Dynamic Skins
A Conversation on Innovative Facades Speakers: Kael Opie, KPMB Architects Thomas Auer, Transsolar | KlimaEngineering
Moderators:
Geoff Turnbull, KPMB Architects David Constable, KPMB Architects October 11, 2019
Transsolar offices‌
Stuttgart
Munich
New York
Paris
Staff
Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design
1902
1984
Reasons for double facades • • • • • • • •
Buffer zone Solar preheating Energy savings Weather protection for inner facade and shading device Natural ventilation Wind protection for manual ventilation by windows Sound protection Air pollution protection
Different ventilation strategies with double facades
pure buffer
ventilated buffer
intake facade
General advantages • • • • •
Thermal buffer using solar gains and heat losses by transmission Weather and wind protection for shading device and inner facade Sound protection Reduced requirements for inner facade Reduced heating and cooling demand
exhaust facad
General disadvantages • Temperature increase in the double facade due to solar gains on the shading device depending on the ventilation rate and concept (risk of overheating) • Risk of condensation inside the façade corridor • Reduced wind pressure and temperature difference as a driving force for natural ventilation • Reduced daylight due to the additional glass layer • Acoustical connection between neighbour zones via facade corridor • Additional cost for extra construction and maintenance • Reduced visual and sensitive connection to the ambient • Potential loss of gross floor area
Facade test at Gartner facade company
Deutsche Post AG
 Murphy Jahn Architects
Headquarter Deutsche Post AG, Bonn Shading device in the double facade independent of wind speed natural ventilation to extract absorbed solar gains in the double facade individual cooling of fresh air concrete slab cooling with Rhine water as natural source higher comfort due to cooler surface temperatures night-time flushing with cold air to activate the building mass
Concept evaluation in a Mockup measured Hochtief 1:1 Modellversuch simulated Vergleich Messung mit Simulation 4. Tag in Hitzeperiode
Außentemperatur
38
Südbüro simuliert
Südbüro gemessen Trd4
Doppelfassade simuliert
Doppelfassade gemessen Tdf8
88
92
36 34 32
Temperatur [ °C ]
30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 72
76
80
84
96
Stunden [ h ]
Facade mockup Hauptverwaltung Bayer AG
Component development
Decentralized air supply unit
• Air intake fan coil unit for individual heating/cooling • sound reduction up to 42 dB/A
Heat exchanger Filter
• low pressure drop • return air damper • basic ventilation ~ 30 dB/A fan noise
Inner facade with windows and supply grill Individual window
Air supply grill
Height of raised floor sprinkler heating
cooling
Measurements test under extrem conditions August 2003
Plenum
Ambient
Skygarden Aussenlufttemperatur Vorlauf TAB Heizen Fassadentemperatur Sensor 12 21. OG Tdecke Präsenz Traum Tzuluft 2 Tsoll Tskygarden
Office Ceiling
Uhrzeit
20 :4 21 0 :4 22 0 :4 23 0 :4 00 0 :4 01 0 :4 0
N
11 :1 12 0 :1 13 0 :1 14 0 :1 15 0 :1 16 0 :1 17 0 :1 18 0 :1 19 0 :1 0
40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
02 :4 03 0 :4 04 0 :4 05 0 :4 06 0 :4 07 0 :4 08 0 :4 09 0 :4 0
Temperatur [°C]
Südmittelraum 32. og 06.08.03
Deutsche Post view from North-East
ATH2002
Manitoba Hydro – Winnipeg KPMB / Smith Carter Architects
photo: Gerry Kopelow
Winnipeg December 31, 2013 temperature was recorded as -37.9°C with wind chill factor of -47°C
The North Pole that day was WARMER -19 °C with wind chill factor of -21°C !!!
The second-coldest December since 1893 and the coldest day in Winnipeg in 80 years “The Manitoba Museum is reporting Winnipeg's temperatures - December 31, 2014 CBC on News Manitoba i
Typical Floor Plan
Winter Time:
Heating & Cooling © Bryan Christie
Winter Time:
Heating & Cooling © Bryan Christie
Summer Time:
Cooling © Bryan Christie
Airflow Concept: Intermediate Seasons solar gains augment stack effect in solar chimney
exhaust air via north atrium into solar chimney
exhaust air to north atrium/ solar chimney
fresh air supply via operable window
fresh air intake through outer facade
office space 21 - 24 °C
facade cavity (12 - 25 °C)
manually opened windows at inner facade natural ventilation of south atrium
M e a n ra d ia n t te m p e ra tu re : 2 7 .5 °C O p e ra tiv e te m p e ra tu re : 2 5 .7 5 °C
TR = 2 6 °C
120°
TR = 4 0 °C
65°
55°
120°
TR = 2 4 °C
Assessment of thermal comfort
TR = 2 4 °C
2 4 °C
M e a n ra d ia n t te m p e ra tu re : 2 5 °C O p e ra tiv e te m p e ra tu re : 2 5 .5 °C
TR = 2 2 °C 120°
4 0 °C TR = 3 2 °C
65°
55°
120°
TR = 2 4 °C
Assessment of thermal comfort
TR = 2 6 °C
2 6 °C
Energy use of Canadian buildings * as of September 2010
Manitoba Hydro Place – Annual Rolling Energy Totals
Ventilation Fan Comparison Standard VAV, 33.4
Modeled, 12.5
Fans
Measured - 2010, 9.5
Measured - 2012, 7.0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35 40 Annual Site Energy [kWh/ m²a]
Optimizing natural ventilation conditions Controls based on outside conditions (not interstitial space) Employee notification
Measured CO2 concentration
50% reduction in thermal comfort complaints
Green Commuting Options [%] (Public transportation, carpool or cycle)
X
(Suburban Office) 10%
Manitoba Hydro Place
Annual Sick Days per Employee
84%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
X – 1.25 days
photo: Gerry Kopelow