: Sassaman, Kenneth E., I. Randolph, Jr., and Christopher R. Moore (2002) G. S. Lewis – East. Savannah River Archaeological Research Papers 12, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. 8 - Reference: Barker, Gary and John B. Broster (1996) The Johnson Site (40Dv400): A Dated Paleoindian and Early Archaic Occupation in Tennessee’s Central Basin. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 97-153. 9 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 10 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 11 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33. 12 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

821 - Kirk Point

Kirk [Serrated] Point - see Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. And, Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Kirk Serrated (Knob-Stemmed) Point - false type; see Dowdy and Sowell (1998). Kirk - Six Mile Creek Point - false type; see Dowdy, and Sowell (1998).

822 - Kirk Points

Kirk-Palmer [Notched] Point - suggested over the years by archeologists working in Virginia and Carolinas. It is a basally-ground point that shows attributes of both Kirk and Palmer types.

Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA.

823 - Kirk Notched Point

468

Kirk [Snapped-Base] Point - used by collectors failing to recognize broken points; absolutely a false type. Peck (2003) suggests … looking over similar points from North Carolina and Virginia not a single specimen showed signs that the base was really snapped off by the Indian. Again, while on his visit to the Society’s SecretaryTreasurer Joe Andrews, he stated that he could not see any benefits at all on why the maker of Kirk points would want a thick base at the hafting area of the point. Reference: Peck, Rodney M. (2003) Kirk Snap-Off Bases: A Point Type – Fact or Fiction. The Piedmont Archaeological Society Newsletter, Vol. 27, No. 4.

824 – Kirk-Stanly Point

Kirk-Stanly [Stemmed] Point - named by Floyd Painter. It is a medium-to-large point with a thin, wide blade, constricted stem, and a straight, basal-notched, or concave base. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in the Middle Atlantic states. Reference: Painter, Floyd (1982) One Man's Trash is Another Man's Treasure: a Study in Discarded Tools and Weapons. Chesopiean, Vol. 20, Nos. 5-6, p. 21.

825 - Classic Kirk Stemmed and Notched Points

469

826 - Kirk Stems Based on Coe (1964)

827 - Kirk (Notched) Points

Kirk [Stemmed] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a robust, stemmed point with an indented or straight base. Type dates 8000 to 5500 BC and is found in the eastern U.S. Coe (1964) suggests: … long, dagger-like blade with deep serrations and a broad stem. Major attribute: serrated blade. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Coe (1964).

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. 3 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 8 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 9 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33. 10 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

470

828 - Kirk Points

829 - Kirk Points

471

830 - Kirk Points

Kirk [Serrated] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a robust, stemmed point with an indented or straight base. Type dates 8000 to 6000 BC and is found in the eastern U.S. Coe (1964) suggests: … long, narrow blade with deep serrations and a broad square stem. Major attribute: serrated blade. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. Major attribute: 2 - Reference: Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA.

831 - Kisatchie Points

472

Kisatchie [Lanceolate] Point - named for the National Forest in Louisiana. It is a medium point with a concave base. Type dates 8000 to 6000 BC and is found in Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Major attribute: stem grinding. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Gagliano, Sherwood M. and Hiram F. Gregory, Jr. (1965) A Preliminary Survey of Paleo-Indian Points from Louisiana. N/A.

832 - Kiski Points

Kiski [Notched] Point - named by Richard L. George in 1982. It is a small point with a flaring stem and straight base. Type dates 1400 AD and is found in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: George, Richard L. (1982) Blawnox: An Upper Ohio Valley Middle Woodland Site. Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol. 51. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

833 - Kittatiny Points

Kittatiny [Notched] Point - named by Herbert C. Kraft in 1975. It is a small, poorly shouldered point with a straight base. Type dates 3500 BC and is found in eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Kraft (1975) writes: small, well made, convex sided, weakly side-notched point … with a straight to mildly concave base. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kraft, Herbert (1975) The Archaeology of the Tocks Island Area. Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University Museum, S. Orange, NJ. 2 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ.

834 - Klamath Basin Point

Klamath Basin [Stemmed/Bipoint] Point – false type; from a collector catalog. Material is obsidian. Point occurs in Oregon.

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835 – Klickitat Points

Klickitat [Stemmed] Point - named by collectors. It is a small, well-made obsidian point with a small rounded stem. Type dates to the 1500s and is found in the Columbia River valley. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

836 - Kline Point

Kline [Notched] Point - probably named by the Shawnee Site Crew in 1985. It is a large, well-made point with a convex blade. Corner notches are fairly small and are ground as well as the base. Type has not been dated and is found in the area where New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York meet. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional Similar to: Comment: Reference: McNett, Charles W., Jr. (1985) Shawnee-Minisink: A Stratified Paleoindian-Archaic Site in the Upper Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania. Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY. 2 Reference: Dent, Richard J. (2002) Paleoindian Occupation of the Upper Delaware Valley: Revisiting Shawnee Minisink and Nearby Sites. In: Ice Age Peoples of Pennsylvania, editors K. Carr and J. Adovasio, Recent Research in Pennsylvania Archaeology, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA.

837 - Klunk Points

Klunk [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino. It is a small point with straight to convex base. Type dates 600 AD and is found in Illinois and Missouri. Major attribute: side notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Brown, James A. editor (1973) Late Woodland Site Archaeology in Illinois. Bulletin Illinois Archaeological Survey, Inc., No. 9, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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3 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

838 – Knife River Blade

Knife River Blade – false type; reference to blades from the Dakotas that are made from Knife River flint. Reference: none.

-------- Hafting Area ------<<-----Bit (Cutting Edge)-

Knife - Northern Florida

-------- Hafting Area ------<<-----Bit (Cutting Edge)-

Knife [Cutting] Implement – most projectile points were knives and never intended as projectiles. The above examples indicate expended knives that were discarded. Far too many archaeologists and collectors see these artifacts as stemmed points. Reference: none.

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839 - Knight Island Points

Knight Island [Notched] Point - named by David Hulse after an island in the Wheeler Reservoir on the Tennessee River. It is a small point with a straight base. Type dates 800 AD and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

840 - Koens-Crispen Points

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841 - Koens-Crispen Points

842 – Koens-Crispen Point Distribution

Koens-Crispen [Stemmed] Point - named by E. W. Hawkes and Ralph Linton in 1916. It is a large point with a wide, tapering stem. Base is straight. Type dates 2000 to 1000 BC and is found along the upper Atlantic Coast. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Long, Lehigh. Comment:

1 - Reference: Hawkes, E. W. and Ralph Linton (1916) A Pre-Lenape Site in New Jersey. Anthropological Publications, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Vol. 6, No. 3, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 - Reference: Mounier, R. Alan (1974) Koens-Crispen Points. Archaeological Society of New Jersey Bulletin, Vol. 31, pp. 18-19. 5 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 8 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Koens-Crispen [Stemmed-Variant] Point - false type; see Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ.

Koshare Symbol (Point) - double protrusions (horns) in stone; indicates a chief status.

843 - Koster Points

477

Koster [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino after the site in Illinois. It is a small point with straight or convex base. Type dates 800 AD and is found in Illinois and Missouri. Perino (1985) suggests … a triangular, serrated bladed point with wide barbed shoulders. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Brown, James A. editor (1973) Late Woodland Site Archaeology in Illinois. Bulletin, Illinois Archaeological Survey, Inc., No. 9, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Streuver, Stuart, and Felicia A. Holton (1979) Koster: Americans in Search of Their Prehistoric Past. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y.

844 - Kowaliga Point

Kowaliga Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a contracting stem and round base. Type dates 500 BC to 200 AD and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

Kraft [Notched] Point - named here after Herbert Kraft who first identified it. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates 600 to 450 BC and is found in the New Jersey area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (1976) The Late Woodland Pottery of the Upper Delaware Valley: A Survey and Reevaluation. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 3, pp. 101-140.

845 - Kramer Points

Kramer [Stemmed] Point - named by Patrick J. Munson in 1966. It is a medium point with pronounced square stem. Type dates 750 BC and is found in the middle Ohio River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … a point that has a triangular blade with straight to convex sides and a straight stem with rounded corners. Major attribute: straight stem. Type validity: traditional.

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Similar to: Genesee, Adena, Saratoga. Comment: Cresap, Kramer, Dickerson, Adena, and Robbins represent early Woodland types. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Munson, Patrick J. (1966) The Sheets Site: a Late Archaic-Early Woodland Occupation in West-Central Illinois. Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 12, No. 3. 2 – Reference: Fitting, James E. (1972) The Schultz Site in the Valley and Beyond. In: The Schultz Site at Green Point: A Stratified Occupation Area in the Saginaw Valley of Michigan, ed., J. Fitting, University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Memoir No. 4, pp. 267-272. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Kuttawa [Lanceolate] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Ll 846 - Labras Point

Labras Lake [Notched] Point - described by John E. Kelley, et al. in 1979 after a site near St. Louis. It is a broad, triangularly-shaped point with deep corner notches. Type dates 1900 to 1000 BC and is found in Missouri. Major attribute: pointed corners. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kelley, John E., Jean R. Linder, and Theresa J. Cartmell (1979) The Archaeological Intensive Survey of the Proposed FAI-270 Alignment in the American Bottoms Region of Southern Illinois. Illinois Transportation Archaeology, Scientific Reports I. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

847 - Lackawaxen Points

Lackawaxen [Stemmed] Point - named by Vernon Leslie in 1967. It is a crudely-made medium point with a variety of stem shapes. It is characteristically made from slate. Type dates Late Archaic and is found in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Major attribute: asymmetrical shoulders. Type validity: traditional Similar to: Comment: Type is probably related to the Lamoka, but likely it is an isolate type in the Northeast. 1 - Reference: Leslie, Vernon (1967) The Lackawaxen Stemmed Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 11-14. 2 - Reference: Rue, David J. and Christopher A. Bergman (1991) Contemporaneity of Late Archaic Piedmont Projectile Point Forms: The Woodward Site (36-CH-374), Chester County, Pennsylvania. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, Vol. 7, pp. 127-154.

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3 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ. 4 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 5 - Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (1975) The Archaeology of the Tocks Island Area. Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University Museum, South Orange, NJ. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Lackawaxen/Bare Island [Stemmed] Point - see Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ.

848 - LaCrosse Points

LaCrosse [Stemmed] Point - named after the city in Mecklenburg County, Virginia. It is a splitstemmed point with a triangular blade. Blade is sometimes beveled. Type is tentative and based on surface finds; thus, it has no date. However, based on morphology, it probably dates to the Early Archaic Period. Distribution appears to be southeastern Virginia.

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2009) Material Culture of Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

849 – Lafayette Points

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850 – Lafayette Point

Lafayette [Notched] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a medium-to-large point with corner notches which give it a dovetail look. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … corner notched point with a straight, sometimes excurvate, base. Major attribute: hanging barbs. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles H. Fairbanks (1980) Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 Reference: - Ledbetter, J. Jerald (1995) Archaeological Investigations at Mill Branch Sites 9WR4 and 9WR11, Warren County, Georgia. Technical Reports No. 3, Interagency Archaeological Services Division, Atlanta, GA. 5 – Reference: Elliot, Daniel T. and Kenneth Sassaman (1995) Archaic Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Plain and Coastal Zone. University of Georgia, Laboratory Series, Report No. 5, Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper, No. 11. West Georgia College. Athens, GA. 6 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 7 – Reference: Austin, Robert J. (2006) Knife and Hammer: An Exercise in Positive Destruction – The I-75 Project and Lithic Scatter Research in Florida, Publication No. 16, Florida Anthropological Society.

851 - Lagoon Points

Lagoon [Stemmed] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a narrow, thick, crudely made, lobate, medium point with a constricting stem and rounded base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the Middle Atlantic and Northeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 123-124. Albany, NY. 2 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ.

852 - La Jita Point

La Jita [Stemmed] Point - named by Thomas R. Hester in 1971. It is a thin, medium point with stem that

481

has rounded corners. Type dates 3000 BC and is found south of Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... expanded round stem, generally thinned by removal of two or three long, broad flakes from both faces. Major attribute: prominent stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: It is always a well-made point. 1 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R. (1971) Archeological Investigations at the La Jita Site, Uvalde County, Texas. Bulletin,

Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 42. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

853 - Lake Erie Points

854 - Lake Erie Point

Lake Erie [Bifurcate] Point - named by John Winsch. It is a small point with pointed bilobes. Type dates 7000 to 6000 BC and is found in the Ohio River valley. Major attribute: pointed lobes. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: LeCroy. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Prufer, Olaf H. and Charles Sofsky (1965) The McKibben Site (33TR57) Trumbull Co., Ohio: A Contribution to a Late Paleo-Indian and Archaic Phase of Ohio. Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 9-40. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

855 - Lake Forest Point

Lake Forest [Notched] Point - reported by James E. Fitting in 1975. It is a medium-to-large point with wide notches and a round stem. Type dates 100 to 350 AD and is found in Michigan. Major attribute: dovetail shape. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Fitting, James E. (1975) The Archaeology of Michigan: Guide to the Prehistory of the Great Lakes Region.

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Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, MI. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

856 – Page-Ladson (left two) and Lake Jackson (right two) Point (After: Dunbar and Hemmings 2004)

Lake Jackson [Lanceolate] Point - named James Dunbar and Andrew Hemmings after the Florida lake: It is an unfluted medium point with a shallow concavity and pointed corners. Type dates to the Paleoindian Period and is found in Florida. Major attribute: shape. Type validity: conditional, site specific. Similar to: Clovis. Comment: type may simply be an unfluted Clovis; however, it is probably a pre-Clovis form.

Reference: Dunbar, James S. and C. Andrew Hemmings (2004) Florida Paleoindian Points and Knives. In: New Perspectives on the First Americans, eds. B. Lepper and R. Bonnichsen, Center for Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX.

857 – Lake Gaston Point

858 – Lake Gaston Points

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Lake Gaston [Lanceolate] Point - named here after the lake in Brunswick County, Virginia. It was first reported by Ben McCary (Survey Point 410) who recorded this style as a fluted point. The first one was discovered at Smoky Ordinary in Brunswick, Virginia. It is a medium point with a pentagonal shape. Basal area is always ground. Base is straight or concave. It is made off a thin blade. Fluting is short basal thinning flakes. Type dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in the Carolinas and Virginia. Major Attribute: Angled corners. Type Validity: Positive. Comment: The original specimen is in the McCary collection. Type has been observed in several private collections but not recognized as a type until this publication. Type may simply be an eastern version of the Agate Basin. 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2009/10) Material Culture of Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Lake Mohave Knife - large, lozenge-shaped, long-stemmed, short-bladed, weak-shouldered points, found in southern and eastern California as well as elsewhere in western North America and dated between ca. 9000 and 6000 B.C. Lake Mohave points have been classified in the Great Basin series or cluster. The type was identified at sites associated with Pleistocene Lake Mohave in the Mojave Desert. Reference: Amsden, Charles A. (1937). The Lake Mohave Artifacts. In The Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave: A Symposium, by Elizabeth W. C. Campbell, William H. Campbell, Ernst Antevs, Charles A. Amsden, Joseph A. Barbieri, and Francis D. Bode, pp. 51-97. Southwest Museum Papers No. 11. Los Angeles.

859 – Lake Mohave Knives

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860 – Lake Mojavee Point Distribution

Lake Mohave [Knife] Type - defined by Charles Amsden in 1937. It is a large lozenge-shaped tool and has a long constricting stem (hafting area) with a rounded base. There is no reliable date, but it probably dates to the Early Archaic. It is found in California and Nevada. Major attribute: V-shaped workend. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: were shorter resharpened version used as points? 1 - Reference: Campbell, Elizabeth, W. Crozier, and William H. Campbell (1937) The Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave. Southwest Museum Papers, No. 11. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 5 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT. 6 - Reference: Strong, Emory (1969) Stone Age in the Great Basin. Binford & Mort Publishing, Portland, OR. 7 - Reference: Carlson, Roy L. (1983) The Far West. In: Early Man in the New World, ed. R. Shutler, Sage Publication, Beverly Hills, CA. 8 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

861 - Lake Texcoco Blade (Perino 2002)

Lake Texcoco [Point/Blade] Type - named by Luis Aveleyra and Manuel Maldonado-Koerdell in 1953. It is a point and blade assemblage found near Mexico City. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: blade technology. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Aveleyra A. deAnda, Luis and Manuel Maldonado-Koerdell (1953) Association of Artifacts with Mammoth in the Valley of Mexico. American Antiquity, Vol. 18, No. 4.

Lamina [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a large leaf-shaped point with small side notches. Type dates 4300 to 3500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Lamina [Bipoint] Point – named by Baker (2009) in the Benton phase points. It is a large bipoint with 485

shallow side notches. Type dates to the Middle Archaic and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Lamine [Knife] Type –no data; collector usage type.

862 – Lamoka Points

863 - In Situ Lamoka. New York

864 Points

Lamoka

865 – Lamoka Points

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866 - Lamoka Point Distribution

Lamoka [Stemmed - Notched] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961 after a site in New York. It is a small point with a stem or side notches. Type dates 3500 to 2500 BC and is found along the upper Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … small, barrow, thick points, with weak to moderately pronounced side notches, or straight stem with slight, usually sloping shoulders. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Dustin. Comment: The Lamoka introduces the Late Archaic period in Middle Atlantic area and is probably related to the Halifax side-notched point of the Middle Atlantic area. It is a member of the narrow-point tradition of the upper east coast (Hranicky 2002). For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 29-30, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1946) A Stratified Prehistoric Site at Brewerton, New York. Rochester Museum of Arts and Science, Rochester, NY. 3 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 4 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ. 5 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1981) Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 6 - Reference: Wellman, Beth (1996) New York State Museum Site 303. In: A Golden Chronograph for Robert E. Funk, eds. C. Linder and E. Curtin, Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology, No. 15, Archaeological Services, Bethlehem, CT. 7 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 8 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 9 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Lamy [Tang] Point – see Justice (2002B). Lanceolate Point - reference to any form that has no notching or stemming. Large triangles can be called lanceolate forms. Style is generally considered to have functioned as a knife, but some archaeologists insist it was also a projectile point. It is the earliest style in prehistoric America.

867 - Lang Points

Lang [Notched] Point - named by Charles Cleland and Richard Peske in 1968 after a land owner. It is a medium point with a straight or convex base. Type dates 300 BC to 200 AD and is found in Michigan and Canada. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cleland, Charles E. and G. Richard Peske (1968) The Spider Cave Site. In: Prehistory of the Burnt Bluff Area, edited by J. Fitting. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers No. 34, pp. 20-60.

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2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

868 - Lange Points (Both Faces)

Lange [Stemmed] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1953. It is a medium-to-large point with pronounced shoulders, triangular blade, and square stem and straight base. Type dates 500 BC and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... prominent shoulders which are often barbed, and an expanding, usually straight-edged stem. Major attribute: flaring stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Lowe, Edgewood. Comment: 1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Langdeau [Bipoint] Point - probably named by Warren Caldwell and Richard Jensen in 1969. It is a large point with a pointed base. Type dates 900 to 1300 AD and is found in the Dakotas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Caldwell, Warren W. and Richard E. Jensen (1969) The Grand Detour Phase. Smithsonian Institution River Basin Surveys, Publications in Salvage Archaeology, Washington, DC. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

869 – Langtry Points

Langtry [Stemmed] Point - named by J. Charles Kelley in 1940. It is a medium, thin point with a triangular blade. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Texas and Mexico. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... strong shoulders and tapered stem with straight base. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Newman. Comment: Type made be related to the Newman type in the Southeast.

1 - Reference: Kelley, J. C., T. N. Campbell, and D. J. Lehmer (1940) The Association of Archaeological Materials with Geologic Deposits in the Big Bend Region of Texas. West Texas Historic and Scientific Society, No. 10.

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2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Meyer, C.D. (1986) Misapplication of the Langtry Type Name. Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 16-17.

870 – Arenosa and Langlry Points

Langtry-Arenosa [Stemmed] Point - collector sources. It is a well-made point with a narrow triangular blade and a straight, narrow stem. Type dates around 2000 BC and is found in Texas. Major attribute: narrow blade. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: not applicable. Comment: type probably does not exist.

Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 434.

871 - Larson Points

Larson [Stemmed] Point - discovered by Robert and Jo Larson. It is a large point with a squarish stem. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in Wyoming. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Frison, George C. (1978) Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains. Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, and Academic Press.

872 - Larter Points

Larter [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard MacNeish in 1958 after the site in Manitoba, Canada. It is a medium point with wide corner notches causing a squarish stem. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found in Manitoba, Ontario, and Wisconsin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Comment: Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) an Introduction to the Archaeology of Southeast Manitoba, National Museum of

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Canada, Bulletin No. 157, Ottawa.

Late Adena Point - see Converse (1973). Late Plains Archaic Knife – see Perino (2002). Late Archaic [Stemmed] Point - see DeRegnaucourt (1991) and Schroder (2002).

873 - Latum Points (Baker 1995)

Latum [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a medium point with a broad/medium stem. Type dates 3000 to 2500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

874 – Leaf River Points (After: Baker 2009)

Leaf River [Notched] Point – named by Geiger (1980) after the river in Mississippi. It is a medium point with an indented base. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in the lower Mississippi River area. Major attribute: Eared corners. Type validity: Positive. Similar to: San Patrice. Comment: Reference: Geiger, Cary L. (1980) Survey of Selected Sites in the Leaf River Floodplain, Perry Count, Mississippi 15(2).

875 - LeCroy Points

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876 - LeCroy Points

LeCroy [Bifurcate] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956. It is a narrow point, and often has a serrated blade. Bilobes are pointed. Type dates 6500 to 6000 BC and is found all over the eastern U.S. Broyles (1971) suggests: … blades are trianguloid. Blade edges are usually straight and frequently serrated. Base is deeply notched. Stems are straight or slightly flared or expanded. Shoulders are usually missing. Lobes are pointed. Major attribute: pointed lobes. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Broyles (1971). 1 - Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, pp. 27-28. 2 - Reference: Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 - Reference: Chapman, Jefferson (1985) Tellico Archaeology – 12,000 Years of Native American History. Report of Investigations No. 43, Department of Anthropology (and Tennessee Valley Authority, No. 41), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.

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5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 8 - Reference: Pollack, David and Cecil R. Ison (1983) Preliminary Investigation of the Green Sulphur Springs Complex (46SU67 / 46SU72). West Virginia Archaeologist, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 3-27. 9 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

LeCroy II [Bifurcate] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

877 – Ledbetter Points

878 - Ledbetter Point Distribution

Ledbetter [Stemmed] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956. It is a large broad-bladed point with pronounced shoulders, square stem, and straight base. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in the middle eastern Woodlands. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a short contracting stem. The blade is triangular with recurved to convex sides. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Pickwick. Comment: the Ledbetter and Pickwick are probably the same pointmaking technology. Justice (1987) clusters them

492

together. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, p. 26. 2 - Reference: Ledbetter, R. Jerald, David G. Anderson, Lisa D. O’Steen, and Danield T. Elliott (1986) Paleoindian and Early Archaic Research in Georgia. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W. (1988) The Archaic Period in Kentucky: Past Accomplishments and Future Directions. In: Paleoindian and Archaic Research in Kentucky, ed. C. Hockemsmith et al., Kentucky Heritage Council, Frankfort, KY.

Ledbetter [Broad Stem] Point – false type. See Baker (2009). Le Flore [Blade] Type - formalized by Greg Perino in 2002. It is a large bipointed blade. Type dates 1500 to 1750 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Le Koy [Notched] Point - named by G. E. Van Buren in 1974. It is a medium point with a poorly defined stem and base. Type dates 6000 to 3000 BC and is found in Iowa, Minnesota, and Michigan. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

879 - Lehigh Point (Fogelman 1987)

880 - Lehigh Point

Lehigh [Broadspear] Point - named by John Witthoft in 1953. It is a large broad point with a constricted stem and a straight or rounded base. Type dates 1500 BC and is found in the Middle Atlantic and Northeast. Major attribute: broad blade. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Koens-Crispen. Comment: Type is the same as the Koens-Crispen type, but probably shows a difference in time.

Lehigh/Koens-Crispin [Broadspear] Point - see each type.

Reference: Kinsey, Fred W., III (1972) Archeology in the Upper Delaware Valley. Anthropological Series No. 2. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA.

Lehigh/Snook Kill [Broadspear] Point - see each type.

1 - Reference: Witthoft, John (1953) Broad Spearpoints and the Transitional Period Cultures in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 23, No. 1. 2 – Reference: Kinsey, Fred W., III (1972) Archeology in the Upper Delaware Valley. Anthropological Series No. 2, The

493

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA.

881 - Lehigh Points (Morrow 1984)

Lehigh [Stemmed] Point - named after a city in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a medium-to-large point with a slightly constricted stem and a convex base. Type dates 7000 to 5000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

882 - Leimbach Points

Leimbach [Stemmed] Point – named by Jeb Bowen in 2002. It is a medium-to-large point with a long, round base stem. Type dates 500 to 150 BC and is found in Ohio. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Bowen, Jeb (2003) Leimbach Stemmed Point Distribution in Ohio. Indian Artifact Magazine, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 28-29.

Leon [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a long, narrow point with a concave base. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in Texas. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

883 - Leon Points (Schroder 2002)

Leon [Notched] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a small point with an expanding stem. Type dates 500 AD and is found in Florida and Georgia. Bullen (1975) suggests: … trianguloid to ovate shaped point with nearly straight base and rounded corners. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. 494

Similar to: Comment:

884 - Lerma Point

Lerma [Lanceolate] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish and described by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is an ovoid-shaped lanceolate point. Type dates from 10,000 to 8500 BC and is found all over the southern U.S. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... bipointed outline, usually thin on one end. Major attribute: fine flaking. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Type is made using blade technology; however, numerous styles exist..

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 440. 2 – Reference: Mahan, E. C. (1955) A Survey of Paleo-American and Other Early Flint Artifacts from N.W. and Central Alabama, Part III. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XI, No. 2. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX. Note: this type and its date has wide range of opinions in the archaeological community.

885 - Lerma Point

Lerma [Bipoint] Point - large, thin, well-made point. It has not been officially type. Type dates 8500 to (?) BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative.

495

Similar to: Comment: Type may not exist and it is a pre-Clovis form. It is poorly defined in the literature.

Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1964) Handbook of Alabama Archeology, Part 1 - Point Types. Archeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL. Note: The bipointed Lerma point probably has the largest distribution on any point in the Americas; this technology is found from below glaciated Canada to the southern tip of South America.

886 - Lerma Point

Lerma [Round Base] Point - see Baker (1995) or Cambron and Hulse (1986). Le Roy Point – see Van Buren (1974). Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Leupp [ Notched] Point - see Rondreau, Michael F. (1975) Projectile Point Analysis for the Kahorsho Site: NA 10937, Central Arizona. Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State Polytechnic University.

887 - Levanna Points

496

888 - Levanna Point Distribution

Levanna [Triangle] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a medium triangular point with a concave base. Type dates 1000 to 1500 AD and is found in the Northeast. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … medium to large, fairly thin, triangular points, generally with concave bases. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Yadkin. Comment: For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 31-32, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1946) A Stratified Prehistoric Site at Brewerton, New York. Rochester Museum of Arts and Science, Rochester, NY. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 8 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

889 - Levi Point

Levi [Lanceolate] Point - named for the site in Texas. It is a large point with a concave base. Type dates 9000 to 7000 BC and is found in Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Alexander, Herbert L., Jr. (1963) The Levi Site: A Paleo Indian Campsite in Central Texas. American Antiquity 28(4). 2 - Reference: Kelly, Thomas L. (1987) Archaeology of the Gamenthaler Valley, Gillespie County, Texas. La Tierra, Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association.

497

890 - Levy Points

Levy [Stemmed] Point - named by Ripley Bullen. It is a large point with a squarish stem. Type dates 3000 to 1500 BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: triangular blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dowdy, Kevin and John Sowell (1998) Best of the Best. Flint River Trading Post, Fowlstown, GA. 2 - Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles H. Fairbanks (1980) Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 – Reference: Austin, Robert J. (2006) Knife and Hammer: An Exercise in Positive Destruction – The I-75 Project and Lithic Scatter Research in Florida, Publication No. 16, Florida Anthropological Society.

891 - Lewis Points (Perino 1991)

Lewis [Notched] Point - described by Richard Forbis in 1962. It is a small point with a small stem and a round base. Type dates 750 AD and is found in southern Canada and Montana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Forbis, Richard G. (1962) The Old Women’s Buffalo Jump, Alberta. Contributions to Anthropology, Pt. 1, Bul. 180, Natural Museum of Canada, Ottawa. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

892 - Limestone Points (Left: Cambron and Hulse 1986)

498

Limestone [Stemmed] Point - named by James W. Cambron around 1969 after a county in Alabama. It is a medium point with a squarish stem and a concave base. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found in Alabama and Tennessee. Powell (1990) suggests: … has an expanding base, usually thinner cross section, and a more radically angular stem-to-shoulder configuration. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1969) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types, ed. David L. DeJarnette, Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Limestone [Notched] Point – false type. See Baker (2009).

893 - Limeton Points

Limeton [Bifurcate] Point - named by Elizabeth Wilkinson and Vernon Leslie in 1967 after a city in Virginia. It is a short, small bifurcate point without the spur shoulders or serrations of the LeCroy type. Type dates 5500 BC and is found in Virginia. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are usually tapered and pointed. Blade is straight. Stem is straight or slightly expanding with straight or incurvate sides. Base is concave. Major attribute: made on a flake. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: St. Albans Comment: Type may be pre-Clovis and is not a bifurcate point. 1 - Reference: Wilkinson, Elizabeth and Vernon Leslie (1967) The Limeton Point: A Shenandoah Valley Notched-base Triangle. Chesopiean, Vol. 5, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic

499

Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Lincoln Hills [Lanceolate] Point - see Winters, Howard (1981) In: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Upland West Central Illinois: A Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Canton to Quincy Corridor for the Proposed FAP407 Highway Project. Archaeological Research Laboratory Reports of Investigations No. 2, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL.

894 - Lind Coulee Point

Lind Coulee [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard D. Dougherty in 1956 after a site in Washington. It is a medium point with a constricting stem. Type dates 8700 BC (or earlier) and is found in the Columbia Basin. Major attribute: long tapered stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dougherty, Richard D. (1956) Archaeology of the Lind Coulee Site. Proceeding of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 100, pt. 3, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

895 - Lindenmeier Points

Lindenmeier [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a medium point with fullface fluting. Type dates 9500 BC and is found in the Southwest and Mexico. Major attribute: full-face fluting. Type validity: false; site-specific. Similar to: Folsom. Comment: Type is a site-specific reference for examples of the Folsom type.. Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

Lindenmeier Folsom Point - Reference to a Folsom point found at the site. Site is famous for its primary find of a Folsom point embedded in an extinct bison vertebrae (Wilmsen and Roberts 1984). Lipantitlan [Metal] Point - named by Skip Kennedy and Jim Mitchell in 1988. It is a metal point with a triangular blade and squarish stem. Type dates 1830s and is found in Nueces County, Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kennedy, Skip and Jim Mitchell (1988) Metal Points from the Vicinity of Fort Lipantitlan (41NU54), Nueces County, Texas. La Tierra, Southern Texas Archaeological Association, Vol. 15, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

500

896 - Little Bear Creek Points and Drawing

Little Bear [Stemmed] Creek - named by James W. Cambron and David C. Hulse in 1964. It is a medium point with pronounced shoulders, long square stem, and convex base. Type dates 1500 to 500 BC and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are horizontal or tapered. Blade edges are excurvate. Stem is straight or contracted with straight edges and is usually ground. Base is straight. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1964) Handbook of Alabama Archeology, Part 1 - Point Types. Archeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL. 2 - Reference: DeJarnette, David L., Edward B. Kurjack, and James W. Cambron (1962) Excavations at the StanfieldWorley Bluff Shelter. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. 8, No. 1&2), pp. 1-124. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

501

897 - Little Bighorn Point (Perino 2002)

Little Bighorn [Metal] Point - named by Greg Perino in 2002 after the site in Montana. It is a large metal point. Type dates 1870s and is found on the High Plains. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

898 - Little Canoe Points

Little Canoe Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a rounded stem. Type dates 700 to 500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA. 2 - Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Little Colorado [Bifurcate] Point - not available; see Justice (2002a).

Reference: Berry, Claudia (1987) A Reassessment of the Southwestern Archaic. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah.

Little Colorado [Stemmed] Point - not available; see Justice (2002a).

Reference: Berry, Claudia (1987) A Reassessment of the Southwestern Archaic. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah.

Little Colorado [Notched] Point – named by Claudia Berry. It has various forms. See Berry, Claudia F. (1987) A Reassessment of the southwestern Archaic. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah.

Little Egypt [Triangle] Point - named by Clarence R. Geier in 1983. It is a broadly shaped or nearly equilateral triangular point with straight edges and straight base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false Similar to: none. Comment: Type has not been proven archaeologically. Reference: Geier, Clarence R. (1983) Some Thoughts on the Taxonomic and Temporal Implications of Late Woodland

502

Triangular Projectile Points from Sites in the Ridge and Valley Province of Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 197-233.

Little Lake [Stemmed] Series – the point was named by Edward P. Lanning. They are a series of large, middle to late Holocene points. Little Lake points have sometimes been lumped together with Pinto series points, while other analysts have differentiated them, for instance on the basis that the former are longer, thinner, extensively pressure flaked with deep basal notches. Comment: see McKean point. 1 - Reference: Lanning, E. P. (1963) The Archaeology of the Rose Spring Site INY-372. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 237-336. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Little Pico Creek [Stemmed] Point – named after a site. It is a large, bipointed points with small, asymmetrical tangs ("nipples") at the junction between blade and stem, dated between ca. 1000 B.C. and A.D. 1000. Major attribute: nipples. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Abrams, D. M. (1968) Little Pico Creek: Beach Salinan, Barnelas and Burials. MS thesis, University of California, Davis, CA. 2 – Reference: Jones, Terry L., and Georgie Waugh (eds.). 1995. Central California Coastal Prehistory: A View from Little Pico Creek. Perspectives in California Archaeology No. 3. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

899 - Little River Point

Little River [Stemmed] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1975 for caches found on the river in Oklahoma. It is a medium-to-large point with square stem. Base is straight. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … a large basal notched knife with a broad and rectangular stem. Major attribute: size and notching. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1976) A New Point Type. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 23, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

900 - Little Sioux Points (Morrow 1984)

Little Sioux [Notched] Point - named for points occurring along the Little Sioux River in Iowa. It is a medium point with a wide blade. Base is slightly concave. Type dates 7000 to 4000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa. 2 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

503

Lively [Lanceolate] Point - named by James W. Cambron and David C. Hulse in 1975. It is a medium-tolarge point with excurvate blade edges and a concave base. Also, called the Conerly type. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in Alabama and Georgia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

901 - Livermore Points

Livermore [Stemmed] Point - named by Charles Kelley, T. N. Campbell, and Donald Lehmer in 1940 for a mountain on the Pecos river. It is a small-to-medium point with small square stem. Type dates 800 to 1200 AD and is found in western Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... long, slender point that has deeply concave lateral edges and shoulders which project laterally at right angles. Stem is slender and the base is convex. Major attribute: shoulders. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kelley, J. C., T. N. Campbell, and D. J. Lehmer (1940) The Association of Archaeological Materials with Geologic Deposits in the Big Bend Region of Texas. West Texas Historical and Scientific Society, Vol. 10. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

Liverpool [Stemmed] Point - see Montet-White, Anta (1968) The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the Early and Middle Woodland Period. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 35. Llano Complex – named by Sellars in 1952 from Texas and New Mexico. It is a combination of Clovis and paleotools. See Sellars, E. H. (1952) Early Man in America. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. Reference: Greene, F.E. (1963) The Clovis Blades: An Important Addition to the Llano Complex. American Antiquity 29:145-165.

504

Lobate [Bifurcate] Point – morphology tern; false as a type.

Reference: Knepper, Dennis (1995) The Lobate Point In Northern Virginia: Comparative Morphological Considerations. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 35-47.

LoDaisKa [Stemmed] Point - no namer, but probably can be attributed to Cynthia Irwin and Henry Irwin (1959) It is a medium point with hanging barbs. It has a convex base and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Irwin, Cynthia and Henry Irwin (1959) Excavation at the LoDaisKa Site in the Denver, Colorado Area. Proceedings, Denver Museum of Natural History 8.

902 - Logan Points

Logan [Notched] Point - named by Curtus H. Tomak in 1983. It is a small, thin point with elongated blades. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Indiana and Illinois. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Tomak, Curtus H. (1983) A Proposed Prehistoric Cultural Sequence for a Section of the West Fork of the White River in Southwestern Indiana. Tennessee Anthropologist, Vol. 8, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

903 - Logan Creek Point

904 - Logan Creek Points

Logan Creek [Notched] Point - named by Marvin F. Kivet in 1962. It is a medium point with straight or slightly convex base. Notches are shallow. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in Nebraska, Wyoming, and Iowa. Major attribute: shallow notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kivet, Marvin F. (1962) A Report on the Logan Creek Complex, presented at the 20th Plains Conference, Lincoln, NE. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points

505

and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

905 – Lone Oak Point

Lone Oak [Stemmed] Point – no namer and is a false type from Texas.

906 - Lookingbill Points (Drawings: Perino 1985)

Lookingbill [Notched] Point - named by George C. Frison in 1983 after the site in Wyoming. It is a medium point with small notches and a straight base. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in Wyoming and neighboring states. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1983) The Lookingbill Site, Wyoming (48F308). Tebiwa, Idaho Museum of Natural History, No. 20. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

506

907 - Lone Tree Points

Lone Tree [Stemmed] Point - named by Curtus H. Tomak in 1983. It is a medium point with square stem and straight base. Type probably dates to the Late Archaic and is found along the Wabash River in Illinois. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a wide triangular blade. Stem is usually straight or slightly rounded. Shoulders are well defined and angular. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Pine Tree, Kirk. Comment:

908 - Long Bay Point

Long Bay [Notched] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1971. Type is not well defined. It is a thin, well-made point with symmetrical notches. Base is straight or slightly convex. Type dates 400 AD and is found in central New York. Major attribute: small notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Port Maitland. Comment: Ritchie (1971 - Revised) grouped these points with the Port Maitland type.

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1971) A Typology and Nomenclature from New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, p. 125, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

909 - Long Point

507

Long

Lehigh

Koens

508

Lehigh/Koens-Crispin

Long [Broadspear] Point - no one is credited with its name. It is a large broad point with a short, usually constricting stem and straight base. Type dates 1500 BC and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Major attribute: broad blade. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Koens-Crispen. Comment:

Reference: Custer, Jay P. and Glenn S. Mellin (1986) Analysis of Broadspears from Delaware: Form, Function, and Distribution. Bulletin, Archaeological Society of Delaware, No. 22, pp. 1-29.

Long Island Creek [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with various shaped large side notches. Type dates 7500 to 7000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Long Level [Lanceolate] Point – no data or reference. Los Angeles [Bell-Shaped] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish in 1958. It is bell-shaped with a concave base. Type dates late prehistoric and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 48, Pt. 6.

910 - Lost Island Points (Morrow 1984)

Lost Island [Stemmed] Point - named after a lake in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a small point with a round stem. Type dates 1000 BC to 500 AD and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

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911 - Lost Lake Points

912 - Lost Lake Points

Lost Lake [Notched] Point - named by David DeJarnette, Edward Kurjack, and James Cambron in 1962 after an area in Alabama. It is a medium-to-large corner-notched point with a convex or concave base. Blade is often beveled. Type dates 8000 to 7000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … notching cause barbs which maybe be rounded or acute. Blade is usually straight and beveled. Stem is expanding with rounded corners. Baser is concave. Hafting area is usually ground. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Kirk, Lost Lake, Pine Tree. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: DeJarnette, D. L., E. B. Kurjack, and J. W. Cambron (1962) Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 8, Nos. 1-2. 2 - Reference: Chapman, Jefferson (1973) The Icehouse Bottom Site 40MR23. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology , Report of Investigations, No. 13. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States.

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Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Barker, Gary and John B. Broster (1996) The Johnson Site (40Dv400): A Dated Paleoindian and Early Archaic Occupation in Tennessee’s Central Basin. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 97-153. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Lost Lake

Kirk

Pine Tree

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Charleston

Lost Lake II [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

913 - Lost River Point (Harwood 1986)

Lost River [Notched] Point – no namer record. It is a medium point with excurvate blade edges. Base is concave. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in the western states. Major attribute: blade edges. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

914 - Lost River Points (Harwood 1986)

Lost River [Notched] Point - named by Jack Schock and Terry Langford in 1979. It is a small point with a triangular blade and a short, slightly expanding stem. Type dates 4500-3500 BC and is found in Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, North Carolina, and Virginia. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Schock, Jack M. and Terry Weis Langford (1979). A Guide to Some Prehistoric Projectile Points from Southern Kentucky. Bulletin, Kentucky Archaeological Association, Inc., No. 11.

915 - Lott Points

Lott [Notch/Stem] Point - named by William C. Holden in 1938. It is a small point with an expanding stem. Type dates 1400 to 1500 AD and is found in the panhandle of Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... distinctive triangular point that has an expanding stem and central basal notch. Major attribute: split tangs. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Holden, William Curry (1938) Blue Mountain Rock Shelter. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 10, pp. 208-221. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

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916 - Loudoun Points

Loudoun [Notched] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky after a county in Virginia. It is a medium point with a wide rectangular stem (Hranicky 2001). Type dates to the Early Archaic period and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

917 - Lovell Points

Lovell [Stemmed] Point - named by Wilfred Husted in 1969 after a site in Wyoming. It is a large point with a concave based. Type dates 6500 to 6000 BC and is found in Wyoming and adjacent states. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Hell’s Gap. Comment:

1 - Reference: Husted, Wilfred (1969) Bighorn Canyon Archaeology. Publications in Archaeology 12, River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

918 - Lowe Points (Left: Corner Missing, Bottom: Tip Missing)

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919 - Lowes Point Distribution

Lowe [Stemmed] Point - named by Howard D. Winters in 1963. It is a medium point with excurvate blade edges and a flaring stem. Base is straight. Type dates 500 AD and is found in the Midwest. Justice (1987) suggests: … a distinctive expanding stemmed form that exhibits a trianguloid blade with straight to excurvate edges and markedly flaring, straight-edge stem. Major attribute: flared stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Steuben, Chesser, Bakers Creek.. Comment: Lowe, Chesser, Steuben, and Bakers Creek are the same pointmaking technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Winters, Howard D. (1963) An Archaeological Survey of the Lower Wabash Valley in Illinois. Report of Investigations, No. 10, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Indiana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia.

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Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Lower Hudson [Lanceolate] Point - named by Louis A. Brennan in 1970. It is a lanceolate blade with a constricting stem. Base is straight, pointed, or rounded. Type dates 3500 BC and is found in the lower Hudson River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1970) The Twombly Landing Site. Bulletin, New York State Archaeological Association, No 49.

920 – Lowes Island Points

Lowes Island [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 2002 after the island in the Potomac River. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Lowndes [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a tapering stem and straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

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921 – L. Rogers Points

Lanier Rodgers (1970s) Thunderbird Site in Virginia

Excavating

the

L. Rodgers [Lanceolate] Point - named here for Lanier Rodgers who spent years working for Bill Gardner (director) on the Thunderbird Paleoindian site in Warren County, Virginia. This type is the oldest illustrated point in Virginia (illustrated by de Mortillet 1881 – referenced in Miller 1962). Miller (1962) shows both faces – clearly a blade point. It is a medium, lanceolate point. Type is made off a blade (flat flake) and is usually flaked on the dorsal face. Corners are round, and base is straight or slightly convex. Basal area is usually ground. The primary material is fine-grain quartzite. Type is found from Florida to Tennessee to Virginia and dates to the Paleoindian Period. Major Attribute: D-shaped. Type Validity: conditional. Comparative Type: Holland type. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2009) Material Culture of Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

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922 - Lozenge Points

Lozenge [Stemmed] Point - named by J. E. Corbin in 1963. It is a small bipointed point. Type dates late prehistoric and is found along the central coast of Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... an elongated, oval to diamond-shaped outline. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Corbin, J. E. (1963) Archeological Materials from the Northern Shores of Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 34, pp. 5-30. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Lozenge {Notched] Point – named by Robert Converse in 2010. It is a Dovetail point.

Reference: Converse, Robert N. Another Example of a New Type. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 60, No. 1, p. 18.

923 - Lucketts Points

924 - Lucketts Points

Lucketts [Notched] Point - tentative types named after the city where the point was first observed. It is a medium-to-large point with pronounced corner notches. Point has one square-corner, and the other is a rounded-corner. Base is slightly-to-deeply concave. Type dates to the Early Archaic Period and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Major attribute: ground base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to:

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Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Luiseno [Triangle] Point – see Justice (2002B).

925 –Lunenburg Point

Lunenburg [Blade] Point – named after the county where the first specimen was observed. Type dates pre-Clovis and is found in central North Carolina and south-central Virginia. It is a thin blade point with a V-shaped indented base. Blade edges are excurvate. No basal grinding was observed. Type Validity: Conditional. Comment: type is another variety of the Cactus Hill point. 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2009) Material Culture of Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Lusk [Lanceolate] Point - recognized by Ann Greene in 1967. It is a large point with a tapered stem and concave base. Type dates 6500 to 6000 BC and is found from the Dakotas to Colorado. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Green, Ann M. (1967) Age and Archaeological Association of Oblique Flaked Projectile Points of the Betty Greene Site, Eastern Wyoming. Abstract Papers, Thirty-Third Annual Meeting, Society for American Archaeology, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

926 - Lycoming County Points (Fogelman 1988)

Lycoming County [Notched] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a variety of side notched points. Type has not been dated and is found in central Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

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927 - Lyon County Points

Lyon County [Notched] Point - reported by Lawrence Tully in 1986. It is a large point with a dovetaillike stem. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in Kentucky. Major attribute: rounded stem corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Tully, Lawrence N. (1986) Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North American Indians. Collectors Books, P.O. Box 3009, Paducah, KY 42001.

Mm Mabin [Stemmed] Point - see Toth, Alan (1979) The Marksville Connection. In: Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, edited by D. Brose and N. Greber, pp. 188-199, Kent State University Press.

928 - Macapa Point

Macapa [Bifurcate] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1986. It is a small-to-large bifurcate point with narrow, square-end lobes. Points usually have excurvate blade edges and are serrated. Type dates around 5500 BC and is found in the Southeast and Middle Atlantic areas. Major attribute: clipped corners. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: St Albans. Comment: Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Madeline Dunes [Notched] Point – named by Frances A. Riddell after points at the Karlo site. It is a large, side-notched points, found in northeastern California, essentially equivalent to the Northern side-notched type. Major attribute: large notch. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Riddell, Francis A. 1960. The Archaeology of the Karlo Site (Las-7), California. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports No. 53. Berkeley. 2 – Reference: Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R. Hester. 1978a. Great Basin. In Chronologies in New World Archaeology, edited by R. E. Taylor and Clement W. Meighan, pp. 147-199. Academic Press, New York. 3 – Reference: Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R. Hester. 1978b. Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms and Chronology. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology, and History No. 10. Socorro, New Mexico.

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929 – McCary Point

McCary [Blade] Point – named by J. Hranicky in tribute to the founder of the McCary Survey. It is a small point that is made off a blade. Points average 3.4 mm in thickness. It is often fluted only on one face. Basal area is always ground. Type dates 9500 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Type Validity: Conditional. Major Attribute: Thinness. Comment: Type occurs on the Thunderbird site. Point that is shown is from southern Virginia and is made from Carolina slate. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

930 – McCary Survey Points

McCary Fluted Point Survey - the Survey was started by Ben C. McCary in 1940s, and he collected point data for over 40 years. He retired and turned the Survey over to Michael F. Johnson. With assistance of Joyce Pearsall, he ran the Survey for 10+ years. With his work being too involved at the Cactus Hill site, he turned the Survey over to Wm Jack Hranicky. He is the current director. The Survey contains 1000+ points and its database is available free-of-charge to any scholar wanting the data. The Survey has been published in Hranicky and Johnson (2006). Hranicky (2005) offers guidelines for setting up and running a survey

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Electronic Window Showing Virginia’s McCary Fluted Point Survey

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McCary Survey Fluted Points (1-60 points out of 1050) The McCary Survey has 60+ years of recording paleopoints and, over time, numerous recording methods were used. Consequently, in presenting a thousand points, the following illustrations will vary from hand-drawn to digital images. The author has presented as accurate a point portrayal as possible from the Survey’s history.

