Whole Building Simulation

Whole Building Simulation Arihant Jain | PT500116 | Building Energy Performance

Summary The aim of this project was to provide options of energy efficient solutions and reflects the savings for the Manipal Teaching Academy building for the climate of Pune.

The solutions are provided in the form of six energy conservation measures. The savings from each measure is given individually.

Methodology On the basis of climate analysis, passive strategies were shortlisted. To understand the impact of each of the building envelope and systems, elimination parametric runs were done. In elimination parametric, we did 9 runs. In these runs, heat load from each of the parameter, at a time responsible for heat gain was removed. To make this building energy efficient, I decided to go with 6 Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs), which were chosen as a result of observations from elimination parametric runs.

Summary Results • The cost and energy savings in INR are given for each of the ECM in detail. Maximum savings were achieved by using daylighting dimming controls. This ECM resulted in energy saving of 74,016 kWh, which comes out to be ₹ 11.6 Lakhs / year. Integrating multiple ECM’s together can give higher savings.

01

02

Climate Analysis

Shading & Daylighting

03 Baseline

04

05

EP

ECM

Tariff The utility rates for Pune were found to be 12.58 Rs/kWh (energy charge), 270 Rs/kVA/month fixed/demand charge, and 1.18 Rs/kWh wheeling charge. The time of day charges are also given which vary during different time of the day. These time of day rates add/subtract to the base energy charge according to the time when the energy is being used during the day.

These TOD rates can help in creating savings. These savings can be done through rescheduling the time table of the institute according to the TOD rates.

This will reduction Wheeling in energy consumption.

Consumption slab have (kWh) a significant Demand charge charge Energy charge (Rs/kVA/month)

> 50 kW

270

(Rs/kWh)

(Rs./kWh)

1.18

12.58

2200 Hrs – 0600 Hrs

-1.50

0600 Hrs – 0900 Hrs 1200 Hrs – 1800 Hrs

0.00

0900 Hrs – 1200 Hrs

0.80

1800 Hrs – 2200 Hrs

1.10

Climate Analysis Maximum/ Minimum Temperatures (oC)

40/ 6

Relative Humidity range(%)

20 to 55

Average Wind Speed (m/s)

2

Ground temperature variation (oC)

Ground temperature

3 to 4

Wind wheel

Passive Design Strategies Passive strategy

Feasibilit y Building massing/floor plan x Orientation x Ge Stack ventilation ✓ ome Cross ventilation try ✓ Thermal mass Shading Pass ive Geothermal energy stra tegi Evaporative cooling es Cool roof Nocturnal cooling

✓ ✓ X ✓ ✓ ✓

Reason/challenges Geometry cannot be changed Geometry cannot be rotated Can be done only in courtyard Possible but difficult as the opening sizes have to be altered inside Diurnal temperature variation and temperature lag to reduce heat ingress Can be proposed as not all hours of the summer sun are shaded Temperature difference below ground is only up to 3 – 40C RH goes up to maximum 65%. Also, the wet bulb depression is high.

RH goes up to maximum 65% Requires thermal mass

Shading Analysis Shading Mask

Shading Device

The windows on the North West faรงade receives the maximum radiation during the late afternoon sun in summers. So, this shading device will shade these windows during the occupied hours

Daylighting Analysis

UDI:

42.6%

Overall UDI:

59.3%

53% 51.4%

By using daylighting simulation method, average percentage of Daylight illuminance levels between 100 and 2,000 lux for whole building is 51.37 %. Therefore, the building meets the ECBC criteria for daylighting through daylighting simulation method.

DA:

56.6%

Overall DA:

42.1%

39.9% 46.4%

About 46% of the time in a year, the building receives more than 300 lux of illuminance.

ECBC Baseline The baseline for comparison was taken as an ECBC compliant scenario. The ECBC base case was further made energy efficient by using energy conservation measures. The thermal zoning of the simulation model is also done as per ECBC. EUI 120.5 kWh/m2/year Monthly Energy Consumption December November October

Peak Cooling

370 sqft/TR

Annual Energy Cost

1 Crore

September

EUI Split for End Uses

August Jul y

Equi pme nt (Interi or); 27.38%

June May Apri l March

Fans; 4.23%

February

Cool i ng; 44.79%

Ja nuary 0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

kWh Li ghting, equi pment & fa ns

Lighting (Interior); 23.60%

Cool i ng Cool i ng

Li ghting (Interi or)

Equi pment (Interi or)

Fans

Elimination Parametric An efficient HVAC system should be the first priority for cutting down energy consumption, as cooling energy is the largest energy hogger.

The INR savings are a combination of the time of day rates, base fare, and fixed/demand charge.

