Sustainable architectural design Chalmers University of Technology spring 2019 Arnaud Baas , Tobias Tytgat, Ida Krokstrรถm
Kvistskolan
A sustainable society cares for the future by leaving a small footprint and prepare for tomorrow by educating its children so that they with creativity, empathy and independent thinking can greet the many challenges of the future. A school is a meeting place that stimulates collaboration in a safe learning environment where every student is given space to be, grow up and learn at their own terms. 4
A sustainable society cares for tomorrow by educating its children and caring for their future by leaving a small footprint. A school should lead by example and educate not just its students but also the community about what possibilities we can find within the limits we need to respect. This can be done from day one when the architect takes responsibility and treats resources with respect, care for energy use and create a loved space.
interact (doing) test, experiment, move, create, construct
independent work write, maths
observe listen, look, read
6 communication, team work in different group sizes
challenge the traditional classrom that has looked the same for decades Every child gets the opportuity to individualise their education t his doesn’t point out some children as different and it highlights every child individuality.
activities rather then schedule Indentifying the central learning outcome to shape tematic learning processes with activity based learning.
turn of events We believe school should support a child’s learning by finding their own strengths. This requires a strong team of teachers and a building that can adjust to different activities. When taking the step from traditional classroom to dynamic learning space it can easily get confusing, especially for
the teachers. When everything is new it is easy to fall back into old routines and known methods. With this in mind we wanted to created rooms that work together and support multiple activities and a diverse learning program to make it easy for teachers to collaborate and children to explore.
individual development
small groups
discussion
indipendent work
frontal teaching
large groups
7
grouproom
classroom
2.
atelier
1.
staircase cloakroom
8
library
Public/Internal The ground floor hosts public functions. It invites parents in the afternoon and can be accessed for the community in evenings and at weekends. The stairs
sports hall
dining area
divides the school into four clusters and marks the shoe boundary for as children make their way up to activities on the first floor.
1. Layout The children enter the building from two different entrances from the playground. Then the four stairs lead the children up to their cluster. They define a clear boundary between public and private, shoes on or off as well as day and evening activities. Theirs is an entrance from the northern side of the building that takes you to the administration and allows for usage outside school hours. 9
2. Cluster Each cluster is built upon the same room structure and is meant to support a divers style of learning. It is not meant to have the classical classroom structure but rather prepare the kids for their future. Each clusters have few normal doors, but sliding doors instead. They provide the flexibility needed for a new style of teaching.
entrance
internal
atelier
group room
staircase
public
class room
core
1 The southern faรงade with the school yard to the left and the dining hall looking out on the street.
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Floor area 5800 m2 Children 400 Age Pre-school to grade 3 distributed in 4 clusters Location Almqvistgatan, Gรถteborg, Sweden Number of floor 3
13
Site plan
4
Gardening
3
5
14
Fruit Forest Tree Houses
Pumpkin Pergola
Bike Roundabo
W
nskolan storage inlet air
m
ov
e
bu
ss
Re
in
fo
rc
e
sl
to
p
op
e Lรฅ
ng
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m
sg
at
3
De
an
liv
ery
Na tu Tr ral ea W tm at en er t
umpkin Pergola Bike Roundabout
1
an
Water Play
s
ik
n
v er
n Su
Kiss and Ride
t ga
New Bike Path
Playground 1:500
15
16
Entrance Floor
Basement
10 m 10 m
17
First Floor
18
2
2
10 m 10 m
19
20
3
2.5 m
2.5 m
21
4 1
The stairs are an important part of the design and the flow. They function are situated right next to the cloakrooms and will take the children to their designated cluster. It is a natural place for children to meet in the morning, parents and teachers to meet as well as a possibility for gatherings and preformances to take place. They also let in light from the north/east to the entrance floor and the first floor as well as function as ventilation shafts. We are working with a wooden waffle-structure that is part of the interior design. It is a structure scales according to the public - private relation that is coherent with the activity in that place.
2.5 m
2.5 m
23
5
1
The sound panels are made from recycled wood fit into the waffle structure and allows for technique to be installed above. A LED strip is fitted in the central piece.