MC 1 ? 58-22-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 2 Quartz 63-46-7 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 3 Quartz 53-22-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 4 Quartz 35-22-9 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 5 Quartz 52-27-6 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 6 Quartz 33-19-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 7 Flint 57-22-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 8 Flint 47-23-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 9 Chalcedony 63-29-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 10 Flint 64-24-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 11 Quartz 46-24-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 12 Shale 51-24-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 13 Flint 73-24-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 14 Flint 65-27-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 15 Flint 35-17-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

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MC 16 Flint 43-21-4 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 17 Flint 57-24-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 18 Flint 58-24-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 19 Flint 48-21-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 20 Chalcedony 35-21-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 21 Gneiss 90-30-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 22 Rhyolite 102-26-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 23 ? 90-25-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 24 Flint 27-19-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 25 Flint 56-30-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 26 Flint 50-24-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 27 Flint 67-25-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 28 Flint 69-30-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 29 Flint 81-32-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 30 Flint 86-32-x mm Amelia Co.

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MC 31 Flint 36-22-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 32 Chalcedony 35-21-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 33 44-22-x mm P. Wood Mecklenburg Co.

MC 34 Flint 34-21-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 35 Flint 79-27-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 36 Flint 86-28-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 37 Flint 33-17-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 38 Flint 42-25-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 39 Flint 52-31-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 40 Flint 57-22-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 41 Flint 43-18-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 42 Flint 56-25-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 43 Flint 47-20-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 44 ? 45-21-x mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 45 Flint 50-25-5 mm Amelia Co.

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MC 46 Chert 44-27-8 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 47 Quartz x-26-7 mm Cumberland Co.

MC 48 Chalcedony 50-28-8 mm Cumberland Co.

MC 49 Flint 64-28-6 mm Charlotte Co.

MC 50 Flint 75-28-5 mm Buckingham Co.

MC 51 Flint 73-30-7 mm Amelia Co.

MC 52 Flint 70-33-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 53 Chert 72-21-6 mm Prince Edward Co.

MC 54 Quartz 56-23-5 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 55 Chert 55-19-6 mm Amelia Co.

MC 56 Quartz 35-25-7 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 57 Flint 64-25-7 mm Pittsylvania Co.

MC 58 ? 53-23-6 mm Amelia Co.

MC 59 ? 98-45-9 mm Mecklenburg Co.

MC 60 ? 76-32-9 mm Mecklenburg Co.

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931 - MacCorkle Points

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MacCorkle [Bifurcate] Point - named by Bettye J. Broyles in 1971. It is a medium point with pronounced bilobes. Type dates 7000 to 6500 BC and is found in the upper Ohio and Kanawha River valleys. Broyles (1971) suggests: … blade is triangular with straight or slightly excurvate side edges. It is usually serrated. Stem is flared and rounded. Base is concave and thinned. Major attribute: round lobes. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Rice, Nottoway. Comment: For point dimensions, see Broyles (1971). 1 - Reference: Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Indiana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 6 - Reference: Pollack, David and Cecil R. Ison (1983) Preliminary Investigation of the Green Sulphur Springs Complex (46SU67 / 46SU72). West Virginia Archaeologist, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 3-27.

932 - Mackinaw Point

Mackinaw [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1991. It is a large, ovate point with deep, narrow notches. Type dates 100 to 350 AD and is found in Illinois. Major attribute: dovetail. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: St. Charles. Comment:

1 - Reference: Tolley, Thelma (1949) Flint-Like Strings of Pearl. Journal of the Illinois State Archaeology, Vol. 6, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

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933 - Macon Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Macon [Stemmed] Point – named by Ford and Webb (1956) after points found on the Poverty Point site in Louisiana. It is a medium, narrow point. Type dates to the early Woodland Period and is found in Texas and Louisiana. Ford and Webb (1956) suggest…blades of Macon points are triangles that usually are about one and one-half times as long as they are at the shoulders. Major attribute: short stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Gary Comment: Reference: Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point – A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. (Point Chapter). Vol. 46, Pt 1, pp. 50-76, Anthropological Paper of the American Museum on Natural History, New York, NY.

934 - Macpherson Points

Macpherson [Notched] Point - named by W. Fred Kinsey III in 1972. It is a long, narrow point with wide side notches and a rounded base. Type dates 2500 to 1700 BC and is found from New York to Virginia. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kinsey, W. Fred III (1972) Archaeology in the Upper Delaware Valley. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, No. 2, Harrisburg, PA. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

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935 - Madden Lake Point

Madden Lake [Lanceolate/Stemmed] Point - reported by Richard Cooke in 1978. It is a large stem-like point with a concave base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found from Guatemala to Panama. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cooke, Richard (1978) The Occurrence in Panama of the Two Types of Paleo Projectile Points. In: Early Man in America from a Circum-Pacific Perspective. Edited by Allen L. Bryan. Occasional Papers No. 1 of the Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Canada.

Madden Branch [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a waterway in Alabama. It is a large point with pronounced squarish stem. Type date to the Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

936 - Madina Point

Madina [Lanceolate] Point - no namer. It is a medium-large point with a long tapering stem. Shoulders are shallow. Type dates 10,000 to 9000 BC and is found in Ontario. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: It is also called the Madina Plano type. Reference: Dibb, G. and C. Ellis (1988) Madina Plano Points. KEWA 88-7.

937 - Madison Points

Madison [Notched] Point - probably named by Lynne Goldstine and Sannie Osbon. It is a medium side-

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notched triangle. Type dates Late Archaic and is found in the Great Lakes area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Goldstein, Lynne G. and Sannie K. Osborn (1988) A Guide to Common Prehistoric Projectile Points in Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI. 2 - Reference: Baerreis, Davis A. (1953) Blackhawk Village Site. Journal, Iowa Archaeological Society, Vol. 2, pp. 5-20.

Madison [Notched] Point - named by David A. Barreis in 1953 after the city in Wisconsin. It is a medium point with a straight or convex base. Type dates 1000 BC to 100 AD and is found in Wisconsin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: none. Comment: due to point resharpening, this type is difficult to prove in archaeological contexts. 1 - Reference: Barreis, David A. (1953) The Airport Village Site, Dane County. The Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 34, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

938 - Madison Points

939 - Madison Points (Justice 1987)

Madison [Triangle] Point - named by Edward G. Scully in 1951. It is a small triangular point with straight sides and base. Type dates 800 to 1400 AD and is found throughout the eastern U.S. Major attribute: medium size. Type validity: positive. Similar to: numerous medium triangle types. Comment: Due to point resharpening, this type is difficult to prove in archaeological contexts. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987) and Ritchie (1971 - revised). 1 - Reference: Scully, E. G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 5 - Reference: George, Richard L. and Richard Scaglion (1992) Seriation Changes in Monongahela Triangular Lithic Projectiles. Man in the Northeast, Vol. 44, pp. 73-81. 6 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

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Madison [Miniature - Triangle] Point - false type; see Powell (1990). Madonna [Notched] Point – see Baker, Barbara E. (1977). Madonna Ranch, CA-Slo-372: An Interpretation of an Inland Chumash Site. Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Long Beach, CA.

Mad Sheep [Triangle] Point - named by Clarence R. Geier. It is a large equilateral triangular-shaped point with straight edges and concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: none. Comment: type was not proven archaeologically.

Reference: Geier, Clarence R. (1983) Some Thoughts on the Taxonomic and Temporal Implications of Late Woodland Triangular Projectile Points from Sites in the Ridge and Valley Province of Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 197-233.

Magic Mountain [Notched] Point - no namer, but can probably be attributed to Cynthia IrwinWilliams and Henry Irwin (1966). It is a medium point with a broad blade. It has deep and/or wide corner notches and has a convex base. Type dates 2900 BC and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Irwin-Williams, Cynthia and Henry Irwin (1966) Excavations at Magic Mountain. Proceedings, Denver Museum of Natural History, 12.

940 - Mahaffey Knives

Mahaffey [Knife] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1977. It is a medium-to-large lanceolate point with a tapering stem area. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1977) The Mahaffey Point. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 24, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

941 - Mahantango Mountain Point

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Mahantango Mountain [Stemmed] Point - name here after the mountain in Pennsylvania. It is a large point with a pronounced stem. Base is slightly concave. Stem side are straight to incurvate. Blade is usually beveled. Point is typically made from rhyolite, but quartzite does occur. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found from Pennsylvania to Virginia. Major attribute: large stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

942 - Mahkin Points

Mahkin [Stemmed] Point - no namer available. It is a medium point with slender shoulders and a pointed base. Type dates 4500 to 3000 BC and is found in the Pacific northwest. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Comment:

Reference: none available.

MALA [Notched] Point - named by Kenneth E. Sassaman in 1985. Type name means Middle Archaic Late Archaic. It is a small-to-medium point with an expanding or notch stem. It has a straight base. Type dates 4000 to 3000 BC and is found in Georgia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Sassaman, Kenneth E. (1985) A Preliminary Typological Assessment of MALA Hafted Bifaces from the Pen Point Site, Barnwell County, South Carolina. South Carolina Antiquities, Vol. 17, pp. 1-17.

Malaga Cove [Stemmed] Point - named by Noel Justice in 2002 for the site in California. It is a large leaf-shaped point. Type dates 500 to 1300 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: leaf shape. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Malaga Cove [Leaf] Point – see Hartzell, Leslie L. (1992) Hunter-Gatherer Adaptive Strategies and Locustrine Environments in the Buena Vista Lake Basin, Kern County, California. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA.

532

943 - Maljamar Points

Maljamar [Notched] Point - named by Calvin B. Smith in 1974. It is a small point with poorly defined notches. Base is rounded. Type is probably prepottery and is found from New Mexico to California. Major attribute: serrated blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Smith, Calvin B. (1974) A Distinctive Projectile Point from Southeastern New Mexico. AWANYU, Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Vol. 2, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

944 - Mallory Point

Mallory [Notched] Point - named by Richard G. Forbis. It is a medium point with pronounced side 533

notches and a concave base. Type dates 2100 to 1000 BC and is found in Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado. Major attribute: flared tangs. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Forbis, Richard G., William Duncan Strong, and Maurice E. Kirby (no date) Signal Butte and MacHaffie: Two Stratified Sites on the Northern Great Plains. Unpublished manuscript. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Manix [Biface] Type - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. False; Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Manasota [Lanceolate] Point – named by Lloyd Schroder after the Florida culture that produced it. It is a medium point with a deeply concave base. Type dates 700 AD and is found in Florida. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

945 - Manker Points

Manker [Notched/Stemmed] Point - named by Anta Montet-White in 1968. It is a medium point with notches and rounded base. A stemmed variety also occurs. Type dates 0 AD and is found in the Great Lakes area. Major attribute: dovetail. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Montet-White, Anta (1968) The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the Early and Middle Woodland Period. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers No. 35. 2 - Reference: Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 3 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

Mansfield [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a parish in Louisiana. It is medium-to-large point with a squarish stem. It dates to the Late Archaic and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

534

946 - Mansion Inn Point

Mansion Inn [Lanceolate] Point - named by Dena F. Dincauze in 1968. It is a broad-bladed point with a wide constricting stem. Base is slightly concave. Type dates 1700 BC and is found in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Maine. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dincauze, Dena (1968) Cremation Cemeteries in Eastern Massachusetts. Papers, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnobotany, Harvard University, Vol. 59, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

947 - Maples Point

948 - Maples Point

Maples [Stemmed] Point - named by James Cambron in 1962. It is a large point with a short, squarish stem. Type dates approximately 2000 BC and is found in Alabama, Tennessee, and Mississippi. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are tapered. Blade edges are excurvate but may be straight. Stem is short and contracted with straight sides. Base is concave or straight, usually thinned and ground. Major attribute: broad stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

535

1 - Reference: Cambron, James (1962) The Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 8, Nos. 1&2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

949 – Marcos Points

536

Marcos Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Marcos [Notched] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium-to-large, well-made point with convex or concave base (dovetail). Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point with deep corner notches, has an expanding stem, and is always barbed. Major attribute: corner notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Peeples, Matthew (2003) An Analysis of the Projectile Points from the Chytha Site (41JK66), Jackson County, Texas. La Tierra, Southern Texas Anthropological Association, Vol. 30, No. 1&2, pp. 37-63. 4 - Reference: Dickens, William A. and William E. Moore (2004) Archeological Survey at Musk Hog Canyon in Crockett County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society of Texas, Vol. 75, pp. 1-60. 5 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

950 – Marianna Point

Marianna [Triangle] Point - name is attributed to Ripley Bullen. It is a small, equilateral triangular or ovate point with serrated edges. Base is concave. Type has not been dated and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … equilateral triangular or ovate point with serrated edges, usually fluted a short distance on one face and basally thinned on the other, and a ground or smoothed concave base. Major attribute: basal flute. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1975) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Kendall Books, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

Marianna [Lanceolate] Subtypes – false types. See Schroder (2002).

537

951 – Marion Points

952 – Marion Points

Marion [Stemmed] Point - popularized by Barbara Purdy in 1981. It is a large point with a tapered stem. Type dates 4000 to 3000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: triangular blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Dowdy, Kevin and John Sowell (1998) Best of the Best. Flint River Trading Post, Fowlstown, GA. 3 - Reference: Lolley, Terry L. (2003) Weeden Island Occupation in the Borderland: An Example from South Alabama. Southeastern Archaeology, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 63-76.

538

4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 6 – Reference: Austin, Robert J. (2006) Knife and Hammer: An Exercise in Positive Destruction – The I-75 Project and Lithic Scatter Research in Florida, Publication No. 16, Florida Anthropological Society.

953 - Marshall Points

954 - Marshall Point (Both Faces)

955 - Marshall Point (In Situ)

Marshall Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

539

Marshall [Stemmed] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium-to-large point with broad triangular blade. Stem is square. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in central Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... moderate to strongly convex lateral edges and strong shoulders that are deeply barbed. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Marshall Subgroup A - false type; F. Schambach (1998).

956 - Martindale Point

Martindale [Stemmed] Point - named by J. Charles Kelly in 1947. It is a medium point with a Vshaped basal indentation. Blade is sometimes beveled. Type dates 4000 to 3000 BC and is found in central Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... prominent shoulders and short barbs formed by corner notching. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kelley, J. Charles (1947) The Lehmann Shelter: A Stratified Site of the Toyah, Uvalde, and Round Rock Loci. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 18. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Martis Complex Points - assembly of constricting stem, side-notched, and barded points made from basalt. Complex is located in California (see Elsasser 1960). Martis [Constricting Stem/Triangular/Leaf/Stemmed Leaf] Point - see Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

957 - Martis Point (Justice 2002)

540

958 - Martis Point Distribution

Martis [Corner Notched] Point – originally identified by Heiser and Elsasser in 1953. It is a medium point with wide side notched (or squarish stem). Reference: To be located.

959 - Martis Points (Harwood 1986)

Martis [Lanceolate/Notched] Point - described by Robert Elston in 1971 and named after specimens in California. It is a large point which may have shallow side notches. Base is either round or straight. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: type is misused. 1 - Reference: Elston, Robert G. (1971) A Contribution to Washo Prehistory. Nevada Archaeological Survey Research Paper 2. 2 - Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA. 3 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F. and Thomas R. Hester (1978) Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms And Chronology. Socorro, New Mexico, Ballena Press.

960 - Marybell Point

Marybell [Notched] Point – no namer. It is a large point with a convex base. Type dates 500 BC to 250 AD and is found along the Columbia River in Oregon and Washington. Major attribute: none. Concave base. Type validity: false. Similar to: none. Comment: none.

Reference: none available.

Marymount [Stemmed] Point – named by David Van Horn. small, tanged, stemmed points, found in 541

Los Angeles and Ventura counties and dated between ca. A.D. 400 and 1100. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Van Horn, David M. (1990) Marymount Points: A Tanged Arrowhead Series in Coastal Southern California. Journal of New World Archaeology, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 29-36. 2 - Reference: Koerper, Henry C., Adella B. Schroth, Roger D. Mason, and Mark L. Peterson. 1996. Arrow Projectile Point Types as Temporal Types: Evidence from Orange County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 18:258-283.

961 - Mason Point

Mason [Stemmed] Point - named by Anta Montet-White in 1968. It is a medium-to-large point with beavertail-like stem. Base is sharply rounded. Type dates 750 BC and is found in Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Indiana. Perino (1985) suggests … a triangularly-bladed point with a contracting stem. Major attribute: beavertail stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Adena (Beavertail). Comment: 1 - Reference: Montet-White, Anta (1968) The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the Early Middle Woodland Period. Anthropological Papers 35, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

542

962 - Mason Neck Points

Mason Neck [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1988 after the area in Virginia. It is a medium point with a twist blade and small squarish stem. It is probably part of the Lamoka Phase in the Middle Atlantic. Type dates 3500 to 2200 BC and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: twist in blade. Type validity: Positive. Similar to: Lamoka. Comment: type is probably a variety of the Lamoka type.

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas. Special Publication Number 16, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

963 - Massard Points

Massard [Notched] Point - named by James A. Brown in 1976. It is a small-to-medium point with a round to square stem. Type dates 900 to 1100 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Major attribute: stem shape. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: point style is common to numerous lower Plains types.

1 - Reference: Brown, James A. (1968) Artifacts from the Spiro Site. Unpublished manuscript. (1976) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma, Research Institute, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

964 - Matamoros Points

Matamoros [Triangle] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish. It is a medium point and has straight edges and base. Type dates 500+ AD and is found in northern Mexico and southern Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... thick, triangular or semi-triangular, unstemmed point. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 448. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

543

965 - Matanzas Points

Matanzas [Notched] Point - named by Patrick J. Munson and Alan D. Harn in 1966. It is a medium point with shallow wide notches. Stem is straight or convex. Type dates 3700 to 3000 BC and is found along the upper Mississippi River and lower Ohio River valleys. Justice (1987) suggests: … straight basal edges but concave and convex bases do occur. The side-notched type is sometimes divided into:  Modal  Flared stem  Faint side notched  Deep side notched  Straight stem. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Type shares similarities with the northeastern Brewerton type. Justice (1987) groups the two types as a cluster. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Munson, Patrick J. and Alan D. Harn (1966) Surface Collections from Three Sites in the Central Illinois River Valley. Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 47, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Munson, Cheryl Ann and Thomas G. Cook (1980) Late Archaic Frence Lick Phase: A Dimensional Description. In: Archaeological Salvage Excavations at Patoka Lake, Indiana: Prehistoric Occupations of the Upper Patoka River Valley. Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology Research Reports, No. 6, pp. 721-740. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

966 - Maud Points

Maud [Triangle] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium, narrow point with straight sides and concave base. Type dates 1350 AD and is found in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... slender, stemless, triangular point that has a concave to deeply V-shaped base. Major attribute: none.

544

Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 504. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 4 - Reference: Bell, Milton (1981) The Alex Justiss Site: A Caddoan Cemetery in Titus County, Texas. State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, Report No. 21. 5 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Mayacmas [Notched] Point –named by Noel Justice for a mountain range. It is a medium point with a straight or convex base. Type dates 2500 to 500 BC and is found in California. Mayacmas corner-notched points have been classified within the Big Valley cluster Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

967 - Maybon Points

Maybon [Stemmed] Point - named by Stephen Williams and Jeffrey P. Brain in 1983. It is a medium point with a tapering stem. Type dates 400 to 800 AD and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Williams, Stephen and Jeffrey P. Brain (1983) Excavations at the Lake George Site, Yazoo County, Mississippi, 1958-1960. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 74, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

968 - Maynes Creek Points (Morrow 1984)

Maynes Creek [Lanceolate] Point - named after a chert in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a medium point with a narrow waist. Type dates 700 to 6000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: lanceolate shape. Type validity: distinctive. Comment: Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication of the Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

545

969 - McCary Points

McCary [Blade] Point – identified here. It is a small point that is made off a blade. Points average 3.4 mm in thickness. It is often fluted only on one face. Basal area is always ground. Type dates 9500 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: thinness. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Cactus Hill. Comment: type may be pre-Clovis. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2009) Material Culture of Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

970 - McCarty Points

McCarty [Notched] Point - named by Dan F. Morse in 1982 after the site in Arkansas. It is a large, barbed point with deep corner notches and a convex base. Type dates 500 to 100 BC and is found in the Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: convex base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Morse Dan F. (1986) McCarty (3 PO 467): A Tchula Period Site Near Marked Tree, Arkansas. Proceeding of the 1982 Mid-South Archaeological Conference, Archaeological Report No. 17. Ed: David H. Dye and Donald C. Brister. Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

546

971 - McClenton Knife

McClenton [Knife] Point - provisional type named here. It is a large, well-made biface with a straight base. Type is not dated and is found in Texas. Major attribute: thinness <7 mm. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: This paper.

McConnell [Lanceolate] Point - see Prufer, Olaf H. (1963) The McConnell Site: A Late Palaeo-Indian Workshop in Coshocton County, Ohio. Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Scientific Publications, N. S. Vol. 2, No. 1. McConnell [Stemmed] Point - see Prufer, Olaf H. (1963) The McConnell Site: A Late Palaeo-Indian Workshop in Coshocton County, Ohio. Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Scientific Publications, N. S. Vol. 2, No. 1. McCoy [Stemmed] Point - named after the fort in Wisconsin. It is a medium point with a flaring stem. Type dates the Middle Woodland and is found in the Great Lakes area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

972 - McCurtain Points (Perino 1991)

McCurtain [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1991. It is a medium triangular point with an expanding stem and a concave or straight base. Type dates 1200 to 1400 AD and is found in Oklahoma and Texas. Major attribute: fine flaking. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 2, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

547

973 – McDonald Bayou Points (After: Baker 2009)

McDonald Bayou [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a parish in Louisiana. It is a medium point with a short, squarish stem. Type dates to the Woodland era and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

McGee [Lanceolate] Point/Knife – named by W. J. McGee after the Walker River Canyon in Nevada. See Baker (2009). Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

974 – McGillivray Points (After: Justice 2002)

McGillivray [Stemmed] Point - named for the site in California. It is a large narrow point with a roundish stem. Type dates 2500 to 500 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Fredrickson, David A. (1966) Cco-308: The Archaeology of a Middle Horizon Site in Interior Contra Costa County, California. Master’s thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

975 - McGloin Points

McGloin [Triangle] Point - named by J. E. Corbin in 1963. It is a medium point with a concave base. Type dates 1300 to 1700 AD and is found in along coastal Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point that has a distinctive concave, V-shaped base. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Little Lake. Comment:

1 - Reference: Corbin, J. D. (1963) Archaeological Materials from the Northern Shore of Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 34. 2 - Reference: Campbell, T. N. (1947) The Johnson Site: Type Site of the Aransas Focus of the Texas Coast. Bulletin,

548

Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 18, pp. 40-75. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

976 - McIntire Points

977 – McIntire Points (After: Baker 2009)

McIntire [Stemmed] Point - named by David C. Hulse around 1969 after an area on the Tennessee River in Alabama. It is a medium point with a square stem. Type has not been dated and is found in Alabama and Tennessee. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are usually horizontal but may taper with short barbs. Blade edges are usually excurvate. Stem is expanding with straight sides. Base is straight. Major attribute: squarish stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Type is badly defined.

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1969) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types, ed. David L. DeJarnette, Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc. 2 - Reference: Elliott, Daniel T. and Kenneth E. Sassaman (1995) Archaic Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Plain and Coastal Zone. Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper No. 11 and Report No. 35, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 3 – Reference: Elliot, Daniel T. and Kenneth Sassaman (1995) Archaic Period Archaeology of the Georgia Coastal Plain and Coastal Zone. University of Georgia, Laboratory Series, Report No. 5, Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper, No. 11. West Georgia College. Athens, GA.

McIntire II [Miniature] Point – false type. See Baker (2009).

549

978 - McKean Point

979 - McKean Points

McKean [Lanceolate] Point - named by Richard P. Wheeler in 1952. It is a medium-to-large narrow lanceolate point with an indented base. Type dates approximately 1500 BC and is found in Wyoming, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Montana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wheeler, Richard Page (1952) A Note on the McKean Lanceolate Point. Plains Archaeological Conference Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis (1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceedings, Number 11, Denver Museum of Natural History. 4 - Reference: Green, James P. (1975) McKean and Little Lake Technology: A Problem in Projectile Point Typology in the Great Basin of North America. IN Lithic Technology, E.H. Swanson, Jr., ed. Pp. 159-171. The Hague: Mouton. 5 - Reference: Lobdell, J.E. (1974) The Scoggin Site: A Study in McKean Typology. Plains Anthropologist, 19(64):123-128. 6 - Reference: Benedict, James B. and Bryon L. Olson (1973) Origin of the McKean Complex: Evidence from Timberlline. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 18-62, Pts 1-2, pp. 323-327. 7 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 8 - Reference: Dyck, Ian (1983) The Prehistory of Southern Saskatchewan. In: Tracking Ancient Hunters: Preshistoric Archaeology in Saskatchewan, H. Epp and I. Dyck, eds., Saskatoo, Saskatchewan Archaeological Society.

980 - McWhinney Points

McWhinney [Stemmed] Point - named by J. M. Heilman. It is a thick, medium point with square stem. Base is straight or rounded. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to:

550

Comment: Type is sometimes referred to as a heavy stem point (Justice 1987). For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Vickery, Kent C. (1972) Projectile Point Type Description: McWhinney Heavy Stemmed. A paper distributed at the 29th Southeastern Archaeological Conference at Morgantown, VW. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Indiana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. 4 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

981 – Meadowood Blade (Both Faces)

Meadowood [Blade] Type – point was named by William A. Ritchie in 1958. See point description. The blade is often found in caches.

Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp 35-36, Albany, NY.

(Ritchie 1961)

982 – Meadowood Points

551

983 - Meadowood Points

984 - Meadowood Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

985 –Meadowood Point Distribution

Meadowood [Notched] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1958. It is a medium point with small side notches, Base is slightly convex. Type dates 1200 to 500 BC and is found in the Northeast and Middle Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … very thin, medium to large, side-notched points, of medium breath. Blade trianguloid in outline, flat cross section; edges are straight, slightly excurvate or incurvate, and are occasionally serrated or steeply beveled. Base is convex, or sometimes expanded in fan shape. Base is usually ground. Major attribute: small notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: for point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp 35-36, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Granger, Joseph E. (1978) Meadowood Phase Settlement Pattern in the Niagara Frontier Region of Western

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New York. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers No. 65. 3 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1981) Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 8 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 9 - Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (1975) The Archaeology of the Tocks Island Area. Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University Museum, South Orange, NJ. 10 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 11 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 12 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

Medina [?] Point – no data; collector usage name.

Reference: Hester, Thomas R. (1983) Problems in Typology: The Case of the "Medina" Points. Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association La Tierra 10(3):41-42.

986 - Mecklenburg Point

Mecklenberg [Notched] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky after a county in Virginia. It is a medium-to-large, narrow point with a concave base. Notches are wide, but shallow. Corners are pointed and flare. Bases and notches are ground. Blade edges are straight. Type probably dates to the Early Archaic and is found in North Carolina and Virginia. Major attribute: basal grinding Type validity: conditional. Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Parkland, FL. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Medicine Valley [Triangle] Point – see Horn-Wilson, Amy (1997) Projectile Points of the Cohomina: A Pilot Study: Masters thesis, Northern Arizona University.

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987 - Mehlville Point

Mehlville [Stemmed] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1985. It is a medium-to-large triangular point with a square/taper stem. Type has not been dated and is found in Illinois and Missouri. Major attribute: hanging shoulders. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Meigs [Notched] Point - no data or information.

Reference: Graham, J. B. (1964) Archaeological Investigations of Moccasin Bend (40HA63), Hamilton County, Tennessee. Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.

Mena [Notched] Point - named by Frank F. Schambach in 1970. It is a small side-notched point with a ground, straight base. It has not been dated and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Schambach, Frank F. (1998) Pre-Caddoan Cultures in the Mississippi South. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series 53, Fayetteville, AR.

Mendocino [Lanceolate] Point - named for the county in California. It is a small wide point with a concave base. Type dates 3000 to 500 BC and is found in California. Mendocino points have included concave-based, contracting-stemmed, corner-notched, and side-notched. Six chronologically and geographically significant morphological types of Mendocino concave-based points have been distinguished: deep-base, shallow-base hipped, wide, shallow-base shouldered, general shallow-base, and small. Major attribute: various. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Jackson, Thomas L. (1974) Report of the Middle Eel Planning Unit Archaeological Survey. Report on file, Cultural Resources Center, Sonoma State University.

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2 - Reference: White, Gregory G., Terry Jones, James Roscoe, and Lawrence Weigel. 1982. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Concave Base Projectile Points from the North Coast Ranges, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4:67-79. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

988 - Merkle Point

989 - Merkle Points

Merkle [Notched] Point - named by Lawrence Conrad in 1981. It is a medium point with a stem side protrusion and a straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic/Early Woodland and is found in Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky. Major attribute: stem protrusion. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Conrad, Lawrence (1981) A Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Canton to Quincy Corridor for the Proposed FAP 407 Highway Project. Archaeological Laboratory Reports of Investigations 2, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Merkle II [Notched] Point – false type; see Perino (2002).

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990 - Merom Points

Merom [Stemmed] Point - named by Howard D. Winters. It is a small, triangular cross-sectioned, basal beveled point with a short stem and straight rounds. Type dates 800 BC and is found in the eastern U.S. Justice (1987) suggests: … small, side-notched to expanding-stemmed points with a trianguloid blades and unbarbed shoulders. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Winters, Howard (1969) The Riverton Culture. Illinois State Museum, Report 13, State of Illinois, Springfield, IL 2 - Reference: Pace, Robert E. and Steve Coffing (1978) A Riverton Culture Gathering Site in Park County, Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, Vol. 87, p. 81. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 7 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Merom-Trimble Point – see Jefferies, Richard W. (1988) The Archaic Period in Kentucky: Past Accomplishments and Future Directions. In: Paleoindian and Archaic Research in Kentucky, ed. C. Hockemsmith et al., Kentucky Heritage Council, Frankfort, KY. And, Pollack, David and Cecil R. Ison (1983) Preliminary Investigation of the Green Sulphur Springs Complex (46SU67 / 46SU72). West Virginia Archaeologist, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 3-27.

991 - Merrimack Points (Broken)

Merrimack [Stemmed] Point - named by Dena F. Dincauze in 1976. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Base is slightly convex. Type dates 4000 BC and is found along the New England coast. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

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992 - Mesa Point (Both Faces)

Mesa Site Points - dating from 9,700 to 7,700 BC in Alaska (Brooks Range above the Arctic Circle) by Michael Kunz, these points suggest a form of nonfluted Clovis points (Bureau of Land Management). It is a large point with a concave base. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in Alaska. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Kunz, Michael (1995) Mesa Site, In: Mammoth Trumpet, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Oregon State University, Corvallis 10(4).

993 – Mescal Knife

Mescal Knife - named by Robert F. Heizer in 1970. It is a hafted, uniface or biface with straight or convex blade edges. Type is probably historic and is found from Nevada to Texas. The knife is a composite tool of wood and stone. Major attribute: none. Type validity: to be determined. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F. (1970) A Mescal Knife from Near Overton, Moapa Valley, Southern Nevada. Papers on Anthropology of the Western Great Basin, No. 7, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkley, CA. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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994 - Meserve Points

Meserve Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Meserve [Lanceolate] Point - named by E. Mott Davis in 1953. It is a medium point with shallow waisting, pointed basal corners, and a V-shaped basal concavity. Type dates after 8500 BC and is found in Canada, Plains states, and Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... lanceolate to triangular form with a concave, well-thinned base. It has basal and lateral grinding. Major attribute: base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Clovis, Santa Fe. Comment: Type is probably reworked Clovis points or a regional version of the Dalton type. For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002). 1 - Reference: Bell, Robert E. and Roland S. Hall (1953) Selected Projectile Point Types of the United States. Bulletin, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. 1. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. C 3 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 4 - Reference: Strong, Emory (1969) Stone Age in the Great Basin. Binford & Mort Publishing, Portland, OR. 5 - Reference: Myers, Thomas P. and Ray Lambert (1983) Mererve Points: Evidence of a Plains-ward Extension of the Dalton Horizon. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 28, pp. 109-114.

Meserve-Dalton [Lanceolate] Point - see Meserve Point. Mesilla [Notched] Point – see Rattlesnake [Notched] Point. Mesoculter [Knife] Type - named by Winston Baker (1995). It is a lanceolate-shaped knife with a serrated edge.

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995 - Metal Points

Metal [Historic] Point - numerous shapes occur; all are trade items. Type dates from the 1700s through to the 1900s and is common to all Indian societies.

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 2 - Reference: Brown, Kenneth M., and A.J. Taylor (1989) A Comment on Metal Arrowpoints. Journal of the Southern Texas, Archaeological Association La Tierra, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp.10-22.

Little Bighorn Metal Point (Perino 2002) th

Note: June 25 of each year should be a holiday to celebrate the Indian victory.

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A 1910 photograph of Curly, the last surviving person from the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Photograph by N. A. Forsyth. Photograph is titled Big Horn Battle (also: Battle of Greasy Grasses).

Metal Cutouts/Triangle Point - name is attributed to William S. Fowler in 1973. It is a small point with a straight base. Type is historic and is found in the Northeast. Reference: Fowler, William S. (1973) Metal Cutouts of the Northeast. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 34, Nos. 3-4, p. 24.

Metzal [Lanceolate] Point - namer not available. It is a large, narrow point with parallel flaking and an indented base. Type dates 7000 to 6000 BC and is found in Montana. Major attribute: indented base. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Davis, Leslie B. (1993) Paleo-Indian Archaeology in the High Plains and Rockey Mountains of Montana. In: From Kostenki to Clovis, eds. O. Soffer and N. Praslov, Plenum Press, NY, NY.

996 - Midback Tanged Knife

Midback [Backed] Knife – not named as a type. Name comes from its morphological shape. Reference: N/A.

Michaud – Neponset [Lanceolate] Point – similar point to the plain Barnes, full-face fluting. variation point. It dates to the Paleoindian era and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: conditional. 1 - Reference: Bradley, James W., Arthur E. Spiess, Richard A. Boisvert, and Jeff Boudreau (2008) What’s the Point?: Modal Forms and Attributes of Paleoindian Bifaces in New England-Maritimes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 36, pp. 119-172.

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997 - Midland Points

Milnesand Examples (Based on: Sellards 1955)

Midland [Lanceolate] Point - named by Fred Wendorf, Alex Krieger, and C. Albritton in 1959. It is a small, flat point with shallow base concavity. Sides are straight, with occasionally a wide tip. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in the southern high Plains. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... has carefully trimmed lateral edges and closely resembles the Folsom point. It is not fluted. Major attribute: shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Wendorf, Fred and Alex D. Krieger (1959) New Light on the Midland Discovery. American Antiquity, Vol. 25, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 4 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 5 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 6 - Reference: Holliday, Vance T. (1997) Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 7 - Reference: Holliday, Vance T. (1995) Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Late Quaternary Valley Fills on the Southern High Plains. Geological Society of America, Memoir 186, Boulder, CO. 8 - Reference: Blaine, Jay C. (1968) Preliminary Report of an Early Man Site in West Texas. Transactions of the Third Regional Archaeological Symposium for Southeastern New Mexico and Western Texas-II. 9 - Reference: Strong, Emory (1969) Stone Age in the Great Basin. Binford & Mort Publishing, Portland, OR. 10 - Reference: Boldurian, Anthony T. and John C. Cotter (1999) Clovis Revisited – New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 11 - Reference: Sellards, E. H. (1955) Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Milnesand, New Mexico. American Antiquity, Vol. 20, No. 4, Pt 1, pp. 336-344. 12 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma. 13 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

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998 - Milanville Points

Milanville [Notched] Point - named by Vernon Leslie in 1967. It is a medium slate point that has small side-notches and a straight or concave base. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in the Susquehanna and Delaware River valleys. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Leslie, Vernon (1967) The Milanville Ground Slate Side-Notched Projectile Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 5, Nos. 5-6, pp. 144-147. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Talbot County, Maryland 999 - Miles Point

Miles [Lanceolate] Point - named by Darrin Lowery (2010) after a property owner in Maryland. It is medium point that dates 18 to 25 K-years. It is associated with cores and blades. Comment: There is 10,000 years before Clovis, there must be a variety of points in this period. 1 - Reference: Lowery, Darrin L., Michael A. O’Neal, John S. Wah, Daniel P. Wagner, and Dennis J. Stanford (2010) Late Pleistocene Upland Stratigraphy on the Western Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Quaternary Science Review, Vol. 29, pp. 472-1480. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Milford-Eshback Type - false type; combined types in Perino (1991). See each point type.

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1000 - Milford/Eshback Point

Milford (Eshback) [Notched] Point - named by Vernon Leslie. It is a basally notched point with a small square stem. Base is straight. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in Eastern Pennsylvania to northern New Jersey. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kinsey, W. Fred III (1972) Archaeology in the Upper Delaware Valley. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 2 - Reference: Leslie, Vernon (1969) The Milford Basal-Notched Point. Contribution No. 3 to Tocks Island Reservoir Archaeology. Chesopiean, Vol. 7, Nos. 4-5. 3 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Dinwiddie County, Virginia

Mecklenburg County, Virginia, dark slate.

1001 - Meadowcroft Before-Clovis Artifacts, Miller Point (Left)

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Miller [Lanceolate] Point - named by J. M. Adovasio in 1977. It is a medium nonfluted point with excurvate blades, slight shoulder and ground base. Type is based one projectile point. It dates 15,000 BC, generally considered pre-Clovis, and is found in western Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Adovasio, James, J.D. Gunn, J. Donahue, R. Stuckenrath (1977) Meadowcroft Rockshelter Retrospect 1976. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 47, Nos. 2-3. 2 – Reference: Carr, K. W. and J. M. Adovasio (2002) Paleoindiand in Pennsylvania. In and editors: Ice Age Peoples of Pennsylvania, Recent Research in Pennsylvania Archaeology, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 – Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (2010) Trying to Track the Pre-Clovis Miller Type Point of Western Pennsylvania. Indian Artifact Magazine Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.13-15. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Mills [Stemmed] Point - named after a county in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a small point with pronounced notching and a concave base. Type dates 600 to 900 AD and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

1002 - Milnesand Points

Milnesand [Lanceolate] Point - named by E. H. Sellards in 1955 for a town in New Mexico. It is a lanceolate point with a straight base. Type dates 8200 to 7000 BC and is found from New Mexico to Canada. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... broad, paralleled-flaked point with a square slightly concave to convex, wedge shaped base. It has lateral edge grinding. Major attribute: shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to:

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Comment: it sometimes has parallel flake scars.

1 - Reference: Sellards, E. H. (1955) Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Milnesand, New Mexico. American Antiquity, Vol. 20, No. 4, Pt. 1. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 4 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 5 - Reference: Hill, Mathew, Jack Hofman, Mathew G. Hill, and Douglas Drake (1994) The Paleoindian Bison Bonebed at the Milnesand Site, New Mexico. Paper: SAA Annual Meeting, Anaheim. 6 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis(1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceeding, No. 11, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO. 7 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

1003 - Mimbre Points

Mimbre [Notched] Point - named by Alan Phelps n 2000. It is a small point with a straight base. Type dates 1000 to 1200 AD and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: DiPeso, Charles (1974) Casas Grande, A Fallen Trading Center of the Grand Chichimeca. Phelps, Alan (2000) An Inventory of the Prehistoric Native American Sites of Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. N/A.

1004 - Mineral Springs Points

Mineral Springs [Tang-Notched] Point - named by James A. Brown in 1976. It is a large point with a concave base. Type dates 700 to 1000 AD and is found in Oklahoma and adjacent states. Major attribute: tang notching. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Brown, James A. (1976) Spiro Studies, The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Vol. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Miniature Blades - described by Steve Wallmann in 1983. They are small blades of various designs. They date to the late prehistoric and are found in California and Oregon. Major attribute: none. Type validity: to be determined. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Wallmann, Steve (1983) Ceremonial Miniatures. Screenings, Newsletter of the Oregon Archaeological Society, Vol. 32, No. 2.

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1005 – Miniateur Clovis Points

Miniateur Clovis Points - Floyd Painter argued (unpublished) that there was a toy Clovis point found at the Williamson site in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. The author was present when one was recovered by him in a test pit conducted during the late 1980s. McCary and Bittner (1978) also noted the small Clovis phenomena. Hranicky and McCary (1995) later modified the nomenclature toy to miniature for Clovis. This still presents a problem as to whether these points are expended (longer) Clovis points or whether they were deliberately made as small points. See Clovis [Lanceolate] Point and Toy Clovis Point.

1 -Reference 1: McCary, Ben C., and Glen R. Brittner (1978) Excavations at the Williamson Site, Dinwiddie County, Virginia. ASV Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 33, pp. 45-60. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Ben C. McCary (1996) Clovis Technology in Virginia. ASV Special Publication Number 31.

1006 - Minoqua Point

Minoqua Point – mentioned in Justice (1987) but with no reference. It is found in Northern Ontario. Mission Triangle Point - See Guerrero [Triangle] Point.

1007 - Suggested Mississippian Points

Mississippi [Triangle] Point - named by Carl H. Chapman in 1980. It is a medium point with straight sides and base. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in the Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Chapman, Carl H. (1980) The Archaeology of Missouri, Vol. II. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, MO. 2 - Reference: Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Southeast, West Columbia, SC. 3 Reference: - Ledbetter, J. Jerald (1995) Archaeological Investigations at Mill Branch Sites 9WR4 and 9WR11, Warren County, Georgia. Technical Reports No. 3, Interagency Archaeological Services Division, Atlanta, GA. Note: it is used as a reference to all late Woodland points in the eastern states. It is a technology that is replicated in different areas; of which, specific types are difficult to argue. Powell (1990) also makes this observation.

Mississippi River Randolph [Stemmed] Point – conditional type. See Baker (2009) and Coe 567

(1964).

Missouri Angostura [Lanceolate] Point - false type; see Perino (2002).

1008 - Moab Point (Expended Form)

Moab [Stemmed] Point – named here after the city in Utah; type remains tentative. It is medium point with a pronounced stem Type date around 300 AD and is found in Utah. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference:

Model Matanzas [Notched] Point - see Munson, Patrick J. and Alan D. Harn (1966) Surface Collections from Three Sites in the Central Illinois River Valley. Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 150-168.

1009 - Medesto Point

1010 - Modesto Points

Modesto [Stemmed] Point - named by Curtis H. Tomak in 1983. It is an elongated point with a round stem. Type dates 3500 to 1500 BC and is found in Indian and Kentucky. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Tomak, Curtis H. (1980) Scherchel: A Late Archaic Occupation in Southern Indiana with Appended Chert Descriptions. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 104-111. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Mollala [Stemmed] Point - sometimes called the Molly point. It is a medium point with long hanging shoulders. Stem tapers to a point. Type dates 500 BC to 500 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

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1011 - Mogollon Provisional Points

Mogollon [Provisional] Points - variety of points in New Mexico that need typing. They date to the Pueblo phase (1000+ AD). See Justice 2002.

1012 - Monocacy Points

Monocacy [Stemmed] Point - named by Barry C. Kent (1970). It is a medium point with a squarish stem. It has shallow side notches. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found from southern Pennsylvania to Northern Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: type is crudely made and difficult to type.

1 - Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territory Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont, Ph.D. Dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Monona [Stemmed] Point - no namer available. It is a medium point with wide notches and has a convex base. Type dates 830 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Stoltman, James B. (1997) Chapter 5: The Archaic Tradition. In: Wisconsin Archeologist’s Wisconsin Archeology, ed.: Robert Birmingham, Carol Mason, and James Stoltman, Vol. 78, Nos. 1-2. 2 - Reference: Boszhardt, Robert F. (2003) A Projectile Point Guide for the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

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1013 - Monongahela Point

Monongahela [Triangle] Point - named by William J. Mayer-Oakes in 1955. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in western Pennsylvania and western West Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Mayer-Oakes, William J. (1955) Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley. Anthropological Series No. 2, Vol. 34, Annals of Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, PA. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Mooresville [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a city in Alabama. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type is found in Alabama and dates to the Early Archaic. Major attribute: Type validity: Positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1014 - Mo-Pac Points

1015 - Mo-Pac Point

Mo-Pac [Notched] Point - named by Dale L. McElrath and Andrew C. Fortie in 1983. It is a medium-tolarge point with wide corner notches and a straight or convex base. Type dates 1000 to 600 BC and is found in Illinois. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: McElrath, Dale L. and Andrew C. Fortier (1983) The Missouri Pacific #2 Site. American Bottoms Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports #3. Ed: Charles J. Bareis and James W. Porter, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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1016 - Monrovia Points

Monrovia [Notched] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1991 after a city in Maryland. It is a side notched point with pointed stem corners. Base is concaved and is not ground. Type dates 2500 to 1500 BC and is found in Maryland and Virginia. Major attribute: flared corners. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (1991) Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature for Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North/South Carolina. Special Publication Number 26, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1017 - Transparent Chalcedony Montell

1018 - Montell Points

Montell [Bifurcate] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium-to-large point with squarish bilobes. Type dates 1000 BC to 200 AD and is found in central and south Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... short stem with a V-shaped basal notch. Shoulders are strong and usually barbed. Major attribute: square-ended lobes. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Montgomery [Lanceolate] Point – see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Montgomery [Triangle] Point - named by James W. Cambron and David C, Hulse in 1975. It is a short, broad point with a rounded base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is excurvate. Base is rounded and thinned. Major attribute: none.

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Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

1019 - Moran Points (Perino 1985)

Moran [Stemmed] Point - named by Robert E. Forrester in 1987 after the town in Texas. It is a long, narrow, barbed point with a squarish stem. Type dates 700 to 1200 AD and is found in Texas. Major attribute: hanging barbs. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Forrester, Robert E. (1987) The Moran Point from North-Central Texas. Bulletin, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. 36. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

1020 - Morelos Point

Morelos [Lanceolate] Point - no namer on record. It is a medium point with a rounded base. If valid, type probably dates 5000 to 3000 BC and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: N/A.

Morgan [Lanceolate] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a county in Alabama. It is a small point with a straight base and rounded corners. Type dates 4000 to 3500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

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1021 - Morgan Point

Morgan [Notched] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1991 after an ASV president. It is a medium point with a wide, shallow side notch. It has a straight base. The stem is wide. Type has not been dated and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: wide side notch. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (1991) Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature for Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North/South Carolina. Special Publication Number 26, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1022 - Morgan Point

Morgan [Stemmed] Point - named by Curtus Tomark in 1980. It is a long, narrow point with a serrated blade. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in the Mississippi river valley. Major attribute: serrated blade. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Tomak, Curtis H. (1980) An Outline of the Cultural Sequence of a Portion of the Valley of the West Fork of the White River in Southwestern Indiana. Paper presented: Annual Meeting, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, IN.

1023 - Morhiss Points

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Morhiss Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Morhiss [Stemmed] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a thick, medium-to-large point with a rounded, squarish stem. Type dates 1000 BC and is found on the coastal plain of Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... rather large, heavy, with a long lanceolate bode, and has a rectangular stem and generally has convex basal edges. Major attribute: thickness. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Adena. Comment: Southern version of Adena?

