IJSS: Eco-City Live Project 2018 by Architecture Universitas Indonesia

ECO-CITY LIVE PROJECT 2018

Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia Depok, Indonesia 2018

Eco-City Live Project 2018

Editors: Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan Christopher Silver Andrea Frank Diane Wildsmith

ECO -CITY LIVE PROJECT 2018 Contributors Participants of the Eco City Live Project 2018 in Jakarta and Depok, January 15th-26th 2018 from Universitas Indonesia, University of Florida, and Cardiff University

Eco-City Live Project 2018

Editor in Chief Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan Editors Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan Prof. Christopher Silver Dr. Andrea Frank Diane Valerie Wildsmith, MIPP, M. Sc. Arch., AIA, RIBA Managing Coordinator Elita Nuraeny, S. Ars., M. A. Intan Findanavy Ridzqo, ST Logo & Cover Shaflian Islami A. Layouting Team Ajeng Nadia Ilmiani, S. Ars. Shaflian Islami A. Published by Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia Depok, Indonesia ISBN 978-602-52912-0-3 Printed in Jakarta, 2018 ©2018 Universitas Indonesia, University of Florida, and Cardiff University

International Joint Studio and Seminar

ECO-CITY LIVE PROJECT2018 Jakarta and Depok: A Megapolitan Approach

halaman judul

Ecology cities should have a deep and integrated relationship with nature Economics cities should be based on an economy organized around social needs

Eco-City Live Project 2018

“. . . [an] eco-city is an ecological city: a city built from the principles of living within environmental means, with the high-level principles:

Politics cities should have an enhanced emphasis on engaged and negotiated civic involvement Culture cities should actively develop ongoing processes for dealing with uncomfortable intersections of identity and difference, including the current tension between culture and nature.”

Dr. Dominique Hes, 2017, “Changing the Way We Think about Ecocities”, https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/changing-the-way-we-think-about-ecocities

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents 4

Eco-City Live Project 2018

Editorial Words 5 Program 8 Part 1. Opening Remarks 13 Part 2. Opening Essays 25 Part 3. Research Essays 57 Part 4. Closing Remarks 179

Appendix 191

EDITORIAL WORDS

Eco-City Live Project 2018

This e-book about the Eco-City Live Project 2018 documents the Third Annual International Joint Studio and Seminar (IJSS) developed jointly between Universitas Indonesia, University of Florida and Cardiff University. The UI UF CU Eco-City Live Project 2018 addressed issues of Green Infrastructure, Eco-City Development and Sustainable Planning in the Jakarta and Depok megapolitan region. The workshop offered a multi-disciplinary approach to ponder the possibilities for an integrated eco-city development in Jakarta and Depok, encompassing public policy, urban planning, architecture, engineering and environmental health disciplines. This year 83 people participated in the Eco-City Live Project, with 28 graduate students from Cardiff University in the Eco-City Masters Degree Program, 4 graduate students from the University of Florida and 30 graduate and undergraduate students from Universitas Indonesia.

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The Eco-City Live Project 2018 concentrated on investigating policy and development issues related to urban planning and public policy. Subsequently, the research teams developed a set of policy recommendations and interventions that aim to promote the transition of a major urban agglomeration to become a more sustainable (low carbon emission, smart) eco-city in five urban locations: Kampung Luar Batang, Kampung Tongkol et al., Cikini, Cipinang Melayu (located in Jakarta), and Setu Rawa Besar (located in Depok). The six topics were divided into four categories, namely A) Heritage, Preservation and Eco-Development; B) Density, Smart City, Green City and EcoCity; C) Health; D) Transport and Air Pollution. The Eco-City Live Project 2018 findings compared and contrasted the experience of kampung living in The JakartaDepok megapolitan region in five locations within the context of green and hard infrastructure, historic preservation, water, waste, traffic and settlement issues. The Cipinang Melayu research team is part of an ongoing research project with Universitas Indonesia and Cardiff University to investigate issues of health, urban planning policy

interventions and architectural design issues related to building systems and the environment. The Transport and Air Pollution research team focused on Car Free Day and wider issues of traffic infrastructure and air pollution related to the megapolitan region. Green Infrastructure (GI) means different things to different people. In the US, water management means open space, whereas in the UK and in Europe, the interpretation is different. In Indonesia, green infrastructure means “green energy” and the generation of real infrastructure for green benefits [from renewable energy]. Part of the process of this multi-disciplinary research is developing a common understanding of Eco-City policy and planning nomenclature. Together during the Eco-City Live Project 2018, the research teams discovered the connectivity between natural ecological systems, green and hard infrastructure and the intricate web of human life. Challenged by the complexity of urban ecology, we shared in the marvel, ingenuity, and power of ideas to imagine how Jakarta and Depok might become an Eco-City

In 2016, we focused narrowly on green infrastructure and on water management, which is a big issue in megapolitan regions. In the 2017 experience, we also started to expand our focus to air pollution and health impacts in all of these environments. This year in 2018, we were the most ambitious. We are really challenged by what the research teams achieved in an integrated way, which has been changed into new values in how we think about urban policy and environmental design. The structure of the book is organized into two parts. The first part entitled “Proceedings” is a chronology of the activities held during the EcoCity Live Project 2018 at Universitas Indonesia, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Architecture. The

second part entitled “Ongoing Research” is the result of a UI elective course to develop the initial research findings into academic papers, eventually suitable for publication in a recognized international journal. The mechanism of the research methodology as well as student mobility funds were adopted and stretched out of the original Global Green Infrastructure (GGI) grant. It is our intention to continue this collaboration, since the importance of this type of grant is to give all the students an international experience. This book represents yet another step in the tri-university collaboration towards an Eco-City in the future for Jakarta and Depok.

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in the future. In that regard, the engineering, architecture, geography, urban planning, transportation and IT disciplines provide the academic policy framework for the hard infrastructure of a Smart City, whereas it is up to us as individuals and citizens to create the soft infrastructure for an Eco-City which strengthens the natural, social and cultural environments.

Editors, Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan Universitas Indonesia Prof. Christopher Silver University of Florida Dr. Andrea Frank Cardiff University Diane Valerie Wildsmith, MIPP, M. Sc. Arch., AIA, RIBA Universitas Indonesia 7

Eco-City Live Project 2018

PROGRAM

The sequence of events for the UI UF CU Eco-City Live Project was organized around the schedule from 14 January to 26 January 2018. The timetable allowed for arrival with field surveys during the first week, a weekend break, followed by the second week of lectures, discussions, working sessions in the studio and final presentations, culminating in departure. The main activities during the first week were field research and site observations In Jakarta and Depok. The strategy was to allow all the members of the research teams to have a comprehensive overview of all six research projects during walking tours and field observations on the first two days. To allow for maximum participation, the opening ceremony and welcoming remarks were scheduled to occur after the field observations. The first week ended with the colloquium to summarize research findings and to outline objectives for the following week. Since Car Free Day occurs on Sunday in Jakarta, the field research and observations continued throughout the weekend.

the first week are summarized in the colloquium notes. The activities for the second week, including the Panel Lecture Series and the Focus Group Discussions were followed by a graduate student presentation on a trash collectors’ community in Jakarta with a wrap-up session. The colloquium, the final presentations and the closing remarks are fully documented herein. During the first week, the Eco-City Live Project 2018 briefing started at the Jakarta Old Town Hall in Fatahillah Square to familiarize the participants of the international Eco-City research teams about the history of Jakarta, beginning in Batavia with tours and discussions about colonial architecture, historic preservation, and urban planning. As part of the walking tour around Kali Besar (The Grand Canal), remnants of the VOC entrepot of Batavia are evident with the old warehouses (gudangs), the Town Hall and other historic buildings around Taman Fatihillah and the Intan (Diamond) Bridge, reminiscent of the drawbridges in the Netherlands,

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The second week began with twopanel discussions presenting expert opinions and case studies to augment the field research. The first panel concerned Urban Policy, Planning, Heritage and Smart City topics, whereas the second panel focused on Eco-City, CommunityBased and Design Inventions. The afternoon session followed on with Focus Group Discussions for all research groups, involving experts and community resource persons. Group discussions about proposed policy and design interventions continued in the UI design studios on the following days with ongoing field research and project development. Individuals and research groups visited the Jakarta Smart City Office and they also visited the DKI and the new construction for the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) project, which is under construction. The Eco-City Live Project 2018 ended on Thursday, 25 January with the Final Presentation and Exhibition in the morning, followed by the Adjunct Professor Inauguration and Public Lecture by Prof. Christopher Silver in the afternoon. The activities for

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over the end of Kali Besar. Evidence of hard infrastructure from the colonial era occurs simultaneously with canals existing side-by-side with roads from the 18th, 19th, and 20th-centuries. The impact of 20th-century infrastructure with electrification and the highways interrupts the colonial urban fabric and raises questions about the future possibilities for green infrastructure within a historic setting. The positive effects of historic preservation were witnessed at the restored Museum Bahari, the nautical museum, which ironically during the following week, suffered considerable fire damage from an electrical short. This incident further underscores the hazards of historic conservation and protection. One of the first policy interventions for the participants of the Eco-City Live Project 2018 was experienced during the journey under the toll road to witness and comprehend the current demolition of the Fish Market settlements around Sunda Kelapa. Crossing the water by small boat added to the vivid reality of

living in North Jakarta with its past association as a water city and colonial port. The research teams visited Kampung Luar Batang to observe the interaction between the kampung community and the historic mosque. The intention is to extend and encompass Kampung Luar Batang in the historic Old Town designation for the UNESCO Heritage application. The next site visit was to Kampungs Kerapu, Tongkol, and Lodan, which enabled the six field research teams to witness firsthand how the kampung community had responded to the need for a designated setback from the Ciliwung River in accordance with government regulations. Community volunteers negotiated a setback with the government. Accordingly, the kampung people demolished part of their settlement, rebuilding their dwellings, adding greenery and recreational areas along the riverfront. This project represents a positive exchange between the community and the city government. The first day ended

with a visit to Kampung Cikini, which is in Central Jakarta. The intention was to observe a traditional urban kampung in a business district setting. The purpose was to investigate the possibility of Jakarta’s Smart City initiative being adopted in a kampung setting.

Part of the inherent nature of

Eco-City Live Project 2018

On Tuesday, 16 January, the research teams met in Depok to visit Setu Rawa Besar, which is a case study of kampung living around a lake. The issues related to waste, water, trash and settlement are readily apparent. To recap the field observations over the past two days, the research teams traveled back to Jakarta by train and met at Taman Menteng to summarize their initial observations. Wednesday and Thursday involved individual field trips to continue data collection to document field surveys, and to conduct direct interviews with local inhabitants. On Friday 19 January, the welcoming remarks set forth the research objectives and the colloquium session summarized the initial findings for the first week.

planning an interdisciplinary workshop is the need for flexibility and spontaneity to accommodate the constantly-evolving program. To this end, the Organizing Committee held a mid-workshop meeting at the end of the first week to fine-tune the activities during the second week. These workshop activities, along with the initial program brief, are documented in the ‘Proceedings’ section. As a reward for the efforts of all the participants, a final dinner was held to underscore the camaraderie among the participants, to award certificates, and to celebrate the Eco-City Live Workshop 2018 in Depok and Jakarta. The Organizing Committee continued their work for the Eco-City Live Project 2018 with the coordination and facilitation of the UI elective course to develop the research topics with the six teams and to produce this book. Organizing Committee, Ajeng Nadia Ilmiani Coriesta Dian Sulistiani Elita Nuraeny, Universitas Indonesia

Eco-City Live Project 2018

PART 1

Eco-City Live Project 2018

OPENING REMARKS

CONTENTS: Opening Remarks 1. Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, ST, M. Sc., Ph.D Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia 2. Christopher Silver, Co-Pl, Professor

Eco-City Live Project 2018

Department of Urban and Regional Planning School of Design, Construction and Planning University of Florida 3. Dr. Andrea Frank Department of Geography and Planning Cardiff University 4. Prof. Yandi Andri Yatmo, ST, M. Arch., Ph.D Former Head Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia 5. Dr. Ir. M. Asvial, M. Eng. Vice Dean for Academic, Research and Student Affairs Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia

Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, ST, M. Sc., Ph.D Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia

I would also like to commend Dr. Ir. R. Jachrizal Sumabrata, the new head of Civil Engineering Department and Dr. Gabriel Andari Kristanto for their individual contributions relative to grasping the complexity of traffic engineering issues. Additionally, Dr. Evawani Ellisa, and Herlily, M. Urb.

Eco-City Live Project 2018

First of all, I would like to welcome everyone to the opening of our Global Studio and Workshop. I would like to thank everyone for your ongoing participation in the International Joint Workshop on the Eco-City Live Project. I would also like to thank our new Dean Dr. Hendri DS Boediono and our former Dean Prof. Dedi Priadi, DEA as well as the Vice Dean for Academic, Research and Student Affairs, Dr. Ir. M. Asvial, M. Eng, and our former Head, Prof. Yandi Andri Yatmo, Ph.D. for their efforts in making this research collaboration possible. Additionally, it is timely to recognize the enthusiasm and dedication of our colleague at the University of Florida, Dr. Christopher Silver. I would like to acknowledge the ongoing commitment of our colleagues from Cardiff University, Dr. Andrea Frank, Dr. Andrew Flynn, and Dr. Li Yu, who are consistently expanding our research horizons to strengthen the academic relationship.

Des. have contributed enormously to our understanding of kampung life and the sensitive relationship with the respective communities. In particular, I would like to thank the Organizing Committee (Coriesta, Elita, and Ajeng) for their dedication in bringing us together. Furthermore, I am pleased to welcome students, researchers, and facilitators for their energetic participation in this research collaboration. Also, I would

Eco-City Live Project 2018

like to thank everybody for coming to this Opening ceremony of the International Joint Studio Workshop under the title of Eco-City Live Project 2018, Global Workshop in Green Urbanism.

The Global Studio Workshop, which investigates the urban ecology, economy, and culture of Jakarta and Depok, is a continuation from our three years of joint research with the University of Florida and Cardiff University that was funded by the Institute for International Education from the US and the UK governments. The project ended in 2017, but we are committed to continuing the collaboration. This year we have 83 people participating in the Eco-City Live Project, with 28 graduate students from Cardiff University, 4 graduate students from the University of Florida and 30 graduate and undergraduate students from Universitas Indonesia. From the outset, the field surveys bring us face-to-face with the challenges of living in a growing megapolitan region. It is a ‘Live’ Project in that the interaction between ourselves, the urban infrastructure and the environment are immediately tangible. The intense degree of traffic and the variety of modes of transport challenge us, even in the simplest human agency of crossing a busy street. Yet, movement, social interaction and living together

is an inherent part of city life. In comparing and contrasting the basic living conditions in the kampungs with the reality of modern city life, we are confronted with issues of density, cultural identity, water, traffic and waste management. The kampungs represent a pedestrianized environment with small-scale housing and transport, which perforce of circumstances, become sustainable and responsive to basic human needs. On the other hand, the technological advances of modern ‘smart’ city development mean that monitoring water use, waste management, and air pollution will eventually trigger a change in citizen’s behavior, thus leading to the gradual development of ‘green’ infrastructure and ‘green’ cities. Thus, there are lessons to be learned from the intricacy and complexity of urban ecology. Next week we will shift from field surveys and data collection to imagining a sustainable future for the Jakarta and Depok megapolitan region. We will consider potential policy recommendations and design interventions to realize the future dream of sustainable eco-cities. We encourage you to consider not only technological possibilities but also recommendations which could considerably improve the quality of daily life in the community. Finally, an appreciation of Jakarta’s heritage, as a mercantile city, inherently adds to living in a sustainable eco-city.

Christopher Silver, Co Pl, Professor Department of Urban and Regional Planning College of Design, Construction and Planning University of Florida

Eco-City Live Project 2018

On behalf of the University of Florida’s College of Design, Construction and Planning, let me say how pleased we are to participate in the third annual International Joint Studio and Seminar (IJSS) here at the University of Indonesia addressing issues of Green Infrastructure, EcoCity Development and Sustainable Planning in the Jakarta metropolitan area, including of course the city of Depok, wherein lies most of the

University of Indonesia campus. Our special thanks go to the faculty, staff and students in the UI Department of Architecture as well as colleagues in the other units of the Faculty of Engineering, for serving again as our hosts. This year, UF’s College of Design, Construction and Planning has four of its very fine students participating, representing the disciplines of historic preservation, sustainability and the built environment and urban and regional planning, thereby reflecting through their academic and professional interests the multidisciplinary emphasis of what we are engaged. I am sure that this diversity is reflected in the student cohorts of our partners as well. For all four UF students involved in this joint studio represents their initial exposure to the unique and vibrant Jakarta megacity and its many challenges but also some of its key strengths. The activities of this joint studio require them to draw upon their academic training at UF within these three disciplines, but it also complements the broader international mission of our university. In our college as well as throughout the University of Florida, we have as a goal to prepare our students not only within diverse disciplinary fields but to do so through engagement

Eco-City Live Project 2018

globally. So our partnership with the University of Indonesia and Cardiff University contributes in so many ways to realizing that important component of our educational objectives. And as we have found in the past two workshops, and I am confident is occurring here over these two weeks, the UF students are gaining the valuable experience of examining these critical urban issues in collaboration with equally committed students from our international partners. This crosscultural and cross-disciplinary experience is exactly what our project is intended to nurture. This event, along with the previous two joint studio/workshops/ seminars, has been possible because of the financial support provided through the Global Innovation Initiative grant we secured from the Institute for International Education back in 2015 through funds provided by the US and United Kingdom governments. That grant helped to launch the partnership, it brought together faculty from all three institutions to frame the issues that we are exploring here,

and we hope this grant has laid the groundwork for continued joint studios, continued research and also potentially some on-going academic programs that advance the work on green infrastructure, eco-city development and green urbanism within our respective institutions in the years to come. But it is important to recognize that the unfunded contributions of the faculty and staff of our three partners have been critical to making this student experience possible. I will end by reiterating our sincere appreciation to the organizing committee and its members here at UI, as well as the input from all of our project partners, to make this 3rd international joint studio and seminar as successful as the previous two, especially since we have expanded the focus of the student research areas to address an even broader array of urban issues. We are proud to be partners in this most worthwhile endeavor and look forward to the results of the student work that will be developed and presented over the next week.

Dr. Andrea Frank School of Geography and Planning Cardif f University

Dear Esteemed Colleagues, students and friends - good afternoon/ Selamat Siang!

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On behalf of my institution and my colleagues, Dr. Li Yu and Dr. Andrew Flynn, I would like to emphasize how delighted we are, to be part of this 3rd International Joint Workshop on Eco-City development here in the mega-city of Jakarta. This workshop brings together – not only staff, faculty, and students from Universitas Indonesia, University of Florida and Cardiff University, but also community representatives, government administrators and other relevant experts and stakeholders to collaborate on projects that investigate planning and development issues and subsequently develop policy recommendations and design interventions to transform the megalopolis of Jakarta into a more sustainable, “green” place, and increase the quality of life, health and well-being of its residents. This is the 3rd workshop of its kind – following and building on workshops in January 2016 and January 2017. These past workshops, as well as this year’s workshop were enabled through a multi-lateral, multi-year project on “Sustainable Urban Development

through the Transformative Use of Green Infrastructure” - jointly run by UI, University of Florida and Cardiff University under the Global Innovation Initiative funded by UK and US governments in 2015. The project consists of several elements: research, network development and developing human capacity in sustainable development. The workshops contribute to all of them. The research, that our students do

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during their time together, creates valuable insights and knowledge for the project; through working together all of us, staff, faculty and students also build networks and friendships that frequently outlast the time of the workshops. I met one of the students from the first workshop (Lily Fonseca) at a conference in July last year; she reminisced not only about her time here, but also said that she is still in touch with some Indonesian students now 2 years afterward. And by working together Cardiff, UI and University of Florida students develop new professional and personal skills and competencies in intercultural, interdisciplinary and team working. So we believe there are many different benefits that derive from these workshops for all involved. Certainly from my point of view – I have learned a lot over these past 2.5 years and 5 visits to Indonesia and Jakarta. Work on this project has reminded me how important it is to address problems in an integrated manner, across different scales and be aware of one’s own cultural blinkers and assumptions. For example, it has become quickly clear that my idea of sustainability or green infrastructure from a European perspective is quite different from my North American and Indonesian colleagues. I have learned how much change there can be in just one year in terms of physical

environment and infrastructure and I have been reminded that one can live very different lifestyles with far fewer resources and still be very happy. This year, we have gotten off to an excellent start to the workshop with tours to different project areas allowing us as visitors to experience the different aspects and challenges that residents and officials involved in the governance of the megacity region face often on a daily basis: the contrasting spatial forms and life experiences of urban kampungs next to modern urban high rise development; pollution and water management issues; traffic congestion; the differential impact of new construction, and new ideas (such as smart technology). I would like to express on behalf of the visiting teams (the 28 students from Cardiff, my 2 colleagues and 5 UF team members) my thanks to our hosts here at Universitas Indonesia, the Faculty of Engineering and all the involved departments such as Architecture, Environmental Engineering, etc. and the organizing committee for managing the challenging logistics for this workshop, identifying facilitators and for all their efforts and enthusiasm in putting together the schedule. I am very much looking forward to now hearing from the students on the progress of their projects. Terima kasih!

Prof. Yandi Andri Yatmo, ST, M. Archl., Ph.D Former Head, Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia

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I would really like to thank everyone from my heart for their efforts over the last two years for the joint collaboration. Having you here is a pleasure and it is very important for us. I hope this collaboration will grow stronger and stronger in the future.

Dr. Ir. M. Asvial, M. Eng

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Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia

Assalamualaikum. Selamat Datang. Good afternoon to the guests and students from the Universitas Indonesia, the University of Florida and Cardiff University. On behalf of our new Dean Dr. Hendri DS Boediono and with warm regards from our former Dean Prof. Dedi Priadi, DEA we would like to welcome you back and give our appreciation, especially to Prof. Chris Silver from the University of Florida and to Dr. Andrea Frank, Dr. Andrew Flynn and Dr. Li Yu from the University of Cardiff. I would like to thank our former Head in the Department of Architecture Prof. Yandi Andri Yatmo, ST. M. Arch, Ph.D. and to welcome our new Head in the Department of Architecture. Dr. Ing. Ir. Dalhar Susanto. I would also like to thank Dr. R. Jachrizal Sumabrata, Dr. Andari, Dr. Ellisa, Herlily, Diane,

and Coriesta as well as the students from the University of Florida, Cardiff University, and Universitas Indonesia. For the students, enjoy your first visit.

For the students, we invite you to participate in the UI Student Exchange Program. We will offer a stipend of Rp. 5 Million/month for one semester as long as you stay with us at UI for 5 months. Additionally, Prof. Silver and Dr. Andrea, we need your help,

To all the participants, we hope you enjoy this work. Our cultures are totally different; there are so many ideas that can be elaborated on. Thank you again, Prof Silver and Dr. Andrea. Thank you, Pak Dalhar and Pak Yandi. Hopefully, our collaboration will not end with just this event but will include many ideas for the future. Once again we welcome you to Universitas Indonesia. On behalf of the Dean, I officially open this workshop.

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Now we are all becoming close friends and we are very happy to host these joint activities. There are so many ideas to explore in the next ten days, about anything and everything related to the environment and culture.

especially for research, not only for the joint workshops, but we can also invite you to give lectures to our faculty with the support of an airline ticket and a stipend of Rp. 1 Million/ day. We enjoy our participation with you, so please invite us to the US and to the UK!

Eco-City Live Project 2018

PART 2

Eco-City Live Project 2018

OPENING ESSAYS

CONTENTS: Opening Essays 1. Health, Environment and Community-based Interventions

7. Sustainable Cities under MultiDiscourses

Dr. Andrea Frank and Dr. Andrew Flynn Cardiff University

Dr. Li Yu Cardiff University

2. Transitioning to an Inspired Eco-Architecture

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Diane Valerie Wildsmith, MIPP, M. Sc. Arch., AIA, RIBA (ret) Universitas Indonesia 3. The Living Laboratory of Kampung Cikini Dr. Ir. Evawani Ellisa, M. Eng., Ph.D Universitas Indonesia 4. Jakarta and Air Pollution Gabriel Andari Kristanto, Ph.D Universitas Indonesia 5. Sustainable Urban Transport Ir. R. Jachrizal Sumabrata, M. Sc. (Eng), Ph.D Universitas Indonesia 6. Historic Urban [Kampung] Landscape Approach Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, ST, M. Sc., Ph.D Universitas Indonesia

8. Let’s Contribute to ‘Green:’ Any Effort Matters! Dr. -Ing. Ova Candra Dewi, ST, M. Sc. Universitas Indonesia

HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND COMMUNITY-BASED INTERVENTIONS Dr. Andrea Frank and Dr. Andrew Flynn Cardif f University

Megacities are sites of expertise in healthcare and there are good hospitals, yet at the same time, megacities are also sites of illhealth. Some parts of the population do live with abundant food, in good environments and others do not. There is an increasing segregation Figure 1.1. The polluted water killed fish, but grew plants which can be associate with. Source: Andrea Frank, 2018.

in terms of health experiences. We have seen that in Jakarta, health experiences are related to issues such as air and water quality and noise. Water/Air/Noise pollution are all related to the physical environment. There is a relationship between health and the physical environment. Shaping a healthy physical environment is part of the remit of planners and architects. Concerns around health in urban development and design are in fact not entirely novel. Vitruvius Pollio (ca 27 B.C.) in his famous treatise on architecture already postulated that an “architect should also have a knowledge of the study of medicine on account of the questions of climates (in Greek: κλίματα), air, the healthiness and unhealthiness of sites, and the use of different waters. For without these considerations, the

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Environmental pollution concerns us all and it has a negative impact not just on humans. Flora and fauna are impacted, too. We believe community-based intervention is one way forward particularly in case of varied and uneven development patterns as often seen in large urban agglomerations and megacities, such as Jakarta. In this presentation we are illustrating our reasons for this.

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healthiness of a dwelling cannot be assured (Book 1, Chapter 1).” He also emphasized the importance of “the laying out of streets and alleys with regard to climatic conditions” as “cold winds are disagreeable, hot winds enervating, moist winds unhealthy” (Book 1, Chapter 6). The question is now: How do we push the state of art of healthy city building forward? In the 19th-century, after addressing over-crowding in the residential quarters of factory towns through early planning legislation, living conditions in towns gradually improved and it seems the link between environmental conditions and health has become more and more neglected. In recent years, there has been a greater focus on technology, favouring economic growth, not environmental protection, as without economic growth it is claimed, we cannot afford to clean-up the environment. Yet there are also signs that the pendulum might swing back again. Emerging Research Field

Interdisciplinary

The 20th-century has seen great scientific progress but also a specialization in the sciences where different fields are working in ever greater isolation or in silos. For example, the medical profession, composed of medics and health officials, nowadays pays insufficent attention to the influence of the physical environment on health and well-being. This marginalizes the cumulative effects of, say, poor housing conditions. Their focus is largely on treating disease, rather

than on preventive measures. Conversely, planners and administrators pay insufficient attention to adverse health effects of urban living conditions and the environment. So, in terms of promoting healthy cities, nature and clean water, we can ask ourselves, as planners, “What are the conditions that contribute to the residents’ poor health?” “Are they living next to a river that floods?” “Is there a busy road nearby?” “Where is the pollution worst?” “And how is it affecting people’s health?” Individuals have control only over limited factors, e.g., an individual can stop smoking, but he/she cannot stop air pollution from cars. Moreover, we have to look not only at the outside but also at the inside. The household environment has further consequences, (e.g. open fire, sanitary facilities, water sources). “Has the AC been maintained?” “How is the cooking done?” “ Is there an open flame or a wood fire?” Finally, “What is a suitable research design to examine these questions?” In order to really make progress in the design of healthy, sustainable cities and communities, medical staff, public health officials and architects and urban planners need to work together in interdisciplinary ways. We would call the topic of healthy community building an emerging, or perhaps re-emerging interdisciplinary research field. New Methods and Approaches to Knowledge Development

So, in order to assess environments at an urban scale we need to invoke a research design that facilitates longitudinal and multi-dimensional examinations (i.e. not just looking at air or water or solid waste pollution in relation to health but at the potential cumulative effects of these). Likewise, on the solution side, we also need greater integrative thinking. For example, better waste management can reduce both, air pollution and water pollution. And, if we consider how to reduce air pollution, we cannot just look at reducing vehicle emissions but also have to look at waste management, i.e., methane gas. “Is there an integrated system involved with methane processing?” The scale is also important, as Pak Oswar Mungkasa in his presentation

already pointed out. Air pollution or water pollution does not stop or change along urban administrative boundaries and future urban management needs to take this into account (e.g. by employing a metropolitan watershed regional approach). Likewise, we need to be aware that air quality varies across cities a great deal. It is very different along a busy congested traffic artery compared to an urban park or along the coast where there is a constant wind dispersing emissions. Thus we need finer grained research and data that allows us to differentiate levels of air or water quality in different parts of the city. Average data is likely to underestimate local extremes and risk. Community-led Knowledge How could we then shape studies that address the issue of health implications for the urban population from environmental factors? Our suggestion is to use place-based studies that integrate local and lay knowledge as well as official data. Using not just official statistics on health or environmental data, but collecting community-based knowledge allows us to gather more data points and also integrate people’s perceptions. There are links to the physical environment. Our idea is to look at people’s living styles, to look at health conditions to small scale, in-depth, and develop a multi-dimensional perspective

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In this new emerging field of environment–health relations, we will need to develop new design and research approaches. Medical/ public health studies are often on a single issue, which normally start with a large sample set (1,000-10K subjects). The studies are statisticsbased, macroscale assessments of health and environment conditions. While such studies are very useful when looking at, for example, the impact of nutrition on human health, they are not suitable to unpick cumulative impacts potentially incurred by constant exposure to negative environmental factors. Spatial differentiation occurs often at the level of the neighborhood/ household level.

