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LECTURES05/06

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SPA

direct order milgram

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hofling

heroic helpers agency

L05-06 L07

violent outburst

ott ca om sean st s & ud arm y 1: eni an s

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zimbardo

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catalyst

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LIC

L04 L08

perpetrators authoritarian personality bystanders

structure

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inc pac e

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br e of akdo ord wn er

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inv

ins tit

SPA

direct order milgram

E

hofling

heroic helpers agency

L05-06 L07

violent outburst

ott ca om sean st s & ud arm y 1: eni an s

Y

NIT

DER

MO

ty

zimbardo

obe exp die eri nc me e nt s

catalyst

aut ENC hor i

LIC

L04 L08

perpetrators authoritarian personality bystanders

structure

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n

ort ati o

exh

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spa aut ho ri ion

sat

IOL E

CE

ENC

LEN

VIO

FV

OF

SO

ENT

MO M

CES

pac e

ls

ide nta

inc pac e

ls

na

uti o

br e of akdo ord wn er

ble

isi

inv

ins tit

SPA

direct order milgram

E

hofling

heroic helpers agency

L05-06 L07

violent outburst

ott ca om sean st s & ud arm y 1: eni an s

Y

NIT

DER

MO

ty

zimbardo

obe exp die eri nc me e nt s

catalyst

aut ENC hor i

LIC

L04 L08

perpetrators authoritarian personality bystanders

structure

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LICENCE 5

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LICENCE

From fear to hatred to (violent) action

SHORT-TERM Kristallnacht pogrom, Germany November 1938

Anti-Catholic stereotypes in the USA

LONG-TERM (L04)

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Moment of 'licence'

Restoration of norms

‘moments of exception’

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'normality'

'normality'

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LICENCE is SPECIALDISPENSATIONDEROGATIONOFNORMSREMOVALOFACCOUNTABILITYDELEGITIMATIONOFVIC TIMSORDEREXHORTATIONREMOVALOFSANCTIONSEXCEPTIONALFOSTEREDBYSTEREOTYPESDERIVES FROMANAUTHORITYFIGURESPECIALDISPENSATIONDEROGATIONOFNORMSREMOVALOFACCOUNTABI LITYDELEGITIMATIONOFVICTIMSORDEREXHORTATIONREMOVALOFSANCTIONSEXCEPTIONALFOSTER DBYSTEREOTYPESDERIVESFROMANAUTHORITYFIGURESPECIALDISPENSATIONDEROGATIONOFNORM SREMOVALOFACCOUNTABILITYDELEGITIMATIONOFVICTIMSORDEREXHORTATIONREMOVALOFSANCTI ONSEXCEPTIONALFOSTEREDBYSTEREOTYPESDERIVESFROMANAUTHORITYFIGURESPECIALDISPENSA TIONDEROGATIONOFNORMSREMOVALOFACCOUNTABILITYDELEGITIMATIONOFVICTIMSORDEREXHOR TATIONREMOVALOFSANCTIONSEXCEPTIONALFOSTEREDBYSTEREOTYPESDERIVESFROMANAUTHORIT YFIGURESPECIALDISPENSATIONDEROGATIONOFNORMSREMOVALOFACCOUNTABILITYDELEGITIMATI ONOFVICTIMSORDEREXHORTATIONREMOVALOFSANCTIONSEXCEPTIONALFOSTEREDBYSTEREOTYPES DERIVESFROMANAUTHORITYFIGURESPECIALDISPENSATIONDEROGATIONOFNORMSREMOVALOFACC OUNTABILITYDELEGITIMATIONOFVICTIMSORDEREXHORTATIONREMOVALOFSANCTIONSEXCEPTIONAL FOSTEREDBYSTEREOTYPESDERIVESFROMANAUTHORITYFIGURESPECIALDISPENSATIONDEROGATION OFNORMSREMOVALOFACCOUNTABILITYDELEGITIMATIONOFVICTIMSORDEREXHORTATIONREMOVALO FSANCTIONSEXCEPTIONALFOSTEREDBYSTEREOTYPESDERIVESFROMANAUTHORITYFIGURESPECIALD ISPENSATIONDEROGATIONOFNORMSREMOVALOFACCOUNTABILITYDELEGITIMATIONOFVICTIMSORDE REXHORTATIONREMOVALOFSANCTIONSEXCEPTIONALFOSTEREDBYSTEREOTYPESDERIVESFROMANA UTHORITYFIGURESPECIALDISPENSATIONDEROGATIONOFNORMSREMOVALOFACCOUNTABILITYDELE GITIMATIONOFVICTIMSORDEREXHORTATIONREMOVALOFSANCTIONSEXCEPTIONALFOSTEREDBYSTER EOTYPESDERIVESFROMANAUTHORITYFIGURESPECIALDISPENSATIONDEROGATIONOFNORMSREMOVA LOFACCOUNTABILITYDELEGITIMATIONOFVICTIMSORDEREXHORTATIONREMOVALOFSANCTIONSEXCE PTIONALFOSTEREDBYSTEREOTYPESDERIVESFROMANAUTHORITYFIGURE

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LICENCE as CATALYST ES P Y AGGRAVATION

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CATALYST

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LICENCE: agency v structure Types and functions: an overview AUTHORITY ORDER

EXHORTATION OPEN-ENDED v MANAGED INDIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE AGENCY

DELEGATION APPROPRIATION

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ESCALATION hierarchical environment

non-hierarchical environment

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AUTHORITY

Who (and when) is an ‘authority figure’?