1024 - Morrill Points

Morrill [Stemmed] Point - named by H. Perry Newell and Alex D. Krieger in 1949. It is a medium-tolarge point with rectangular stem. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Texas and Oklahoma. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... long, slender triangular bode with straight to gently convex lateral edges. It has weak shoulders and a long, wide roughly rectangular stem. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Newell, H. Perry and Alex D. Krieger (1949). The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 5. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1025 - Morris Points (Bell and Hall 1953)

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Morris [Bifurcate] Point - named by Robert E. Bell and Roland Hall in 1953. It is a triangular point with small bilobes. Type dates 1300 AD and is found in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Major attribute: indented base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Bell, Robert E. and Roland Hall (1953) Selected Projectile Point Types of the United States. Bulletin, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

1026 – Morroculter Points (After: Baker 2009)

Morroculter [Triangle] Point – named by Baker (2009). It is a medium point with a straight base. Edges are often retouched. It dates to the 4500-3500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Triangle shape. Type validity: Conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1027 - Top: Morrow Mountain I, Bottom: Morrow Mountain II

Morrow Mountain [Rounded Base] Point – false type; see Cambron and Hulse (1986) and Birmingham [Stemmed] Point.

1028 - Morrow Mountain I Points

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1029 - Morrow Mountain I Points

1030 - Morrow Mountain I Points

1031 - Morrow Mountain I Points

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1032 – Morrow Mountain Point Distribution

Morrow Mountain I [Stemmed] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964 after a mountain in North Carolina. It is a wide-bladed point with a short tapering stem. Base is rounded. Type dates 6000 to 3500 BC and is found all over the eastern U.S. Coe (1964) suggests: … small triangular blade with a short pointed stem. Major attribute: small pointed stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Coe (1964).

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 4 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 7 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33. 8 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1033 - Morrow Mountain II Points

1034 - Morrow Mountain I Points

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1035 - Morrow Mountain II Points

Morrow Mountain II [Stemmed] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964 after a mountain in North Carolina. It is a narrow-bladed point with a short tapering stem. Base is pointed. Type dates 4500 to 3000 BC and is found all over the eastern U.S. Coe (1964) suggests: … long narrow blade with a long tapered stem. Major attribute: broad blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Coe (1964).

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 6 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

1036 - Morrow Mountain II Points

Morrow Mountain [Straight Base] Point - false type; see Cambron and Hulse (1986) and Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554.

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1037 - Morse Knife

Morse [Knife] Type - named by Gregory Perino in 1969 for a site in Illinois. It is a long, thin unnotched knife with a constricting stem. Forms are found from 150 to 350 mm (6 to 14 inches). Type dates around 1000 BC and is found in areas around the Great Lakes. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Poore, Ronald (1963) Objects from a Mound Burial, Calhoun County, Illinois. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 10, No. 4, p. 134.

Morton [Lanceolate] Point - see Montet-White, Anta (1968) The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the Early and Middle Woodland Period. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers, No. 35. Moses Ridge [Notched] Point - no type namer and not defined here.

Reference: Whyte, Tom (1979) Cultural Resource Mitigation Activities at the McClintic Bridge Site Complex, The Gathwright Reservoir, Bath County, Virginia. Occasional Papers in Anthropology, No. 4, James Madison University, Harrisburg, VA.

Mostin [Pentagonal] Point – a large, shoulderless, pentagonal points, included within the Borax Lake cluster. The type may represent resharpened Borax Lake wide-stemmed points. The type takes its name from the Mostin site (LAK-380/381) near Clear Lake and from Jerry Mostin, the site's avocational discoverer. 1 - Reference: White, Gregory G., and Ronald F. King. 2007. Rethinking the Mostin Site. In There Grows a Green Tree: Papers in Honor of David A. Fredrickson, edited by Gred White, Pat Mikkelsen, William R. Hildbrandt, Mark E. Basgall, Mildred Dickemann, and Thomas M. Origer, pp. 107-124. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publication No. 11. University of California, Davis. 2 - Reference: King, Ron and Gary Berg (1973) The Mostin site: Preliminary Report on Lake County Salvage Operations. Manuscript on file, Northeast Resources Information Center, Sonoma State University. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Motley Curved Knife - see Schambach (1998).

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1038 – Motley Points

Motley Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Motley [Notched] Point - named by James Ford, Philip Philips, and William Haag in 1955. It is a large triangular-bladed point which has gently convex sides, a constricting stem, a wide deep notch, and a slightly convex base. Type dates 1300 to 1000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders may be horizontal or tapered. Blade edges are straight. Stem is expanding due to wide side notches. Base is straight and usually thinned. Justice (1987) suggests: … notching is typically wide and rounded, leaving a narrow neck width and wide shoulders. Major attribute: wide/deep notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Tipton. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Ford, James A., Philip Philips, and William G. Haag (1955) The Jaketown Site in West Central Mississippi. American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers, Vol. 45, Pt. 1, pp. 1-164. 2 - Reference: Ford, James A. and Clarence Webb (1956) Poverty Point, A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropology Papers, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 1-136. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 4 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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5 - Reference: Kidder. Tristram R. and Charles R. McGimsey (1998) Louisiana Archaeology: The 1980-1982 Excavations on the Northwest Ridge 1 at the Poverty Point Site. Bulletin, Louisiana Archaeological Society, Number 25. 6 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 7 - Reference: Gibson, Jon L. (2001) The Ancient Mounds of Poverty Point. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. 8 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 9 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Motley, Variety Delhi - false type; see Schambach (1998). Mounds Stemless Groups I to IV - see Justice (1987).

1039 - Mount Albion Points

Mount Albion [Notched] Point - named by James B. Benedict in 1970. It is a medium point with convex base. Type dates 3500 BC and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Benedict, James B. (1970) Altithermal Occupation of the Front Range Alpine Region. Abstracts, First Meeting of the American Quaternary Association 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Mountain Fork [Notched] Point - named by James Cambron after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with shallow side notches. Type dates 3500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL.

Mouser [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a long, narrow point with a concave base. Type dates 8000 to 6000 BC and is found in Texas and Louisiana. Major attribute: none. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

1040 – Moustache Simpson Points Point

Moustache Simpson [Lanceolate] Point - namer not available. It is an artists form of the Simpson point. They never show wear or breakage. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in Florida and Georgia. See Simpson [Mustache] Point. Comment: Type has no provable function and has not been found in an archaeological context.

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Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

1041 - Moyock Points

Moyock [Stemmed] Point - named by Floyd Painter and Wm Jack Hranicky in 1989. It is a small-tomedium point with a triangular blade. Stems are small with parallel sides, rounded corners, and a shallow basal indentation. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Floyd, Painter and Wm Jack Hranicky (1989) The Moyock Projectile Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 24-26. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1042 - Mud Creek Points

Mud Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by David C. Hulse in 1960 after the creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a wide stem and straight or convex base. Type dates Late Archaic/Early Woodland and is found in Alabama and Tennessee. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are usually tapered but may be horizontal and rounded. Blade edges are excurvate. Stem is expanding with straight edges. Base is thinned, ground, and straight or convex. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to:

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Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. (1960) The Transitional Paleo-Indian. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 6, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS.

1043 - Mulberry Creek Points

1044 - Mulberry Creek Points

Mulberry Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by David Dejarnette, Edward Kurjack, and James Cambron in 1962. It is a large point with asymmetrical shoulders. Base is convex. Type dates to the upper Woodland and is found in Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … stem may be tapered or straight. Base is convex. Stem edges are usually ground. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL.

Mulberry Creek [Triangle] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is 583

a medium point with straight sides. Type dates 850 to 950 AD and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Mule Ear [Lanceolate] Points - see Columbia Mule Ear [Knife] Type.

1045 - Muncy Points (Fogelman 1988)

Muncy [Bifurcate] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a medium point with a square or constricting stem. Base is deeply concave. Type dates 6300 BC and is found in central Pennsylvania. Major attribute: pointed stem corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1046 - Mungia Knife

Mungai Knife - flaked tool with marginal retouch and has a pointed end.

Reference: Adovasio, James, J. D. Gunn, J. Donahue, and R. Stuckenrath (1977) Meadowcroft Rockshelter Retrospect 1976. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 47, Nos. 2-3.

1047 - Munker's Creek Points

Munker's Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Thomas Witty, Jr. in 1969. It is a long, narrow point with concave or convex base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Kansas. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with parallel to moderately convex blade edges. Stem is broad and varies from square to expanding. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Witty, Thomas Jr. (1969) Notes on Flint Hills Archaeology, Kansas Newsletter, Anthropological Association, Vol. 14, No. 8. 2 - Reference: O’Brien, Patricia J. Clark Larden, John O’Grady, Brian O’Neill, and Ann S. Stirland (1973) The Elliott Site (14GE303): A Preliminary Report. Plain Anthropologist, Vol. 18, No. 59.

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1048 - Murphy's Points

Murphy's [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard L. George in 1982. It is a medium point with a flaring stem. Base is straight. Type dates 200 AD and is found in western Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: George, Richard L. (1982) Blawnox: An Upper Ohio Valley Middle Woodland Site. Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol. 51. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Nn N-2 [Stemmed] Point - name is credited to Beardsley (1954). It is a knife point with a tapering stem. Type remains to be dated and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

Naco [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a long, narrow point with a concave base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in the Southwest. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

1049 - Nansemond Points

Nansemond [Notched] Point - named by Edward Bottoms in 1965. It is a wide usually resharpened straight to concave-based side-notched point. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina.

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Major attribute: flared corners. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bottoms, Edward (1965) The Nansemond Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 20. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1050 - Nanton Points

Nanton [Notched] Point - named by Richard G. Forbis in 1962. It is a small point with a straight, irregular base. Type dates 600 to 1700 AD and is found on the Northern Plains. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Nanticoke [Notched] Point - no namer. It is a small point with high side notches. It has a straight base. Type dates 1400 to 1550 AD and is found in Ontario. Major attribute: side notches. Type validity: conditional. Comment: it is a mixed style type. Reference: Fox, W. A. (1981) Nanticoke Notched Points. KEWA 81-3.

Nanticoke [Triangle] Point - no namer. It is narrow, long point with a concave base. Type dates 1400 to 1600 AD and is found in Ontario. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional Similar to: Comment: it is a mixed style type.

Reference: Fox, W. A. (1981) Nanticke Triangular Points. KEWA 81-4.

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1051 - Nawthis Points

Nawthis [Notched] Point - named by Richard N. Holmer and Dennis G. Weber in 1980. It is a long, thin point with straight base. Stem corners are rounded. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Utah. Major attribute: small notched. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Holmer, Richard N. and Dennis G. Weber (1980) Common Post-Archaic Projectile Points of the Fremont Area. Utah State Historical Society, Antiquities Section Selected Papers, 16. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1052 - Nebo Hill Points

1053 – Nebo Hill Point Distribution

Nebo Hill [Lanceolate] Point - named by J. Mott Shippee in 1948. It is a long, narrow lanceolate point with straight, rounded, or concave base. Type dates 2600 to 1000 BC and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … a long narrow point with a lenticular cross section. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Sedalia. Comment: The Nebo Hill and Sedalia are probably the same pointmaking technology. Justice (1987) clusters the two types. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Shippee, J. Mott (1948) Nebo Hill, A Lithic Complex in Western Missouri. American Antiquity, Vol. 14, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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3 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 4 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 - Reference: Reeder, Robert L. (1980) The Sohn Site: A Lowland Nebo Hill Complex Campsite. In: Archaic Prehistory on the Prairie-Plans Border, A. Johnson, ed., Publications in Anthropology, No. 12, University of Kansas. 7 - Publication: Reid, Kenneth C. (1984) Nebo Hill and Late Archaic Prehistory of the Southern Prairie Peninsula. Publications in Anthropology, No. 15, University of Kansas. 8 - Reference: Shippee, J.M.(1957) The Diagnostic Point Type of the Nebo Hill Complex. Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 42-48. 9 - Reference: Brown, Kenneth T. and Robert J. Ziegler (1981) Nebo Hill Settlement Patterns in Northwestern Missouri. Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 42, pp. 43-56.

Neches River [Stemmed] Point - named by D. T. Kent, Jr. around 1962 after the river in Texas. It is a medium, triangularly-bladed point and a square stem. Type dates 2100 to 1000 BC and is found in central and southeast Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point with convex lateral edges with one third of the blade being serrated. Stem may be strongly expanding or rectangular with straight sides and base. Major attribute: serration. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kent, D. T., Jr. (1961) Letter to Luthel F. Duffield with description, The Gee Bend Reservoir files, Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, TX. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1054 - Need Point (Justice 2002)

Need [Notched] Point - named for the site in California by Noel Justice. It is a large point with small notches and a tapered stem. Type dates 500 BC to 500 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1055 - Neff Points

Neff [Notched] Point - named by Regge Wiseman in 1971 after the site in New Mexico. It is a medium point with wide notches and a straight base. Type dates 1000 to 1200 AD and is found in New Mexico and Texas. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Wiseman, Regge N. (1971) The Neff Site, A Ceramic Period Lithic Manufacturing Site on the Rio Felix, Southeastern New Mexico (LA 5863). Artifact, Journal of the El Paso Archaeological Society, Inc., Vol. 9, No. 1.

Neodesha [Lanceolate] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional

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archaeology.

1056 - Neosho Knife

Neosho [Knife] Type - named by Greg Perino in 2002. It is a large, narrow knife that is usually notched. Base is round or pointed. Type dates 1600 to 1750 AD and is found from Texas to Kansas. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Nepesta [?] Point – see Scoggin, Charles (1940) Folsom and Nepesta Points. American Antiquity, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 291-298.

Neponset [Lanceolate] Point - named by Bradley (1998). It is a variety of the Clovis type.

Reference: Bradley, James W. (1998) Origins and Ancestors: Investigating New England’s Paleo-Indians. Massachusetts Historical Commission. Springfield, MA.

1057 - Nettleton Point

Nettleton [Notched] Point - named by Jay Johnson and Samuel Brooks, it is a medium point with double side notched and has a convex base. Type dates 4750 to 3900 BC and is found in Arkansas. Major attribute: blade notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Johnson, Jay K. and Samuel O. Brooks (1988) Rocks from the Northeast Archaic in North Mississippi. Mississippi Archaeology, Vol. 23, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Browner, Tom (1999) Can Anyone Just Tell the Truth. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 46, No. 4.

Nettling [Notched] Point - no namer. It is a medium point with corner notches and a convex base. Type dates the Early Archaic and is found in the upper Great Lakes area. Major attribute: none. Reference: Fox, W. A. (1980) Nettling Points. KEWA 80-2.

1058 - Neuberger Points

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Neuberger [Notched] Point - named by Lawrence Conrad in 1981. It is a medium point with convex base (dovetail). Type dates 7000 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Perino (1985) suggests …a point with a short expanding stem. A needle tip and fine serrations are common. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Conrad, Lawrence (1981) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Upland West-Central Illinois. A Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Quincy Corridor for the Proposed FAP 407 Highway Project. Archaeological Research Reports of Investigations, No. 2, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1059 - Nevada Knife

Nevada [Provisional Knife] Type - not named here, but suggests a possible type. It is a long knife with a triangular stem. Blade is V-shaped. It has not been dated and is found in Nevada. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Probably a resharpened bipoint.

Reference: This paper.

1060 - Neville Points (Broken)

Neville [Stemmed] Point - named by Dena F. Dincauze in 1976. It is a triangularly bladed point with a constricting stem. Base is straight. Type dates 5600 BC and is found in coastal areas from New York to Maine.

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Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dincauze, Dena (1976) The Neville Site, 8,000 Years at Amoskeg, Manchester, New Hampshire. Monographs, Peabody Museum, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Robinson, Brian S., James B. Peterson, and Ann K. Robinson , eds. (1992) Early Holocene Occupation in Northern New England. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology, No. 9, Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Haffenreffer Museum, and Maine Archaeological Society. 5 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 6 - Reference: Hoffman, Curtiss (1991) The Persistence of Memory: Neville and Stark Points in Southern New England. Bulletin, Archaeology Society of Connecticut, No. 54, pp. 23-54. 7 - Reference: Doucette, Dianna L. (2005) Reflections of the Middle Archaic: A View from Annasnappet Point. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 22-33. 8 - Reference: Boudreau, Jeff (2005) The Rubin Farm Site, Norton, MA. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 34-44. 9 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Neville Variant Point - false type; see Doucette, Dianna L. (2005) Reflections of the Middle Archaic: A View from Annasnappet Point. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 22-33. Newberry [Stemmed] Point - sometimes called the Pismo point. It is a medium point with a long tapering stem. Type dates 1200 to 1600 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Pismo. Comment: type needs to be found in an archaeological context.

Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

New England [Bifurcate] Point – see Taylor, William B. (2005) An Update on Bifurcate-base Points from the Titicut Area. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 3-21.

1061 - Newmanstown Point

Newmanstown [Notched] Point - name suggested by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a large point with wide side notches and a rounded base. Type has not been dated and is found in eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey. Major attribute: roundish stem.. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Macpherson. Comment: 1 - Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

New Market [Stemmed] Point - formerly the Randolph type (as in: Coe 1964); named by James Cambron. It is a medium point with a tapering stem and round base. Type dates to the late Woodland and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types.

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Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL.

1062 - Newnan Points

1063 - Coral Newnan Points from Florida

Newnan/Hillsboro [Stemmed] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968 after a lake in Florida. It is a large, well-made point with a small rectangular stem. Type dates 3500 to 2500 BC and is found along the Gulf Coast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … point with downward and outward sloping basal blade edges, contacting tang, and straight base. Major attribute: contracting stem. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Koens-Crispen. Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles H. Fairbanks (1980) Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 6 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 7 – Reference: Austin, Robert J. (2006) Knife and Hammer: An Exercise in Positive Destruction – The I-75 Project and Lithic Scatter Research in Florida, Publication No. 16, Florida Anthropological Society.

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1064 - Newsoms Points

Newsoms [Triangle] Point - named by Geral P. Smith in 1984. It is an equilateral, thin, straight-sided point with straight base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Clements. Comment: Reference: Smith, Geral P. (1984) The Hand Site, Southampton County, Virginia. Special Publication Number 11, Archeological Society of Virginia.

1065 - Newton Falls Points

Newton Falls [Notched] Point - named by Olaf Prufer and Charles Sofsky in 1965. It is a triangularbladed point with straight base. Corners are rounded. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in Ohio and Kentucky. Perino (1985) suggests … a broad point with broad side notches. Base is heavily ground. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Sofsky, Charles (1965) The McKibben Site (33TR57), Trumbull County, Ohio: A Contribution to the Late Paleo-Indian and Archaic Phases of Ohio. Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 11, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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1066 - Nightfire Point

Nightfire [Notched] Point - described by Carrol Howe and named after the island in Oregon. It is a large point with a pronounced stem area. Type dates 5000 to 2000 BC and is found in Oregon. Major attribute: high side notch. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Howe, Carrol B. (1979) Ancient Modocs of California and Oregon. Binford and Mort Publishing Co., Portland, Oregon.

Niobrara [Lanceolate] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Nipple [Notched] Point - named by Frankie H. Snow in 1980. It is a medium point with corner notches and has an indented base. It has a nipple in its base. It is found in Georgia and dates to the Early Archaic. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Snow, Frankie H. (1980) The Nipple Point. Profile, No. 28.

1067 - Nodena Banks Points

Nodena Banks [Variety] Point - named by Greg Perino in 1966. It is a long, narrow point with a slight constriction at the base. Type dates 1400 to 1700 AD and is found in the middle Mississippi river valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type is among numerous lanceolate forms and remains to be proven that it is a member of the Copena type. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). Reference: Perino, Greg (1966) The Banks Village Site, Crittenden County, Arkansas. Missouri Archaeologist, Memoir No. 4, Columbia, MO.

1068 - Nodena Points

Nodena [Stemmed] Point - named by Carl Chapman and Lee Anderson in 1955 for a plantation in Arkansas. It is a leaf-shaped, narrow point. Type dates 1300 to 1700 AD and is found in Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Mississippi. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is excurvate with an acute distal end. Basal area is usually ground. Major attribute: shape. 594

Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Chapman, Carl and Lee Anderson (1955) The Campbell Site, A Late Mississippian Town Site and Cemetery in Southwest Missouri, Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 17, Nos. 2-3. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.\

Nodena [Elliptical] Point - see Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1069 - Nodena Spike Points

Nodena [Spike] Point - see Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. Nogales [Triangle] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish in 1958. It is isosceles shaped with slightly convex sides and a straight-to-convex base. It has not been dated and is found in Texas and Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 48, Pt. 6. 2 - Reference: MacNeish, R.S. and Peggy Wilner (2003) Chapter 11 – The Lithic Assemblage of Pendejo Cave. In: Pendejo Cave, R. MacNeish and J. Libby, eds., University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

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1070 - Nolan Points

Nolan [Stemmed] Point - named by J. Charles Kelly in 1938. Medium point with a steep beveling stem. It has a triangular blade. Type dates 4000 BC to 1000 AD and is found in Texas and Oklahoma. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... roughly triangular with tapered shoulders that slant toward the tip; lateral edges are convex or recurved. It has alternate beveling. Major attribute: beveling. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Chapman, Carl H. and Leo O. Anderson (1955) The Campbell Site, A Late Mississippi Town Site and Cemetery in Southeast Missouri. Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 17, Nos. 2-3, pp. 1-120. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1071 - Nolichucky Points

Nolichucky [Lanceolate] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg in 1956. It is an auriculate point with recurved edges and straight base and flaring basal corners. Type dates 0 AD and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … hafting area has a recurvate edge. Base is slightly concave. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1957) Chipped Stone Artifacts of the Tennessee Valley Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XIII, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1072 - Nomini Points

Nomini [Notched] Point - named by Gregory A. Waselkov in 1982. It is a small, broad blade with shallow side-notches and a straight or slightly concave base. Blade is thick with straight edges. Type dates 880 AD and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: site specific. Similar to:

596

Comment: type is probably a small arrowhead.

1 - Reference: Waselkov, Gregory A. (1982) Shellfish Gathering and Shell Midden Archaeology. Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Norden [Stemmed] Point - named by Michael Clayton in 1973 for a summit in the Sierra Nevadas. It is a medium point with hanging shoulders which gives the effect of basal notching. Type dates 1500 to 500 BC and is found in the Great Basin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Clayton, Michael P. (1973) An Archaeological Survey of the Bear Valley Locality, Placer and Nevada Counties, California. Master’s thesis, California State University, Sacramento, CA. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. .

1073 - Normanskill Point

Normanskill [Notched] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a slender, thick side-notched point with a straight base. Type dates 1500 BC and is found in the Northeast and middle Atlantic states. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … slender, thick points of medium size, with predominant side notches. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Orient. Comment: Type is part of the narrow point tradition in the upper east coast. For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 revised).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 37-38, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ. 4 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 8 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 9 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

1074 - Norton Points

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1075 - North Bifaces

North [Biface] Type - large oval biface which is usually very thin. The biface is typical of the Hopewell culture and is manifested in the Snyders point (Perino 1969). Perino was the first to identify this biface. Major attribute: round corners. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: type may simply be a perform.

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1969) North Points or Blades. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 16, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1076 – North Dakota Blade

North Dakota Blade - currently not defined as a type; collector reference to a triangular form that is found in North Dakota.

Reference: none.

Norton [Notched] Point – see Justice (1987).

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1077 - Northern Point

1078 - Northern Point Distribution

Northern [Notched] Point - reported by Ruth Gruhn in 1961 after Butte cave in Idaho. It is a medium point with a squarish tang and a concave base. Type dates 6000 to 5000 BC and is found in Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, and California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Sudden Ventana, Bitteroot, San Rafael. Comment: type needs archaeological refining; see Heizer and Hester (1978). 1 - Reference: Gruhn, Ruth (1961) The Archaeology of Wilson Butte Cave, South-Central Idaho. Occasional Papers, Idaho State College Museum, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA. 3 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F. and Thomas R. Hester (1978) Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms And Chronology. Socorro, New Mexico, Ballena Press. Reference: Thomas, David H. 1981. How to Classify the Projectile Points from Monitor Valley, Nevada. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3:7-43. 4 - Reference: Holmer, Richard N. 1986. Common Projectile Points of the Intermountain West. In Anthropology of the Desert West: Essays in Honor of Jesse D. Jennings, edited by Carol J. Condie and Don D. Fowler, pp. 89-115. University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 111. Salt Lake City. 5 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R. Hester. 1978a. Great Basin. In Chronologies in New World Archaeology, edited by R. E. Taylor and Clement W. Meighan, pp. 147-199. Academic Press, New York. 6 - Reference: O'Connell, James F. 1971. The Archeology and Cultural Ecology of Surprise Valley, Northeast California. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.

Northeast [Constricting Stem] Point - group of types (Long, Lehigh, Koens, Crispen) that represent the Late Archaic in the Northeast. This style has numerous type names and is found all along the Atlantic coastal area.

599

1079 - Norton Point

Norton [Notched] Point - named by James B. Griffin in 1970 after a mound group. It is a large point with wide notches and round base. Type dates 100 BC to 300 AD and is found in Michigan and Illinois. Major attribute: dovetail. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Snyders. Comment: 1 - Reference: Griffin, James B. (1970) The Burial Complexes of the Knight and Norton Mounds in Illinois and Michigan. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 2, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Montet-White, Anta (1968) The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the Early and Middle Woodland Period. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 35. 3 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

1080 - Norton Bay Point

Norton Bay [Lanceolate] Point - name here after the bay in Alaska. It is a long, narrow point with a beveled cutting edge. It is made off a blade which gives it a D-shaped cross section. Base is straight which shows the striking platform. It is charactistically made from basalt. Type dates Late Paleoindian into the Early Archaic and is found in Alaska. Major attribute: blade technology, long stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Nebo Hill. Comment: type is a local knife form.

Reference: This paper.

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1081 - Northumberland Point

Northumberland [Fluted Knife] Type - named by Wm Jack Hranicky and Gary L. Fogelman in 1994 after a Pennsylvania county where the knife was first observed. It is a single face-fluted biface usually made from jasper or flint. Type dates Paleoindian and is found in Pennsylvania to Virginia (uplands). Major attribute: single-face flute. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Crowfield. Comment: the single face flute is unique.

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (1995) Middle Atlantic Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature, Archeological Society of Virginia, Special Publication Number 33. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1082 - Pennsylvania Northumberlands and Other Paleoindian Points

The Northumberland point is illustrated but not identified in these publications:

1 – Reference: Broster, John B. and Mark R. Norton (1996) Recent Paleoindian Research in Tennessee. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. 2 – Reference: Kraft, C. Herbert (1973) The Plenge Site: A Paleo-Indian Occupation Site in New Jersey. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 56-117. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY.

Notched Point - reference to any point that has indention in the stem area. They may be basal, side, or corner notches. Style was developed in the Early Archaic period. Generally, style introduces the Archaic and continues through the Woodland period.

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1083 - Notchaway Points

Notchaway [Stemmed] Point - named by Kevin Dowdy and John Sowell in 1998 after the Ichuowaynotchaway Creek. It is a medium point with a short stem. It is usually made from flint. Type has not been dated and is found in Georgia. Major attribute: bell-shaped blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dowdy, Kevin and John Sowell (1998) The Notchaway Point. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 192-3. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Notched Maud Point - see Maud [Triangle] Point and Perine (2002).

1084 - Nottoway River Points

1085 - Nottoway River Points

Nottoway River [Bifurcate] Point - named by Floyd Painter in 1970 after a river in Virginia. It is a medium point with pronounced bilobes. Type dates 8300 to 7500 BC and is found in the lower Middle Atlantic area. Major attribute: large lobes. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Painter, Floyd (1970) The Nottoway River Projectile Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 21. 2 - Reference: The Bifurcate Tradition in the South Atlantic Region. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, Vol. 7, pp. 91106. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 6 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

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1086 – Nuckolls-Dalton Points (DeJanette, Kurjack, and Cambron 1962)

Nuckolls-Dalton [Lanceolate] Point - named by Madeline Kneberg. It is a medium, auriculate point with shallow waisting and concave base. Type dates 7600 BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: type is among numerous Dalton forms.

1 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 2 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

Nueces [Biface and Uniface] Type - distally beveled biface (or uniface); it is trapezoidal to roughly a lunate (crescentic) and has a plano-convex cross section. Widest part is beveled. It functioned as a scraping or cutting implement.

1 - Reference: Hall, Grant D., Stephen L. Black, and Carol Graves (1982) Archaeological Investigations at Choke Canyon Reservoir, South Texas: The Phase I Findings. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, Choke Canyon Series, No. 5. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

Nuwuks [Stemmed] Point – found in Alaska. It is long narrow point with a squarish stem. It dates around 7000 BC. Comment: Type needs defining.

Reference: Musdoch, John (1892) Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. Ninth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

1087 - Nyack Points

Nyack [Notched] Point - named by Louis A. Brennan in 1970. It is a long, narrow point with small side

603

notches. Base is straight or slightly convex. Type dates 1250 BC and is found in the lower Hudson River valley. Major attribute: off-center blade. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Helligramite. Comment:

1088 - Oak Grove Point

Oak Grove I and II [Stemmed] Point - no one is credited with its name but is probably attributed to Jack Schock in 1977. It is a large point with a long relatively narrow blade, square stem, and slightly rounded base. Type is divided into Types I and II. Type dates to the Archaic and distribution has not been defined. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Kays. Comment: the Oak Grove and Kays are probably the same pointmaking technology. 1 – Reference: Schock, Jack M., William Howell, Mary L. Bowman, Richard Alvery, Danna Beasley, and Joel Stoner (1977) A Report on the Excavations of Two Archaic Sites (CH 302 and CH 307) in Christian County, Kentucky. Kentucky Archaeological Association Bulletins 6 and 7. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1988) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, or Schock, Jack M. (1978) Prehistoric Indians of Southern Kentucky. Arrow Enterprises, Bowling Green, KY.

Oatlands [Stemmed] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large point with a slightly tapering stem. Type dates 6500 to 5500 BC and is found along the Atlantic coast. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

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1089 – Oauchita Points

Oauchita [Stemmed] Point – no namer or reference. Large point with a square stem and hanging shoulders. It dates 1000 B and is found from Texas to Florida. Reference: none.

1090 - Occoquan Points

Occoquan [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky (2001) after a river in Virginia. It is a large point with a wide, tapering stem with a straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic/Early Woodland and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: squarish stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Broad. Comment: type is a regional form of the Archaic/Woodland pointmaking style. 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1091 - Ocala Points (Bullen 1975)

Ocala [Notched] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1975. It is a large, corner-notched point with a straight base. Type dates 7500 to 6000 BC and is found from Florida to South Carolina. Bullen (1975) suggests: … extremely well-made, relatively thin, corner notched point with lateral chipping, rounded corners, expanding tang, and excurvate tang base. 605

Major attribute: dovetail. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: St Charles. Comment: type is a regional variation of the dovetail form.

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1975) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points, Revised Edition, Kendall Books, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Ocala Variants – false typing. See Schroder (2002).

1092 - Occaneechee Points

Occaneechee [Triangle] Point - named by Floyd Painter and Loy Carter in the 1970s. It is a small-tolarge point with straight edges and straight base. Small points are usually made from white quartz. Type dates 1400 AD and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Ohatchee Creek [Triangle] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates to the Middle Woodland era and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Ohio Fluted [Lanceolate] Point - named by Lawrence N. Tully in 1986. It is a fluted point with weak shoulders and excurvate blade edges and concave base. Type may be unfluted. Type dates 10,000 BC and is found in the upper Ohio River valley. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Tully, Lawrence N. (1986) Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North American Indian. Collector Books, Paducah, KY.

Photo 1093 - Ohio Point

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Ohio [Provisional Stemmed] Point - not named here. There is no distributional data available for this style; however, it appears to be found from Pennsylvania-Ohio to Alabama. This northern style may be the Acclivis type identified by Baker (1995).

1094 - Ohio Knife

Ohio [Provisional Knife] Point - named here for a specimen found in Ohio. It is a large knife with excurvate blade edges. Base is straight and thinned. Major attribute: none.

Reference: This paper.

Okoboji [Notched] Point - named after a lake in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a small point with a straight base. Type dates 600 to 1100 AD and is found in Iowa and Minnesota. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

Old Copper Culture Point - Wahla, Edward J. (no date (1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

Old Women’s Point - see Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

1095 - O'Leno Points

O'Leno [Triangle] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1958. It is a medium, nearly equilateral point with a straight, convex or concave base. Type dates 750 AD and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … nearly equilateral, triangle point with convex sides and usually a straight base. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1958) Six Sites near the Chattahoochee River in the Jim Woodruff Reservoir Area, Florida. River Basin Survey Paper, No. 14, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 169, pp. 315-57. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

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1096 - Oleta Points

Oleta [Stemmed] Point - named by Paul Hodges in 1976. It is a large point with a flaring stemmed convex base. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in Louisiana. Major attribute: convex base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Connaway, John M. (1977) The Denton Site: A Middle Archaic Occupation in the Northern Yazoo Basin, Mississippi. Mississippi Dept. of Archives and History, Jackson. 2 - Reference: Hodges, Paul (1976) A Report on an Early Archaic Transitional Type Point: The Oleta. Central States Archaeological Journal 23(2).

1097 - Oley Point

Oley [Notched] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a triangularly bladed point with small notches. Base is concave. Corners are pointed or rounded. Type has not been dated and it is found in southeastern Pennsylvania. Major attribute: flared corners. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Lowe. Comment: type needs archaeological testing. Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1098 - Olmos Bifaces (Turner and Hester 1985)

Olmos Tool (or Biface) Type - probably named by Harry Shafer. It is a highly distinctive triangular tool found in south Texas. It usually has burins on the edge of the frequently resharpened bit. Major attribute: single notch. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R. (1969) Archeological Investigations in Kennedy and Kleberg Counties, Texas, August, 1967. State Building Commission, Archeological Program, Report No. 15. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

Old Copper Points – reference to material of points found in copper-containing graves in Michigan. They date around 1000 BC.

Reference: Griffin, James B. (1961) Lake Superior Copper and the Indians. Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Omusee Creek [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with horned stem corners. Type dates 7500 to 7000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: 608

Comment:

1 - Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA. 2 - Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1099 - Opossum Bayou Points

Opossum Bayou [Notched] Point - named by John M. Connaway in 1977. It is a crude point with a rounded base. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in Mississippi. Major attribute: round base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Connaway, John M. (1977) The Denton Site: A Middle Archaic Occupation in the Northern Yazoo Basin, Mississippi. Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1100 - Orient Points

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1101 - Orient Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

Orient [Fishtailed] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a slender, gracefully formed medium point with a narrow waist and flaring stem and deep concave base. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in the middle Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … slender, gracefully formed point, of medium size, with characteristically narrow, lanceolate blade merging into a flaring fishtail stem. Major attribute: flaring stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, p. 39, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Donta, Christopher L. (2003) The Oak Knoll Site: An Orient Campsite in Lincoln, MA. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 12-21. 3 – Reference: Bello, Charles A. (1998) An Exceptionally Large Orient Fishtail from Marlboro Township, Mammoth County. Bulletin Archaeological Society of New Jersey, Vol. 53. 4 - Reference: Donta, Christopher L. (2003) The Oak Knoll Site: An Orient Campsite in Lincoln, MA. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 12-21. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1102 - Oscela Point

1103 - Oscela Point

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1104 - Oscola Points (Drawings: Schroder 2002)

Osceola [Notched] Point - named by Robert Ritzenthaler in 1946 after the site in Wisconsin. It is a large, corner-notched point with a slightly concave base. Type dates Middle to Late Archaic and is found in Wisconsin. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade edges are usually parallel. Notches are squared or rounded. Stem base is straight or concave. Major attribute: base configurations. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Hemphill, Big Sandy. Comment: Type is probably a late, localized version of the Big Sandy notching technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Ritzenthaler, Robert (1946) The Osceola Site. Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 27, New Series. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 – Reference: Theler, James L. and Robert F. Boszhardt (2003) Twelve Millennia: Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 4 - Reference: Stoltman, James B. (1997) Chapter 6: The Archaic Tradition. In: Wisconsin Archeologist’s Wisconsin Archeology, ed.: Robert Birmingham, Carol Mason, and James Stoltman, Vol. 78, Nos. 1-2.

1105 - Oscela-Greenbrier Point

Osceola Greenbrier [Notched] Point - named by John Powell in 1990. It is a medium point with a concave base. It sometimes has a basal nipple (for fluting?). Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: unknown. Type validity: false. Similar to: Graham Cave, Kessell, Godar, Raddatz, Big Sandy, Hemphill. Comment: the Greenbrier type has so many descriptions that it is impossible to associate with the Osceola type.

Reference: Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Southeast, West Columbia, SC.

Osceola Greenbrier I and II [Notched] Points - false type; see Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Southeast, West Columbia, SC.

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1106 - Otarre Points

Otarre [Stemmed] Point - no one is credited with its name. It is a large soft-shouldered point with a parallel-sided or constricting stem and a straight base. Type has not been dated and is found in North Carolina. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Mathis, Mark A. and Jeffrey J. Crow (1983) The Prehistory of North Carolina - An Archaeological Symposium. North Carolina Division of Archives and History, University Graphics, Inc., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 Reference: - Ledbetter, J. Jerald (1995) Archaeological Investigations at Mill Branch Sites 9WR4 and 9WR11, Warren County, Georgia. Technical Reports No. 3, Interagency Archaeological Services Division, Atlanta, GA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1107 - Otter Creek Points

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1108 - Otter Creek Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

1109 - Otter Creek Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

Otter Creek [Notched] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a large point with square tangs and a concave base. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in the eastern U.S. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … large, thick, narrow or medium wide, side notched points with square tangs. Base tangs are usually ground. Major attribute: flared corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Type is difficult to define and is often found in expended forms. For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 revised). 1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 40-41, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1946) A Stratified Prehistoric Site at Brewerton, New York. Rochester Museum of Arts and Science, Rochester, NY. 3 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the

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Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 4 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 5 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 8 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society. 9 – Reference: Spiess, Arthur (2004) The Hessen Collection, Otter Points, and the Archaic on the Kennebec River near Augusta. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin.

1110 - Ouachita Point

1111 - Ouachita Point (Perino 1985)

Ouachita [Stemmed] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1976 after a mountain range. It is a well-made point with small squarish stem. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. Perino (1985) suggests … a large knife with a triangular blade. Barbs curve inward and are prominent. Stem is short and square. Major attribute: hanging shoulders. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1976) The Ouachita Point, A New Type for Southwest Arkansas and Southeast Oklahoma. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 27, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Ovoid [Biface] Type - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large biface with a straight base. Type has no date and is found in the Great Lakes area. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology. Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

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1112 - Owl Cave Point

Owl Cave [Lanceolate] Point - no name. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates 9500 to 9000 BC and is found in the middle Mississippi valley. Major attribute: excurvate blade edges. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1113 - Oxbow Points

Oxbow [Notched] Point - named by Robert W. Nero and Bruce McQuorquedale in 1959. It is a small-tomedium point with deep basal concavity. Type dates 3200 BC and is found along the Canadian and U.S. borders. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a short and expanding stem. Basal corners appears as ears. Major attribute: deep basal concavity. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Nero, Robert W. and Bruce McQuorquedale (1959) Report of an Excavation at the Oxbow Dam Site. The Bluejay, Vol. 16, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis (1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceedings, Number 11, Denver Museum of Natural History. 4 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 5 - Reference: Dyck, Ian (1983) The Prehistory of Southern Saskatchewan. In: Tracking Ancient Hunters: Preshistoric Archaeology in Saskatchewan, H. Epp and I. Dyck, eds., Saskatoo, Saskatchewan Archaeological Society.

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1114 - Ozan Points (Perino 1985)

Ozan Creek [Triangular] Point - no credit for its name. It is a medium-to-large polished flint or slate point with a concave base. Blade is sometimes notched. Type dates 2000 to 1000 BC and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: blade notching. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point, A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 46, No. 1, New York, NY. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Pp 1115 – Pacific Coast Points

Pacific Coast [Notched] Point(s) – grouping of types in Justice (2002). They include:   

Jalame side notched point Diablo Canyon side notched point Albion Head side notched point.

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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1116 - Packard Points (Lopinot 2007)

Packard [Lanceolate] Point – sometimes referred to as the Eastern Agate Basin, it is narrow point. The base is usually ground. It probably is Early Archaic. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Agate Basin Comment:

Reference: Lopinot, Neal H. (2007) To The Point – Packard and Scottsbluff. Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp.10-11.

1117 - Padre Points

Padre [Stemmed] Point - name credited to J. E. Corbin. It is a small tear drop-shaped point. Type dates 1200 to 1500 AD and is found in central Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... unstemmed point that has convex lateral edges and a rounded base. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 – Reference: Corbin, J. B. (1974) A Model for Cultural Succession for the Coastal Bend Area of Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 45, pp. 29-54. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1118 – Page-Ladson (left two) and Lake Jackson (right two) Point (After: Dunbar and Hemmings 2004)

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Page-Ladson [Lanceolate] Point - named James Dunbar and Andrew Hemmings after the Florida site: It is an unfluted medium point with a shallow concavity and pointed corners. Type dates to the Paleoindian Period (and earlier) and is found in Florida. Major attribute: shape. Type validity: conditional, site specific. Similar to: Clovis. Comment: type may simply be an unfluted Clovis; however, it is probably a pre-Clovis form.

1119 - Palmer Points

1120 – Palmer-Kirk Point

Palmer-Kirk [Notched] Point – named by Painter (1982). It is a medium point with a triangular blade and convex base. Base is ground. Type Validity: False. Reference: Painter, Floyd (1982) One Man’s Trash is Another Man’s Treasure: a Study in Discarded Tools and Weapons. Chesopiean, Vol. 20, Nos. 5-6, p. 21.

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Panamint [Stemmed] Point – see Justice (2002).

1121 - Painter Points

Painter [Stemmed] Point - named here after the former editor of the Chesopiean and co-author of numerous point books. It is a medium point with a pronounced stem. Stem shoulder area is semi-notched, but stem is basically pointed. Base is straight. Type has not been dated and is found in the middle Atlantic area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Oak Groove point. Comment: Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1122 - Paint Rock Valley Point

Paint Rock Valley [Triangle] Point - named by E. C. Mahan. It is a medium, broad point with a slightly concave base. Type dates 500 AD and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade edges are usually excurvate. It has an indeterminate hafting area. Base is concave and may be thinned. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

Paint Rock Valley [Triangular, Contracted] Point - See Baker (2009).

Beveled

Base,

Excurvate,

and

1123 - Paisano Points (Turner and Hester 1985)

Paisano [Notched] Point - defined by Thomas C. Kelly in 1963. It is a medium point with shallow side notches and a concave base. Type dates 200 BC to 600 AD and is found in south-central Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... straight to convex lateral edges that are sometimes serrated. Stem is formed by shallow side notches, and base is concave to deeply indented. Major attribute: squarish corners.

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Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kelly, Thomas C. (1963) Roark Cave. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 33. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Dickens, William A. and William E. Moore (2004) Archeological Survey at Musk Hog Canyon in Crockett County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society of Texas, Vol. 75, pp. 1-60. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Paldi [?] Point – see reference.

Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

Palmer [Dovetail] Point - false type; style is a small dovetail, such as the St Charles. The Palmer point has no logical technological beginning, but some specimens can be explained as an expended dovetail. Note: Going against a Joffre Coe type could lead to short careers in archeology.

1124 - Palmer Points

1125 - Palmer Points

1126 - Palmer Bases from Coe (1964)

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1127 - Palmer Point

1128 – Palmer Point Distribution

Palmer [Notched] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964 after a mountain in North Carolina. It is a small, well-made, corner-notched point. Base is straight and ground; however, convex based specimens are part of the type (Hranicky 2001). Type dates 8000 BC and is found all over the eastern U.S. Coe (1964) suggests: … small cornernotched blade with a straight, ground base and prominent serrations. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: The type is a miniature form of the St Charles type. However, some scholars argues the it is a derivative of the Hardaway type. For point dimensions, see Coe (1964).

621

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1129 – Palmillas Points

Palmillas Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Palmillas [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard MacNeish. It is a medium point with barbs and a rounded stem. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in Texas and Mexico. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... leaf-shaped point that has slight to well-barbed shoulders formed by shallow side notches. It has an expanding stem and a convex base giving it a bulbar appearance. Major attribute: roundish stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

(Top – Left Part of Blade Is Broken)

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1130 – Pamalico Knife

Pamlico [Knife] Point - named here after the river where it was first observed. It is a uniface knife. What appears to be a stem is the workend of the tool. Type dates to the Paleoindian or Early Archaic and is found from Virginia to north Florida. Major attribute: roundish stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Newman Comment:

Reference: This paper.

1131 - Panoche Points

Panoche [Triangle] Point – named by William Olsen and Louis Payen the Panoche reservoir. It is a small, triangular, side-notched points, found on the central California coast and in the San Joaquin Valley and dated after ca. A.D. 1500. Panoche side-notched points have been classified as a within the Desert series. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Olsen, William H., and Louis A. Payen. 1968. Archaeology of the Little Panoche Reservoir, Fresno County, California. California Department of Parks and Recreation Archaeological Reports No. 11. Sacramento. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1132 - Pandale Points

Pandale [Stemmed] Point - named by Charles Kelley in 1954. Medium point that has a twist (or bevel) blade. Stem size and shape varies. Type dates 2000 BC to 800 AD and is found in the lower Pecos and Rio Grand River valleys. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... long narrow point with beveling of the body. Major attribute: beveled body. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Nolan and Zorra. Comment: Type may date back to 4000 BC. 1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Dickens, William A. and William E. Moore (2004) Archeological Survey at Musk Hog Canyon in Crockett County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society of Texas, Vol. 75, pp. 1-60. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

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1133 - Pandora Points

Pandora [Lanceolate] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium-to-large point with straight or convex sides and a straight base. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point which is unstemmed, has a straight base, and is relatively large and crudely flaked. Major attribute: round corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Birmingham, W. W. and T. R. Hester (1976) Late Pleistocene Archaeological Remains from the JohnsonHeller Site, Texas Coastal Plain. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, Special Report

No. 3.

4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Panhandle [Notched] Point - no namer. It is a small-to-medium side-notched point which has a straight, convex, or concave base. Type dates around 900 AD and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cassells, E. Steve (1983) The Archaeology of Colorado. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO.

1134 - Papago Points

Papago [Triangle] Point - named by Emil W. Haury in 1950 for the culture. It is a small-to-medium point with a straight or concave base. Type dates protohistoric for the Southwest and is found in Arizona and northern Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Haury, Emil W. (1950) The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of the Ventana Cave. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Paris Island [Stemmed] Point - name probably should be credited to J. S. Whatley. It is a small point with a wide stem and convex base. Type dates 2220 to 2120 BC and is found on the lower Atlantic piedmont and coast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

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1 - Reference: Whatley, J. S. (1985) The Possible Extension of the Paris Island Stemmed Point to the Georgia Coastal Plain. The Profile, Vol. 47, pp. 11-13. 2 - Reference: Sassaman, Kenneth E., I. Randolph Daniel, Jr., and Christopher R. Moore (2002) G. S. Lewis-East – Early and Late Archaic Occupations along the Savannah River, Aiken County, South Carolina. Savannah River Archaeological Research Paper 12, South Carolina Archaeological Research Program, University of South Carolina. 3 Reference: - Ledbetter, J. Jerald (1995) Archaeological Investigations at Mill Branch Sites 9WR4 and 9WR11, Warren County, Georgia. Technical Reports No. 3, Interagency Archaeological Services Division, Atlanta, GA. 4 - Reference: Sassaman, Kenneth E., I. Randolph, Jr., and Christopher R. Moore (2002) G. S. Lewis – East. Savannah River Archaeological Research Papers 12, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.

Parkhill [Lanceolate] Point - reference in Anderson, David G. (1995) Paleoindian Interaction Networks in the Eastern Woodlands. In: American Interaction: Multiscaler Analysis and Interaction in the Eastern Woodlands, eds. M. S. Nassaney and K. E. Sassaman, pp. 1-26, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. And, Tankersley, Kenneth B. (2004) Clovis and Beyond: Then and Now. In: New Perspectives on the First Americans, eds. B. Lepper and R. Bonnichsen, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.

Panoche [Notched] Point – see Desert [Notched] Point. Parker [Notched] Point – see Justice (2002B).

1135 - Parnan Point

Parman [Stemmed] Point – named by Thomas Layton. It is a large, stemmed points in the northwestern Great Basin, incorporating Lake Mohave and Silver Lake types and corresponding to the Great Basin stemmed series. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Layton, Thomas N. 1970. High Rock Archaeology: An Interpretation of the Prehistory of the Northwestern Great Basin. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University. 2 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R. Hester. 1978a. Great Basin. In Chronologies in New World Archaeology, edited by R. E. Taylor and Clement W. Meighan, pp. 147-199. Academic Press, New York.