Figure 1.2. The interrelationship of human health, physical environment in macro scale, and house in micro scale.

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with longitudinal, multiple-drivers. If we do that, our findings will be place-based. This approach has implications for policy. Interventions may differ across the city. We may need multiple interventions. Implications To sum up: The link between environmental living conditions and health is being (re-)discovered. The prevailing approaches in terms of research and policy are inadequate in addressing the multidimensional complex problems and relationships in this emerging research field. There is a need for planners and public health officials to work together and develop new approaches for interdisciplinary, place-based research. Research: Our approach is constructivist (knowledge production by professionals and citizens). The idea is that health and planning professionals work together to integrate different data types at the community level and to spatially link health outcomes and environmental conditions.

Policy: Our approach seeks to bridge across various sectors and findings need to be relevant/credible

to health and urban planning professionals. We need to consider spatially sensitive policies and to focus on prevention. Service Delivery: In relation to formal/informal sectors, “How do we regulate markets to create situations which increase equity and equate to coordinating a number of spatially determinant factors, not only individually, but across various sectors in conditions of subsidiarity?” Note: “The general aim of the principle of subsidiarity is to guarantee a degree of independence for a lower authority in relation to a higher body or for a local authority in relation to a central government. It, therefore, involves the sharing of powers between several levels of authority, a principle which forms the instiutional basis for federal States.” (In the context of the European Union). References http://www.europarl.europa. eu/unitedkingdom/en/education/ teachingresources/howeuworks/ subsidiarity.html

TRANSITIONING TO AN INSPIRED ECO-ARCHITECTURE

Diane Valerie Wildsmith MIPP, M. Sc. Arch, AIA, RIBA (ret) Universitas Indonesia

In Timaeus: Genesis, Plato describes God’s creation of a balanced universe, composed of equal proportions of Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. These elements form a research methodology to identify urban issues. This physical framework serves as an ideological construct to imagine transitioning Eco-Architecture towards an ecological, sustainable metropolis in Jakarta and Depok. Each element triggers a design response, ranging from a helical, hydroponic urban “Plantscraper” to an air purifier “Hydroscraper” to a future renewable energy master plan to a “Water and Waste Purification Skyscraper.” Each primary element is a catalyst for an inspired Eco-Architecture, based on economic, technological, environmental and social attributes. In conclusion, this essay provokes

the question of, “How do we expect to live in a future ecological and sustainable metropolis?” Earth Starting with the Earth and its propensity to nurture and sustain our needs, green infrastructure and green space become paramount urban issues. In describing an ecological and economic city, the World Bank states, “As the name implies, an Eco2-city builds on the synergy and interdependence of ecological sustainability and economic sustainability...(2010)”1 The planning policy and greenery dynamics for Jakarta are based on the target of 30% green space (Spatial Planning Law 26/2007). The aerial views of MONAS and Senayan confirm an impression of Central Jakarta as a “Garden City.” In practice, the reality is closer to 10%

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Introduction

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green space with an ever-decreasing green belt confined in the grasp of urban development. As a way to address green infrastructure, urban resilience and climate change issues, the “Big U,” in Manhattan by the Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG, 2014) achieved the First Place Winning Entry in the Rebuild by Design Competition. The objectives are to improve resiliency in waterfront communities. A Swedish-American company, Plantagon (2009-2017) aims to produce 500 metric tons of food per year in crowd-funded ’Plantscrapers.’ Eco-Architecture promotes the idea of buildings designed to harmonize with the natural environment. Nieuw bergen in Eindhoven, the Netherlands (MVRDV, 2017) provides 29,000 m2 for 240 homes with 270 m2 urban farms and underground parking. The low-rise to mid-rise housing project has sloped roofs, suitable either for insulated green roofs or for solar panels. Similar to Jakarta’s kampung typology and the pedestrian ‘gangs,’ Nieuw bergen has walkways to connect the housing units and allow recreational spaces.

Greenhouse terraces are provided for small-scale urban farming and recreation, thereby supporting the argument for urban ecology. In turning to the issues of air pollution and traffic congestion, Greenpeace declared in 2017 that based on empirical results, air pollution levels in Jakarta far exceed WHO standards of inhalable particles. In contrast, Tianjin Eco-City, located 150 km from Beijing, advocates a LOHAS (Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability) approach with a Light Rail Transit system and ‘EcoDecks’ to connect residential and mixed-use neighborhoods. Besides pedestrianized environments and public transport networks, materials technology for bio-dynamic, photocatalytic concrete removes air pollution as shown in the Palazzo Italia Pavilion by Nemesi and Partners at the 2015 Milano Expo. The “urban forest” skin wraps around community space. A naturalistic network of air purifier tubes forms the ‘Hydrascraper,’ (2010). Bao Kai and Zhou Yixing of Tongxi University proposed a continuous, elevated green park as an air purifier for the entire city. Air and Fire

Figure 2.1. The pedestrian ‘gangs’ have similar characteristics with walkways which can be developed as in Nieuw bergen. Source: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/ mvrdv-nieuw-bergen-sustainable-residences-eindhoven-07-14-2017/

The hybrid elements of Fire, Light, and Energy involve urban issues of electricity generation, zero net energy use, and the reduction of carbon emissions. The 99-story Pertamina Energy Tower (SOM, 2014-2020, on hold) has a system of wind generators at the top of the building to generate electricity. The facade is wrapped with a passive

solar shading screen to mitigate solar heat gain and to reduce the heat island effect. Another example is the Astana Expo 2017 on “Future Energy” in Kazakstan with a design concept by Zaha Hadid Architects (2013-2017), which addresses future renewable energy needs in a fluid interface of urban patterns, landform, and architecture. Water

Eco-Cities The Smart Cities Prize “For Being the World’s Greenest, Most Innovative Metropolis” at the World Architecture Festival (2017) was awarded to “Jakarta Jaya: The Green Manhattan” (2012-2017) by SHAU Architects. As a counterproposal to the Jakarta Coast Area Reclamation Project (PANTURA,

Figure 2.2. Will Jakartans be living in a “Great Garuda” or a “Green Manhattan” in Jakarta Bay? Source: http:/www.abitare.it/en/habitat-en/urban-design-en/2016/01/24/the-greatgaruda-the-masterplan-to-save-jakarta

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The provision of Water gives life to any city, yet an overabundance of water portends the risk of floods, such as the notorious 2013 Flood at the Hotel Indonesia Roundabout (Bundaran HI). In the case of Jakarta, numerous deep wells for the provision of household drinking and washing water result in subsidence at a rate of 7.6 centimeters every year, with further implications for flooding and health issues. Trash

and a lack of systemic management further exacerbate urban waste issues in megacities, especially with the propensity for individual households to produce a bin of organic and inorganic trash on a daily basis. Cumulatively, Jakartans produce around 7,000 tonnes of trash/day (2015). The Water and Waste Purification Skyscraper (2010), on the Ciliwung River in Jakarta, provides a dynamic iconography of a water, air, and trash purifier.

1997) and the ‘Great Garuda’ or ‘Giant Seawall’ Project (2014), the “Green Manhattan” imagines a 58 km2 oval megacity for 1.9 million inhabitants (figure 2.2). Of interest to urban planners, the scale is based on the Manhattan street grid (60 m x 160240 m) with 50% green/blue spaces, all of which are connected into a mixed-use community with a multimodal public transport network. The images convey social awareness with the provision of a fisherman’s village, open-air shopping districts in a tropical setting and mangrove forests with tropical fruit gardens.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, “How will we be transitioning to an ecological, sustainable metropolis?” Given the four elements of Earth, Air, Fire, and Water to frame the urban issues of being in harmony with nature and utilizing urban farming and pedestrianized environments to reduce carbon emissions, is it feasible to imagine that Jakartans will be living in a ‘Green Manhattan” or a “Giant Garuda” in Jakarta Bay? In response to climate change and urban resilience, “Will Floridians in Miami be ‘seasteading’ and living in

a floating city?” The CNN broadcast (2015) of “Tomorrow Transformed: Spaceports and Sky Farms: Is this how we’ll live in 100 years?” raises pertinent questions, such as “Will we see spaceports and sky farms off the Cliffs of Dover?” Similarly, “Will there be cows grazing on green roofs in the vicinity of St. Paul’s in 100 years?” And finally, “Will Londoners be cultivating hydroponic vegetables below the Houses of Parliament?” Vincent Callebaut’s Eco-Neighborhood, (Brussels 2017), inspires us to ask, “Will we all be living in green, vibrant econeighborhoods around the world in 2040?” An inspired Eco-Architecture and urban planning policy will provide the logical framework for our transition to living in an ecological, sustainable metropolis. References 1 Suzuki, Hiroaki, Arish Dastur, Sebastian Moffatt, Nanae Yabuki and Hinako Manuyama, (2010). Eco2 Cities: Ecological Cities as Economic Cities,” Preface, downloaded 15 January 2017, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, pp. xviii.

Figure 2.3. Will there be cows grazing on green roofs in the vicinity of St. Paul’s in 100 years? Source: http://edition.cnn. com/2015/05/27/tech/ gallery/britain-future-cities-100-years-engineering/ index.html

THE LIVING LABORATORY OF KAMPUNG CIKINI

Dr. Ir. Evawani Ellisa, M. Eng, Ph.D Universitas Indonesia

Kampung Cikini is a pocket of a highdensity informal settlement located in Central Jakarta. There are about 5,000 inhabitants who live in 1.5 hectares of land. The neighborhood is so dense that flying a drone over kampung is the only way to view the morphological perspective as well as the overall condition of living in Kampung Cikini. Walking and observing the spontaneous of mosaic of a kampung, one will view abundant records of the resiliencies. Here is the place where kampung children grow in harsh condition, much in the same way that flowers grow in the dry earth. Yet, during the celebration of Indonesian Independence Day, various events for children area conducted in every corner and suddenly the whole kampung becomes a huge playground for children. Every part

of walkways and every element (which includes the trash bins, an extension of a shop, the seating, the weather cover, the place for gossiping, and the place for carrying the baby) form a place for kampung life. The gang (walkway) in the kampung is indeed the place of eminent domain. It is used for every imaginable communal activity, ranging from setting out portions of food during Idul Qurban to Islamic Friday praying. The residents simply arranged the place by laying out an extended plastic mat along the gang. Kampung Cikini is also one example that there is not much choice for the urban poor as to their living conditions. For example, Kali Keroncong in Cikini routinely floods, as is evidenced by the presence of stacked sandbags, which attest to the preparedness of the kampung for the eventuality of the flooding.

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Introduction

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Micro-scale Project

We saw education as the opportunity to face this challenging state of affairs of Kampung Cikini. For this purpose, we established the “Megacity Design Lab” as a collaboration between Universitas Indonesia and the University of Tokyo, focusing on the megacity of Jakarta. Our goal is to teach the Indonesian and Japanese students of architecture with a vision of the direction of society. Since the conventional urban planning of the 20th century was not well prepared to respond to overwhelmingly complicated problems of poverty and climate changes, we want to propose an alternative approach to complement the conventional modern measures. We intend to reinforce our belief that this informal settlement is on the front-line of the architectural/urban design field if

we intend to tackle the global issue of poverty and climate change together. For that reason, we need to change our perspective on informal settlements; from a “Problem to be solved” to a “Solution to Learn”, or from a “Place to be helped” to a “Laboratory to Learn”. In dealing with the kampung’s problems we opened the possibility to move beyond the old “formalinformal” debate, but to call for a bridging of formal-informal. We try to work on a multi-scale approach to deliver a sustainable living environment. It was an interaction between different scales and types of architecture: the macro and micro, the megacity and the local, the private sphere of unit living and the public sphere of neighborhood. We attempt to sandwich the different scales of ideas within the perspective of macro and long-term

Figure 3.1. Sensible High DenCity, the publications issued after the projects. Source: Evawani Elisa, 2018.

conventional planning. The microscale practice consecutively from 2011-2016, through yearly events of a short-term Indonesia-Japan students’ workshop “Sensible High DenCity” or JKTWS. Macro-scale Project

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The macro-scale projects, on the contrary, are more long-term in practice and focuse on designand-build the physical spaces. Some acupuncture projects were accomplished the interventions to the urban surgery the degraded the build environment and living conditions. One of the projects is for integrated Washing, Laundry, Public Toilet facilities, known as the MCK (Mandi, Cuci, Kakus), which offer an opportunity, in a humble way, for shared community facilities located on a small river. When we had the opportunity to rehabilitate the MCK at RT 14, we found typical conditions, that occur in many cases of the MCK, that is: 1) all of the waste go into the river; 2) male and female areas are separated; and 3) the activities of washing, bathing and urinating may all occur in the same space. Our objective was to re-design the MCK with proper waste treatment and to rearrange the space to consider the perception of hygiene and privacy. However, making closed, private spaces presented problems of safety and security. Our research findings on the ways designing the MCK indicated that safety is the most significant factor rather than privacy. We also had to provide additional activities, including socializing.

Self-reflection After 6 years of working on projects and research at Kampung Cikini, we thought about some self-reflections. “Do our projects have a meaningful impact?” “Can architects change behavior by means of design?” Or conversely, as Lefebvre (1996: 151) remarks. “The architect is no more a miracle worker than the sociologist. Neither can create social relations.” Every time we visit Kampung Cikini on Independence Day (August 17th) we were astonished of how the kampung was so clean and tidy, but that only lasts for a week or so. We found the messiness of kampung reflected, not only the lack of infrastructure but also the ignorance of the local people about their own environment. Up until now, our attempts at bridging the gap between kampung and local government (as the policy makers and power holder’s) hindered by the myth and stereotype of the kampung as the condition of marginality. JKTWS 2016: Wedding In 2016, one of the Japanese students, Ueda Kazuki, who lived in the kampung, had the opportunity to realize his dream to hold a wedding party in the kampung. The triggering issue for JKTWS 2016 was to connect the [formal] river and the [informal] kampung through a wedding event celebration. After four days of surveying, 5 proposals were generated and voting was held with the community thereafter. The selected idea was discussed with a local carpenter. Bamboo was chosen as the primary material for a redpainted bamboo canopy. A one-day

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workshop was held to build the red bamboo canopy and the red bamboo carpet and to define the wedding processional route, marked by white-painted bamboo. A goat was slaughtered as a ritual blessing and the women prepared food. The work went on into the night to install the red bamboo and fabric canopy over the processional route. Finally, the next day the procession started. The children were given red and white pompoms to cheer the wedding party along the way. People carried the food through the kampung labyrinth. Then, the procession stepped down to the riverside for the wedding parade. According to traditional Betawi customs, crocodile-shaped bread was carried through the procession. Traditional firecrackers welcomed the new couple. A photo session of the entire wedding party occurred underneath the red bamboo canopy. The bride and groom climbed up the white steps to the wedding

aisle, where an elderly woman read a Betawi poem (pantun). Professor Akiko Okabe, represented the Japanese collaborator delivered a speech in Japanese and it was translated into Bahasa. The bride delivered a speech in Bahasa. Gifts were spread out for the children. Traditional Betawi dancing followed in the open air with the groom participating, while everyone enjoyed the food prepared by the women from the kampung. There were never-ending photo sessions with everyone. The small square had turned into a party ground where everyone blended together to celebrate the wedding. The temporary event had improved everyday life. As an epilogue, Jamie Lerner, the once-mayor of Curitiba, remarked, “The city is like a turtle [and its shell], embodying life work and movement together.” Life is like that in Kampung Cikini.

Figure 3.2. The process of installing the bamboo canopy until the wedding ceremony finished. Source: Evawani Elisa, 2018.

JAKARTA AND AIR POLLUTION

Gabriel Andari Kristanto, Ph.D Universitas Indonesia

Jakarta generates around 7,600 tons/day of solid waste which is around 0.9 kilograms/person. The solid waste that is not collected end up in the backyards and sometimes is subjected to open burning. The largest portion of the waste is dumped in the Bantar Gebang landfill. The Bantar Gebang landfill, located in Bekasi, is 103 hectares and the waste mountain

is around 20 meters high. There is mainly open dumping and only small parts are sanitary landfill. In the open dumping process, fires normally occur in the dry season, thus increasing the air pollutionand carbon emissions. Unfortunately, it is often not reported.

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This presentation is a story of adding insult to injury. Thirty percent of the air pollution emissions in Jakarta are from transportation sources. However there is also air pollution emitted from the industries in East Jakarta and from the waste treatment and landfill in Bantar Gebang and wastewater treatment facilities, such as in Setiabudi. The types of air pollutants are not only physical and chemical but also microbial pollutants.

Figure 4.1. The composition of solid waste per capita.

Within the solid wastes, there are many organic compounds

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Figure 4.2. Above. Bantar Gebang landfill. Left. How much solid waste is generated? Jakarta: A mountain of waste as big as Borobudur for every two days. Source: whc.unesco.org/en/documents/111355

mixed together. You also have to think about air pollution in a Waste-to-Energy system because these pollutants are carcinogenic. Therefore, air pollution controls are a must. Our wastes are already mixed together and the plastic is burned. There are mixtures of high grade and low-grade plastics, which if they do not reach a certain centigrade temperature can result in dangerous pollutants. 40

In 2014, at Bantar Gebang, the number of air pollutants emitted resulted in not only an environmental disaster, but also a human disaster. There are always people looking to scavenge valuable items in the trash. During the rainy season, there are often landslides, so this is a sad story. This condition should remind us that when you throw something away, always remember that it will end up somewhere else. People are risking their lives and these are people who cannot afford to live at all.

SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT

Ir. R. Jachrizal Sumabrata, M. Sc. (Eng), Ph.D Universitas Indonesia

land in the south. Water transport and walking were the main modes of transport. From about 1870 the city entered what might be termed a transport modernisation period, when roads, trams and railways began to appear, and the focus of transport began to shift away from the pedestrian orientation of the original settlement. After this pedestrian period, Jakarta experienced unprecedented change in transport technology, which also had a significant effect on city form. New development areas in Jakarta extended along new roads served by both trams and buses. The builtup areas were still very compact and most of them were confined to within around 5 to 6 km of the city center to ensure their accessibility to the city center and transport facilities.

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As we are all aware and everybody knows, we suffer from population growth, urban sprawl, economic growth, and motorization. Jakarta’s urban transport also has functions of urbanization, land use, energy use, and climate change, and we owe the move to South Jakarta for our transport problems. If I talk about transportation, we start to discuss the early pattern of city growth or development of Jakarta from its initial location at the mouth of the Ciliwung River with the coastal settlement of Sunda Kelapa, which was part of the old Javanese kingdoms of Pajajaran and Banten. The name of the settlement was changed to Jayakarta on the 22nd of June 1527. The settlement developed toward the south along the river towards Weltevreden (1800’s), with development spreading steadily inland from the earliest settlement close to the port to higher and cooler

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After Indonesia’s Independence, in 1949the north–south pattern of development during the colonial era continued with the construction of large, high-income suburbs to house a population of some 175,000 people in spacious, expensive dwellings at Kebayoran. The six-lane Jalan Thamrin–Sudirman Boulevard was built as an additional north–south axis connecting it with the old city center.

In the early 1980’s, the development spread along the transport corridor to Bogor, where some major government offices, e.g. Indonesia Defence Department Offices, were located. By this time, industrial development had taken place along the road transport corridors, and some parts of neighbouring districts. More recently, the development has been extensively expanding in an east–west direction, while the improved roads linking Bekasi and Tangerang to the main city of Jakarta have also induced more residential development in the east–west direction. Nowadays we are spread all around Jakarta. Two Million people commute into Jakarta on the weekdays, forcing the construction of elevated roads, new roads and worsening the average traffic speed to less than 10 km/hour and resulting in very poor service from the infrastructure and incurring economic losses of US$3 Billion/ annum (World Bank, 2016). This also causes more problems with high traffic fatality rates, environmental impact, and massive urban land conversion.

Three different periods can be defined in the development of city patterns, according to the dominant transport technology of the time: walking; trams and trains; and roadbased transport (Sumabrata, 2010), (table 5.1). Sustainable Urban Transport There are numerous policies and regulations in the environmental programs, such as the Blue Sky (Langgit Biru, 1996) and Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 to deal with Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reductions by 26% in 2020. We are aware that transport contributes 20% to GHG in Jakarta. In moving towards Sustainability Urban Transport, the concept is: “Avoid, Shift and Improve.” One practice is to “Avoid Travel” and to find local alternatives to shopping, instead of driving to the mall. The goal is to reduce the need for travel by promoting city structures and urban densities. Another practice is to “Shift” and switch to more environmentallyfriendly transport and to use lower fuel consumption transport modes, so as to reduce fuel consumption and air pollutants. It would be best if we could use non-motorized transport, such as bicycles or NMV public transport, although there is a tendency to use motorcycles for local transport. And, a third practice is to “Improve” energy efficiency of transportation and vehicle technology to deal with CNG or electric modes of transport. We also need to consider air pollution and to improve our technology

Table 5.1. The periods of transportation development. Transport Technologies

Urban Structure and Land-Use

Walking Period (1619–1870) • Walking (small paths) • Few roads by the end of this period • No motor vehicles

Transport Modernization Period (1870–1945) • A variety of modern transport modes introduced e.g. trams, trains, buses, cars • Non-motorised modes introduced e.g. dokar, bicycles, becak • Trams have a significant role • Number of cars very low • Some more roads are built

• City extended, but still dense and mixed use and based along distinct corridors • More significant movements to locations along major land transport routes • Travel distances greater than in previous period

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• Compact city, very dense with intensively mixed land uses • Residents living close to the city center and along water ways • Short travel distances • Some movement to locations along basic roads by the end of the period

Motorization Period (1945–Present) • Number of motor vehicles rapidly growing, especially after 1980 • Trams eliminated and replaced by buses • Huge investment in roads, highways and toll-ways • Relative role of public transport and non-motorized modes declines appreciably, car use increases

• City extended but still mostly along main corridors (ribbon development) • Some development more distant from main corridors facilitated by cars and motor cycles • Less dense, less mixed land use, though still high in both factors in an international perspective • Travel distances increase 43

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towards cleaner vehicles, which would lead to an improvement in emissions standards, (i.e. to Euro 4, with a sulfur content of 50 ppm). We also want to encourage improved inspection and maintenance for roadworthy standards. It is debatable whether fuel quality standards and quality are effective. We want to improve fuel standards and quality (up to octane number 97) There is also the use of alternative fuels, such as electric, CNG, and biofuels. We have plans for improved transport planning and traffic demand management.

There is also a policy to “Avoid Travel and Shift” to Transport-Oriented Development (TOD) with a shift to public transport. Another part of our discussion is Transport Improvement Options. “How should we deal with traffic jams?” One approach is to just let them occur, then people will move to another form of transport. For example, if we drive our cars for 3 hours from home in Bintaro to the office at Central Jakarta, we should to think to use the train to get work. However, attractive public transport is necessary to reduce transportrelated problems. While at the same time, it is rarely politically feasible to control car ownership. We also have a policy for Car Free Day (CFD), which is currently one day a week, but there could be plans to shift to three or five days a week and find a way to shift the need to travel by car. We also have a transport projects underway for the MRT and LRT systems as well as the

BRT (TransJakarta). Our goals include increasing the public transport share by 60%. This involves a huge infrastructure expenditure. Other goals include reducing the maximum travel time to 1.5 hours at peak hours, increasing the average minimum speed to 30 km/hr (instead of 10 km/ hr nowadays) at peak hours and to decrease the maximum walking distance to public transport or the maximum transport distance between modes to 500 meters. Hopefully, all these goals will be achieved. Finally, sustainable urban development cannot be achieved unless issues related to urban expansion, urban poverty, and slums are addressed. Examples are fare concessions for the poor, students, the elderly, and the disabled; improved design of public transport vehicles to make vehicles accessible to the disabled; and reserved seating areas for women. References OECD. 1996, Towards sustainable transportation. Paris: OECD Publications. Sumabrata, J. 2010. The Urban Transport Policies in Jakarta, Indonesia: A Series of Approaches to Help Deal with Transport Problems in Achieving the Global Trend of Sustainability. Leipzig, Lambert Academic Publishing.

HISTORIC URBAN [KAMPUNG] LANDSCAPE APPROACH Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, ST, M. Sc., Ph.D Universitas Indonesia

“The Historic Urban Landscape is the urban settlement understood as a historic layering of cultural and natural values, extending beyond the notion of ‘historic center’ or ‘ensemble’ to include the broader urban context and its geographical setting.” (2010) This definition was also discussed at the next UNESCO Conference in Naples in 2011. It is more a strategy of thinking about heritage beyond monuments to a broader understanding of heritage, which is related to the urban context and geographic conditions. If we talk about urban heritage, we have to consider not only the

tangible, but also the intangible heritage. There are also factors related to diversity and creativity. Note that the word kampung is inserted into the title of this lecture to bring forward the force of intangibility.

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In Paris, UNESCO first proposed the definition of the Historic Urban Landscape. The first part of the definition is as follows:

We have to look at how we feel about heritage so that it is not a dead place. It should be a livable place and there should be a soul. Maybe, some of you cannot feel this, so it requires rethinking. There many current debates underway about heritage and landscape. One is the lack of human resources and the lack of tools for economic assessment. There is an inconsistency in the logic because the prevailing mindset is always related to an archeological approach, rather than an architectural approach. Historical cities are under

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pressure as our urban landscapes experience change. These changes vary widely from climate change to market exploitation to urbanization (resulting in the demolition of heritage areas). Mass tourism is also in competition with culture. This situation affects and changes the landscape of cultural areas. The massive influx of tourists presents a danger. We also have to consider the effect of globalization on historic districts, such as Kampung Luar Batang, which is at the center of the historic area in Kota Tua and Sunda Kelapa. We also have to consider accidents and disasters, such as the devastating fire at the Maritime Museum last week. If we talk about urban history, we talk about the intangibility. For urban kampungs, we have to consider the dangers to their intangible heritage, about cultural identity versus globalization, about our attitude to scarce resources like water, about the potential loss of community awareness and the impact on the quality of life. The approach to urban landscape considers cultural diversity and creativity to trigger vitality and livable areas. This approach ‘Towards a New Balance’ seeks to find other urban and social characteristics and to see the city as a continuum in time and place. In places like kampungs, sometimes we cannot see grand monuments, but there are markings that the community can recognize. The daily life itself marks the heritage.

For the Historic Urban [Kampung]

Landscape Approach, it is important to understand the dynamic nature of change in the context of living in the city. How do we make an approach to meet the challenge of managing change and to predict the place of the future, bearing in mind the myriad urban variables that can be measured? For example, Kampung Luar Batang was established in the 18th Century. If we compare maps from the year 1600 through to 2007, the location has been subjected to sedimentation, landfill and the pressures of modern development. There are many layers of the city fabric, ranging from cultural practices to urban structures, to economic processes, to infrastructure to social processes. It is important to understand all these layers, such as morphology and geohydrology in the context of which new financial tools are available and which ones are needed in the future. In Kampung Luar Batang we have looked at the morphological change, which includes morphology, typology, and density as mapping exercises. In relation to morphology and typology, the urban kampung is not the same as a planned urban district. We have to study the kampung and make impact assessment studies. “How does heritage impact modern settlements with issues such as gentrification?” For example, in 2016, the City Government of Jakarta (DKI) decided to move people out of the kampungs around Kampung Luar Batang and at Pasar Ikan and along the Ciliwung River so the living environment could be improved.

The people protested. These actions led to the need for impact studies about gentrification and resistance to eviction. The historic urban landscape approach involves a 7-step action plan for implementation. The first step is to conduct research and undertake a full assessment of the city’s natural, cultural and human resources. The second step involves participatory planning and stakeholder consultations which engage the community. The third step is to assess the vulnerability of urban heritage to intervention, such as climate change and socioeconomic pressures. The fourth step is to integrate urban heritage

into the wider context of city development. The fifth step is to prioritize policies and actions for inclusive revitalization. The sixth step concerns public-private partnerships and management frameworks. The seventh step develops coordination mechanisms between the different actors for implementation. A circular diagram expresses five action steps for the inclusive revitalization of cities. Another example of a success story is the City of Lijiang, China, (2000) that is outlined in the conceptual planning diagram for a Sustainable Old Town. Among the many benefits of the Historic Urban Landscape

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Figure 6.1. The illustration of layer in historic urban landscape.