25
U-value 0.079
For sportshall top layer: 30 WOODEN FLOOR 28x70 BATTENS BATTENS 28x70 COUNTER BATTENS 10 RECYCLED RUBBER 100 CLAY 500 HASOPOR
1. Foundation for Basement Area: 2028 m2 Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.03 1 70 4.5 49.7 0.3 Clay plaster 0.1 1 100 8.3 9.3 4.3 Hasopor 0.5 1 250 7.8 - 13.7 Climate emission total
20.7 59 18.3
26 597
U-value 0.093
30 WOODEN ELM FLOOR 50 CLAY 18 OSB 140x400 GLUELAMINATED WAFFLE STRUCTURE cc600 PAVAFLEX 100 FOAMGLAS
2. Foundation Entrance Floor towards Ground Duct Area: 489 m2 Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.03 1 70 1.1 12 0.1 clay plaster 0.05 1 100 1 1.1 0.5 OSB board 0.018 1 300 2.4 8.9 0.2 Wood chip insulation 0.4 0.8 100 1.4 18.2 0.4 Glued laminated timber standard 0.4 0.2 200 8.1 32 0.5 Foam glass 160 kg / m³ 0.1 1 2900 19.0 - 6.8 Climate emission total
32.9 72.2 8.4
U-value 0.91 - MINERAL OIL TO HARDEN THE CLAY SURFACE 125 CLAY 500 GRAVEL
599
1. Foundation for Ground Duct Area: 275 m2 Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Clay plaster 0.1 1 100 1 1.1 0.5 Clay plaster 0.1 1 100 1.5 1.6 0.8 Gravel 0.5 1 50 1.7 - 2.7 Climate emission total 4.1 2.7 3.9 27
emission
storage
Basement, kgCO2/m²
334
TOP STONE BATTER 425
COVERBAND MADE FROM STONES LEFT OVER FROM THE EXCAVATION OF THE BASEMENT
HEARTING
U-value 0.168
The core idea is to interlock the stones in such a way that they cease to act independently; creating the effect of one large stone acting under gravity. Achieving this takes a lot of skill, with many dry stone wallers investing years to perfect their craft. Covering each joint with a stone on top—similar to a standard Flemish brick bond—is key, while the bottom is always wider similar to a standard Flemish brick bond—is key, while the bottom is always wider is key, while the bottom is always wider and contains larger stones to provide support. This secure base sits upon the subsoil in a shallow channel, transferring the weight directly into the compact earth below. Templates are often used to maintain a consistent layering and batter (the gradual thinning towards the walls top), and in more complex projects molds can be utilised to ensure a secure, safe structure.
1200
THROUGHSTONE
FOOTING
1000
28
5. Ground Duct Wall towards Ground 700 Area: 354 m2 Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Gravel 0.7 1 - 2 - Blue mussel shell 0.6 1 350 6 - 2.7 Climate emission total 8.2 - 2.7 4. Basement Wall towards Ground Duct Area: 243 m2 Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Lime plaster 0.03 1 50 1.5 - 0.1 Foam glass 160 kg /m³ 0.2 1 2900 18.9 - 13.2 900 Clay plaster 0.1 1 100 0.5 0.6 0.5 Gravel 0.3 1.0 - 0.5 - gravel 0.3 0.2 - 0.1 - Hasopor 0.3 0.9 250 0.5 - 1.6 Gravel 0.3 1.0 - 0.5 - Climate emission total 22.6 0.6 15.5
1000 1000
700 700
U-value 0.161
U-value 0.106
300 STONES 300 HASOPOR/STONES 300 STONES 10-50 CLAY 100 FOAMGLAS 25 LIMEPLASTER
500 200 500
BOHUSGRANIT FOAMGLAS BLUE MUSSEL SHELLS
599
900 900
3. Basement Wall towards Ground Area: 243 m2 Materia Thick. cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport 334 m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Stone 0.5 1 130 66.34 - 3.95 Foam glass 160 kg /m³ 0.2 1 2900 18.92 - 0.00 Blue mussel shell 0.5 1 350 3.65 - 0.00
emission
4
storage
88.9 -
Basement, kgCO2/m²
Climate emission total
29
634 130
325
150
959
U-value 0.081
500 600
50 SEDUM 3 BITUMEN 21 TONGUE AND GROOVE 45x45 STUD/AIRGAP cc1200 300 WOOD FIBER INSULATION BOARD 18 OSB TEJPED FOR AIRTIGHTNESS 150 WOOD FIBER INSULATION BOARD NOTCHED INTO THE BEAMS 100x400 GLUELAMINATED WAFFLE STRUCTURE cc600
178
200 505