1136 - Parowan Points

626

1137 - Parowan Point Distribution

Parowan [Notched] Point - named by Jack Marwitt in 1969. It is a triangular-bladed point with straight base. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Utah. Perino (1985) suggests … a triangular arrowpoint that has two shallow basal notches. It has a short contracting stem. Major attribute: basal notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Marwitt, Jack (1969) Manuscript on file at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1138 Pasco Points

Pasco [Stemmed] Point - named after a county in Florida. It is a medium-to-large point with angular shoulders and a short round stem. Type dates 4000 to 3000 BC and is found in Florida. Major attribute: angular shoulder. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: N/A.

1139 – Paskapoo Points

Paskapoo [Notched] Point - named by Richard G. Forbis in 1962 for the sandstone formation in Alberta, Canada. It is a small-to-medium point with small side notches and a straight base. Type dates 1000 to 1300 AD and is found from Nebraska to Canada. Major attribute: none. 627

Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Pasitas [Notched] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish in 1958. It is a narrow isosceles-shaped side notched point. Type dates 1500 to 1750 AD and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none.

Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 48, Pt. 6.

1140 - Paterson Knife

Paterson Knife - tribute by collectors to the person who first named the base/corner tanged knife.

Reference: Patterson, J. T. (1936) The Corner-Tang Flint Artifacts of Texas. University of Texas Bulletin, No. 3618, Anthropology Papers, Vol. 1, No. 4.

1141 - Patrick Point

Patrick [Notched] Point - named by C. G. Holland in 1970. It is a relatively long, narrow point with indented base and rounded stem corners. Type dates to the Early Archaic period and is found in Southwest Virginia. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: type needs an archaeological site context.

1 - Reference: Holland, C. G. (1970) An Archeological Survey of Southwest Virginia. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 12, Washington, DC. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

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1142 - Patrick Henry Points

Patrick Henry [Notched] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1991 after two counties in Virginia. It is a medium point with deep, narrow corner notches which cause a flair to the stem area. Base is concaved and ground. Type dates 7500 to 7000 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: flared stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (1991) Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature for Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. Special Publication Number 26, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1143 - Patuxent Points

Patrick’s Point [Triangle] Point – a small, triangular points, interpreted as harpoon and/or arrow 629

points and found in coastal northwestern California. Patrick's Point is in northern Humboldt County. 1 -Reference: Gould, Richard A. (1966). Archaeology of the Point St. George Site and Tolowa Prehistory. University of California Publications in Anthropology No. 4. Berkeley. 2 - Reference: Lyman, R. Lee, Linda A. Clark, and Richard E. Ross. (1988). Harpoon Stone Tips and Sea Mammal Hunting on the Oregon and Northern California Coasts. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 10:73-87.

Patuxent [Stemmed] Point - named by Barry C. Kent in 1970. It is a medium-to-large point with a flaring stem. Base is straight. Type dates 1500 BC and is found in the middle Potomac River valley. Major attribute: expanding stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Savannah River. Comment:

1 - Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Peace River Fluted Point - not available; see Justice (2002a). For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1144 - Pea River Point with Translucent View

Pea River [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a river in Alabama. It is a large point with a long contracting stem and rounded base. Type dates 2000 to 1500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: blade serration. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

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1145 – Pecos, New Mexico Arrowpoints

631

Pecos Arrowpoints – a variety of small points in the Pecos River valley of New Mexico. Pedernales Comanche Variety - see Perino (2002).

Left: Montell, Right: Pedernales

1146 – Pedernales Points

632

1147 – Pedernales Points

1148 – Pedernales Point Distribution

Pedernales [Stemmed] Point - named by J. Charles Kelley in 1947 for a river in Texas. It is a long, narrow point with a deeply concave base. Type dates 2000-1100 BC and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... narrow to broad point; it has a bifurcate stem with a deep concavity. Lobes are pointed. Major attribute: pointed lobes. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kelley, Charles J. (1947) The Cultural Affiliation and Chronological Position of the Clear Fork Focus. American Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX. 4 - Reference: Peeples, Matthew (2003) An Analysis of the Projectile Points from the Chytha Site (41JK66), Jackson County, Texas. La Tierra, Southern Texas Anthropological Association, Vol. 30, No. 1&2, pp. 37-63. 5 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

633

1149 - Pee Dee Points

Pee Dee [Notched] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a thin, small asymmetrical and carefullymade corner-notched point with a straight or concave base. Type dates 800 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: blade shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Jacks Reef, Afton. Comment: the Afton, Jacks Reef, and Pee Dee are the same pointmaking technology.

1150 - Pee Dee Points

Pee Dee [Pentagonal/Stemmed] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a thin, small asymmetrical and carefully-made point with a straight or concave base. Type dates 800 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Coe (1964) suggests: … small asymmetrical and carefully made point. Major attribute: thinness. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Jacks Reef, Afton. Comment: the Afton, Jacks Reef, and Pee Dee are the same pointmaking technology.

634

1151 - Peisker Points

Peisker [Diamond/Stemmed] Point - named by the students at the Peisker site. It is a medium-tolarge knife with constricting/pointed stem. Type dates to the Black Sand culture and is found in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri. Major attribute: pointed base. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

1152 - Pekisko Points

Pekisko [Notched] Point - named by Richard G. Forbis in 1962. It is a small-to-medium point with high, shallow side notches and a concave base. Type dates 1000 AD to the historic period and is found in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Montana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Forbis, Richard G. (1962) The Old Women’s Buffalo Jump, Alberta. Contributions to Anthropology, Pt. 1, Bul. 180, Natural Museum of Canada, Ottawa. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Pelanactchie [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a creek in Mississippi. It is a large point with a squarish stem and round base. Type dates to the Early Woodland era and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

635

1153 - Pelicanr Point

Pelican [Lanceolate] Point - named by S. M. Gagliano and Hiram F. Gregory, Jr. in 1965. It is a medium point with ovoid-shaped blade. Stem tapers slightly and base is concave or straight. Type has not been dated and is found in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a broad, ovate blade, rounded shoulders, and a concaved-side stem. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Gagliano, S. M. and Hiram F. Gregory (1965) A Preliminary Survey of the Paleo-Indian Points from Louisiana. Louisiana Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1154 - Pelican Lake Point

Pelican Lake [Notched] Point - named by Boyd Wettlaufer in 1956. It is a thin, well-made point with narrow notches and a straight, concave, or convex base. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in Montana, North Dakota, and Canada. Perino (1985) suggests … a thin, well-made point with narrow corner notches. Basal edges may be straight, slightly concave or convex. Major attribute: pointed corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wettlaufer, Boyd (1956) The Mortlach Site in the Besant Valley of Central Saskatchewan. Anthropology Series 1, Department of Natural Resources, Regina, Saskatchewan. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 4 - Reference: Reeves, Brian O. (1983) Culture Change in the Northern Plains: 1000 BC – AD 1000. Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Occasional Paper No. 20, Edmonton. 5 - Reference: Dyck, Ian (1983) The Prehistory of Southern Saskatchewan. In: Tracking Ancient Hunters: Preshistoric Archaeology in Saskatchewan, H. Epp and I. Dyck, eds., Saskatoo, Saskatchewan Archaeological Society.

Pelican II [Lanceolate] Point – false type, see Baker (2009).

636

1155 - Pelona Points

Pelona [Stemmed] Point - named by Herbert W. Dick in 1965 after a mountain. It is a small-to-medium teardrop-shaped point. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in Mexico, Arizona, and southern California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dick, Herbert C. (1965) Bat Cave. Monograph No. 27, School of American Research, Santa Fe, NM. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Pen Bayou [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009) after parish area in Louisiana. It is a medium point with shallow side-notches. Type dates to Late Woodland era and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Pendejo [Notched] Point – name attributed to Richard MacNeih after the Hueco phase at the Pendejo Cave, New Mexico. It is a medium point with a narrow blade. Type is undated and found in New Mexico and northern Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (ed.) /91993) Preliminary Investigations of the Archaic in the Region of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Historic and Natural Resources Report 9, Cultural Resources Management Branch, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss, TX. 2 - Reference: MacNeish, R.S. and Peggy Wilner (2003) Chapter 11 – The Lithic Assemblage of Pendejo Cave. In: Pendejo Cave, R. MacNeish and J. Libby, eds., University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

1156 - Penn's Creek Point

Penn's Creek [Bifurcate] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a medium point with lobes that flair outward at 45 degrees. Bases are straight. Type dates 6300 BC and is found in eastern Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Lake Erie. Comment:

1 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

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1157 - Penn's Creek Series Points (Drawings: Fogelman 1988)

Penn's Creek [Series] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is an Archaic point that shares attributes with other Pennsylvania points.

Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1158 - Pennsylvania Points (L/R: Types 1, 2, 3, and 4)

Pennsylvania Provisional Points - not a name; points shown made be defined as types. These points are made from rhyolite and probably date to the Late Archaic Period. Type 1 – appears to be a Savannah River point; however, the stem neck is too long. Also, there is no taper to the stem. Type 2 – has a long tapering stem. Base is straight. Type 3 – appears dovetail-like, but it consistently a very narrow blade. It could be related to the McPherson type or Normanskill type. Type 4 – is a thin, well-made point that may have a relationship to the Neville point. It does not fit in Ritchie’s (1961) New York typology. Reference: This paper.

1159 - Pennsylvania Knife

Pennsylvania [Provisional Knife] Point - named here for a specimen found in Pennsylvania. It is a large knife with excurvate blade edges. Base is straight and thinned. It maybe a dual purpose tool. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Point is probably related to the Solutrean pointmakers of Europe.

Reference: This paper.

638

Penta [Triangle] Point - named by Louis A. Brennan in 1970. It is a medium point with straight base. Type dates 2500 BC and is found along the New England coast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1970) The Twombly Landing Site. Bulletin, New York State Archaeological Association, No. 49.

1160 - Pequea Points

Pequea [Notched] Point - named by Barry C. Kent. It is a well-made, symmetrical point with prominent shoulders and straight base. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland, and southern Delaware. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1161 - Bonham, Perdiz, and Perdiz Points

1162 - Perdiz Point

639

1163 - Perdiz Points

Perdiz [Stemmed] Point - named by J. Charles Kelley in 1947. It is a small point with prominent barbs. Stem is constricting with pointed, round, or straight base. Type is dates 1200 to 1700 AD and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point with well-barbed shoulders and a contacted stem. Often sharply pointed. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Point is identical to points found in North Africa. 1 - Reference: Kelley, J. Charles (1947) The Lehmann Rock Shelter: A Stratified Site of the Toyah, Uvalde and Round Rock Foci. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 18. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Cox, Kim A., and Herman A. Smith (1991) Perdiz Point Damage Analysis. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society Vol. 60, pp. 283-301. 4 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 5 - Reference: Peeples, Matthew (2003) An Analysis of the Projectile Points from the Chytha Site (41JK66), Jackson County, Texas. La Tierra, Southern Texas Anthropological Association, Vol. 30, No. 1&2, pp. 37-63. 6 - Reference: MacNeish, R.S. and Peggy Wilner (2003) Chapter 11 – The Lithic Assemblage of Pendejo Cave. In: Pendejo Cave, R. MacNeish and J. Libby, eds., University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 7 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1164 - Petit Jean River Point

Petit Jean River [Stemmed] Point - named by Larry Porter in 1991 for the river in Arkansas. It is a large point with a tapering stem. Base is slightly convex. Type dates 6000 BC and is found in Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Porter, Larry (1991) A Late Archaic Cache from Logan Co., Arkansas, Field Notes of the Arkansas Archaeological Society, No. 240, May/June.

640

1165 - Perkiomen Points (Left: Ritchie 1961)

1166 - Perkiomen Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

Perkiomen [Stemmed] Point - named by John Witthoft in 1953. It is a medium, asymmetrical-bladed point with a small stem, Type dates 1700 to 900 BC and is found in the upper middle Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … very broad, boldly flakes spearpoints of semi-lozenge shape, with certain characteristic contour details often exaggerated. Base is usually straight. Major attribute: asymmetrical blade. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Dismal Swamp, Susquehanna. Comment: Type is probably a regional version of the Susquehanna type. Justice (1987) clusters the two types. For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised). For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised). 1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 42-43, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 4 – Reference: Truncer, James J. (1990) Perkiomen Points: A Study in Variability. In: Experiments and Observations on the Terminal Archaic of the Middle Atlantic Region, ed.: R. Moeller, Archaeological Services, Bethlehem, CT. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 – Reference: Dunn, Robert A. (1984) Form and Function of the Perkiomen Broadpoint. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 54(34):11-18. 7 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 8 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 9 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia.

641

Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 10 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 11 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

1167 - Petalas Blade

Petalas [Blade] Type - named by Robert E. Funk in 1967. It is a large squarish biface. Type dates 700 AD and is found in Pennsylvania and New York. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1967) Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory. Mem. 22, New York State Museum, Albany, NY. 2 – Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1976) Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory. New York State Museum and Science Service, Memoir 22. 3 - Reference: Moore, Susan T. and Russell H. Gardner (1997) History of the Fox Creek Phase and Its Manifestation in Massachusetts. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 2-19. 4 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ, NJ. 5 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY.

1168 - Pickelo Points

Pickelo [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a large point with a contracting stem. Type dates 2500 to 1500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

642

1169 – Pickwick Points

1170 – Pickwick Point

Pickwick [Stemmed] Point - named by David DeJarnette in 1962 after a lake in Alabama. It is a large point with a squarish, flaring stem. Type dates Late Archaic and is found in Alabama and Tennessee. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are usually tapered but may horizontal, but are always expanded. Blade edges are recurvate and slightly serrated. Stem are thick and tapered. Base is convex or straight. Major attribute: recurved blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Ledbetter. Comment: The Ledbetter and Pickwick are probably the same pointmaking technology. Justice (1987) clusters them together. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: DeJarnette, David (1962) Standfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 8, Nos. 1 & 2. 2 - Reference: Thorne, Robert M., Bettye J. Broyles, and Jay K. Johnson (1981) Yellow Creek Archaeological Project, Vol. 1. Archaeological Papers of the Center for Archaeological Research, No. 1, Tennessee Valley Authority Publications in Anthropology, No. 27. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Pickwick II [Stemmed] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

1171 - Piedmont Point

Piedmont, Northern Variety [Stemmed] Point - named by Gary Fogelman in 1988. It is a medium point with a straight stem. Base is concave. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none.

643

Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1172 - Piedmont Point

Piedmont (Northern Variety) [Stemmed] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a large point with slightly constricting stems. Base is concave. Type has not been dated and is found in central Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1173 - Pigeon Points (Schroder 2002)

Pigeon [Notched] Point - named by Bennie C. Keel in 1976. It is a medium soft-shouldered point that has concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in North/South Carolina. Powell (1990) suggests: … usually a thick and formed by percussion flaking, it has small but distinct shoulders and a short, rounded to irregularly squared stem. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Keel, Bennie C. (1976) Cherokee Archaeology. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

644

1174 - Pike County Point

Pike County [Lanceolate] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1985 after the county in Illinois. It is a medium-to-large point with basal flaring corners. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a lenticular cross section and often has long shallow flake scars extending to and past the center of the point. Basal edges are ground. Major attribute: long shallow flaking. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Cumberland, Suwannee. Comment: The Pike County type is probably an unfluted form of the Cumberland type.

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Pin [Stemmed] Point – no data available.

1 - Reference: The Columbia River Gorge in Regional Perspective. In: Prehistoric and History of the Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area, Oregon and Washington, eds. S. Dow, R. Beckman, K. Toepel, and J. Reese. Heritage Research Associates Report No. 27, Oregon State Historic Preservation Office, Sale, OR. 2 - Reference: Connolly, Thomas J. (1999) Newberry Crater – A Ten Thousand-Year Record of Human Occupation and Environmental Change in the Basin-Plateau Borderlands. Number 21, University of Utah Anthropological Papers, Salt Lake City, UT.

1175 - Pinellas Points (Drawings - Bullen 1975)

Pinellas [Triangle] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a small point with straight sides and concave base. Type dates 1300 AD and is found in Florida and Georgia. Bullen (1975) suggests: … small, isosceles triangle with straight, sometimes excavate sides, and sharp corners. Sides may be serrated and bases concave. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Pinellas Variants - mixed typing; false types. See Schroder (2002).

645

1176 - Pine Tree Points

1177 - Pine Tree Points

646

Pine Tree [Notched] Point - named by James W. Cambron in 1956. It is a corner-notched point with a flaring stem. Type dates 7500 to 6000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are narrow, tapered, and expanded. Blade edges are recurvate and serrated. Notching causes an expanded stem. Base is thinned and concave. Light basal grinding may be present. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Type is probably a regional version of the Kirk notching technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Cambron, J. W. (1957) Some Early Projectile Point Types from the Tennessee Valley. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 17-19. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1178 - Pine Tree Point (Both Faces)

Pine Tree II [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Pine Tree [Side Notched] Point - false type; see Cambron and Hulse (1986).

1179 - Pine Tree Point

Piney Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker (1995) after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a straight stem and rounded base. Type dates 2000 to 1500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. 647

Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1180 – Piney Island Points

Piney Island [Stemmed] Point - named by Barry C. Kent in 1970. It is a long, narrow point with a square stem. Base is straight or slightly convex. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in southeastern Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.

Pinson Valley [Notched) Point - no data; type from collector’s catalog.

Pintlala Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009). It is a large point with varying stems. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1181 - Pinto Basin Points (After: Justice 2002)

Pinto Point Series - a series or cluster of large points, often characterized by rough flaking, side- or cornernotching, and bifurcate stems or bases. Pinto points are widely distributed in western North America and have been controversially dated between ca. 8000 BC and AD 1. 1 - Reference: Campbell, Elizabeth W. C., William H. Campbell, Ernst Antevs, Charles A. Amsden, Joseph A. Barbieri, and Francis D. Bode. 1937. The Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave: A Symposium. Southwest Museum Papers No. 11. Los Angeles. 2 - Reference: Harrington, Mark R. 1957. A Pinto Site at Little Lake, California. Southwest Museum Papers No. 17. Los Angeles. 3 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R. Hester. 1978a. Great Basin. In Chronologies in New World Archaeology, edited by R. E. Taylor and Clement W. Meighan, pp. 147-199. Academic Press, New York. 4 - Reference: Koerper, Henry C., Adella B. Schroth, and Roger D. Mason. 1994. Morphological and Temporal Projectile Point Types: Evidence from Orange County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 16:81-105. 5 - Reference: Vaughan, Sheila J., and Claude N. Warren. 1987. Toward a Definition of Pinto Points. Journal of California

648

and Great Basin Anthropology 9:199-213. 6 - Reference: Haynes, Gregory M. 2004. An Evaluation of the Chronological Relationships between Great Basin Stemmed and Pinto Series Projectile Points in the Mojave Desert. In The Human Journey and Ancient Life in California's Deserts: Proceedings from the 2001 Millennium Conference, edited by Mark W. Allen and Judyth Reed, pp. 117-128. Maturango Museum Publication No. 15. Ridgecrest, California.

Pinto [Mixed] Point - named by M. Harrington in 1937 after the site in California; see Pinto Basin. Aikens (1970) defines:  Square shoulder  Barbed  Willow leaf  Sloping shoulder  Shoulderless.

1 - Reference: Harrington, M. R. (1957) A Pinto Site at Little Lake, California. Southwest Museum Papers, No. 17, Los Angeles, CA. 2 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT.

1182 - Pinto Basin Points

Point Variations

649

1183 – Pinto Basin Point Distribution

Pinto Basin [Bifurcate] Point - named by Charles Avery Amsden in 1935 after the site. It is a small-tomedium point with narrow bilobes. Point is generally made from obsidian. Type dates 6000 to 2000 BC and is found along the Pacific Coast and in the Great Basin. Perino (1985) suggests … a small point ranging from triangular to lanceolate in form. It has a short concave or bifurcate stem. Type is sometimes divided as:  Square shoulder  Barbed  Sloping shoulder  Willow leaf  Shoulderless. Major attribute: material, namely obsidian. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Northern. Comment: Type has never been adequately dated. This type may represent the western-most version of the eastern bifurcate pointmaking tradition.

1 - Reference: Campbell, Elizabeth W. C. and William H. Campbell (1935) The Pinto Basin Site. Southern Museum Papers, No. 9. Los Angles, CA. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 3 - Reference: Amsden, Charles A. (1935) The Pinto Basin Artifacts. In: The Pinto Basin Site, C. Campbell and H. Campbell, eds., pp. 35-51, Southwest Museum Papers, 9. 4 - Reference: Meighan, Clement W. (1981) The Little Lake Site, Pinto Points, and Obsidian Dating in the Great Basin. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 200-214. 5 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F. and Thomas R. Hester (1978) Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms And Chronology. Socorro, New Mexico, Ballena Press. 6 - Reference: Strong, Emory (1969) Stone Age in the Great Basin. Binford & Mort Publishing, Portland, OR. 7 - Reference: Carlson, Roy L. (1983) The Far West. In: Early Man in the New World, ed. R. Shutler, Sage Publication, Beverly Hills, CA.

Pinto Cluster, Untyped: see Justice (2002a).

1184 - Pinwah Points

Pinwah [Stemmed] Point - named by collectors. It is a medium point with a small tapering stem. Type is not dated and is found in Texas and Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

650

1185 - Pipe Creek Points

Pipe Creek [Notched] Point - named by Ellen Turner in 1991 after the creek in Texas. It is a medium point with an angular base. Type dates 800 to 1000 AD and is found in Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Also, Pipes Creek.

Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue (1991) A Corner Notched Biface from South Central Texas. La Tierra, Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association, Vol. 18, No. 3.

POINT WORKEND

CHASSIS AREA

651

1186 - Piscataway Points

Piscataway [Stemmed] Point - named by Robert Stephenson and L. and G. Ferguson in 1963. It is a small-to-medium, long and narrow point with contracting and pointed stems. Bases are usually pointed but rounded bases do occur. Type dates 300 AD and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: pointed base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Rossville. Comment: 1 - Reference: Stephenson, R. L., L. L. Ferguson, and G. H. Ferguson (1963) The Accokeek Creek Site: A Middle Atlantic Seaboard Culture Sequence. Anthropological Papers No. 20, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 6 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1187 - Pisgah Point

Pisgah [Triangle] Point - named by Bennie C. Keel in 1976. It is a small-to-medium isosceles triangular point. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Keel, Bennie C. (1976) Cherokee Archaeology. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 3 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

Pismo [Stemmed] Point - see Newberry [Stemmed] Point. Placer County (?) Point – see Heizer, Robert F. and Albert B. Elsasser (1953). Some Archaeological Sites and Cultures of the Central Sierra Nevada. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports 21.

652

1188 - Various Plano Points

1189 - Plano Point (Ritchie 1980)

Plano [Lanceolate] Point – narrow lanceolate form but does not have fluting. It has a shallow concave, straight, or pointed base with heavy basal grinding. Blade varies from parallel-sided to recurvate. Type dates to the Late Paleoindian period and is found on the Atlantic coast. According to Ritchie (1980 – revised): large category of Plano and unfluted Paleoindian points that include the Plainview, Milnesand, Midland, Scottsbluff, Eden, Angostura, Agate Basin, Browns Valley, Hell Gap, and other lanceolates, characterized in general by parallel or ribbon flaking of a high order of excellence Major attribute: parallel flaking. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Lerma. Comment: Type has an archaeological context at the Varney Farm site (Petersen et al. 2000).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1980) The Archaeology of New York State. Harbor Hill Books, Harrison, NY. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Julig, Patrick J. (2002) The Sheguiandah Site – Archaeological, Geological and Paleobotanical Studies at a Paleoindian Site On Manitoulin Island, Ontario. Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Paper 161, Canadian Museum of Civilization. 4 - Reference: Petersoen, James B., Robert N. Bartone, and Belinda J. Cox (2000) The Varney Farm Site and Late Paleoindian Period in Northeastern North America. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 28, pp. 113-140.

653

1190 - Plains Point

Plains [Notched] Point - named by Richard MacNeish in 1954. It is a medium point with high side notches and straight base. Type dates 1590 to 1773 AD and is found on the Northern Plains. Major attribute: U-notched. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Desert and Nawthis. Comment: 1 - Reference: MacNeish, Richard (1954) The Stott Mound and Village Site near Brandon, Manitoba. Annual Report 195253, National Museum of Canada, Bul. 132. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1191 – Plains Points (After: Baker 2009)

Plains [Triangle] Point – named by Baker (2009). It is a medium point with an indented base with grinding. Type dates to the Paleoindian era and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: Grinding. Type validity: Positive. Similar to: Small Clovis. Comment: These small points maybe pre-Clovis. Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Plains [Triangle] Point - based on B. A. Nicholson’s work at the Stott site in Montana. It is a small-tomedium point with a straight, concave, or convex base. Type dates protohistoric and is found in Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Iowa, and Minnesota. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Nicholson, B. A. (1976) A Study of Projectile Point Typology at the Stott Site (DIMa1) and Some Observations on Basal Attrition. Archaeology of Montana, Vol. 17, Nos. 1-2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1192 - Plainview Points

654

1193 - Plainview Points

1194 - Plainview Point Distribution

Plainview Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Plainview [Lanceolate] Point - named by E. H. Sellards, Glen L. Evans and G. E. Meade in 1947. It is a parallel-sided or excurvate bladed point with concave base. Type dates 8200 BC and is found from Texas to Canada. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... unfluted, lanceolate point that has parallel or slightly convex edges and a basal concavity ranging from I to 4 mm. Basal edges are ground. Major attribute: lanceolate shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Agate Basin. Comment: Type is a member of the plano point tradition on the U. S. Plains. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002). 655

1 - Reference: Sellards, E. H., Glen L. Evans and G. E. Meade (1947) Fossil Bison and Associated Artifacts from Plainview, Texas. Bulletin, Geological Society of America, Vol. 58. 2 – Reference: Krieger, Alex D. (1947) Certain Projectile Points of the Early American Hunters. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleotological Society, Vol. 18, pp. 7-27. 3 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 4 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 7 - Reference: Holliday, Vance T. (1997) Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 8 - Reference: Green, F. Earl (1961) The Monahan’s Dunes Area. In: Paleoecology of the Llano Estacado, ed. F. Wendord, Publication of the Fort Burgwin Research Center, No. 1, Museum of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe, NM. 9 - Reference: Speer, Roberta D. (1990) History of the Plainview Site. In: Guidebook to the Quaternary History of the Llano Estacado, eds. V. Holliday and E. Johnson, Lubbock Lake Landmark Quaternary Research Series No. 2, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. 10 - Reference: Hartwell, William T. (1995) The Ryan’s Site Cache: Comparison to Plainview. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 40, pp. 165-184. 11 - Reference: Sellards, E. H. 91952) Early Man in America. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 12 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 13 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1983) The Western Plains and Mountain Region. In: Early Man in the New World, ed. R. Shutler, Sage Publication, Beverly Hills, CA. 14 - Reference: Boldurian, Anthony T. and John C. Cotter (1999) Clovis Revisited – New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 15 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis(1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceeding, No. 11, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO. 16 – Reference: Fox, Daniel J. (2003) Arrowheads of the Central Plains. Collector Books, Paducah, K.Y. 17 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

Planus [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009). It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in the Alabama area. Major attribute: Pointed corners. Type validity: Positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Plateau [Knife] Type - named by Douglas Osbourne in 1961. It is a large knife with a squarish hafting area. Type dates to the late prehistoric and is found in Washington and Oregon. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Osbourne, Douglas, Alan Bryan and Robert H. Crabtree (1961) The Sheep Island Site and the Mid-Columbia Valley. River Basin Survey Papers No. 24, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 179.

1195 – Plevna Point

Plevna [Notched] Point - named by James Cambron after the site in Alabama. It is a medium dovetail. Type dates 9500 to 8000 BC and is found in the lower Southeast, namely Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are barbed and expanded. Blade may be incurvate or excurvate and may be serrated. It is always beveled on one edge on each face. Base is always convex. Major attribute: dovetail. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: St Charles. Comment: type is a regional form of the dovetail.

656

1 - Reference: Dejarnette, David L., Edward Kurjack, and James W. Cambron (1962) Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. VIII, Nos. 1 and 2. 2 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL. 5 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554.

1196 - Plott Points

Plott [Stemmed] Point - named by Bennie C. Keel in 1972. It is a medium point with a short rectangular stem. Base is straight. Type dates 4000 to 2000 BC and is found in southern Appalachian mountains. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Keel, Bennie C. (1972) Woodland Phases of the Appalachian Summit Area. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Poag [Stemmed] Point - see Munson, Patrick J. (1971) An Archaeological Survey of the Wood River Terrace and Adjacent Bottoms and Bluffs in Madison County, Illinois. In: An Archaeological Survey of the American Bottoms and Wood River Terrace, Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations, No. 21, Pt. 1.

1197 - Pocola Points (Perino 1991)

Pocola [Notched] Point - named by James A. Brown in 1976 after a mining company in Oklahoma. It is a small point with pronounced corner notching and a flair-based stem. Type dates 1000 to 1350 AD and is found in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Brown, James A. (1976) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma, Research Institute, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points

657

and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Pogo [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish in 1958 as his Aberrant 6 point. It is a large triangular-bodied point with a straight stem. Type dates to the Almayre phase in Mexico and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Comment:

Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 48, Pt. 6.

1198 - Pohick Points

Pohick [Stemmed] Point – named here after the bay in Fairfax County. It principally is made from rhyolite. Type dates probably to the Middle Woodland Period and is found in regions 7 and 8. Expention length = 42 mm, study number = 14; general L/W*T ratio: 13.36. It is a medium, thin point with wide side notches that cause a flaring base. Base is straight. Shoulders are asymmetrical. Blade is triangular. Modality: Its primary function is a knife. Comments: The Pohick point has not been identified in a cultural context other than it is suggested as occurring in pottery contexts. User Lifeways: Village and local foodstuffs. User Ecology: Occupied piedmont environments during a neoatlantic climate. Comparative Types: Morgan (Hranicky 1991). Major Attribute: None. Type Validity: Conditional. 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Pojoaque [Notched] Point – see Thoms, Alston V. (1977) A Preliminary Projectile Point Typology for the Southern Portion of the Northern Rio Grande Region, New Mexico. MS thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas Tech University.

[Point Name] Like – reference to a particular type, but not necessarily being specifically that type - type like or nearly; point is similar to a particular point style or type.

Point Sal [Stemmed] Point – named by Noel Justice. It is a large, barbed point, found in coastal southern California. Point Sal barbed points have been classified within the Coastal cluster. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1199 - Pomranky Points

658

1200 - Pomranky Points (Binford1963)

Pomranky [Triangle] Point - named by Lewis R. Binford in 1963. It is a medium point with convexsided blade with straight base. Type dates 15-1000 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Justice (1987) suggests: … a wide, trianguloid forms with excurvate blade edges; stem has an oblique basal orientation. Binford lists three types: Midland, Swan Creek, and Saginaw. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Montet-White, Anta, Lewis R. Binford and Mark Papworth (1963) Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification. Anthropological Papers 19, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

Point of Pines [Notched] Point - named for a pueblo in Arizona. It is a small point with narrow notches. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: large basal area. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Ridge Ruins, Walnut Canyon. Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Point Barrow [Stemmed] Point – found in Alaska. It is long narrow point with a squarish stem. It dates around 1000 BC. Comment: Type needs defining. Reference: Musdoch, John (1892) Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. Ninth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

659

1201 – Pontchartrain Points

Pontchartrain Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Pontchartrain [Stemmed] Point - named by James A. Ford and Clarence H. Webb in 1956 after a lake in Louisiana. It is a stemmed point with a narrow blade and square shoulders. Type dates 1300 to 200 BC and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... straight to convex lateral edges shaped by well-executed, parallel ripple flaking, and squared shoulders with may be slight to occasionally barbed. Rectangular stem has straight base that sometimes retains cortex. Ford and Web (1956) suggest…these points, relatively thick in section, usually have median ridges that give them a diamond-shaped cross-section. Major attribute: flaking. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point, A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 46, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Johnson, Jay K. (200) Beads, Microdrills, Bifaces, and Blades from Watson Brake. Southeastern Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 95-104. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Poorhouse Branch [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a waterway in Alabama. It is a medium point with an expanding stem. Type dates to the Early Woodland era and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

660

1202 - Poplar Island Points

1203 - Poplar Island Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

661

1204 - Poplar Island Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

1205 – Poplar Island Point Distribution

Poplar Island [Stemmed] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a medium-to-large, finely flaked point which has rounded shoulders, a slender isosceles blade, constricting stem, and rounded base. Type dates 1200 BC and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … finely flaked, symmetrical points, having quite slender isosceles triangular blades. Shoulders are rounded and the constricted stem tapers toward a narrow rounded base. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin , New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp.44-45, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 6 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Poplar Island/Lackawaxen Point – false type; see Petraglia, Michael, Dennis Knepper, John Rutherford, Philip LaPorta, Kathryn Puseman, Joseph Schuldenrein, and Noreen Tuross (1998) The Prehistory of Lums Pond: The Formation of an Archaeological Site in Delaware. Delaware Department of Transportation, Archaeology Series No. 155.

Poppa Taylor [Notched] Point – not used, see Ocala [Notched] Point.

Reference: Gray, James M. (1975) Florida Encyclopedia of Indian Artifact Identification. Privately published.

662

1206 - Portland Knives

Portland [Provisional Knife] Type - named here and suggest it is a type. It is a long knife with a rounded stem/base. Type is not dated and is found in Oregon and Washington. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference:

1207 - Port Mailand

Port Mailand [Notched] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1971. It is a thin, well-made point with small or wide notches. Base is straight or concave. Type dates 650 AD and is found in western New York and upper Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Long Bay. Comment: Ritchie (1971 - Revised) grouped these points with the Long Bay type. 1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1971) A Typology and Nomenclature from New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, p. 125, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

Port Nottoway [Notched] Type - false type. See McAvoy, Joseph M. (1992) Clovis Settlement Patterns. Archeological Society of Virginia Special Publication Number 28.

1208 - Portales Point (Kidder 1962)

Portales [Stemmed] Point - mentioned in Kidder (1962). It is a large point with a large square stem. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: oblique parallel flaking. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Benton. Comment: Reference: Kidder, Alfred Vincent (1962/9 An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archaeology. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

663

Posey [Stemmed] Point – see Dykman, James L. (1976) High Altitude Anasazi Lithic Assemblage: 1972 Elk Ridge Archaeological Project, Manti La Sal National Forest, Monticello District, southwestern Utah, Description, Calification, and Cultural Inference. MS thesis, Department of Anthropology, Brigham Young University.

1209 - Potomac Points

Potomac [Triangle] Point - named by Robert Stephenson and L. and G. Ferguson in 1963. It is a very small, thin point with straight edges and either a straight or concave base. Type dates 1400 AD and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Clarksville. Comment: type generally refers to any small triangle in the upper Middle Atlantic coastal area.

1 - Reference: Stephenson, R. L., L. L. Ferguson, and G. H. Ferguson (1963) The Accokeek Creek Site: A Middle Atlantic Seaboard Culture Sequence. Anthropological Papers No. 20, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

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1210 - Potts Points

Potts [Notched] Point - attributed to Ben C. McCary in 1953 after the site in Virginia. It is a medium-tolarge triangular point with corners removed and straight base. Blades are triangular. Type dates 100 AD and is found in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: McCary, Ben C. (1953) The Potts Site, Chickahominy River, New Kent County, Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 8, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Prairie [Notched] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish in 1954. It is a small point with small side notches and a straight or convex base. Type dates 730 to 1250 AD and is found on the Northern Plains. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: MacNeish, Richard (1954) The Stott Mound and Village Site near Brandon, Manitoba. Annual Report 195253, National Museum of Canada, Bul. 132. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1211 – Preform (Woodland – Tennessee)

Preform - reference to the manufacturing stage prior to producing a point. Preform [Notched] Point - reported by Thomas R. Hester in 1988. It is a square-stemmed point that usually has remaining cortex. Type is not dated and is found in Texas. Major attribute: none. Its name suggests its validity.

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Reference: Hester, Thomas R. (1988) Notes on South Texas Archaeology: 1988-1 On Preforms and Projectile Points. La Tierra, Southern Texas Archeological Association, Vol. 15, No. 1.

1212 - Preston Point

Preston [Notched] Point - no namer available, but named after a shelter in Wisconsin. It is a medium point with wide notches and has a convex base. Type dates 830 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment: type is the same as numerous dovetail types.

1 - Reference: Stoltman, James B. (1997) Chapter 5: The Archaic Tradition. In: Wisconsin Archeologist’s Wisconsin Archeology, ed.: Robert Birmingham, Carol Mason, and James Stoltman, Vol. 78, Nos. 1-2. 2 – Reference: Theler, James. L., and Robert F. Boszhart (2003) Twelve Millennia – Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

Price Ranch [Triangle] Point - named by Noel Justice in 2002. It is a narrow point with a concave base. Type dates 1100 to 1700 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1213 - Priest Rapids Points

Priest Rapids [Notched] Point - named by collectors after the rapids in Washington. It is a medium-tolarge point with a flaring stem. Base is indented. Type dates 1400 AD and is found in Washington. Major attribute: none. Type validity: to be determined. Similar to: Comment: point has attributes to make it a type. Reference: Strong, Emory (1959) Stone Age on the Columbia River. Binford and Mort, Publishers.

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1214 - Princess Anne Points

Princess Anne [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1991. It is a small triangularlybladed point with a small squarish stem. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: squarish stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (1991) Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature for Maryland, Virginia, and North/South Carolina. Special Publication Number 26, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Provisional Types 1 to 13 (Alabama) - see Cambron and Hulse (1986).

1215 – Provisional 1 Point

Provisional Point 1 - not named, but identified. This point is identical to the type that Cambron and Hulse (1986) call the Morrow Mountain Straight Base which is certainly a false type. This style is an expended form of a larger stemmed type. Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1989 version) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology – Part 1 Point Types. Alabama Archaeological Society.

1216 - Pryor Point

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Pryor [Stemmed] Point - named by Wilford M. Husted in 1969 for a type found on the Big Horn river in Wyoming. It is a medium-to-large stemmed point with a beveled blade. Type dates 6200 BC and is found in the Big Horn Mountains. Perino (1985) suggests … a point with a straight to contracting stem. Base is straight to moderately concave. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Husted, Wilfred M. (1969) Bighorn Canyon Archaeology. Smithsonian Investigations, River Basin Surveys. Publications in Salvage Archaeology, Vol. 12. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1217 - Pueblo Points

Pueblo [Notched] Point - general description for southwestern Late Historic side-notched points. Justice (2002) suggests these types for his Pueblo Point Cluster:  Ridge Ruin  Point of Pines  Walnut Canyon  Gatlin  Snaketown  White Mountain  Buck Taylor  Awatovi.

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Pueblo Alto [Notched] Point - named for a multistoried pueblo in Chaco canyon, New Mexico. It is a small point with square basal ears. It dates 1000 to 1200 AD and is found in New Mexico and Arizona. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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Pulaski [Notched] Point - named by Howard D. Winters in 1967. It is a medium, finely made point with corner notches, a flaring stem, and a straight base. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in Missouri and Iowa. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Winters, Howard D. (1967) An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois. Report of Field Investigations No. 10, Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL.

1218 - Pulaski Point

Pulaski [Notched] Point - named by C. G. Holland in 1970. It is a medium, finely made point with corner notches, a flaring stem, and a straight base. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: type is probably related to the Palmer technology.

Purdy [Biface/Triangle] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Puta [Lanceolate] Point - see Ahler, Stanley A. (1987) Putu: A Fluted Point Site in Alaska. Simon Fraser University Publication No. 17. Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby.

1219 - Putnam Point with Transparent View

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Putnam [Stemmed] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1959. It is a thick, medium point with constricting stem. Base is rounded. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in Florida and Georgia. Major attribute: stubby stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. and Edward M. Dolan (1959) The Johnson Lake Site, Marion County, Florida. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 12, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles H. Fairbanks (1980) Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 5 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 6 – Reference: Austin, Robert J. (2006) Knife and Hammer: An Exercise in Positive Destruction – The I-75 Project and Lithic Scatter Research in Florida, Publication No. 16, Florida Anthropological Society.

Pygostyle [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a very large point with wide side notches. Type dates 500 BC to 100 AD and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

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1220 – Quad Points

Quad [Lanceolate] Point - named by Frank J. Soday in 1954. It is a small-to-medium lanceolate point with a deep concave base. Type dates 9500 to 8000 BC and is found in the eastern U.S. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade above the hafting area is excurvate. The hafting area is auriculate with expanded, rounded constrictions. Base is deeply concave and thinned. It may be fluted. Basal area is ground. Justice (1987) suggests: … a short lanceolate form with distinct basal ear projections; it is sometimes fluted. Major attribute: auriculation. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Suwannee. Comment: type may be related to the Dalton type (Justice 1987); however, the type is likely a derivate to Simpson technology. The Beaver Lake may be a derivative of this type. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Soday, Frank J. (1954) The Quad Site, A Paleo-Indian Village in Northern Alabama. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. X, No. 1, pp. 1-20. 2 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1960) An Excavation on the Quad Site. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XVI, No. 1. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Indiana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. 5 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (2000) Mississippi Projectile Point Guide. Archaeological Report No. 31, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS. 6 - Reference: Driskell, Boyce N. (1994) Stratigraphy and Chronology at Dust Cave. Journal of Alabama, Vol. 40, Nos. 1&2, pp. 17-34 7 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 8 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 9 - Reference: Tankersley, Kenneth B. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 10 - Reference: Anderson, David G., R. Jerald Ledbetter, and Lisa O’Steen (1990) Paleoindian Period Archaeology of Georgia. Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper No. 6, Athens, GA.

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1221 – Quail Side/Corner Notched Points (Based on Lantz 1989)

Quail [Notched] Point - named by Jim Herbstrill. It is a small point with a pronounced stem base. Type occurs in side- and corner-notched forms. Type dates 700 AD and is found in northern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania. Major attribute: u-shaped notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Lantz, Stanley W. (1989) Age, Distribution and Cultural Affiliation of Raccoon Notched Point Varieties in Western Pennsylvania and Western New York. Bulletin, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, No. 28, Pittsburgh, PA.

1222 - Quilmena Bar Points

Quilomene Bar [Notched] Point - no one is credited with its name. It is a medium point with concave base. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Oregon and Washington. Perino (1985) suggests … a medium point with a thick lenticular cross section. Basal notching produces an expanded stem. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Quinn River [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large point with short, 672

narrow flutes. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in Nevada, Idaho, and California. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology. Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

Quitman [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a county in Georgia. It is a medium point with a rectangular stem. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1223 - Rabbit Island Points

Rabbit Island [Stemmed] Point - named by Charles M. Nelson in 1969. It is a small point with constricting stem. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Washington and Oregon. Perino (1985) suggests … a small dart with a triangular blade. Shoulders range from angular to barbed. Stem is usually contracting with a round base. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Nelson, Charles M. (1969) The Sunset Creek Site (45-KT-28) and Its Place in Plateau History. Report of Investigations, No. 47, Washington State University Laboratory of Anthropology, Pullman, WA. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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Raccoon [Notched] Point - named by William J. Mayer-Oakes in 1955. It is a small-to-medium, side- or corner-notched, well-made point with concave, straight, or convex base. Notches are U-shaped. It is divided into five subtypes. Type dates 500 AD and is found in western New York and western Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Mayer-Oakes, William J. (1955) Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley. Annals, Carnegie Museum, Anthropological Series No. 2, Vol. 34, Pittsburgh, PA. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

Raccoon [Corner-Removed] Knife - thin, corner-removed knife blade with excurvate to angular blade edges. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Lantz, Stanley W. (1989) Age, Distribution and Cultural Affiliation of Raccoon Notched Point Varieties in Western Pennsylvania and Western New York. Bulletin, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, No. 28, p.18, Pittsburgh, PA.

Raccoon [Pentagonal] Knife - thin, unnotched knife blade with angular edges. Major attribute: pentagonal blade.

1224 - Raddatz Points

Raddatz [Notched] Point - named by Warren J. Wittry in 1959. It is a medium, parallel-sided point that has square tangs and concave base. Type dates 4500 to 3000 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Perino (1985) suggests … a medium point with a parallel-sided blade. Basal edges has slight grinding. Major attribute: square corners. Type validity: traditional Similar to: Graham Cave, Kessell, Godar, Big Sandy, Osceola, Hemphill. Comment: Type is probably a localized version of the Big Sandy notching technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Wittry, Warren J. (1959) The Raddatz Rockshelter, SK5, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 40, No. 2, p. 33. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Theler, James. L., and Robert F. Boszhart (2003) Twelve Millennia – Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 4 - Reference: Stoltman, James B. (1997) Chapter 6: The Archaic Tradition. In: Wisconsin Archeologist’s Wisconsin Archeology, ed.: Robert Birmingham, Carol Mason, and James Stoltman, Vol. 78, Nos. 1-2.

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1225 - Ragged Island Points

Ragged Island [Lanceolate] Point - named by Ed Bottom in 1990 after a Virginia island. It is a medium point with a concave base. Type dates 8000 to 7500 BC and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bottoms, Edward (1990) The Ragged Island Point a Late Paleoindian Type in the Southern Coastal Plain of Virginia. Chesopiean, Vol. 28, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1226 - Ramey Knife

Ramey [Knife] Type - named by Gregory Perino in 1963 after a site in Illinois. Large knife with tapering stem with its widest part near the distal end; similar to the Duck River sword. Type dates 900 to 1300 AD. Major attribute: needle tip. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1963) Tentative Classification of Two Projectile Points and a Knife from West Central Illinois. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1227 - Randolph Points

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Randolph [Stemmed] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a crude historic point that was reworked from other points. They have a tapering stem. Type dates 1600 AD and is found in North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: none. Comment: type is historic and made off prehistoric points.

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. 2 – Reference: Murphy, Peter G. and Alice Murphy (2011) Randolph Points: Low Point of the Flint Knapper’s Art? Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 18-19.

1228 - Rankin Points

Rankin [Notched] Point - named by D. C. Smith and Frank M. Hodges in 1968. It is a triangular-bladed point with small notches. Base is straight or convex. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Tennessee and Alabama. Perino (1985) suggests … a small point with a triangular blade that has straight to slightly convex sides. Shoulders are usually barbed. Notching produces an expanding stem. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Smith, D. C. and Frank M. Hodges (1968) The Rankin Site, Cocke County, Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. 24, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1229 - Rappahannock Points

Rappahannock River [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1991. It is a medium point with beveled, triangular blade. Stems are straight-sided or very slightly constricting with rounded corners and very shallow basal notches. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (1991) Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature for Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North/South Carolina. ASV Special Publication Number 26. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Rattail Point - general reference to any point made from native copper. It is usually part of the Old Copper 676

culture dating from 5000 to 2000 BC. Major attribute: long narrow stem. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1981) Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1230 - Rattlesnake Points (After: Justice 2002)

Rattlesnake Points – a series or cluster, as well as types, of small (arrow-size), corner-notched points, found primarily in the North Coast Ranges and dated after ca. 400 BC The Rattlesnake cluster includes Rattlesnake cornernotched, Clear Lake corner-notched, and Round Valley corner-notched types. Rattlesnake side-notched and Rattlesnake triangular types have also been proposed. The series takes its name from Rattlesnake Island in Clear Lake. 1 - Reference: Basgall, Mark E. 2007. Chronological Sequences in the Southern North Coast Ranges, California. In There Grows a Green Tree: Papers in Honor of David A. Fredrickson, edited by Gred White, Pat Mikkelsen, William R. Hildbrandt, Mark E. Basgall, Mildred Dickemann, and Thomas M. Origer, pp. 148-174. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publication No. 11. University of California, Davis. 2 - Reference: Hildebrandt, William R. 2007. Northwest California: Ancient Lifeways among Forested Mountains, Flowing Rivers, and Rocky Ocean Shores. In California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, edited by Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, pp. 83-97. Altamira Press, Lanham, Maryland. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1231 - Rattlesnake Points

Rattlesnake [Notched] Point - named by Suzanne Stewart and David Fredrickson in 1979 after the island in California. It is a medium point with a variety of stems. Type dates 1600 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Stewart, Suzanne B. and David A. Fredrickson (1979) A Cultural Resources Study of the Round Valley Area. Sonoma State University Report.