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Approach include strengthening the sense of place, higher land values, and an increase in tourism and higher revenues for maintenance, restoration, and rehabilitation of the historic fabric. The Sustainable Development Goals are depicted in the next diagram which compares the three pillars of the Rio Summit +20 Model in an equilateral triangle of EconomyPeople-Nature in comparison with the triangulated ASEAN values of Spirituality-People-Nature. Note that for the Rio Summit +20 model, Economy is at the top of the triangle, whereas for the ASEAN Values model, Spirituality is on the top, The following diagram for the Heritage City Action Plan illustrates the exchange between Community Quality of Life and Tourism Quality. Specifically related to Indonesian Cultural Values, the Indonesian Cultural Heritage Act No: 11, Year 2010 defines Cultural Heritage (Cagar Budaya) states: “Revitalization is a development activity that is aimed at regenerating the important values of Cultural Heritage with an adjustment of new spatial functions that are not contrary to the conservation principles and cultural values of society.” Additionally, Paragraph 3, Chapter 82, of the Cultural Heritage Act No: 11, the Year 2010, states that:

“Cultural Heritage revitalization must give benefits to improve the quality of life of the community

and maintain the character of local culture.” This legislation forms the basic guidelines for Cultural Heritage processes. Additional legislation includes the Green City Program (Program Penataan dan Pelestarian Kota Pusaka, P3KP). However, most of the local city government agencies use neither the Heritage Urban Landscape Approach nor the Green City Program approach, which are still in their development phases. The intention to develop both of these approaches is apparent because there are 32 cities and regencies that are members of the P3KP Facilitation Group. The approach of Historic Urban [Kampung] Landscape for Kampung Luar Batang is including government offices; green space and open space, commercial, educational, religious areas; also facilitated with parking lot for cars and motorbikes. The religious tourism activities generate small economic activities held by some families. This, however, creates the typology of residential which mixed with small shop at the front. In conclusion, in order to give a new life to historic cities and kampungs, the main aim is in: “Creating a better, sustainable urban kampung area that can accommodate historical values, the needs of the community and modern megacity development through a more comprehensive, socio-economic, environmental and political approach.”

SUSTAINABLE CITIES UNDER MULTI DISCOURSES

Dr. Li Yu Cardif f University

The reasons why Eco-Cities have turned into a world phenomenon include dealing with global climate change, reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and having a sustainable and healthy lifestyle. Eco-Cities also create new opportunities, including promoting competitiveness in technological innovation and innovations in town

planning and development, which have been the main impetus to address local conditions of urban planning and development around the world. There are Eco-Cities being developed in France, Germany, and Japan, among the numerous other places around the world. Types of Eco-City development include new development, expansion of urban areas and retro-fit development. The driving forces behind EcoCity development include business opportunities, such as business diversification and public-private partnerships, technological innovation, and sustainability as a cultural brand. There are different debates and initiatives underway with different targets and development patterns. In Japan, the emphasis is on the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) with efforts aimed at the industrial

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There are various urban development discourses: Eco-City, Smart City, Sustainable City, and Liveable City. Although there is no consensus among various experts and academics on the meaning of Ecocity, normally there are 10 features proposed by urban ecologists that have had an influence on its development. An Eco-City should not be understood as a target, but as a process for the integration of “Environment, Economy and Equality,” to achieve sustainability.

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transformation. In France, urban regeneration, urban renewal, and technological innovations are the main priorities for Eco-City development. In Sweden, the emphasis is on Smart Energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In Denmark, the first ecological industrial park was established, gearing its users towards waste and CO2 reduction. In Masdar, plans for a new Zero Carbon City entail new technologies and renewable energy generation. In Curitiba, public transport is closely associated with land uses; and recycling policies are delivered by targeting integrated urban and rural development. Germany is seeking to be a leader in new technologies aimed towards energy efficiency and CO2 reduction. The emphasis in the UK is on housing provision and adaption to climate change. The Smart City is also part of the new development discourse. Interest in the Smart City has grown rapidly across global regions, so much so that it has become the major topic of discussion

among policymakers, planners, developers. The Indian government has recently launched its “Smart City Mission.” The US government has invited bids from cities under its “Smart City Challenge.” The European Commission promotes “12 Smart City Solutions” as part of its “Grow Smarter” urban investment programme. The UK government is keen to spearhead “Smart City” innovations by sponsoring the “Future Cities Demonstrator” Initiative. The Chinese government has promulgated “Guidelines for promoting the healthy development of the Smart City.” There are six dimensions of a Smart City, including Smart Economy, Smart Mobility, Smart Environment, Smart People, Smart Living and Smart Governance (figure 7.1). The Smart City is still a relatively new, emerging practice. Developments on the ground offer useful insights into the opportunities and challenges created by this new urban paradigm. Indeed, according to recent comparative studies, rather than suggesting a uniform direction,

Picture 7.1. The six attributes of Smart City.

in practice, Smart City initiatives come in many forms and shapes.

The objectives of Smart City initiatives are varied in the UK. For example, the objectives of Nottingham are reducing the city’s carbon emissions by 26% between 2005 and 2020, and meeting 20% of energy demand locally from low and zero carbon sources by 2020. The ‘Smart’ in Milton Keynes has become closely intertwined with

In Europe, Amsterdam is another example of a city with Smart City projects. The Amsterdam Smart City platform (ASC) is a cooperative venture between the local council, economic board, citizens and a number of private sector companies. The platform was initiated in 2009. ASC helps to accelerate climate and energy programs. The ultimate goal of all activities is to contribute positively towards achieving CO2 emissions targets, as well as aiding the economic development of the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. The ASC now has over 100 partner organizations and numerous projects, as follows: Infrastructure & Technology: 32 projects; Energy, Water & Waste: 44 projects; Mobility: 24 projects; Circular City: 44 projects; Governance & Education: 27 projects; and Citizens & Living: 50 projects. Smart technologies have been developing rapidly in China. Smart City development has already changed people’s living styles. Smart Technology (I C T) may change the

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It was found from the research that there are four main categories of a Smart City; however, in practice these categories, although grouped together, may be overlapping. The first category is a “Service Use Function”, which involves improving various utilities (Water, Energy, Transport, Healthcare, etc.) by digitally linking urban infrastructure and allowing real-time information and feedback. The second category is a “Entrepreneurial Function”, which concerns facilitating opportunities for tech developers, citizens, utility companies and planners to collaborate to find new solutions for urban challenges. The third category is a “Civic Function,” which involves inviting residents, visitors, commuters, pupils and other members of the public to use and share data to enrich public life in the city. Lastly, the fourth category is a “Political Function”, which involves opening up policy and decision-making to greater public involvement and deliberations through various on-line platforms, such as discussion forums, voting apps, etc., which are linked to government officials.

the ‘Eco’, particularly around the low carbon agenda, with a clear focus on maintaining the city’s strong economic and population growth. Smart technologies and services are provided in Birmingham. The broader aim is that the DataFactory will have economic benefits as well as social ones by providing data that is openly accessible to citizens. Aims of Bristol Smart City development are to place Bristol on the map as a city that is both Smart and connected to the global digital economy, and as an urban center that is green.

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traditional pace of urbanisation and industrialisation. Smart Governance shows how governments are able to access all information databases and to record all urban processes. Smart Governance, as an initiative, shows how the government, companies with big names and big brands, economic development, waste treatment, and road infrastructure all merge into one platform to analyse the impact on the environment. This also impacts people’s behaviour.

Picture 7.2. Smart city appliactions in some countries.

The Smart Bus is an example of smart technology; it is a route planner app that enables individuals to determine how long a public transport trip will take and how many stops are required. Being able to determine when the bus will arrive, reduces waiting time, and makes people’s life easier. The app on a Smart Phone could involve a shared bicycle system, which has become popular. It encourages more people to use bicycles which reduce CO2 emissions. There is also a shared use app for motorbikes, which also creates convenience for people. The Smart Payment system means that

cash is no longer needed even for street vendors and in local markets. This means no more stolen cash. There is also a Smart Medical Care app, which uses a mobile phone to make appointments, so people no longer have to queue up to see the doctor. ICT apps are also being used in rural areas. In Taobao Village, ICT is being used for a sustainable network of production and consumption between urban and rural areas. In 2015, the total sale of agricultural products reached 696 Yuan (US$ 104 Billion) on the Ali platform in Jiangsu Province. All were local products. The development of E-commerce supports local agriculture and rural industries. Products cover a wide range of goods, including flowers, trees, fruits, vegetables, fish, textiles and garments, luggage, furniture, handicrafts and many other goods. There are also spatial changes occurring as a result of the E-commerce. On both sides of a 761-meter-long village road, there are many E-Commerce providers and supplementary companies. Due to the flexibility of small size E-Commerce enterprises, rural villagers are able to use their house to function as “Front-door shops and backyard factories.” As incomes are rising, young people gradually are returning to their home villages. A liveable city is a city of comfort, convenience, and safety for the people. However, there are different understandings arising from different demands. The World Health Organisation (WHO) proposed that a liveable environment provides

The key contents and objectives of an Eco-City, a Smart City and a Liveable City are as follows: sustainability and improving the quality of human settlement and implementing sustainability by technological innovation; Interactions in policies and measures; Interaction and complementarities. The achievement of Eco-City targets effectively requests the adoption of Smart Technology to raise the level of a city up to a Smart City, in order to create a society with a high quality environment, a sustainable economy and equality for all. It is a liveable human settlement (city, town, and village). Sustainability also changes our understanding of the world and it offers a traditional approach to defining sustainable development. Three components of sustainability, economic growth, environmental protection, and social equality should be all inter-

related. But each of these aspects is valid on their own terms and leads towards different sets of goals. According to the Brundtland Report (1987), Sustainable Development is, “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” However, Ray Bradbury (1998) stated that, “At the deepest level it can be argued that sustainable development is not a motherhood issue at all. It is a subversive issue...This is a debate about how we should understand difficult things.” In conclusion, the core connotation of an Eco-City and a Smart City is Sustainable Development, in order to establish a comfortable, convenient and liveable city, and to make people’s lives better. The contradictions in development are ubiquitous and exist throughout the course of development. The three main components of Sustainable Development are contradictory. That is why many countries in the world have advocated “sustainability” for so many years, but this is a very difficult proposal for implementation. We are talking a lot about Sustainable Development, but we haven’t reached it yet. To solve the problem, it is necessary to explore the particularity (or particularities) of the contradictions. Since different countries have different social, economic, political and cultural contexts, it is very difficult to copy directly theories and/or experiences of other countries, instead it is necessary to draw lessons critically. We have to find possibilities to deal with all these problems.

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safety, health, convenience, and amenities. The Centre of Liveable Cities (CLC) (2013) proposed that a liveable city should consist of three outcomes: (1) a high quality of life, (2) a competitive economy and (3) a sustainable environment. The Chinese Society for Urban Studies suggests 6 categories for a liveable city: social civilisation, economic prosperity, environmental beauty, within a resource carrying capacity, a reasonable living cost, and public safety. The China Academy of Sciences lists also 6 aspects of liveable cities, including a friendly environment, a safe, natural pleasant, harmonious society, a convenient life, and a convenient transport system.

LET‘S CONTRIBUTE TO ‘GREEN‘: ANY EFFORT MATTERS!

Dr. -Ing. Ova Candra Dewi, ST, M. Sc.

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Universitas Indonesia

Many cities in Indonesia lack green open spaces or Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH). A study from The Community Engagement Program Universitas Indonesia (2016-2017) on RTH improvements have showed in the majority of cases that the communty tends to value the RTH facility as an awareness for health rather than for environmental sustainability (Dewi et al., 2017). For the community, some RTH’s facilities, such as sport areas for jogging, football and therapy were among the most favorite choices. Meanwhile, the contribution to “green,” such as tree plantation, drainage and water catchment areas were among the least choices. The above case study is an example of how the sustainability message is often blurred in daily life. The RTH could mean areas for gathering, sports, children playgrounds, and

trees, but beyond that one must also imagine the RTH as a groundwater reservoir and an oxygen producer. For the planners, it is necessary to encourage the community to understand sustainability awareness as their contribution to “green,” as part of an “education for all.” Figure 8.1. shows an example of the contribution to “green” in one RTH district by the team planner. The water catchment boxes are put under the bench which also function as footsteps. One may not be aware of the catchment function, but it collects groundwater in the long run. Recently, I was forwarded a short video, which I received from social media, entitled “Clean Air at Home”, to the community in the Cipinang Melayu’s group chat. It is one of the communities which have been

Picture 8.1. Water catchment area under the bench covered by stones.

Surprisingly, one-by-one the community members responded with a lot of questions and they are interested to implement the planting program at home. They said some of the plants are familiar and easy to find. They asked me to translate word-by-word the video and they seemed satisfied with the translation as it might be the same as what they have imagined beforehand. The video was not mine, but it showed trustworthy

For the case study of the mid-to low- income community who live in a dense area, such as in Cipinang Melayu, adding some oxygenproducing plants, such as Aloe vera, Areca palm, Ficula, pider plant and snake plant as shown in the video, could be also options. They are neither expensive nor needing an extra large garden area. The community can do it at their own will, within their own budget and the most important thing is they can do it happily. My other opportunity to contribute to the “green” effort is with the students in the class. We made a competition to challenge ourselves to living in sustainable way by bringing our own water bottles, using less paper and tissue, reusing paper, using fewer plastic bags, and many more ways. Ways of making a contribution to “green” can be widely dispersed, but most importantly it can be done

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involved in this EcoCity Project, specifically with Group 5 on “Health”. The video showed some cities with extreme pollution and thus this poor air quality could cause many diseases. One simple contribution, suggested by the video, is having plants that producing oxygen, do not require sunlight and are easy to maintain. The video ends with these simple words: “Please share it; your [sharing] can make the environment better.”

references and I had read similar information in other newspapers and websites. Thus, I believed it was useful information to be shared.

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by anyone in any form, by me, you and anyone, without mentioning composting out of organic waste, (since it involves pre-treatment and waste separation), so it can be assumed to be “too complicated” for common people, there are many options to contribute to “green.”

Figure 8.2. Abandoned building full of vines. Source: Ova Candra Dewi, 2018.

This essay encourages everybody and also myself to consistently contribute to being “green,” each with our own style because any effort matters. Figure 8.2. shows abandoned a building for some years, which leaves the house overgrown with vines. The building is sinking slowly into the earth, as the surface is now covered with water. The soil is no longer constantly absorbing the water as it used to be. Nature may not wait for us to recover nature, but nature does do have its own way to self-recovery. Floods and landslides are some of the ways. Sometimes,

Reference

we just could not accept nature’s way of reclaiming itself and the land to become “green” once again.

Dewi, O.C., Chairunnisa, I., Hidayat, T., Anggraini, M., and Napitupuli, A. (2017), “Green Open Space: Awareness for Health or Sustainability?”. International Conference on Environmental Pollution and Protection, December 14-16, 2017. Singapore.

PART 3

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RESEARCH ESSAYS

CONTENTS: Opening Essays 1. Spirituality, Heritage, and EcoTourism: Kampung Luar Batang Group 1 2. Historic Preservation and EcoDevelopment in Kampung Tongkol, Lodan, and Kerapu Group 2

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3. Smart City: Understanding the Smart Concept in Kampung Cikini Group 3 4. Bringing Back the Lack: The Sustainability of Setu Rawa Besar Group 4 5. Kampunng Cipinang Melayu: Community Health Issues Exploring Linkage Between Environmental Conditions and Health-Wellbeing Group 5 6. Evaluation of Car-Free Day Based on Pollution and Behavioral Change Group 6

SPIRITUALITY, HERITAGE, AND ECO-TOURISM: KAMPUNG LUAR BATANG

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Assistant Supervisors Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, ST, M. Sc., Ph.D. (UI) Dr. Li Yu (CU) Diane Wildsmith, B. Arts Arch., M. Sc. Arch., MIPP, AIA RIBA (UI) Facilitators Mushab Abdu As Syahid, S. Ars., M.Ars. Sutanrai Abdillah, S. Ars. Group Members Astri Palupi (UI) Kani Muthmainnah (UI)

Khalil Gibran (UI) Nia Namira Hanum (UI) Taurean Merriweather (UF) Chengpeng Zhu (CU) Cheng Yang (CU) Liam P. Egan (CU) Mingyang Xie (CU) Nan Yin (CU) Big thanks to Daeng Mansyur Amin (Chief of Kampung Luar Batang Community) Chief of RT and RW in Kampung Luar Batang

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Kampung Luar Batang, North Jakarta Indonesia.

Abstract Kampung Luar Batang is the oldest kampung in Jakarta. There is tangible heritage within the mosque and the surrounding community. There are intangible heritage markers, such as handicrafts and the local Muslim culture. According to its spiritual and religious heritage, the mosque has been protected by Regional Policies of the DKI Jakarta as cultural heritage objects and also the kampung has been set to the revitalization plan of Kota Tua Jakarta as a historical tourist destination by the DKI Governor’s Regulation. Providing the proper accommodation, such as parking areas, accessibility, and public facilities. Increasing the quality of community in the

Figure 1. 1. The tourists using wooden boats to reach Kampung Luar Batang.

kampung requires a concept such as: Spirituality, Heritage, and EcoTourism. The research questions consider heritage, tourism, housing, community and the quality of life. Our methods included literature studies, site surveys and observations and analysis with indepth interviews and socio-cultural mapping. The concept is to improve life in the kampung to be better for sustainable tourism, its existing heritage, and the community. Keywords Eco-city, heritage, tourism, Kampung Luar Batang

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1.1. Background

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Kampung Luar Batang is located on an island in-between Pluit Reservoir and Sunda Kelapa Harbor, near the Pasar Ikan and Bahari Museum in Penjaringan sub-district, Kota Tua, North Jakarta. The kampung is known as the oldest kampung in Jakarta. The area is included in the revitalization plan of Kota Tua (Old Town) Jakarta, which is designated as a historical tourist destination in the “Area Outside of the City Wall” zone (DKI Governor’s Regulations of Jakarta No. 36 of 2004). There is tangible heritage including architectural and urban space within the mosque, and also there are intangible heritage markers related to the spirituality and rituals of the mosque and the sacred tomb of Sayid Husein Bin Abubakar bin Abdullah al-Alaydroes. According to legend, Sayid Husein migrated from the Hadhramaut in Yemen to Batavia in the 18th-century in order to spread Islam. Many pilgrims visit the mosque for religious events, such as Muslim religious days and traditions, or just on ordinary days. The history of the sacred tomb attracts visitors and tourists alike to come to receive the blessing of ‘barakah’ (which means a better life) at the tomb (Kemas R. Kurniawan, 2016). The kampung community is composed of residents from large migrations of various ethnicities, who settled in Kampung Luar Batang in the 18thcentury. The enhancement and growth of the local population, due to its nature as a trading enclave in the midst of Batavia’s mercantile milieu, was triggered by massive

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urbanization in 1950-1960 (Rita Padawangi, 2016). The population growth in the kampung resulted in further crowding, especially at the waterfront. So it is feared that the existence of the mosque would be overwhelmed by the invasion of residents’ houses and shops around the mosque.

environmental issues. This research aims to identify and propose ecotourism policies which would be beneficial for the kampung in terms of heritage and tourism, specifically as a contribution to the local community’s quality and prosperity.

Sustainable eco-tourism is something that considers the economic, social, and environmental impact on the environment for today and in the future, thus fulfilling the needs of visitors, various local industries,the environment and the community. The principles of sustainable eco-tourism planning can be applied to all the tourism activities in all tourism destinations, including mass tourism and various types of other tourism. (Ministerial Regulation No.14 of 2016 on Guidelines for Sustainable Tourism Destination). Sustainable eco-tourism targets the quality of tourism, how much a region can enhance the economy through tourism and positively impact the other commercial franchises around the heritage district. The cumulative economic benefits of sustainable eco-tourism will also boost local industry.

According to the DKI Jakarta Governor’s Decree no. 107 of 1990 on the development of the BahariSunda Kelapa area, the harbor at Sunda Kelapa and its surroundings have historical and socio-cultural potential (Rita Padawangi, 2016). Also, Kampung Luar Batang is included in the northern boundary of the Bahari-Sunda Kelapa area which indicates the kampung also has the potential to be one of the best tourist destinations in Sunda Kelapa Harbor. According to the community leader, Daeng Mansyur Amin, (January 2018), tourist numbers reached a peak of 300-400 visitors a day, during the Islamic events. Thus, Kampung Luar Batang is always crowded with visitors. Kampung Luar Batang must be maintained as a heritage site and obviously, the mosque and the kampung should be protected from any development interventions and activities that may damage the environment and its potential as an eco-tourism site.

1.2. Objectives

This research attempts to find out how the strategies and recommendations will transform Kampung Luar Batang into a better place in relation to these three planning concepts: Spirituality, Heritage, and Eco-Tourism, while at the same time, improving the quality of heritage tourism with considerations relating to the macroeconomic, social and

1.3. Issues

1.4. Hypothesis If the Spirituality, Heritage, and EcoTourism concept is implemented in Kampung Luar Batang in the proper way; then the kampung will be able to benefit from the positive effects of the heritage experience and eco-tourism activities, which will enhance the community’s quality of life.

2. M E T H O D S

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Our methods included literature studies, site observation and analysis with in-depth interviews and socio-cultural mapping. The IJSS Eco-City Live Project 2018 field research team focused on observing the environmental conditions along with contextual documentation and site analysis. Field observations were conducted in RW 01, RW 02, and RW 03 local neighborhoods, which belong to the territory of the Penjaringan district, North Jakarta, DKI Jakarta province. About 45 questionnaires were distributed to the local residents to inquire about Population Data, Settlements and Housing. The list of our inquiries considered local knowledge of Historical Heritage Tourism in Kampung Luar Batang. Also, an interview was conducted to obtain information verbally from the point of view of the kampung leaders (RT/RW) in answering pertinent questions about the kampung. By distributing the questionnaire and conducting the interviews, the research team hoped to gain a key to what the local community understands about the kampung. What do the local community members expect. Then we can construct an ideological bridge between their expectations and the kampung’s potential as well as meeting the aims of the government programs for investment purposes.

3. A N A L Y S I S

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3.1. Heritage

The architectural attributes of Kampung Luar Batang contribute to its visual and aesthetic heritage. The gate in the front of the Keramat Luar Batang Mosque was completed on 29 April 1739. With respect to the orientation of the mosque to Mecca, according to Candriyan (Head of Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam DKI Jakarta), the direction of the Kiblat was incorrect. So in 2005, there was a huge renovation, including the refinement of the Kiblat directory, enlargement of the mosque area, the addition of the minarets, and also several offices for DKM Luar Batang. This renovation was done around the mosque complex, some of which was development beyond the strict definition of conservation or preservation of architectural features of the existing mosque. Nevertheless, the renovation has turned the authenticity of the building into the wider area for the needs of worship. The identification of cultural elements within the main zone of the mosque is assessed from historical parameters including aesthetics, plurality, scarcity, historical roles, and privilege. The identification of these tangible and defensible elements only focuses on buildings or other artifacts that have a historical value, such as the tombs and a prayer room. As it is told that when Sayid Husein was about to be buried in Tanah Abang, the corpse was disappear repeatedly and found inside the mosque. Therefore the

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tombs stand inside the mosque and near the prayer hall. Meanwhile, the intangible aspects involve culture, religion, and ethnicity. Islamic religious events qualify as intangible heritage. The Muslim religious days and traditions, such as Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW, 17 Ramadhan Haul Ahlul Badr, Idul Fitr, Idul Adha, Isra Miraj and Islamic new year. Intangible heritage also includes the kampung’s handicrafts, Phinisi Crafts and ‘Kembang Payung’. Kembang Payung is a souvenir that symbolizes the

Figure 1.2. The location of Kampung Luar Batang.

welcoming of the great peoples who visit the village by shading them with an umbrella decorated with flowers, and it is represented by this handicraft. The local culture, like pasar kaget (a “lightening” market with local vendors), Islamic music performance (Marawis, Hadrah, Kosidah), and culinary dishes. Intangible heritage is something that can be felt by its presence from a condition and atmosphere through

its representation. The existing of Keramat Luar Batang mosque must be preserved, because without the mosque that has a sacred value, then there would not be Kampung Luar Batang. 3.2. Research Findings

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Analysis and research findings will discuss the emerging issues, the data, and research findings collected during the field observations and interviews. The research team distributed the questionnaire to the residents in each neighborhood (RW 01, RW 02, and RW 03), and then analyzed the interview results.

About 45 questionnaires were distributed to inquire about Population Data, including the number of family members, recent education, employment, and income. Under the category of ‘Settlements and Housing,’ we asked the residents about the status of land ownership and ownership of the houses, opinions about additional public spaces, their opinions on adequate transport, on the impact of floods, on sewage systems, on waste and water pollution. Lastly, the questions were about local knowledge of Historical Heritage Tourism in Kampung Luar Batang. At this point the research was focused on the qualities of the community itself, on how deeply the respondents know about the protected heritage status of Keramat Luar Batang Mosque complex, and their opinions on how best to protect the historical heritage. The inquiries continued with identifying anything that could threaten the historical heritage of the mosque. The research investigators also wanted to know about the residents’ opinions on how best to get funds for protection

processes and purposes. Another line of inquiry concerned the involvement of human resources in running historical heritage tours. Relative to the sample, the households were identified as being composed of on average 4-8 people are in each household. A majority, eighty-three percent (83%) of the householders own their house and non-owners account for seventeen percent (17%). Although more than half of population owns their house, not all of them are indigenous people. The accretion or expansion of the local population was due the massive urbanization and influx of visitors, so the high density cannot be prevented. According to Office of Statistics BPS North Jakarta, in 1995 the density was 559 people/ Ha. In return, there is a formation of the kampung, without a structured plan in the historical area that can be categorized as the historical vernacular area (Puspitasari in Iskandaria, 2013). In terms of the accessibility issue, we are concerned about the needs of the Muslim community for their five daily prayers, for now the accessibility of the kampung is not open enough for tourists to reach the kampung’s center of tourism, that is the Keramat Luar Batang Mosque. The income levels of fifty-two percent (52%) of residents range from 0 to Rp. 2,000,000.-. This level of monthly income indicates a level of poverty that leads to uncertainty in earning a living wage. Most of the residents perform informal work, as small traders, lenders, and casual workers at the fish auctions (Iskandaria, 2013).

Eco-City Live Project 2018 Figure 1.3. Questionnaire results diagram.

Eco-City Live Project 2018 Figure 1.4. Kampung Luar Batang waterfront area.

Almost half of the residents graduated from Senior High School. Their educational level has an effect on the quality of decision-making within the community. Their verbal awareness of all the kampung issues, about the heritage, tourism, or the community provides the basis for community consensus (gotong royong). As part of a collective effort, residents in the community experience running and maintaining the wellness and prosperity of the kampung.

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In relation to environmental and heritage sensitivity, over sixtypercent (60%) of the respondents are aware of the flooding issue. After the latest seawall was built, flooding occurs infrequently. Incidents are related to the tidal cycle. In terms of cleanliness, over ninety-seven percent (97%) of the householders living in the kampung have an awareness of the importance of cleanliness. Ninety-one percent (91%) are aware of trash issues and seventy-three percent (73%) are

aware of water cleanliness issues. The waterfront has a good potential for tourism, so there must be special attention to its cleanliness (Figure 1.4.). The availability of ambulance services for emergencies is another requirement for the community health. The government may able to provide boats (sampan) for visitor’s access to a new experience. The boats could be used in emergencies when the flooding occurs. All of

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the respondents are aware of the heritage value of Kampung Luar Batang and the issues, such as waste and water management, which may become threats to eco-tourism. In relation to the Keramat Luar Batang Mosque, the questionnaire results revealed that thirty-three percent (33%) agreed the main cause is maintenance that may threaten the heritage value and forty-three percent (43%) are aware of the negative perception of the informal construction/ squatter settlement. Fifteen percent (15%) agree that the lack of protection methods is a contributing factor, whereas nine percent (9%) attribute the lack of funds to the poor quality environment. In summary, this kind of informal construction is the result of a lack of knowledge and a lack of funds. The respondents acknowledged that informal construction lowers the value of the heritage environment. Our data indicate that sixty-one percent (61%) of the respondents preferred government funding, sixteen percent (16%) chose social collection methods, fourteen percent (14%) selected from tourism income, and nine percent (9%) were from the residents themselves. Most of the respondents agreed to the proposition to develop the heritage of Kampung Luar Batang for heritage tourism. 3.3. Discussion

Based on the analysis of the heritage and research findings above, it is necessary to implement planning policies that are concerned with the protection and development of heritage for Keramat Luar Batang

Mosque, that is, to preserve the tangible of history elements, which cannot be changed or those that could be developed and provide benefits to eco-tourism . While ecotourism is a responsible travel which conserved the environment and improves the welfare of local people (The International Ecotourism Society, 1990; in Fandeli, 2000). There are eight principles in running ecotourism development (Eplerwood, 1999):Preventing and mitigating the impact of tourism activities on nature and culture. As in common knowledge, Kampung Luar Batang mosque is a heritage that must be preserved and the main object of tourism at once; Environmental conservation education. Educating tourists and the local community on the importance of conservation; Direct revenue or the region. So the management managers can receive income directly from the area that used for eco-tourism; Community participation in planning; not only in planning for eco-tourism development also in controlling and maintainning; Residents’ income. Profit can trigger the community to preserve the environment; Keeping harmony with nature; Environmental carrying capacity; and Income opportunities on a large portion of the country. The policy can be proposed is to form zones that form a divide between the main heritage zone and the supportive zone, especially for the waterfront, because it could become a tourist attraction for visitors from outside the kampung (Figure 1.4.).

4. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S 4.1. Proposed Policy

The facilities and environmental infrastructure regulations (Republic of Indonesia Regulation No. 14 of 2016), concern the Guidelines for a Sustainable Tourism Destination. The research team has drawn up new regulations based on long-term indicators. Based on our field survey observations and research findings, the following proposed regulations

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Based on these public policies, the heritage regulations that may be proposed include the following recommendations. First, in order to avoid the possible damage to the existing heritage in terms of architectural artifacts, the urban fabric and eco-social networks, as well as the impact on surrounding communities, the number of tourists would be limited to 300400 people per day. Second, in order to maintain the integrity of the overall architectural style, the height of the surrounding buildings in close proximity should not exceed the maximum height of the mosque. The minarets are meant to soar above the urban fabric. In conclusion, in order to maintain consistency between the historical sites and the surrounding buildings, the colors, materials and style of the neighboring buildings need to be similar those of the mosque. However, there is a contradiction to a homogeneous color palette because what often appeals to tourists is the variety, spontaneity, and complexity ascribed to vernacular kampungs and their heterogeneity in terms of architectural character.

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are outlined for the parking area, bicycle lanes, trash collection points, and public toilets, which concern support activities related to ecotourism.

For the parking regulations, according to the number of tourists each day, increasing the number of public parking spaces in the site and public parking spaces and private parking spaces should be set separately. The car parking should be directly linked to the city roads. External vehicles should not be allowed to drive through the site. There should be eye-catching signs to guide visitors along the heritage route. Any parking garage structure is recommended to be below grade or behind historic facades. For the bicycle lane regulations, the desirable bike lane width adjacent to a curb face is 1.8 meters. The desirable rideable surface width adjacent to a street edge or longitudinal joint is 1.2 meters, with a minimum width of 1 meter. In cities where illegal parking in bike lanes is a concern, 1.5-meter wide bike lanes may be preferable. When placed adjacent to parking, a solid white line, or a 1 cm wide strip could be used between the parking lane and the bike lane to minimize encroachment of parked cars into the bike lane. It is recognized that the narrow alleyways (gangs) may preclude a designated bicycle path. For the trash collection point regulations, every area should build trash collection points. The trash collection points (Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Sementara / TPS) should be located in a concealed place. This can be achieved by using plants to shelter the TPS and setting up signs to

remind people not to litter. Every trash collection point should have a system for sorting trash with three colored bins. Everyone who does not throw trash in the collection points and fails to correctly show how their rubbish should be either fined or be encouraged to participate in the cleanliness of the kampung. Besides providing toilet facilities for tourists, local residents in Kampung Luar Batang also lack access to communal toilet facilities. According to Sri Lestari (2015), “Kampung Luar Batang Jakarta is one area where most residents do not have adequate toilet facilities.” Shared bathing, washing and toilet facilities (Mandi Cuci Kakus / MCK) are one solution in the kampungs. The installation of shared septic tanks to improve community health is also a priority. For the public toilet regulations for eco-tourism, the surrounding area should be kept clean, safe and provide easy access for visitors. The toilets signs should be placed conspicuously for the visitor convenience. The toilets should have at least an appropriate ventilation system installed in the toilet. Additionally, each toilet should have at least one toilet for the disabled. 4. 2. Proposed Zoning This section integrates public policy proposals, based on a strategy that considers Kampung Luar Batang as a part of Kota Tua heritage tourism destination, which is specifically designated for “Spirituality, Heritage and Eco-tourism.” The morphology of Kampung Luar Batang is centered on the Keramat Luar Batang Mosque, as described in the data collection and the Focus Group Discussion

(FGD). The mosque is a center of Muslim spirituality, the center of main community activities, and it is the economic center in this kampung. To maintain and support this heritage center in order to be a sustainable endeavor, the research team divided the zoning of the kampung into the main zone and a support zone (Figure 1.5.).

The support zone could be described as kampung morphology in the surrounding community centered on the mosque. The boundary of the support zone is defined as the outer edge of the kampung, the road and the port of Sunda Kelapa. The support zone is divided into three different areas as follows: the first zone is the heritage support zone. This zone contains heritage support facilities such as parking vehicles, stalls, souvenir shops, public toilets,

As a step towards developing an eco-tourism plan, this zoning is necessary to differentiate the problems and needs of zones. It helps us to decide the priority of the development based on the kampung circumstances. From the analysis results, most of the people are aware of the importance of the heritage role, but they do not know how to develop this situation to benefit their lives. We can take the first step to educate the public on this zoning recommendation to understand their own environments that can be developed based on the proposed concept. After that, we can focus on developments that support heritage as well as other tourist attraction, such as the waterfront area.

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In the main zone, the heritage mosque and its surrounding sacred complex should be maintained under strict heritage controls. The main zone of the heritage area should not be changed physically. However, the surrounding urban fabric of the settlement should not be treated like a static “monument” either. Even under strict heritage regulations, the dynamic nature of spirituality and community interaction requires flexibility. This mosque also serves as a daily facility for the residents and visitors to worship and to pay respect to their forebearers. There are also pilgrims who come to this mosque specifically to visit the tomb of Sayid Husein Bin Abubakar bin Abdullah al-Alaydroes. Thus, the main zone needs regulation, supervision and care to serve as a heritage center for the tourists and the community.

and other activities that support the heritage area. The second zone is a residential area, including the RT / RW kampung administration, like offices, schools, and etc. In this zone, homestays are proposed for tourists want to stay in this kampung for an authentic experience. The third zone is the border zone. Considering the existence of the kampung looks isolated, from the “outside,” this kampung needs to convey a more “open” feeling. The side facing the harbor could be opened up as a shared communal place for eating, such as a cafe with local food carts (warungs), a decent pedestrian path, etc. This arrangement “opens” the view from the Sunda Kelapa Port and connects the villages with the Museum Bahari. Thus, this idea is expected to connect Kampung Luar Batang as a spiritual heritage destination point that is linked in turn to the other Kota Tua heritage destinations to form an urban ecotourism experience.

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Figure 1.5. Intervension: proposed zoning.

5. C O N C L U S I O N

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In conclusion, our recommendations include taking the proper steps to reach the “Spirituality, Heritage, and Eco-Tourism” planning concept based on the kampung’s economic, social and cultural conditions. The objective is to improve life in the kampung for sustainable tourism, to preserve its existing heritage, and to enhance livability in the community. Thus the kampung will be able to benefit from its spiritual and religious heritage, from eco-tourism in a maritime setting, and from improvements in the community’s quality of life.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Eplerwood, M., (1999). The Ecotourism Society'-an international NGO commited to sustainable development. Tourism Recreation Research 24, 199-123 Fandeli, C., et al., (2000). Pengusahaan Ekowisata. Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta Iskandaria, H., et al., (2013). Peran Kampung Luar Batang Kecamatan Penjaringan Jakarta Utara Dalam Menunjang Konservasi Kota Tua. Surabaya: ITS.

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Kurniawan, K. R., (2008). Sacred Place in Postcolonial Urban Vernacular: A Struggle of Traditional Cultural Identity Against Modern Hegemony in the Kampung Luar Batang. Jakarta. Mappapa, P. L., (2016). Masjid Luar Batang Tak Orisinal. Available online at https://x. detik.com/detail/intermeso/20160517/Masjid-Luar-Batang-Bukan-Cagar-Budaya/ index.php, Accessed on April 2018. Padawangi, R., et al., (2016). Kota Tua, Kota Vernakular: Identitas Budaya Dalam Pusaka Keseharian Kota. The Development of Marine Area of Sunda Kelapa. Decree of the Governor of DKI Jakarta No. 107 (1990). Jakarta: The Governor of DKI Jakarta. The Guidelines for Sustainable Tourism Objectives. Republic of Indonesia Law no. 14 (2016). Jakarta: Republic of Indonesia. The Revitalization Planning for the Management of Old Town Area Reveals the Old Town Area of Jakarta. Decree of the Governor of DKI Jakarta No. 34 (2006). Jakarta: The Governor of DKI Jakarta.

H I S T O R I C P R E S E R V A T I O N A N D E C O D E V E L O P M E N T I N K A M P U N G T O N G K O L , L O D A N , A N D K E R A P U Eco-City Live Project 2018

Assistant Supervisors Ir. Herlily, M.Urb.Des. Prof. Dr. Christopher Silver Facilitators Amira Paramitha, S.Ars., M. Ars. Group Members Arga Patria Dranie Putra (UI) Dic Fla Vidya (UI) Salsabila Andara Siskania A(UI) Sarah Nabila (UI) Wang Ziwei (CU) Lai Wei (CU) Wan Li (CU)

Liu Zhengmian (CU) Austen Dole (UF) Big Thanks to Mas Gugun Ibu Rina Ibu Sukaedah Segenap warga kampung Tongkol, Kerapu, dan Lodan

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Kampung Kerapu, Tongkol, Lodan, North Jakarta Indonesia.

Abstract Kampung Tongkol, Lodan, and Kerapu are three kampungs that are located next to each other in Penjaringan, North Jakarta. These three kampungs can be found at the north part of Jakarta, in the Kota Tua district. Around 2015, D.K.I. Jakarta government started to engage the plan to normalize Ciliwung river, which later caused the need to demolish some of the Kampung AKC’s (Anak Kali Ciliwung) settlements. In order to support the government, the community of the kampungs which is called KAKC (Komunitas Anak Kali Ciliwung) brought together the residents to reshape the rest of the settlements. The attempts to reshape the settlement of the kampungs had drawn attentions, as it can be seen from the helps and offers that came one after another to develop the kampung. Looking

Figure 2.1. Location of kampung Tongkol, Kerapu, and Lodan.

at how much the kampung have developed from what it used to be, evaluating the progress of its development becomes necessary. In short, the workshop teams intended to understand the current situation and compare it to the available guideline, to provide what needs to be done next.

Keywords Bottom-up redevelopment, ecodevelopment, historic preservation, urban regeneration

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1.1 Background Kampung Tongkol, Lodan, and Kerapu are three kampungs that are located next to each other near Ancol in North Jakarta. These three kampungs can be found at the northern part of Jakarta, in the Kota Tua District and they are bounded by Sunda Kelapa Harbor on the north. The three kampungs include settlements along the banks of the Ciliwung River, namely the ‘Kampung AKC ’. (pic 2.1)

The kampung’s residents came from different parts of Indonesia, since they are all mainly newcomers, who arrived around 40 years ago (estimated to be around 1968, based on the information gathered from local residents). Although some were born and raised in Jakarta, the older generations come from various regions in Indonesia, such as Sulawesi, Central Java, and West Java. Since the first wave of migrants arrived ‘illegally’ and occupied the settlements in an improper way as squatters on government- and

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One of the three kampungs, Kampung Tongkol, has a preserved historical site with a Grade A listing for the Historical Wall that has separated the housing settlement and the Kastel Batavia since the colonial era. Unfortunately, there is still the use the leftover space between their dwellings and the wall as a backyard, in which the residents dump their unused furniture. Therefore, the wall probably is not acknowledged enough as a valuable part of the kampung by the community.

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private sector-owned land, these informal settlers did not possess the legal documents or the land certificate ownership papers.

Around 2015, DKI Jakarta government started to engage in the plan to normalize the Ciliwung River. The plan includes the construction of an ‘inspection road’ alongside the Cilwung River, which later prompted the need to demolish some of the Kampung AKC’s (Anak Kali Ciliwung) settlement. As a result, some of the houses had to be demolished so the construction plan could be carried out. Later, in order to support the government plans to develop the Kota Tua area, the community of the three kampungs, Kampung AKC (Komunitas Anak Kali Ciliwung) brought together the people of the three kampungs to reshape the rest of the settlements. The houses that were not affected by the demolition, cuts a few meters from their front side to accommodate more spaces between the house and the river. The attempts to reshape the settlement of the three kampungs have drawn some attention from society at large. These signs of attention can be seen later on by referring to the financial backing and support that came from many institutions and organizations. The assistance from educational institutions and NGOs ranged from the ‘Kampung Improvement Program (KIP)’ that was carried by the University of Indonesia and UPC (Urban Poor Consortium) joint project to ASF-ID (Arsitektur Swadaya dan Fasilitasi) that helped the kampung to build a new pilot type house. Offers of expertise and financial support that came one after another, latterly helped to

develop the kampung to what it is nowadays. As seen in the cover’s figure, the kampungs originally had almost no space left in-between the settlements and the river. The initial response to reshape the house, led to further development that was supported by others. Some of the major development was supported by the UI and UPC joint project, and the ‘Kampung Improvement Program’ and the Construction of the Pilot microhouse by the ASF-ID. According to these reports, the initial plans of these aforementioned projects were mainly to achieve ‘100% sanitation and 0% slums’. These improvements can be witnessed on the spot, as some of the kampung settlements already have their own sanitation systems. While the previous projects mainly focused on the slum-related issues, the ASF-ID program directly help create and carry the plan to build a house that can be used as a reference to develop the kampungs settlement. Despite its development, the kampung residents’ living environment is closely related to the issue of water. The kampungs have long dealt with water issues related to the river, both aesthetically and hygienically in relation to the cleanliness of the river. Even though the ‘Kampung Improvement Program’ has already addressed these issues, the IJSS Eco-City Live Project 2018 team nonetheless intended to understand the water situation and related issues. The Eco-City Live Project 2018 team was composed of masters’ degree and senior undergraduate students from Universitas Indonesia, the University of Florida and Cardiff

University, who participated in the Joint Eco-City Live Project 2018 workshop held in Jakarta and Depok during a twelve-day workshop from 14 to 26 January 2018. The Group 2 Kampung Tongkol, Lodan, and Kerapu Research Team conducted site visits to the three kampungs several times during the course of the workshop to gain a holistic view of the kampungs’ issues. The objectives are to gain additional understanding in order to evaluate and provide some eco-city guidelines for the community. Hopefully, the results of the workshop can be latter added to the previous projects mentioned, to help the community develops their kampungs even further.

By the end of the workshop, the UIUF-CU Eco-City Live Project 2018 team hoped to gain an additional understanding to evaluate and provide eco-city guidelines to help the community develops their kampungs even further. This proposal will hopefully could help evaluate the guidelines related to the previous projects, such as the ‘Kampung Improvement Program’ and Initial Prototype House construction that have been carried out in the kampungs. 1.3 Issues According to what we have learned, it turns out that the three kampungs have made some remarks regarding the development process. Comparing what the kampungs used to be like around the early 2000’s to what we could see nowadays. This comparison makes it plausible to say that these three kampungs have progressed a lot. But then it

The initial research question was: “How could urban regeneration projects in heritage areas be reconceptualized to embrace eco/ smart city development approaches to enhance sustainability?” The second and third research questions were: “How would this workshop be beneficial for the in this kampung?” “What does the community gain from supporting the UI UF CU EcoCity Live workshop?”

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1.2 Objectives

raised some questions, such “How is the development progressing?” and “What problems are left and need to be solved?” According to the facts, the kampungs have had technical and financial assistance rom instiutions and NGOs to develop their settlements. In short, the research team wanted to identify the situation of the three kampungs to compare the current status to what had been planned by the previous projects, such as the ‘KampungImprovement Program,’ so that we would know what needs to be done next.

From the identification of the issues and the formulation of the above research questions, a hypothesis about the relationship between the conditions of the environment and the positive impact of community involvement was proposed. 1.4 Hypothesis Therefore, our hypothesis is: `If the major issues are river pollution, risk of flooding, solid waste management and an ambivalence towards historical and heritage value, then raising the level of eco-city awareness and education within the community will empower the residents to improve the kampung

environment.’

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The independent variables are river pollution, risk of flooding, solid waste management and heritage awareness that cause the environmental conditions in the kampung. The dependent variables are the effects of raising community eco-city awareness and the provision of adequate funding to achieve the objective of an improvement in the kampung environment. To test whether the hypothesis was true or not, the research team devised a questionnaire to measure the residents’ perceptions. Assuming that the community members have an adequate level of education, then the likelihood of community participation will be a better environment in the kampung. The assumptions that the researchers made about the community were based on facts collected about their educational level, their gender, age and occupation. The parameters were defined as being the boundary of the kampung sites and their placement in-between the Ciliwung River and the Heritage Wall. A comparison between the previous projects and current conditions was undertaken In order to measure whether community participation resulted in a positive impact on the environment.

2. M E T H O D S The research team explored ‘Kampung Anak Kali Ciliwung (AKC)’ to gather information and to make first hand observations, without referring to available secondary resources. The exploration was carried out via three methods. The intention was to understand the kampung in a broader sense.

At the end of the survey, the results of the questionnaire and interviews will be collated to conduct an analysis, accordingly. in order to test the hypothesis, the results of the analysis will be compared to what was achieved in the previous kampung projects, as a quantitative measure.

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First, we made some observations for a few days to understand the state of the residents and their settlements thoroughly. Second, along with the observations, some interviews were conducted to the kampung representatives and some random participants. This were mainly conducted to understand the residents’ views about how the issues of pollution, solid waste, heritage, and environment affected their life in the kampungs. Lastly, to support the observations and the interviews, we used a formulated questionnaire to conduct in-depth interviews with various types of respondents who were divided into age brackets and occupations in these categories: youngster, middleaged, elder, actively working, and the non-working housewives. The intention was to gather views from a diverse cross-section of respondents within the particular context.

3. A N A L Y S I S

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3.1. Kampung Anak Kali Ciliwung (AKC) Referring to the reports that were submitted to UNESCO, the demography of the three kampungs consists of a ratio of 56% men to 44% women (DATE). Most of the males, have been working constantly for a living with jobs, ranging from being truck drivers, teachers, merchants, GoJek drivers, security officers, factory workers, and others. According to our observations of the women respondents, the inhabitants mostly occupy themselves by staying at home as housewives, while some others, including the male respondents, work as merchants or factory workers to make a living. In addition, we also learned that most of the older generation originally came from different parts of Indonesia, although, some of the recent residents were born and raised in Jakarta. Regarding the kampung society, we learned from the interviews that the three kampung’s social structure had been settled properly. Every kampung has their own sub-structure called RT or Rukun Tetangga, which means that every neighborhood in the kampung structure already is led by an appointed leader, (RT or RW). In addition, there are around 40-50 families per neighborhood, with every household consisting of, on average, three- to five-family members. 84

There are neighborhood facilities, such as the Posyandu, which are

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Figure 2.2. Kampung improvement program.

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pre- and post-natal neighborhood health care and information centers for women and for children under the age of five years old in Kampung Tongkol. Each kampung has their own independent community savings account to help develop their kampung. The money that the community members collect is for developing the infrastructure, such as septic tanks, water systems, and also for community activities. Most of social activities that are held in these kampungs are very extensive and they occur on a routine basis. The activities act as a catalyst among the community members, so they can maintain a good relationship among the members of each kampung. Even the leaders from each kampung attend the communal meetings, which are held to discuss the kampung’s main issues. Sometimes the individual kampung also has had discussions with the members of KAKC (Komunitas Anak Kali Ciliwung), to understand the larger scope of the issues in relation to their own kampung. As the research team explored the kampung, we found a communal site that is located in-between Kampung Tongkol and Kampung Kerapu. This particular site is planned to become the junction as well as a communal place for the people of both kampungs. Unfortunately, as the team sees it, we thought that the various places had not received enough attention. It is not that the place is not taken care by the people, just that the site presumably could be better than what it is. In short, the communal site has great potential, despite its present condition.

During our first exploration, the

team predicted several probable issues, namely river pollution, risk of flooding, solid waste management, and lack of attention towards the historical and heritage value. However, the actual situations regarding these issues were revealed during direct interviews, observation and our interaction with the community. Our first concern about river pollution was somewhat alleviated when our team observed that the river is actually quite clean and clear of any solid waste. However, the color of the water does not look very clean. The color of the water is a mixture of grey and black, often changing to a greenish grey color. The color variations indicate that the river is already heavily polluted by liquid waste. We are investigating this water pollution issue by asking the locals about the historic water conditions. The locals said that the pollutants are from industrial waste deposited upstream. The second issue we predicted concerned flood risk. We initially considered the site near the watergate at Sunda Kelapa Harbor, and then another site downstream from the main branch of the Ciliwung River. Surprisingly, after we conducted several surveys by questioning the locals, we discovered that floods never happen in these kampungs, except at peak times. The last heavy flood happened more than 8 years ago, and it was only around 10 centimeters deep in front of the kampung houses. The third issue is about waste management. It turns out that the residents have an integrated waste disposal system. Every house has its own trash bin, which are collected by a trash collector and put at the

trash collection point (Tempat Pembangunan Smentara (TPS)). At the end of the process the solid waste will be carried by the government waste management contractor to the Bantar Gebang dump in Bekasi

Last, but not least, concerns the Heritage Wall that is located at the back of Kampung Tongkol. The local community plans to revitalize the image of the kampung to become an “Eco-Tourism Kampung”. Members of the community hope that this plan will help the kampung to gain positive image from the government. Hopefully, this positive outlook will deter the government’s plan to demolish the kampung. The Heritage Wall has great potential for the development of the kampung as an “Eco-Tourism Kampung.” However, some of residents still lack specific knowledge about historic preservation and commercial branding for heritage eco-tourism, specifically in relation to cultural attitudes towards colonial artifacts and also the relationship between the community and care for the environment. Additionally, the

In order to follow up the residents’ plan to create an “Eco-Tourism Kampung,” the research team observed the conditions of infrastructure in the kampungs and the residents’ interaction with the environment. Some of the residents we interviewed hoped that the kampung road conditions would be improved. Part of the kampung roads are in disrepair, some parts are poorly constructed, and other parts are undeveloped. In addition to that, the three kampungs do not have enough exterior lighting to illuminate their roads at night. Putting aside the “Eco-Tourism Kampung” image, the team thought it would be dangerous to use the kampung road at night. In summary, the research team realized that for the most part, the kampungs have already started to change. As mentioned above, some issues that we predicted turned out to be insignificant in comparison with our predictions. Along with the interviews, we learned that external technical assistance and funding from institutions and NGOs had been given to support the kampung development. Thusthe next step was to follow-up with a comparison of the Kampung Improvement Program and the Pilot Micro-House Project to determine how these two projects have affected the kampungs. ‘Kampung Improvement Project’ was a collaboration project carried by the University of Indonesia representatives and UPC (Urban

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Unfortunately, the locals do not separate their waste in terms of organic and inorganic waste. Although, there used to be several composting tanks in the kampung, over the time the local residents are not using the composting tank anymore. As for the liquid waste, it turns out that 25 houses of the kampung residents already have their own collective septic tanks, i.e., a few house share one tank. The residents also said that they will keep developing more septic tanks for the other houses, which will be funded by the money from their community savings.

inadequacy of the community saving system is a great barrier towards supporting the cost of realizing the sustainability plan for heritage eco-tourism.

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Poor Consortium) (2016). According to its final report, the initial plan was to achieve ‘100% sanitation and 0% slums.’ In another words, the 2016 project tried to provide better sanitation systems, as well as to create a better environmental image for the three kampungs. Traces of the KIP projects can be seen in the kampongs, for example, the shared septic tanks for the sanitation system is still being developed. Part of the project was to educate and guide the residents

towards a cost-effective sanitation system. Unfortunately, at the time we did the interviews, the residents revealed that the cycle to further develop the sanitation system had to be postponed, due to a reallocation of community funds for another priority. As we understand it, the development of the sanitation system, seemingly could not be completed. Aside from the shared septic tanks mentioned, the ‘Kampung

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Improvement Program’ also provides environmental guidelines for the kampung residents (pic 2.2). The 5-meter setback in-between the houses and the river is in place. The full set of guidelines is shown in picture 2.2. As seen from the above description, the ‘Kampung Improvement Program’ has incorporated many aspects into the kampung guidelines. These improvements range from processing solid and liquid waste to

Figure 2.3. After the kampung’s renovation, there is enough space for circulation that is also functioned by the residents to spend their time with neighbors.

protecting the historical site from inundation to improving the façades of the houses in the settlements to creating productive side yards. The research team’s findings indicate that the processing of the solid waste is underway, since the residents still follow and dispose their waste properly with few exceptions. In

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Figure 2.4. One of the kampungs house that has not been finished yet.

Figure 2.5. The initial house that ASF-ID designed.

addition, there was little evidence of any garbage lying around the kampung unattended. What does concern us, however, is the haitus in developing a better septic tank and greywater system. The wastewater and the septic tank system have not progressed as previously planned. Similar issues were later revealed, which were the result of funding inadequacies. The saving system that supposedly funds the development was found to be insufficient to keep the development cycle functioning.

3.2 Kampung Issues Throughout the exploration and field survey, the research team was mesmerized with the will of the residents to change towards better, the remarks about their development, and surprisingly, some of our predictions were debunked. Our predictions about improper waste disposal or flooding problems were not as big a concern as we thought they would be. But, as we read through the available guidelines, we have found out that

Another issue is about the residents themselves. The residents told us about the plan to utilize their historicity and the Heritage Wall as part of their future ‘Kampung EcoTourism’ image. Unfortunately, care and maintenance for the wall are still lacking. From what we have observed during the field survey, there is an apparent lack of care to the surroundings near the wall, which include discarded furniture, laundry hangers near the wall, and many other examples of an overall disregard for the historical value of the Heritage Wall. These examples indicate the need to cultivate an understanding of ‘Kampung EcoTourism’ to improve the eco-social interactions wit the Heritage Wall.

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From the project reports, we also found out that some of the kampung’s residents have acknowledged the importance of the historical site and how valuable it is. Unfortunately, as we only explored the kampungs for a few days, we still could find some discarded furniture lying around near the Heritage Wall. In addition to that, some puddles still can be found in front of the wall, even though it was not massive enough to harm it. As for the objectives of ‘reshaping the façade’ and ‘creating productive sideyards’ seems to be slowly progressing.

the plan to develop more septic tanks was unfortunately suspended. Inadequaacy of funds turns out to be the cause of the suspended development. The finance issue was found to be existing in other developments. Infrastructure construction, reshaping and redesigning the settlement façade, and building a ‘Kampung EcoTourism’ image are closely related to the necessity of identifying and obtaining further funds. In short, the team saw these economic problems to be of significant concern. Thus, the funding issue needs to be resolved in order to enhance the development of the three kampungs.

3.3 The Aftershock Prior to the field surveys, the research team expected the residents’ living conditions to have an effect on the kampung environment. Fortunately, most of our predictions in the hypothesis were falsified. While keeping in mind what the kampungs

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used to look like from documentary photographic and verbal data, and then comparing and witnessing the present state of the kampungs, it is clear how far the kampungs have progressed.

The research team believes that the three kampungs’ positive change started to emerge after the 2015 demolition for the access way along the river. The residents’ will to change was shown by how they reshaped and redesigned their houses, in response to the Government’s plan to revitalize and develop the Kota Tua district. The threat of losing their settlements pushed the residents to respond to the government’s requirement for demolition with community action. The “aftershock effect” galvanized the residents to negotiate a 5-meter setback and voluntarily rebuild their houses to create the access way along the Ciliwung River. According to Naomi Klein (2007) in his book “The Shock Doctrine’, argued that “humans have tendencies to immediately fix what is wrong after experiencing a major shock”. The aftershock tendencies mentioned by Klein, can be related to what happened to this three kampungs. Despite its cause, the residents’ actions have shown that their sense of belonging to their kampung has grown, thus their change of behavior is the result. The residents’ behavioral changes can be related to what Azhar Irfansyah, et al (2017) in reference to Baumeister and Leary (1995) propose that ‘belongingness’ is a fundamental human motivation that would make humans feel the severe consequences of ‘not belonging.’ The demolition that threatened their settlements accentuated the fear of losing their

‘belongingness’ in the residents’ collective feelings, thus the will to fix the condition has build up their sense of belonging. Therefore, our initial hypothesis is verified in that the relationship between the environment as the cause and change in the residents’ behavior as the effect. The imposition of the government regulation requiring a setback to address the overcrowding in the kampungs and the environmental impact on the river, prompted a positive response from the residents to care for and take control of the demolition and redesign of their kampung, which improved both the environment and the eco-social interaction within the community. As explained before, the residents’ positive change in attitude has drawn some attention from the society at large. Offers of technical and financial assistance came one after another from institutions and NGOs, to help the kampung residents to develop their settlement and to improve the environmental conditions. Fortunately, the ‘Kampung Improvement Program’ has provided planning and technical guidelines for the residents. Thus, what needs to be done is to make sure the residents could follow the guidelines (see pic 2.2), or even provide additional assistance to enhance the community action. But the reality is not that simple. Although most of the guidelines have been properly followed, some of the initiatives to improve the kampung environment and living conditions are not progressing as well as the research team expected it should be. As explained in the previous section, we found out that most of

the environmental issues related to water and waste management are caused by insufficient funds to keep the development cycle going. The community savings plan turns out to be inadequate to support the development progress. Thus, the research team concluded that the residents need more self-help and funding options.