5. Roof Area: 3084 m Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Glued laminated timber 0.4 0.3 200 76.2 302.4 4.6 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech.trock. 0.045 0.7 70 7.3 79.4 0.4 OSB board 0.03 0.7 300 17.5 65.7 1.6 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /m³ 0.075 0.7 300 23.5 44.4 2.3 1200 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /m³ 0.375 1 300 168.2 317 16.7 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.045 0.1 70 1 11.3 0.1 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.021 1 70 4.8 52.9 0.3 Bitumen 0.003 1 300 4.1 - 0.4 Plant substrate 0.05 1 300 1.7 - 2.9
Climate emission total 304.5 873.2 29.2 6. Openings Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Wooden outer doors, 14 300 1 - 0.04 aluminum lined 597
30
Wooden windows
993.5
300
Climate emission total
74
-
2.98
75.6 0.0 3
Load Bearing Grid Sturcture behind or infront of windows Area: 345+ m Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.4 0.2 70 2 23 0.7 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.1 0.3 70.0 0.2 2.2 0.1 Climate emission total
2.2 25.2 0.8
200 505 178
1200
The continious layer of clay lessen airborn noise transmission The cork layer functions as impact sound insulation
30 WOODEN BIRCH FLOOR 50 CLAY 18 OSB 12 CORK 140x400 GLUE LAMINATED WAFFLE STRUCTURE cc 1200
597
2. Intermediate floor First Floor Area: 2020 m2 Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.03 1 70 4.5 49.5 0.3 Clay plaster 0.05 1 100 4.1 4.6 2.1 OSB board 0.018 1 300 9.8 36.9 0.9 Cork 0.012 0.2 2900 0.2 0.9 0.5 Glued laminated timber standard 0.4 0.2 200 33.3 132.1 2.0 OSB board 0.012 0.80 300 5.2 19.7 0.5 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.045 0.8 70 5.4 59.4 0.3 62.6 303.2 6.6
Climate emission total
31
3. Intermediate Floor Entrance Floor towards Basement Area: 751 m Materia Thickness cc Trp Emis. Storage Transport 604 m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood 0.03 1 70 1.7 18.4 0.1 clay plaster 0.05 1 100 1.5 1.7 0.0 OSB board 0.018 1 300 3.7 13.7 0.0 Glued lam. timber 0.4 0.20 200 12.4 49.1 0.0 OSB board 0.012 0.80 300 1.9 7.3 0.0 Sawn wood 0.045 0.80 70 2.0 22.1 0.0 23.2 112.4 0.1
emission
storage
Roof, kgCO2/m²
31
emission
178
storage
75
Intermediate floor, kgCO2/m²
150
emission
Openings, kgCO2/m²
Climate emission total
597
U-value 0.097 30 WOODEN BIRCH FLOOR 50 CLAY 18 OSB 140x400 GLUE LAMINATED WAFFLE STRUCTURE cc 600 WOOD CHIP INSULATION 100 WOOD FIBER INSULATION 28X70 BATTENS 28X70 COUNTER BATTENS 2x22x170 CHARRED WOOD
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1. Floor towards air Area: 341 m2 Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.03 1 70 0.8 8.4 0.0 Clay plaster 0.05 1 100 0.7 0.8 0.4 OSB board 0.02 1 300 1.7 6.2 0.1 Glued laminated timber 0.40 0.3 200 8.4 33.4 0.5 Wood chip insulation 0.4 0.7 300 0.8 11.1 0.6 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /m³ 0.1 1.0 0.0 5.0 9.3 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.028 0.1 70 0.1 0.8 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.028 0.1 70 0.1 0.8 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.022 1 70 0.6 6.1 0.0 Climate emission total
18 76.9 1.7
4. Wall towards air for Entrance Floor Area: 1058 m Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Glued laminated timber standard 0.4 0.2 200 17.4 69.2 2.0 Clay plaster 0.025 0.8 100 0.9 1.0 0.9 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /m³ 0.075 0.8 300 9.2 17.4 1.8 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /m³ 0.200 1 300 30.8 58.0 5.8 Bitumen 0.001 1 300 0.5 - 0.1 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.028 0.2 70 0.4 4.8 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.028 0.2 70 0.4 4.8 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.022 1 70 1.7 19.0 0.2 Climate emission total
23.2 112.4 0.1
75
150 300
500 600