Redding [Notched] Point - named after the town in California by Martin Baumhoft. It is a small-to-large point with a concave base. Type dates 1600 to 1700 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Baumhoft, Martin A. and J. S. Byrne (1959) Desert Side-Notched Points as a Time Marker in California. University of California Archaeological Survey Report 48, Papers on California Archaeology 72. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Red Filmed [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a ceramic series. It is a small point with a concave base. Type dates 775 AD and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none.

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Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1232 - Red Horn Points

Red Horn [Triangle] Point - named by Charles Meyer in 1992 after the spring in Arizona. It is a small point with a deep concave base. Type dates 1500 to 1600 AD and is found from Arizona to Texas. Major attribute: flared corners.. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Meyer, Charles D. (1992) Red Horn. In: View Point, Southwest Amerind Artifacts Newsletter, Kingman, Arizona.

1233 - Red Ochre Blade

Red Ochre Blade – see Red Ochre [Lanceolate] Point.

1234 - Red Ochre Point

Red Ochre [Lanceolate] Point - named by Edward G. Scully in 1951. It is a point with constricting hafting area with straight base. Type dates 750 BC and is found in the upper Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests: …a broad point with convex sides which constrict towards the base. Major attribute: straight base.. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Scully, Edward G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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1235 - Red River Knife

Red River [Knife] Type - obtained from collector sources; appears to be a valid type. It varies in length depending on resharpening. It has wide side notches and a convex base. For the present, it is dated to the Caddoan era and is found along the Red River of Texas and Oklahoma. Major attribute: wide notches. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: none.

1236 - Redstone Points

Redstone [Lanceolate] Point - named by Edward C. Mahon in 1964. It is a thin, medium-to-large fluted point which has a triangular shape. Base is concave. Type dates 9000 BC and is found in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Ohio, Alabama, and Tennessee. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade is straight. It has basal grinding (1/3 length). It may have multiple flutes. Base is thinned and ground. Justice (1987) suggests: …a triangular form with the widest margin of the point occurring between the basal ears. Major attribute: full-face flute. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David Hulse (1964) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1237 - Reed Points

Reed [Notched] Point - named by David A. Baerreis in 1954. It is a small point with straight or slightly concave base. Notches are small and uniform. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Oklahoma and Arkansas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baerreis, David A. (1954) The Huffaker Site, Delaware County, Oklahoma. Bulletin, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

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1238 - Refugio Points

Refugio [Leaf-Shaped] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium-to-large slender point with rounded base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... elongate-triangular point that sometimes has a needle-like tip. Base is convex and often thinned. Major attribute: tear-drop shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archaeology. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R. (1968) Paleo-Indian Artifacts from Sites Along San Miguel Creek: Frio, Atascosa and McMullen Counties, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 39, pp. 147-162. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Regan [Lanceolate] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1965. It is a pentagonally shaped fluted point with a concave base. Type dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in eastern New York and Pennsylvania. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1965) Traces of Early Man in the Northeast. Bulletin, State Museum and Science Service, State Education Department, University of the State of New York, No. 38, Albany, NY.

Reigh [Notched] Point - named after a cemetery in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. It is a large point with a wide convex base. Type 3000 to 1000 BC and is found in Wisconsin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

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1 - Reference: Stoltman, James B. (1997) Chapter 6: The Archaic Tradition. In: Wisconsin Archeologist’s Wisconsin Archeology, ed.: Robert Birmingham, Carol Mason, and James Stoltman, Vol. 78, Nos. 1-2.

Reoder [Leaf] Point – Dougherty, John (1990). The Obsidian Projectile Points of the King-Brown Site: CASac-29, Sacramento County, California. Masters thesis, California State University, Sacramento.

1239 - Residual Point

Residual [Notched] Point - named by Melvin Aikens in 1970. It is a medium point with side notches. Base is convex. Type needs dates and is found in Utah and adjacent areas. Major attribute: tapering stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Elko. Comment: Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT.

1240 - Rheems Creek Points

Rheems Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by James Cambron and David Hulse in 1975. It is a medium, recursive-edged point that has a squarish stem and a slightly convex base. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are tapered and broad. Blade edges are straight. Stem is usually straight, but may be tapered. Base is convex and thick. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Calvert. Comment:

Reference: Cambron, James and David Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part I (Revised). The Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

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1241 - Rice Points

Rice [Bifurcate] Point - named by Robert Bray in 1956 after a cave in Missouri. It is a medium-to-large point with shallow bilobes. Type dates 7000 to 5500 BC and is found in the Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggest: … a large point with shallow, rounded corners and side notches. Lobes may project laterally to diagonally. Major attribute: lobes. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: St Albans, MacCorkle. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Bray, Robert (1956) The Culture-Complexes and Sequences at the Rice Site (23SN200) Stone County, Missouri. Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 18. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Chapman, Jefferson (1975) The Rose Island Site and the Bifurcate Tradition. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology Report of Investigations No. 14.

Rice [Lobed] Point - see Rice [Bifurcate] Point. Rice [Lanceolate] Point - see Justice (1987).

1242 - Rice Points

Rice [Notched] Point - named by Richard A. Marshall in 1958. It is a medium-to-large point with wide, shallow notch. Base is straight or concave. Perino (1985) suggest: … a point with wide, shallow side notches. Basal edge is straight to slightly concave. Stem is expanding. Type dates 500 AD and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Marshall, Richard A. (1958) The Use of Table Rock Reservoir Projectile Points in the Delineation of Cultural Complexes and Their Distribution. MS thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Ridge Ruin [Notched] Point - named for an area near Flagstaff, Arizona. It is a small point with narrow notches. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Point of Pines. Comment:

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Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1243 - Rio Grande Point

Rio Grande [Stemmed] Point - named by Kenneth Honea in 1965. It is a medium point with long, squarish stem. Base is straight or convex. Type dates 4000 BC and is found from Texas to Colorado. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Honea, Kenneth (1965) Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest. Popular Series, Museum of New Mexico, No. 4, Santa Fe, NM. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Rituculter [Lanceolate] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a large lanceolate point with a straight base. Type dates 4300 to 4000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

Rituculter II [Lanceolate] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

1244 - Riverton Points (Winters 1969)

Riverton [Notched] Point - named by Howard D. Winters in 1969 after the culture in Illinois. It is a small-to-medium point with an expanded corner-notched stem. Type dates 800 BC and is found in the middle and lower Wabash River valley. Perino (1985) suggest: … a small dart with a short, thick, straight to convex-sided blade. Stem is expanding and has a round base. Major attribute: squarish stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

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1 - Reference: Winters, Howard D. (1969) The Riverton Culture. Illinois State Museum, Report 13, Springfield, IL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Pace, Robert E. and Steve Coffing (1978) A Riverton Culture Gathering Site in Park County, Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, Vol. 87, p. 81.

Riverside [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a site in Alabama. It is a large type with shallow side notches. Type dates to the Middle Woodland era and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Riverside II [Notched] Point – false type. See Baker (2009).

1245 - Roanoke Points

Roanoke [Triangle] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a large well-made triangular point with a slightly concave base and sides. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Coe (1964) suggests: … large, well-made triangular point with slightly concave base and sides. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Yadkin. Comment:

Roanoke [Large] Point -

McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

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1246 - Robbins Points

Robbins [Stemmed] Point - named by Don Dragoo in 1963 after a site in Kentucky. It is a large, barbed point with a square stem. Base is straight or rounded. Type dates 200 BC to 0 AD and is found in the upper Ohio River valley. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point with well-defined shoulders and a straight to rounded stem. Stem is rectangular with straight to rounded basal edge that is sometimes smoothed. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Adena, Cresap. Comment: Cresap, Kramer, Dickerson, Adena, and Robbins represent early Woodland types. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Dragoo, Donald (1963) Mounds for the Dead. Annals, Carnegie Museum, Vol. 37, Pittsburgh, PA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Tully, Lawrence N. and Steven N. Tulley (1986) Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North American Indian. Collector Books, Paducah, KY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Robeson [Stemmed] Point - reported by Howard D. Winters in 1969. It is a small, narrow point with a straight base. Type dates 2000 to 1500 BC and is found in the Midwest. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Winters, Howard D. (1969) An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois, Revised, Illinois State Museum, Reports of Investigation, No. 10. 2 - Reference: The Riverton Culture. Illinois State Museum, Report of Investigations, No. 13, and Illinois Archaeological Survey, Springfield, IL.

1247 - Robinson Points

Robinson [Notched] Point - named by Fay-Cooper Cole and Thorn Deuel in 1937. It is a small point with a concave base. Type has not been dated and is found in Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana. Perino (1985) suggests: … small dart that has convex sides, low medium-sized notches and a straight to slightly concave basal edge. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Cole, Fay-Cooper and Thorne Deuel (1937) Rediscovering Illinois: Archaeological Explorations In and

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Around Fulton County. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1248 - Robertson Points

Robertson [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky (2001) after the first president of the Archeological Society of Virginia. It is a medium point with a tapering, pointed stem. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Rossville, Piscataway. Comment: type has a v-shaped workend and is considered here a knife. The initial form was probably a bipoint.

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1249 - Rochester Points (Morrow 1984)

Rochester [Stemmed] Point - named after a city in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a large point with poor shoulders. Base is straight or slightly concave. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

Rocker [Notched] Point – see Holmes, Richard N. (1980) Projectile Points. In: Sudden Shelter, Jennings, Schroed and Holmes, University of Utah Anthropological papers, No. 103.

Rockport Variety, Harperth River Point – see Adair, L. and E. J. Sims (1970) Rockport Variety, Harpeth River

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Point. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 23-29.

1250 - Rockwall Points

Rockwall [Notched] Point - named by J. B. Sollberger in 1970. It is a small, thin point with triangularshaped blade. Base is usually straight. Type dates 900 to 1200 AD and is found from Texas to Arkansas. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: type is probably a false type. 1 - Reference: Sollberger, J. B. (1970) The Rockwall Point. Newsletter of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. 18, No. 2. Also, Hoffman, Teresa L. (1982) Chipped Stone Tool Manufacture Processes in Mound D at the Toltec Mound Site (3LN42). Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

1251 – Rocky Branch Points (After: Baker 2009)

Rocky Branch [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a waterway in a parish in Louisiana. It is a medium point with a square stem. It is found in the Gulf states and dates to the Late Archaic. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Rocky River [Notched] Point - named by Rodney Peck and Floyd Painter in 1984. It is a large, wellmade basal notched point. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in North Carolina and Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Peck, Rodney M. and Floyd Painter (1984) The Baucom Hardaway Site: A Stratified Deposit in Union County, North Carolina. The Chesopiean, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 2-40.

687

Roger Side Hollow Point – see Brazos fishtail. No reference. Both are false types.

1252 - Rogers Point

Rogers [Lanceolate/Notched Provisional] Point - from a collector’s catalog; possibly a valid type. It is a medium point with a concave base. It has shallow side notching. Point usually has basal thinning and may be fluted. Type dates to the Paleoindian era and is found in Utah. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment: Reference: N/A.

Rood Creek [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium-to-large point with a deep concave base. Type dates 700 to 1000 AD and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Rosegate [Stemmed] Point – type was combined by David Thomas in 1981 between the Rose Spring and Eastgate types.

Reference: Thomas, David H. (1981) How the Classify the Projectile Points from Monitor Valley, Nevada. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.7-43. Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1253 - Rosenberry Creek Point (Baker 1995)

Rosenberry Creek [Lanceolate] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is a very large point with a deep concave base. Type dates 500 BC to 100 AD and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: flared corners. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Rose Spring Points – proposed by Edward Lanning. They are a series of small (arrow-size) points, or a type uniting the Rose Spring and Eastgate types. Rosegate points are found primarily in the Great Basin and dated between ca. A.D. 400 and 1300. Some analysts reject the use of a single Rosegate type for points from California sites. The Rosegate series includes Rose Spring corner-notched, Eastgate expanding-stemmed, and Parowan basal-notched types. 688

1 - Reference: Lanning, Edward P. 1963. Archeology of the Rose Spring Site INY-372. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49:237-336. Berkeley. 2 - Reference: Thomas, David H. 1981. How to Classify the Projectile Points from Monitor Valley, Nevada. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3:7-43. 3 - Reference: Yohe, Robert M., II. 1992. A Reevaluation of Western Great Basin Cultural Chronology and Evidence for the Timing of the Introduction of the Bow and Arrow to Eastern California Based on New Excavations at the Rose Spring Site (CA-INY-372). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside. 4 - Reference: Yohe, Robert M., II. 1998. The Introduction of the Bow and Arrow and Lithic Resource Use at Rose Spring (CA-INY-372). Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 20:26-52. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002a&b) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1254 - Rose Spring Points

1255 - Rose Springs Points

689

1256 – Rose Spring Point Distribution

Rose Spring [Stemmed/Notched] Point - named by Edward P. Lanning in 1963 for the site in California. It is a triangularly-bladed point with side- or corner-notched stem and a straight or rounded base. Type dates 400 to 1300 AD and is found in California and Nevada. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Lanning, Edward P. (1963) Archaeology of the Rose Springs Site, California. Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, University of California, Vol. 49, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F. and Thomas R. Hester (1978) Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms And Chronology. Socorro, New Mexico, Ballena Press. 4 - Reference: Fry, Gary F. and Gardiner F. Dalley (1979) The Levee Site and the Knoll Site. University of Utah, Anthropological papers, No. 100. 5 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT.

1257 - Rose Valley Points

Rose Valley [Stemmed] Point - named by Ferris Borden in 1971 for the site in California. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Type dates 5000 to 3000 BC and is found in the Great Basin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Borden, Ferris W. (1971) The Use of Surface Erosion Observations to Determine Chronological Sequence in Artifacts from a Mojave Desert Site. Archaeological Survey Association of Southern California. Paper Number Seven.

690

1258 - Rosewood Points

Rosewood [Stemmed] Point - named by Charles Bentz after the site in Illinois. It is a medium point with a wide stem and convex base. Type dates 350 to 450 AD and is found in Illinois and Missouri. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bentz, Charles (no date) Unpublished manuscript at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1259 - Ross County Points (Converse 1963)

Ross County [Lanceolate] Point - named by Arthur G. Smith in 1965. It is a medium-to-large fluted point with concave base. Blades are broader than classic Clovis blades. Type dates 9000 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Justice (1987) suggests: … presence of wide, shallow (thinning flake scars on the blade with short, marginal retouch intruding from the blade edge. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Gramly (2005) suggests that the point is a resharpened form of a much larger point. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Griffin, James B. (1965) Hopewell and the Dark Black Glass. Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 11, Nos. 2 & 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1260 - Ross Point

Ross [Notched] Point - named by James B. Griffin in 1965. It is a large, broad point with a small stem. Base is pointed or rounded. Type dates to the Hopewell period and is found from Ohio to Missouri. Perino (1985) suggests: … a large broad point having diagonal notches put into an angular base.

691

Major attribute: stem shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Griffin, James B. (1965) Hopewell and the Dark Black Glass. Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 11, Nos. 2 & 4. 2 - Reference: Mills, William C. (1907) Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio: Excavations of the Adena Mound. Pt. 1, Vol. 1, Columbus, OH.

1261 - Rossi Point

Rossi [Stemmed] Point - named by Terry Jones after the site in California. It is a large point with a squarish stem. Base is convex. Type dates 3000 to 2000 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Jones, Terry and Mark Hylkema (1988) Two Proposed Projectile Point Types for the Monterey Bay Area: Año Nuevo Long Stemmed and Rossi Square Stemmed. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 10, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Jones, Terry L. (1993) Big Sur: A Keystone of Central California History. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1262 – Crystal Rossville Point

1263 – Rossvile Points

692

1264 – Rossvile Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

Rossville [Stemmed] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a medium, thick, lozenge-shaped point. Stem is contracting and usually forms a point for the base or has rounded base. Shoulders are rounded with some specimens being sharp. Type dates 0 AD and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … thick, lozenge-shaped points of medium size. Some examples have weak, oblique shoulders which merge with a contacting stem terminating in a blunt point. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Morrow Mountain. Comment: For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised). 1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, p. 46, Albany, NY. 2 – Reference: No Author (1986) Carney Rose Site (28 Me106) Data Recovery. Trenton Complex Archaeology, Report 5, Louis Berger & Associates, In., Federal Highway Administration, and New Jersey Department of Transportation.

3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

4 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 5 - Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (1975) The Archaeology of the Tocks Island Area. Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University Museum, South Orange, NJ. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 8 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1265 – Round Lake Points (After: Baker 2009)

Round Lake [Knife] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a parish in Louisiana. It is medium, triangular knife. It is found in the Gulf states and dates to the Late Archaic. Major attribute: round corners. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

693

1266 - Round-Back Cascade Points

Roundback Cascade Point - false reference to the Cascade type. It has merit as a new type and is assigned here as a provisional type. Type 1 – A medium uniface point with a D-shaped cross section. Point has a drill-like blade. Type is found from Oregon to British Columbia. It remains to be dated. Reference: none.

Round Valley [Notched] Point - named for an Indian reservation in California. It is a medium point with a round base. Type dates 400 BC to 1100 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: White, Greg (1979) Projectile Points. In: Cultural Resources Study of the Round Valley Indian Reservation, eds., S. Stewart and D. Fredrickson. Report on file at the Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1267 - Rowan Points

Rowan [Auriculate] Point - named by Peter P. Cooper in 1970 for a county in North Carolina. It is a medium point with auriculate lobes. Type dates 7000 to 6000 BC and is found in Virginia and the Carolinas. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point with wide side notches. Stem corners are round and edges are heavily ground. Major attribute: flared stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Big Sandy ariculate. Comment:

1 - Reference: Cooper, Peter P. (1970) Rowan Points. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 16, No. 3, p. 113. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Rowlett [Stemmed] Point - named by L. Duffield in 1966 after the Green River Reservoir in Kentucky. It is an elongated, narrow point with slightly incarnate blade edges. Stems are short and rounded. Type dates 3000 to 2000 BC and is found in Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Duffield, Lathel (1966). The Robert Dudgeon Site: A Stratified Archaic Site in the Green River Reservoir, South Central Kentucky. Report to National Park Service; manuscript at the Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

694

1268 - Roxana Points

Roxana [Notched] Point - named by Patrick Munson in 1966 after the city in Illinois. It is a triangularlybladed point with a rounded stem. Type dates 750 to 900 AD and is found in Illinois. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Munson, Patrick (1966) An Archeological Survey of the Wood River Terrace and Adjacent Bottoms and Bluffs in Madison County, Illinois. Preliminary Reports, Illinois State Museum, No. 8, Springfield, IL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1269 - Russell Cave Points (Drawing: Cambron and Hulse 1986)

Russell Cave [Notched/Stemmed] Point - named by James W. Cambron after the cave in Alabama. It is a medium point with square stem, wide-notched and rounded corners. Type dates 6500 to 5500 BC and is found in Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are tapered. Blade edges are straight and lightly serrated. Stem is expanding with a straight base. Basal area is usually ground. Major attribute: squarish stem. Type validity: traditional (site-specific). Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975). Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc.

1270 - Russell Points

Russell [Lanceolate] Point - named by Stephen Williams and Jeffrey Brain in 1983 after the site in Mississippi. It is a medium point with a straight or convex base. Type has no date and is found in Mississippi. Major attribute: v-shaped blade.. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

695

1 - Reference: Williams, Stephen and Jeffrey P. Brain (1983) Excavations at the Lake George Site, Yazoo County, Mississippi, 1958-1960. Papers, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 74, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Russellville [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a long narrow point with a slightly concave base. Type has no date and is found in the Midwest. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology. Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

Rye Patch [Stemmed] Point - not available; see Justice (2002a).

Reference: Rusco, Mary K. and Jonathan O. Davis (eds.) (1982) The Humboldt Project, Rye Patch Archaeology Phase IV – Final Field Report. Nevada State Museum Archaeological Services Report.

1271 - Sabinal Points

Sabinal [Stemmed] Point - named by Thomas R. Hester in 1971 after a river in Texas. It is a slender, medium point with flaring shoulders (barbs). It has a squarish stem. Type dates 1100 to 1250 AD and is found in southcentral Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... long, narrow triangular point that has deeply concave to recurved lateral edges and heavy barbs that flare outward and curve upward. Stem is produced by deep, narrow basal notches and expands moderately. Major attribute: barbs. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R. (1961) Archaeological Investigations at the La Jita Site, Uvalde County, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 42. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Sabine [Stemmed] Point - named by Baker (2009) after a parish area in Louisiana. It is a small point with a tapering stem. Type dates to Late Woodland era and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: 696

Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1272 - Sacaton Points

Sacaton [Notched] Point - described by E. B. Sayles and named by Perino (1991) after a phase of the Hohokam culture. It is a small, triangular point with wide side notches. It has a concave base. Type dates 900 to 1100 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: flared stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Sayles, E. B. (1965) Stone Implements and Bowls. In: Excavations at Snaketown, Material Culture by Harold S. Gladstone, Emil W. Haury, E. B. Sayles, and Nora Gladwin, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1273 - Safety Harbor Point

Safety Harbor[Lanceolate/Notched] Point - named by Gordon Willey in 1949. It is a medium point with a convex base. Type dates 900 AD and is found in Florida. Major attribute: triangular shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Santa Fe. Comment:

1 – Reference: Willey, Gordon R. (1949) Archaeology of the Florida Coast. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Safety Harbor[Triangle] Point – named by Gordon Willey in 1949. It is a medium isosceles point with a concave base. Type dates 900 AD and is found in Florida. Major attribute: none. Type validity: ? Similar to: Comment:

Safety Harbor[Stemmed] Point - named by Son Anderson in 1984. It is a medium point with a concave base. Type dates 900 AD and is found in Florida. Major attribute: none. Type validity: ? Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Anderson, Son and Doug Puckett (1984) Field Guide to Point Types of the State of Florida. Privately

697

published. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

1274 - Sahnish Point

Sahnish [Notched] Point – no data available.

1275 - Salado Points

Salado [Notched-Triangle Point - not available. It is a small point with a straight base. Type dates 1500 AD and is found in New Mexico and Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1947) Prehistoric Indians of the Southwest. Colorado Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 7, Denver, CO.

1276 - Sallisaw Points

Sallisaw [Stemmed] Point - named by J. A. Brown in 1968 for specimens found at the Spiro site in Oklahoma. It is a small point with expanding, pointed tangs. Type dates 1200 to 1350 AD and is found in Oklahoma and Arkansas. Perino (1985) suggests: … an arrowpoint with a triangular blade. Diagonal side notches cause an expanding stem. Major attribute: flared stem corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Brown, James A. (1968) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Vol. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

698

1277 - Salmon River Points

Salmon River [Notched] Point - named by Earl H. Swanson, Jr. and Paul G. Sneed in 1966 after the river in Idaho. It is a medium point with corner notches and a straight or convex base. Type dates 6000 to 3000 BC and is found in the Northwest. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Swanton, Earl H. Jr. and Paul G. Sneed (1966) Birch Creek Papers No. 3. The Archaeology of the Shoup Rockshelters in East Central Idaho. Occasional Paper, Idaho State University Museum, No. 17. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1278 - Salt Lake Point (Both Faces)

Salt Lake [Notched] Point - name here after the city. It is a medium point with flaring corners. Base is concave and sometimes ground. Type dates 7500 to 6500 BC and is found in Utah, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho. Major attribute: flaring corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference:

Salt River [Notched] Point - see Janzen, Donald E. (1971) Excavations at the Falls of the Ohio River Region. Filson Club Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 373-380.

Salt River [Triangle] Point - probably a notched form, but it overall shape suggest that it be classified here as a triangle. It is a long narrow point with an indented base. Type dates 850 to 1000 AD and is found in Arizona and New Mexico. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Dean, Jeffry S. (1991) Thoughts on the Hohokam Chronology. In: Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the Southwest, G. Gumerman, ed., pp. 61-150, Amerind Foundation Publication, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

1279 - Samantha - Top: Arrow and Bottom: Dart Points

699

1280 - Smantha Point (Both Faces and Translucent View)

Samantha [Notched] Point - named by Thomas F. Kehoe in 1974. It is a narrow point with small corner notches and a straight stem. It has an arrow and dart variety. Type dates 415 AD and is found in Montana, North Dakota, and southwestern Canada. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kehoe, Thomas F. (1974) The Large Corner-Notched Point System of the Northern Plains and Adjacent Woodlands. Upper Great Lakes Anthropology (no publisher). 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1281 - San Bruno Points

San Bruno [Triangle] Point - named by Gary McCullough and Ben Stermer after the area in Baja California. It is a medium, serrated point with a straight or concave base. Type dates early historic and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bowen, Thomas (1976) Seri Prehistory: The Archaeology of the Central Coast of Sonora, Mexico. N/A. 2 – Reference: Massey, Williams C. (1966) Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Lower California. In Handbook of Middle American Indians 4, edited by Robert Wauchope, pp. 38-58. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.

1282 - San Diego Point

San Diego [Provisional Notched] Point - name here after two points recovered by the author in the Borrego Desert many years ago. It is a large point with a pronounced stem and small notched. Blade is narrow. Type remains to be dated and is found in California.

700

Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: type may be a large form of the Desert type. Reference: This paper.

1283 - San Gabriel Knife/Biface

San Gabriel Knife/Biface - described by Elton R. Prewitt in 1981. It is a triangularly-shaped knife, which dates 200 to 500 AD. It is found in Texas. It is probably a preform for the San Saba point. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Prewitt, Elton R.(1981) Archaeological Investigations at the Loeve-Fox and Tombstone Bluff Sites in the Granger Lake District of Central Texas. Archaeological Investigations at the San Gabriel Reservoir Districts 4, Institute of Applied Sciences, North Texas State University, Denton, TX. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

1284 – Sandia (Hibbens 1941)

1285 - Blade from Sandia Cave, 1936-37. From "Association of Man with Pleistocene Mammals in the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico," by Frank C. Hibbens in American Antiquity, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp.260263. graph reproduced by permission of the Society for American

701

Archaeology.

Sandia [Lanceolate-Stemmed] Point - named by Frank C. Hibbens in 1941 for a cave in New Mexico. Type I is a lanceolate point with one side being shouldered. Base is pointed and off center. Type is sometimes divided into Types I and II. Fluting does occur. Type may date 12,000, but probably 8500 BC and is found in the Southwest. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... two types; see I and II. Major attribute: single shoulder. Type validity: traditional or negative. Similar to: Comment: Type has a major credibility problem. 1 - Reference: Hibbens, Frank C. (1941) Evidence of Early Occupation in Sandia Cave, New Mexico, and Other Sites in the Dandia-Manzano Region. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 99, No 23. 2 – Reference: Johnson, Frederick and Frank C. Hibben (1957) Radiocarbon Dates from Sandia Cave, Correction. Science, Vol. 125, No. 3241, pp. 234-235. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 4 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 5 - Reference: Hipbone, Frank C. (1946) The First Thirty-Eight Sandia Points. American Antiquity 16(4):25-28. 6 - Reference: Howard, Calvin D. (1988) Notes on Sandia Points. Plains Anthropologist 33(122):535-537. 7 - Reference: Boldurian, Anthony T. and John C. Cotter (1999) Clovis Revisited – New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 8 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. Note: Type has major dating problems; it is considered here as valid type.

Sandia I [Lanceolate-Stemmed] Point - named by Frank C. Hibbens in 1941 for a cave in New Mexico. Type II has a contracting stem and a single pronounced shoulder. Type may date 12,000, but probably 8500 BC and is found in the Southwest. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... has a bluntly pointed base and a lenticular cross section. Wormington (1957) describes fluted specimens. Major attribute: single shoulder. Type validity: traditional or negative. Similar to: Comment: Type has a credibility problem.

1 - Reference: Hibbens, Frank C. (1941) Evidence of Early Occupation in Sandia Cave, New Mexico, and Other Sites in the Dandia-Manzano Region. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 99, No 23. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis(1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceeding, No. 11, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO.

Sandia II [Lanceolate-Stemmed] Point - named by Frank C. Hibbens in 1941 for a cave in New Mexico. It has a truncated stem with a single pronounced shoulder. Type may date 12,000, but probably 8500 BC and is found in the Southwest. It is probably contemporary with Clovis. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... more carefully made, has parallel sides, is diamonded shaped in cross section, and has a straight or slightly concave base. Major attribute: single shoulder. Type validity: traditional or negative. Similar to: Comment: Type has a credibility problem.

San Francisco [ Triangle] Point - see Rondreau, Michael F. (1975) Projectile Point Analysis for the Kahorsho Site: NA 10937, Central Arizona. Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State Polytechnic University. San Jon [ Lanceolate/Stemmed] Point - named by Frank H. H. Roberts. It is a medium point with straight sides and base. Type dates to the Paleoindian era and is fount on the High Plains. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: It is a well made point and sometimes has diagonal flaking.

1 - Reference: (1972) The Olsen - Chubbuck Site: A Paleo-Indian Bison Kill. Society for American Archaeology Memoir No. 26. 2 - Reference: Roberts, Frank H. H. (1942) Archaeological and Geological Investigations in the San Jon District, Eastern New Mexico, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 103, No.4, Washington, DC.

702

3 – Reference: Knudson, Ruthann (1995) The San Jon Points and Paleoindian Typology. Plains Anthropologist 40(154):391-397. 4 - Reference: Holliday, Vance T. (1997) Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 5 - Reference: Hill, Mathew, Vance Holliday, and Dennis Stanford (1995) A Further Evaluation of the San Jon Site, New Mexico. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 40, pp. 369-390.

1286 - San Jose Points (Justice 2002)

San Jose [Stemmed] Point - named by Kirk Bryan and J. H. Toulouse, Jr. in 1943 for the culture in New Mexico. It is a medium point with various stem shapes. Type dates 4500 to 3000 BC and is found in New Mexico and Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Bryan, Kirk and J. H. Toulouse, Jr. (1943) The San Jose Non-Ceramic Culture and Its Relation to Puebloan Culture in New Mexico. American Antiquity, Vol. 9, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1287 - Sand Hill Point

1288 - Sand Hill Points (Fogelman 1988)

Sand Hill [Stemmed] Point - named by Robert E. Funk in 1979. It is a small point with a square stem. Base is straight. Type dates 0 AD and is found in the lower Hudson River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Calvert. 703

Comment:

Sand Mountain [Triangle] Point - named by James W. Cambron and David C. Hulse in 1975. It is a small, narrow, serrated point with a shallow concave base. Type dates 1400 AD and is found in Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade edges are straight and serrated. Base is concave and may be expanding. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1975) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Moundville, AL.

1289 - Sandstone Points

Sandstone [Stemmed] Point - based on Lowery (1998), it is stemmed point that is found in the Northeast.

1 - Reference: Lowery, Darin L. (1998) Using Ancient Shellfish to Process Contemporaneous Shellfish: Native American th Use of Miocene Silicified Fossiliferous Sandstone in the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain. Paper presented at the 65 Annual Meeting of the Eastern States Archaeological Federation, Wilkes-Barre, PA. 2 - Reference: Lowery, Darin L. (2002) The Distribution of Miocene Silicified Sandstone in the Archaeological Record and Interpretations Based on the Observed Patterns: A Test of GIS in Archaeology. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, Vol. 18, pp. 17-36. 3 – Reference: Theler, James L. and Robert F. Boszhardt (2003) Twelve Millennia: Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

San Dieguito [Knife] Type - tentative type based on the tools suggested by Rogers (1938 and 1939) and Carter (1957) at San Diego, California. It is a medium-to-large knife with a pronounced stem. Type occurs as both uniface and biface forms. Base is roundish. It is always made from basalt. Type dates pre-Clovis (?) or preprojectile point and is found in California and Nevada. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Rogers, Malcom (1939) Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas. San Diego Museum Papers No. 3, p75. 2 - Reference: Rogers, Malcom (1938) Archaeological and Geological Investigation of the Culture Levels in an Old Channel of the San Dieguito Valley. Carnegie Institution Yearbook, No. 37, pp. 344-345. 3 - Reference: Carter, George F. (1957) Pleistocene Man at San Diego. John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD.

704

1290 - San Jose Points

San Jose [Notched] Point – named by C. Irwin-Williams in 1973. It is a medium point with an expanding stem. It dates from 4000 to 1500 BC and is found in the Southwest.

Reference: Irwin-Williams, Cynthia (1973) The Oshara Tradition: Origins of the Anasazi Culture. Eastern New Mexico University, Contributions in Anthropology, Vol. 5, No. 1.

San Miguel Bayou [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a parish area in Louisiana. It is a small point with a square stem. Type dates to Late Woodland era and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1291 - San Pedro Points

San Pedro [Notched] Point - named by E. B. Sayles and E. Anters in 1941. It is a small point with a triangular blade. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Sayles, E. G. and E. Anters (1941) The Cochise Culture. Medallion Paper, No. 29, Gila Pueblo, Globe, AZ. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

San Pedro [Knife] Type – no data or reference.

705

1292 - San Patrice Points

(After: Ray 1998)

San Patrice [Notched] Point - named by Clarence Webb in 1943 after a creek in Louisiana. It is a small point with a concave base. It is frequently fluted. Type dates to the Paleoindian to Early Archaic period and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... concave, usually deep and ground base that has been thinned. It has weak shoulders to well-defined shoulders. Major varieties are:  Hope  St Johns  Kiethville  Leaf River  Geneill  Van Lott. Major attribute: shallow side notches. Type validity: traditional Similar to: Comment: type has a mixture of forms which due not justify it as being a single type.

1 - Reference: Webb, Clarence (1943) Two Unusual Chipped Stone Artifacts from Northwest Louisiana. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 17. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Morse, Dan F. and Phyllis A. Morse (1983) Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley. Academic Press, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma. 6 – Reference: Ray, Jack H. (1998) Cultural Components. In: The 1997 Excavation at the Big Eddy Site (23CE426) in Southwest Missouri. Special Publication No. 2, Center for Archaeological Research, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, MO.

706

1293 - Various San Patrice Points

San Patrice (Hope Variety) [Notched] Point - named by Clarence Webb in 1943. It is a small point with a concave base. Type dates to the Paleoindian to Early Archaic period and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Webb, Clarence (1943) Two Unusual Chipped Stone Artifacts from Northwest Louisiana. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 17. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1294 - San Patrice Point

San Patrice (St Johns Variety) [Notched] Point - named by Clarence Webb in 1943. It is a small point with a concave base. Type dates to the Paleoindian to Early Archaic period and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Webb, Clarence (1943) Two Unusual Chipped Stone Artifacts from Northwest Louisiana. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol.17. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

San Patrice (Geneill Variety) [Notched] Point - named by Jeffry Brain in 1983.It has a slightly concave to recurved basal edge, basal thinning, and corner notching. Type dates to the Paleoindian to Early Archaic period and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Brain, Jeffry P. (1983) Paleo-Indian in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Proceeding of the 33 Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Bulletins 20 and 21. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points

707

and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

San Patrice (Leaf River Variety) [Notched] Point - named by Cary L. Geiger in 1980 for the river in Mississippi. It is basically an eared variety. Type dates to the Paleoindian to Early Archaic period and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Geiger, Cary L. (1980) Survey of Selected Sites in the Leaf River Floodplain, Perry Count, Mississippi 15(2). 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

San Patrice (Keithville Variety) [Notched] Point - named by Clarence Webb, Joel Shiner, and Wayne Roberts in 1971. It is a small point with a concave base. Type dates to the Paleoindian to Early Archaic period and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Webb, Clarence, Joel Shiner and Wayne Roberts (1971) The John Pearce Site (16CD56): A San Patrice Site in Caddo Parish, Louisiana. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 42. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

San Patrice (Van Lott Variety) [Notched] Point - named by Clarence Webb, Joel Shiner, and Wayne Roberts in 1971. It is a small point with a concave base. Type dates to the Paleoindian to Early Archaic period and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Webb, Clarence, Joel Shiner and Wayne Roberts (1971) The John Pearce Site (16CD56): A San Patrice Site in Caddo Parish, Louisiana. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological Society, Vol. 42. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1295 – San Pedro Points (Justice 2002)

San Pedro [Knife] Type - named by Herbert Dick in 1965. It is a large knife with wide notches. Type dates 1500 BC to 500 AD and is found in Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Synder. Comment: Reference: Dick, Herbert W. (1965) Bat Cave, Monograph No. 27, The School of American Research, Santa Fe, NM.

San Rafael [Notched] Point - identified by Richard Holmer in 1978. It is a medium point with a squarish hafting area, Base is straight. Type dates 2600 to 1800 BC and it is found in the four-state Colorado area. Major attribute: side notches..

708

Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Northern. Comment:

Reference: Holmer, Richard N. (1980) Projectile Points. In: Sudden Rock Shelter by J. Jennings, A. Schroed, and R Holmer, University of Utah, Anthropological Papers, No. 103.

1296 - San Saba Points

San Saba [Notched] Point - named by Greg Periona. It is a medium-to-large point with straight base. Type dates 0 AD and is found in Texas. Perino (1985) suggests: … large knife form that has a straight to convex sides and a straight to convex basal edge. Major attribute: small basal notches. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hester, Thomas Roy and L. M. Green (1972) A Functional Analysis of Large Bifaces from San Saba County, Texas. Texas Journal of Science, Vol. 24, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1297 - Santa Cruz Points

Santa Cruz [Stemmed] Point - described by Emil W. Haury and named by Gregory Perino (1991). It is a small point with a constricted stem. Type dates 600 to 1400 AD and is found in Arizona and northern Mexico. Major attribute: pointed stem.. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

709

1298 - Santa Fe Points

1299 - Santa Fe Points (Bullen 1975)

710

Santa Fe [Lanceolate] Point - named by John M. Goggin in 1950. It is a long narrow, straight-sided, medium point with basal thinning, deep basal concavity, and sharp basal corners. Base is usually ground. Type dates 10,000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … relatively long and narrow, rather straight sided point with basal thinning, fairly deep basal concavity, and transverse-parallel or collateral flaking. Major attribute: collateral flaking. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Dalton. Comment: type needs to be found in an archaeological context to establish its antiquity.

1 - Reference: Goggin, John M. (1950) An Early Lithic Complex from Central Florida. American Antiquity, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 46-49. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 4 - Reference: Snow, Frankie (1977) An Archeological Survey of the Ocmulgee Big Bend Region. Occasional Papers from South Georgia, Number 3, South Georgia College, Douglas, GA. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 6 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

Santan [Barbed] Point – see Justice (2002B). Santa Cruz [ Stemmed] Point – see Justice (2002B).

1300 - Sarasota Points (Schroder 2002)

Sarasota [Stemmed] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968. It is a medium point with excurvate blade edges, slight shoulders, square stem, and straight base. It is sometimes classified as a parallel or expanding form (Justice 1987). Type dates 1000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … point with sharp corners and relatively short, expanding tang which has straight, out loping edges. Justice (1987) suggests: … a large, straight to slightly expanding, stemmed form with a wide haft and narrow shoulders. 711

Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: type has mixed forms.

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Saratoga Springs [Triangle] Point – named by William Wallace. It is a small, triangular, unnotched point, similar to the Cottonwood triangular type but coeval with Rose Spring points. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Wallace, William J. (1988). Old Crump Flat and Ubehebe Craters: Two Rockshelters in Death Valley National Monument. Monographs in California and Great Basin Anthropology No. 2. Davis, California.

1301 - Saratoga Point

Saratoga [Stemmed] Point - named by Howard D. Winter (n.d.). It is a large, broad-bladed point with a pronounced stem. Type dates around 2000 BC and is found in the Ohio river valley. Justice (1987) defines three types:  Broad-bladed  Parallel stemmed  Expanding stem  Added here, tapered stem. Major attribute: large tapering stem.. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Oak Grove. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Winters, Howard D. (1967) An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois. Illinois State Museum Report of Investigations 10, Illinois Archaeological Survey. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Saratoga [Broad Stemmed] Point - see Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

712

Saratoga [Expanding Stemmed] Point - see Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Saratoga [Parallel Stemmed] Point - see Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Saratoga Spring [Stemmed] Point - not available; see Justice (2002a).

Reference: Gilreath, Amy J. and William R. Hildebrandt (1987) Prehistoric Use of the Coso Volcanic Field. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 56.

Satchell - TBS.

Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

1302 - Saugeen Point

Saugeen [Notched] Point - no namer. It is a narrow point with side notches and a straight base. Type dates 500 BC to 500 AD and is found in Ontario. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Kenyon, I. (1979) Saugeen Points. KEWA 79-9.

1303 - Sauceda Point

Sauceda [Notched]Point – see Pueblo [Notched] Point. Reference: Loendrof, Chris and Glen E. Rice (2004) Projectile Point Typology – Gila River Indian Community, Arizona. Cultural Resource Management Program, Sacaton, AZ. Sauk [Variety] Point - named by Marshal McKusick and Charles Slack in 1962. Points are made from a variety of materials and different shapes. Type dates 1790 to 1810 AD and is found in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. After 1842, it is found in Kansas and Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: McKusick, Marshall and Charles Slack (1962) Historic Sauk Indian Art and Technology. Journal, Iowa Archaeological Society, Vol. 12, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points

713

and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Sauty Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a contracting stem. Type dates 450 to 750 AD and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: round corners. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1304 – Savage Cave (Drawing: Cambron and Hulse 1986)

Savage Cave [Notched] Point - named by James Cambron after a cave in Kentucky. It is a medium point with rounded corners and a straight base. Type dates around 4000 BC and is found in Kentucky and Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade edges are excurvate and finely serrated. It is deeply notched with light grinding. Major attribute: notching. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. (1979) Savage Cave Site. Journal, Alabama Archaeological Society, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 205-216. 2 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL.

Savannah River-Benton [Stemmed] Point – collector reference; it is a false type.

714

1305 - Savannah River Points

1306 - Savannah River Point

1307 - Savannah River Points

1308 – Savannah River Point Distribution

Savannah River [Stemmed] Point - named by William Claflin in 1931 after the river. It is a broadbladed point with a square stem. Base is concave. Type dates 1500 to 500 BC and is found all over the Southeast. Coe (1964) suggests: … large, heavy, triangular blade with a broad stem. The type has these basic forms:  Wide blades  Narrow blades (expended ?)  Wide stems  Narrow stems  Concave bases  Straight bases. Major attribute: broad blade. Type validity: traditional/classic.

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Similar to: Comment: The Savannah River type seems be a new pointmaking tradition that was developed in the Southeast. It represents the Lade Archaic period as is usually considered a wide (broad) point (Hranicky 2002). For point dimensions, see Coe (1964).

Note: Shoulderless forms are expended specimens; type is initially shouldered. Type has southeastern riverine variations. Justice (1987) suggests: … variations include specimens that exhibit a wide arc at the shoulder/haft juncture, which produces an indefinite division between stems and blades. 1 - Reference: Claflin, William H., Jr. (1931) The Stallings Island Mound, Columbia County, Georgia. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 14, No. 1, Cambridge, MA. 2 - Reference: Coe, 3 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 Reference: - Ledbetter, J. Jerald (1995) Archaeological Investigations at Mill Branch Sites 9WR4 and 9WR11, Warren County, Georgia. Technical Reports No. 3, Interagency Archaeological Services Division, Atlanta, GA. 7 - Reference: Snow, Frankie (1977) An Archeological Survey of the Ocmulgee Big Bend Region. Occasional Papers from South Georgia, Number 3, South Georgia College, Douglas, GA. 8 - Reference: Elliott, Daniel and Roy Doyon (1981) Archaeology and Historical Geography of the Savannah River Floodplain near Augusta, Georgia. Report No. 2, Laboratory Archaeology Series, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. 9 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 10 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 11 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 12 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 13 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33. 14 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1309 - Savannah River Points

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1310 - Savannah River Points

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Various North Carolina and Virginia Savannah River/Coe Points

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Various North Carolina and Virginia Savannah River/Coe Points

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1311 - Savannah River Points Note: The Savannah River point may be the most common projectile point found in the Western Hemisphere.

1312 - Savannah River Knives

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1313 – Savannah River Points

Savannah River Broad [Stemmed] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Savannah River II [Stemmed] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Savannah River [Variant] Type - no such point; false type. Savannah River Seminole Variant – false type. See Schroder (2002).

1314 – Sawmill Points (After Fogelman (2009)

Sawmill (Lanceolate) Point – Ohio paleo-point.

1 – Reference: Smith, Arthur George (1960) The Sawmill Site. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 10, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society. 3 – Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (2009) Late Paleo Lanceolances in Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

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1315 - Scallorn (2) and Rockwall (3) Points

1316 - Scallorn Points

Scallorn [Notched] Point - named by J. Charles Kelley in 1962. It is a medium-to-large point with small stem. Base is straight or convex. Type dates 700 AD and is found in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... point has straight to convex lateral edges, often finely serrated, and well-barbed shoulders. Expanding stem varies from a broad wedge-shape to extremities as wide as the shoulders. Major attribute: triangle stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Jelks, Edward B. (1962) The Kyle Site, A Stratified Central Texas Aspect Site in Hill County, Texas. University of Texas, Archeology Series, 5. 2 - Reference: Aten, Lawrence E. (1983) Indians of the Upper Texas Coast. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Turner, Robert L., and James E. II (2002) The Harold Williams Site (41CP10) and the Texas Archaeological Society Field School of 1967. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol.73, pp. 1-68. 5 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 6 - Reference: Peeples, Matthew (2003) An Analysis of the Projectile Points from the Chytha Site (41JK66), Jackson County, Texas. La Tierra, Southern Texas Anthropological Association, Vol. 30, No. 1&2, pp. 37-63.

1317 - Scherschel Points

Scherschel [Notched] Point - named by Curtis H. Tomak in 1983. It is a medium-to-large point with convex base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Indiana and Kentucky. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point that has a long blade with convex edges and broad, shallow side notches. Shoulders are obtuse. Stem varies from expanded to nearly parallel-sided. Base is convex. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Tomak, Curtis H. (1983) A Proposed Prehistoric Cultural Sequence for a Section of the West Fork of the White River in Southwestern Indiana. Tennessee Anthropologist, Vol. 8, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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1318 - Schild Points

Schild [Spike] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1973 after the site in Illinois. It is a small, narrow point with side notches and straight or convex base. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Illinois and Missouri. Perino (1985) suggests: … a small, narrow point. Stem is constricting near the base or expands. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Brown, James A (editor) (1973) Late Woodland Site Archaeology in Illinois. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Inc., Bulletin, University of Illinois, No. 9, Urbana, IL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1319 - Schugtown Points

Schugtown [Notched] Point - named by Dan F. Morse in 1969. It is a small, thick point with pronounced notches. Base is straight, concave, or convex. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Arkansas and Missouri. Perino (1985) suggests: … a triangular-bladed point with straight to convex edges. Notches are broad and stem is often narrower than shoulders. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Morse, Dan F. (1969) The Schugtown Point. Field Notes, Arkansas Archaeological Society, No. 59. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1320 - Schustorm Point

Schustorm [Notched] Point – no namer; false type from Texas. Schuylkill [Stemmed] Point - named by Barry C. Kent in 1970. It is a large point with a wide constricting stem. Base is pointed. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey. Major attribute: Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the

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Northern Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1321 - Scoop Point

Scoop-Point - tentative assignment for a stemmed point with a scoop-like tip. It was probably a hafted tool used to work steatite. However, a hafted scraper function is also possible. It appears to be a Late Archaic implement.

Scottsbluff II Renier Variant [Lanceolate] Point - false type; see Wheat, Joe Ben (1972) The Olsen - Chubbuck Site: A Paleo-Indian Bison Kill. Memoir No. 26, Society for American Archaeology. And, Satterthwaite, Linton (1957) Stone Artifacts Near the Finley Site, Near Eden, Wyoming. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Museum Monographs Note: Types named by others after the original point was published and use I, II, A, B, etc. notations are classified here as false Types.