Despite all the existing issues, the research team thought about enhancing the existing development that seemingly is progressing slowly. The infrastructure development and building ‘Kampung Eco-Tourism’ image are two initiatives which interest the research team the most. Our interest comes from the fact that the idea came from the residents itself, thus their sense of ‘belongingness’ is a great benefit for the progress of the kampung development. In short, the research team will try to provide a way to help the residents so they can help themselves.

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Another issue concerns the lack of sufficient information for the residents. The plans to utilize the Heritage Wall as part of the ‘Kampung Eco-Tourism’ image are found contradictory, since the research team found some unused properties scattered near the wall. Although some of the residents acknowledged the importance of the wall and how valuable the wall is, the research team still thinks that better information from the government about the preservation of the Heritage Wall could be a great help for the residents.

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4. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S

Figure 2.6. List of recommendations for the three kampungs.

As the research team finished the workshop, we agreed that the community engagement of the three kampungs has exceeded our expectations. The residents’ collective will to change towards the better, have shown us that the people of Kampung Tongkol, Lodan, and Kerapu, are on the right track in terms of development. Unfortunately, there are still a few issues that hold them back from

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moving further. The contributing factors holding back development are listed as follows: inadequacy of funds, lack of proper infrastructure, and lack of guidance to enhance the presence of the Heritage Wall in Kampung Tongkol. The community has a great potential to develop their kampungs towards the better. As long as the people could pay more attention to the detailed things from

the previous guidelines in picture 2.2, it would not be that big of a problem for them to keep moving forward. In short, the workshop team is optimistic that the three kampungs would finally be able to sustain their development on their own. In order to enhance the development, the research team Formulates a set of recomendations according to the findings. Our recommendations

can be divided into three category : Funding Support, Infrastructure Development, and Soft skills.

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4.1 Funding Support

Regarding our analysis, the research team agreed kampung residents require more funding options to support the kampung development. As explained, the existing community savings were found to be insufficient to support the kampung development. More options, such home industries or expanding their knowledge about available resources would enhance the community’s available resources. In other words, by expanding their views about possible resources and supplying necessary information, these kinds of actions would help the residents to figure out how to go through past their existing fund inadequacy. But in this case, the community savings was supposed to support the kampung development. Thus, the research team has come into conclusions that the residents should not rely on just one funding source for their kampung development. It would be even better if the residents could find other alternatives on their own. But in order to do so, more information from experts, the government and NGOs as well as training and further education will be necessary to help the community to figure out what best to do in the future. In that sense, more workshops and direct guidance are the feasible options. The research team suggested for the three kampungs to embrace their hand-crafting activity even further. the team saw their sustained hand-crafts product such

bracelets and other accessories as a great opportunities. Aside from the possible increased incomes, the hand-craft production activities can also be offered as part of their ecotourism attractions. Regarding the funds for developing eco-tourism kampung, we reccomends for the three kampung to seek another option aside from the funding program such Kotaku that government has provided. Crowd Funding, is one kind of funding options that the research team found plausible to help the development of the kampungs. Using these kind of media is relatable enough, as the people of the kampungs having the plan to develop their area to become an eco-tourism kampungs. 4.2 Infrastructure Development Regarding the infrastructure development and creating the ‘Kampung Eco-Tourism’ image, giving a clear path can become a good choice to enhance the progress. the teams recommend for the kampung to go forward building a better road, not just for the vehicle, but also pedestrians for the tourist. This means providing a possible plans and designs that are feasible as options to guide the community, giving the idea of possible futures. The teams also offer a possible design guide as seen in the picture 2.6. On the other hand, the ongoing progress of infrastructure development should be carried on further. such as developing more sanitations for the other households, and clearing the already existing gutter from any unwanted objects. Furthermore, re-evaluating the funding system to supports the

sanitation system will be necessary. This need to be done in order to avoid the same mistake in the future. As what we have found, the already existing funding system are stagnant, it even can not be carried out smoothly so far. Thus, there is a big chance that the system will face the same problem if the people of the kampung did not do anything to evaluate the progress so far.

wall, hopefully can raise more awareness and self-belongliness of the people the kampung, so that the people would gladly act more careful towards the wall.

4.3 Softskill Learnings

As the last recommendation, we found out it is important to develop people of Kampung Tongkol’s soft skills to support the kampungs’ development. We focused on fundraising with handicraft activities, such as making wooden bracelets, bags made of unused clothes, and nursery products, such as making pots of bamboo are among the possibilities for small home-based enterprises. Another that the team thought could be useful is regarding the ‘Kampung Eco-Tourism’ branding. We thought that it is an important profit for the Heritage Wall. Branding can boost the images of the kampung to outsiders. By adding lights, signage, and proper sitting area, the environment of the Heritage Wall would be more welcoming, especially at night. Thus, the condition of the branded

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What the research teams mean by ‘softskills’ are regarding their ineducacy of knowledge to have more options to do. as seen in the kampungs, the hand-crafts production are seemingly sustained pretty well. With that in mind, the team proposed that the people of the kampungs should learn more handcrafting skills to their addition.

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5. C O N C L U S I O N

The research team believes that the three kampungs will to change to show everyone, i.e. the residents, government officials and tourist alike, what the possible future is for the kampungs. The threat of losing their settlement pushed the residents to form a community action group in response to the government regulations Despite its cause, the residents’ actions have shown that their sense of ‘belonging’ has grown, thus resulting in their change of behavior. The demolition that threatened their settlements prompted the residents’ will power to fix their settlement and to build up their sense of belonging. As the workshop finished, the research team agreed that the efforts of the residents of the three kampungs have exceeded our expectations. Their will to change their conditions towards the better has indicated that the residents of Kampung Tongkol, Lodan, and Kerapu, are on the right track in terms of development. Unfortunately, there are still a few issues that hold them back from moving further ahead with the eco-social and infrastructure improvements. These shortcomings include an inadequacy of funds, lack of proper infrastructure, and lack of guidance to enhance the presence of the Heritage Wall for econ-tourism purposes. Kampung Tongkol. Lodan, and Kerapu, have a great potential to develop towards the better to benefit the community.

But in order to help the people of the kampung so that they could help them self in the future, favoring a ‘one time only’ helps are not the best options in our opinion. The research team believe that the people of the kampungs are already on a good track, thus we hope that they could learn more options they could enhance their willingness to have better kampungs. Funding options, infrastructure developments, and soft skill learnings, are just a few plausible options to that the research teams could have think of. The rest is all depends on the people of the kampung, and how they could use what can be achieved from our recommendations. Eco-City Live Project 2018 99

BIBLIOGRAPHY Atika. (2017). Menelusuri Kampung Tongkol, Kampung yang Mulai Berbenah. Indopress.com. Retrieved from : https://www.indopress.id/article/infografis/ menelusuri-kampung-tongkol-kampung-yang-mulai-berbenah Azhar Irfansyah, et al (2017). Kampung Kota Merekam in: Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497- 529 Budi, T., Fatimah, T., Irawati, M., Padawangi, R. (2016). Vernacular City Kota Tua: Cultural Identity in Everyday Urban Heritage.

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Herlily, Priadi C.R. (2016). Kampung Improvement/Peningkatan Kualitas Lingkungan Kampung Anak Kali Cilwung Tongkol-Krapu-Lodan dengan Pendekatan Participatory Action Research. Universitas Indonesia. Hidayat R. (2016). Memotong rumah dan tinggal seatap dengan 20 orang agar tidak digusur. BBC Indonesia. Klein, N. (2007). The shock doctrine: The rise of disaster capitalism. Toronto: A.A. Knopf Canada. Kumparan Editorial Team. (2017). Menyulap Kampung Tongkol Jakarta Utara. KumparanNEWS. Retrieved from : https://kumparan.com/@kumparannews/ menyulap-kampung-tongkol-jakarta-utara Munk, D. (2016). Jakarta’s Eco Future? River Community Goes Green to Fight Eviction Threat. The Guardian, [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/ cities/2016/nov/25/jakarta-kampung-tongkol-eco-future-river-community--greentofight-eviction-threat Rafki Hidayat. (2016). Memotong rumah dan tinggal seatap dengan 20 orang agar tidak digusur. BBC Indonesia. Retrieved from : http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/ majalah-38279822

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SMARTCITY: UNDERSTANDING THE SMART CONCEPT IN KAMPUNG CIKINI

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Assistant Supervisor Ir. Evawani Ellisa, M. Eng., Ph.D Dr. Li Yu Facilitator Gadisha Amelia R.F., S. Ars. Fazrin Rahman, S. Ars., M. P.L. Group Member Dimas Aditama Fikri (UI) Hani Mardhotillah (UI) Hanifa Fijriah (UI) Shaflian Islami Aminina (UI) Elysse Dallas (UF) Yan He (CU)

Ran Wang (CU) Xiao Lu (CU) Lu Liu (CU) Youxin Tang (CU) Big Thanks to Jakarta Smart City Officers Chief of Pegangsaan Village Chiefs of RT & RT in KampungCikini Kampung Cikini inhabitants

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Cikini Kramat - Kel. Pegangsaan Central Jakarta Indonesia.

Abstract Cikini is located in the Central part of Jakarta. While the usage of the technology is high, the information about Smart City program is not well-spread. Understanding the general idea of Cikini is one of the way to answer why such issue is happened. A thorough reading of the context would be done by dividing the research area into economy, government, and social culture of Cikini. 102

Figure 3.1. Cikini Kramat RW 01 map.

poor internet connection. As mentioned above, people have it all. Kids are gathering in front of houss or simply on the alley to play mobile legend. The tools are totally the same. What makes it so different actually lies on how they utilize. Keywords

As we conclude, the problem is Smart city, kampung, Jakarta, not about the lack of device and Cikini Kramat

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1.1 Background

Kampung Cikini itself has its own definition of “smartness.” Kampung housing is a densely populated, non-formally planned cluster of residential dwellings in an urban area, which is packed together in a contiguous area created by a large number of migrants (Ellisa, 2016). Due to their large numbers , the informal settlers are trying to cope with one another in the circumstances of their daily lives, from ordinary chatting to sharing urgent information. Furthermore, this phenomenon becomes a major determinant in considering how kampung people build their own

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A “SmartCity” is not all about ‘digitalization’. To become “smarter,” a city is not only utilizing technology, but also nurturing “smartness” at its core. The main aspects of a Smart City are effectiveness, innovation and environmental considerations (Dameri, 2013). The city government has plans for Jakarta to become effective and efficient by means of combining technology with information and communication applications that are integrated within the public services systems. There are six Jakarta Smart City indicators as follows: Smart People, Smart Economy, Smart Environment, Smart Government, Smart Living, and Smart Mobility. The Smart City system is not just only about an enormous collection of data from each and every corner of Jakarta, but also it is about adding value in In each and every sector, especially for the citizens.

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definitions of “smartness.” The research team was composed of masters’ degree and senior undergraduate students from Universitas Indonesia, the University of Florida and Cardiff University, who participated in the Joint Eco-City Live Workshop held in Jakarta and Depok during a twelveday workshop from 14-26 January 2018. The Group 3 Research Team conducted site visits in Kampung Cikini.

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1.2 Objectives

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The researchers tried to understand how the “smart” concept occurs in the citizens’ daily activities, with the objective of removing the gaps and broken linkages between the Smart City system, the local government and the local people, especially in Kampung Cikini and in educational facilities in the formal sector. 1.3 Issues Cikini as a district in Jakarta, is also included within the Smart City Jakarta program itself. While the usage level of the technology is high, dissemination of information about the Smart City Program is not widely spread throughout Kampung Cikini. There are very few people in Kampung Cikini who actually use or even know about “smart” applications. Most of the people use their mobile phones for chatting, watching videos, and playing games. Some of the people have started to use their smart phones even further, for example getting themselves registered in an online motorcycle or taxi company (GoJek or Uber) or even selling a virtual product online. In relation to the Smart City

program, we come up with bunch of facts that the government itself has, we can say, made only a minimum effort to share the information about this helpful and integrated program. Since Jakarta only has less than 10,000 followers in Instagram out of its 9 million population and they did not have distinctive promotional strategies. The issue of the context in the informal settlements maybe unique, but what differentiates these communities from the formal context is the amount and type of communication that happens between individuals within the community. In the informal context, information is spread out through written letters sent by the community head (RT) from door-todoor. This makes the dependence on mobile phones for information spreading relatively insignificant. 1.4 Hypothesis It is too early in the research process to conclude the qualitative and quantitative connection between kampung life and Smart City implementation. However, this research could provide a very general understanding about Cikini, in how the Jakarta Smart City program is being implemented in the area, and the actual conditions of the implementation. Finally, to meet the requirements of this workshop, the research team proposed some ideas about how to maximize the Smart City program implementation into Kampung Cikini from the vantage point of the regulations and the spatial context.

2. M E T H O D S

In addition to deep observation, we actively participate in kampung’s daily activity, this research is also completed by doing deep interviews with various people in kampung, whether it is directly or indirectly related to smart city concept. As researchers, we collected data by interviewing some of the community members in the Cikini district, including local government officials, students, and workers.

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Defining the definition of smart city should start with the literature also comparing to the government and the society itself of Jakarta, Cikini. Exploring the communities become essential to get a basic understanding by the level of technology and social construct and then broader wholistic view of the community through different lenses, wihle assessing the level of understanding about smart cities. After knowing what the government has in their porgram, we try to compare it to the residents of the area. There are different point of view for the data gathering, seeing from cultural, economic and social area of Cikini.

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3. A N A L Y S I S

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3.1 Research : Data collection, formulation of problem

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The Smart City concept in Jakarta was conceived by the Jakarta city government (DKI) to develop society, economic conditions, and culture. From the interviews, researchers found that there are a lot of problems in Cikini’s community due to a lack of knowledge and comprehension with the Smart City concept in Jakarta. The kampung people have mobile phones, but they lack expertise, knowledge and skills in how to handle apps and mobile data. Other opinions from local government officials indicate the Smart City concept uses Internet access to collect data not only with the Qlue app (for reporting and checking-based applications), but also they use CRM or citizen relations management to collect data, such as photos or videos from mobile phone reports that are posted online by individuals in the community and then the government officials will check out and verify the data. To share the information, local government officers use WhatsApp. They chat with the community leaders to convey information and to hold daily, weekly, quarterly or annual meetings with them. The local government also arranges social activities for developing the citizen’s knowledge and skills in dealing with economic and health aspects in the community. From another perspective, we tried to learn about the society and culture in Cikini from university students in Cikini. From interviews with the

Figure 3.3. Interview with RT06 leader Mr.Abdul Khoir. Source: Research team, 2018.

local people, the researchers found that there are some universities here. Such as, Bung Karno University, Universitas Indonesia, Gunadharma University Campus A and also The Sahid Tourism Academy (1987) Additionally, student housing is available in apartments or kostkostans (informal rooming houses). There is only a 5 to 10-minute walking distance from the apartment building to Bung Karno University. Not far from the university, there is a cultural area called Taman Ismail Marzuki, also known as the Jakarta Institute for Arts. There are also additional educational facilities in Cikini, including a middle national high school, called SMPN 8 Menteng. To support their academic studies, students in Cikini usually use YouTube, WhatsApp and LINE App, which offers free calls and messages online.

Unfortunately, there is no direct implementation or socialization within the community in Kampung Cikini about the smart city system. People are familiar with electronic systems, since they use e-money. However, addressing the interviews, most of the residents in Kampung Cikini do not know about the Qlue app, KRL access or the TransJakarta app. The research findings indicate that a majority of the respondents seem to be afraid of making a change, learning about a new technology and taking a risk for something new. Older people in Kampung Cikini do not seem to use smart phones with mobile data or the Internet as frequently as the younger people. As a broad generalization, there seems to be a generation gap relative to the acceptance of new technology. The older people in Kampung Cikini seem to prefer communicating with each other by the word of mouth.

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Figure 3.2. Interview with local governement. Source: Research team, 2018.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Figure 3.4. Internet cafe (warnet) in Kampung Cikini. Source: Research team, 2018.

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In Jakarta, especially Cikini has the biggest one company who collaborate with other company and

government, called GOJEK. GOJEK collaborates with other company such as KFC, so it makes customer of KFC easier to order the food or beverages. GOJEK is very helpful because they sell service who makes customer easier to get what they needs because GOJEK can delivery anything and also someone who can clean your house or give you massage. GOJEK not only give benefit for customer and other company, but also benefit for people with low economic capability who do not have high education to have job as online taxi driver. From the explanation above, we can see that there is such different point of ‘smart application’ usage between people in Cikini. The high income (or people who live in formal environment) seems to use it way more comprehensive. They use this kind of technology for work, study, and facilitating their daily activities, while the low income (or people in informal environmental condition) use it for fun, leisure and chatting.

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For the economic aspect, we interviewed workers around Cikini area. From that interview we know that for a long time ago in Cikini, especially area near the train station, had many hawkers or street vendors that provides gifts for occasional day from Kampung Cikini. This economic activities make the area near of Cikini looked messy. In terms of that situation, in 2012 the local government built Cikini gold center as a ‘formal’ place for selling gold, food, market and also to arrange the messiness near of Cikini train station. Nowadays, all the market place in Jakarta are developed by PT. Pasar Jaya who owned by local government for their management building and advertising. Not only vendors from ‘local’ Cikini, vendors from other area or country such as KFC is also taking place near the train station due to the high chance and demand of such speciality of food.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 3.2 Research Fingdings Analysis

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As part of the research methodology, we interviewed both government officials and local people living in the kampung. From these interviews and our research findings, we can conclude there are communication gaps between the government and the kampung people. The most essential way to remove this kind of problem is to create communications and social connections between the two. But as what always happening in most of problem solving, creating a ‘bridge’ is never easy. We have to be very sensitive to both sides.

The kampung people and local government officials would benefit from an increase in communication, as a kind of ‘glue’ to increase the bond between the aspirations of the Jakarta Smart City program and the kampung residents in Kampung Cikini. Education workshops about the Jakarta Smart City program and “smart” technology conducted by government officials would benefit people living in the kampungs. The low rate of recognition supports our research findings that the local government could increase efforts relative to promotion. They do some promotions down to the

kelurahan level, but there is always broken link to the subordinates. On a positive note, the DKI does create social media, but only less than 10% of Jakarta’s population follow the Smart City App. Another factor related to promotion is that most of the citizens in Kampung Cikini do not have access to smart phones or to the Internet. The different conceptions of technology usage, especially between the people who live in formal and informal environmental conditions will determine access to the Jakarta Smart City program. Continuing our sensitivity analysis

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Picture 3.5. Analysis of technological gap .Source: Research team, 2018.

based on qualitative observations for connecting the kampung people and the local government, we observed how people in Kampung Cikini live their daily lives. We interviewed their several community members from different age brackets and occupations, also some of the community leaders.

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The results of those ‘trying to be more sensitive’ qualitative observations then led us to go deeper into the detail. Our method was to map the daily activities in the kampung community. We identifed places where the mothers usually gathered for their daily chats. The kampung people hold their weekly meeting for prayer (religion gatherings at the mosque) or simple community talks in PAUD (kindergarten). The young boys usually gather for chatting and playing online games on their mobile phones. Our mapping indicates that the keywords are that a smart city is “as much about people” as it is about technology. Our assumption is that once the gathering places are identified, we will have identified strategic locations either for Internet Cafes or for places to gather with access to learn about Jakarta Smart City apps and programs. Connecting the gaps between the government and the people is by educating as many of the people as we can about the Smart City, This mapping and our observations indicate that there are many opportunities to ‘inject’ some bridges to cover the communication gaps. Each embryo or meeting place or pocket has its own unique characters. The research team decided to focuse on field survey observations and qualitiative data, to determine the conjunction between place and socialization. The underlying assumption is that once the places were identified, it would be easier to disseminate information on the Smart City program. Further research aims include identifying the aims, methods, background and the overall frequency and a system of inter-relations of each social “pocket” or gathering place.

By understanding the associations between people and diagrams the social interactions within a specific place, we could then hypothesize on the best way to sustain communications for the Jakarta Smart city program . Every gathering place or social pocket has the same aim of communication about Smart City apps, including variations for different methods and backgrounds. For example, we can see the boys’ gathering space. They have the same aim to play Mobile Legends (a mobile battleground app), but not everyone in the group are playing. Most of the boys are playing on their mobile phones, while the others are cheering and yelling for them to win. This is an example of different methods of participation (playing and cheering) and the environmental background. The boys either have mobile phones or not, choosing either to play or cheer. Such a full variation in activities, even in only one pocket of urban activity, is being accommodated for bridging the gap between the reality of kampung people in an urban pocket and virtual reality within an online application.

4. R E S U L T

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Figure 3.6. Planning proposal scheme. Source: Research team, 2018.

4.1 Regulation and intervention : The research team is proposing regulations and design interventions that are expected to be applied at the RW (community group) and RT (neighborhood unit group) level to improve communications between the government officials and the kampung people about the Jakarta Smart City initiative. The main objective for regulations at the RW level is to re-establish organizational coordination in a top-down hierarchy to the RT and then to the kampung community.

Basically, we divided the results into three (3) steps as follows: 1. Re-establishing the organizational coordination 2. Increasing engagement between people and Smart City program 3. Mutual connection between people and government (DKI) To reach these results, we divided our proposal into two integrated strategies, setting up a WhatsApp group and then developing a Pojok Pintu (Smart Corner). 113

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WhatsApp Group: Weekly CheckIns and Latest Information

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The objective of this intiative is to re-establish the organizational coordination, as mentioned previously. By re-establishing organizational coordination, starts from the RW level by creating a WhatsApp group with the Kelurahan officers, to the RW’s commitee, from the RWs to the RT heads, to the mothers’ community, to the teenagers’ community, and etc. Through WhatsApp communications, there will be shared information for annual to weekly events and meetings accompanied with conditions and suggestions in the context of each group. Annual events will probably be informing the kampung community about festivals, Jakarta’s Anniversay and bazaars. The purpose is also to inform hawkers to join as well as inviting customers. Monthly events will be informative about regularly-scheduled social gathering for community self-help and payment for urban services. At regular intervals, weekly or daily meetings will consider the latest conditions of surrounding kampung. The agenda for the resident’s meetings ranges from health issues such as dengue fever to crimes, etc. By participating in those discussions and by using smart phones to document environmental conditions in the kampung, citizens will also be well-informed and able to make suggestions and take action on various issues. The intention is not only to hold annual to weekly to daily meetings, but also to share crucial information about the organizational aspects of Kampung Cikini and neighborhood sustainability.

Pojok Pintar (Smart Corner) The research team is considering the selection of some ‘organic’ public spots and injecting sets of promotion strategies into the community. The objectives of Pojok Pintar (Smart Corner) are to increase engagement between the kampung people and the Smart City program, and to give awareness about the use of technology by injecting information about the Smart City program with a specific intervention for each organic spot. An organic spot is a place established and maintained by the kampung people themselves. The main technological intervention is injecting WIFI to the selected locations so that each kampung resident can have an equal chance to internet access. The costs for the Internet access will be divided into two, 80% from the government for financial support and 20% from the local residents’ tax levy. The local tax is proposed to obtain resident’s responsibility in what they actually use. Each spot will be equipped with a creative information panel. To qualify for the 80% financial support, the panel should be updated twice a month by the residents. Checking and re-checking these updates will be coordinated through the community’s WhatsApp group. For the specific physical spots, there are 10 possible places that contain the highest intensity of gathered people. The purpose of having a physical design intervention is to bridge the promotion of connectivity through face-to-face interactions, thus bringing together as often as possible the kampung people. Here, we recommend four (4) representatives be chosen to develop the program details.

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Picture 3.7. Top-Bottom. Coffee shop, security post. Source: Research team, 2018.

Coffee Shop People tend to gather, hang out, and drinking coffee. This spot is located near RT 12 and RT 11. The people must first download Smart Application and they will get e-ticket to use the public wifi. Some essential information about smart city concept are planned to be added on the coffee cups, so that every buyer can at least see it.

Security Post People tend to gather, sit together and chat. This spot is located near RT 13, 14, 15 and 16. There will be weekly information panel about Jumantik program and weekly report about living or environmental condition through smart app.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Figure 3.8. Top-Bottom. Under the tree, kindergarten. Source: Research team, 2018.

Under the Tree

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People tend to gather and chat. Kids tend to play around the trees. This spot is located near RT 6 and 7. We propose to make hanging information design under the tree and the residents have to update it monthly due to the 80% financial support.

Kindergarten People here are likely to hang out and gather from noon to evening. This spot is located near RT 2 and 4. This spot can accomodate broader community activities. It can accomodate more people to gather. Here, we propose integrated neighborhood small enterpreneurship community to learn together more about e-commerce and its application on daily bussiness.

5. C O N C L U S I O N

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As what have stated before, the core problem of the lack of Smart City concept to the inhabitants in Kampung Cikini is that there were lack of communication and socialization between with government. Here, we propose organic possibilities to insert the information of smart city by going into the detail of their daily activities. These detail include the inhabitants daily chats and other inbetween activities of their daily living. Therefore, we hope that the project can help government as well as the kampung’s inhabitants to be compatible on implementing the more integrated system for the better living.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Dameri, R., & Cocchia, A. (2013). Smart City and Digital City: Twenty Years of Terminology Evolution. X Conference of The Italian Chapter of AIS (pp. 1-8). ITAIS. Booklet Cikini, (2011 - 2017). Sensible Density Joko Adianto, A. O. (2016). The Tenure Security and Its Implication to Self-Help Housing Improvements in the Urban Kampong: The Case of Kampong Cikini, Jakarta. Urban and Regional Planning Review Vol. 3. Tunas, D. (2008). The spatial economy in the urban informal settlements. Netherlands: International Forum on Urbanism.

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Ellisa, E. (2016). Coping with crowding in high-density kampung housing of Jakarta. Archnet-IJAR, Volume 10 - Issue 1, 195-212. Akiko Okabe, T. A. (2018). Sensible High DenCity, Megacity Design Studio IndonesiaJapan 2017. Tokyo: Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Alzamil, W. (2017). The urban features of informal settlements in Jakarta, Indonesia. Elsevier inc., 2352-3409. Smart City Jakarta (2018). Retrieved from Smart City : Http://Smartcity.Jakarta.go.id/ Chatterlee, Patralecka, (2017). “In Jakarta, solving problems with high tech tools and people’s power.” October 12, 2017. http://citiscope.org/story/2017/jakarta-solvingproblems-new-tech-tools-and-people-power Greco, Ilaria and Angela Cresta, (2015). “A Smart Planning for Smart City: The Concept of Smart City as an Opportunity to Re-Think the Planning Models of the Contemporary City, June 2015, uploaded 28 November 2017. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/300779930_A_Smart_Planning_for_Smart_City_The_ Concept_of_Smart_City_as_an_Opportunity_to_Re-think_the_Planning_Models_ of_the_Contemporary_City Putri, D.A., SH Karlina, M., Tanaya, J., (2016). “From smart city to open city, lessons from Jakarta Smart City. Jakarta: Centre for Policy Innovation and Governance, Indonesia. http://cipg.or.id/jakarta-smart-city/ See Laporan Penelitian (English). Runde, Daniel F., (2016). “What Constitutes Smart Cities?” In: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, uploaded 16 November 2017. https://www.csis.org/analysis/ what-constitutes-smart-cities

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BRINGING BACK THE LAKE: THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SETU RAWA BESAR

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Assistant Supervisors Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, ST, M. Sc., Ph.D. (UI) Dr. Andrea Frank (CU) Dr. Li Yu (CU) Group Members Noviar Dwidaud (UI) Li Lu (CU) Adrian Medina (CU) Victor Meleghy (CU) Nurseto Nugroho (UI) Enrique Perez (CU) Boris Prilyan (UI) Yujiao Zhang (CU)

Facilitators Sutanrai Abdillah, S. Ars. Mushab Abdu As Syahid, S. Ars., M. Ars. Big Thanks to Mrs. Herniwati (Bappeda Depok) Mrs. Ika (Chief of RT 5) Mr. Hadian (Secretary of RT 6) Questionnaire Participants

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Setu Rawa Besar - Kec. Pancoran Mas, Depok Indonesia.

Abstract

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How do we understand green city development in the context? How can we explain the complex relationships between the community and the lake? In this paper, we offer a different perspective to understand the relationships socially, economically, and environmentally between the government, community, and private sectors. We conducted a field survey in Setu Rawa Besar to understand various stakeholders, actors, and agents that have a direct impact on the lake. We reveal that within Setu Rawa Besar, there are

Figure 4.1. Map of land ownership in Setu Rawa Besar.

mutual relationships within the formal housing. Thus, to realize a green city development in Setu Rawa Besar, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are required to ensure the community, the government, and the private sectors benefit Setu Rawa Besar in a sustainable way. Keywords Stakeholder, relationship, sustainable, lake

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1.1. Background

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Setu Rawa Besar is the largest lake in Depok with an area of 13.7 ha. Since 2012 Depok is one of the cities involved in the Indonesian government’s Green City Development Program (GCDP) (Pemkot Depok, 2013). Starting from 2011, there are 60 out of 491 regencies and municipalities nationwide, which have agreed on a voluntary basis to join the program. Each regency and municipality signed the commitment to prepare and then implement their green city action plans. These 60 participants were selected by an independent national team through a self-assessment-based approach. The selected participants were qualified for their participation according to several criteria: first, having visionary mayors or regents with strong leadership qualities who are concerned with taking actions towards realizing a Green City; second, having a good performance record in terms of urban spatial planning, design, and management; and third, having a strong commitment to improving local environmental quality, as indicated by their willingness and readiness to share their local budget, to acquire land for pilot projects, and to establish strong public participation (Kirmanto et al., 2012). Furthermore, since 2006 Depok has received assistance from the central government for the Urban Renewal Program that includes Setu Rawa Besar. The program is financed from the state budget of Rp. 4 billion (Pemkot Depok, 2010).