600
2. Wall towards air First Floor Area: 993 m2 Materia Thick. cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Glued l. t. 0.4 0.3 200 24.5 97.4 1.5 Clay plaster 0.03 0.7 100 0.7 0.8 0.4 283 Wood f. ins. 0.08 0.7 300 7.6 14.3 0.8 Wood fi. ins. 0.20 1 300 28.9 54.4 2.9 Bitumen 0.145 0.00 1 300 0.4 - 0.0 Sawn wood 0.03 0.1 70 0.2 2.3 0.0 Sawn wood 0.03 0.1 70 0.2 2.3 0.0 678 2228 200 75 300 Sawn wood 0.02 1 70 1.6 17.9 0.1
130
678 2228 200
189.3 5.6
597
600
U-value 0.132
64.2
600
Climate emission total
678 2228 200
75
300
33
0.097 0.132
678
170
1200
300
U-value 0.132
0.168
emission
99
storage
2x22x170 CHARRED WOOD 28X70 BATTENS 28X70 COUNTER BATTENS 300 WOOD FIBER INSULATION BOARD NOTCHED INTO THE BEAMS 140x400 GLUE LAMINATED WAFFLE STRUCTURE cc 600 50 CLAY
Exterior walls, kgCO2/m²
75
1200
2228 200
4. Inner Wall Area: 1765 m2 Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Clay plaster 0.025 1 100 1.8 2 0.2 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /mÂł 0.045 0.9 300 10.4 19.6 0.2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.045 0.1 70 0.6 6.5 0.0 Wood fiber insulation 160 kg /mÂł 0.045 0.9 300 10.4 19.6 0.2 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.045 0.1 70 0.6 6.5 0.0 clay plaster 0.025 1.00 100 1.8 2.0 0.2 Climate emission total
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25.6 56.2 0.8
3. Load bearing First Floor Area: 974 m2 Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Glued laminated timber 0.4 0.3 200 24.1 95.5 1.4 Clay plaster 0.025 0.7 100 0.7 0.8 0.0 Wood chip insulation 0.07 0.7 300 0.4 5.5 0.0 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.07 0.2 70 1 11.1 0.0 Clay plaster 0.025 0.7 100 0.7 0.8 0.0 Climate emission total
26.9 113.8 1.5
5. Load bearing Entrance Floor
Area: 687 m2 Materia Thickness cc Trp Emissions Storage Transport m % km ton CO2 ton CO2 ton CO2 Glued laminated timber 0.4 0.2 200 11.3 44.9 0.7 Clay plaster 0.025 0.8 100 0.6 0.6 0.3 Wood chip insulation 0.07 0.8 300 0.3 4.5 0.3 Sawn wood Fi rough, tech dried 0.07 0.2 70 0.7 7.9 0.0 Clay plaster 0.025 1 100 0.7 0.8 0.4 Climate emission total
13.6 58.7 1.6
170
25 45 30 45 25
CLAY PANELS WITH CLAY FINISH STUD/WOOD FIBER INSULATION AIR GAP STUD/WOOD FIBER INSULATION CLAY PANELS WITH CLAY FINISH
600
100X400 GLUE LAMINATED WAFFEL STRUCTURE 25 CLAY PLASTER WITH CLAY FINISH 70 WOOD FIBER INSULATION 25 CLAY PANELS WITH CLCAY FINISH
35
234 425
emission
62
storage
1200
140X400 GLUE LAMINATED WAFFEL STRUCTURE 25 CLAY PLASTER WITH CLAY FINISH 70 WOOD FIBER INSULATION 25 CLAY PANELS WITH CLCAY FINISH
Interior walls, kgCO2/m²
170
transport replaceand site ment 26 19
renewable energy production on site -166
energy use 90
2
-26 kgCO2/m
storage in materials used -182
materials used 186
Zero emission - simple for early stage
Floor area 5830 m2 Leadtime 60 years Installations 25 kg CO2/m2 Other non-included 10 % Storage factor 50 % (of 1,6 kg/kg) A5 building site 8 % of A1-A3 B4 Replacements 10 %
Total emissions kg CO2 total Materials used 1086581 Transport and site 149158 Replacements 108658 Energy use 527681 Total storage Renewable -967286 Storage -1058547 Balance -153755
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Ventilation
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The ground duct is split into four channels leading the air into the basement ground duct that wraps around the sports hall and facilities. Diameter pipes 1200 mm Number of pipes 4 Lenght 55 m Area 829.4 m2 % of needed 56.9 % Corridor 5500 mm Number of pipes 1 Lenght 86.6 m Ground duct area 476.3 m2 % of needed 32.7 % End room 7200 mm Number of pipes 1 # Lenght 31 m Area 223.2 m2 % of needed 15.3 %
Airspeed in ventilationchannels Pipe 1200 mm Airflow 1250 l/s 4500 m3/h Airspeed 1.1 m/s Corridor 850 dm2 Airflow 5000 l/s 4500 m3/h Airspeed 0.59 m/s
