active skins
2015 Pritzker Architecture Prize Jury Citation ‌Taking inspiration from nature and the processes found there, he sought ways to use the least amount of materials and energy to enclose spaces. He practiced and advanced ideas of sustainability, even before the word was coined.
Frei Otto (1925-2015)
form-active
Palaisquartier Frankfurt Architect: Massimiliano Fuksas, Rome Roof and Facade: Knippers Helbig
form-finding
form-finding
1997
DG Bank Berlin F.O. Gehry Ass. / Schlaich Bergermann und Partner, Stuttgart
DG Bank Berlin contractor: Gartner / Gundelfingen
Westfield – London, UK (2008) Arch Buchan Group Contractor seele
Each node consists of 18 different plates. The geometry of each node and therefore of each of this 18 plates is different.
Section list (in mm): Connections: welded
180(168)x65x5 ..x40 3M16 / 3M20,10.9 or
Westfield – London, UK (2008) Arch Buchan Group Contractor seele
Westmill Shopping Centre, London, 2007 Architects: Benoy London Strucutre: Knippers Helbig Advance Engineering Contractor: Seele Gersthofen
Peek und Cloppenburg, Cologne; 2005 Architect: Renzo Piano Building Workshop, Paris Engineer Facade: Knippers Helbig, Stuttgart Shading system: clauss markisen
Model: Renzo Piano
40
• ²
41
Animation Arnold Walz 42
shell action – thermal expansion – 80 Kelvin temperature range
43
44
45
Drawing: Renzo Piano Building Workshop
50
51
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Architect: Steven Holl Climate Engineering:March Transsolar 2011 Facade Engineering: Knippers Helbig
March 2011
The secondary skin acts as a so-called cool jacket by reducing the amount of solar heat gain into the building – critical for Houstons sunny climate. Invisible solar radiation is captured by the cool jacket and vented to outdoors. Initial investigations show this strategy allows windows which are 40% larger than a traditional window wile reducing the space cooling load by 28%.
March 2011
Institute Du Monde Arabe, Architect: Jean Nouvel
VW Beetle 1972: 4900 parts
Image: Volkswagen
Today: up to 28.000 parts from 4.500 suppliers
One Ocean - Theme Pavilion EXPO 2012, Yeosu / Korea Architect: SOMA, Vienna
Photo: Soma
Photo: Simon Schleicher
Academy of Motion Pictures Architect: Renzo Piano Building Workshop, Genoa Engineer Facade: Knippers Helbig, Stuttgart
Shading Pattern - View from Street Solar Equinox 21st March 07:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 570 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 17.2%
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
Shading Pattern - View from Street Solar Equinox 21st March 08:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 736 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 22.2%
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
Shading Pattern - View from Street Solar Equinox 21st March 09:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 921 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 27.8%
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
Shading Pattern - View from Street Norh
Solar Equinox 21st March 10:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 1.084 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 32.7%
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
Shading Pattern - View from Street Solar Equinox 21st March 11:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 1.204 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 36.4%
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
Shading Pattern - View from Street Solar Equinox 21st March 12:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 1.250 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 37.7%
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
Shading Pattern - View from Street Solar Equinox 21st March 13:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 1.196 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 36.1%
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
Shading Pattern - View from Street Solar Equinox 21st March 14:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 1.081 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 32.7%
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
Shading Pattern - View from Street Nort h
Solar Equinox 21st March 15:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 929 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 28.0%
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
Shading Pattern - View from Street Solar Equinox 21st March 16:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 749 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 22.6%
TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
marginal portion
Curved-line Folding Aldrovanda curved fold
Trapping mechanism of waterwheel plants
midrib
curved-line rib enclosure boundary
Image: Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg (video slowed 40x)
marginal portion
central portion with motorzone Image: Sarracenia
water flea
Image: Juniper, Robins, and Joel 1989
Image: T. Iijima
Simon Schleicher Simon Poppinga
Curved-line folding in Aldrovanda traps Comparison of different curvature ratios Validation through FE simulation
Schleicher et al. IASS 2011
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Architect
optimitaztion
Space Form Pattern
Engineer Structure Energy
Constructor Fabrication Erection
Architect
Constructor Fabrication Erection
Space Form Pattern Engineer
fabrication /installation
climate
structural efficiency
optimitaztion
Structure Energy
Architect
Constructor Fabrication Erection
Space Form Pattern Engineer
fabrication /installation
structural efficiency
optimitaztion
Structure Energy
Architect
Constructor Fabrication Erection
Space Form Pattern Engineer
fabrication /installation
climate
structural efficiency
optimitaztion
Structure Energy
1936
1963
2015
0,7 0,36 0,16
aerodynamic shape drag coefficient
aerodynamic shape drag coefficient drag coefficient
1936 1963 2013 year
aerodynamic shape drag coefficient
14 liter fuel consumpCon 1,8 liter
acceleration
4,4 sec 0 – 100 3,7 sec
e-‐car
1930
today
85 seconds 0 – 100 3,7 seconds
Bao‘an Int‘l Airport T3 Shenzhen
Arch Massimiliano Fuksas
Eng Knippers Helbig
concept design: subdivision of roof structure
competition stage, 2008
Fassadenmockup (11.09.2009)
Versuche an Modellen – Fassadenmockup
Design Parameter:
Illustration: Knippers Helbig
Size of glass opening Slope of glass opening
5
4
3
2
1
milos bildschirm
2008
- Creating masterpoints on the original surfaces - Naming and sorting the points
- 
drawing glass panes
lines of sight
Illustrations: Fuksas, Arup, Knippers Helbig
daylight analysis
building physics
Architect
optimitaztion
Space Form Pattern
Engineer Structure Energy
Constructor Fabrication Erection
Architect
Constructor Fabrication Erection
Space Form Pattern Engineer
fabrication /installation
climate
structural efficiency
optimitaztion
Structure Energy
Architect
Constructor Fabrication Erection
Space Form Pattern Engineer
fabrication /installation
structural efficiency
optimitaztion
Structure Energy
Architect
Constructor Fabrication Erection
Space Form Pattern Engineer
fabrication /installation
climate
structural efficiency
optimitaztion
Structure Energy
climate
energy gain
fabrication
maintenance installation
space cost
Parametric Design Process
fabrication /installation
Engineers
… … …
structure
… … …
light
… … …
form
… … …
lighting
climate
structural efficiency
optimitaztion
Architect Constructor
October 2011
October 2011
Jan 2013
Oct 2013
March 2011
March 2011
March 2011
thank you for your attention