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1.2. Objectives This research attempts to review Depok’s plan in line with eco-smart greening objectives. The National Government asks for the restoration of the former area of Setu Rawa Besar and a 50-meter setback from the original lake perimeter (Bappeda Depok, 2016). In order to implement this, it needs to be understood that Setu Rawa Besar, as a living ecosystem, has various kinds of stakeholders, actors and agents that have a direct impact on the lake. There are informal settlements that have a mutual relationship with the formal ones. This phenomenon brings forth questions about how such mutual relationships can happen. The research question is: “How can these phenomena be elaborated to develop Setu Rawa Besar ecologically?” In order to implement the GCDP in Setu Rawa Besar, the community around the lake needs to be understood socially, economically, and environmentally. 1.3. Issues

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The status quo of the lake could be divided into two zones: the informal settlement and the formal development. The informal settlements are the settlements that do not have land certificates, because the migrants have built their houses illegally. Their condition could be categorized as ‘squatters’ (DrakakisSmith, 1979). The formal settlements could be divided into kampungs and public housing that was developed by the national government in 1976 (Berita Raya Online, 2017). Based on further observations, the condition of the kampungs can be categorized as slums due to the high-density settlement, sanitation problems,

difficult accessibility and poor water drainage conditions (Bappeda Depok, 2016). The next issue to be faced within the context of the lake (setu) is the waste which concurrently deteriorates the water quality of the lake and the surrounding areas. The scavengers collect waste from the surrounding areas and sort it out in the informal settlement. The daily amount of trash results in it being stacked mostly on top of a rapidly expanding rubbish pile. The infrastructure in the informal settlements is inadequate. There are only communal toilets. Rainwater storage tanks are provided by individuals on an ad hoc basis to collect drinking water. All of these conditions contribute to the ongoing environmental degradation of the lake. 1.4. Hypothesis The research hypothesis is that if land ownership certificates were obtained, then the individuals and the community would have the motivation to develop and improve the quality of life around Setu Rawa Besar. However, the sustainable development of the lake is more complicated, as there are economic and political considerations relative to the private and public sector as well as overlapping governmental jurisdictions. The economic conditions and the ability of the local people to organize themselves as a community group define the parameters of the research hypothesis. The expected outcome for economic and social sustainability is dependent on various indicators related to education, skill levels, land values, tenure, and community action.

2. M E T H O D S

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At first, the research team focused on the issue of land ownership in the informal settlements, based on the land ownership map from the Badan Pertanahan Nasional, as an agency at the forefront of the land ownership issues that have a direct connection to the lake. During the UI, UF, CU Eco-City Live Workshop held in January 2018, the field research team conducted field observations and direct interviews between the formal and the informal settlers. The formal settlers are represented by the two community leaders, who are responsible for monitoring the land use by the informal settlers. Questionnaires were given to both formal and informal settlers to inquire about the following issues: history of the informal settlements, law enforcement, the rental system, living conditions, and waste management. Research data collection and polling using questionnaires for informal settlers were also conducted to inquire about the land and dwelling rental system, employment, living conditions, health issues, food availability and water sources. A sample of 25 individuals was taken based on a variety of the criteria such as education, age, sex, and geographical location among the Setu Rawa Besar inhabitants. Each individual was asked to respond to 14 questions in order to determine the type of living standards of the population using a SWOT analysis. Quantitative results then were averaged in order to simplify and prioritize weaknesses in the development. All of the research findings were compared to government regulations.

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3. A N A L Y S I S

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3.1. Data Collection

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Of the two community leaders (Rukun Tetangga/ RT), there were two different cases reported. In 2004, five people from RT 6 developed the informal land area. They filled in the perimeter of the lake with building rubble, built the houses and rented them out to local settlers and presumably new entrants into the community. The government had already evicted the informal settlers and destroyed some of the land infill and buildings in 2010, but there was no further action or prevention. The formal settlers then re-developed the land and rented it out again. This process has already happened no less than 8 times. Recently, the government built a reinforced concrete border and cleared the setu. However, there are symbiotic mutualisms or an implicit consensus and a co-dependency between the formal and the informal settlers, for example the informal settlers run a workshop and the formal settlers buy their services or products. While different cases occur in RT 05, the area of the informal settlers is located behind the elementary school. One hundred and eighteen (118) families are registered in RT 05, while thirty-six (36) families live in the informal settlements. The informal settlements thus are acknowledged by the government as informal settlers and they have been granted a national identification number (Nomor Induk Kependudukan, NIK). However, the informal settlers do not have

a certificate of ownership, as the reclamation land is considered illegal by the government. Some of them already bought the land but most of them just rent the houses. There are 4 people in RT 05 that developed the land and each has 2-3 houses rented out. They are ex-administrators of RT 05, so that’s why nobody can oppose them. There has never been an eviction in RT 05, because the excavator can’t go through behind the elementary school. The filled-in area is continuously growing.

The government regulations for Setu Rawa Besar state that there has to be a 50-meter setback from the original boundary of the lake. Due to the local government’s inability to enforce the regulations in the informal settlement, the size of Setu Rawa Besar’s lake has decreased each year from the original 19 hectares that is recorded by the National Government to the current size of 13.7 ha. In order to get funding from the National Government, it is necessary for the Depok City Government to reinstate the original boundary of the lake and apply the 50-meter setback regulation. This is one of the most difficult situations for the Depok

Based on survey of the area, local amenities are within a one-kilometer radius from the lake which provide good connectivity to encourage pedestrian movement within the future development of Setu Rawa Besar, including the Lembah Gurame Park (969 meters), the Stadium (1.26 km), Setu Kladen (1.05 km), the New Depok Station (680 meters), the General Hospital (1.04 km), a movie theater (1.13km) and the Depok Municipal Office (800 meters). A further consideration is required to provide wider access between main highways and the lake. Accessibility to the narrow alleys (gangs) between the houses in the informal settlements surrounding the lake also needs to be addressed, especially in relation to fire safety, environmental concerns and future tourism.

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From the results of the questionnaire given to the informal settlers, the data were collected and sorted out to identify and analyze the basic needs of the settlers. The statistical population data was categorized in separate indicators, such as gender, age, educational degree, number of dwellers, occupation, monthly income, distance to work, rental prices, landlord type, quality of life satisfaction, aspects related to change, sources of food and water, and health issues.

City Government, since some areas are already developed by certified owners. The setback requires relocating a considerable number of informal and formal residents around the lake (1,162 houses). To recover the original waterfront boundary plus the 50-meter setback, another issue related to this initiative is the relocation of the consolidated schools located on the western side.

The land value map from the Indonesian government shows that the land value of the western frontage on the lake is worth around 2 million to 5 million rupiahs per square meter. It is the area of the formal housing that was developed by the government (National Housing). While the eastern front of the lake valued at IDR 500,000 1,000,000 per square meter. 125

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Figure 4.2. Questionnaire table. Source: Research team, 2018.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Figure 4.3. Consolidated land value analyses. Source: Research team, 2018.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Figure 4.4. Setu Rawa Besar condition. (Source: Bappeda Depok, 2016)

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3.2. Formulation of the Research Problem

swimming in the water and impacts natural sedimentation and filtration.

One of the problems that needs to be tackled is lack of collaboration between the local and central government, because of the national regulations, the lake property is actually owned by the Central Government, but the informal housing settlements are the problem of the Depok City Government. There are no boundaries between the parcels and therefore the alleyways (gangs) are not wide enough to be considered as emergency evacuation routes when a disaster happens. There are insufficient financial resources to provide for the basic development needs of the informal settlement, let alone the entire lake itself. Informal settlers have a history of at least two generations in the area, with stakeholders in both the formal and informal sectors.

Additionally, severe river sedimentation leads to loss of the self-purification capacity of the lake, while the drainage does not function well to hold up surface water runoff. Current action to address the issues related to floods in Depok City involves dredging Pengarengan Lake to prevent floods, while the current policy to mediate flooding is to make absorption wells in each house with a 1-meter square area and a 2-meter depth. The local government allocated US$5.8 million of its regional budget to support flood prevention measures in 2014 (Tirta, 2014). But, with current policies it is still not enough to solve the issues of flooding in Depok.

Another problem to be addressed is the fact that Setu Rawa Besar mainly functions as a reservoir or water catchment basin to store rainwater in order to avoid flooding within the formal and informal settlements and the surrounding areas. However, flooding can happen at least once a year, as indicated in the stated 44 flood-risk areas up to the year 2014 (Tirta, 2014). In February 2016, five residential complexes in Depok were hit by floods (Hamdi, 2016). To complicate matters, the lake (setu) is filled with garbage and encroached by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) which contributes to eutrophication, which causes a lack of oxygen in the water which harms fishes and lowers the water quality. The trash at the bottom of the lake is a risk to young children

When the 50-meter setback regulation is superimposed onto the national land value map based on http://peta.bpn.go.id/. The total area that needs to be developed and consolidated by Depok Government within the 50-meter setback regulation is around 200,000 m2. Out of that figure, 80,320 m2 are located on the periphery of the lake with the national land value stated as IDR 500,000/ m2 (total 80,320 m2 x IDR 500,000/ m2 = IDR 40.16 billion) and the land value of remaining 119,680 m2 is approximately IDR 1 million/ m2 (total 119,680 m2 x IDR 1 million/ m2 = IDR 119,68 billion). Considering the lowest cost of construction per m2 is IDR 1 million, it is estimated that total cost of construction for the area is approximately IDR 200 billion. In conclusion, the total investment value that needs to be financed by Depok Government will be IDR 360 billion.

4. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S

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In terms of the master plan, the project’s objective for Setu Rawa Besar is to divide the development plan into four (4) categories, based on the economy, environment, livability, and social factors. Also before the master plan starts program definition, public policy and regulations play an important role in guiding the master plan and community participation, which is the main priority for the restoration of Setu Rawa Besar. The eventual success of Setu Rawa Besar as a sustainable development hinges on providing a mixed-use waterfront eco-development that will formalize and enhance the informal settler’s livelihood and improve their living conditions. The aim is also to restore the natural state of the lake, without compromising the local economy. Another objective is to improve the accessibility to Setu Rawa Besar. In terms of economy, the objective is to formalize and regulate the framework of economic activities of the local settlers. Both the informal and formal settlers have experience in the recycling industry. The intention would be to provide a more accessible scheme. Training will be required to develop recycling management skills in order to comply with the regulations to prevent burning the trash. Most importantly, in order to generate a culture of sustainability within the community, a training and socialization program needs to be implemented in topics, such as waste disposal, healthy behavior, and promoting the creation and cultivation of green areas. According to the 50-meter setback and the

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relevant government regulations, it is necessary to restore the lake to its original size and to create new green spaces so that Setu Rawa Besar serves the City of Depok as a natural barrier against floods. As for the livability of the area, the objective is to improve the quality of life of the informal settlers by providing them with a sense of identity and security by generating certificates of legal land ownership and building permits for their newly acquired dwellings to be built of recycled, ecologicallyfriendly materials. The primary objective is to provide at least the minimum standards for a healthy livelihood in terms of food and water availability, living conditions and accessibility to the newly built ecohouses. For the social objectives, the eco-development of Setu Rawa Besar should provide healthy social interactions between the members of the community from the formal and informal settlements. The project’s vision is to create a vibrant economy, to provide a formal home to informal dwellers and to fulfill the collective desires for a better quality of life in harmony with the environment. The ecodevelopment objectives need to build on the city’s spirit, civic values and community development by creating a sustainable lifestyle without compromising the residents’ daily needs. Recycling is community-oriented process, along with sales and purchases of recycled products, and the fabrication of recycled materials for the re-construction of the informal housing sector on a different site around the lake. Environmentally, the project needs to purify the water in the lake and remove the contaminated soil. Additionally,

the landfill added for the informal housing needs to be removed in order to mediate the environmental damage to the periphery of the lake. Proposals towards sustainable development could be the catalyst for the formalization of economic activity in the infromal sector in Setu Rawa Besar. Through training and re-housing, the vision of this project will encourage development and improve the lifestyle of the informal settlers to achieve goals of sustainability. The waste needs to be separated into organic and inorganic waste. The organic waste should be composted, while inorganic waste should be recycled. This proposal recommends that Setu Rawa Besar be developed in four stages. The first stage is relocation of the informal settlers. The relocation proposal will also consider Waste Bank Systems, integration of scavengers with the Unit Pengolahan Sampah (UPS) locations, and affordable housing with walls made of recycled plastic panels. Production of the panels will be the crucial point to incorporate as a priority for the employment of the informal settlers to work in the construction of their own affordable housing. The next stage is reconstruction of the waterfront using local labor. It will take advantage of the informal settlers’ construction skills to build the necessary infrastructure for the waterfront. The third stage is commercial development and cleansing of the lake by using an artificial floating island system design from Mexico, using plants like chinampas to purify water. Once the water is clean, the plants will become a saleable crops. The last stage is making Setu Rawa

Besar into a tourist destination in line with the city’s aspirations; the setu will become an important tourist destination for both, locals and foreign visitors. The lake will become an ecological landmark for the City of Depok. 4.1. Policy

4.2. Intervention The research and development proposal will replace the existing activities, which mostly consist of housing settlements into outdoor recreational and eco-tourism

A water purification plant is used to rehabilitate the lake, making it cleaner to improve the environment. A landscaped park around the lake will include wetlands, natural gardens and urban farming as well as a pathway for pedestrians, a bicycle path and a vehicular access road to circulate around the lake. Specifically-designated vehicles like local becaks or two-seater vehicles could provide for movement of goods and people around the lake into the neighborhoods. The lake itself is the main attraction for recreational purposes, so that tourist could enjoy the scenery and explore the lake. There needs to be a small harbor added for boats or floating platform. Around the perimeter of the lake, high-rise office buildings will be discouraged in order to preserve the view of the lake. However, given the number of dwelling units that require relocation because of the 50-meter setback, it is likely that a high-density residential solution will be part of an eco-development.

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In order to revitalize the area, it is necessary to implement a PublicPrivate Partnership to generate the required changes to the settlement with proper funding. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are used not only in transportation projects, but also for water and wastewater systems, delivery of social services, building schools, and a wide range of other applications. The fastest growing arena for the use of PPPs is urban economic development. PPPs make possible the completion of projects that would be impossible using more traditional methods of economic development. The goal is to transform Setu Rawa Besar into an eco-development that responds to all aspects of an eco-city, such as Economy, Ecology, and Society. To plan a Public-Private Partnership investment scheme is to secure the proper revitalization of Setu Rawa Besar into an ecological and sustainable landmark for Depok with inter-municipal significance among Jakartans and the citizens of Depok in the Green City Development Program (GCDP) (Pemkot Depok, 2013).

activities. Commercial activities around the periphery of Setu Rawa Besar mostly consist of people buying daily necessities like food at the local markets. As for the other needs, such as entertainment, the local residents from the formal sector prefer to go to commercial places like the malls along Jl. Margonda Raya. Recreational activities will occur in a newly constructed park and open space located in the 50-meter setback around Setu Rawa Besar. To entice eco-tourism in the 50-meter setback is based on Government’s guidelines on the lake, the water sport port is provided for recreational activity around the lake.

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Figure 4.5. Design Intervention. Source: Research Team, 2018.

5. C O N C L U S I O N

The Depok government is hoping eventually to transform Setu Rawa Besar into a lucrative ecotourist destination. According to the UNESCO, for the advantages to outweigh the disadvantages of tourism, it is crucial to ensure that the tourism is of a sustainable nature. According to J. Fien, sustainable tourism will provide tourists with an enjoyable and educational journey as well as massively benefiting the local people of the host country (Fien, Calder and White, 2010). Consideration of eco-tourism is an important aspect of the sustainable development of Setu Rawa Besar, as an Eco-City Live Project.

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According to ARUP, twenty percent (20%) of the population choose to live in cities that are developed on riversides or waterfronts, due the proximity and connections to nature. There is a correlation between economic growth and the open contact provided by waterfront developments (Lazo, 2012). Hazreena Hussein defines a successful urban riverfront development as a combination of public accessibility, attraction, and integration (Hussein, 2006). Nevertheless, these types of developments tend to be disregarded in many Southeast Asian cities, especially in Indonesia and in particular in Jakarta and Depok. The perception of living on the water may be considered as being next to a knd of backyard, especially among the local people, rather than an amenity. The environmental awareness of a sustainable community may gradually change the relationship of waterfront living.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Pemerintah Kota Depok. (2016). Rencana Penataan Permukiman Kumuh Kampung Lio – Kota Depok. Depok: Bappeda Pemkot Depok. Berita Raya Online - Beritarayaonline.co.id. (2017). Menyusuri Sejarah Perumnas, Semuanya Berbahagia Dapat Rumah Murah. http://www.beritarayaonline.co.id/ menyusuri-sejarah-perumnas-semuanya-ikut-berbahagia-dapat-rumah-murah/ [Accessed 6 May 2018]. Drakakis-Smith, D. W. (1979). Low-cost housing provision in the Third World: some theoretical and practical alternatives. In: H. Morrison and J. P. Lea, ed., Housing in Third World Countries: Perspectives on Theory and Practice. London: Macmillan.

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Fien, J., Calder, M. and White, C. (2010). Module 16: Sustainable Tourism Teaching and Learning for a Sustainable Future In: UNESCO http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ images/0012/001252/125238e.pdf [Accessed 24 Jan. 2018]. Hamdi, I. (2016). Five Residential Complexes in Depok Hit by Floods. [online] Available at: https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2016/02/28/057748943/Five-ResidentialComplexes-in-Depok-Hit-By-Floods [Accessed 25 Feb. 2018]. Hussein, H. (2006). Urban Recreational Riverfronts: Successful Revitalization Elements. Journal of Design and the Built Environment. [online] Volume 2 (1). Available at: https://adminconference.um.edu.my/index.php/jdbe/article/view/4940 [Accessed 24 Jan. 2018]. Kirmanto, D., Ernawi, I. S., Djakapermana, R. D., Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia. (2012). Indonesia Green City Development Program: an Urban Reform. In: 48th ISOCARP Congress 2012. [online] Available at: www.isocarp.net/data/case_studies/2124.pdf Lazo, P. (2012). The key to successful waterfront development?. [online] Available at: http://thoughts.arup.com/post/details/222/the-key-to-successful-waterfrontdevelopment [Accessed 24 Jan. 2018].

Portal Resmi Pemerintah Kota Depok. (2013). Mimpi Depok jadi Green City. [online] Available at: https://www.depok.go.id/18/12/2013/09-lingkungan-kota-depok/mimpidepok-jadi-green-city [Accessed 17 Jan. 2018]. Portal Resmi Pemerintah Kota Depok. (2010). Revitalisasi Situ Rawa Besar. [online] Available at: https://www.depok.go.id/04/10/2010/01-berita-depok/revitalisasi-siturawa-besar [Accessed 17 Jan. 2018]. Tirta, I. (2014). Depok City Dredges Pengarengan Lake to Prevent Floods. [online] Available at: https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/11/30/057625426/Depok-CityDredges-Pengarengan-Lake-to-Prevent-Floods [Accessed 24 Jan. 2018].

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Tirta, I. (2014). Depok to Focus on Addressing 44 Flood-Risk Areas. [online] Available at: https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/03/03/057558943/Depok-to-Focus-onAddressing-44-Flood-Risk-Areas [Accessed 24 Jan. 2018].

KAMPUNG CIPINANG MELAYU: COMMUNITY HEALTH ISSUES EXPLORING LINKAGES BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND HEALTH-WELLBEING Eco-City Live Project 2018

Assistant Supervisor Dr. -Ing. Ova Candra Dewi, ST, M. Sc. (UI) Dr. Andrew Flynn (CU) Group Member Aisyah, ST (UI) Cut Sannas Saskia, ST (UI) Dania Siska O., ST (UI) Erina Asyera, S. Ars. (UI) Intan Findanavy R., ST (UI) M. B. Vimala Dewi, S. Ars. (UI) Rizka Felly, ST (UI) Yinchao Lyu (CU)

Yan Ge (CU) Yunhua Wen (CU) Laura Stilwell (UF) Facilitator Baskoro Laksi, ST, M. Sc. Intan Chairunnisa, S. Ars Big Thanks To: Kelurahan Cipinang Melayu Administrative Office, Cipinang Melayu’s Community Health Center (Puskesmas), Department of Health Service in East Jakarta, Public Health Office of Jakarta Province

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RW 03 Cipinang Melayu Sub District, East Jakarta Indonesia

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Abstract Cipinang Melayu subdistrict is a high density residential area that is located at East Jakarta. This area is adjacent to Kalimalang river, Sunter river, Kalimalang main road, and also an infrastructure construction. Every year this area always hit by flood - the flood can even reach until 2 metres high inside the houses in some RTs. We also assumed that the highway construction will have some effects on the rise of CO2 emission caused by the traffic jam, air contamination from the material used for the construction. People’s health and the flood were our research concern. Especially to study the main cause, the correlation of those problems and to give some result and interventions.

Figure 5.1. Cipinang Melayu RW 03 Map. Source: Jakarta CAD map.

Keywords Health, air pollution, flood, Jakarta

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1.1. Background

Furthermore, we assumed that the highway construction will have some effect on the rise of CO2 emissions caused by the traffic jams and air pollution from the materials used for the highway construction. There might be other negative health effects caused by the construction. Furthermore, it will also affect the health of the people in Kelurahan Cipinang Melayu RW 03. The environmental condition is one of the factors that affects human health. Environmental contamination like air and water pollution which are caused by

Eco-City Live Project 2018

Kelurahan Cipinang Melayu is a high density residential area in East Jakarta. This area is adjacent to the Kalimalang River and the Kalimalang Road and next to the infrastructure construction of the Becakayu (Bekasi, Cawang, Kampung Melayu) Highway which has been ongoing since 2015. Our specified research location is in Cipinang Melayu RW (Rukun Warga) 03, which consists of 14 RTs (Rukun Tetangga) with around 4,000 people living in the community. This area is hit by floods annually. The floods can even reach up to 2 metres high inside the houses in some RTs. This situation is also caused by the site location which adjoins the Kali Sunter River on the eastern side; whereas the contours are lower towards the river. During the flood, people in Cipinang Melayu RW 03 are susceptible to certain diseases. The most common diseases are diarrhoea and skin rashes.

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infrastructure construction might threaten the environment and these conditions can caused respiratory and digestive problems. Thus, diseases will spread more easily because of the high density in the community’s residential areas.

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affected the health of the inhabitants in Cipinang Melayu.

The research activity was focused on the environment and in particular on the community that lives in Kelurahan Cipinang Melayu RW 03 (Fig. 1).The research topic includes flooding issues and the construction of the Becakayu Highway. The diseases that were observed were the ones that have infected most of the community, since the Becakayu Highway construction was continued in 2015. Subsequently, illnesses were also caused by the floods. The occurance of specific diseases were observed and these were identified based on the selfreported medical history from individual community members.

The research team also was required to observe the houses with ill patients and to compare these houses to other houses with healthy occupants. Then, the research team studied the occupants’ behaviour. Moreover, we needed to study the characteristics of the houses, including the capacity of the houses, clean water resources, air flow and natural ventilation, grey water disposal, and trash disposal. At the end, we would like to improve community health and the quality of life for the Cipinang Melayu RW 03 residents. By initiating some interventions related to specific macro and micro environmental improvements, our hypothesis is that certain measures to improve the built and the natural environment will improve the quality of health for the Cipinang Melayu RW 03 residents.

1.2. Objectives

1.3. Issue

The research aim was to identify the main issues in the community that were affecting the quality of community health with regard to the floods. The intention of the resaerch was ultimately to increase an awareness of disease patterns and to reduce the frequency and number of certain diseases. In order to achieve our objectives, we studied the spatial factors inside the house and outside in the environment, which would trigger the spread of diseases, in relation to an environmental and spatial approach. The objectives of this research were also to study about the characteristics of each RT in RW 03 and to make a map of the area, and to examine how the floods and the highway construction

The main issues of this research are related to the floods that annually inundate the Cipinang Melayu RW 03 houses and lead to some health problems for the community. Also, the other problem was the construction of the highway that has contributed to the people’s health risk, due to the air pollution issues. The built environment is considered as one of the main factors, which is causing illnesses. Accordingly, we needed to identify other specific matters, which could trigger diseases to spread rapidly. 1.4. Hypothesis Our hypothesis is centred on two propositions. Firstly, there

is expected to be a correlation between individual households’ health and their interaction with the surrounding macro- and microenvironments in Cipinang Melayu RW 03. Secondly, based on direct observations, the condition of people’s health in Cipinang Melayu RW 03 at the time of flood and Becakayu toll road development was getting worse due to the existing house conditions, such as the lack of ventilation and also the location of the septic tank which is too close either to the house or to the well. Besides, another factor was the behaviour and life pattern of the

society also contributed to the spread of the disease. Most of the residents did not leave their houses during the flood and got stuck inside instead. In addition, another factor was community environmental conditions were also essential to the quality of life. The provision of green open spaces and the addition of an evacuation area that could accommodate residents during peak flood times are two recommendations which are expected to mitigate the negative factors related to high density and to improve living conditions and the health of the residents.

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Fogure 5.2. Flooding in Cipinang Melayu. Source: Liputan 6, 2018.

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2. M E T H O D S

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The research methods used were direct interviews with residents, using a questionnaire as a tool to collect research data from each individual household. Our data collection method asked questions regarding their life and medical histories, house situation, family activities, and specific questions about what people do during the floods and highway construction.

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At the end, we conducted an assessment of environmental conditions inside of the homes with documentation techniques, such as taking photos and sketching floor plans. We also determined the drainage, the water source such as a deep well, the location of septic tanks, toilet types, and outdoor – indoor air circulation supported by the information provided by the residents. Moreover, we made assessments of environmental conditions outside of the homes, such as the distance to the river, river flood plains, the distance to the highway construction, and documented the location of open spaces.

3. A N A L Y S I S 3.1. Problems

Currently, there are two designated evacuation areas; the RW 03 office and the Al-Muqorrobin Mosque, but when the flood hit the area, some of the residents chose not to be evacuated. They said that wanted to keep an eye on their furniture and valuables. The other reason they gave us was they would rather stay in their relative’s house because they felt uncomfortable living with so many people in close quarter. According to the health care officials, there’s a high number of skin rash and diarrhoea in the evacuation are due to the proximity with other people, inadequate condition of sanitary facilities, sleeping quarters,

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Cipinang Melayu has a high population density, which calculated at 383.3 people per square kilometre. The main problem in this area is the annual flooding, which mostly happens in January and February when the peak height of the flood waters reached 50-100 cm. At the time of the flood, residents usually stayed at their homes. At times their body when standing at full height was submerged as high as 50-100cm in flood waters. During those incidents, they also raised the furniture to a higher level, so it would not be damaged by the water. The peak flood – which happened in 2002, 2005, and 2013 - intensity occurred in Cipinang Melayu RW 03 area almost once in five yearswhen the flood level reached 2 meters, thus completely inundating some houses.

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and public kitchen. We assumed the construction of Becakayu Highway infrastructure which continued in 2015 has had negative effects on the surrounding environment. The impacts to the environment include an increasing rate of CO2 emissions which was caused by the high intensity of traffic congestion and also the air contamination due to the construction materials used. Unfortunately, we didn’t have the time to conduct further research to prove our assumption. The problem faced was not only to stop the environmental contamination, but also whether these effects adversely impacted the health of the residents

2013

2015

2017

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Figure 5.3. Highway construction progress 2013-2015-2017. Source : Google Earth.

who live in the surrounding area adjacent to the construction site, especially in Kelurahan Cipinang Melayu. The living environment is one of the factors that affect human health. Environmental contamination could be generated by infrastructure development, such as air and water pollution. The development of the infrastructure could affect the environment, ranging from respiratory problems to digestive ailments. In this case, the assumption is that the prevalence of disease would increase at a higher rate in the residential environment. 3.2. Research We aimed to see whether there was a correlation between an individual household’s health and its interaction with the surrounding macro- and micro-environments in Cipinang Melayu RW 03. To analyse the macro-environment, we observed the conditions of the roads, drainage, waste, wastewater management, green space, and the impact of the highway construction. Meanwhile, in the micro- environment we observed the septic tank locations, especially in relation to the water source, house layout, the air flow and natural ventilation of the house, the occupant’s cleanliness habits, and trash management. To obtain this data, we developed a questionnaire to understand the occupant’s general information, medical history, economic conditions, daily habits and the number of occupants in each household. We gave the questionnaire to thirtyseven households, addressing solid waste and wastewater disposal management, air pollution, flood history, and potable and drinking water resources.