39
40
Space Flow l/s kitchen need 7350 one cluster 1350 1 duct A 624 2 duct B 624 3 duct C 1450 3.1 supply cluster 1 624 3.2 supply 300 teacher/kitchen/sanitairy 3.3 supply cluster 2 624 sportshall
Duct size mm own system supplied by ground duct
When all ducts are added up their capacity it is greater than the need. This is intentional to complement the ever changing and flexible use within our concept with the classrooms. For children to move freely in these spaces and keep a good air quality the supply is regulated by dampers in the basement and in the lowered ceiling within the group rooms and toilets.
The flexible and on demand system operates on the presence of users in each and every room. By increasing the capacity within a cluster, ventilation can be increased during summer ventilation to give a good indoor climate. These aspects together with the natural extraction of air contribute to achieve an optimal indoor climate for teaching.
300x400 300x400 400x700
own system supplied by ground duct
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Sunshading and daylight Sun angels in the summer and winter represented in the diagrams below. The brighter yellow represents summer and the lighter winter. The top section shows the staircase and the skylight above it while the second section shows how there is a window at the top of the roof that lets light into the classrooms via windows within the building. On the south/east the overhang helps to keep the sun out of
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the classrooms and in the north/east where the fritids and ateliers are there is no need for shading. On the page to the left are simulations made in velux. An average of 2.5 % has been reached in all of the classrooms and offices in the building as well as 1.2 % half way into the room and 1 meter from the wall.
Entrance Floor
First Floor
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Inertia Our main inertia elements in the building that brings us to a heat capacity of 411 626 Wh/K which is equivalent of 6371 houers.
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45
Clay on all the intermediate floor 277100 kj/K
Basement stone wall to ground 218700 kj/K
Basement floor, clay 202800 kj/K
Wooden floor of the intermediate floors 83130 kj/K
Wood fiber board, outer walls 77528 kj/K
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SUMMARY PHPP Referensarea: Specific heat demand: Air tightness: Primary energy demand Peak heat power demand: Kyllast: Shape factor
5831 m² 8.76 kWh/(m²a) 0.4 h-1 21 kWh/(m²a) 13 W/m² 10 W/m² 1.43 f
MONTH MEATHOD PHPP 9
48
8 7
kWh/m² month
6
solar gain
5
heating 4
Sum spec
3 2 1 0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Maj
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep gain Oktand Nov Dec loads solar internal
heating solar gain and internal loads
heating
sum spec. losses Sum spec .losses
PV calculatons
Area Type
inclanation angle
kWp
kWh
North Building 923 Thin film 10 -50 112.4 101180 South Building 706 Thin film 10 -30 108.7 97850 Total production 199030
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MONTHLY PRODUCTION Monthly production 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000
jan
feb
mar
apr
maj
jun
jul
aug
sep
okt
nov
dec
Green Area Factor
1.19
Noise 3/5
Biological and Biodiversity 10/34 Climate Regulation 7/20 50
l an na 29 o i at 13/ cre
l
cia
o dS
Re
Recrea�onal Total andarea social Built area Eco-efficient area
Climate regula�on
11 137 m2 1 394 m2 13 236 m2
Biological and biodiversity
Noise
51
References
Montessori Drøbak, Snøhetta
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Landamäreskolan, Wahlström & Steijner
53