Scottsbluff I, II, and III - see Justice (1987) and Wormington, H. M. and Richard G. Forbis(1965) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada. Proceeding, No. 11, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO. Scottsbluff [Knife] Type – no data or reference.

1322 - Scottsbluff Point

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1323 - Scottsbluff Points

1324 - Scottsbluff Point Distribution

Scottsbluff [Stemmed] Point - named by E. H. Barbour and C. B. Schultz (1932) after a quarry in Nebraska. It is a large point with a wide, square stem. Base is slightly convex. Type dates 7500 to 6500 BC and is found in the upper Plains states. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... fine, parallel flaking and has a fat feel due to its biconvex cross section. It has a broad stem which is ground. Major attribute: parallel flaking. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Eden. Comment: the Scottsbluff-Eden types initiate the stemmed pointmaking tradition on the High Plains. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Barbour, E. H. and C. B. Schultz (1932) The Scottsbluff Bison Quarry and Its Artifacts. Bulletin, Nebraska State Museum, Vol. 34, No. 1. 2 – Reference: Crook, Wilson W., Jr., and R. K. Harris (1955) Scottsbluff Points in the Obshner Site Near Dallas Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 26:75-100. 3 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1981) Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 5 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1975) Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 6 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 7 - Reference: Mason, Ronald J. (1981) Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 8 - Reference: Crook, Wilson W., Jr., and R. K. Harris (1955) Scottsbluff Points in the Obshner Site Near Dallas Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 26, pp.75-100. 9 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT. 10 - Reference: Sharrock, Floyd W. (1966) Prehistoric Occupation Patterns in Southwest Wyoming and Cultural Relationships with the Great Basin and Plains Culture Areas. Anthropological Papers, No. 77, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. 11 - Reference: Strong, Emory (1969) Stone Age in the Great Basin. Binford & Mort Publishing, Portland, OR. 12 - Reference: Bradley, Bruce A. (1993) Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains. In: From Kostenki to Clovis – Upper Paleolithic – Paleo-Indian Adaptations, O. Soffer and N. Praslov, eds., Plenum Press, New York, NY. 13 - Reference: Boldurian, Anthony T. and John C. Cotter (1999) Clovis Revisited – New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 14 - Reference: Steinbring, Jack (1966) A Scottsbluff Projectile Point from Manitoba. Wisconsin Archeologist, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1-7. 15 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 16 – Reference: Fox, Daniel J. (2003) Arrowheads of the Central Plains. Collector Books, Paducah, K.Y. 17 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

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1325 - Scottsbluff Points

1326 - Scottsbluff Comparisons

Scottsbluff-Yuma Point - old reference to this point being under the umbrella of the Yuma type. It was separated as a single type in 1941 (Cassells 1983).

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1327 - Searcy Points

1328 - Searcy Points (Drawings: Justice 1987)

Searcy [Stemmed] Point - named by Don R. Dickson in 1968. It has a pronounced stem with straight, convex, or concave base. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point that has a pronounced stem and slight shoulders. Blade is often beveled or serrated. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dickson, Don R. (1968) Two Provisional Projectile Point Types. Arkansas Amateur Archaeologist, Vol. 7, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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1329 - Sedalia Point

Sedalia [Lanceolate] Point - named by Robert M. Seeland in 1961. It is a large point with convex sides and a straight base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests: … a large, thick lanceolate point that has convex sides and a straight basal edge. Major attribute: narrow shape. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Nebo Hill. Comment: The Nebo Hill and Sedalia are probably the same pointmaking technology. Justice (1987) clusters the two types. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Seeland, Robert M. (1961) A Preliminary Report of the Sedalia Complex. Newsletter, Missouri Archaeological Society, 153. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Luchterhand, Kubet (1970) Early Archaic Projectile Points and Hunting Patterns in the Lower Illinois Valley. Illinois Valley Archaeological Program, Research Papers, No. 3, Springfield, IL. 4 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA. 5 – Reference: Turner, R. (1965) Green Ridge: A Late Archaic Site of the Sedalia Complex in West-Central Missouri. Missouri Archaeological Society, Research Series 3, Columbia, MO. 6 - Publication: Reid, Kenneth C. (1984) Nebo Hill and Late Archaic Prehistory of the Southern Prairie Peninsula. Publications in Anthropology, No. 15, University of Kansas.

Sedgwick [Lanceolate] Point – no namer. It is a small-to-large point with a deep basal concavity. Type dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in the Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: conditional. Comment:

Reference: Gillam, J. Christopher (1996) Early and Middle Paleoindian Sites in the Northeastern Arkansas Region. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL.

Selby Bay [Lanceolate] Point - named by Thomas Mayr in 1972. It is a medium-to-large lanceolateshaped point with a poorly defined to nonexistent broad square stem with concave base. Type dates 650 AD and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: crude flaking.. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Fox Creek, Steubenville. Comment: type has a local usage for the regional Fox Creek.

Reference: Mayr, Thomas (1972) Selby Bay in Retrospect. Maryland Archaeology, Vol. 8, No. 1.

Selby Bay [Stemmed] Point - named by Thomas Mayr in 1972. It is a medium-to-large lanceolateshaped point with a poorly defined to nonexistent broad square stem with concave base. Type dates 650 AD and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: crude flaking.. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Steubenville, Fox Creek. Comment: type is a regional (or same )form of the Fox Creek type.

Reference: Mayr, Thomas (1972) Selby Bay in Retrospect. Maryland Archaeology, Vol. 8, No. 1.

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1330 - Seminole Point

Seminole [Stemmed] Point - named by Kevin Dowdy and John Sowell in 1998. It is a large point with a slightly flaring stem and has a concave base. Type dates 3000 to 1500 BC and is found in the southeast. Major attribute: flared stem and drooping barbs. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Dowdy, Kevin and John Sowell (1998) Best of the Best. Flint River Trading Post, Fowlstown, GA.

Seminole Savannah River – false type. See Schroder (2002).

1331 - Sequoyah, Edwards, Bonham, and Rockwall Points

1332 - Sequoyah Points

Sequoyah [Notched] Point - named by James A. Brown in 1968 after the Indian scholar. It is a small-tomedium point with an expanding stem. Blade has a pronounced midridge from which flakes end. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Missouri, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Perino (1985) suggests: … an arrowpoint with corner notches and an expanding stem. Major attribute: neck constriction. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Brown, James A. (1968) Spiro Studies, The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Vol. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

Seri [Triangle] Point – no data or reference. Seymour [Lanceolate] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

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1333 - Shadid Points

Shadid [Notched] Point - named by Don F. Wyckoff and David Jackman, Jr. in 1988 after the site in Oklahoma. It is a small-to-medium point with small notches and a straight base. Type dates 700 to 1100 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado. Major attribute: small notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Wyckoff, Don F. and David Jackman, Jr. (1988) Shadid: A New Arrow Point Type for the Plains, Bulletin, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. 37. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1334 - Shaniko Points

Shaniko [Stemmed] Point - no namer. It is a medium point found on the Columbia River in Oregon. Reference: TBD.

1335 - Shaunavon Points

Shaunavon [Notched] Point - named by Thomas F. Kehoe in 1966. It is a small point with various stem shapes. Type dates 730 to 800 AD and is found in southwestern Canada and Montana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kehoe, Thomas F. (1966) The Small Side-Notched Point System of the Northern Plains. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Shellmound [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 by its association. It is a medium point with a square stem and straight base. Type dates 3500 to 3000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

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Shellmound II [Stemmed] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Shenandoah [Lanceolate] Point - named by Wm J. Hranicky and Floyd Painter in 1988 after points found at the Thunderbird Paleoindian complex. It is generally made from jasper. Type dates 9500 BC and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: false. Comment:

Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas. Special Publication Number 16, Archeological Society of Virginia.

1336 - Shetley Points

Shetley [Lanceolate] Point - named by Robert E. Bell and Don Wyckoff in 1985. It is a small point with convex sides and straight base. Type dates 1500 AD and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests: … a small arrowpoint with convex sides and a straight to concave basal edge. Base is often bifacially thinned. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Points, Preforms and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Shipwith I [Stemmed] Point - named after the city in Virginia by Wm Jack Hranicky. It is made off a blade and utilizes the medial ridge for tensile strength. The distribution includes North Carolina and regions 1, 2, and 3. Type has not been dated but is suggested as pre-8000 BC. Basic materials are quartzite and slate. It is a medium point with a flat ventral face. It has horizontal barbs and the blade forms a narrow triangle. Major Attribute: Flat face. Type Validity: Positive. Comment: Type is sometimes classified as a Rossville or Morrow Mountain, but the manufacturing technology is entirely different. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1337 - Shipwith Points

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1338 - Shipwith Point

Shipwith II [Stemmed] Point - named after the city in Virginia. Type Ii is wider. This form may not be related to Type I, but the technology is the same. It is made off a blade (flat flake) and utilized the medial ridge for the center of the point. The workend is the pointed small end. Material is flint or quartzite. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1339 - Shirley Knife

Shirley [Knife] Type - named by George Zeimans I 1975. It is a large knife with a tapered stem and relatively straight base. Type dates historic and is found in Wyoming, Colorado, and Montana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Frison, George C. with contributions by Bruce Bradley, Julie E. Francis, George W. Gill and James Miller (1991) Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains, Second Edition. Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY. 2 – Reference: Zeimans, George (1975) A Late Prehistoric Site in the Shirley Basin of Wyoming, Master’s Thesis, University of Wyoming.

Shoals Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Doug Punckett in 1983 after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a short, squarish stem and straight base. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Puckett, Doug (1983) Field Guide to Point Types of the Tennessee River Basin Region. Custom Productions, Savannah, Tennessee.

Shoop [Lanceolate] Point - named by John Witthoft in 1952. It is a fluted point with a concave base. Type dates 9000 BC and is found in western Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and New York. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: type is a regional form of the Clovis type. The vast majority of the tools at the Shoop site … are very obviously based on blades and are different from any I know in normal American industries…Blades were struck from polyhedral cores of imperfect truncated pyramidal or conical form, with the apex of the pyramid rather than the base used as the striking platform in blade removal…

1 - Reference: Witthoft, John (1952) A Paleo-Indian Site in Eastern Pennsylvania: An Early Hunting Culture. Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 96, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1340 – Shoshone Knife

Shoshone [Knife] Type - no record available. See Basgall, Mark E. (2000) The Structure of Archaeological Landscapes in the North-Central Mojave Desert. In: Archaeological Passages: A Volume in Honor of Claude Nelson Warren, ed., J. S. Schneider, et al., pp.123-138. Western Center for Archaeology and Paleonotology, Publications in Archaeology 1, Hemet.

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1341 - Shriver Points (Drawing: Fogelman 1988)

Shriver [Stemmed] Point - named by Paul Stewart and Don Dragoo in 1954. It is a medium point with wide side notches which give the effect of an expanding stem. Base is convex. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in southwestern Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Stewart, Paul R. and Don W. Dragoo (1954) The Gay Shriver Archaic Site in Green County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1342 - Shumla Points

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1343 - Shumla Point (All Faces)

Shumla [Notched] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium point with basal notching. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in lower Pecos River area of Texas and Mexico. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... straight to convex lateral edges that are often slightly serrated. Base notches form a more-or-less rectangular stem. It has long and short barbs. Major attribute: basal notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1344 - Shuswap Points

Shuswap [Lanceolate] Point – named by Roy Carlson for Like Bona in 1996. It is a large, nonfluted lanceolate point that is found in British Columbia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Positive. Similar to: Clovis. Comment: Reference: Carlson, Roy and Luke Bona (eds.) (1996) Early Human Occupation in British Columbia. UBC Press, Vancouver, BC

Side-Notched Triangular Point - false reference to a triangularly-bladed notched point. A triangle point is not notched. Major attribute: none. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973 revised) Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio.

1345 - Sierra Points (After: Justice 2002)

Sierra Points – a cluster of several types of points. The Sierra contracting-stemmed cluster consists of large, stemmed points, including Sierra contracting-stemmed, Norden basal-notched, Steamboat lanceolate, and Yosemite contracting-stemmed types. Sierra cluster points are found primarily in the central Sierra Nevada and dated between ca. 3000 BC and AD 450. Sierra side-notched points are small (arrow-size), triangular forms, classified within the Desert side-notched cluster, found throughout the Great Basin, and dated after ca. AD 1250.

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1 - Reference: Baumhoff, Martin A., and J. S. Byrne. 1959. Desert Side-notched Points as a Time Marker in California. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports 48:32-65. Berkeley. 2 - Reference: Elston, Robert G. 1971. A Contribution to Washo Archaeology. Nevada Archaeological Survey Research Papers No. 2. Reno. 3 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R. Hester. 1978a. Great Basin. In Chronologies in New World Archaeology, edited by R. E. Taylor and Clement W. Meighan, pp. 147-199. Academic Press, New York. 4 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R. Hester. 1978b. Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms and Chronology. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology, and History No. 10. Socorro, New Mexico. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Sierra [Lanceolate] Point – see Humboldt [Lanceolate] Point.

1346 - Sierra Points

Sierra [Notched] Point - named by Robert Elston after the valley in California. It is a medium triangularlyshaped point with shallow side notches. Base is indented. Type dates post-1000 AD and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: indented base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Harrell, Desert. Comment: Justice (2000) suggests that this type name is a generic name for all small side-notched points in the Southwest; however, this paper prefers the Desert type for this distribution.

Reference: Elston, Robert G. (1971) A Contribution to Washo Archaeology. Nevada Archaeological Survey, University of Nevada, Reno, NV.

Sierra [Stemmed] Point - named by Michael Moratto in 1972. It is a long narrow point with a short tapering stem. Type dates 3000 to 2000 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Moratto, Michael J. (1972) A Study of the Prehistory of the Southern Sierra Nevada Foothills, California. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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1347 - Silver Lake Points (Perino 1991)

Silver Lake [Stemmed] Point - named probably by Elizabeth W. Crozer Campbell and William H. Campbell in 1937. It is a thick, shoulderless point with a square stem and rounded base. It date around 9000 to 7000 BC and is found in the Great Basin. Two types occur:  Tapered stem  Square stem. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Campbell, Elizabeth W. Crozer and William H. Campbell (1937) The Lake Mohave Site in Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave: A Symposium. Southwest Museum Papers, No. 11, pp. 9-43, Los Angles, CA. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 3 - Reference: Amsden, Charles (1937) The Lake Mojave Artifacts. In: The Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave: A Symposium, pp. 51-98, Southwest Museum Papers, 11. 4 - Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT. 5 - Reference: Strong, Emory (1969) Stone Age in the Great Basin. Binford & Mort Publishing, Portland, OR.

1348 - Simonsen Point

Simonsen [Notched] Point - no namer, but named after the site in Iowa. It is a large point with pronounced side notches and a concave base. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in most of the middle U.S. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Agogino, George and W. D. Frankforter (1960) A Paleo-Indian Bison Kill in Northwestern Iowa. American Antiquity, Vol. 25, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Simpson (Bulltongue) Point - false type; see Dowdy and Sowell (1998). Simpson, Fishtail - see Dunbar, James S. and C. Andrew Hemmings (2004) Florida Paleoindian Points and Knives. In: New Perspectives on the First Americans, eds. B. Lepper and R. Bonnichsen, Center for Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX.

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1349 - Simpson Points 1350 - Simpson Points (Bullen 1975)

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1351 - Simpson Point Distribution

Simpson [Lanceolate] Point - named by Ripley P. Bullen in 1962. It is a wide-bladed, narrow waisted, thin point with a concave base. Type dates 9000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … wide bladed, relatively narrow waisted, fairly thin, concave based, point with grinding on bottom and waisted edges. Perino (1985) suggests: … the point is eared. Major attribute: waisting. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1962) Suwannee Points in the Simpson Collection. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 83-88. 2 - Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles H. Fairbanks (1980) Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 4 - Reference: Ledbetter, R. Jerald, David G. Anderson, Lisa D. O’Steen, and Danield T. Elliott (1986) Paleoindian and Early Archaic Research in Georgia. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. 5 – Reference: Dunbar, James S. and C. Andrew Hemmings (2004) Florida Paleoindian Points and Knives. In: New Perspectives on the First Americans, eds. B. Lepper and R. Bonnichsen, Center for Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. 6 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of

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Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 7 - Reference: Dumbar, J. S. and B. I. Walker (1992) Resource Orientation of Clovis, Suwannee, and Simpson Age Paleoindian Site in Florida. In: Paleoindian and Early Archaic Period Research in the Lower Southeast: A South Carolina Perspective, ed. D. Anderson, K. Sassama, and C. Judge, pp. 279-295, Council of South Carolina Professional Archaeologist, Columbia, SC. 8 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 9 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 10 - Reference: Anderson, David G., R. Jerald Ledbetter, and Lisa O’Steen (1990) Paleoindian Period Archaeology of Georgia. Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper No. 6, Athens, GA. 11 – Reference: Austin, Robert J. (2006) Knife and Hammer: An Exercise in Positive Destruction – The I-75 Project and Lithic Scatter Research in Florida, Publication No. 16, Florida Anthropological Society.

1352 – Simpson Suwannee Points (After: Dumbar and Hemmings 2004)

Simpson-Suwannee Relationships - reference to a lithic continuum between the two types.

1353 – Simpson Moustache Points

Simpson (Moustache) Point – re-sharpened point or expended form. It is a distinctive style.

Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

1354 - Simpson Tongue Point

Simpson (Tongue) Point - reference to a highly constricted stem point. Type may be of South American origins and date 7000 BC.

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1355 – Single Notched Point

Single Notch Point - occasionally, projectile points has one notch. There is no date reference for these points. Sinner [Notched] Point - named by C. Webb and ? Gregory after the site in Louisiana. It is a medium point with stem and blade notches. Type dates 2500 to 1000 BC and is found in Louisiana and Texas. Major attribute: blade notching. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Webb, Clarence H. (1981) Stone Points and Tools of Northwestern Louisiana. Special Publication No. 1, Louisiana Archaeological Society.

Siskiyori [Notched] Point – Website, no reference. Sitgreaves [Stemmed] Point – see Justice (2002B).

(Schroder 2002) 1356 – Six Mile Creek Points

Six Mile Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by James Gray for a creek in Florida. It is a medium point with a squarish stem with a straight base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in Florida. Major attribute: blade serration. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Gray, James (1975) Florida Encyclopedia of Indian Artifact Identification. Privately published. 2 - Reference: Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

Slate Point – generic reference to any point made from slate. These points are usually roughly chipped out, then ground into point shape. The date range appears to be from 5000 to 1000 BC. See Perino (1985), Maxwell (no date) or Snow (1980). 1 - Reference: Orr, R. B. (1917) Twenty-Ninth Annual Archaeological Report, Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario, Canada.

Sleightsburg [Notched] Point - named after the city. It is a variety of side-notched points. Type dates 200 AD and is found in the lower Hudson River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 740

1 - Reference: Fisher, Charles (1982) Projectile Points from the First Avenue Site, Sleightsburg, New York, Implications of Multivariate Analysis. Man in the Northeast, No 23. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1357 - Sloan Points

1358 - Dalton (Sloan Type)

Sloan-Dalton [Lanceolate] Point - named by Dan F. Morse. It is a medium-to-large point with straight or slightly convex sides and a concave base. Point has a very shallow waist. Type dates 7500 BC and is found in the middle Mississippi River valley. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point with parallel to slightly convex sides and a 741

slightly concave to recurved basal edge. Major attribute: excessive length (>1000 mm). Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Dalton. Comment: type is probably a standalone type and not related to the Dalton type.

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Points, Preforms and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Small Savannah River [Stemmed] Point - see South, Stanley (1959) A Study of the Prehistory of the Roanoke Rapids Basin. MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

Small [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard Q. Bourn in 1971. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Base is convex. Type dates 1500 BC and is found in central New England. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Bourn, Richard Q. (1971) Small Stem Points of the Northeast. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 32, Nos. 1-2, p. 25.

Small II [Stemmed] Point - named by Dena F. Dincauze in 1976. It is a medium point with a constricting stem. Base is pointed. Type dates 1500 BC and is found in central New England. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Dincauze, Dena (1976) The Neville Site, 8,000 Years at Amoskeg, Manchester, New Hampshire. Monograph, Peabody Museum , No. 4. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. Note: Small II is considered here as a false type because type II was not named as part of the type originally.

1359 - Smith Points (Right Both Faces)

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Smith [Notched] Point - named by David A. Barreis and Joan Freeman in 1960. It is a large, broad point with squarish stem. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Perino (1985) suggests: … a broad, basal-notched knife with convex or parallel-convex sides. Stem is straight with a straight base. Major attribute: square stem. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Calf Creek. Comment:

1 - Reference: Barreis, David A. and Joan Freeman (1960) A Report on a Bluff Shelter in Northeastern Oklahoma (DL-47). Archives in Archaeology, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1360 - Smithsonia Point

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Smithsonia [Stemmed] Point - named by Randolph Allen and David Hulse (In: Cambron and Hulse 1986) after the Allen site materials. It is a triangularly-bladed point with a squarish stem. Type dates late Archaic and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: hanging shoulders. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL.

Smithsonia II [Stemmed] Point – false type. See Baker (2009).

1361 – Snake River Blade

Snake River [Blade] Biface - collector references. It is not confirmed as a type. See Ramsey Knife.

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1362 – Snake River Point

Snake Creek [Stemmed] Point – no namer. It is a large point with a predominate tapering stem. It has no date and is found in Kentucky. Reference: no available.

Snake River [Dart] Type - to be confirmed as a type. Reference: collector catalog.

1363 – Snake River Point

Snake River [Lanceolate] Point - collector references. It is not confirmed as a type. See Ramsey Knife.

1364 - Snake River Points

Snake River [Notched] Point - named by Warren W. Caldwell and Oscar L. Mallory in1967 after the river in Idaho. It is a medium point with an expanding stem. Type dates 0 to 900 AD and is found in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. Major attribute: hanging shoulders. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Caldwell, Warren W. and Oscar L. Mallory (1967) Hells Canyon Archaeology. Publications in Salvage Archaeology 6, River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

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1365 - Snaketown Points (Perino 1991)

Snaketown [Notched] Point - described by E. B. Sayles and named by Gregory Perino (1991). It is a long, narrow point with multiple barbs and various stem styles. Type dates 800 to 950 AD and is found in Arizona. Justice (2002) describes two styles:  Triangular straight base  Concave base. Major attribute: long blade. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Salt River. Comment: It is one of the most unusual point styles found in North America.

1 - Reference: Sayles, E. B. (1965) Stone Implements and Bowls. In: Excavations at Snaketown, Material Culture by Harold S. Gladstone, Emil W. Haury, E. B. Sayles, and Nora Gladwin, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

4 – Reference: Loendrof, Chris and Glen E. Rice (2004) Projectile Point Typology – Gila River Indian Community, Arizona. Cultural Resource Management Program, Sacaton, AZ.

1366 – Snapped-Base Points

Snapped-Base Type - false type; it is a morphological condition that resulted from point breakage. Type has common usage among southern collectors. It is often referred to broken Kirk points.

1367 – Snap Base Points

Snap-Base Kirk Points - from the collector world, the term snap-base Kirk is equated as a point type. As a standalone, the type is completely false. These points are simply broken at the weakest part of the hafting assembly. For Virginia and North Carolina, there is a straight-based point that is often called a snapped base. The break has a fracture ripple showing a stress break. The other base shows a striking platform.

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1368 - Sneeden Point

Snappit [Triangle] Point - named by Dianna Doucette after a spring in Massachusetts. It is mixture of triangle (resharpened) forms and is not a valid type. See Levanna [Triangle] Point.

Reference: Doucette, Dianna L. (2005) Reflections of the Middle Archaic: A View from Annasnappet Point. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 22-33.

Sneeden [Yoke-Base Notched] Point - named by Louis A. Brennan in 1970. It is a medium point with an expanding stem. Base is concave. Type dates 6000 BC and is found in the lower Hudson River valley. Major attribute: flared stem.. Type validity: Distinctive. Similar to: Lowe, Edgewood. Comment: 1 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1970) The Twombly Landing Site. Bulletin, New York State Archaeological Association, No 49. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1369 - Snook Kill Points

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1370 - Snook Kill Points (Based no Ritchie 1961)

Snook Kill [Stemmed] Type - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a large broad-bladed point with a constricted stem and straight base. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … very broad, large thick, contracted stemmed points. Point is barbless and base is usually straight. Major attribute: tapered stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Koens-Crispen. Comment: For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 47-48, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Johnson, Eric S. (2003) Forest Management in the Ancient Northeast: Evidence from Stockbridge, MA. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 2-9. 3 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1371 - Snow Lake Points (Perino 1991)

Snow Lake [Triangle] Point - no namer, but named after the site in Oklahoma. It is a narrow point with a blade protrusion. Type dates 1500 to 1700 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana. Major attribute: blade protrusion. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Snyders [Notched] Point – western version of the Alamo [Stemmed] Point; see Justice (2002B).

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1372 - Snyders Points

1373 - Snyders Point Distribution

Snyders [Notched] Point - named by Edward G. Scully in 1951. It is a medium-to-large point with deepwide corner notches and a round base. Type is a Hopewell point and is found in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. Justice (1987): suggests: … corner notches were produced by an indirect percussion technique, leaving broad hertzian cone flake scars, followed by pressure edge retouch. Maximum notch width is usually in the notch interior. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point with large diagonal corner notches and flaring barbs. Major attribute: notches. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Dayton, Burnt Bluff, Lang, Norton. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Scully, Edward G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Johnson, Alfred E. (1979) Kansas City Hopewell. In: Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, ed., D. Brose and N. Greber, pp. 86-93. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Tully, Lawrence N. and Steven N. Tulley (1986) Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North American Indian. Collector Books, Paducah, KY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 7 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society. 8 - Reference: Braun, David P., James B. Griffin, and Paul F. Titterington (1982) The Snyders Mounds and Five Other Mound Groups in Calhoun County, Illinois. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan Technical Reports, No. 13, Research Reports in Archaeology, No. 8.

Sobaipuri [Triangle] Point - name credit to Ravesloot and Whittlesey (1987). It is a small serrated point 749

with a deep concave base. Type dates 1500 to 1800 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: deep concavity. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Cohonina. Comment:

1 – Reference: Ravesloot, John C. and Stephanie M. Whittleley (1987) Inferring the Protohistoric Period in Southern Arizona. In: Archaeology of the San Xavier Bridge Site (AZ BB:13:14), Tucson Basin, Southern Arizona, J. Ravesloot, ed., Cultural Resource Management Division, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Archaeological Series 171, pp. 8196. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Solutrean tools, 22.000-17,000 BP, Crôt du Charnier, Solutré-Pouilly, Saône-et-Loire, France

Solutrean [Bipoint] Point - "Solutrean" is named after the type-site of Crôt du Charnier at Solutré in the Mâcon district, Saône-et-Loire, eastern France, and appeared around 30,000 years ago. Solutrean toolmaking employed techniques that were revolutionary in eastern Europe and northern Africa. The Solutrean implements are finely worked, bifacial points made with lithic reduction percussion and pressure flaking rather than cruder flintknapping. Knapping was performed using antler batons, hardwood batons and soft stone hammers. This method permitted the working of delicate slivers of flint to make light projectiles and even elaborate barbed and tanged arrowheads. Large thin spear-heads; scrapers with edge not on the side but on the end; flint knives and saws, but all still chipped, not ground or polished; long spear-points, with tang and shoulder on one side only, are also characteristic implements of this industry. Bone and antler were used as well. This hypothesizes similarities between the Solutrean industry and the later Clovis culture / Clovis points of North America, and suggests that people with Solutrean tool technology crossed the Ice Age Atlantic by moving along the packed ice edge, using survival skills similar to that of modern Eskimo people. The migrants arrived in northeastern North America and served as the donor culture for what eventually developed into Clovis toolmaking technology. Note: a version of the point has been found off Virginia’s coast. It is called the Cinmar point and dates to 25,000 years. References: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2008) The Eastern U.S. Continental Shelf: A Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Focus in Virginia. Journal on Middle Atlantic Archaeology, Vol. 24, pp. 45-55. (2007) A Solutrean Landfall on the U. S. Atlantic Coast? Middle Atlantic Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 23, pp. 1-15.

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Sonoran [Stemmed] Point - named after Hohokan specimens. It is a small-to-medium point with a small constricting stem. Blade edge has two or three notches on each side. Type dates 900 to 1100 AD and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

1374 - Sonota Points

Sonota [Notched] Point - no namer on record, but may be based on a cache found by Curtus Hintz (Perino 2002). It is a medium point with rounded corners and a concave base. Type has no date and is found in North Dakota. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: basic; see Perino (2002). 2 - Reference: Kooymam, Brian P. (2000) Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. 3 - Reference: Gregg, Michaeol L., David Meyer, Paul R. Picha, and David G. Stanley (1996) Archaeology of the Northeastern Plains. In: Archaeological and Bioarchaeological Resources on the Northern Plains, G. Frison and R. Mainfort, eds. Research Series No. 47, Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville, AR. 4 - Reference: Koerper, Henry C., Adella B. Schroth, Roger D. Mason, and Mark L. Peterson. 1996. Arrow Projectile Point Types as Temporal Types: Evidence from Orange County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology

Sopris [Notched] Point - no namer. It is a medium point with side or corner notching. Base is straight or convex. Type dates around 1075 AD and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cassells, E. Steve (1983) The Archaeology of Colorado. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO.

1375 - Sorter's Bluff Points

Sorter’s Bluff [Notched] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1986 after the mound in Missouri. It is a small point with wide corner notches and a concave base. Type dates 990 to 1190 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1986) The Sorter’s Bluff Point, Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol.

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33, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1376 - Soto Points

Soto [Triangle] Point - named by Alan Phelps in 1969. It is a medium point with a deeply concave base. Type dates 1400 to 1600 AD and is found in Mexico and Arizona. Major attribute: deep base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Phelps, Alan L. (1968) An Incised Pendant and a Soto Projectile Point from Northwestern Chihuahua. The Artifact, El Paso Archaeological Society, Inc. 6(3).

1377 – South American Points

1378 – South American Points

South American Points – extensive time depth and variation occur for points in South America. A point 752

typology is needed; thus, point technology is wide open for scholarly research.

Reference: Willey, Gordon R. (1971) An Introduction to American Archaeology, Vol. Two, South America. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

1379 – South Boston Points

South Boston [Lanceolate] Point - named after the Virginia city where it was first observed. Type is found in regions 1, 2, and 3. It has not been dated but it is suggested as being an Archaic type. It is a medium point with a V-shaped stem. Base is indented and sometimes ground. Primary materials are rhyolite and slate. Major Attribute: V-shaped stem. Type Validity: Conditional. Comment: Type is often classified as a Guilford point. See Agate Basin [Lanceolate] Point. Reference: This paper.

1380 – South Appalachian Point

South Appalachian [Pentagonal/Stemmed] Point - named by Bennie C. Keel in 1976. It is a small pentagonal point with a straight base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Keel, Bennie C. (1976) Cherokee Archaeology. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 2 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

Southeastern Hardin Point – false type. See Schroder (2002).

1381 - Southampton Points

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Southampton [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky and William A. Thompson, Jr. in 1989 after a county in Virginia. It is a medium-to-large point with rounded basal corners. Type dates 5000 to 4000 BC and is found in Virginia and the Carolinas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1989) A Guide to the Identification of Virginia Projectile Points. Special Publication Number 17, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Southeastern Hardin [Notched] Point – false type; see Powell, John (1990) Points and Blades of the Coastal Plain. American Systems of the Southeast, West Columbia, SC.

1382 - South Pong Points

South Prong Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by George S. Lewis in 1975 after a creek in Georgia. It is a large broad-bladed point with a small squarish stem. Type dates 2500 to 1000 BC and is found in Georgia and Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade edges are usually straight but occur slightly ex-incurvate. Shoulders are straight or tapered. Stem is short. Thinned, and lightly ground. Base is straight or convex. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1986) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., Mound State Monument, Moundville, AL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 Reference: - Ledbetter, J. Jerald (1995) Archaeological Investigations at Mill Branch Sites 9WR4 and 9WR11, Warren County, Georgia. Technical Reports No. 3, Interagency Archaeological Services Division, Atlanta, GA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Spearpoints Types - used by Dorothy Cross (1941) for points found in New Jersey. She use 2¾ inches as the dividing measurement for arrowheads and spearpoints. Each division was subdivided into numbered types. The spearhead types are: Type 1 – Leaf-shaped, like Arrowhead Type 8. Type 2 – Triangular, isosceles in form with straight or concave base. Type 3 – Convex-based, like Arrowhead Type 9. Type 4 – Plain-stemmed, like Arrowhead Types 2 and 3, except that the edges of blade are usually convex. Type 5 – Side-notched, like Arrowhead Type 4, except that the edges of blade are always convex.

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Type 6 – Right angle-notched, with triangular blade; slender stem meeting the blade at a right angle; bases straight or concave. Type 7 – Oblique-notched, like Arrowhead Type 5, except that the blade is more frequently triangular. See Arrowhead Types. 1 - Reference: Cross, Dorothy (1941) Archaeology of New Jersey, Vol. One, Archaeological Society of New Jersey and New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, NJ. 2 – Reference: Steward, R. Michael (1998) Ceramics and Delaware Valley Prehistory: Insight from the Abbot Farm. Trenton Complex Archaeology, Report 14, Archaeological Society on New Jersey, Louis Berger & Associates, In., Federal Highway Administration, and New Jersey Department of Transportation.

Spectralite [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a medium point with a slightly tapering stem. Type dates 3000 to 2500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1383 - Spedis Points

Spedis [Stemmed] Point - no namer of record; source is Mark Berreth. It is a medium point with a long tapering stem with a concave base. Type probably dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Authentic Artifacts Collectors Association’s Webpage.

Spidel [Triangle] Point - named by William J. Mayer-Oakes in 1955. It is a medium point with a convex base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in western Pennsylvania and western West Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Mayer-Oakes, William J. (1955) Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley. Anthropological Series No. 2, Vol. 34, Annals of Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, PA.

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1384 - Spike Points

Spike [Lanceolate] Point - is a collective reference to a long narrow perforator or punch tool. It is often classified as a Guilford (Coe 1964) point; however, these tools exist in the Woodland Period. Additionally, some of these points may be Lerma points. Its true definition only comes from archaeological (dateable) contexts. It is generally made from rhyolite or quartzite.

1385 – Spike Narrow Points

Spike [Narrow] Point - spike point divisions are probably arbitrary here, but unless studied in an archaeological context or in a large sample (1000+), the actual time/date stamped (and function) may never be known. Thus, the narrow version appears to be different from other spike points, and is longer than the punch or perforator.

Spiro [Serrate] Point – small points from Spiro Mound. Often referred to as a type.

Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma.

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1386 - Spirate Points

Spirate [Triangle] Point - named by Louis A. Brennan in 1970. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates 2500 BC and is found along the central New England coast. Major attribute: Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1970) The Twombly Landing Site. Bulletin, New York State Archaeological Association, No. 49.

1387 - Spokane Knife

Spokane [Provisional Pentagonal] Point - name here after the area in Washington where the first specimen was observed. It is a medium knife with a semi-round base. Blade is pentagonally-shaped and sometimes beveled. Type has no date and is found in the Northwest. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: This paper.

1388 - Spooner Point (Harwood 1986)

Spooner [Notched/Triangle] Point - named after California specimens. It is a medium point with blade notches. Base is concave. Type has not been dated and is found in California. Major attribute: blade notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

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1389 - Spring Creek Point

Spring Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by D. Puckett in 1983 for a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with an expanded stem and straight base. Type dates 3000 to 2000 BC and is found in Alabama and Tennessee. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Puckett, Doug (1983). Field Guide to Point Types of the Tennessee River Basin Region. Custom Productions, Savannah, TN.

1390 - Springly Point

Springly [Stemmed] Point -named by Thomas E. Emerson. It is a large point with a squarish stem. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found in Illinois and Missouri. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Munson, Patrick J. (1971) An Archaeological Survey of the Wood River Terrace and Adjacent Bottoms and Bluffs in Madison County, Illinois. In: An Archaeological Survey of the American Bottoms and Wood River Terrace, Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations No. 21, pt. 1.

Spring Lake [Stemmed] Point – see Jones, Terry L. and John F. Hayes (1989) Data Recovery at CASon-120. MS on file at the Department of Transportation, San Francisco, CA.

1391 – Square Knife

Square [Knife] Type - morphological form which has not been typed. It is a rectangularly-shaped biface or blade with edge sharpening on all margins. Type probably dates to the Paleoindian era and is found from Texas to Central America. Reference: This paper.

Squaw Creek [Stemmed] Point – named after the site. It is a large, contracting-stem point found in the Squaw Creek area of the northern Sacramento River drainage. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Sundahl, Elaine M. 1992. Cultural Patterns and Chronology in the Northern Sacramento River Drainage.

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Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 5:89-112.

1392 - Squaw Mountain Points

Squaw Mountain [Notched] Point - named by Charles Meyer in 1994 for the site in Arizona. It is a medium point with a deeply concave base. Type dates 3000 to 1000 BC and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: deep concavity. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Haury, Emil W. (1950) The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ventana Cave. University of Arizona Press. 2 - Reference: Meyer, Charles D. (1994) Indian Artifact Magazine, Vol. 13-3, p. 15. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1393 - Squibnocket Points

Squibnocket [Stemmed] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1965. It is a small point with a rounded base. Type dates 2200 BC and is found along the New England coast. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1971) A Typology and Nomenclature from New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 126-128, Albany, NY.

Squibnocket [Triangle] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1965. It is an equilateral-bladed point with straight base. Type dates 2200 BC and is found along the New England coast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1971) A Typology and Nomenclature from New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, pp. 126-128, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Boudreau, Jeff (2005) The Rubin Farm Site, Norton, MA. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 34-44. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

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1394 - St Albans Points

1395 - St Albans Points

1396 - St Albans Points

St Albans [Bifurcate] Point - named by Bettye J. Broyles in 1971 after a site in West Virginia. It is a long narrow point with rounded bilobes. It is generally divided into Types A and B. Type dates 7000 to 6500 BC and is found all over the eastern U.S. For type A, Broyles (1971) suggests: … blades are triangular with straight or excurvate sides. Tips are sharp and sometimes off-center. Bases are deeply notched and smoothed from shoulder to shoulder. Shoulders are well-defined and slope toward the tip/ Lobes are round. Fro type B, Broyles (1971) suggests: … Same as A, but shoulders are poorly defined. It does not have basal grinding. Major attribute: round lobes. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Broyles (1971). 1 - Reference: Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV.

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2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Chapman, Jefferson (1985) Tellico Archaeology – 12,000 Years of Native American History. Report of Investigations No. 43, Department of Anthropology (and Tennessee Valley Authority, No. 41), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. 4 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 7 - Reference: Pollack, David and Cecil R. Ison (1983) Preliminary Investigation of the Green Sulphur Springs Complex (46SU67 / 46SU72). West Virginia Archaeologist, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 3-27. 8 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33. 9 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

St Albans [Bifurcate] Point - Variety A - see Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV. St Albans [Bifurcate] Point - Variety B - see Broyles, Bettye J. (1971) Second Preliminary Report: The St Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia. Report of Archeological Investigations, No. 3, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV.

St Albans II [Bifurcate] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). St Charles Points (Drawings from Perino 1985)

Basic Styles: 1 - Angled Corners 2 - Indented Base 3 - Concave Base 4 - Convex Base 5 - Barbed 6 - Knobbed 7 - Button Base.

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Stanislaus [Stemmed] Point – It was named for the river in California by Ann Peak and Harvey Crew in 1990. It is a large point with a square stem. It is found in California and not dated. Reference: Peak, Ann S. and Harvey L. Crew (1990) An Archaeological Data Recovery Project at CA-CAL-5342, Clarks

Flat, Calava County, California. Cultural Resource Studies, North Fork Stanislaus River Hydroelectric Development Project, Vol. II part I. Peak and Associates, Sacramento, CA.

St Charles from Clovis Dichotomy - see Clovis - St Charles Dichotomy. St Charles I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX Points - false types; see Edler, Robert W. (1990) Early Archaic Indian Points and Knives. Collector Books, Paducah, KY. Note: Types named by others after the original point was published and use I, II, A, B, etc. notations are classified here as false Types.

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1397 - St Charles Point

1398 – St Charles Point Distribution

St Charles [Notched] Point - named by Edward G. Scully in 1951 after a county in Missouri. It is a medium-to-large, well-made point with corner notches. Type dates 8500 BC and is found throughout the East. Major attribute: dovetail. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Dovetail. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Scully, Edward G. (1951) Some Central Mississippi Valley Projectile Point Types. Mimeographed paper, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Tully, Lawrence N. and Steven N. Tulley (1986) Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North American Indian. Collector Books, Paducah, KY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 - Reference: Baldwin, John (ed.) (1980) Dovetails. Vol. XV, Nos. 3 and 4, Genuine Indian Relic Society, Inc., Memphis, TN. 6 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society. 7 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W.. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

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St Croix [Notched] Point - named after a river in Minnesota by E. Johnson in 1974. It is a small dovetail. Type dates 600 to 900 AD and is found in Iowa and Minnesota. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Caine, C. A. H. (1974) The Archaeology of the Snake River Region in Minnesota. In: Aspects of Upper Great Lakes Anthropology, edited by E. Johnson, pp. 55-63, Minnesota Prehistoric Archaeology Series, St. Paul, MN.

1399 – St. Clair Points (After: Baker 2009)

St. Clair [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after site in Alabama. It is medium point with a broad stem. Type dates to the Woodland era and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Ste. Anne [Lanceolate] Point – named for the Ste. Anne-des-Monts site in Quebec. It is long, narrow point (Plano) with a straight base. It is found in the Southern Canada and the NE U.S. and dates to the Paleoindian era. 1 - Reference: Willoughly, Charles C. (1935) Antiquities of the New England Indians. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Ste. Anne – Varney [Lanceolate] Point – It is long, narrow point (Plano) with a straight base. It is found in the Northeast and dates to the Paleoindian era. Reference: Bradley, James W., Arthur E. Spiess, Richard A. Boisvert, and Jeff Boudreau (2008) What’s the Point?: Modal Forms and Attributes of Paleoindian Bifaces in New England-Maritimes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 36, pp. 119-172.

St Tammany [Stemmed] Point – no namer. It is a large point with a square base. Blade is serrated. It dates around 5000 BC and is found in Mississippi and Louisiana. Reference: not available.

Steamboat [Stemmed] Point - named for a spring in Nevada. It is a large teardrop-shaped point. Type dates 3000 to 2000 BC and is found in Nevada and California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Elston, Robert G., Jonathon O. Davis, Alan Leventhal, and Cameron Covington (1977) The Archaeology of the Tahoe Reach of the Trtuckee River. Northern Division of the Nevada Archaeological Survey, University of Nevada, Reno, NV. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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1400 St Helena Points

St Helena [Notched] Point - named by Sam Brookes in 1984. It is a large point with wide corner notches which create a flaring stem. Base is relatively straight. Type dates 5000 to 3000 BC and is found in Mississippi. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Brookes, Samuel O. (1984) Every Man’s Guide to Projectile Points: Part VI. Mississippi Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 2.

1401 - St Louis Point

St Louis [Lanceolate] Point - named after the city. It is a fluted point with constricting hafting area and concave base. Type is Paleoindian and is found in Illinois. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Clovis. Comment: Type is a regional form of the Clovis type. Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Points, Preforms and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

1402 - St Marion Point

St Marion [Stemmed] Point - named by Martha Rolingson in 1991 for a church near the Wilson Brake site in Arkansas. It is a small point with a flaring stem. Base is relatively straight. Type dates 1100 to 1400 AD and is found in Arkansas and Louisiana. Major attribute: hanging shoulders. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Rolingson, Martha A. (1993) The Arkansas Archaeologist, Bulletin of the Arkansas Archaeological Society 32, Fayetteville, AR.

St Mary’s Hall [Lanceolate] Point - named by Michael Collins in 1998. It is a medium-to-large point with parallel sides and a concave base. Type dates to the Late Paleoindian period and is found in Texas. Hester (2002) suggests …it is defined as later than Plainview, and very broadly dated within a range of 9900-8700 years ago. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

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1 - Reference: Collins, Michael B. (1998) Wilson-Leonard – An 11,000-year Archaeological Record of Hunter-Gatherers in Central Texas, 5 volumes. Studies in Archaeology 31, Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory, and Archaeological Studies Program Report 10, Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division, Austin, TX. 2 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R. (2002) Problems in Typology in South Texas and Northeastern Mexico. La Tierra, Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 5-11.

1403 - St Mungo Points (Both Faces)

St Mungo [Stemmed] Point - no namer available. It is a large, thin point with a tapering stem. It has oblique flaking. Type dates to the Late Paleoindian and is found in the Northwest. Major attribute: oblique flaking. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: type has enough attributes to be a type. Reference: N/A.

1404 - Stanly Points

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1405 - Stanly Points

1406 - Stanly Points

Stanly [Stemmed] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe after a county in North Carolina in 1964. It is a broadbladed point with a short dimpled stem. Types have wide and narrow stems. Type dates 6000 to 5000 BC and is found in the Southeast and Middle Atlantic area. Coe (1964) suggests: … broad triangular blade with a small squared stem and a shallow notched base. It has a Christmas tree shape. Major attribute: stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Kanawha. Comment: For point dimensions, see Coe (1964).

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 6 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

Stanly/Neville Point

- false, see Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ.

Stanly II [Stemmed] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

1407 - Standlee Point

Standlee [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard Marshall in 1958. It is a medium point with constricting stem. Base is straight or concave. Type dates 5500 BC and is found in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point with a triangular blade with straight, convex, or recurved edges. Shoulders range from slight to pronounced. Point is never barbed. Major attribute: tapering stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Ledbetter. Comment:

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1408 – Stanfield Points (Drawing: Schroder 2002_

(DeJanette, Kurjack, and Cambron 1962)

Stanfield [Lanceolate] Point - named by James W. Cambron in 1964. It is a long, narrow, usually crudely chipped point with relatively parallel sides, rounded basal corners, and straight base. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas. Bullen (1975) suggests: … long, narrow point with relatively parallel sides, rounded basal corners, and a straight base. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade edges are usually parallel. Basal edge is thinned. Powell (1990) suggests: … a triangular, hafted blade form with ground lateral and basal edges. Major attribute: shape. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1964) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types.

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Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc. and Alabama Archaeological Society. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Stanfield II [Lanceolate] Point – false type, see Baker (2009). Stanislaus [Stemmed] Point – It was named for the river in California by Ann Peak and Harvey Crew in 1990. It is a large point with a square stem. It is found in California and dates 4700 to 4200 BC. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Peak, Ann S. and Harvey L. Crew (1990) An Archaeological Data Recovery Project at CA-CAL-5342, Clarks Flat, Calava County, California. Cultural Resource Studies, North Fork Stanislaus River Hydroelectric Development Project, Vol. II part I. Peak and Associates, Sacramento, CA.

1409 - Stark Points (Broken)

Stark [Stemmed] Point - named by Dena F. Dincauze in 1976. It is a medium point with a constricting stem. Base is either pointed or rounded. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in central New England. Major attribute: tapering stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Dincauze, Dena (1976) The Neville Site, 8,000 Years at Amoskeg, Manchester, New Hampshire. Peabody Museum Monographs, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Robinson, Brian S., James B. Peterson, and Ann K. Robinson , eds. (1992) Early Holocene Occupation in Northern New England. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology, No. 9, Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Haffenreffer Museum, and Maine Archaeological Society. 5 - Reference: Hoffman, Curtiss (1991) The Persistence of Memory: Neville and Stark Points in Southern New England. Bulletin, Archaeology Society of Connecticut, No. 54, pp. 23-54. 6 - Reference: Boudreau, Jeff (2005) The Rubin Farm Site, Norton, MA. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 34-44. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1410 - Starr Points

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Starr [Triangle] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a small point with incurvate blade edges and concave base. Type dates 900 AD and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... point that has a slightly concave lateral edges and a pronounced basal concavity. Major attribute: deep basal concavity.. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 287. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Starved Rock [Lanceolate] Point - see Mayer-Oakes, William J. (1951) Starved Rock Archaic, A Pre-pottery Horizon in Northern Illinois. American Antiquity, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 313-324. State Farm [Stemmed] Point - named by Frederic W. Gleach in 1987. It is a medium-to-large, broadbladed point with pronounced shoulders, an expanding stem, and a straight or slightly concave base. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: Comment: Type has too many morphological shapes to be a type.