3.3. Data Collection From the total of 37 households in Cipinang Melayu RW 03 that we observed, we found that eleven percent (11 %) of the occupants in the households had lived there on average for a duration of time ranging from one to ten years and another eleven percent (11%) lived there from eleven to twenty years, thirty-seven percent (37%) lived there from thirty to thirty-one years, and forty-one percent (41%) lived there for more than thirty-one years.

The number of occupants for each household ranges from eightyone percent (81%) comprising one to five people, fifteen percent (15%) comprising six to ten people, and four percent (4%) comprising eleven to fifteen people . For the occupants’ medical history, we focused on the disease, which was not affected by genetic factors. From the questionnaire, the data indicated eight percent (8%) of the occupants suffered from regular flu, eight percent (8%) of the occupants suffered from asthma, sixteenpercent (16%)

32 1-10 years

Ground Water

10-20 years

Mineral Water

20-30 years > 30 years

Length of Stay

Water Source Drinking

15 1-5

Sep(c tank

6-10

River

11-15

Number of Occupants

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Waste Water : Black Water

7 37

House with healthy people 63

Gu'er River

House with unhealthy people

Total House

Waste Water : Grey Water

Figure 5.4. Household Data Collection

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of the occupants suffered from Tuberculosis, and twenty percent (20%) of the occupants suffered from other diseases. In total, forty-eight percent (48%) of the people were healthy and slightly over half, or fifty-two percent (52%) of the people were unhealthy in Cipinang Melayu RW 03. All of the households that we observed used ground water from deep wells as their primary water source. However, only tweny-one percent (21%) of the households used ground water for drinking and cooking purposes. A majority of the households used bottled water for drinking purposes. For those who don’t use bottled water, they simply boiled the water from the deep well so they could drink it. Ninety-six percent (96%) of the households use a septic tank as their wastewater system; however, the majority are located less than 10 metres from the deep well. The remaining households run either gutters or drainage pipes directly to the river to dispose their wastewater. Cipinang Melayu RW 03 has community trash bins for collecting solid waste before it is transferrred to landfill sites. On the other hand,five percent (5%) of the households still burn the trash in their front or backyard. The community also relies on social network to warn each other when the flood hit the area. They will text people from the other RTs when the water starts rising from Kali Sunter river. With that, people from other RTs will have the time to evacuate. 3.4. Analysis

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On a macro-scale, RW 03 is a high density residential area where each zone is connected by narrow streets

and this area is also surrounded by the main city road and river. This situation exerts a high degree of pressure on the people who live there in the form of environmental impact ranging from a high exposure to dust, to flood risk, and to a high usage of ground water from using privately drilled wells and an individual household pump. High exposure to dust is experienced by those households situated in the front zone, closest to the highway construction and the main city road. Dust pollution is caused by high intensity traffic on the main road. In addition to that, the front zone was not equipped with trees to allow for an air filtration zone, which means the dust and smoke from the road go straight into the houses. The most dangerous flood zone is located at the west side of Cipinang Melayu RW 03 which is adjacent to the Kali Sunter River. Meanwhile, the least dangerous flood zone was located at the east side. This zone is not as dangerous as the west side because the peak floods are not caused by the overflowing water from the river, but merely because of the low-lying ground level. The high proportion of houses that use a water pump and deep well also means a higher rate of ground water usage, which could cause the ground water aquifer to be dried up completely during dry season. Furthermore, the majority of the groundwater wells are located too close to the septic tanks or to the wastewater disposal absorption areas. Even though to the naked eye, the water looks clear, we still need to test the water to determine its quality.

On smaller scale, the health of the community is affected by the spatial organization inside the house and the ventilation openings, which let the sunlight and the wind come into the house. The presence of daylighting and natural ventilation could indirectly improve the occupants’ health. As a result of our data collection and analysis, the typology of the houses which had unhealthy people and those which had healthy people is shown below. Based on the floor plans gathered from the houses with healthy people, we found out that open spaces and openings cover the entire space at the front of the houses (Pic. 5).The openings allow sunshine and natural air ventilation to circulate through the houses. For the zoning of both the one-storey houses and the twostorey houses, the front area is used for open spaces; some are even filled with plants. The middle area is used for living spaces, such as bedrooms

and living room, while the back area is used for support services, such as a kitchen and bathroom. Especially for two story houses, the additional space at the upper floor was used as a store room, which can be particularly useful during peak floods. The openings of the one-storey houses are placed at three different sides of the house: at the front, at the right, and at the back of the house. As for the two-storey houses, the openings at the ground floor are placed at two different sides of the house: at the front and at the right of the house; while the openings at the upper floor are placed at the front of the house. Based on the floor plans gathered and documented from the houses with (one or some) unhealthy people within, we found out that the open spaces cover only the half of the space at the front of the houses, which allow less sunshine and air to circulate through the houses (Pic. 5). For the zoning of the one-storey houses, the front area is used for open space. The middle area is used for living spaces, such as a bedroom and living room, while the back area is used for services, such as a kitchen, a bathroom, and store room. For the zoning of the two-storey houses, the front part is used for open spaces, the middle part is used for a living room and store room, while the back part is used for service spaces, such as a kitchen and a bathroom, and the additional space at the upper floor is used for a bedroom and a bathroom. The openings of both the one-storey houses and two-storey houses are placed at the front of the house.

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The residents do not see the high environmental pressure on the decreasing air quality in the area as a threat to their health, even though the dust, the poor air circulation inside the house, and the high residential density could cause long lasting health problems. On larger scale, this problem could be balanced by green space with trees and other vegetation whose leaves could absorb the CO2 emissions and air pollutants. Unfortunately, the high usage of groundwater and annual floods in Cipinang Melayu RW 03 is not balanced by any water absorption area in the form of empty lots or even open space located under the electrical transmission towers which is located in RT 8.

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Figure 5.5. Left. Floor Plan Analysis on the Houses with Healthy People Right. Floor Plan Analysis on the Houses with Unhealthy People

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4. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S 4.1. Interventions There are three major issues that need to be addressed in order to improve the quality of health and life in RW 03 Cipinang Melayu. Those issues are: (1) regular floods, (2) highway construction, and (3) the black water and solid waste disposal system.

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4.1.1. Regular Flood During the rainy season, the flood waters originate from the Kali Sunter River which is located at the east side of the community. As a result of our research, we are proposing to make a flood mitigation system in order to help contain the excess water and to give more time for the community to evacuate if the peak flood raise to high to be contained. We also proposed to make a more adequate evacuation zone for the community during the peak flood periods. The proposed flood mitigation system comes in the form of a levee that would act as a flood wall. The levee would be 1.2 meters high, so it would be tall enough to handle the regular flood, but not too tall to obscure the community’s view to the river. The levee would be placed on the entire riverbank of the Kali Sunter River, so it could protect the entire area from the flood.

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The proposed evacuation zone comes in the form of a new and bigger building for the RW03 administration office. The community has been using the

Eco-City Live Project 2018 Sleep area 48-60 people

Public kitchen Sleep area 24-30 people

Ground Floor

Figure 5.6. Above. Evacuation Site Below. Flood Mitigation

Public toilet

Upper Floor

Water tank

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Figure 5.7. Above. Green Space within RW. Below. Green space under highway.

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office as their evacuation zone for years, but the existing building is too small and it could barely house even a small portion of the community. That is why we want to expand the building and to provide more space

for the sleeping area for the flood victims. In addition, we propose to build more public toilets within the area of the RW’s office. We think the expansion of the administration office could give more benefit to the community, not only during the evacuation time, but also during the normal time as well. The building is used not only for RW03

administrative purposes, but also for kindergarten, women’s organization, and childcare activities. 4.1.2. Highway Construction

The proposed green wall comes in the form of a vertical garden and we would like to put it on the outer layer of the community (right next to the main road). We would also like to make small green areas so the community can have more public space that could be utilized as a playground or for any other communal activities. These green areas would be located under the highway and also in several spots in RW03. To deal with the air pollution issues at a micro-scale, we propose a local regulation that encourages the community to plant more greenery in their yards with plants that could reduce air pollution levels, such as semolina (suji or dracena augustifolia), snake plant or mother’s in law tongue (Sanseviera trifciata), pakis (pyrrosia piloselloides) plant,

4.1.3. Blackwater and Solid Waste Disposal Some of the houses located near the river do not have a septic tank to dispose the black water from their toilet. They dispose their waste directly to the river. We propose to make a communal septic tank to keep the river clean. For the solid waste disposal, we propose the community to sort their solid waste into organic and inoragnic waste. They need to provide a compost bin and communal waste containers disposal of their waste based on the type of the waste.

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The residents of RW03 complained that the highway construction made the children to be more susceptible to cold and runny noses because of the dust and other construction material. The air pollution threats are unlikely to disappear once the construction is finished because the new highway would bring more cars to pollute the air. In order to alleviate the dust and air pollution, we propose to make a green wall and green space around the highway construction as a barrier to hold off the dust from the road on a macro-scale. On a microscale, we propose to add green space and cross-ventilation in every house in Cipinang Melayu RW03.

and English ivy (hedera helix). The community could use potted plants and put them at the outside of the houses. The residents could even install a vertical garden on an independent frame attached to their exterior walls. Our last proposal to deal with the highway construction is to have a cross-ventilation system in each of the houses. Cross-ventilation could increase the thermal comfort and the quality of air inside the house.

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5. C O N C L U S I O N

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From our observation and analysis, we found out that our initial hypothesis regarding the construction of Becakayu highway has no significant effect on the public health. The occupants of the houses that face directly to the highway complained that their children who are more sensitive to the dust become more susceptible to flu. This phenomenon occurred because of the lack of a buffer area that usually acted as a filter for the dust particles from the highway that flew into their homes. On a micro scale, the houses typology has no significant effect on the health of occupants it. This can be seen from how all the houses that we observed didn’t implement the cross ventilation system. Meanwhile, regarding our hypotheses on the annual flood, we found out that people didn’t want to evacuate to a designated evacuation point. This is due to the high number of people who gathered in the small evacuation site. The high density and the close proximity within evacuation site helped to quicken the spread of disease like diarrhea and other skin diseases.

Eco-City Live Project 2018 To respond to the problems above, we propose these three interventions: 1. Providing a green belt area as dust filtration areas along the highways 2. Building of levee along Kali Sunter river and redesigning the evacuation area at the RW administrative office area 3. On a micro scale, to encourage a healthy lifestyle, we propose that each house has a green wall or has a small garden and to provide a communal a septic tank for the houses that don’t have one.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Graham, Peter. (2003). Building Ecology: First Principles for a Sustainable Built Environment. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing. Jain, A.K. (2009). Low Carbon City: Policy Planning and Practice. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing Pvt.Ltd. Leonard, Annie. (2010). The Story of Stuff. New York City, NY: Free Press. McDonough, & Michael Braungart. (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. New York City, NY: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.

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McDonough, & Michael Braungart. (2013). Upcycle: Beyond Sustainability – Designing for Abundance. New York City, NY: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.

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The Independent Commission on Population & Quality of Life. (1996). Caring for the Future: Making the Next Decades Provide a Life Worth Living. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Yeang, Ken. (1999). The Green Skyscraper: The Basis for Designing Sustainable Intensive Buildings. Munich: Prestel Publishing.

EVALUATION OF CAR FREE DAY BASED ON AIR POLLUTION AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGE

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Assistant Supervisors Dr. Andrea Frank Dr. Andrew Flynn Ir. R. Jachrizal Sumabrata, M. Sc.(Eng.), Ph.D. Gabriel Andari Kristanto, Ph.D. Facilitators Gabroni Sagala, ST, MT Amrina Rosyada, ST Nabila Nona Marabessy, ST Group Members Auliya Adhiprakoso Riadi (UI) Cui Yue (CU)

Danastri Parimitha Ruziqna (UI) Guan Li (CU) Heidy Octaviani Rachman (UI) Irvan Pulungan (CU) Margareta Novia Asih Christami (UI) Saqier (CU) Xinzhu Wang (CU) Yenny Silvia (UI) Big Thanks to Ahmad Safrudin (KPBB) CFD Participant NTMC Polri

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Jendral Sudirman Street - M. H. Thamrin Street Central Jakarta Indonesia

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Abstract

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The rising number of transportation modes adversely impacts the air quality which is also followed by an increase in health problems. Car Free Day (CFD) was first established in 2001 in Jakarta. It is still believed to be the solution to decrease air pollution and also to shift Greater Jakartans to a car-free lifestyle. The evaluation of CFD begins by comparing the air quality of the Jl. Jenderal Sudirman – Jl. M.H. Thamrin Boulevard MONAS on CFDs and non-CFDs in January 2018. The methods involved interviewing CFD visitors about their perception and behavior toward CFD and air quality. The mean value of the Air Quality Index (AQI) occurs in Moderate Conditions of CO2 emissions during CFD and non-CFD are 424.2 and 495.4 ppm, respectively, while PM2.5 during CFD and non-CFD are 19 and 33, µg/m3, respectively. CFD visitors perceive the air quality to be better than on a nonCFD. However, the respondents are not sure whether CFD might shift people’s habits to a car-free lifestyle. To achieve

Figure 6.1. Map of Jenderal Sudirman Street - M. H. Thamrin Street.

this, a re-arrangement of spatial configurations must be done in order to accommodate people’s comfort. Policies have to be reevaluated and added to urge people to minimize the usage of private vehicles. After these interventions are applied, other similar initiatives, such as CFD can be applied in more urban locations. Keywords Adaptation, air pollution, behavioral change, car free day (CFD)

1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1.1. Background

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As the most populated city in Indonesia, the number of people commuting in Greater Jakarta is massive. Based on a data published in 2016, there are 27.5 million trips a day by cars, motorcycles, bicycles and public transport. The number of motorized vehicles in Jakarta is about 9.9 million, with 8.1% average annual growth. On the other hand, the annual average growth of road length is about 0.01% (DKI Jakarta Provincial Government, 2016). The high amount of traffic is what causes congestion in Jakarta. Thus, traffic results in higher energy consumption and high incidences of air pollution. Based on the Jakarta Local Government figures, the total cost of traffic congestion estimated IDR 12.8 trillion/ year (Dewi, 2014). This traffic also causes the reduction in vehicular speed that produces more air pollution Since 1990, exposure to Jakarta’s air pollution is one of the highest in the world. In 2017, DKI Jakarta only had 14 days of “Good Condition” air quality based on the AQI Index (KPBB, 2017) which is defined by how many pollutants, which include SO0, NO2, CO, PM2.5, PM10 and ozone, are apparent in the AQI readings. In 2010, 42% of air pollution is emitted by power generation, 30% transportation, 22% industry, and 7% from housing (Yudha, 2017). The emissions from these pollutants cause various air pollution-related diseases. Up to 57.8% of the Jakarta citizens suffered health risks related

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to air pollution-related problems (KPBB, 2017). For example, NOx, of which NO2, in human blood can reduce the concentration of oxygen in body organs that would lead to dehydration, even organ failure (Manahan, 2005).

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This unhealthy situation then produces other threats to Jakartans. In this case, the government has an important role to counter the air pollution and its effects. Jakarta Government has taken the initiative to prevent and solve in part the air pollution problems, with initiatives, such as CFD (Car Free Day), BRT (Bus Rapid Transportation), MRT (Mass-Rapid Transportation, and LRT (Light-Rapid Transportation). DKI Jakarta Government plans to transform these initiatives into a tri-strategy transportation master plan. These are: (1) develop public transportation, (2) apply traffic restraint measures, and (3) instigate network capacity improvement. One solution related to traffic management that was believed to be able to transform Jakarta into a more ecologically green and sustainable metropolitan region is now actually questionable. Certain roads or districts are blocked during the CFD period. It is doubtful that defining prohibitive zones will stop people from using their private vehicles. People often take a detour to locations outside the CFD-designated zone. Another questionable aspect is whether people use public transportation to go to the CFD area or whether they still use their private vehicles. The differences in air quality during CFD times have to be defined in the overall context of: “How far can CFD increase people’s awareness to use

more public transportation or even walking to reduce air pollution?” 1.2. Objectives The main objective in this research is to find out how Jakarta citizens behave toward the air quality of Jakarta, in relation to the way they mobilize themselves and how they use public and private transport in Greater Jakarta. This research identifies the causes of air pollution and the impacts toward people’s lives, likes and desires, health, energy, time, productivity, money, and other aspects. The citizens’ responses toward the air pollution and traffic impacts will be defined and analyzed. The way people mitigate the impacts will be among the reasons for developing practical solutions and community adaptation strategies to strengthen Jakarta’s air pollution reduction action plan. 1.3. Issue The issues are especially focused on Jakarta citizen’s perception on the air quality between the CFDs and Non CFDs in Jl. Sudirman – Jl. Thamrin after 17 years CFD was debuted for the first time. We defined how far CFD has improved Jakarta’s citizens awareness about the relationship between their transportation choices and air quality and how effective CFD is as a government initiative on pollution reduction strategy. The analysis is derived from using the methodology of a verbal or written questionnaire with some supporting topics, such as: (1) the air quality of Jakarta during working days and on the weekend, especially in

Car Free Day; (2) Jakarta’s citizens perception and adaptation to the level of air pollution in Jakarta; and (3) Jakarta City government strategy to strengthen the existing initiatives for Jakarta air pollution reduction programs to encourage behavioral change amongst Jakarta’s citizens relative to mobility modes. 1.4. Hypothesis

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Our initial proposition about the outcome of the evaluation of current air pollution reducing initiatives, which is centered on a car-free lifestyle, means that Jakarta will need an integration of systems and facilities around the city that support the objective of each respective traffic management policy initiative, such as CFD (Car Free Day), BRT (Bus Rapid Transportation), MRT (MassRapid Transportation, and LRT (Light-Rapid Transportation). The hypothesis of this research is that CFD could be the biggest influence to increase the trend of public transportation usage by Jakarta’s citizen. The emissions from these pollutants The emissions from these pollutants cause various air pollution-related diseases. Up to 57.8% of the Jakarta

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2. M E T H O D S

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The research team was composed of masters’ degree and senior undergraduate students from Universitas Indonesia, the University of Florida and Cardiff University, who participated in the Joint Eco-City Live Workshop held in Jakarta and Depok during a twelveday workshop from 14-26 January 2018. The Group 6 Research Team conducted research on the Jendral Sudirman Street - M. H. Thamrin Street Boulevard, from the Youth Statue to the National Monument.

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To fulfill the objectives related to citizens’ behavior and perception in the context of air pollution and traffic, this research was conducted initially using qualitative methods by interviewing people during Car Free Days on the weekends and Non-Car Free Days on working days. The questions were posed to a random sampling of 55 people to gather data concerning their perspectives about CFD & Non-CFD, and to determine their perception of air quality differences, if any, between those two types of days. Quantitative measurements were taken by monitoring air quality using air quality reading instruments. Therefore, the data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The interviews took place on CFDs in ad-hoc locations and on various spots along Jenderal Sudirman Road - M. H. Thamrin Boulevard, between National Monument (Monumen Nasional/ Monas) and

To obtain the data, a field survey using a written questionnaire and verbal interviews was conducted by the research team to gain knowledge about what the respondents knew and perceived about the air quality in Jakarta. The respondents were from a wide cross-section of Jakartans and local and international tourists, composed of various age brackets and educational levels. The data was then compared with the actual Air Quality Monitoring data collected using a device to measure AQI, PM2.5, CO2 levels, temperature and humidity levels in the surveyed area. The device used was an Atlanta Healthcare AirVisual Monitor-Node which specifically monitors the air quality and determines the amount of pollutants affecting human health. This device measures fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by using a sensor for fine particulate matter

with a photometer detector system that calibrates and considers the temperature and humidity. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) was detected using an infrared gas sensor system in the device. The Air Quality Index (AQI) was determined by the concentration of PM2.5. The monitoring was done to determine the difference in air quality between CFD and non-CFD times. Data from the monitoring device and survey were combined to figure out people’s actual exposure levels to air pollution.

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Tugu Pemuda (Patung Pemuda Membangun/ Youth Advancement Monument/ Youth Statue) (Figure 6.1). The observation and monitoring were conducted in more specific locations, especially around Bundaran Hotel Indonesia (Hotel Indonesia Roundabout), specifically at the T-junctions where during the working days when there is a higher vehicle count and predictable traffic jams at peak hours. Bundaran H.I. is also the center of the original Central Business District (CBD), which includes offices, apartments, hotels, restaurants, entertainment places, and shopping malls, such as Grand Indonesia Mall, Plaza Indonesia Mall, Hotel Indonesia and Sarinah Thamrin Plaza. There are various mobility choices and modes that influence the mobility habits and the air quality index.

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3. A N A L Y S I S

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3.1. Air Quality from the People’s Perspective

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Figure 6.2. shows how people experience discomfort due to air pollution in the CFD zone. The x-axis indicates the level of time spent in the area, while the y-axis indicates the level of discomfort people feel in the CFD. The level of discomfort graph indicates what people think about the air quality regarding their respiratory health and comfort (Figure 6.2.). The average level of discomfort from the graph is 4 out of 5, which indicates that most people think the air quality is not very good for their health, regardless of the time people have spent in the CFD zone. This result indicates that air pollution is a major concern in Jakarta, especially for people who work or who are passersby on the streets in the CFD zone. Around seventy percent (70%) of the respondents are most likely to experience discomfort from the air quality, whether they either have respiratory symptoms, such as coughing, sneezing, and allergies, or they are just feeling uncomfortable with breathing in the CFD zone or in the non-CFD zone. Approximately, 13.3% of the people think the air quality is average, neither good nor bad for their health, and just 16.7% of the people think the air quality is comfortable. One respondent thinks that the air quality is good, relatively speaking, in comparison with the air quality in China, which is mostly at a level below that of Jakarta. Whereas, the rest of the

respondents think the air quality is good, because they do not have problems with their respiratory health.

After interviewing a random sample of approximately 50 CFD visitors, the majority have a positive perception (Okay until Very Comfortable) towards Car Free Day in terms of air quality aspects. The respondents perceive that the air quality when the CFD is held is perceived to be more comfortable than when the Non-CFD occurs. This perception is influenced by the fact that there are only a few vehicles leftover in the streets when the CFD zone regulations are in effect. The NOx, SOx, VOC, CO emissions and the fine particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 levels are minimized during CFD. On other hand, CFD visitors still feel

Regarding the respiratory health issues, people in Jakarta have a variety of ways in dealing with these air pollution problems. Many people wear masks when walking or riding along the street. The main reason is to reduce directly breathing in air pollution and to cut down on the smell. Additionally, wearing a colorful or characterful mask has also become a fashion trend. Another way to avoid air pollution is to look for an alternative route which is less congested. Some people, who are aware of the air pollution problem, choose to use public transportation, such as TransJakarta busway and the Kereta Api train commuter line. However, there is a majority of people who do not bother to seek alternative ways of dealing with air pollution, whether they have respiratory issues or not.

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The CFD zone itself is in the Central Business District (CBD) of Jakarta, which is crowded with cars, motorcycles, and buses. Air pollution levels, such as CO and PM could have direct impacts on respiratory health. Carbon monoxide (CO), as the result of fuel combustion, can cause headaches, dizziness, vomiting, and nausea. Exposure to moderate and high levels of CO over long periods of time has also been linked with increased risk of heart disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). While exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) can affect both the lungs and heart, problems caused by this exposure include non-fatal heart attacks, irregular heartbeat, asthma, and increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the nasal passages, coughing or difficulty breathing (Environmental Protection Agency, 2017).

disturbed by the Bus Rapid Transit system, TransJakarta, because the diesel-fueled buses emit a considerable amount of pollutants. The buses need to be converted into a more eco-friendly energy source, such as unleaded gasoline (petrol or benzene) or an electric bus. Diesel fuel by-products are considered to be more harmful than gasoline (petrol or benzene) fuel.

3.2. Air Pollution Exposure Air pollution is made up of different elements mainly CO, NO, SO, and PM (Particulate Matter). The government measures all of the gaseous elements, but the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has in certain analyses been overlooked. Generally, the main composition of PM2.5 is Si and Al. PM2.5 is mainly emitted during combustion, so the fine particulates are emitted

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Figure 6.1. Air quality monitoring comparison between CFD and non-CFD times Source: Research team, 2018.

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Figure 6.2. to 6.5. Collection of data processed from questionniare result. Source: Research team, 2018.

by engine exhaust and during fossil fuel combustion for power generation, biomass combustion, and metal smelting. PM2.5 and PM10 have six dominant sources, crustal material (8.7% and 25.3%), sea salt spray (6.1% and 15.0%), coal/biomass combustion (25.5% and 13.8%), fuel oil combustion (19.0% and 11.2%), road traffic (17.7% and 12.6%), and the metal industry (10.6% and 7.0%) (Reference, date) The presence of toxic metal spills present in the form of airborne dust particles is the greatest health hazard. In general, polluted air contains only harmful metals of about 0.01% to about 3% of all airborne dust particulates. However, the metal may be accumulative and there may be a synergistic reaction in the human’s body tissues. It is also known that the metal contained in the air, which is inhaled, has a greater effect than a similar exposure to a large dosage in food or drinking water. Therefore, the metal content in the air attached to the particulate matter deserves special attention. Using an Atlanta Healthcare AirVisual Monitor-Node device the research group calculated the exposure level of PM2,5 to pedestrians around the Jl. Sudirman – Jl. M. H. Thamrin Boulevard – MONAS (Figure 6.3.). As seen in Figure 6.3. above, twentythree percent (23%) of respondents were exposed to 10-12.7 μg/m3 PM2.5 within a week and approximately fifty-five percent (55%) of respondents were exposed to below 5.3 μg/m3 PM2.5. We compared these results to the Government’s policy related to health standards based on PP No. 41 Year 1999, which cite that the maximum exposure level for PM2.5 to the human body is 15 μg/Nm3 (in one year) where the

maximum exposure is 10-12.7 μg/m3 in one week.

under the safe level and may not harm the pedestrians.

On the other hand, pedestrian comfort level when walking or doing other activities during non CFDs along the Jl. Sudirman - Jl. M.H. Thamrin Boulevard is inversely proportional to the exposure level of PM2.5. It states that thirty-two percent (32%) of respondents were disturbed and thirty-five percent (35%) were very disturbed by the air quality. Only sixteen percent (16%) respondents were not disturbed by the air quality.

3.3. Jakarta Citizens’ Perception of Traffic Conditions in the Jl. Jenderal Sudirman - Jl M. H. Thamrin Boulevard - MONAS Car Free Day

Based on this data there is a likely correlation between ARI and air pollution levels. Even though the majority of respondents (42%) in Figure 6.4. claimed never or seldom to have experienced the ARI symptoms, it could happen because the exposure level toward them was not more than 4.4 μg/m3 which is

It is recognized that the public transportation routes do not adequately cover all of the Jakarta metropolitan region and that some transportation modes, such as the Busway or the train stations are not linked together. It is also inefficient because it takes longer because there are too many transit stops. For example, the route that is linked Gambir region and closest bus stop to the H.I Roundabout, part of the CFD location. If we took private vehicle, we only needed about 15 minute to reach the destination while if we used busway system, it took about 45 minutes because the route looped and a long heading time.

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The next step, we then calculated amount of people’s health reaction that occurs as an effect of air pollution on Non-CFDs during weekdays. In Figure 6.4., which illustrates the occurences of respiratory problems, it can be seen that thirty-two percent (32%) of the respondents claimed to never having symptoms, such as coughing or shortness of breath, related to Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), while ten percent (10%) of the respondents rarely or seldom experienced ARI symptoms. Thirty-two percent (32%) of the respondents sometimes had ARI symptoms and ten percent (10%) of the respondents admitted they are experiencing ARI symptoms periodically. Sixteen percent (16%) of the respondents often had daily occurrences.

Based on the data we collected, most of the CFD visitors preferred using their own vehicles to go to various CFD locations, such as Gelora Senayan on Jl. Jenderal Sudirman because it is considered to be more accessible and efficient to travel by personal vehicles. A contributing factor is personal preferences, since most of the respondents found that m public transportation route is inconvenient for direct access to the Jl. Jenderal Sudirman – Jl. M.H. Thamrin Boulevard – MONAS-CFD locations.

3.4. Evaluation of the Purpose of Car Free Day CFD was first established in 2001 in Jakarta. Its aim was and still is

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to encourage people to use public transportation and to regard walking and public transport as their first choice for mobility. The CFD initiative was meant to increase people’s awareness that public transportation and walking as a combined habit could make a positive contribution to the improvement of air quality. Lower carbon emissions related to fossil fuel consumption would reduce the negative impact on air quality and reduce the effects of climate change. Since 2001, the government has taken over the CFD initiative. The research team observed that the purpose of CFD appears to be shifting.

CFD also brings the respondents in touch with “Living a Good Lifestyle.” Forty-eight percent (48%) of the respondents think that CFD can help them in not only pursuing a balanced, healthier life, but also increasing their social interaction by building more connections with each other. Despite the fact that CFD can improve life quality, only a few of the respondents considered the possibility of CFD to directly reduce air pollution. CFD is also one of the tools for doing sports, such as jogging, bicycling, playing volleyball, or running with their pets at Gelora Senayan or at MONAS. The CFD opens up the main boulevard to afford space for sports.