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The MILGRAM experiment (1961)

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The MILGRAM experiment (1961) SCENARIOS No experimenter; at the discretion of the ‘teacher’

Experimenter in university environment

Experimenter on the phone

Experimenter in a particular attire Experiment in a neutral environment

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The MILGRAM experiment

The voltage controller in front of the ‘teacher’

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The MILGRAM experiment

“...PLEASE continue...”

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The MILGRAM experiment

”The experiment REQUIRES that you continue...”

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The MILGRAM experiment

“...It is absolutely ESSENTIAL that you continue...”

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The MILGRAM experiment

“...You have no other choice, you MUST go on...”

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The MILGRAM experiment: some results 100

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25 150V (prediction) 150V (actual) 300V (prediction)

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300V (actual) 450V (prediction) 450V (actual)

Experimenter in university environment Teacher in physical contact with learner No experimenter

Experiment in a neutral environment Experimenter not present Learner’s reactions can be heard

percentage who conformed

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The HOFLING experiment (1966) Doctors (the ‘authority figure’) and nurses willing to go against their conscience and knowledge to obey orders

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AGENCY v STRUCTURE Agency: human capacity for independent reflection and action

Structure: the complex environment of values, relations, and practices in which we live

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‘authoritarian personalities’

Are there people more prone to the allure of authority than others?

22 Theodor Adorno, author of the book based on the F-scle study

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bystanders & heroic helpers

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bystanders

When a gathered crowd fail to help a victim... and when a society watches its values being attacked...

Kitty Genovese, murdered in Queens NY in 1964.

Her attack was watched and heard by many of her neighbours, who failed to protect her.

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‘heroic helpers’ When a few overcome fear, conformity, and prejudice to help victims...

Anne Frank and her family were sheltered for years by a Dutch family, protecting them from the Nazi onslaught on the Jews

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AGENCY & STRUCTURE

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The attack on jews in ww2 romania

“...This is the hour when we are masters on our territory. Let it be used! I do not mind if history judges us barbarians. ... If need be, shoot with machine guns, and I say that there is no law. We shall make special laws but in no way desist in the face of legal dispositions which we could introduce today and be the first to violate tomorrow. Therefore, without any formalities, complete freedom! I take full legal responsibility and I tell you, there is no law...�

ION ANTONESCU Dictator of Romania, 1941

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BERLIN WALL 1961-1989 Military guards carrying ‘orders’ - are they responsible for their victims?

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SABRA & SHATILA, beirut, lebanon

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ARMENIAN MARCHES (1915-16)

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Agency & responsibility BABI YAR (1941) Ukrainian soldiers in Babi Yar (1941) were given orders to prepare Jewish prisoners for the shooting process. But they also often subjected their victims to torture, humiliation, and other forms of violence. Noone from their superiors did anything to stop them.

During the expulsion of Armenians from the Ottoman empire (1915), Armenians were forced to march through miles and miles of punishing landscape and weather conditions. During the marches, they were often attacked by local tribes and irregulars, with violence, theft, rape, and even murder ensuing.

This, it has been claimed by the authorities, was not meant to happen; and yet it was not stopped.

JASSI (1941)

who is responsible?

In Iasi, Romania (1941), ordinary people attacked rounded-up Jews, whom they considered responsible for a number of recent misfortunes. The army and the police did not stop them; if anything, they indirectly encouraged them. More than 13000 died in the course of a few hours of chaos.

BERLIN WALL (1961-89)

East German soldiers on sentry duty on the Berlin Wall were given orders to shoot anyone attempting to cross. This is precisely what they did for years.

CAMP GUARDS

BOSNIA (1992-95) During the large 'ethnic cleansing' operations in Bosnia, the Bosnian Serb army units had been told by their commanders (who had been presumably told by their political superiors) to use any means to achieve the 'cleansing" target.

They attacked, killed, often destroyed whole cities, forcefully expelled whole communities, separated families, tortured, and raped. Soldiers were involved in these atrocities, carrying out orders but also interpreting them or sometimes exceeding them.

In a concentration camp, commanders and guards operated in a space of exception; they had been told - and many believed - that their prisoners were less than human. They treated their prisoners without respect, killing and trotting at a whim, depriving them of food, locking them up in terrible conditions.

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ADOLF EICHMANN

Adolf Eichmann at his trial in Jerusalem in 1961. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1962.

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THE ‘PRISON EXPERIMENT’

Abu Ghraib prison made headlines in 2006, when a group of US soldiers was caught on video subjecting the Iraqi prisoners to dehumanising treatment and torture.

Philip Zimbardo, the man behind the Prison Experiment

The much-debated example of the Guantanamo Bay US camp is also extremely relevant in this discussion.

Notice how Guantanamo is ‘exceptional’ both as a detention facility and as location (on the island of Cuba)

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THE PRISON

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SUMMARY Mass violence occurs as an ‘exception’ to ‘normality’.

This exception can unfold in space, in time - but usually in both dimensions at the same time.

The ‘exception’ that makes mass violence more likely and empowers people to commit it is the critical element that we need to explore.

Hence, our focus on motivation, facilitation, and ‘licence’ in the coming three lectures (L03-05)

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