Reference: Gleach, Frederic W. (1987) A Working Projectile Point Classification for Central Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 42, No. 2.

1411 - Stauton Points

Staunton [Stemmed] Point – named here after the Virginia river. It is a thin point with high quality (often parallel) flaking. The primary material is slate with some occurrence of quartzite. Shoulders are round. Stem is lightly ground. It is found in southern Virginia and northern North Carolina. It is made from slate. Type Validity: Conditional. Comment: It is a tentative type which probably has parallels with the Bare Island or Lamoka types; however, its material suggests an early time period. Reference: This paper.

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1412 - Stealth Point (Both Faces)

Stealth [Stemmed] Point - based on a collector catalog. It is a medium point with a wide, parallel-sided stem which has a deep concave base. Type is not dated and is found in Missouri and Arkansas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: none. Comment: none. Reference: N/A.

Steamboat [Stemmed] Point - named for a spring in Nevada. It is a large teardrop-shaped point. Type dates 3000 to 500 BC and is found in Nevada and California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Elston, Robert G., Jonathon O. Davis, Alan Leventhal, and Cameron Covington (1977) The Archaeology of the Tahoe Reach of the Trtuckee River. Northern Division of the Nevada Archaeological Survey, University of Nevada, Reno, NV. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1413 - Steiner Points (Turner and Hester 1985)

Steiner [Stemmed] Point - named by Charles Kelly in 1949 and formalized by Dee Ann Story in 1968. It is a small point with variety of stem shapes. Type dates late prehistoric and is found in Louisiana and Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... small, serrated triangular point that has short projecting spurs at various level along the recurved lateral margins. Stem is rectangular or expanding. Major attribute: blade spurs. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 – Reference: Newell, H. Perry and Alex D. Krieger (1949) The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas. American Antiquity Memoirs, Vol. 14, No. 4, Pt 2. 2 - Reference: Story, Dee Ann (1965) The Archaeology of Cedar Creek Reservoir, Henderson and Kaufman, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 36, pp. 163-257. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

Steamboat [Stemmed] Point - see Cassinelli, Dennis (1996) Gathering Traces of the Great Basin Indians. Western Book/Journal Press, Reno, NV.

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Stemmed Point - reference to any point that has a squarish stem. Stem facilitated hafting. Style was developed in the Early Archaic; however, early forms may have occurred.

Photo 1414 - Stephenson Point

Stephenson [Notched] Point - provisional type named here after archaeologist Robert Stephenson who worked in the Potomac River valley during the 1960s. It is a large, thick point with wide side notches. Base is slightly convex. Type dates to the Late Archaic / Early Woodland and tentatively is assigned to the middle Potomac River drainage. Major attribute: wide notches. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, NY.

1415 - Steuben Points

Steuben [Stemmed] Point - named by Dan F. Morse in 1963. It is a medium-to-large point with expanding stem. Base is straight. Specimens occur as long as 400 mm. Type dates 600 AD and is found in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point with an expanding stem. Shoulders are slightly barbed, angular, or obtuse. Stem is usually as wide as the blade. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Lowe. Comment: Lowe, Chesser, Steuben, and Bakers Creek are the same pointmaking technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Morse, Dan F. (1963) The Steuben Village and Mounds, A Multicomponent Late Hopewell Site in Illinois. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers 21. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Wahla, Edward J. (no date >1969) Indian Projectile Points Found in Michigan. Clinton Valley Chapter, Michigan Archaeological Society.

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1416 - Steubenville Points

Steubenville [Lanceolate/Stemmed] Point - named by William Mayer-Oakes in 1955. It is a rather broad, medium point with a concave base and poorly defined stem. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in the Middle Atlantic area and the Ohio River valley. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … broad, heavy points of medium to large size, with stems and very weak shoulders. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Fox Creek Comment: type was once considered as occurring along the Atlantic coast (MacCord and Hranicky 1976).

Reference: Mayer-Oakes, William (1955) Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley; An Introductory Archaeological Study. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, No. 34. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. Note: type was replaced in the East by the Fox Creek type.

Stewart [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a county in Alabama. It is a large point with an expanded stem. Type dates 2000 to 1200 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

1417 - Stillwell Point

Stillwell [Stemmed] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1970 for a site in Illinois. It is a large point with 773

deep corner notches. Type dates 7000 to 5000 BC and is found in Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana. Perino (1985) suggests: …a large point with an expanding stem. It has a straight to slightly concave basal edge. Blade edges are straight to convex or recurved. Shoulders are sharply barbed. Base is lightly ground. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Kirk, Palmer. Comment: Type is probably a regional version of the Kirk notching technology. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1970) The Stillwell II Site, Pike County, Illinois. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 17, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Alex, Lynn M. (2000) Iowa’s Archaeological Past. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA.

1418 - Stockton Points and Curve (Harwood 1986)

1419 - Stockton Points

Stockton [Stemmed] Point - named by Earnest N. Johnson in 1940 at the city in California. It is a medium-to-large point with a serrated blade. It has an associated curve knife. Type dates protohistoric and is found in California. Major attribute: blade serration. It has six varieties:  Leaf-shaped  Notched leaf  Corner-notched  Expanded stem  Curve  Parallel stemmed.\ Major attribute: serration. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Johnson, Earnest N. (1940) The Serrated Points of Central California. American Antiquity, Vol. 6. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R., and Robert F. Heizer (1973) Arrow points or knives: comments on the proposed function of "Stockton points". American Antiquity, Vol. 38, pp.220-223. 4 – Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

774

1420 - Stone Point

Stone [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard Marshall in 1958 after a county in Missouri. It is a large point with a wide square stem. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Arkansas, Missouri, and Arkansas. Major attribute: pronounce squarish stem. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Marshall, Richard (1958) The Use of Table Rock Reservoir Projectile Points in Delineation of Cultural Complexes and Their Distribution. MS thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Hilliard, Jerry (2007) What’s the Point? Is it a Smith, Barry, Stone, or Etley? Field Notes, Newsletter, Arkansas Archeological Society.

1421 - Stott Points

Stott [Notched] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish in 1954 for the site in Canada. It is a small point with a round base. Type dates 700 to 1400 AD and is found in the Dakotas, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Montana. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1954) The Stott Mound and Village Site Near Brandon, Manitoba. Bul. 132, Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1952-53, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

775

1422 - Stringtown Points

Stringtown [Stemmed] Point - named by Ernest and Dorothy Good in 1961 after the site in Ohio. It is a large point with a wide stem and straight base. Type date is unknown and is found in the Ohio River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (1973) Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio. 2 - Reference: Converse, Robert N. (2003) The Archaeology of Ohio, Archaeological Society of Ohio.

776

1423 - Strong Points

Strong [Lanceolate] Point - named by Dennis Strong in 1959. It is a large point with stem serrations and a deeply concave base. Type is not dated and is found in Washington. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Strong, Emory (1959) Stone Age on the Columbia River. Binford & Mart. Thomas Binford, Publisher, Portland, OR. Screenings, A Newsletter (1966) Oregon Archaeological Society, June. Edited by Ralph Siegberg.

1424 - Stubby Points

Stubby [Notched] Point - name is generally credited to Ben C. McCary. It is a small barbed point with a slightly flaring stem and a rounded base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia. Major attribute: size. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Baby Bullen. Comment:

1 - Reference: McCary, Ben C. (1976) A Surface Collection of Indian Artifacts from the Richmond Site of Moysonec, New Kent County, Virginia. Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 1-30. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Stubby [Stemmed] Point - see Weinland, Marcia K. (1980) The Rowena Site, Russell County, Kentucky. Bulletin, Kentucky Archaeological Association, Vols. 16-17.

1425 - Sublet Ferry Points

Sublet Ferry [Notched] Point - named by James W. Cambron in 1964. It is a medium point with low side notches. Base is straight or slightly concave. Type dates 500 BC and is found in Alabama and Tennessee. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade edges are usually parallel. Basal edge is thinned. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1964) Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part 1, Point Types. Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

777

Sublet Ferry II [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

1426 - Sudden Point (David, et al 2001)

Sudden [Notched] Point - named by Richard Holmer in 1980 after the shelter in Utah. It is a large point with high notches and a straight base. Type dates 4500 to 2300 BC and is found in Utah. Major attribute: small notches. Type validity: distinctive, site specific. Similar to: Ventanna, San Rafael, Northern. Comment: 1 - Reference: Holmer, Richard N. (1980) Projectile Points in: Sudden Shelter, by Jesse D. Jennings, Alan R. Schrodel and Richard N. Holmer. University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 103. Salt Lake City. 2 - Reference: David, Bruno, Henry Wait, Meredith Wilson, Ewan Lawson, and Ian McNiven (2001) Rio de las Vacas Shelter: New Archaeological Research in the Southern Rockies of New Mexico. Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Australia. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Holmer, Richard N. (1980) Projectile Points. In: Sudden Shelter, by Jesse D. Jennings, Alan R. Schroedl, and Richard N. Holmer. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 103:63-83.

1427 - Sugar Creek Knife

Sugar Creek [Knife] Type - named for a creek in Arkansas. It is a large knife with a squarish hafting area. Type dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Missouri and Arkansas. Major attribute: straight base. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Forrester, Robert E., Jr. (1957) Report on an Unknown Type of Implement. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society No. 28. 2 – Reference: Marshall, Richard A. (1958) The Use of Table Rock Reservoir Projectile Points in Delineation of Cultural Complexes and Their Distribution. Masters Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Summit Valley [Barbed] Point – see Justice (2002B).

1428 - Sumter Point

Sumter [Stemmed] Point - named by Lyman O. Warren in 1966 for a Florida county. It is a large point with a tapering stem. Type dates 3000 BC and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … point with ovate blade, weak shoulder, and tapering or contracting tang. Major attribute: contracting stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Newman Comment: type is probably a larger variety of the Newman type.

778

1 - Reference: Warren, Lyman O. (1966) The Davis Site. MS, University of Florida. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

Sunfish Simpson [Lanceolate] Point - false type; large. wide-bladed Simpson point; See Simpson point, See Schroder, Lloyd E, (2002) The Anthropology of Florida Points and Blades. American Systems of the Southeast, Inc., West Columbus, SC.

1429 - Surprise Valley Points

Surprise Valley [Notched] Point - named by James O’Connell and R. D. Ambro in 1968. It is a small-to-medium point with a flaring stem. Base is concave. Type dates 800 BC to 100 AD and is found in California, Oregon, and Nevada. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: O’Connell, James F. (1971) The Archaeology and Cultural Ecology of Surprise Valley, Northeast California. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA. 2 - Reference: Heizer, Robert and Martin Baumhoff (1961) The Archaeology of Two Sites at Eastgate. University of California Archaeological Research 20(4). 3 – Reference: O’Connell, James F. and R.D. Ambro (1968) A Preliminary Report on the Archaeology of the Rodriguez Site (Ca-Las-194), Lassen County, California. University of California Survey Reports No. 73. 4 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R. Hester. 1978a. Great Basin. In Chronologies in New World Archaeology, edited by R. E. Taylor and Clement W. Meighan, pp. 147-199. Academic Press, New York. 5 - Reference: Heizer, Robert F., and Thomas R. Hester. 1978b. Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms and Chronology. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology, and History No. 10. Socorro, New Mexico.

1430 - Susquehanna Points

779

1431 - Susquehanna Points (Left: Ritchie 1961)

1432 - Susquehanna Points

1433 - Susquehanna Point Distribution

780

1434 - Susquehanna Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

Susquehanna [Broadspear] Point - named by John Witthoft in 1953 after a river in Pennsylvania. It is a triangularly-shaped, broad-bladed point with a constricted stem. Dates 1750 to 700 BC and is found in the Northeast. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … broad, boldly flaked spearpoints of roughly semi-lozenge to rough corner-notched shape, with certain characteristic contour details. It has wide indentations forming the stem which has a straight base. Major attribute: wide side indentations. Type validity: Similar to: Orient, Motley. Comment: Type is associated with pottery and is considered as a starting type for the eastern Middle Atlantic Woodland period. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 - revised).

1 - Reference: Witthoft, John (1953) Broad Spearpoints and the Transitional Period Cultures in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 23, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 - Reference: DeRegnaucourt, Tony (1991). A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point Types of Indiana and Ohio. Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, No.1, Arcanum, OH. 4 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 6 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 8 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 9 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 10 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 11 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Points from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Susquehanna Broadspear/Fishtail Variant

- false; see Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ.

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Plate 10 - Susquehanna Projectile Points: Style and Variation

#1 – Point, rhyolite (L = 61, W = 39, T = 8 mm)

#2 – Point, rhyolite (L = 59, W = 31, T = 7 mm)

#3 – Point, rhyolite (L = 55, W = 36, T = 6 mm)

#4 – Point, rhyolite (L = 67, W = 33, T = 7 mm)

#5 – Point, rhyolite (L = 60, W = 27, T = 8 mm)

#6 – Point, rhyolite (L = 56, W = 35, T = 8 mm)

#7 – Point, rhyolite (L = 49, W = 30, T = 10 mm)

#8 – Point, rhyolite (L = 47, W = 33, T = 6 mm)

#9 – Point, rhyolite (L = 51, W = 38, T = 8 mm)

#10 – Point, rhyolite (L = 60, W = 52, T = 6 mm)

#11 – Point, rhyolite (L = 77, W = 52, T = 8 mm)

#12 – Point, rhyolite (L = 59, W = 40, T = 8 mm)

#13 – Point, rhyolite (L = 74, W = 46, T = 8 mm)

#14 – Point or knife, rhyolite (L = 75, W = 40, T = 8 mm)

#15 – Point or knife, rhyolite (L = 85, W = 38, T = 8 mm)

#16 – Point or drill, rhyolite (L = 73, W = 45, T = 10 mm)

782

1435 – Susquehanna Valley Points

Susquehanna [Bifurcate] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a medium point with pronounced lobes with square ends. Type dates 6300 BC and is found in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Fox Valley. Comment: renamed to avoid confusion with the Susquehanna stem type.

1 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. Note: Renamed Susquehanna Valley [Bifurcate] Point in Hranicky (1994).

1436 - Susquehanna Valley Points

Susquehanna Valley [Bifurcate] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman and Wm Jack Hranicky in 1991. It is a small point with flaring bilobes which have straight bases. Type dates 6000 to 5000 BC and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: square-end lobes. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Fox Valley. Comment: renamed to avoid confusion with the Susquehanna stem type. 1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (1994) Middle Atlantic Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature. Special Publication Number 33. Archeological Society of Virginia.

2 - Reference: Taylor, William B. (2005) An Update on Bifurcate-base Points from the Titicut Area. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 3-21. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Susquehanna Broadspear Variant

- False; see Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ.

Susquehannock [Triangle] Point - no one is credited with its name. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Pennsylvania. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to: Madison. Comment: Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1984) Susquehanna's Indians. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA.

783

Sutter [Stemmed] Point – a variety of contracting-stemmed points, classified within the Gunther series but distinguished on the basis of metric attributes. Sutter contracting-stemmed points are found in the eastern Sacramento Valley and central Sierra Nevada

Reference: Davy, Douglas M. and Brian A. Ramos (1994) A Statistic Analysis of Gunther Series Projectile Points from Two Northern California Sites. Proceedings of the society for California Archaeology, Vol. 7, pp. 143-147.

1437 - Suwannee Points

1438 - Suwannee Point

784

1439 - Suwannee Points

Suwannee [Lanceolate] Point - formulized by Ripley P. Bullen in 1968 for a county in Florida. It is a large lanceolate point with recurvate blade edges and a concave base. Type dates 12000 to 9000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … large lanceolate with slightly waisted form. Occasionally, it is fluted. Major attribute: size. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Simpson, Beaver Lake, Quad. Comment: Type is probably made off blades, which may account for its early date. Notice: type has not been found in a dateable archaeological context. For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Simpson, J. Clarence (1948) Folsom-Like Points from Florida. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 1, Nos. 1-2, pp. 11-15. 2 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1962) Suwannee Points in the Simpson Collection. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 83-88. 3 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 4 - Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles H. Fairbanks (1980) Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, New York, NY. 5 - Reference: Ledbetter, R. Jerald, David G. Anderson, Lisa D. O’Steen, and Danield T. Elliott (1986) Paleoindian and Early Archaic Research in Georgia. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. 6 - Reference: Neill, Wilfred T. (1964) The Association of Suwannee Points and Extinct Animals in Florida. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 17, No.1, pp. 17-32. 7 - Reference: Snow, Frankie (1977) An Archeological Survey of the Ocmulgee Big Bend Region. Occasional Papers from South Georgia, Number 3, South Georgia College, Douglas, GA. 8 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA. 9 - Reference: Dumbar, J. S. and B. I. Walker (1992) Resource Orientation of Clovis, Suwannee, and Simpson Age Paleoindian Site in Florida. In: Paleoindian and Early Archaic Period Research in the Lower Southeast: A South Carolina Perspective, ed. D. Anderson, K. Sassama, and C. Judge, pp. 279-295, Council of South Carolina Professional Archaeologist, Columbia, SC. 10 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 11 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 12 - Reference: Anderson, David G., R. Jerald Ledbetter, and Lisa O’Steen (1990) Paleoindian Period Archaeology of Georgia. Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper No. 6, Athens, GA. 13 – Reference: Austin, Robert J. (2006) Knife and Hammer: An Exercise in Positive Destruction – The I-75 Project and Lithic Scatter Research in Florida, Publication No. 16, Florida Anthropological Society. Note: Suwannee point may be pre-Clovis (Stanford 1998).

Suwannee, Waisted Point

- See Dunbar, James S. and C. Andrew Hemmings (2004) Florida Paleoindian Points and Knives. In: New Perspectives on the First Americans, eds. B. Lepper and R. Bonnichsen, Center for Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX.

785

1440 – Swamp Creek Points (After: Baker 2009)

Swamp Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a waterway in Alabama. It is medium point with a pronounced squarish stem. It dated to the Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Hanging barbs. Type validity: Distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1441 - Swan Lake Point

Swan Lake [Notched] Point - named by James Cambron and David Hulse. It is a small point with a straight base. Type dates 3500 to 2500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Swannanoa [Stemmed] Point - named by Bennie C. Keel in 1976. It is a medium point with a constricting stem and straight base. Type dates to the Early Woodland period and is found in North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Keel, Bennie C. (1976) Cherokee Archaeology. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

1442 - Swanton Points

Swanton [Notched] Point - named for points on the John Bridge site in Vermont. It is a triangularly bladed point with small corner notches and straight base. Shoulders are seldom barbed. Type dates 6000 BC and is found in the Vermont area.

786

Major attribute: none. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Funk, Robert E. and Beth Wellman (1984) Evidence of Early Holocene Occupations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 12.

1443 - Swatara Point

Swatara [Stemmed] Point - named by Barry C. Kent in 1970. It is a broad-bladed point with a slightly constricting stem. Base is straight. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Kent, Barry C. (1970) Diffusion Spheres and Band Territoriality Among the Archaic Period Cultures of the Northern Piedmont. Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.

1444 - Sweetwater Points

Sweetwater [Notched] Point - named by E. B. Sayles in 1965. It is a medium point with wide notches and a relatively straight base. Type dates 700 to 900 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Sayles, E.B. (1965) Stone Implements and Bowls. In: Excavations at Snaketown, Material Culture by Harold S. Gladstone, Emil W. Haury, E.B. Sayles and Nora Goodwin. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Sweetwater [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a city in Alabama. It is a medium point with a concave base. Type dates 7500 to 7000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none.

787

1445 - Swift Current Points

Swift Current [Notched] Point - named by Thomas F. Kehoe in 1966 after a river in Saskatchewan, Canada. It is a small-to-medium point with V-shaped Side notches and a concave base. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Kehoe, Thomas F. (1966) The Small Side-Notched Point System of the Northern Plains. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1446 - Syble Point (Both Faces)

Syble [Stemmed] Point - based on a collector catalog. It is a medium point with flaring corners which creates a deep concave base. Type is not dated and is found in Missouri and Arkansas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: N/A.

788

1447 - Sykes Points

Sykes [Stemmed] Point - named by Thomas M. N. Lewis in 1961. It is a broad, short stemmed point with a short blade. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, and Alabama. Justice (1987) suggests: … a broad, short stemmed form with the haft element produced from the removal of the corners of a trianguloid perform. Major attribute: rectangular stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: White Springs. Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Lewis, Thomas M. N. and Madeline K. Lewis (1961) Eva: An Archaic Site. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 2 - Reference: Meeks, Scott C. (2000) The Use and Function of Late Middle Archaic Projectile Points in the Midsouth. University of Alabama Museums, Moundville Archaeological Park, Moundville, AL. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Sykes [Notched] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Sykes II [Stemmed] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Sykes [Straight Base] Point – false type. See Baker (2009). Sykes/White Springs Point - see Meeks, Scott C. (2000) The Use and Function of Late Middle Archaic Projectile Points in the Midsouth. University of Alabama Museums, Moundville Archaeological Park, Moundville, AL.

1448 - Sylvan Points

Sylvan [Notched] Point - named by Robert E. Funk. It is a medium point with poorly defined side notches. Base is straight or slightly convex. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in the lower Hudson River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1971) A Typology and Nomenclature from New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, p. 129, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

789

Tt Tabira [Notched] Point – see Wilson, John, Robert H. Leslie and A. H. Warren (1983) Tabira: Outpost on the East. In: Collected papers in Honor of Charlie Steen, Jr., N. Fox, ed. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico 8.

1449 - Table Top Points

Table Rock [Stemmed] Point - named by Robert T. Bray in 1956. It is a small-to-large point with expanding stem. Base is straight or slightly convex. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in the Midwest to the Plains states. Major attribute: none. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Comment: Type is probably and expended form of the Snyders type. For point dimensions, see Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Bray, Robert T. (1956) The Culture-Complexes and Sequences at the Rice Site, Stone County, Missouri. Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 18. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Adams, Lee M. (1950) The Table Rock Basin in Barry County, Missouri. Missouri Archaeological Society, Memoir No. 1.

790

Table Rock Pointed Stem – false type; see Perino (2003). See Bipoint.

1450 - Taconic Points: Top: Phases 1 and 2, Bottom: Phases 3 and 4 (Fogelman 1988)

Taconic [Stemmed] Point - named by Louis A. Brennan in 1970. It is a variety of point styles: knobby stem, square stem with narrow blade, square stem with broad blade, and pinched stem. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in the lower Hudson River valley. Major attribute: various Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: type is a mixture of point styles.

1 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1970) The Twombly Landing Site. Bulletin, New York State Archaeological Association, No 49. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1451 - Talco Points

Talco [Triangle] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a long, narrow point with straight sides and a concave or straight base. Type dates 1350 AD and is found in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... finely made point with recurved edges and a slightly concave base. Major attribute: concave base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 508. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

791

3 - Reference: Turner, Robert L., and James E. II (2002) The Harold Williams Site (41CP10) and the Texas Archaeological Society Field School of 1967. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol.73, pp. 1-68. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Talladega [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a county in Alabama. It is a large point with a contracting stem. Base still has cortex remaining. Type dates 2000 to 1500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1452 – Tallaseeahatta Points (After: Baker 2009)

Tallaseeahatta [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009). It is a large point with a straight base and large corner notches. It dates to the Middle Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1453 - Tallawassee Creek Points

Tallawassee Creek [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a broad, short stem. Type dates 300 to 100 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

792

1454 - Tallahassee Points

1455 - Tallahassee Point

Tallahassee [Lanceolate] Point - named by Wilfred T. Neill in 1963. It is a thin, relatively long and narrow, very well-made triangular point with serrated middle and upper edges. It has sharp basal corners and concave base. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … fairly thin, relatively long and narrow, well-made trianguloid point with serrated edges, fairly sharp basal corners, and a concave base. Major attribute: serrated blade. Type validity: traditional Similar to: Comment: Type may have a pre-Clovis date and its distribution is from Florida to Virginia.

1 - Reference: Neill, Wilfred T. (1963) Three New Florida Projectile Point Types, Believed Early. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 99-104. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 4 - Reference: Snow, Frankie (1977) An Archeological Survey of the Ocmulgee Big Bend Region. Occasional Papers from South Georgia, Number 3, South Georgia College, Douglas, GA. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 6 – Reference: Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

Tallahassee-Dalton [Lanceolate] Point - type was suggested by Gregory Perino. It is a thin, relatively long and narrow, very well-made triangular point with serrated middle and upper edges. It has sharp basal corners and has concave base. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: negative. Similar to: Comment: type remains to be defined.

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Points, Preforms and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

793

1456 - Tama Points (Morrow 1984)

Tama [Notched] Point - named after a county in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a small-to-medium point with a concave base. Type dates 5000 to 1000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, IA.

Tamaulipas [Triangle] Point - named by Richard S. MacNeish in 1958 as his Aberrant 1 point. It is a large point with a straight base. It may be an early prehistoric point and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Vol. 48, Pt. 6.

1457 - Tampa Points (Drawings: Schroder 2002)

Tampa [Lanceolate] Point - named by John M. Groggin in 1953. It is a small, ovate, tear drop point; also, leaf-shaped. Type dates 1600 AD and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … small, ovate, tear drop lanceolate or leaf-shaped point. Major attribute: tear shaped. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Type is a local variation of the wide spread tear-shaped punch.

1 - Reference: Groggin, John M. (1953) An Introductory Outline of Timucua Archeology. Newsletter Southeastern Archaeology Conference, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 4-17. Groggin listed this type as southern Timucua. Also, type may be attributed to Ripley P. Bullen (1968). 2 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

794

1458 - Tappan Points

Tappan [Stemmed] Point - named by Louis A. Brennan in 1968. It is a medium point with a constricted stem and rounded base. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in the lower Hudson River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1968) The Twombly Landing Site. Bulletin, New York State Archaeological Association, No 42. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1459 – Toy Clovis Points

Toy Clovis Point - The toy Clovis point may not exist culturally. However, specimens are found the indicate no practical function. Thus, the toy category is suggested.

1460 - Taylor Point

795

1461 - Taylor Points

Taylor [Notched] Point - named by James L. Michie in 1966 after the site in North Carolina. It is a largeto-medium side-notched, concave based point that was very well-made. Type dates 6500 BC and is found in the Carolinas and Virginia. Major attribute: ground base. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Kessel, Big Sandy. Comment: Type will sometimes have a channel across a face from notch to notch. Points may show that they were made from a blade technology.

1 - Reference: Michie, James L. (1966) The Taylor Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 4, No. 5-6, p. 123. 2 - Reference: Michie, James L. (1996) The Taylor Site: An Early Occupation in Central South Carolina. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL.

Taylor [Stemmed] Point - name attributed to Ripley Bullen. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Type has not been dated and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … point with weak shoulders and a tang which expands slightly. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1975) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Revised Edition, Kendall Books, Gainesville, FL.

Taylor [Triangle] Point – named by Thomas Kelly. It is a heavy point with straight sides and base. Renamed the Tortugas point. Type dates 1000 AD and is found in Texas. Major attribute: Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 482. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1462 - Teardrop Points

Teardrop [Stemmed] Point - formalized in Hranicky (2001), but first defined in Mounier and Martin (1994). It is a long narrow point with a round base. Type dates to the Early Woodland period and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Major attribute: tear shaped. Type validity: positive.

796

Similar to: Comment: Type is a local variation of the wide spread tear-shaped punch.

1 - Reference: Mounier, R. Alan and John W. Martin (1994) For Crying Out Loud: News about Teardrops. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, Vol. 10, pp. 125-140. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 4 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ. 5 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 7 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Telum [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a narrow point with an expanded stem. Type dates 7000 to 6500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Guilford. Comment:

1463 - Temporal Points

Temporal [Notched] Point - named by Vernon B. Brook in 1972. It is a small, crudely made point with rounded stem and base. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in New Mexico and Texas. Major attribute: single blade notch. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Brook, Vernon B. (1972) The Temporal Point: A New Diagnostic Type. Transactions, Seventh Regional Archaeological Symposium for Southeastern New Mexico and Western Texas. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Ten Acre Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a parish area in Louisiana. It is a small point with a tapering stem. Type dates to Late Woodland era and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

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1464 – Tennessee River Blade

Tennessee River Blade - currently not a type. It is a thin triangular point with a straight base. Reference: none.

Tenuitas [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a medium, beveled point with a slightly round base. Type dates 7000 to 6500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Terrace [Stemmed] Point - unreported in the point literature; not known as to its description or age. Presently, a false type. Reference: Rust, William F. iii (1986) Final, Phase 2 and 3 Archaeological Investigations of the County Side Planned Community, Loudoun County, Virginia. Submitted to 437 Land Company, Sterling, Virginia and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC.

1465 - Terrapin Creek Points

Terrapin Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 for a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with a short narrow stem. Type dates 6000 to 5500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Terrapin Creek II [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009); false type. See Baker (2009). Tesuque [] Point – no data available.

2 - Reference: MacNeish, R.S. and Peggy Wilner (2003) Chapter 11 – The Lithic Assemblage of Pendejo Cave. In: Pendejo Cave, R. MacNeish and J. Libby, eds., University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.

Texas Kirk Point – false type; see Perino (2003)

798

1466 - Texas Knife

Texas [Provisional Knife] Point - named here for a specimen found in Texas. It is a large knife with excurvate blade edges. Base is straight and thinned. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Kenny. Comment: type needs refining.

Reference: This paper.

1467 - Texas Knife

Texas [Triangle] Knife - collector reference to large triangular Knives from Texas. Reference: none.

1468 = Texarkana Lake Point

Texarkana Lake [Stemmed] Point - named by Greg Perino in 2002. It is a large point with a large round stem. Type dates 1300 to 1500 AD and is found in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

799

1469 - Texcoco Points

Texcoco [Notched] Point - named by Paul Tolstoy in 1958. It is a medium point with a concave base. Type dates 4000 to 3000 BC and is found in Mexico and Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Cook, Angel Garcia (1967) Analisis Tipologica de Artefactos. XII Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Cordoba, Mexico, D.F. 2 - Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) Preliminary Archaeological Investigations in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. American Philosophical Society Transactions, New Series, Vol. XLVIII 6. Philadelphia. 3 - Reference: Tolstoy, Paul (1958) Surface Survey of the Northern Valley of Mexico: The Classic and Post Classic Periods. Transactions of the American Philosophical society, New Series, 48:5, Philadelphia.

Thebes Corner Notched Point - false type; see Justice (1987). Thebes I, II, III, and IV Points - false types; see Edler, Robert W. (1990) Early Archaic Indian Points and Knives. Collector Books, Paducah, KY.

Thebes Notched (Cache Variety) Point - see Thebes [E-Notched] Point.

1470 - Thebes Points

800

1471 - Thebes Point

1472 - Thebes Point Distribution

Thebes [E-Notched] Point - named by Howard D. Winters in 1967. It is a medium-to-large point which is sometimes beveled. Base is straight with rounded corners. Notch has small protrusion (E-shaped). Type dates 7700 to 7400 BC and is found in the Great Lakes area. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point with deep notches. Blade is triangular with straight, recurved, or convex edges. Type has three varieties:

801

 Cache  E-Notched  Ohio. Major attribute: notch. Type validity: traditional/classic. Similar to: Bolen, St Charles. Comment: type probably comes from the St Charles type, but is also has Kirk type features. For point dimensions, see

Justice (1987). 1 - Reference: Winters, Howard D. (1967) An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois. Illinois State Museum Report of Investigations 10, Illinois Archaeological Survey. 2 - Reference: Klippel, Walter E. (1971) Graham Cave Revisited: A Reevaluation of Its Cultural Position During the Archaic Period. Missouri Archaeological Society, Memoir No. 9. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Stoltman, James B. (1997) Chapter 6: The Archaic Tradition. In: Ed: R. Birmingham, C. Mason, and J. Stoltman, The Wisconsin Archeologists, Vol. 78, Nos. 1/2. 5 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W. (1996) Ice Age Hunters and Gatherers after the Ice Age. In: Kentucky Archaeology, ed. R. Lewis, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Thebes Gap [Notched] Point - named by Michael Gramly in 2004. It is a large ceremonial point with a dovetail base. Type is found in the upper Mississippi River valley and dates 8000 BC. Gramly (2004) defines three styles:  Small  Medium  Very large. Major attribute: small notches. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: St Charles. Comment: The large varieties are extremely well made.

Reference: Gramly, Michael Richard (2004) Thebes Gap – A New Type of Biface from the Mississippi River Valley. Prehistoric American, Vol. XXXVII, No. 4, pp. 510.

Thebes Notched (Ohio Variety) Point - see Thebes [E-Notched] Point. Thelma [Stemmed] Point - named by Stanley South in 1959. It is a small point with a trianguloid blade. Stem is long. Type dates to the Late Archaic to Early Woodland and is found in the Carolinas. Major attribute: to be determined. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Swannanoa. Comment: Reference: South, Stanley A. (1959) A Study of the Prehistory of the Roanoke Rapids Basin. MS thesis, University of North Carolina.

Thelma [Variant] Point

– false type; see Ledbetter, J. Jerald (1995) Archaeological Investigations at Mill Branch Sites 9WR4 and 9WR11, Warren County, Georgia. Technical Reports No. 3, Interagency Archaeological Services Division, Atlanta, GA.

Thomer Creek [Notched] Point - see Jackson, Thomas L. (1974) The Economics of Obsidian in Central California Prehistory: Applications of X-ray Fluorescence Spectography in Archaeology. Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, San Francisco State University.

Thomas Creek [Notched] Point – see Borax Type and Jackson, Thomas L. (1975). Metates in the Sky, Rocks in the Head. Manuscript at U.S. Forest Service, Region 5, San Francisco, CA. Reference: Jenks, Albert E. and Ms. H. H. Simpson, Sr. (1941) Beveled Artifacts in Florida of the Jama (?) Type as Artifacts Found near Clovis, New Mexico. American Antiquity, Vol. 4, pp. 314-319.

802

1473 - Thonotosassa Points (Drawings: Schroder 2002)

1474 - Thonotosassa Points (Bullen 1975)

Thonotosassa [Stemmed] Point - named by John Powell in 1990. It is a large point with various stem shapes. Type dates to the Middle Archaic and is found in the Southeast. Bullen (1975) suggests: … long and rather heavy, percussion-chipped point with various basal modifications and has minimum edge retouch. Major attribute: length. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Thonotosassa Subtypes 1-5 – false types; variations in resharpening. See Schroder (2002). Teotihuacan [Triangle] Point – named by MacNeish for a type in the Valley of Mexico.

Reference; MacNeish, Richard S., Antoinette Nelken-Turner, and Jungard W. Johnson (197) The Prehistory of the Tehavacn Valley, Vol. 2, Nonceramic Artifacts. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.

1475 - Tipton Points (Morrow 1984)

Tipton [Stemmed/Notched] Point - named after a city in Iowa by Toby Morrow. It is a medium point with pronounced shoulders and a semi-round base. Type dates 1500 to 500 BC and is found in lower Mississippi River valley. Major attribute: none.

803

Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

1476 - Titicut Points

Titicut [Bifurcate] Point - described by Maurice Robbins in 1967. It is a medium point with slightly pointed lobes. Type dates 5500 BC and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: hanging shoulders.. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Robbins, Maurice (1967) The Titicut Site. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 28, Nos. 3-4.

Titterington [?] Point - no description; see Joyer, Janet E. and Donna C. Roper (1980:22) Archaic Adoption in the Central Osage River Basin: A Preliminary Assessment. In: Archaic Prehistory on the Prairie-Plans Border, A. Johnson, ed., Publications in Anthropology, No. 12, University of Kansas.

1477 - Tlanalapa Points

Tlanalapa [Notched] Point - named by Angel Cook in 1967. It is a large point with various stem styles. Type dates 600 BC to 250 AD and is found in Mexico and Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cook, Angel Garcia (1967) Analisis Tipologica de Artefactos XII. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Cordoba, Mexico, D.F.

1478 - Tock's Island Points

Tock's Island [Notched] Point - named by Herbert C. Kraft in 1975. It is a long, narrow side- or corner-notched point with a straight base. Type dates 300 AD and is found in the lower Hudson River valley. Kraft (1975)

804

describes: medium-to-large, side-to-corner notches points of medium breath … with straight bases usually ground. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kraft, Herbert (1975) The Archaeology of the Tock’s Island Area. Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University Museum, S. Orange, NJ. 2 – Reference: Kraft, Herbert C. (2001) The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage – 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, NJ. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1479 - Tompkins Points

Tompkins [Notched] Point - named by Thomas F. Kehoe in 1966. It is a small point with small side notches and a convex base. Type dates 800 AD and is found on the Northern Plains. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kehoe, Thomas F. (1966) The Small Side-Notched Point System of the Northern Plains. American Antiquity, Vol. 31, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Topanga [Triangle] Point - no namer. It is a medium triangle point with a concave base. Type has not been dated correctly and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Type lack archaeological validity. Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

1480 - Tortugas Point

1481 - Tortugas Points

Tortugas [Triangle] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks. It is a heavy point with straight sides and base. Type dates 800 BC and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... unstemmed, triangular point that has straight to concave base and alternately beveled edges. Major attribute: none.

805

Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 482. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Hester, Thomas R. (1968) Paleo-Indian Artifacts from Sites Along San Miguel Creek: Frio, Atascosa and McMullen Counties, Texas. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 39, pp. 147-162.

1482 - Toyah Points

1483 - Toyah Points

Toyah [Notched] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a small point with deep concavity and flaring corners. Type dates 1600 AD and is found in Texas and Mexico. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular point that has two side notches and a basal notch. Major attribute: flaring tangs. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1484 - Transylvania Point

Transylvania [Triangle] Point - no type namer. It is a large triangular point with a relatively straight base. Type dates to the Early Woodland period and is found in North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: negative. Comment:

1485 - Travis Points

806

Travis [Stemmed] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium point with rounded shoulders and squarish stem. Base is straight. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... rounded shoulders that vary from slight to prominent. Stem is usually rectangular with parallel edges. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin ,Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Jelks, Edward B. (1962) The Kyle Site: A Stratified Central Texas Aspect in Hill County. Texas. University of Texas, Department of Anthropology, Archaeology Series, No. 5. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Triama [Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009) after the area in Alabama. It is a small point with a small expanded stem. Type is found in Alabama and dates to the Early Archaic. Major attribute: Flaring corners. Type validity: Positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

Triangular [Knife] Point - any large triangle point; it is not a standalone type. Triangular Dalton [Lanceolate] Point - false type; see Baker (1995).

Triangular Point – reference to any point with this shape. Generally, this point introduces the Woodland period in the East (2000 BC). Style may have been introduced via transatlantic migrations which also brought in the bow and arrow.

1486 - Trimble Point

Trimble [Notched] Point - reported by Howard D. Winters in 1969. It is a small, narrow point with a straight base. Type dates 2000 to 1500 BC and is found in the Midwest. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

Trinidad [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. E. Van Buren in 1974. It is a fluted point with slightly excurvate edges and concave base. Type dates 9000 BC and is found in Colorado. Type is Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Box 1467, Garden Grove, CA.

807

1487 - Trinity Points

Trinity Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Trinity [Notched] Point - named by Robert L. Stephenson in 1949. It is a medium point with rounded base. Type dates 1500 BC and is found in Texas and Oklahoma. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... roughly triangular form with broad, expanding stem, and shallow side notches. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Stephenson, Robert L. (1949) Archaeological Survey of Lavon and Garza-Little Elm Reservoirs: A Preliminary Report. Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 20. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Triple T [Triangle] Point - named by David H. Thomas in 1981. It is a large point with excurvate blade edges and concave base. Type dates 3300 BC and is found in Nevada. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Black Rock. Comment:

1 - Reference: Thomas, David H. (1981) How to Classify the Points from Monitor Valley, Nevada. Journal, California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 3, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1488 - Trujillo Points

Trujillo [Stemmed] Point - named by Cynthia Irwin-Williams in 1973. It is a small point of various stem shapes. Type dates 600 AD and is found in the four corners area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Irwin-Williams, Cynthia (1973) The Oshara Tradition: Origins of the Anasazi Culture. Eastern New Mexico

808

University, Contributions in Anthropology, Vol. 5, No. 1, Portales, NM.

1489 - Truxton Points

Truxton [Stemmed] Point - named by William Creighton in 1994 after the town in Arizona. It is a small flake-made point with various stem styles. Type dates 500 to 1000 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Creighton, William J. (1994) Indian Artifact Magazine, Vol. 13, No. 3. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1490 - Tulerosa Points (Justice 2002a)

1491 - Tulerosa Point

Tulerosa [Notched] Point - credit given to Justice (2002). It is a medium-to-large point with deep side/corner/basal notches and has a convex base. Type dates 100 BC to 900 AD and is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: none. Comment: Type has a mixture of shapes. Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Tuolumne [Notched] Point - named for the river in the Sierra Nevadas. It is a large point with a large roundish, short stem. Type dates 1100 BC to 500 AD and is found in the Great Basin. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

809

1492 - Turin Points

Turin [Notched] Point - named after a site in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a medium-to-large point with shallow side notches. Base has a small indentation. Type dates 3500 to 2000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1493 - Turkeytail Point

810

1494 - Pomranky Points (Binford 1963)

1495 – Turkeytail Point Distribution

Turkeytail [Notched] Point - named by C. E. Brown in 1907. It is a large point with small notches which are close to the base. Base is pointed. Type dates 750 BC and is found in the Midwestern and northeastern states. Major attribute: small stem. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Fulton, St Charles.

811

Comment:

1 - Reference: Brown, C. E. (1907) The Implement Caches of the Wisconsin Indians. Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 47-70 (Old Series). 2 – Reference: Brown, Chas. E. (1930) "Turkey Tail" Points. The Wisconsin Archeologist, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp.:99-103. 3 - Reference: Stoltman, James B. (1997) Chapter 6: The Archaic Tradition. In: Ed: R. Birmingham, C. Mason, and J. Stoltman, The Wisconsin Archeologists, Vol. 78, Nos. 1/2.

1496 - Tulare Lake Points

Tulare Lake [Lanceolate] Point - mentioned by Francis Riddell and William Olsen in 1969. It is a medium point with various shapes. Type dates 8000 to 6000 BC and is found in California. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Riddell, Francis A. and William H. Olsen (1969) An Early Man Site in the San Joaquin Valley, California. American Antiquity, Vol. 34, No. 2.

Tulamniu [Triangle] Point - described by Waldo Wedel in 1941. It is a medium point with a concave base. Type dates 1300 to 1600 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Wedel, Waldo (1941) Archaeological Investigations at Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 130. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1497 - Turner Points

Turner [Stemmed] Point - illustrated by Clarence B. Moore. It is a medium point with a roundish stem. Type dates 1100 AD (Caddoan) and is found in Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana. Major attribute: barbed stem. Type validity: traditional/ Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Moore, Clarence B. (1912) Some Aboriginal Sites on Red River. Journal, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, No. 14. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

812

1498 - Tupelo Point

Tupelo [Turkeytail] Point – no information.

1499 - Turney Points

Turney [Triangle] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex Krieger, and Edward Jelks in 1954. It is a medium, well-made point with incurvate blade edges, flaring basal corners, and concave base. Type dates 1600 AD and is found in eastern Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... small, side notched triangular point with notches on the lateral edges. Base is straight. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25, p. 440. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Turkey Branch[Notched] Point – named by Baker (2009) after parish area in Louisiana. It is a medium point with shallow side-notches. Type dates to Middle Woodland era and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

813

1500 - Twombly Points

Twombly [Notched] Point - named by Louis A. Brennan in 1968. It is a triangularly bladed point with shallow notches and straight base. Type dates 1250 BC and is found in the lower Hudson River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Brennan, Louis A. (1968) The Twombly Landing Site. Bulletin, New York State Archaeological Association, No 42. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Type A - Pennsylvania (Diamond-shaped) – false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42.

Type B - Pennsylvania (Poplar Island) – false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42.

Type C - Pennsylvania (Swatara) – false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42.

Type D - Pennsylvania (Piney Island) – false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42. Type E - Pennsylvania (Stanly/Neville) – false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42.

Type F - Pennsylvania (Bare Island) – false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42. Type G - Pennsylvania (Side Notched) – false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42.

Type H - Pennsylvania - false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42. Type I - Pennsylvania (Pequea) - false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42. Type J - Pennsylvania - false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42.

814

Type K - Pennsylvania - false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42. Type SN - Pennsylvania (Side Notched) – false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42. Type TR - Pennsylvania (Broadspear) – false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42. Type Hel - Pennsylvania - false nomenclature; see Kent, Barry C. (1996) Piney Island and the Archaic of Southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 1- 42.

Uu Uchee Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a waterway in Alabama. It is large point with a tapering stem. It dates to the Late Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1501 - Uinta Points

Uinta [Notched] Point - named by Richard N. Holmes and Dennis G. Weder in 1980 after the mountains in Utah. It is a small-to-medium point with small side notches and a straight base. Type dates 800 to 1200 AD and is found in Idaho and Colorado. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Holmes, Richard N. and Dennis G. Weder (1980) Common Post-Archaic Projectile Points of the Tremont Area. Selected Papers, Antiquities Section, Utah State Historical Society, No. 16. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

815

Pt Barrow, Alaska, slate, L = 161, W = 67, T – 14 mm 1502 – Ulu Knives

Ulu [Knife] Type – one of the oldest continuously made tools in North America. It is made off a shale or slate blade. It has a D-shaped workend and was used to process fish (Orr 1917). Early American colonists pick-up the style and continued making it, but with a metal blade. The ulu has three basic blade styles: 1 – Cone-backed 2 – Plain-backed 3 – Line-backed. 1 - Reference: Orr, R. B. (1917) Twenty-Ninth Annual Archaeological Report, Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario, Canada. 2 - Reference: Snow, Dean R. (1980) The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York, NY.

Unalakeet [Stemmed] Point – found in Alaska. It is long narrow point with a squarish stem. Comment: Type needs defining. Reference: Musdoch, John (1892) Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. Ninth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

1503 – Unfluted Clovis Point

Unfluted Clovis - see Clovis [Lanceolate] Point. Style probably leads to the fluted form in Florida. Lack of fluting is probably due to the lack of skill by the flintknapper.

1504 - Uniangulus Knives

816

Uniangulus [Knife] Point - named by Winston Baker in 1995. It is a medium knife biface which has one corner removed. Type has not been dated and appears to be found in the Gulf states.

Uniface [Knife] Type - blade-produced knife. Tool dates to the Paleoindian Period and was still found at Contact. The tool is almost exclusively made from flint. Its distribution is primarily the eastern U.S.

Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, NY.

1505 - Union Points (Drawing: Schroder 2002)

Union [Notched] Point - named by Ripley Bullen in the 1970s. It is a medium, thick point with a concave base, and blade is sometimes beveled. Type dates to the Archaic and is found in Florida. Bullen (1975) suggests: … thick, bifacially beveled, lanceolate point with shallow side notches with basal grinding. Major attribute: basal grinding. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1975) A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Revised Edition, Kendall Books, Gainesville, FL. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Union [Stemmed] Point - named after a county in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a wide-bladed point with a wide stem and straight base. Type dates 0 to 500 AD and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Comment: Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of

817

Iowa.

Unisilex [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a large knife-like point with shallow side notches. Type dates 500 BC to 100 AD and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

1506 - Uplands Knife (Blade Damaged)

Uplands [Provisional Triangle] Point - named here, but the type is considered Panindian for the eastern uplands. Type dates Late Woodland and is basically found in Kentucky. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: comment:

Reference: This paper.

Upper Republican [Notched] Point - no namer. It is a small point with shallow side notches and a straight or slightly concave base. Type dates 400 to 1200 AD and is found in Colorado. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cassells, E. Steve (1983) The Archaeology of Colorado. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO.