By evaluating the CFD implementation through field survey observations, our research findings indicate that CFD is stimulating the development of small-scale businesses, such as mobile food and drink sellers, who move from spotto-spot on CFDs.

However, seventy-seven (77%) respondents still have a negative impression about CFD. People are convinced that CFD gives an impression of a clear, car-free route on CFD, which is a vast improvement in the chaotic traffic and congestion experienced on Non-CFDs. However, since Jakarta is the capital city for 9 million people, the conditions on CFD itself are also crowded, especially for joggers. Runners reported overcrowding, which somewhat reduces their satisfaction. This grievance makes us assume that CFD purpose as a sports day is somewhat compromised inadvertently due to the popularity of CFD for many different activities.

The results of the interviews also convinced the researchers that nowadays CFDs have deviated from its initial purpose of focusing on transport. The emphasis is now on social and cultural activities, which return the streets of the CBD to the people on Sundays. “Commercial and Entertainment” activities, “Living a Good Lifestyle,” and “Sports” are the most common phrases related to CFD among the respondents’ comments. “Commercial and Entertainment” is the most often-quoted phrase because people feel that CFD can give time and space for commercial activities and entertainment on the weekend. 170

4. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S

This condition is also bolstered up by the ease of obtaining a loan to buy a private vehicle, such as a small down payment to purchase a motorcycle and simplified procedures to get a driving license and registration vehicle number. The government has to take in account people’s perceptions and attitudes toward private car and motorcycle ownership. The transportation policy can be applied in many ways, either persuasively or coercively. To change people’s perceptions in this research is related to public transport and air pollution. Persuasive methods to improve the general public’s attitude can be done through CFDs. The events held during CFD are supposed to increase people’s awareness about the environment, with an emphasis on air quality and mobility habits and

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The research results conclude that Jakarta citizens are in doubt whether CFD could change people’s mobility habits from using private motor vehicles into public transportation. A majority of the respondents agree and have faith in the effectiveness of the CFD initiative, but at the same time they also have doubts regarding an improvement in the habits and behavior of all Jakarta’s citizens. To transform people’s transport habits and preferences for private vehicles, whether it be a car or a motorcycle, will take a quite a long time, bearing in mind the trend of private motor vehicles usage to increase dramatically from 1990’s to the present

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Figure 6.6. Proposed road pricing area and gantries. Source: Research Team, 2018.

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preferences. CFD, as an awareness campaign, can impart knowledge to people by delivering the facts about better air quality. During CFDs, when people start leaving their private vehicles at home and instead they choose to use public transportation also gives them a benefit right away.

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To widen the benefits of CFD, the government can also open other new locations for CFD elsewhere in the city or elongate the existing CFD route so more people could experience the benefits of CFD and they could be educated about the improvement in air quality. However, the government should be more considerate in selecting the new routes and also what kind of facilities, such as toilets they have to provide while CFD is being held, for instance, the addition of engineered traffic control monitors. CFD regulations could be expanded carefully with the intention to avoid new problems. This persuasive method is estimated to achieve the CFD goals through raising the level of citizens’ self-consciousness in responding to the air pollution and traffic problems. The government also has to use coercive methods and public policy measures to encourage citizens to fulfill this combined goal of a reduction in air pollution and traffic volumes, for instance, an Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) policy may be considered. ERP is a traffic regulation policy in which road users are charged a fee to use certain roads during certain hours. (Mun et al., 2003; Yudhistira, 2015). Given the electronic road pricing charge, there will be a higher probability that routine users will use alternative routes, choose different commute

times and/or choose mobility modes.

different

Another traffic management policy is a “3-in-1” regulation, requiring a minimum number of passengers per car to enter the CBD or congestion zone. However, this system was compromised in Jakarta when car “jockeys” from the informal sector caught a ride for a minimal charge to commuters who were going into the CBD during morning and evening rush hours. In a 3-in-1 system with ERP, multiple occupants in the car could share the road charge. so the cost will be much cheaper than when only occupied by one passenger with the driver of the car, as is a common occurrence in Jakarta. The ERP policy can increase the city government’s income which can be used to offset the cost of road infrastructure and public transport facilities. The intention of ERP and other transport charges is to encourage people to walk and to use public transportation. Since 2016, the idea of implementing ERP in Jakarta, especially on Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Boulevard has been aimed at replacing the “3-in1” policy during peak traffic hours. Indonesia can learn from Singapore’s experience in implementing the ERP policy in 1975. Gopinath Menon and Sarah Guttikunda, (2010) suggest that ERP policies are applied in the Central Business District (CBD), which produces the highest vehicle volume. The government can define an imaginary border around the designated congestion zones by placing gantries with electronic readers at strategic locations. Private vehicle users, who enter the zones in the designed time period,

Besides the ERP policy and an electronic monitoring system, the government can also increase the usage of public transportation by giving easy access for all citizens. These examples include special rates for the youth and senior citizens to travel in non-commuter hours at a reduced cost. Another policy to reduce traffic congestion is the Ride-and-Park system to the train stations located in the suburbs, such as the Depok Baru Train Station. This system could be changed into Cycle-and-Park with examples like the Santander Bike Hire system in Central London, (2018). This system means there will be a certain number of bicycles that could be hired by people. Implementing the Santander Cycle system that has been applied in London, in Jakarta could also have

merit. A “Cycle and Ride” system would alleviate transport difficulties to and from the station or in and around the city center. People will enjoy riding a bike to or from the nearest station, weather permitting. The system of bike hiring has to be as simple as possible. A simple system will modify the attitude that a bikesharing system is “too complicated and too confusing.” By adopting the European system where people can hire a bike for as little as Rp. 5.000,to Rp. 15.000,-/ trip. People would go to any docking station with their bank card or electronic wallet in their phone, then touch the screen to get started to hire a bike. Therefore, people do not need to pre-book the bike first before riding it. They can easily hire any bike they like, ride it where they like, and then return it to any docking station within a designated zone. The government or a private sector bike hire company could put a GPS on the bike to make sure that it is returned. If people did not return back the bike within, say 24 hours, a fine would be charged to cover the cost of replacement. Also the system can be equipped with a lending list history, so if there is any damage to the bike, the last person hiring the bike would be liable for the damage and then they would be charged on their e-card or as a last resort require action through the legal courts. Whereas, these ideas for a bike-sharing system may work well in Europe, enforcement would be a major issue in Jakarta. There is a bike-sharing system at the Fatahillah Town Square, which is popular with local and international tourists.

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for example in the morning from 8 am - 12 noon and in the evening from 4 - 8 pm, have to pay the fixed toll. Routine users’ vehicles are coded with symbols or colors based on their district licenses so they are easily identified. The violators would not be stopped, but their detailed information would be submitted electronically. Possibly an e-card could provide a direct payment or another way is that the violators will be sent summons and they would have to pay a fine within two weeks. However, a major obstacle in an ERP policy would be the enforcement and the costs to collect the fines. If the government can afford to purchase the automatic machine for this system, it would be more efficient and effective. and ERP still can be applied with the help of ERP monitors to reduce amount of violators.

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5. C O N C L U S I O N CFD has been known with its potential to effectively reduce considerable concentration of air pollutants giving direct benefits to Jakartans. CFD can reduce CO2 and PM2.5 up to 14% and 74% respectively. The success of this initiative toward congestion problems is still unclear if it is not followed by other improvement in transportation policies, such as improvements in pedestrian facilities and private vehicle ownership and usage regulation. By opening new locations elsewhere or elongating the existing route with the addition of campaigning the facts about better air quality during CFD, more people could be educated and experience the benefits of CFD. Hence, the level of citizens’ selfconciousness in responding to the air pollution and traffic problems will rise. More coercive methods through Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) will increase probability of routine users to choose different mobility modes or choose different commuting times which will reduce the number of vehicle along Sudirman Street. Increasing the usage of public transportation by giving easy access for all citizens and applying simple Ride-and-Park system to the train stations located in the suburbs will also raise citizen’s willingness to change their mobility modes from private vehicle to public transportation.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2016). Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. https://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showCoRisk.action CGTN America, (2017). Indonesia tackles air pollution as Jakarta’s air quality raises alarms. 3 January 2017, uploaded 23 November 2017. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ZZnggWcHtzo Dewi, Y. R., (2014). Strategi Humas Dinas Perhubungan Darat DKI Jakarta dalam Mengatasi Kemacetan Lalu Lintas di Ibukota. Wacana, Volume 13 (4), pp. 344-363

Gunawan, A., Adri, N., Aruperes, E., (2017). Protests on ride-hailing apps remain intense, (in Manado, Sulawesi). In: The Jakarta Post, 25 October 2017, p. 8., uploaded 23 November 2017. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/10/25/protests-ridehailing-apps-remain-intense.html. https://www.pressreader.com/indonesia/thejakarta-post/20171025/281685435091834

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Greenpeace, (2017). “Jakarta’s Silent Killer: How The City’s Dangerous Levels of Air Pollution Are About To Get Even Worse,” 24 October 2017, uploaded 07 December 2017. http://www. greenpeace.org/seasia/Press-Centre/publications/Jakartas-Silent-Killer and http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/PageFiles/766576/Jakarta’s%20Silent%20 Killer%20Report%20-%20Oct%2024%202017.pdf (2015). “Harvard’s Research Result: Human Cost of Coal – Indonesia,” 12 August 2015, uploaded 07 December 2017. http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/id/press/ reports/ Harvards-Research-Result-Human-Cost-of-Coal-Indonesia/ http://www. greenpeace.org/seasia/id/PageFiles/695938/full-report-human-cost-of-coal-power. pdf

Haryanto, B., (2012). Air pollution – a comprehensive perspective. Intechopen.com https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Budi_Haryanto2/publication/249315514_Air_ pollution_A_comprehensive_perspective/links/02e7e51e9500ee5c4b000000/Airpollution-A-comprehensive-perspective.pdf International Energy Agency, (2015). World Energy Outlook 2015 Jakarta Local Government, (2014). Jakarta Urban Transport Problems and Their Environmental Impacts. https://www.ui.ac.id/download/apru-awi/jakarta-localgoverment.pdf Komite Penghapusan Bensin Bertimbal (KPBB), (2017). Fact Sheet: Zona Merah Pencemaran Udara. Available online at http://www.kpbb.org/news/euro4_kpbb.pdf, Accessed on 28 April 2018 Manahan, S. E., (2005). Environmental Chemistry Eighth Edition. CRC Press LLC, New York, USA Menon, G., Guttikunda, S., (2010). Electronic Road Pricing: Experience & Lessons from Singapore. http://www.environmentportal.in/files/ERP-Singapore-Lessons.pdf 177

Santander Cycle, (2018). Transport for London: Hire Bikes in London with Santander Cycles. https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/cycling/santander-cycles Satyayudha, (2017). Air Pollution and Its Implication for Indonesia: Challenges and Imperatives for Change. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/ en/183201496935944434/200417-AirQualityAsia-Air-Pollution.pdf Yudha, S. W., (2017). Air Pollution and Its Implications for Indonesia: Challenges and Imperatives for Change. Available online at http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/ en/183201496935944434/200417-AirQualityAsia-Air-Pollution.pdf, Accessed on 28 April 2018

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Yudhistira, M.H., (2015). On the Effects of The Electronic Road Pricing Plan in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area. http://www.grips.ac.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/fulltextphd09014.pdf

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CLOSING REMARKS

CONTENTS: Closing Remarks 1. Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, ST., M.Sc., Ph.D Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia

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2. Christopher Silver, Co-Pl, Professor Department of Urban and Regional Planning School of Design, Construction and Planning University of Florida

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3. Dr. Andrea Frank Department of Geography and Planning Cardiff University 4. Dr. Ing. Ir. Dalhar Susanto Head Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia Student Representatives

Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, ST, M. Sc., Ph.D Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia

hard infrastructure of a Smart City, whereas it is up to us as individuals and citizens to create the soft infrastructure for an Eco-City which strengthens the natural, social and cultural environments. During the field trips and surveys, we witnessed first-hand the reality of kampung living and the sharp contrast with our modern commercial world. Lively, vibrant kampung communities are managing to survive at subsistence level, yet they are further challenged with demolition for urban renewal. On the other hand, what seems like devastation is ultimately geared towards building a rejuvenated, healthier historic district for residents and tourists alike in Kota Tua at Kampung Luar Batang, Pasar Ikan and Sunda Kelapa. Yet despite our good intentions, unpredictable

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Professors, Students, Colleagues and Guests, I would like to express my appreciation to each one of you for your energy, inquisitiveness and personal contribution to the Eco-City Live Project 2018, which is investigating the urban ecology, economy, and culture of Jakarta and Depok. Together we are discovering the fluid connectivity between natural ecological systems, green and hard infrastructure and the intricate web of human life. Our intellect and our feelings are challenged by the complexity of urban ecology, yet we can all share in the marvel, ingenuity, and power of ideas to imagine how Jakarta and Depok might become an EcoCity in the future. In that regard, the engineering, architecture, geography, urban planning, transportation and IT disciplines provide the academic policy framework for the

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events do occur, such as the fire last week at the 17th-century Maritime Museum Bahari, which was caused by an electrical short circuit and the 6.1 magnitude earthquake, which struck Jakarta on Tuesday, and prompted a mass evacuation from high-rise buildings and parts of the city itself. After the earthquake, the natural human response was to head for the natural safety of home, thereby generating a cause-andeffect chain reaction of huge traffic jams leaving the CBD. These events bring forward the fragility of an ecological urban renaissance. After the Field Surveys, the Symposium and Focus Group Discussions added relevant academic and community expertise to the formulation of new policy proposals for our Eco-City Live Project. In Panel 1, entitled, “Urban Policy, Planning, Heritage, Smart City, and Transportation,” Dr. Oswar M. Mungkasa, Deputy Governor of City Planning and Environment for DKI Jakarta spoke on implementing the Green City approach with the eight attributes of a Green City, which are the prerequisites for a Resilient City. Prof. Christopher Silver, University of Florida described Jakarta’s planning heritage as a maritime and water city in “Reconnecting with its Heritage: Planning Jakarta on Eco-City Principles.” I, (Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan), discussed both tangible

and intangible heritage issues in a “Historic Urban [Kampung} Landscape Approach” with an emphasis on the urban context and geographic conditions in potential UNESCO World Heritage sites. Ir. R. Jachrizal Sumabrata delivered an overview of the population growth, vehicle growth and its impact on the environment in “Sustainable Urban Transport in Jakarta.” Dr. Gabriel Andari Kristanto addressed the connections between traffic, air pollution and waste in “Jakarta and Air Pollution.” Dr. Ahmad Gamal revealed a critical review of “Smart City” terminology and an innovative LIDAR program (subject to intellectual property rights) to analyze building development and land use ratios. Panel 2: “Eco-City, CommunityBased, and Design Intervention” began with Dr. Andrea Frank and Dr. Andrew Flynn’s presentation on the environmental concerns related to “Health, Environment, and Community-Based Interventions.” Dr. Li Yu offered examples of smart cards being used in markets in China in his lecture on “Sustainable Cities under Multi-Discourses.” Dr. Evawani Ellisa, in the “The Living Laboratory of Cikini” described a cross-cultural Japanese-Betawi wedding ceremony under a red bamboo canopy in Kampung Cikini. Diane Wildsmith chose Plato’s theme of earth-air-fire-water with

In the Focus Group Discussions, students were able to interact directly with NGOs and community representatives to further develop their policy interventions for the final presentations. Among these representatives were Sri Probo Sudarmo (FORKIM) and Jakarta urban planner Dr. Wicaksono Sarosa who outlined Heritage and Development issues in the kampungs; a representative from Kampung Cikini engaged the participants in Green City and Smart City discussions; a representative from Cipinang Melayu’s Community Health Center (Puskesmas)* and a representative from the Department of Health broadly investigated health and well-being issues; and experts, who presented Air Pollution and Transportation Issues included

invited guests, such as Suharyanto (TOD expert from PT. MRT) and Dr. Budi Haryanto (FKM UI). I would also like to thank everyone from Universitas Indonesia, University of Florida and Cardiff University, all the team leaders, all the facilitators, all of our resource persons, all of the moderators, and all of the students, and of course, the Organizing Committee (Coriesta, Elita and Ajeng). Thank you so much.

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iconic examples of biomorphic ‘hydro-scrapers’ in “Transitioning to an Inspired Eco-Architecture.”

In conclusion, we look forward to the completion of your research during this semester for the EcoCity Live Project 2018. In the interest of time, I would now like to pass on to Dr. Christopher Silver from the University of Florida and Dr. Andrea Frank from Cardiff University to augment these closing remarks on behalf of our panel. Thank you very much for your participation.

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Christopher Silver, Co Pl, Professor

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Department of Urban and Regional Planning College of Design, Construction and Planning University of Florida

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The group this year did the best job collectively that we have ever seen. Only one of the groups, Setu Rawa Besar, had precedents, but they too took their research in a new direction. The mechanism of the research methodology as well as student mobility funds were adopted and stretched out of the original Global Green Infrastructure (GGI) grant. We are going to continue somehow into the third year, since the importance of this grant is to give all the students an international experience.

Dr. Andrea Frank School of Geography and Planning Cardiff University

sia focuses on design intervention. We made it through with huge compromises on either side. We looked at both design and policy. We had some interest from the local government, in part; however getting data, i.e., land values, was difficult because records don’t exist, or are not collected or are not easily accepted.

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I just realised that I am turning into a historian, in reflecting on the past three years of using innovatively green infrastructure. “What kind of achievements did we record?” In 2016, we focused narrowly on green infrastructure and on water management, which is a big issue in megapolitan regions. There were three sites, 28 students from Cardiff, 5 students from Florida plus 30 or so students from Universitas Indonesia, plus staff and facilitators. It was less ambitious than this year’s programme. For the three sites, we got off to a slightly rough start. Positively speaking from a naive perspective, we assumed everyone would feel what a workshop was like and from our expectations we realised from the outside that there was a clash. Cardiff University focuses on policy, whereas Universitas Indone-

In the 2017 experience, we also started to expand our focus to air pollution and health impacts in all of these environments. We visited hospitals to learn about diseases. We visited Air Pollution Monitoring Stations and we made outside visits to the community to improve our understanding of health issues. Community leaders benefited and we benefited from listening to them. They are the most effective and important agents to influence the qual-

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ity of life. Green Infrastructure (GI) means different things to different people. In the US, water management means open space, whereas in the UK and in Europe, the interpretation is different. In Indonesia, green infrastructure means “green energy” and the generation of real infrastructure for green benefits [from renewable energy]. This year in 2018, we were the most ambitious. We are really challenged by what you have achieved in an integrated way, which has been changed into new values. It was not just the banner at UI, but also the banner at the train station which was a sign of embedding of this work here, which we hope to expand into a certificate programme in the future. Thanks to all the students for sticking with us and for all the collaboration and cultural learning. We hope you will take some memories home. These are priceless memories. Thank you.

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Dr. Ing. Ir. Dalhar Susanto Head, Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia

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First of all, I would like to congratulate all of you that we have finished our Eco-City Live Program 2018. I would like to thank all of you for being involved in this program. I hope to see you again. I hope that everyone can benefit not only the faculty, but also all our students and all the overseas students. I hope this program will benefit the City of Jakarta and its people to have a greater understanding of these matters. I hope that you enjoyed the food, especially the street food, which is the best. Which one did you like better? The baso or the

satay or the lumpia? Once again congratulations. Also on behalf of the Department, our congratulations are extended to Prof. Chris Silver as Adjunct Professor. Honorable guests, Prof. Asvial, Prof. Jachrizal, Prof. Silver, Dr. Andrea Frank, Dr. Andrew Flynn, Dr. Li Yu, Prof. Kemas, and all the lecturers and, of course, all the participants. We hope that you are inspired to give advice and guidance for the future. On behalf of all of us, “Have a Wonderful Indonesia.”

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Taurean (T.J.) Merriweather University of Florida is a great international collaboration. .. This “ This is an interdisciplinary experience and having this chance is a huge step towards working together.

Hanifa Fijriah Universitas Indonesia learned a lot about culture, “ We with priceless memories and 188

priceless experiences. What we have produced is a bonus.

Liam P. Egan Cardiff University

“

I am very grateful for all the feelings of goodwill and comradeship, charming, passionate and committed people. I would like to thank you for the friendship and the comradeship.

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Xiaolu Wu Cardiff University Chinesse Student Representative

main change is the way we are thinking. ... It is “ The an impressive way to understand each other

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APPENDIX

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THE ORGANIZERS Convenors

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Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, S.T., M.Sc. Universitas Indonesia`

Prof. Christopher Silver University of Florida

Steering Committee & Supervisors Diane Wildsmith, AIA., RIBA., M. Sc. Arch., MIPP Ir. Herlily, M. Urb. Des. Ir. Evawani Ellisa, M. Eng., Ph.D. Dr. Ing. Ova Chandra Dewi, S.T., M. Sc. Ir. R. Jachrizal Sumabrata, M. Sc. (Eng.), Ph.D. Gabriel Andari Kristanto, Ph.D. Dr. Li Yu Dr. Andrew Flynn

Organizing Committee Ajeng Nadia Ilmiani, S.Ars. Coriesta Dian Sulistyowati, S.Ars., M. Ars. Elita Nuraeny, S.Ars., M. A.

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Dr. Andrea Frank Cardiff University

Facilitators Mushab Abdu As-Syahid, S. Ars., M. Ars. Sutanrai Abdillah, S. Ars. Amira Paramitha, S.Ars., M. Ars. Gadisha Amelia R.F., S. Ars. Fazrin Rahman, S. Ars., M.P.L. Baskoro Laksi, S.T., M. Sc. Intan Chairunnisa, S. Ars. Gabroni Ade Arbi Sagala, S.T., M.T.

Nabila Marasabessy, S.T.

Contributors Oswar M. Mungkasa Deputy Governor of City Planning and Environment for DKI Jakarta Dr. Ing. Ir. Dalhar Susanto, Universitas Indonesia

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Amrina Rosyana, S.T.

Ahmad Gamal, S. Ars., M. Si., MUP, Ph.D. Universitas Indonesia Joko Adianto, S.T., M. Ars., Ph.D. Universitas Indonesia Suharyanto TOD expert from PT. MRT Candrian Attahiyat Cultural Tourism and Heritage of DKI Jakarta Sri Probo Sudarmo FORKIM Wicaksono Sarosa City planner for Indonesia Representative from Cipinang Community Health Center BAPPEDA Depok

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GROUPS

Group 1 Participants Arga Patria Dranie Putra (UI) Nia Namira Hanum (UI) Khalil Gibran (UI) Astri Palupi (UI) Taurean Merriweather (UF) Chengpeng Zhu (CU) Cheng Yang (CU) Liam P. Egan (CU) Mingyang Xie (CU) Nan Yin (CU)

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Coordinators Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, S.T., M. Sc. Diane Wildsmith, AIA, RIBA, M. Sc. Arch. Dr. Li Yu Facilitators Mushab Abdu As Syahid, S. Ars., M. Ars. Sutanrai Abdillah, S. Ars.

Participants Dic Fla Vidya (UI) Sarah Nabila (UI) Salsabila Andara (UI) Kani Muthmainnah (UI) Austen Dole (UF) Lai Wei (CU) Yiran Wang (CU) Ziwei Wang (CU) Zhengmain Liu (CU) Wanjun Li (CU)

Coordinators Prof. Dr. Christopher Silver Ir. Herlily, M. Urb. Des. Dr. Andrea Frank

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Group 2

Facilitators Amira Paramitha, S. Ars., M. Ars.

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Group 3 Participants Shaflian (UI) Dimas Aditama (UI) Hanifa Fijriah (UI) Hani Mardhotillah (UI) Elysse Dallas (UF) Ran Wang (CU) Yan He (CU) YonXin Tang (CU) Xiaolu Wu (CU) Lu Liu (CU)

Coordinators Ir. Evawani Ellisa, M. Eng., Ph.D. Dr. Li Yu Facilitators Gadisha Amelia R.F., S. Ars. Fazrin Rahman, S. Ars., MPL.

Participants Nurseto Nugroho (UI) Noviar Dwidaud (UI) Boris Prilyan (UI) Enrique Perez (CU) Li Lu (CU) Victor Meleghy (CU) Yujiao Zhang (CU) Adrian Medina (CU)

Coordinators Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, S.T., M. Sc. Dr. Andrea Frank

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Group 4

Facilitators Mushab Abdu As Syahid, S. Ars., M. Ars. Sutanrai Abdillah, S. Ars.

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Group 5 Participants Rizka Felly (UI) Erina Asyera (UI) Cut Sannas (UI) Aisyah Kayana (UI) Intan Findanavy (UI) Vimala Dewi (UI) Dania Siska (UI) Laura Stilwell (UF) Yinchao Lyu (CU) Yan Ge (CU) Yunhua Wen (CU)

Coordinators Dr. Ing. Ova Chandra Dewi, S.T., M. Sc. Dr. Andrew Flynn Facilitators Baskoro Laksi, S.T., M. Sc. Intan Chairunnisa, S. Ars.

Participants Auliya Adhiprakoso (UI) Rajab Ali (UI) Heidy Octaviani Rachman (UI) Margareta Novia Asih (UI) Yenny Silvia (UI) Danastri Parimitha (UI) Saqier XX (CU) Xinzhu Wang (CU) Yue Cui (CU) Li Guan (CU) Irvan Pulungan (CU)

Coordinators Ir. R. Jachrizal Sumabrata, S.T., M.T. Gabriel Andari Kristanto, Ph.D. Dr. Andrew Flynn

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Group 6

Facilitators Gabroni Ade Arbi Sagala, S.T., M.T. Amrina Rosyana, S.T. Nabila Marabessy, S.T.

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THE PARTICIPANTS

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 First day field trip Meeting point at Fatahillah Square and a welcoming speech by Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 First day field trip Journey to Kampung Luar Batang with a short stop at Museum Bahari and Pasar Ikan (left). To enter Kampung Luar Batang, a small boat ferried participants across the river (upper right image). The trip continued to Kampung Lodan, Tongkol, and Krapu, hosted by Komunitas Anak Kali Ciliwung (KAKC) (right).

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First day field trip A group photo at Kampung Tongkol, Krapu, and Lodan with hosts (above). The journey continued to Kampung Cikini and viewed some collaborative projects between Universitas Indonesia and locals (below).

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Second day field trip Visited Setu Rawa Besar in Depok by train, followed with travelling to Menteng by bus through main streets in Jakarta (Sudirman-Thamrin-Menteng).

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Second day field trip The trip ended at Taman Menteng for an hour of group meeting, discussing their possible actions and research methods to answer issues in their sites.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Colloquium and Group Presentation After a week of field trip and survey, each group presented their preliminary ideas regarding their site’s issue.

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Symposium and Panel Discussion For a more in-depth understanding on topics of Eco-City Live Project 2018, a symposium and discussion was held with academics and expert as our resource persons. Oswar M. Mungkasa, Deputy Governor of City Planning and Environment for DKI Jakarta, was the keynote speaker.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Focus Group Discussion Following Eco-City Live Project Symposium and Panel Discussion, participants attended a group discussion with experts and resource persons, discussing specifically on their site and topic. The discussion was ended with conclusive presentations from each group.

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Final Presentation and Exhibition As the conclusion of Eco-City joint studio, participants presented their final proposals: either design interventions and/or renewing public policies. Also, a small exhibition was held at the exhibtion area of Department of Architecture UI to showcase participants’ ideas to a broader audience.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Final Presentation and Exhibition As the conclusion of Eco-City joint studio, participants presented their final proposals: either design interventions and/or renewing public policies. Also, a small exhibition was held at the exhibtion area of Department of Architecture UI to showcase participants’ ideas to a broader audience.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Adjunct Professor Inauguration As part of Eco-City Live Project 2018, the inauguration was held at Seminar Room of Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia. Prof. Christopher Silver opened his inaugural ceremony by presenting his research interest in Indonesia, titled “Seeking the Green, Sustainable and Equitable Megacity: Some Reflections on Jakarta’s Planning”.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Closing Ceremony And finally, the closing ceremony of EcoCity Live Project 2018 started with conclusive speeches by convenors. As part of the ceremony, four representatives (Taurean Merriweather from University of Florida, Hanifa Fijriah from Universitas Indonesia, Liam P. Egan and Xiaolu Wu from Cardiff University) gave their opinions and experiences during the event.

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Eco-City Live Project 2018 Closing Dinner Held at Nyonya Rasa, Depok, Eco-City’s students, lecturers, and facilitators gathered for a last dinner together.

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IJSS PREVIOUS ISSUES Printed edition are available in Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia

Urban Intervention: Centuries of Exchange Ideas, Technology & Development

Global Innovation Initiative Urban Green Infrastructure: An Interactive Web of Water, Space & Life

2011 132 pages | 9.84” x 8.27” ISBN 978-979-97217-7-8

2016 v + 255 pages | 9.84” x 8.27” ISBN 978-602-72857-4-3

Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia Dipartimento di Architettura e Pianificazione, Politecnico di Milano

Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia Cardiff University University of Florida