EUI by End Use EP9-NoCool i ngHeating0.0 EP8-VentAi r0 EP7-Peopl eGa i n0 EP6-Equi pGa i n0 EP5-Li ghts Ga i n0 EP4-Wi nCondGa i n0 EP3-Wi nRa dGa i n0 EP2-RoofHtGa i n0 EP1-Wal l HtGa i n0 Ba s el i ne (ECBC Bui l di ng) 0.0

28.4 44.7 28.0 43.5 47.1 55.1 51.6 53.9 53.9 54.0 20.0

33.0

Annual Cost savings (INR)

0.0 28.4

28.4

28.4 0.0 33.0 28.4 28.4 28.4 28.4 28.4 40.0

33.0 3.3

33.0 0.0 3.8

60.0

EP9-NoCoolingHeating EP8-VentAir0 EP7-PeopleGain0

4.3 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 80.0

EUI (kWh/m2/year) Cool i ng Equi pment (Interi or)

5.1

Li ghting (Interi or) Fa ns

100.0

EP6-EquipGain0

5.2 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.1 120.0

EP5-LightsGain0 EP4-WinCondGain0 EP3-WinRadGain0 EP2-RoofHtGain0 140.0

EP1-WallHtGain0 ₹ -2,000,000

₹-

₹ 2,000,000

INR

₹ 4,000,000

₹ 6,000,000

Energy Conservation Measures

S No. ECM Name

Performance parameters

1.

LPD reduction through change in luminaire and indoor reflectance values. (For classroom and Laboratories only) (LPD = 6W/m2)

Luminaire: T5 lights (Model- Philips TMX204 1xTL5-49W HFP +GMX555 MB C-BD50) Reflectance values: Wall: 25%, Ceiling: 70%, Floor: 20%

2.

Lighting controls for daylight

Lights with dimming capabilities. The lowest lighting output the system can dim down to before it switches off is taken as 10%

3.

HVAC system with high efficiency COP = 4.29 Â

4.

EPD reduction through energy PC (250 Watts) replaced with laptops (40 Watts) efficient appliances Brushless fans used (25 Watts) EPD = 8 W/m2 for class & labs Efficient projectors and other equipment are used

5.

Window shading

6.

Window glazing with lower solar SHGC = 0.2, VLT = 37%, U-value = 0.25 W/m2.K heat gain

Vertical projection= 0.25 m Horizontal shading= 1.5 m

Energy Conservation Measures EUI by End Use Window SHGC (SHGC - 0.2, U value 3)

53.5

28.4

33.0

Window5.0 SHGC (SHGC 0.2, U value 3); 0.0

Shading

52.9

28.4

33.0

5.0 Shading; 0.0

Lighting control (Dimming with Off)

51.2

VRF (COP 4.29)

17.5

38.5

28.4

EPD (8 W/m2) For classrooms & Labs

52.3

LPD (6 W/m2) For classrooms & Labs

51.0

Baseline (ECBC Building) 20.0

28.4

1.28.7 1.9 27.9

18.4

33.0 28.4

40.0

Lighting4.9 control (Dimming with Off); 0.0

33.0

54.0

0.0

33.0

60.0

EPD (84.9 W/m2) For classrooms & Labs; 0.0

LPD (6 4.8 W/m2) For classrooms & Labs; 0.0 33.0

80.0

100.0

Baseline (ECBC 5.1 Building); 0.0 120.0

140.0

EUI (kWh/m2/year) Cooling

Lighting

Equipment

Fans

Pumps

Heat Rejection

Highest savings are achieved by daylighting dimming controls & LPD reduction.

Energy Conservation Measures Cooling capacity Saving through reduction in demand charge (INR) Window SHGC (SHGC - 0.2, U value 3) ₹ 5,054 Shading ₹ 10,400 Lighting control (Dimming with Off) ₹ 122,504 VRF (COP 4.29) ₹ 295,942 EPD (8 W/m2) For classrooms & Labs ₹ 56,959 LPD (6 W/m2) For classrooms & Labs ₹ 95,548 ₹-

₹ 50,000 ₹ 100,000 ₹ 150,000 ₹ 200,000 ₹ 250,000 ₹ 300,000 ₹ 350,000

INR

Annual Energy Savings (INR) Window SHGC (SHGC - 0.2, U value 3) ₹ 41,435 Shading ₹ 99,572 Lighting control (Dimming with Off) ₹ 1,161,457 VRF (COP 4.29) ₹ 929,468 EPD (8 W/m2) For classrooms & Labs ₹ 583,564 LPD (6 W/m2) For classrooms & Labs ₹ 1,100,181 ₹-

₹ 200,000.00

₹ 400,000.00

₹ 600,000.00

INR

₹ 800,000.00 ₹ 1,000,000.00 ₹ 1,200,000.00 ₹ 1,400,000.00