1507 - Upper Valley Point

Upper Valley [Notched] Point - named by C. G. Holland in 1970 or Madeline Kneberg. It is a medium triangular-shaped point with slightly excurvate blade edges and straight base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in southwestern Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Holland, C. G. (1970) An Archeological Survey of Southwest Virginia. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 12, Washington, DC. 2 - Reference: Kneberg, Madeline (1956) Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XII, No. 1, pp. 27-28. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Urich [Notched] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large point with deep corner notches. Type is Early Archaic and is found in the Midwest. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

818

1508 - Uvalde Points

Utkiavwin [Stemmed] Point – found in Alaska. It is long narrow point with a squarish stem It dates around 1000 BC. Comment: Type needs defining.

Reference: Musdoch, John (1892) Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. Ninth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Uvalde [Stemmed] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium point with a flaring stem and a deep concave base. Type dates 4000 BC and is found in central Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... varies considerably, triangular to lanceolate body with rounded shoulders or barbs, an expanding stem, and concave base. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1509 - Uwharrie Point

Uwharrie [Triangle] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a small, long, slender, isosceles point with a slightly concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 3 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

819

1510 – Vail Site Peleopoint (Both Faces – Gramly 2010)

Vail [Lanceolate] Point - named by R. Michael Gramly in 1982. It is a medium-to-large fluted point with a deep basal concave base and sometimes rounded ears. Type dates 8600 BC and is found in Maine and Nova Scotia. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: type is a regional variation of the Clovis type.

1 - Reference: Gramly, R. Michael (1982) The Vail Site: A Paleoindian Encampment in Maine. Bulletin, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. 30, Buffalo, NY. 2 – Reference: Gramly, Richard Michael (2010) The Vail Habitation and Kill Site: Implications for Palaeo-American Behavior and Band Size. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 417.

Vail – Debert [Lanceolate] Point – similar point to the plain Bull Brook, variation point. It has a deeply indented base. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: conditional. 1 - Reference: Bradley, James W., Arthur E. Spiess, Richard A. Boisvert, and Jeff Boudreau (2008) What’s the Point?: Modal Forms and Attributes of Paleoindian Bifaces in New England-Maritimes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 36, pp. 119-172.

Valeda [Stemmed] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large point with a long tapering stem. Type dates 6000 BC and is found in Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

Valley Falls [Stemmed] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a medium point with a narrow blade and squarish stem. Type has no date and is found in Washington and Oregon. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

820

1511 - Valina Points

Valina [Triangle] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1988. It is a small-to-large triangle point with rounded corners. Bases are straight or occasionally convex. Type dates to the woodland period and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas. Special Publication Number 16, Archeological Society of Virginia. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1512 - Val Verde Points

Val Verde [Stemmed] Point - named by Mardith K. Schuetz in 1956 after the county in Texas. The type is also known as the Langtry point. It is a medium point with shallow indentations on the stem side and base. Type dates 2500 to 1000 BC and is found in New Mexico, northern Mexico, and Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... is stem is formed by its expanding stem with wide concavities that extend from the shoulder to the base. Major attribute: wide stem indentations. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Schuetz, Mardith K. (1956) An Analysis of Val Verde County cave Material. Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 27. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

Van Buren Dovetail - see Spears, Donald G. (1981) Van Buren Dovetails. Iowa Archaeological Society Newsletter No. 98, p 7.

821

1513 - Vancouver Island Point (Both Faces)

Vancouver Island [Provisional Stemmed] Point - name here after the island. It is a large point with a straight or slightly indented stem and has a round base. Blade is a narrow triangle. Shoulders slop upward. Point is sometimes made from basalt. Type dates 5500 BC and is found in Washington and British Columbia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: This paper.

Vandenberg [Stemmed] Point – see Justice (2002B). Vandale [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a medium Dalton-like point. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

Vandenberg [Stemmed] Point – named for the air force base. It is a of large, broad, triangular, contracting-stemmed points, found in the western portions of central and southern California and dated between ca. 2500 B.C. and A.D. 500. Vandenberg contracting-stemmed points have been classified within the Coastal cluster. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1514 - Van Lott Points

Van Lott [Notched] Point - named by James L. Michie in 1965. It is a medium point with flaring corners. Type dates 6000 BC and is found in Virginia and the Carolinas. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point with a triangular blade which has straight, concave, or convex edges. Shoulder are obtusely barbed. Basal corners are eared. Basal thinning and smoothing occurs. Major attribute: ground stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Michie, James L. (1965) The Van Lott Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 3, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

822

1515 – Van Port Point

Van Port [Notched] Point - It is a medium point that is found in the Lake Huron area. Type dates 200 AD. See Manker [Notched] Point.

Reference: Adams, Nick (1995) Field Manual. Ontario Archaeological Society, Inc.

1516 - Ventana-Amagosa Points

Ventanna [Notched] Point - named by Noel Justice in 2002 for a cave in Arizona. It is a medium side notched point with a straight base. Type dates 3500 to 1800 BC and is found in the four-sate Colorado area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: San Rafael, Sudden. Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

Ventana-Amagosa [Stemmed] Point - named by Emil W. Haury in 1950. It is a medium point with a squarish stem. Type dates 5000 to 3000 BC and is found in Arizona and northern Mexico. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Haury, Emil W. (1950/75) The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of the Ventana Cave. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1517 - Verkamp Point

Verkamp [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard Marshall in 1959 for a shelter in Missouri. It is a large point with a squarish stem. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found in Missouri and Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Marshall, Richard A. (1959) The Verkamp Shelter, Phelps County, Missouri. University of Missouri, Columbia. American Archaeology Division Files.

823

1518 - Vernon Points

Vernon [Stemmed] Point - named by Robert Stephenson and L. and G. Ferguson in 1963. It is a short, thick, wide-bladed point with pronounced shoulders, constricted stem, and expanding, straight base. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: pronounced stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Stephenson, R. L., L. L. Ferguson, and G. H. Ferguson (1963) The Accokeek Creek Site: A Middle Atlantic Seaboard Culture Sequence. Anthropological Papers No. 20, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Point from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1519 - Vertiente Point

Vertiente [Notched] Point - named by Lorraine Heartfield in 1975. It is a medium pint with a pronounced stem. Type dates 2250 to 650 BC and is found in Mexico and Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Heartfield, Lorraine (1975) Archaeological Investigations of Four Sites in Southwestern Coahuila, Mexico. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society 46.

1520 - Vestal Points

824

1521 - Vestal Points

Vestal [Notched] Point - named by David R. Wilcox. It is a medium point with either side or corner notches. Base is straight with rounded corners. Type dates 2200 BC and is found in the upper Susquehanna River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1971) A Typology and Nomenclature from New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, p. 130, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. (1988) Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State, Vol. II. Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, Buffalo, NY. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1522 - Vian Creek Point

Vian Creek [Fishtail] Point - named for the site in Oklahoma by Greg Perino. It is a large point with incurvate stem sides and a deeply concave base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Comment: Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

1523 - Victoria Points

825

Victoria [Lanceolate] Point - named by Thomas Kelly in 1983 after the county in Texas. It is a large point with a concave base. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kelly, Thomas C. (1983) The Brom Cooper Paleo Indian Collection from McMullen County, Texas. La Tierra Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association 10(3). 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 3. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1524 - Vincent Points (Harwood 1986)

Vincent [Notched] Point - no namer. It is a long, narrow point with wide side notches. Type has not been dated and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Harwood, Ray (1986) Arrowheads and Blades of Ancient California. Tekakawitha Institute of Ancient Man, Woodbridge, VA.

826

1525 - Vincent Point

Vincent [Triangle] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964. It is a medium equilateral point with concave base. Type dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1526 – Virginia Spike Points

Virginia Spike [Stemmed] Point – named here after a group of spike points that are found in southern Virginia and North Carolina. It is a long, narrow point with a small stem. Blade is usually beveled suggesting a drill function. Base is pointed; however, the base could have been the workend. It is made off a blade; the medial ridge gives its bevel. Hafting is assumed – method remains to be proven. Point probably dates to the Early Archaic Period. Type Validity: conditional. Comment: it will probably be re-classified with more study. Comparative Type: Poplar Island (Ritchie 1964). Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Point from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1527 - Virginsville Point

Virginsville [Stemmed] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a broad-bladed point with a constricting stem. Base is rounded. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive.

827

Similar to: Comment:

1528 - Vosburg Points

1529 - Vosburg Points (Custer 2001)

1530 - Vosburg Points (After: Ritchie 1961)

Vosburg [Notched] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1961. It is a medium point with corner notches and a straight base. It has weak barbs. Type dates 3200 to 2500 BC and is found in the Middle Atlantic area. Ritchie (1961) suggests: … medium sized, broad, relatively thin points, with small to medium corner notches on a prevailingly short stem which is basally ground smooth. Justice (1987) suggests: … a small narrow corner notches placed low and at the corners of a straight edged trianguloid preform. Major attribute: corner notches. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment: Type is difficult to identify outside of archaeological contexts. For point dimensions, see Ritchie (1971 revised). 828

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1961) A Typology and Nomenclature from New York Projectile Points. Bulletin, New York State Museum and Science Service, No. 384, p. 55, Albany, NY. 2 - Reference: Custer, Jay F. (2001) Classification Guide for Arrowheads and Spearpoints of Eastern Pennsylvania and the Central Middle Atlantic. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA. 3 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 4 - Reference: Wall, Robert D. R. Michael Stewart, and John Cavallo (1006) The Lithic Technology of the Trenton Complex. Trenton Complex Archaeology: Report 13. Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environmental Analysis, Trenton, NJ. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Ww 1531 - Wacissa Points (Bullen 1975)

Wacissa [Stemmed] Point - named by Wilfred T. McNeill in 1963. It is a short, thick point with wide stem. Base is straight. Type dates 5000 BC and is found in Florida and Georgia. Bullen (1975) suggests: … short, thick and relatively broad point with a short tang. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: McNeill, Wilfred T. (1963) Three New Florida Projectile Point Types Believed Early. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 14, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Purdy, Barbara A. (1981) Florida’s Prehistoric Stone Technology. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

Wacissa Subtypes – false types; type mixture. See Schroder (2002).

1532 - Wade Points

Wade [Notched] Point - named by David C. Hulse in 1960. It is a large point with shoulder barbs, narrow straight stem, and a slightly convex base. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Tennessee and Alabama. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are barbed. Blade is excurvate or straight. Stem is straight or slightly expanding. Base is straight and lightly ground. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse (1960) The Transitional Paleo-Indian. Journal, Alabama

829

Archaeological Society, Vol. 5, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 - Reference: Jefferies, Richard W. (1988) The Archaic Period in Kentucky: Past Accomplishments and Future Directions. In: Paleoindian and Archaic Research in Kentucky, ed. C. Hockemsmith et al., Kentucky Heritage Council, Frankfort, KY.

1533 - Wading River Points

Wading River [Stemmed] Point - named by William A. Ritchie in 1965. It is a poorly shouldered point with slightly constricting stem. Base is straight. Type dates 2200 BC and is found along the New England coast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Ritchie, William A. (1965) The Small Stemmed Point in New England. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Vol. XXXI, Nos. 3-4. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA. 3 - Reference: Boudreau, Jeff (2005) The Rubin Farm Site, Norton, MA. Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 34-44. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1534 - Wadlow Point

Wadlow [Lanceolate] Point - named by Gregory Perino in 1968. It is a large preform for the Etley point, which has straight (or recurved) sides and base. Type dates 2200 to 1000 BC and is found in Illinois. Justice (1987) suggests: … straight bases and parallel sides. Lateral margins are sometimes recurved or convex.

830

Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1968) A Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian Projectile Points. Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Special Bulletin No. 3. 2 - Reference: Chapman, Carl (1975) The Archaeology of Missouri I. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, MO. 3 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 4 - Reference: Banks, Alan (2005) Some Information on the Etley (and Wadlow). Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 90-98.

1535 - Wahmuza Point

Wahmuza [Lanceolate] Point - named by Richard Holmer in 1986 after the site in Idaho. It is a large point with a tapered stem. Base is straight. Type dates 7500 BC and is found in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Frison, George C. (1991) Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains, Second Edition. Academic Press, Inc. 2 - Reference: Holmer, Richard N. (1986) Shoshone-Bannock Culture History, Swanson/Crabtree Anthropological Research Laboratory, Reports of Investigations 85 (16:111).

1536 - Waller Knife (After: Waller 1971)

1537 - Waller Knife

Waller [Knife] Type - name attributed to James Lauro (1982). It is a large tanged knife. Type dates 9000 to 5000 BC and is found in the eastern Southeast. Powell (1990) suggests: … consistently a uniface flake upon which two basally placed side notches have been struck.

831

Major attribute: stem shape. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: type is probably Early Archaic and made off a prismatic blade.

1 - Reference: Lauro, James T. (1982) The Edgefield Scraper and Waller Knife: Early Archaic Tools from the Pearl River Drainage, Central Mississippi. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 147-153. 2 - Reference: Waller, I. Ben (1971) Hafted Flake Knives. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 24, No. 24, pp. 173-174. 3 – Reference: Lowery, Darrin L. (2002) The Edgefield Scraper and the Waller Knife on the Delmarva Peninsula: A Comparative Study. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, Vol. 18, pp. 37-55. 4 - Reference: McGahey, Samuel O. (1996) Paleoindian and Early Archaic Data from Mississippi. In: The Paleoindian and the Early Archaic Southeast, eds. David Anderson and Kenneth Sassaman, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. 5 - Reference: Bullen, Riply B. and Lawrence E. Berlman (1973) The Walcrest Site, Lake Weohyaapka, Florida. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 26, pp. 1-22. 6 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 7 - Reference: Gutierrez, Albert and Alex (2003) Waller Knives, A Unique Florida Knife Form. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 50, No. 1, p. 11.

1538 – Wallula Points

Wallula [Stemmed] Point - named by Douglas Osborne, Alan Bryan, and Robert H. Crabtree in 1961. It is a small, slender point with square stem. Base is straight. Type dates to the late prehistoric period and is found in Washington and Oregon. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Osborne, Douglas, Alan Bryan and Robert H. Crabtree (1961) The Sheep Island Site and the Mid-Columbian Valley. River Basin Survey Papers No. 24, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1539 – Wallula Gap Points

832

Wallula [Stemmed] Point – see Justice (2002). Walnut [Notched] Point - named for a canyon near Flagstaff, Arizona. It is a small point with narrow notches. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Point of Pines, Ridge Ruin. Comment:

Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1540 - Wanda Points (Perino 1991)

Wanda [Notched] Point - named by Patrick J. Munson in 1966 after a city in Illinois. It is a small-tomedium point with wide side notches and a straight or slightly convex base. It is made off a flake. Type dates 750 to 1000 AD and is found in Missouri. Major attribute: flake technology. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Munson, Patrick (1966) An Archeological Survey of the Wood River Terrace and Adjacent Bottoms and Bluffs in Madison County, Illinois. Illinois State Museum Preliminary Reports, No. 8, Springfield, IL. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1541 - Wapanucket Point

Wapanucket [Notched] Point - named by Maurice Robbins in 1968. It is a large point with shallow notches. Base is concave. Type dates 2300 BC and is found in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Robbins, Maurice (1968) An Archaic Ceremonial Complex at Asswompset. Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Attleboro, MA. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

833

1542 - Waratan Points

1543 - Warratan Points

Waratan [Notched] Point - named by Floyd Painter in 1963. It is a thin triangularly-shaped point with corner-notches and a concave base. Type dates 100 to 400 AD and is found in the lower Middle Atlantic area. Major attribute: pointed corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Painter, Floyd (1963) The Mussel Eaters of Waratan, Part 2, The Waratan Projectile Point. Chesopiean, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 6. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1544 - Warito Point

Warito [Notched] Point/Knife - named by Terry Avery after the Shawnee word for Cumberland. It is a large point with pronounced corner notches and a straight base. Type dates 3000 to 2800 BC and is found in Tennessee and Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Avery, Terry (1990) The Warito Knife. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 40, No. 2. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Warren [Notched] Point - named by William M. Gardner in 1974 after a county in Virginia. It is a medium triangular-bladed point with a flaring stem and convex base. Type dates 8000 BC and is found in northern Virginia. Major attribute: corner notches. Type validity: false. Comment: While from at archaeological context at the Thunderbird site in Virginia, type was badly defined and was based on one specimen.

Reference: Gardner, William M. (1974) The Flint Run Paleo-Indian Complex: A Preliminary Report 1971-73 Seasons. Occasional Publication No. 1, Catholic University, Washington, DC. Note: only one specimen (Thunderbird site) was found and this point was probably an expended form in the Kirk type.

834

1545 - Warrick Points

Warrick [Notched] Point - named by Robert Edler in 1986 after the county in Indiana. It is a large point with a straight to convex base. Type dates 7500 to 6500 BC and is found in the Ohio River valley. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Edler, Robert W. (1986) The Warrick Point. Journal, Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc., Vol. 33, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Wasco [Knife] Type - no namer. It is a large triangularly-shaped knife with a straight or slightly convex base. No type data available; it is found in California. Major attribute: N/A Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: none.

Reference: none available.

Washington [Notched] Point - named by James Cambron and David Hulse after a county in Alabama. It is a small point with a straight base. Type has a probable Woodland date and is found in the South. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Comment:

1546 - Washington Point

Washington [Provisional Stemmed] Point - not named here; suggest it is a type for the Northwest. Type 1 – Medium point with well-defined shoulders. Stem tapers to a straight base. Type has no date and is found from Oregon to British Columbia. Reference: none.

835

1547 - Washita Points

Washita [Notched] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a small, triangular point with straight base. Type dates 1500 AD and is found in Texas and Oklahoma. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade edges are straight or excurvate. Base is straight or slightly concave and is thinned. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks (1954) An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology, Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Merriam, Christopher (2009) Oklahoma Artifacts Volume One. Journal, Archaeological Society of Oklahoma. 4 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1548 - Washita Points

Washita [Notched] (Peno Variety) Point - named by James L. Brown in 1976. It is a small, triangular point with concave base. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in Texas and Oklahoma. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: conditional. Comment: Point is associated with the Caddoan culture of eastern Oklahoma.

1 - Reference: Brown, James A. (1976) Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Vol. 4. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1985) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 1. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

Watertown [Notched] Point - see Dincauze, Dena F. (1968) Cremation Cemeteries in Eastern Massachusetts. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 59, No. 1, Cambridge, MA.

Watson Farm [Notched] Point - no type namer, probably Edward McMichael.. It is a medium point with a wide stem and straight or slightly convex base. Type probably dates to the Archaic period and has no defined distribution. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false (Hranicky 2002). Similar to: Comment: Type has no archaeological proof.

Reference: McMichael, Edward V. (1968) Introduction to West Virginia Archeology. Educational Series, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV.

Watts Cave [Knife] Type - rectangularly shaped knife with incurvate sides and a straight base. Workend has fine retouch to produce a cutting edge. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to:

836

Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1549 – Waubesa Points

Waubesa [Stemmed] Point - named by David Baerris in 1953. It is a medium-to-large point with constricting stem. Base is pointed. Type dates 500 BC and is found in Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Kansas, and Iowa. Major attribute: tapering stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baerris, David (1953) Blackhawk Village Site. Journal, Iowa Archaeological Society, Vol. 2, No. 4. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 - Reference: Tully, Lawrence N. and Steven N. Tulley (1986) Flint Blades and Projectile Points of the North American Indian. Collector Books, Paducah, KY.

1550 - Wayland Point

837

Wayland [Notched] Point - named by Dena F. Dincauze in 1968. It is a broad-bladed point with wide side notches. Base is concave with rounded corners. Type dates 1700 BC and is found in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Maine. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Dincauze, Dena (1968) Cremation Cemeteries in Eastern Massachusetts. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnobotany, Harvard University, Vol. 59, No. 1.

1551 - Webb Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Webb [Stemmed] Point – named by Ford and Webb after points found at the Poverty Point site in Louisiana. It is large point with broad blade. Type is found in Louisiana and Texas. Ford and Webb (1956) suggest…points are broad and “spade-shaped,” with markedly convex sides. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Pogo] Comment: Reference: Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb (1956) Poverty Point – A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. (Point Chapter). Vol. 46, Pt 1, pp. 50-76, Anthropological Paper of the American Museum on Natural History, New York, NY

1552 - Webb Complex Blade

Webb Complex Blade [Lanceolate] Point - named by R.A. Thomas and N. Warren. It is a large biface with a straight or concave base. Type dates 0 AD and is found in Delaware. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Custer, Jay (1984) Delaware Prehistoric Archaeology, An Ecological Approach. University of Delaware Press, Newark, DE.

Weber [Notched] Point - see Winters, Howard D. (n.d.) Projectile Points of the Cache River Valley. Manuscript at the Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL.

1553 - Webster Points (Morrow 1984)

Webster [Notched] Point - named after a county in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a small point with small notches and rounded base. Type dates 600 to 1500 AD and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive.

838

Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

1554 - Weeden Island Points

Weeden Island [Stemmed] Point - first reported by Ripley Bullen in 1956 and named by Winston H. Baker in 1995. It is a medium-to-large point with straight edges. Type dates 500 to 600 AD and is found in southern Alabama. Powell (1990) suggests: … stems may be rounded, straight, or snapped/unfinished basal planes. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 – Reference: Bullen, Ripley P. (1956) Six Sites Near the Chattahoochee River in the Jim Woodruff Reservoir Area, Florida. River Basin Survey Papers, No. 14, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 169. 2 - Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1555 - Weems Point

1556 - Weems Points

Weems [Stemmed] Point - named by Dan and Phyllis in 1983 after the site in Missouri. It is a medium-tolarge point with a squarish stem. Type dates 1000 to 500 BC and is found Missouri, Illinois, and Arkansas.

839

Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Morse, Dan F. and Phyllis A. (1983) Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley. Academic Press, New York, NY. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1557 - Weirs Beach Point (Fogelman 1988)

Weirs Beach [Lanceolate] Point - no namer. It is a nonfluted lanceolate. Type may be Paleoindian and is found in New Hampshire and Maine. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1558 - Wells Points

Wells [Stemmed] Point - named by Perry Newell and Alex D. Krieger in 1949. It is a medium point with long stem. Type dates to the Early Archaic and is found in Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... triangular form is characterized by a long, contracting stem that is sometimes roughly parallel-sided. Lateral edges are often serrated, and stem is usually ground. Major attribute: long stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Newell, Perry and Alex D. Krieger (1949) The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas. American Antiquity, Vol. 14, No. 4, Pt. 2. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

840

1559 - Wells Bridge Points

Wells Bridge [Notched] Point - named by Robert E. Funk in 1984. It is a medium point with pronounced notches and a concave base. Base corners are rounded. Type dates 5500 BC and is found in the Northeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Funk, Robert E. and Beth Wellman (1984) Evidence of Early Holocene Occupations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State. Archaeology of Eastern North America, Vol. 12. 2 - Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

1560 - Wendover Points

Wendover [Stemmed] Point - named by Melvin Aikens in 1970 after specimens from Danger Cave. It is a medium point with a long tapering stem. Type needs dates and is found in Utah and adjacent areas. Major attribute: tapering stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Aikens, C. Melvin (1970) Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 93, Salt Lake City, UT.

1561 - West Branch Points (Fogelman 1988)

West Branch [Stemmed] Point - named by Gary L. Fogelman in 1988. It is a medium point with a small stem. Type has no date and distribution is unknown. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Fogelman, Gary L. (1988) Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania. Fogelman Publishing Co., Turbotville, PA.

841

1562 - Western Points (After: Justice 2002)

Western Stemmed Points – reference to Windust [Stemmed] Point. See Connolly, Thomas J. (1999) Newberry Crater – A Ten Thousand-Year Record of Human Occupation and Environmental Change in the Basin-Plateau Borderlands. Number 21, University of Utah Anthropological Papers, Salt Lake City, UT.

1563 - Western Points

Western [Triangle] Point – it is a small (arrow-size), triangular, unnotched points, widely distributed in western North America and dated after ca. A.D. 900. The Western cluster includes Cottonwood, Canaliño, and Price Ranch types. Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1564 - Westo Points (Bullen 1975)

Westo [Stemmed] Point - named by Wilfred T. Neill in 1966. It is a medium point with a tapering stem. Type dates Archaic and is found in Florida and Georgia. Bullen (1975) suggests: … crudely chipped, fairly thick point frequently made from quartz or quartzite with an excurvate blade, weak shoulders, and poorly defined stem. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Neill, Wilfred T. (1066) Westo Bluff, A Site of the Old Quartz Culture of Georgia. Florida Anthropologist, Vol. 19, No. 1. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

842

Wetaug [Stemmed] Point - see Winters, Howard D. (n.d.) Projectile Points of the Cache River Valley. Manuscript at the Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL.

1565 - Whale Lance/Knives

Whale Lance/Knife - named after Point Barrow Eskimo harpoons. It is a large stemmed point. Type is found in Alaska and probably all northern Canadian provenances. Type dates to the late prehistoric and early historic periods

Reference: Musdoch, John (1892) Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. Ninth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

1566 - Wheeler Points

Wheeler [Lanceolate] Point - named by James W. Cambron in 1955. It is a point with excurvate blade edges and a deep basal concavity. Type probably dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … blade edges are excurvate. Hafting area is parallel with a deep concave base. It is sometimes fluted and ground. There are three varieties:  Excurvate  Triangular  Recurvate. Major attribute: deep basal concavity. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Cambron, James W. (1955) The Wheeler Point. Newsletter, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. IV, No. 4, pp. 7-8. 2 - Reference: Futato, Eugene M. (1980) An Overview of Wheeler Basin Prehistory. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 110-135.

Wheeler II [Lanceolate] Point - false type; see Baker (1995). Wheeler [Recurvate] Point - named by James Cambron. It is a medium point with a waisted hafting area. It has a concave base. Type dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: false. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Cambron, James W. (1955) The Wheeler Point. Newsletter. Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. IV, No. 4.

Wheeler [Triangle] Point - named by James Cambron. It is a medium point with a concave base. Type 843

dates to the Paleoindian period and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: ? Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Cambron, James W. (1955) The Wheeler Point. Newsletter. Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Vol. IV, No. 4.

Whiskeytown [Notched] Point - a series of large, side-notched and corner-notched points, found in the upper Sacramento Valley. The series' name comes from Whiskeytown Reservoir in Shasta County. Reference: Sundahl, Elaine M. 1992. Cultural Patterns and Chronology in the Northern Sacramento River Drainage. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 5:89-112.

White Mountain [Notched] Point - named for mountains in Arizona. It is a small point with narrow notches and a deep base. Type dates 1200 AD and is found in Arizona. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Walnut Canyon, Point of Pines. Comment: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

1567 - White Oak Creek Points (Drawing: Baker 1995)

White Oak Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with an expanding stem and a concave base. Type dates 2500 to 2000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: pointed corners.. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Johnson. Comment:

1568 - White Oak Mountain

White Oak Mountain [Stemmed] Point - named after the mountain in Virginia. It is a large point with a short rounded stem and base. Type dates 2500 to 2000 BC and is found in southern Virginia and the Carolinas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: This paper.

White River Elliptical Point - see Nodena [Stemmed] Point.

Reference: Bray, Robert T. (1956) The Culture-Complexes and Sequence at the Rice Site (235N200) Stone County, Missouri. Missouri Archaeologist, Vol. 18, No. 1&2, pp. 47-134.

844

1569 - White River Point (Both Faces)

White River [Notched] Point - named by Richard Marshall in 1958. It is a medium-to-large point with triangular blade. Base is concave. Type dates 6000 BC and is found in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri. Perino (1985) suggests: … a point with a triangular blade that has straight, convex, or concave sides. Blade may be beveled or serrated. Stem edges are often ground. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: 1 - Reference: Marshall, Richard (1958) The Use of Table Rock Reservoir Projectile Points in the Delineation of Cultural Complexes and Their Distribution. MS thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Ray, Jack H. and Neal H. Lopinoy (2003) Middle Archaic Components and Chert Use at the Bass Site. Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 4-16.

1570 - Whites Ferry Point (Both Faces)

Whites Ferry [Lanceolate] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky and Charlie Merry (in: Hranicky 2001). It is a large point with a concave base. Point resembles the Clovis and Fox Creek types. Type dates to the Early Woodland and is probably found all over the lower eastern states. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Webb complex point. Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Point from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

845

1571 - Whiteshell Points

Whiteshell [ Notched] Point - reported by Richard MacNeish in 1958 after the river in Winnipeg, Canada. It is a medium point with a roundish base. Type dates 1000 BC to 1000 AD and is found in Ontario and Manitoba. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: MacNeish, Richard S. (1958) An Introduction to the Archaeology of Southeast Manitoba, National Museum of Canada, Bulletin No. 157, Ottawa.

1572 – Whiteside Points (After: Baker 2009)

Whiteside [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) after a community in Alabama. It is a large point with a small square stem which has a straight base. It dates to the Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Square stem. Type validity: Positive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

846

1573 - White Springs Points

White Springs [Notched] Point - named by David Hulse. It is a medium point that has a triangular blade with a wide stem formed by shallow corner notching. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in the Southeast. Cambron and Hulse (1986) suggest: … shoulders are horizontal and narrow. Blade edges are slightly excurvate. Base is straight or slightly convex, and thinned. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: For point dimensions, see Justice (1987).

1 - Reference: Dejarnette, David L., Edward Kurjack, and James W. Cambron (1962) Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter Excavations. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. VIII, Nos. 1 and 2. 2 - Reference: Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. 3 - Reference: Sherwood, Sarah C., Boyce N. Driskell,, Asa R. Randall, and Scott C. Meeks (2004) Chronology and Stratigraphy at Dust Cave, Alabama. American Antiquity, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 533-554. 4 - Reference: Meeks, Scott C. (2000) The Use and Function of Late Middle Archaic Projectile Points in the Midsouth. University of Alabama Museums, Moundville Archaeological Park, Moundville, AL. 5 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

White Tail [Stemmed] Point - no namer, probably Thomas Whyte. It is a medium stemmed point with a triangular blade and slightly excurvate edges. Stem is relatively wide and has a slightly convex base. Type probably dates to the Woodland period and is found in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Tennessee. Major attribute: rectangular stem. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Whyte, Tom (1979) Cultural Resource Mitigation Activities at the McClintic Bridge Site Complex, The Gathright Reservoir, Bath County, Virginia. Occasional Papers in Anthropology, No. 4, James Madison University, Harrisburg, VA.

Widows Creek [Stemmed] Point – named by Baker (2009) for a creek in Alabama. It is a rounded base point with a shape point. Type dates to the Late Woodland era and found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

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1574 - Willits Points

Willits [Notched] Point - named by Martin Baumhoff in 1985 after the town in California. It is a medium point with a roundish stem. Type dates 2000 BC to 500 AD and is found in California. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Baumhoff, Martin A. (1985) Ethnography and Prehistory of the North Coast Ranges, Appendix A, North Coast Range Point types. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis, No. 8. 2 - Reference: Soule, William E. (1973) Archaeological Investigations at CA-MEN-584, Mendocino County, California. M.A. Thesis, California State University, Sacramento. 3 – Reference: Basgall, Mark E. 2007. Chronological Sequences in the Southern North Coast Ranges, California. In There Grows a Green Tree: Papers in Honor of David A. Fredrickson, edited by Gred White, Pat Mikkelsen, William R. Hildbrandt, Mark E. Basgall, Mildred Dickemann, and Thomas M. Origer, pp. 148-174. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis Publication No. 11. University of California, Davis.

1575 - Wilson Points

Wilson [Notched] Point - named by Frank Weir in 1986 for the site in Texas. It is a medium point with wide notches and a straight base. Type is not dated and is found in Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Sellards, E.H. (1940) Pleistocene Artifacts and Associated Fossils from Bee County, Texas. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 51:1628-1657. 2 – Reference: Weir, Frank A. (1986) An Early Holocene Burial at the Wilson-Leonard Site in Central Texas. The Mammoth Trumpet, February 1986.

1576 - Williams Points

Williams [Notched] Point - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a medium, dovetail point with rounded stem/base. Type dates 650 BC and is found in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and

848

Missouri. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... usually well-barbed and has an expanding stem with a convex, rounded base. Major attribute: round stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

Williams Subgroups A, B, C, and D - false types; see Schambach (1998).

1577 - Williamson Point

Williamson [Lanceolate] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky and Floyd Painter in 1988. It is any Clovis point from the Williamson site; the site produced a number of different types of Clovis points. A large Williamson point collection is located at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Type dates 10,000 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: flute. Type validity: site-specific. Similar to: Comment: type is a regional form of Clovis. Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack and Floyd Painter (1988) Projectile Point Types in Virginia and Neighboring Areas. Special Publication Number 16, Archeological Society of Virginia.

1578 – Willow Spears Point

Willow Spears [Lanceolate] Point - no namer. It is a long, narrow point that has excurvate blade edges and a straight base. Type dates to the Archaic period and is found in western Virginia. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Whyte, Tom (1979) Cultural Resource Mitigation Activities at the McClintic Bridge Site Complex, The Gathright Reservoir, Bath County, Virginia. Occasional Papers in Anthropology, No. 4, James Madison University, Harrisburg, VA.

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1579 - Wills Cove Points

1580 - Will's Cove Points

Will's Cove [Stemmed] Point - named by Edward Bottoms in 1979. It is a narrow, medium point with elongated blade, slightly excurvate blade edges, pronounced shoulders, square stem, and straight base. Type dates 100 AD and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: small square stem. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: Probably a true arrowhead,

1 - Reference: Bottoms, Edward (1979) The Will's Cove Projectile Point. Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 48-49. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 4 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Point from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

1581 - Wills Creek Points (Drawing: Baker 1995)

Willis Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Wills Creek [Notched] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with deep corner notches (dovetail) and a slightly round base. Type dates 7500 to 7000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and

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Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

1582 - Windust Point

1583 - Windust Point

Windust [Stemmed] Point - named by John Fagen after a site in Oregon. It is a long narrow point with a squarish stem and has a concave base. Sometimes, it is referred to as types 1, 2, or 3. It has no date and is found from California to Oregon. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: For more distributional information (date and space), see Meltzer (2002).

1 - Reference: Rimrock Register, December 1988, Great Basin Associates, Klamoth Falls, OR. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK. 3 - Reference: Meltzer, David J. (2002) What Do You Do When No One’s Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In: The First Americans, ed. N. G. Jablonski, Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 27, San Francisco, CA.

1584 - Winona Points

Winona [Notched] Point - named by Calvin Brown in 1926. It is a medium point with a straight base. Type dates 8500 to 8000 BC and is found in the Mississippi. Major attribute: beveling. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Lost Lake, Kirk. Comment: It is rarely quoted because of the availability of its publication. It is associated with the Clodwater site. Reference: Brown, Calvin S. (1926) Archeology of Mississippi. Mississippi Geological Survey, University, MS.

Winona [Triangle] Point - see Rondreau, Michael F. (1975) Projectile Point Analysis for the Kahorsho Site: NA 10937, Central Arizona. Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State Polytechnic University.

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1585 - Withlacoochee Point

Withlacoochee [Lanceolate] Point - named by John Powell after the river in Florida. It is a large point with a concave base. Type dates 8500 to 8000 BC and is found in the Southeast. Major attribute: none. Type validity: positive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Powell, John (1992) Withlacoochee Point. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp.62- 63.

1586 - Witthoft Knives

Witthoft [Knife] Point - named here in honor of John Witthoft, a founding archaeologist in Pennsylvania. It is a medium asymmetrical-bladed knife with a squarish stem. Base is usually straight. Type dates 2500 to 2000 BC and is found in Pennsylvania. Major attribute: asymmetrical blade. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL.

1587 – Woden Point

Woden [Stemmed] Point – probably false because of numerous stem types. Reference: none.

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1588 - Wolf Creek Points (Morrow 1984)

Wolf Creek [Notched] Point - named after a creek in Iowa by Toby Morrow in 1984. It is a small-tomedium point with small notches. Base is concave. Type dates 5000 to 1000 BC and is found in Iowa. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Morrow, Toby (1984). Iowa Projectile Points. Special Publication, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa.

Wolf Creek [Notched/Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a large point with a slightly expanding stem and a rounded base. Type dates 2000 to 1000 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (1995). A Hypothetical Classification of Some of the Flaked Stone Projectiles, Tools and Ceremonials from the Southeastern United States. Williams Printing, Inc., Quincy, MA.

1589 - Womble Points

Womble [Stemmed] Point - named by Ann Early in 1988. It is a small point with various stems. Type dates 1300 to 1450 AD and is found in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Early, Ann A., Barbara a. Burnett and Daniel Wolfman (1988) Standridge: Caddoan Settlement in a Mountain Environment, Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 29. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1994) The Rowland Clark Site (41RR77), Red River County, Texas. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, No. 4, Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology.

Woodland [Stemmed] Point - an eastern reference to stemmed points found in Woodland contexts. There is no specific morphology for them Reference: none.

Woodland Point - western point; see Johnson, A. M. (1977) Woodland and Bessant in the Northern Plains: A Perspective. Archaeology in Montana 18(1):27-41.

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1590 - Woodruff Point

Woodruff [Bipointed] Point – no data or reference. Wray [Notched] Point – named by Tom Westfall for specimens on Colorado. It is a basally notched point made from flint. It dates 3000 to 1000 BC. Reference: Westfall, Tom (2009) The Wray Point. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 64 – 65.

1591 – Wright Points

Wright [Stemmed] Point - formalized here; credited to Skip Hutchison. It is often associated with the Cotaco point type. It is a medium point with a serrated blade. Stem has generally parallel sides and a round base. Type dates 500 BC to 300 AD and is found in the eastern Southeast. Date may be to the Archaic. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment: type is probably and expended form of the Abby type. Reference: Allen, Ralph A. and Dennis D. Bushey (1991) Wright Variety of the Cataco Creek Point. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4.

1592 - Wytheville Points

Wytheville [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky (here) after a city in Virginia. It is a large point with a pointed stem. It is usually made from flint or quartzite. Type dates 9000 to 8000 BC and is found in the eastern U.S.

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Major attribute: pointed ends. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 2 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 3 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Point from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

Xx Xenia [Lanceolate] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a large, narrow point with a concave base. Type dates 8500 BC and is found in the Ohio River valley. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology. Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

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1593 – Yadkin Points

1594 - Yadkin Point Distribution

Yadkin [Triangle] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964 after a river in North Carolina. It is a medium point with a deeply concave base. Type dates 800 to 1400 AD and is found in the Carolinas, Georgia, Virginia and Maryland. Coe (1964) suggests: … large, symmetrical, and well-made triangular point. Major attribute: deep basal concavity. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Levanna. Comment:

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA. 2 - Reference: Peck, Rodney M. (1982) Indian Projectile Point Types from Virginia and the Carolinas. Privately printed. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2001) Projectile Point Typology for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Academic Press, Alexandria, VA. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 - Reference: McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33. 6 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Point from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

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1595 – Yadkin Eared Point

Yadkin [Eared] Point - named by Joffre L. Coe in 1964 after a river in North Carolina. It is a medium point with a deeply concave base. Type dates 800 to 1400 AD and is found in the Carolinas, Georgia, Virginia and Maryland. Coe (1964) suggests: … large, symmetrical, and well-made triangular point. Major attribute: flaring corners. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Coe, Joffre Lanning (1964) The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.

Yadkin [Large] Point – McReynolds, Theresa E. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Pattering in the Distribution of North Carolina Projectile Points. North Carolina, Vol. 54, pp. 1-33.

1596 - Yana Points

Yana [Stemmed] Point - named by Richard Smith in 1984. It is a small point with a small tapered stem. Type dates early historic and is found in California, Nevada, and Oregon. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Smith, Richard F. (1984) Projectile Point Types of the Tehama-Lassen Complex. N/A.

Yancey’s Bend [Triangle] Point – named by Baker (2009) after an area in Alabama. It is a medium point with an indented based. It dates to the Middle Archaic and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

1597 - Yarbrough Point (All Faces)

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1598 - Yarbrough Points

Yarbrough Points (Ford and Webb 1956)

Yarbrough [Stemmed] Point - named by Perry H. Newell and Alex D. Krieger in 1949. It is a mediumto-large point with a short, expanding stem. Type dates 1000 BC and is found in Texas and Louisiana. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... elongate point with lateral straight to convex edges’ small to prominent, unbarbed shoulders, and stem edges that are parallel to slightly expanded. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Newell, Perry H. and Alex D. Krieger (1949) The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas. American Antiquity, Vol. 14, No. 4, Pt 2. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1599 - Yavapai Points

Yavapai [Stemmed] Point - named by William Dickey in 1990 after the county in Arizona. It is a medium point with a long stem. Type dates 300 BC to 1000 AD and is found in the Arizona area. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Perino, Gregory (2002) Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of the North American Indian, Vol. 3, Points and Barbs Press, Idabel, OK.

Yazoo [Lanceolate/Triangle] Point - named by G. Van Buren in 1974. It is a long, narrow point 858

with a concave base. Type has no date and is found in the lower Mississippi River valley. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology. Reference: Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA.

1600 – Yellow Creek Points (After: Baker 2009)

Yellow Creek [Stemmed] Point - named by Winston H. Baker in 1995 after a creek in Alabama. It is a medium point with contracted-pointed stem. Type dates 2000 to 1500 BC and is found in Alabama. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

1601 – Yerba Buena Points

Yerba Buena [Stemmed] Point - named by Douglas Bryant in 1981 for ruins in Mexico. It is a medium point with a tapering stem. Type dates to the Classic Maya period and is found in Mexico. Major attribute: pointed stem. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bryant, D.D. (1981) Excavations at House 1, Yerba Buena, Chiapas, Mexico. Unpublished Manuscript on file, New World Archaeological Foundation, San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. 2 - Reference: Bryant, D.D. (1981) Investigations en el Area Maya, June 2-27, de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.

Yermo [Stemmed] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

1602 - Yonkee Points

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Yonkee [Notched] Point - named by Raymond C. Bentzen in 1961. It is a medium point with small, bilobed stem. Type dates 2500 BC and is found in Wyoming. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Bentzen, Raymond C. (1961) The Powers-Yonkee Bison Trap 48SH3ii. Report of the Sheridan Chapter, Wyoming Archeological Society. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX.

1603 - Yorktown Points

Yorktown [Stemmed] Point - named by Wm Jack Hranicky in 1991 after a Virginia city. It is a large, percussion flaked point with a large square stem. Type dates 1500 to 500 BC and is found in Virginia and North Carolina. Major attribute: percussion flaking. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment:

Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (1991) Projectile Point Typology and Nomenclature for Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North/South Carolina. Special Publication Number 26, Archeological Society of Virginia.

Yosemite [Stemmed] Point - named for the national park. It is a large point with a narrow, tapering, and small stem. Type dates 2500 BC to 500 AD and its distribution is unknown. Major attribute: none. Type validity: Similar to: Comment: Reference: Justice, Noel D. (2002) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.

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1604 - Young Points

Young [Triangle] Type - named by Dee Ann Suhm, Alex D. Krieger and Edward B. Jelks in 1954. It is a crude, ovoid point with rounded base. Type dates 1600 AD and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... subtriangular point made from a thin flake that has been crudely knapped around the edges. Base is convex. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1605 - Young's River Points

Young’s River [Stemmed] Point - described by Rich Minor in 1984. It is a medium point with a long stem. Type dates 6000 to 4000 BC and is found in Oregon and Washington. Major attribute: none.

Reference: Minor, Rick (1984) Northwest Anthropological Research Notes, Vol. 18, No. 1.

Yuma [Lanceolate] Point - early name for a Folsom lanceolate point (see F. Roberts 1938). It should stand as a valid type. It is a long narrow, nonfluted lanceolate point with a slightly convex base. Type dates to the Paleoindian period and may be associated with Post-Folsom contexts. It is found in the Southwest. Major attribute: none. Type validity: N/A. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Roberts, Frank H. H. (1938) The Folsom Problem in American Archeology. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 2 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1948) A Proposed Revision of Yuma Point Terminology. Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, Vol. 18, No. 2. 3 - Reference: Wormington, H. M. (1957) Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History Popular Series No. 4, Denver, CO. 4 - Reference: Howard, Edgar B. (1939) Folsom and Yuma Points From Saskatchewan. American Antiquity, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.277-279. 5 - Reference: Wormington, Hannah Marie (1948) A Proposed Revision of Yuma Point Typology. Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1-19. 6 - Reference: Renaud, E. B. (1932) Yuma and Folsom Artifacts. Proceeding of the Colorado Museum of Natural History II, No. 2, Denver, CO.

Yupuk-Eskimo [Stemmed] Point - see Alute [Stemmed] Point.

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Zz 1606 - Zavala Points

Zavala [Stemmed] Point - formalized by Leroy Johnson in 1964. It is a medium point with a large, squarish stem. Type dates late prehistoric/historic and is found in Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... small, stubby and thick point with a slightly convex base. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: 1 – Reference: Johnson, Leroy Jr. (1964) The Devil’s Mouth Site: A Stratified Campsite at Amistad Reservoir, Val Verde County, Texas. University of Texas, Department of Anthropology Services, No. 6. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1607 - Zekiah Swamp Points

Zekiah Swamp [Stemmed] Point - named by R. E. McDaniel in 1976. It is a medium triangular point with weak shoulders and a tapering stem with a straight base. Type dates 2000 BC and is found in Virginia and Maryland. Major attribute: none. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Buggs Island, Neville. Comment: type probably has an upper Atlantic coast distribution.

1 - Reference: McDaniel, R. E. (1976) A Zekiah Swamp Projectile Point - A Stemmed Device with Surprisingly Constant Proportions and Some Hypothetical Justifications. Maryland Archeology, Vol. 12, No. 1. 2 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 3 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2002) Lithic Technology in the Middle Potomac River Valley of Maryland and Virginia. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. 4 - Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2003) Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Universal Publishers, Coco Beach, FL. 5 – Reference: Hranicky, Wm Jack (2011) Projectile Point from Prehistoric Virginia. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN.

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1608 - Zella Points

Zella [Leaf-Shaped] Point - named by Thomas C. Kelley in 1983. It is a large point with a pointed stem. Type dates 6500 to 6000 BC and is found in Texas. Major attribute: none. Type validity: traditional. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Kelley, Thomas C. (1983) The Brom Cooper Paleo-Indian Collection from McMullen County, Texas. La Tierra, Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association, Vol. 10, No. 3. 2 - Reference: Perino, Gregory (1991) Selected Preforms, Points and Knives of the North American Indians, Vol. 2. Points and Barbs, Idabel, OK.

1609 - Zephyr Point (All Faces)

1610 - Zephyr Point (Another Example)

Zephyr [Notched] Point - picked up from collectors; no data, but is probably a valid type. Reference: none.

1611 - Zorra Point (All Faces)

1612 - Zorra Points

Zorra [Stemmed] Point - named by James Word and C. Douglas in 1970. It is a medium point with a 863

pronounced squarish stem. Type dates Early Archaic and is found in southern Texas. Turner and Hester (1985) suggest: ... subtriangular point that has convex lateral edges, rounded shoulders, and unifacial beveling on one or both stem edges. Major attribute: stem beveling. Type validity: distinctive. Similar to: Comment:

1 - Reference: Word, James A. and Charles C. Douglas (1970) Excavations at Baker Cave, Val Verde County, Texas. Bulletin, Memorial Museum, No. 16, Austin, TX. 2 - Reference: Turner, Ellen Sue and Thomas R. Hester (1985) A Field Guide to Stone Artifacts of Texas Indians. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, TX. 3 – Reference: Davis, Jr., Dan R. (1991) Prehistoric Artifacts of the Texas Indians. Pecos Publishing Company, San Antonio, TX.

1613 – Zwolle Points (After: Baker 2009)

Zwolle [Spike] Point - named by Baker (2009) after a parish town in Louisiana. It is a small point with a tapering stem. Type dates to Late Woodland era and is found in the Gulf states. Major attribute: none. Type validity: conditional. Similar to: Comment: Reference: Baker, Winston H. (2009) Paleolithic through Early Archaic of Southeastern North America and Middle Archaic through Historic Tools of Southeastern North America – Parts 1 and 2. Privately Published, AL.

ZZYZX [Stemmed] Point - see Van Buren, G. E. (1974) Arrowheads and Projectile Points. Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, CA. Types and publication are not generally accepted in professional archaeology.

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